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Saint Christopher (Saint Kitts or St. Kitts)

Native name: Liamuiga Nickname: Sugar City
Map of Saint Kitts
Geography
Location	Caribbean Sea
Coordinates	17°15′N 62°40′W / 17.25°N 62.667°W / 17.25; -62.667
Archipelago	Leeward Islands
Area	168 km2 (64.9 sq mi)
Length	29 km (18 mi)
Width	8 km (5 mi)
Highest elevation	1,156 m (3,793 ft)
Highest point	Mount Liamuiga
Country
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Largest city	Basseterre (pop. 15,500)
Demographics
Population	35,000
Density	208.33 /km2 (539.57 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups	African descent, mulatto, Indo-Pakistani, British, Portuguese, Lebanese[1]

Saint Kitts (also known more formally as Saint Christopher Island (Saint-Christophe in French) is an island in the West Indies. The west side of the island borders the Caribbean Sea, and the eastern coast faces the Atlantic Ocean. Saint Kitts and the neighbouring island of Nevis constitute one country: the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis.

The island is one of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles. It is situated about 2,100 km (1,300 mi) southeast of Miami, Florida. The land area of St. Kitts is about 168 km² (65 sq mi), being approximately 29 km (18 mi) long and on average about 8 km (5.0 mi) across.

Saint Kitts has a population of around 35,000, the majority of whom are mainly of African descent. The primary language is English, with a literacy rate of approximately 98%.^{[citation needed]} Residents call themselves Kittitians (or Kittians).

Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the largest fortress ever built in the Eastern Caribbean. The island of Saint Kitts is home to the Warner Park Cricket Stadium, which was used to host 2007 Cricket World Cup matches. This made St. Kitts and Nevis the smallest nation to ever host a World Cup event. Saint Kitts is also home to several institutions of higher education, including Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Windsor University School of Medicine, and the International University of Health Sciences.

Geography[link]

The capital of the two-island nation, and also its largest port, is the town of Basseterre on Saint Kitts. There is a modern facility for handling large cruise ships here. There is a ring road which goes around the perimeter of the island; the interior of the island is too steep for habitation.

St. Kitts is 10 km (6.2 mi) away from Sint Eustatius to the north and 3 km (1.9 mi) from Nevis to the south. St. Kitts has three distinct groups of volcanic peaks: the North West or Mount Misery Range; the Middle or Verchilds Range and the South East or Olivees Range. The highest peak is Mount Liamuiga, formerly Mount Misery, a dormant volcano some 1,156 m high.

Parishes[link]

Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis

There are nine parishes on the island of St. Kitts:

• Christ Church Nichola Town
• Saint Anne Sandy Point
• Saint George Basseterre
• Saint John Capisterre
• Saint Mary Cayon
• Saint Paul Capisterre
• Saint Peter Basseterre
• Saint Thomas Middle Island
• Trinity Palmetto Point

Economy[link]

St. Kitts & Nevis uses the Eastern Caribbean dollar which maintains a fixed exchange rate of 2.7-to-one with the United States dollar.^[2] The US dollar is however also as widely accepted as the Eastern Caribbean dollar.^[3]

For hundreds of years, St. Kitts operated as a sugar monoculture. But due to decreasing profitability, the government closed the industry in 2005. Tourism is a major and growing source of income to the island, although the number and density of resorts is less than on other Caribbean islands. Transportation, non-sugar agriculture, manufacturing and construction are the other growing sectors of the economy [1].

St. Kitts is dependent on tourism to drive its economy. The tourism trend for Saint Kitts has been increasing since 1978. In 2009 there was 587,479 arrivals to Saint Kitts compared to 379,473 in 2007, which represents an increase of just under 40% growth in a 2 year period. As tourism grows the demand for vacation property increases in conjunction.

St.Kitts & Nevis also acquires foreign direct investment from their unique citizenship by investment program, outlined in their Citizenship Act of 1984. Interested parties can acquire Citizenship if they pass the government's strict background checks and make an investment into an approved real estate development. One such project is the Silver Reef development. Purchasers who make a minimum investment of US$350,000 are entitled to apply for citizenship of the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis.

In addition to this, in hopes of expanding tourism, the country hosts its annual St. Kitts Music Festival.

History[link]

Battle of St. Kitts, 1782, as described by an observer in a French engraving titled "Attaque de Brimstomhill".

During the last Ice Age, the sea level was 200 feet (61 m) lower and St. Kitts and Nevis were one island with Sint Eustatius (also known as Statia) and Saba.

St. Kitts was originally settled by pre-agricultural, pre-ceramic "Archaic people", who migrated south down the archipelago from Florida. In a few hundred years they disappeared, to be replaced by the ceramic-using and agriculturalist Saladoid people around 100 BC, who migrated to St. Kitts north up the archipelago from the banks of the Orinoco River in Venezuela. Around 800 AD, they were replaced by the Igneri people, members of the Arawak group.

Around 1300, the Kalinago, or Carib people arrived on the islands. These war-like people quickly dispersed the Igneri, and forced them northwards to the Greater Antilles. They named Saint Kitts "Liamuiga" meaning "fertile island", and would likely have expanded further north if not for the arrival of Europeans.

A Spanish expedition under Christopher Columbus discovered and claimed the island for Spain in 1493. A short-lived French Huguenot settlement was established at Dieppe Bay in 1538. The first English colony was established in 1623, followed by a French colony in 1625. The British and French briefly united to massacre the local Kalinago (preempting a Kalinago plan to massacre the Europeans), and then partitioned the island, with the English in the middle and the French on either end. In 1629 a Spanish force sent to clear the islands of the area of foreign settlement seized St. Kitts in 1629 but the English settlement was rebuilt following the peace between England and Spain in 1630.

The island alternated repeatedly between English and French control during the 17th and 18th centuries, as one power took the whole island, only to have it switch hands due to treaties or further military action. Parts of the island were heavily fortified, as exemplified by UNESCO World Heritage Site at Brimstone Hill and the now-crumbling Fort Charles. It was in 1783 that the island became British for the final time.

Slavery[link]

The island originally produced tobacco, but changed to sugar cane in 1640 due to stiff competition from the colony of Virginia. The labour-intensive farming of sugar cane was the reason for the large-scale importation of African and also European mainly Irish and Scottish slaves. The importation began almost immediately upon the arrival of Europeans to the region.

The purchasing of enslaved Africans was outlawed in the British Empire by an Act of Parliament in 1807. Slavery was abolished by an Act of Parliament that became law on 1 August 1834. This emancipation was followed by four years of apprenticeship, put in place to protect the plantation owners from losing their labour force. August the 1st is now celebrated as a public holiday and is called Emancipation Day. In 1883 St. Kitts, Nevis and Anguilla were all linked under one presidency, located on St. Kitts, to the dismay of the Nevisians and Anguillans. Anguilla eventually separated out of this arrangement in 1971, after an armed raid on St. Kitts.^[4]

Sugar production continued to dominate the local economy until 2005, when, after 365 years as a monoculture, the government closed the sugar industry. This was due to the industry's huge losses and European Union plans to cut sugar prices by large amounts in the near future.

• Lord Hercules George Robert Robinson was governor of Saint Christopher from 1855 to 1859.
• Joseph Matthew Sebastian was a major political figure in St. Kitts from 1918 to his death in 1944.
• Robert Bradshaw was a major political figure in St. Kitts from 1932 to his death in 1978.
• Official Name: The Federation of St. Christopher and Nevis
• The History of St. Kitts Nevis: a Black Perspective
• Sugar and Slavery in St. Kitts: A Photo Essay

Transportation[link]

Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport serves St. Kitts.

The Basseterre Ferry Terminal facilitates travel between St. Kitts and sister island Nevis.

The St Kitts Scenic Railway circles the island and offers passenger service from its headquarters near the airport, although the service is geared more for tourists than as day-to-day transportation for residents.

Notable residents[link]

Saint Kitts is or was the residence of:

• Joan Armatrading is a female singer/songwriter.
• George Astaphan, born in St. Kitts, was a physician who gave steroids to the sprinter Ben Johnson.
• Pogus Caesar is a British artist, television producer and director.
• Kim Collins is a former world champion sprinter (2003).
• Felix Dexter is an actor, comedian, and writer.
• Betto Douglas female slave : see first article in http://archive.org/stream/antislaverymonth2729maca#page/n9/mode/2up
• Neil Strauss writer.
• Bertil Fox was born in St. Kitts, became a professional bodybuilder and was convicted of murder.^[5][6][7][8]
• Keith Gumbs is an International football player who currently plays as a striker for the Liga Indonesia side Sriwijaya FC.
• Atiba Harris is a Kittitian footballer who currently plays for Vancouver Whitecaps FC in Major League Soccer.^[9]
• Virgil Hodge is a female sprinter specialising in the 200 metres event.
• Tiandra Ponteen is a female sprinter specialising in the 200 metres and the 400 metres.
• Julius Soubise was a freed Afro-Caribbean slave who became a well-known fop in the UK during the 1760s and 1770s.
• Desai Williams is a former sprinter who won a bronze medal in the 1984 Olympics.

Gallery[link]

• 

  The peninsula on the south-east tip of St. Kitts. The island on the left is Nevis.

• 

  Downtown Basseterre

• 

  Downtown Basseterre

• 

  Fishing boat, Basseterre harbour

• 

  Flamingo Tongue snail Cyphoma gibbosum on a Sea Fan

• 

  Divers and anemone on the MV River Taw wreck

• 

  Juvenile Black or Grey Angelfish with a sunken van behind it

• 

  Diver and fish, MV River Taw wreck

• 

  Diver and sponges

• 

  Royal Gramma or Fairy Basslet

• 

  Brimstone Hill Fortress

• 

  Brimstone Hill Fortress

• Flyingoverstkitts.jpg

  Flying over the island.

See also[link]

• Culture of St. Kitts and Nevis
• Map of Saint Kitts
• Nevis, St. Kitts' sister island.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Government of Saint Kitts & Nevis - Official Site
• Saint Kitts Tourism Authority - Official Site
• Christmas Sports in Saint Kitts/Nevis
• Saint Kitts Music Festival
• Saint Kitts Anglican Church

v t e Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts Christ Church Nichola Town · Saint Anne Sandy Point · Saint George Basseterre · Saint John Capisterre · Saint Mary Cayon · Saint Paul Capisterre · Saint Peter Basseterre · Saint Thomas Middle Island · Trinity Palmetto Point Nevis Saint George Gingerland · Saint James Windward · Saint John Figtree · Saint Paul Charlestown · Saint Thomas Lowland