Gentoo Penguin
In Cooper Bay, South Georgia, British Overseas Territories
Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Sphenisciformes
Family:	Spheniscidae
Genus:	Pygoscelis
Species:	P. papua
Binomial name
Pygoscelis papua (Forster, 1781)
Distribution of the Gentoo Penguin

The long-tailed Gentoo Penguin ( /ˈdʒɛntuː/ JEN-too), is a penguin species in the genus Pygoscelis papua, most closely associated with the Adelie Penguin (P. adeliae) and the Chinstrap penguins (P. antarctica). The first scientific description was made ​​in 1781 by Johann Reinhold Forster on the basis of Falkland Islands. They call in a variety of ways, but the most frequently heard is a loud trumpeting which is emitted with its head thrown back.^[1]

The application of Gentoo to the penguin is unclear, according to the OED, which reports that Gentoo was an Anglo-Indian term, used as early as 1638 to distinguish Hindus in India from Muslims, the English term originating in Portuguese gentio (compare "gentile"); in the twentieth century the term came to be regarded as derogatory.^{[citation needed]}

Taxonomy[link]

The Gentoo Penguin is one of three species in the genus Pygoscelis. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence suggests the genus split from other penguins around 38 million years ago, about 2 million years after the ancestors of the genus Aptenodytes. In turn, the Adelie Penguins split off from the other members of the genus around 19 million years ago, and the Chinstrap and Gentoo finally diverging around 14 million years ago.^[2]

Two sub-species of this penguin are recognised: Pygoscelis papua papua and the smaller Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii'

Description[link]

Saunders Island, Falkland Islands.

The gentoo penguin is easily recognized by the wide white stripe extending like a bonnet across the top of its head and its bright orange-red bill. They have pale whitish-pink webbed feet and a fairly long tail - the most prominent tail of all penguins. Chicks have grey backs with white fronts. As the Gentoo penguin waddles along on land, its tail sticks out behind, sweeping from side to side, hence the scientific name Pygoscelis, which means ‘rump-tailed’.^[3]

Adult Gentoos reach a height of 51 to 90 cm (20–36 in),^[4][5] making them the third largest species of penguin after the two giant species, the Emperor Penguin and the King Penguin. Males have a maximum weight of about 8.5 kg (19 lb) just before molting, and a minimum weight of about 4.9 kg (10.8 lb) just before mating. For females the maximum weight is 8.2 kg (18 lb) just before moulting, but their weight drops to as little as 4.5 kg (10 lb) when guarding the chicks in the nest.^[6] Birds from the north are on average 700 g (1.5 lb) heavier and 10 cm (4 in) taller than the southern birds. Southern Gentoo penguins reach 75–80 cm (30–31 in) in length.^[7] They are the fastest underwater swimming penguins, reaching speeds of 36 km/h.^[8] Gentoo are adapted to very harsh cold climates.

Breeding[link]

A family on Wiencke Island, Palmer Archipelago, off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.

The breeding colonies of gentoo penguins are located on ice-free surface. Colonies can be directly dependent on the shoreline but also considerably are located inland. They prefer shallow coastal areas and often nest between tufts of grass. In Georgia, for example, breeding colonies are two kilometers inland. Whereas in colonies farther inland, where the penguins nest between tufts of grass, they shift location slightly every year because the grass may get trampled over time.

Gentoos breed on many sub-Antarctic islands. The main colonies are on the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and Kerguelen Islands; smaller populations are found on Macquarie Island, Heard Islands, South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. The total breeding population is estimated to be over 300,000 pairs. Nests are usually made from a roughly circular pile of stones and can be quite large, 20 cm high and 25 cm in diameter. The stones are jealously guarded and their ownership can be the subject of noisy disputes between individual penguins. They are also prized by the females, even to the point that a male penguin can obtain the favors of a female by offering her a nice stone.

Two eggs are laid, both weighing around 500 g. The parents share incubation, changing duty daily. The eggs hatch after 34 to 36 days. The chicks remain in the nests for about 30 days before forming creches. The chicks molt into sub-adult plumage and go out to sea at about 80 to 100 days.

Diet[link]

Gentoos live mainly on crustaceans such as krill, with fish making up only about 15% of the diet. However, they are opportunistic feeders, and around the Falklands are known to take roughly equal proportions of fish (Patagonotothen sp., Thysanopsetta naresi, Micromesistius australis), crustaceans (Munida gregaria) and squid (Loligo gahi, Gonatus antarcticus, Moroteuthis ingens).

Threats[link]

In the water, sea lions, leopard seals, and orca are all predators of the Gentoo. On land there are no predators of full grown Gentoos. Skua can steal their eggs; however, some other seabirds have managed to snatch chicks.

Conservation status[link]

The IUCN Red List lists the gentoo as "near threatened", due to a rapid decline in some key populations which is believed to be driving a moderate overall decline in the species population. Examples include the population at Bird Island, South Georgia, where the population fell by two thirds in 25 years.^[9]

Gallery[link]

• 

  Adult Gentoo confronting a Giant Petrel.

• 

  Gentoo Penguin on nest.

• 

  A Gentoo Penguin swimming.

• 

  Gentoo colony on Carcass Island in the Falklands.

• GentooPenguinPredation.jpg

  A leopard seal capturing an adult Gentoo penguin.

Cultural references[link]

Gentoo Penguins appear in the film Mr. Popper's Penguins.

Gentoo is also the name of a GNU/Linux based operating system.

References[link]

This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Gentoo Penguin" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.

• BirdLife International (2004). Pygoscelis papua. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 5 May 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is near threatened

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pygoscelis papua

	Book: Gentoo Penguins
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

• Gentoo Penguin in the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Homepage
• 70South – more info on the Gentoo penguin
• Gentoo penguins from the International Penguin Conservation Web Site
• www.pinguins.info : information about all species of penguins
• Gentoo Penguin images
• Biodiversity at Ardley Island Small place near King Luis Island, special protected area and colony of Gentoo Penguins.
• Gentoo penguin webcam from the Antarctic – worldwide first webcam with wild penguins; photo quality
• Gentoo Penguin media at ARKive