- published: 17 Sep 2008
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- author: EricHermanMusic
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- 1620s in piracy
- 1630s in piracy
- 1640s in piracy
- 1650s in piracy
- 1660s in piracy
- 1670s in piracy
- 1680s in piracy
- 1995 in piracy
- 1996 in piracy
- 1998 in piracy
- 1999 in piracy
- 2000 in piracy
- Able seaman
- Abshir Boyah
- Action of 6 May 2010
- Admiral
- Admiralty
- Admiralty law
- Adriatic coast
- Adriatic Sea
- Adventure Galley
- Aegean civilization
- Aegean Sea
- African slave trade
- Agro-terrorism
- Air Pirates
- Aircraft hijacking
- Alaska
- Albert W. Hicks
- Aleko Lilius
- Alexandre Exquemelin
- Algiers
- All humanity
- Alps
- Ambrose Light (ship)
- Ambush
- American Civil War
- American Revolution
- Anarchist terrorism
- Anatolia
- Ancient Greece
- Ancient Rome
- Angelo Emo
- Anglo-Turkish piracy
- Anjadip Island
- Ann Bonny
- Anne Bonny
- Antelope of Boston
- Arab
- Arab slave trade
- Arabs
- Archetype
- Armorica
- Arumer Zwarte Hoop
- Assault rifle
- Assaults
- Associated Press
- Athelstan
- Atlantic Ocean
- Atlantic slave trade
- Auger
- Austria
- Aztec
- Bahmani Sultanate
- Balearic Islands
- Baltic Sea
- Baltic Slavic piracy
- Barataria Bay
- Barbary coast
- Barbary Coast
- Barbary corsairs
- Barbary pirates
- Barbary Slave Trade
- Barbary states
- Bartholomew Roberts
- Battle of Cape Lopez
- Battle of Nam Quan
- Battle of Ty-ho Bay
- Battle of Tysami
- Battle off Mukah
- Bawarij
- BBC
- Benito de Soto
- Benjamin Hornigold
- Bicorne hat
- Bioterrorism
- Black Sea
- Blackbeard
- Blockade of Africa
- Boarding (attack)
- Boatswain
- Boca Teacapan
- Boysie Singh
- British Columbia
- British Empire
- Buccaneer
- Bugis
- Bully Hayes
- Bully Wilson
- Bureaucracy
- Buried treasure
- Businessman
- Butyric acid
- Byzantine Empire
- Cai Qian
- Cairo, Illinois
- Calabar River
- Calico Jack
- Caliphate
- Camagüey
- Cantonese people
- Caorle
- Cape Arkona
- Cappadocia
- Captain (naval)
- Captain (OF-2)
- Captain Flint
- Captain Hook
- Captain Kidd
- Captain Nemo
- Captain Pugwash
- Captain Sabertooth
- Captain Stingaree
- Captivity
- Capture of the Bravo
- Capture of the Fancy
- Car bomb
- Carausius
- Cargo
- Caribbean
- Carpenter
- Category Piracy
- Category Pirates
- Caulking
- Cavalry
- Caves
- Census
- Chaloner Ogle
- Chang Song
- Charles Gibbs
- Charlotte de Berry
- Chatham Chest
- Cheng I
- Chepo expedition
- Cheung Po Tsai
- Chiemgau
- Ching Shih
- Christian terrorism
- Chui A-poo
- Cilicia
- Cilician pirates
- Civics
- Classical Antiquity
- Classis Britannica
- Cognate
- Coin
- Col. Plug
- Colby Pirates
- Cold War
- Colonel Fluger
- Colonel Plug
- Colonial troops
- Combat
- Commerce raider
- Commerce raiding
- Commercial fishing
- Common law
- Communist terrorism
- Confluence
- Constabulary
- Corsair
- Cossack pirates
- Cossacks
- Counter-terrorism
- Counterfeit money
- Crete
- Crime
- Crime against peace
- Crime of apartheid
- Crimean Khanate
- Crusades
- CSS Alabama
- CSS McRae
- Curonians
- Cutlass
- Cyber terrorism
- Cypress
- Dalmatia
- Damals
- Dan Seavey
- Danica White
- Danube
- Danube river
- Davy Jones' Locker
- Debal
- Deccan
- Deception
- Democracy
- Dey
- Dhow
- Diabolito
- Dirty bomb
- Dnepr
- Dodecanese
- Dominique You
- Don Cossacks
- Don Karnage
- Drawn and quartered
- Dry run (terrorism)
- Dunkirkers
- Dutch Empire
- Early Middle Ages
- Eco-terrorism
- Edward Low
- Edward Teach
- Eli Boggs
- Emirate of Crete
- Estuaries
- Ethnic violence
- European Union
- Execution Dock
- Extortion
- Eyepatch
- Facing the Flag
- Falklands Expedition
- Fancy (ship)
- Farmakos
- Felony
- Flag
- Flatboat
- Flatboats
- Floor
- Folklore
- Foreign Affairs
- Foreign Office
- Fort Massac
- Frank Castellano
- Franks
- François l'Olonnais
- Fraxinet
- Freewall
- Frigate
- Fujian
- Galatia
- Galleys
- Gan Ning
- Ganj-i-Sawai
- Garrison
- Gaul
- Geneva Conventions
- Genocide
- Geuzen
- Gibbet
- Gilbert and Sullivan
- Gimmick
- Golden Age of Piracy
- Google Book Search
- Goths
- Gotland
- Great Lakes
- Great Lakes Patrol
- Greek language
- Grenade launcher
- Grigory Gagarin
- Guangdong
- Guaymas, Mexico
- Gujarat
- Gulf of Aden
- Gulf of Mexico
- Haida people
- Hajj
- Hajjaz
- Hanging
- Hanseatic League
- Harpe Brothers
- Harper's Weekly
- Hayreddin Barbarossa
- Hector Barbossa
- Hegemony
- Henderson, Kentucky
- Hendrick Lucifer
- Henri Caesar
- Henry Every
- Henry III of England
- Henry Kissinger
- Henry Morgan
- Heruli
- High seas
- Highwayman
- Highwaymen
- Hispaniola
- History of slavery
- History of terrorism
- Hit-and-run tactics
- HMS Kent (1798)
- Hokkien people
- Honavar
- Horn of Africa
- Hostage
- Hostage taking
- Howard Pyle
- Hull (watercraft)
- Human settlement
- Iban people
- Illinois
- Illyrians
- Impressment
- Individual terror
- Insurance premium
- Insurgency
- International court
- International law
- International waters
- Invasion of Sindh
- Invasions
- Irene Incident
- Irish people
- Islamic Courts Union
- Islamic terrorism
- Islands
- Istanbul
- J. M. Barrie
- Jack Sparrow
- Jacques de Sores
- James Brooke
- James Ford (pirate)
- Jan Janszoon
- Japan
- Java
- Javanese people
- Jean Bart
- Jean Fleury
- Jean Lafitte
- John Hawkins
- John Ward (pirate)
- Jolly Roger
- Jonathan Brown
- Joseph Barss
- José Gaspar
- Judge
- Julius Caesar
- Junk (ship)
- Jus cogens
- Just war
- Justice
- Justice of the peace
- Jørgen Jørgensen
- Kama
- Kanhoji Angre
- Keelboats
- Kemal Reis
- Kentucky
- Kidnapping
- King George's War
- Klein Henszlein
- Knights Hospitaller
- La Amistad
- Lagos, Portugal
- Lai Choi San
- Lair
- Lake Michigan
- Landman (rank)
- Landmark
- Latin
- Law enforcement
- Law of nations
- Laws of war
- Le Ponant
- Left-wing terrorism
- Legend
- Letter bomb
- Letter of marque
- Lex Gabinia
- Liang Dao Ming
- Libertatia
- Lieutenant
- Limahong
- List of pirates
- List of privateers
- List of war crimes
- Livestock
- Long John Silver
- Louis-Michel Aury
- Lundy
- Machine gun
- Maersk Alabama
- Majapahit
- Malacca Strait
- Malacca Straits
- Maniots
- Mansel Alcantra
- Maratha Empire
- Mariam Zamani
- Marooning
- Marshes
- Mary Read
- Master-at-arms
- McDonaldland
- Mediterranean
- Mediterranean Sea
- Merchant Navy
- Merchant raider
- Mexican Drug War
- Middle Ages
- Military tribunals
- Militia
- Militia movement
- Mississippi
- Mississippi River
- Monkey D. Luffy
- Moor
- Moors
- Moro Pirates
- Mother ship
- Motorboat
- MS Achille Lauro
- MS Nautica
- Mughal Empire
- Murat Reis the Older
- Murdered
- Mutiny
- MV Arctic Sea
- MV Faina
- MV Iran Deyanat
- MV Liberty Sun
- MV Maersk Alabama
- MV Sirius Star
- MV York
- Narbonne
- Narcoterrorism
- Narentines
- Narrows
- Natchez, Mississippi
- Nathaniel Gordon
- Native-born citizen
- Neretva pirate
- Neretva pirates
- New Hampshire
- New Providence
- New York Times
- Newspaper
- Niger Delta
- Nine Mile Reach
- Nine Years War
- North Sea
- North Star Affair
- Northern Ireland
- Novgorod
- Nuclear terrorism
- Nuremberg Principles
- Nuremberg Trials
- Oakland Raiders
- Oeselians
- Ohio River
- Olympos (Lycia)
- On Stranger Tides
- One Earth Future
- One Piece
- Open Democracy
- Operation Atalanta
- Operetta
- Orang laut
- Ordinary seaman
- Oruç Reis
- Ottoman Empire
- Ottoman Sultan
- Outlaw
- Pagania
- Panama City
- Paper terrorism
- Parrot
- Patriot
- Peace of Westphalia
- Pedro Gilbert
- Pegleg
- Pennsylvania
- Peremptory norm
- Persian Gulf
- Peter Alston
- Peter Easton
- Peter Pan
- Petit treason
- Petty treason
- Phoenicia
- Picts
- Pier Gerlofs Donia
- Pierre Lafitte
- Piracy
- Piracy Act 1698
- Piracy Act 1717
- Piracy Act 1837
- Piracy Act 1850
- Piracy in Indonesia
- Piracy in Nigeria
- Piracy in Somalia
- Pirate code
- Pirate game
- Pirate Latitudes
- Pirate Party
- Pirate Round
- Pirate utopia
- Pirate's World
- Pirates
- Pistol
- Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh Pirates
- Plank (wood)
- Polynesia
- Pompey
- Port Royal
- Portal Piracy
- Portuguese Empire
- Prisoners of war
- Privateer
- Privateers
- Privy Council
- Project Gutenberg
- Prosthesis
- Proxy bomb
- Public execution
- Qing
- Quartermaster
- Queen Anne's Revenge
- Quest Incident
- Radar
- Rafts
- Raid (military)
- Raider (piracy)
- Rani (Slavic tribe)
- Ransom
- Rapids
- Ras al-Khaimah
- Rebecca Roberts
- Red Rackham
- Reform War
- Religious terrorism
- Remote weapon system
- Remote-controlled
- Republic of Venice
- Resistance movement
- Right-wing terrorism
- River
- River pirate
- River to River Trail
- Robbed
- Robbery
- Robert Maynard
- Robert Newton
- Robert Surcouf
- Roberto Cofresi
- Roberto Cofresí
- Robin Hood
- Robotic
- Rochester, New York
- Roman Empire
- Roman Republic
- Romania
- Royal Marines
- Royal Navy
- Ruse de guerre
- Sabotage
- Sack of Baltimore
- Sack of Rome (846)
- Saffron terror
- Sailing Master
- Sailor
- Saint Patrick
- Saint-Malo
- Salih Reis
- Saltern
- Salvador Pirates
- Salé
- Samuel Bellamy
- Samuel Hall Lord
- Samuel Mason
- Sandokan
- Sao Feng
- Sarawak
- Satellite phone
- Saxons
- Scandinavia
- School shooting
- Sea Dogs
- Sea of Marmara
- Sea Peoples
- Sea Shepherd
- Seal hunting
- Second Opium War
- Security Council
- Security guard
- Seizure (law)
- Serbia
- Serial killers
- Seville
- Shap Ng-tsai
- Shark
- Shark finning
- Shipwreck
- Shirahama Kenki
- Shore
- Shotgun
- Sinaloa
- Sinbad the Sailor
- Sindh
- Siponto
- Sir Francis Drake
- Sir Henry Morgan
- Skiff
- Slave
- Slave trade
- Slavic piracy
- Slavs
- Sniper
- Software piracy
- Sonar
- South China Sea
- South Sulawesi
- Spanish dollar
- Spanish Empire
- Speedboat
- Sport
- St. Louis, Missouri
- State terrorism
- Stede Bonnet
- Stenka Razin
- Steppe
- Stereotypical
- Strait of Malacca
- Straits of Malacca
- Sub-Lieutenant
- Suicide attack
- Sumatra
- Summary execution
- Super Sentai
- Superior Orders
- Surgeon
- Swamp
- Swamps
- Sword
- Tactics of terrorism
- Taiping Rebellion
- Talent (weight)
- Talk Piracy
- Tampa Bay Buccaneers
- Template Pirates
- Template Terrorism
- Tennessee
- Terrorism
- Terrorism in Russia
- Terrorism insurance
- Terrorist financing
- The Angel's Command
- The Hague
- The Marshall Islands
- The Seabourn Spirit
- The Sunday Times
- The Troubles
- Thomas Tew
- Timber pirate
- Timeline of piracy
- Timoji
- Tlingit people
- Tom Ayrton
- Tortuga (Haiti)
- Trade route
- Traun (river)
- Traunsee
- Treason
- Treason Act 1351
- Treasure
- Treasure Island
- Treasure map
- Tripoli
- Trireme
- Truce of Ratisbon
- Tunis
- Turgut Reis
- Turkish Abductions
- Tyrrhenians
- U.S.
- U.S. Army
- U.S. Supreme Court
- United Nations
- United States Navy
- Ushkuiniks
- Uskoci
- Uskoks
- USS Grampus (1821)
- USS Howard (DDG-83)
- USS Tarawa (LHA-1)
- Vedas
- Vice admiralty court
- Victual Brothers
- Vigilante
- Vijayanagara Empire
- Viking
- Viking Age
- Vikings
- Vincent Gambi
- Virginia
- Volga
- Voyage of Slaves
- Walking the plank
- Wall Street Journal
- Walt Disney Pictures
- Wang Zhi (pirate)
- War crime
- War of 1812
- War of aggression
- Warlord
- Warrant Officers
- Warrior
- Warship
- Weapons
- West Country
- West Country accent
- Whaling
- Whydah Gally
- Wijerd Jelckama
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikipedia Vagueness
- Willard H. Brownson
- William Bainbridge
- William Dampier
- William Kidd
- Wokou
- Women in piracy
- Woodes Rogers
- Yankee
- Yuan Dynasty
- Zachlumia
- Zain Verjee
- Zaporizhian Sich
- Zaporozhian Cossacks
- Zheng Jing
- Zheng Yi Sao
- Zheng Zhilong
- Île Sainte-Marie
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Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (/ɨˈdʒiːən/; Greek: Αιγαίο Πέλαγος, Egeo Pelagos [eˈʝeo ˈpelaɣos] (
listen); Turkish: Ege Denizi or historically Turkish: Adalar Denizi) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
The sea was traditionally known as Archipelago (in Greek, Αρχιπέλαγος, meaning "chief sea"), but in English this word's meaning has changed to refer to the Aegean Islands and, generally, to any island group.
The Aegean Sea covers about 214,000 square kilometres (83,000 sq mi) in area, and measures about 610 kilometres (380 mi) longitudinally and 300 kilometres (190 mi) latitudinally. The sea's maximum depth is 3,543 metres (11,624 ft), east of Crete. The Aegean Islands are found within its waters, with the following islands delimiting the sea on the south (generally from west to east): Kythera, Antikythera, Crete, Kasos, Karpathos and Rhodes.
wn.com/Aegean_Sea -
Alaska
Alaska (
i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
wn.com/Alaska -
Algiers
Algiers (Arabic: الجزائر, al-Jazā’ir; Algerian Arabic: دزاير, Berber: Dzayer / ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. According to the 1998 census, the population of the city proper was 1,519,570 and that of the urban agglomeration was 2,135,630. In 2009, the population was about 3,500,000. An estimate puts the population at about 3,574,000 as of 2010.
Called El-Behdja (البهجة) or alternatively Alger la Blanche ("Algiers the White") for the glistening white of its buildings as seen rising up from the sea, Algiers is situated on the west side of a bay of the Mediterranean Sea. The modern part of the city is built on the level ground by the seashore; the old part, the ancient city of the deys, climbs the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the casbah or citadel, 122 metres (400 ft) above the sea. The casbah and the two quays form a triangle.
The city name is derived (via French Alger and Catalan Alger) from the Arabic name الجزائر al-Jazā’ir, which translates as "The Islands", referring to the four islands which lay off the city's coast until becoming part of the mainland in 1525. Al-Jazā’ir is itself a truncated form of the city's older name جزائر بني مازغان Jazā’ir Banī Mazghannā, "The Islands of the Sons of Mazghanna", used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi.
wn.com/Algiers -
Anatolia
Coordinates: 39°N 32°E / 39°N 32°E / 39; 32
Anatolia (from Greek Ἀνατολή Anatolē — "east" or "(sun)rise"; also Asia Minor, from Greek: Μικρὰ Ἀσία Mikrá Asía "small Asia"; in modern Turkish: Anadolu) is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland. Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to a line between the Gulf of Iskenderun and the Black Sea, approximately corresponding to the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey. However, since Anatolia is now often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with the neighboring countries, which are Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria, in clockwise direction.
wn.com/Anatolia -
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi), it covers approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and about 26% of its water surface area. The first part of its name refers to Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic the "Sea of Atlas".
The oldest known mention of "Atlantic" is in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): Atlantis thalassa (Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα; English: Sea of Atlas); see also: Atlas Mountains. The term Ethiopic Ocean, derived from Ethiopia, was applied to the southern Atlantic ocean as late as the mid-19th century. Before Europeans discovered other oceans, the term "ocean" itself was synonymous with the waters beyond the Strait of Gibraltar that we now know as the Atlantic. The early Greeks believed this ocean to be a gigantic river encircling the world.
The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected global ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean (which is sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic), to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south. (Other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica.) The equator subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean.
wn.com/Atlantic_Ocean -
Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: 
Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
wn.com/Austria -
Balearic Islands
The Balearic Islands (English /ˌbæliˈærɨk ˈaɪləndz/; Catalan: Illes Balears [ˈiʎəz βəɫəˈas]; Spanish: Islas Baleares [ˈizlaz βaleˈaɾes]) are an archipelago of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.
The four largest islands are: Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza and Formentera. The archipelago forms an autonomous community and a province of Spain, with Palma as the capital city. The co-official languages in the Balearic Islands are Catalan and Castillan Spanish. The current Statute of Autonomy declares the Balearic Islands as one nationality of Spain.
The official name of the Balearic Islands is in Catalan, Illes Balears, while in Spanish they are known as the Islas Baleares. The term "Balearic" derives from Greek (Γυμνησίαι/Gymnesiae and Βαλλιαρεῖς/Balliareis) and Latin (Baleares).
There are various theories on the origins of the two ancient Greek and Latin names for the islands — Gymnasiae and Baleares. Two survive in classical sources.
According to the Lycophron's Alexandra verses, the islands were called Gymnesiae Γυμνησίαι (gymnos γυμνός, meaning naked in Greek) because its inhabitants were often nude, probably because of the year-long benevolent climate.
wn.com/Balearic_Islands -
Barataria Bay
Barataria Bay, also Barrataria Bay, is a bay of the Gulf of Mexico that is located in southeastern Louisiana, in Jefferson Parish and Plaquemines Parish, United States.
Barataria Bay was used as the base of the pirates and privateers led by Jean Lafitte in the early 19th century, and is today a notable resource of shrimp and sulfur, as well as one of muskrat fur, natural gas, and oil.
Two United States Navy ships have been named USS Barataria, and United States Coast Guard cutter USCGC Barataria were named after the bay.
On 27 July 2010, the tugboat Pere Ana C. struck an abandoned wellhead owned by Houston-based Cedyco Corp, while pulling a barge near Bayou St. Denis in Barataria Bay, causing a 20 to 100-foot oil and gas geyser.
The geyser was brought under control and the wellhead was repaired and capped on 1 August 2010, five days after the collision.
Coordinates: 29°22′27″N 89°56′17″W / 29.37411°N 89.93813°W / 29.37411; -89.93813
wn.com/Barataria_Bay -
Boca Teacapan
Boca Teacapan (Tecapan Mouth) is the outlet of the Estero de Teacapán (Tecapan Estuary) that drains two large coastal lagoons, Agua Grande Lagoon in Sinaloa and Agua Brava Lagoon in Nayarit to the Pacific Ocean. It forms part of the border between the Escuinapa Municipality of Sinaloa, and Nayarit in Mexico.
Boca Teacapan, lies 22.5 miles southeast of the Baluarte River and 44.5 miles southeast of Mazatlan. The mouth is marked by a light. A continuously breaking bar fronts the entrance and extends up to about 2 miles offshore. The lagoons are accessible only by small craft. Anchorage can be taken off the entrance, about 0.8 mile seaward of the outer edge of the bar.
Coordinates: 22°32′45″N 105°45′30″W / 22.54583°N 105.75833°W / 22.54583; -105.75833
wn.com/Boca_Teacapan -
British Columbia
British Columbiai/ˌbrɪtɪʃ kəˈlʌmbiə/ (B.C. or BC) (French: la Colombie-Britannique, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
As well as being the westernmost province of Western Canada, British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest, along with the US states of Oregon and Washington. The province has strong cultural and personal ties to the Prairie Provinces and Ontario as well as to the West Coast of the United States and to Alaska and the Yukon.
The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, the 15th largest metropolitan region in Canada. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, and the second largest in the Pacific Northwest. In 2009, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,419,974 (about two and a half million of whom were in Greater Vancouver). The province is currently governed by the BC Liberal Party, led by Premier Christy Clark, who became leader as a result of the party election on February 26, 2011.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 33,700,000 km2 (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after a war of independence deprived Britain of some of its oldest and most populous colonies.
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Bugis
The Bugis are an Austronesian ethnic group—the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi, in the southwestern province of Sulawesi, third largest island of Indonesia. The Austronesian ancestors of the Bugis people settled on Sulawesi around 2500 B.C.E.. It has been hypothesised that there is "historical linguistic evidence of some late Holocene immigration of Austronesian speakers to South Sulawesi from Taiwan" - which means that the Bugis have "possible ultimate ancestry in South China", and that as a result of this immigration, "there was an infusion of an exogenous population from China or Taiwan." The Bugis in 1605 converted to Islam from Animism. Although many Bugis live in the large port cities of Makassar and Parepare, the majority are farmers who grow wet rice on the lowland plains to the north and west of the town of Maros. The name Bugis is an exonym which represents an older form of the name; (To) Ugi is the endonym.[citation needed]
The Bugis speak a distinct regional language in addition to Indonesian, called Basa Ugi, Bugis or Buginese. In reality, there are a several dialects, some of which are sufficiently different from others to be considered separate languages. Bugis belongs to the South Sulawesi language group; other members include Makasar, Toraja, Mandar and Enrekang, each being a series of dialects.
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Calabar River
The Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria flows from the north past the city of Calabar, joining the larger Cross River about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south. The river at Calabar forms a natural harbor deep enough for vessels with a draft of 6 metres (20 ft).
The Calabar River was once a major source of slaves brought down from the interior to be shipped west in the Atlantic slave trade. Slaving was suppressed by 1860, but the port of Calabar remained important for export of palm oil and other products, until it was eclipsed by Port Harcourt in the 1920s. With improved roads into the interior, Calabar has regained importance as a port and is growing rapidly. The tropical rain forest in the Calabar River basin is rapidly being destroyed, and pollution is decreasing fish and shrimp catches in the estuary. Those that are caught have unsafe levels of contaminants.
The Calabar River drains part of the Oban Hills in the Cross River National Park. The geology of the river basin includes the Pre-Cambrian Oban Massif, Cretaceous sediments of the Calabar flank and the recent Niger Delta sedimentary basin. The basin is about 43 kilometres (27 mi) wide and 62 kilometres (39 mi) long, with an area of 1,514 square kilometres (585 sq mi) At one time it was entirely covered by tropical rainforest.
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Camagüey
Camagüey is a city and municipality in central Cuba and is the nation's third largest city. It is the capital of the Camagüey Province. After almost continuous attacks from pirates the original city (founded as Santa María del Puerto del Príncipe around 1515 on the northern coast) was moved inland in 1528. The new city was built with a confusing lay-out of winding alleys that made it easier to defend it from any raiders. There are many blind alleys and forked streets that lead to squares of different sizes. There is only one exit from the city; should pirates ever return and succeed in entering the city, the hope was that the local inhabitants would be able to entrap and kill them.
In July 2008, the old town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The symbol of the city of Camagüey is the clay pot or tinajón, used to capture rain water to be used later, keeping it fresh. Clay pots are everywhere, some as small as a hand, some large enough for two people to stand up in, either as monuments or for real use. Local legend has it that if you drink water from a girl's personal tinajón, you will fall in love with the girl and never leave her.
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Caorle
Caorle (Càorle) is a coastal town in the province of Venice, Veneto, Italy, located between the estuaries of the Livenza and Lemene rivers. It is situated on the Adriatic Sea between two other famous touristic towns, Eraclea and Bibione.
The ancient name of the city was Caprulae (possibly because of the wild goats that grazed in this area, or in honour of pagan goddess Capris); Caorle was founded in the 1st century BC by Romans. Many archeological findings confirm this attribution, for instance the sacrificial altar called Ara Licovia (Licovian Altar, from the Roman Licovi family), today housed in the cathedral.
Caorle gained importance when people from Concordia Sagittaria arrived as refugees during the Barbarian Invasions. In that period was built a Paleo-Christian church, some remains of which are today kept in the cathedral's museum. In the 11th century was built the cathedral we see today, once the seat of a Bishopric. During the following centuries, Caorle became one of the nine important cities of the Republic of Venice; evidence to that effect are the many Istrian flagstones which compose some monuments in the city, and also the ancient structure of the city with bridge and canals, like a little Venice. At the end of the Republic of Venice, with the Napoleonic invasions, Caorle went into decline; the diocese was moved to Chioggia and Caorle was attached to the Patriarchate of Venice; the town is however technically is still a diocese, and therefore an ecclesiastical titular see.
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Cape Arkona
Cape Arkona (German: Kap Arkona) is a 45-metre-high cape on the island of Rügen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It forms the tip of the Wittow peninsula, just a few kilometres north of the Jasmund National Park. The protected landscape of Cape Arkona, together with the fishing village of Vitt, belongs to the municipality of Putgarten and is one of the most popular tourist destinations on Rügen, receiving about 800,000 visitors annually.
On the cape there are two lighthouses, a navigation tower, two military bunker complexes, the Slavic temple fortress of Jaromarsburg and several tourist buildings (restaurants, pubs and souvenir shops).
Because of its geology and the weathering that occurs here, there are frequent coastal collapses especially in winter.
Cape Arkona is often referred to as "the northernmost point of Rügen", which is not true. Approximately one kilometre to the north-west, there is a point on the steep coast, known as the Gellort, which is a little further north. Directly at the foot of the Gellort is a 165-ton glacial erratic boulder known as the Siebenschneiderstein (Low German: Söbenschniedersteen). The cape offers an impressive view of the island, both from land or sea.
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Caribbean
The Caribbean (pronounced /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ or /kəˈrɪbiən/) is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north. From the peninsula of Florida on the mainland of the United States, the islands stretch 1,200 miles (1,900 km) southeastward, then 500 miles (800 km) south, then west along the north coast of Venezuela on the South American mainland.
Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 7,000 islands, islets, reefs, and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea.
The Caribbean islands are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping, which consists of the Greater Antilles on the north, the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), as well as the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands (the Lucayan Archipelago, which does not border the Caribbean Sea). Due to its proximity to the equator, the sun rises from 3am EST to 5am EST.[citation needed]
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Chiemgau
Chiemgau is the common name of a geographic area in Upper Bavaria. It refers to the foothills of the Alps between the rivers Inn and Traun, with lake Chiemsee at its center. The political districts that contain the Chiemgau are Rosenheim and Traunstein. Wendelstein is the name of a famous mountain close by but not strictly in the Chiemgau, while Kampenwand is actually the most inviting peak south of Chiemsee.
The name Chiemgau and Chiemsee together with the place name Chieming allegedly go back to the Old High German personal name Chiemo (7th/8th century). At the end of the 8th century the name Chiemgau appeared for the first time in documents as Chimigaoe but it stood at that time for a smaller area around the village of Chieming.
From the New Stone Age to the Bronze and Iron Ages humans have left their traces in the Chiemgau. After that this region was settled by the Celts and later by the Romans. The Romans settled mainly near the river Alz and made a crossing for their Roman road which goes from Salzburg to Augsburg at Seebruck (Bedaium). At that time the Chiemgau was on the outskirts of the Roman province of 'Noricum'. The Chiemgau was for a long time closely connected with the Bavarian dukes and also the princebishops of Salzburg.
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Crete
Crete (Greek: Κρήτη; [kriti]) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits (such as its own dialect, poetry, and music). Crete was the centre of the Minoan civilization (c. 2700–1420 BC), the earliest civilization in Europe, comprising the first palaces in Europe.
The island is first referred to as Kaptara in texts from the Syrian city of Mari dating from the 18th century BC, repeated later in Neo-Assyrian records and the Bible (Caphtor). It was also known in ancient Egyptian as Keftiu, strongly suggesting some form similar to both was the Minoan name for the island.
The Mycenaean Greek name for Crete is unknown; it is not mentioned in extant Linear B texts. The name Crete (Κρήτη) first appears in Homer's Odyssey. Its etymology is unknown. One speculative proposal derives it from a hypothetical Luvian word *kursatta (cf. kursawar "island", kursattar "cutting, sliver"). In Latin, it became Creta.
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CSS Alabama
CSS Alabama was a screw sloop-of-war built for the Confederate States Navy at Birkenhead, United Kingdom, in 1862 by John Laird Sons and Company.Alabama served as a commerce raider, attacking Union merchant and naval ships over the course of her two-year career, during which she never anchored in a Southern port. She was sunk in battle by the USS Kearsarge in 1864 near the Port of Cherbourg, France.
Alabama was built in secrecy in 1862 by British shipbuilders John Laird Sons and Company in North West England at their shipyards at Birkenhead, Cheshire. This was arranged by the Confederate agent James Dunwoody Bulloch, who was leading the procurement of sorely needed ships for the fledgling Confederate States Navy. He arranged the contract through Fraser, Trenholm Company, a cotton broker in Liverpool with ties to the Confederacy.
Initially known as hull number 290, the ship was launched on 15 May 1862 and secretly slipped out of Liverpool on 29 July 1862 as the Enrica. Agent Bulloch arranged for a civilian crew and captain to sail Enrica to Terceira Island in the Azores. With Bulloch at his side, the new ship's captain, Raphael Semmes, left Liverpool on 5 August 1862 aboard the steamer Bahama to take command of the new cruiser. Semmes arrived at Terceira Island on 20 August 1862 and began overseeing the refitting of the new vessel with various provisions, including armaments, and 350 tons of coal, brought there by Agrippina, his new ship's supply vessel. After three days of back-breaking work by the three ship's crews, the new ship was transformed into a naval cruiser, designated a commerce raider, for the Confederate States of America and Bulloch returned to Liverpool to continue his work as secret agent for the Confederate Navy.
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Dalmatia
Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Croatian pronunciation: [dǎlmaːt͡sija]; see names in other languages) is a historical region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in Croatia. It stretches from the island of Rab in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The hinterland, the Dalmatian Zagora, ranges from fifty kilometers in width in the north to just a few kilometers in the south. The Dalmatian dog received its name from Dalmatia, as does the dalmatic, a Roman Catholic liturgical vestment worn by deacons and bishops.
The name Dalmatia derives from the name of the tribe of the Dalmatae, which is connected with the Illyrian word delme, dele in modern Albanian, meaning "sheep" in English.
In antiquity the Roman province of Dalmatia was much larger than the present-day Dalmatia County of Croatia, stretching from Istria in the north to historical Albania in the south. Dalmatia signified not only a geographical unit, but was an entity based on common culture and settlement types, a common narrow eastern Adriatic coastal belt, Mediterranean climate, sclerophyllous vegetation of the Illyrian province, Adriatic carbonate platform, and karst geomorphology.
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Dodecanese
The Dodecanese (/doʊdɪkəˈniːz/; Greek: Δωδεκάνησα, Dodekánisa, [ðoðeˈkanisa]; literally 'twelve islands') are a group of 12 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the Aegean Sea, of which 26 are inhabited. Τhis island group generally defines the eastern limit of the Sea of Crete. They belong to the Southern Sporades island group. They have a rich history, and many of even the smallest inhabited islands boast dozens of Byzantine churches and medieval castles.
The most historically important and well-known is Rhodes (Rodos), which, for millennia, has been the island from which the region is controlled. Of the others, Kos and Patmos are historically more important; the remaining nine are Astipalea, Kalimnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Leros, Nisyros, Symi, Tilos and Kastelorizo (which actually lies in the eastern Mediterranean). Other islands in the chain include Agathonisi, Alimia, Arkoi, Chalki, Farmakonisi, Gyali, Kinaros, Levitha, Lipsi, Nimos, Pserimos, Saria, Syrna and Telendos.
The Dodecanese have been inhabited since prehistoric times. In the Neopalatial period on Crete, the islands were heavily Minoanized (contact beginning in the second millennium BC). Following the downfall of the Minoans, the islands were ruled by the Mycenaean Greeks from circa 1400 BC, until the arrival of the Dorians circa 1100 BC. It is in the Dorian period that they began to prosper as an independent entity, developing a thriving economy and culture through the following centuries. By the early Archaic Period Rhodes and Kos emerged as the major islands in the group, and in the 6th century BC the Dorians founded three major cities on Rhodes (Lindos, Kameiros and Ialyssos). Together with the island of Kos and the cities of Knidos and Halicarnassos on the mainland of Asia Minor, these made up the Dorian Hexapolis.
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Dutch Empire
The Dutch Empire (Dutch: Nederlands-koloniale Rijk) comprised the overseas territories controlled by the Dutch Republic and later, the modern Netherlands from the 17th to the 20th century. The Dutch followed Portugal and Spain in establishing an overseas colonial empire, but based on military conquest of already-existing Portuguese and Spanish settlements, and not on discovery and colonization. For this, they were aided by their skills in shipping and trade and the surge of nationalism accompanying the struggle for independence from Spain. Alongside the British, the Dutch initially built up colonial possessions on the basis of indirect state capitalist corporate colonialism, via the Dutch East and West India Companies. Dutch exploratory voyages such as those led by Willem Barents, Henry Hudson and Abel Tasman revealed to Europeans vast new territories.
With Dutch naval power rising rapidly as a major force from the late 16th century, the Netherlands dominated global commerce during the second half of the 17th century during a cultural flowering known as the Dutch Golden Age. The Netherlands lost many of its colonial possessions, as well as its global power status, to the British when the metropole fell to French armies during the Revolutionary Wars. The restored portions of the Dutch Empire, notably the Dutch East Indies and Suriname, remained under Dutch control until the decline of European imperialism following World War II.
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Execution Dock
Execution Dock was used for more than 400 years in London to execute pirates, smugglers and mutineers that had been sentenced to death by Admiralty courts. The "dock", which consisted of a scaffold for hanging, was located near the shoreline of the River Thames at Wapping. Its last executions were in 1830.
The legal jurisdiction for the British Admiralty was for all crimes committed at sea. The dock symbolised that jurisdiction by being located just beyond the low-tide mark in the river. Anybody who had committed crimes on the seas, either in home waters or abroad, would eventually be brought back to London and tried by the High Court of the Admiralty .
Capital punishment was reserved for acts of mutiny that resulted in death and for murders on the High Seas. Those sentenced to death were usually brought to Execution Dock from Marshalsea Prison (although some were also transported from the Newgate). The condemned were paraded across London Bridge past the Tower of London. The procession was led by the High Court Marshal on horseback (or his deputy). He carried a silver oar that represented the authority of the Admiralty. Prisoners were transported in a cart to Wapping, with them was a chaplain who encouraged them to confess their sins. Just like the execution procession to Tyburn, condemned prisoners were allowed to drink a quart of ale at a public house on the way to the gallows. An execution at the dock usually meant that crowds lined the river's banks or chartered boats moored in the Thames to get a better view of the hangings. Executions were conducted by the hangmen who worked at either Tyburn and Newgate Prison.
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Fujian
Coordinates: 25°54′N 118°18′E / 25.9°N 118.3°E / 25.9; 118.3
Fujian (help·info) (Chinese: 福建), formerly romanised as Fukien or Foukien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait. The name Fujian came from the combination of Fuzhou and Jianzhou (a former name for Jian'ou) two cities in Fujian, during the Tang Dynasty. With a Han majority, it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China.
Most of Fujian is administered by the People's Republic of China. However, the archipelagos of Kinmen and Matsu are under the control of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Thus, there are two provinces (in the sense of government organizations): the Fujian Province administered by the People's Republic of China and the Fujian Province of the Republic of China.
Recent archaeological discoveries demonstrate that Fujian had entered the Neolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in Pingtan Island located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones, shells, bones, jades, and ceramics (including wheel-made-ceramics) have been unearthed, together with spinning wheels, a definitive evidence of weaving.
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Gotland
Gotland (/ˈɡɒtlənd/; Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɡɔtland] ( listen) or [ˈɡɔlland]), sometimes Gottland /ˈɡɒtlənd/ or Gothland /ˈɡɒθlənd/,Gutland in the local language Gutnish, is a province, county, municipality, and diocese of Sweden. It is Sweden's largest island and the largest island in the Baltic Sea. With its total area of 3,140 square kilometers, the island of Gotland and the other areas of the province of Gotland make up less than one percent of Sweden's total land area. The province includes the small islands of Fårö and Gotska Sandön to the north and some tiny islands, including the Karlsö Islands (Lilla and Stora) to the west. The island of Gotland has an area of 2,994 km², whereas the province has 3,183.7 km² (3,151 km² of land excluding the lakes and rivers). The population is 57,221, of which about 22,200 live in Visby, the main town. The island's main sources of income are tourism, agriculture, and concrete production from locally mined limestone.
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. In the case of Gotland, however, due to its insular position, the administrative county, län, Gotland County and the municipality, kommun, Gotland Municipality both cover the same territory as the province. Furthermore, the Diocese of Visby is also congruent with the province.
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Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada–United States border which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes Waterway. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth comprising 21% of the world's surface fresh water. The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3). The lakes are sometimes referred to as the North Coast or "Third Coast" by some citizens of the United States.
The lakes have been a major source of trade through this area, and they are home to a large number of aquatic species. Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade in the area, and some threaten the biodiversity of the area.
Though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water. The lakes form a chain connecting the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the St. Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Michigan-Huron (in the hydrological sense, a single body of water), southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. The Great Lakes region contains not only the five themselves but also many thousands of smaller lakes, often called inland lakes. Of the five lakes, Lake Michigan is the only one that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water border between the United States and Canada.
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Guangdong
Coordinates: 23°24′N 113°30′E / 23.4°N 113.5°E / 23.4; 113.5
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province. It surpassed Henan and Sichuan to become the most populous province in China in January 2005, registering 79 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are amongst the most populous and important cities in China.
Since 1989 Guangdong has topped the total GDP rankings among all provincial-level divisions, with Jiangsu and Shandong second and third in rank. According to provincial annual preliminary statistics, Guangdong's GDP in 2010 reached CNY 4,550 billion, or USD 689.02 billion, making its economy roughly the same size as that of Turkey or Indonesia. Guangdong has the fourth highest GDP per capita among all provinces of mainland China, after Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Liaoning. The province contributes approximately 12% of the PRC's national economic output, and is home to the production facilities and offices of a wide-ranging set of multinational and Chinese corporations. Guangdong also hosts the largest Import and Export Fair in China called the Canton Fair in Guangdong's capital city Guangzhou.
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Gujarat
Gujarat /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ (Gujarati: ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt [ɡudʒ(ə)ɾat] ( listen)) is a state in western India. It has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,030 km2) with a coastline of 1,600 km, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistani province of Sindh on the west. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.
The state encompasses major sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first ports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centers in the Maurya and Gupta empires. Mahatma Gandhi, India's "father of the nation", who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British colonial rule was a Gujarati.Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister was also from Gujarat.
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Gulf of Aden
The Gulf of Aden (Arabic: خليج عدن Ḫalīǧ ʻAdan, Somali: Gacanka Cadmeed) is a gulf located in the Arabian Sea between Yemen, on the south coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and Somalia in the Horn of Africa. In the northwest, it connects with the Red Sea through the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, which is about 20 miles wide.
The waterway is part of the important Suez canal shipping route between the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Sea in the Indian Ocean with 21,000 ships crossing the gulf annually. The gulf is known by the nickname "Pirate Alley" due to the large amount of pirate activity in the area.
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Gulf of Aden as follows:
On the Northwest. The Southern limit of the Red Sea [A line joining Husn Murad (12°40′N 43°30′E / 12.667°N 43.5°E / 12.667; 43.5) and Ras Siyan (12°29′N 43°20′E / 12.483°N 43.333°E / 12.483; 43.333)].
On the East. The meridian of Cape Guardafui (Ras Asir, 51°16'E).
The temperature of the Gulf of Aden varies between 15 °C (59 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F), depending on the season and the appearance of monsoons. The salinity of the gulf at 10 metres (33 ft) depth varies from 35.3 ‰ along the eastern Somali coast to as high as 37.3 ‰ in the gulf's center, while the oxygen content in the Gulf of Aden at the same depth is typically between 4.0 and 5.0 mg/L.
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Gulf of Mexico
The Gulf of Mexico (Spanish: Golfo de México) is an ocean basin largely surrounded by the North American continent and the island of Cuba. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. In Texas and Louisiana it is often called the "Third Coast," in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The shape of its basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km) wide and filled with sedimentary rocks and debris. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucatan Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With this narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 615,000 mi² (1.6 million km²). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. At its deepest it is 14,383 ft (4,384 m) at the Sigsbee Deep, an irregular trough more than 300 nautical miles (560 km) (550 km) long. The basin contains a volume of roughly 660 quadrillion gallons (2.5 × 106 km3). It was formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics.
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Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hanse or Hansa; Low German: Hanse, Dudesche Hanse, Latin: Hansa, Hansa Teutonica or Liga Hanseatica) was an economic alliance of trading cities and their merchant guilds that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c. 13th–17th centuries).
The League was created to protect commercial interests and privileges granted by foreign rulers in cities and countries the merchants visited. The Hanseatic cities had their own legal system and furnished their own protection and mutual aid. Despite this, the organization was not a city-state, nor can it be called a confederation of city-states; only a very small number of the cities within the league enjoyed autonomy and liberties comparable to those of a free imperial city.
The legacy of the Hansa is remembered today in several names, for example the German airline Lufthansa (i.e., 'Air Hansa'), F.C. Hansa Rostock, the Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, in the Netherlands, and the Hansa Brewery in Bergen.
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Hispaniola
Hispaniola (Spanish: La Española) is a major island in the Caribbean, containing the two sovereign states of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The island is located between the islands of Cuba to the west and Puerto Rico to the east, within the hurricane belt.
Hispaniola is the site of the first European colonies in the New World, which were founded by Christopher Columbus on his voyages in 1492 and 1493. It is the ninth-most-populous island in the world, and the most populous in the Americas. It is the second largest island in the Caribbean (after Cuba) and the 22nd-largest island in the world.
The island bears various names originated by its native people, the Taíno Amerindians. When Columbus took possession of the island in 1492 he named it Hispana in Latin and La Isla Española, meaning "The Spanish Island", in Spanish.Bartolomé de las Casas shortened the name to "Española", and when Pietro Martyr d'Anghiera detailed his account of the island in Latin, he translated the name as Hispaniola. Because Anghiera's literary work was translated into English and French in a short period of time, the name "Hispaniola" is the most frequently used term in English-speaking countries for the island in scientific and cartographic works.
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Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa (Amharic: የአፍሪካ ቀንድ?, Arabic: القرن الأفريقي, Somali: Geeska Afrika, Tigrinya: ቀርኒ ኣፍሪቃ?) (alternatively Northeast Africa, and sometimes Somali Peninsula; shortened to HOA) is a peninsula in East Africa that juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. It is the easternmost projection of the African continent. Referred to in ancient and medieval times as Bilad al Barbar ("Land of the Berbers"), the Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia.
It covers approximately 2,000,000 km² (770,000 sq mi) and is inhabited by roughly 100 million people (Ethiopia: 85 million, Somalia: 9.3 million, Eritrea: 5.2 million, and Djibouti: 0.86 million). Regional studies on the Horn of Africa are carried out, among others, in the fields of Ethiopian Studies as well as Somali Studies.
The Horn of Africa is almost equidistant from the equator and the Tropic of Cancer. It consists chiefly of mountains uplifted through the formation of the Great Rift Valley, a fissure in the Earth's crust extending from Turkey to Mozambique and marking the separation of the African and Arabian tectonic plates. Most of the region is mountainous which arose through faults resulting from the Rift Valley, with the highest peaks in the Semien Mountains of northwestern Ethiopia.[citation needed]
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Illinois
Illinois (i/ˌɪlɨˈnɔɪ/ IL-i-NOY) is the 25th most extensive and the 5th most populous of the 50 United States, and is often noted as a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean; as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois River. For decades, O'Hare International Airport has ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics.
Although the state's largest population centers today are in northern Illinois, originally the state's population grew from south to north, with settlers arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s. In 1818, Illinois achieved statehood. Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River, one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan. Railroads and John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois' rich prairie into some of the world's most productive and valuable farmlands, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars. The Great Migration established a large community of African Americans in Chicago that created the city's famous jazz and blues cultures.
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Islamic Courts Union
The Islamic Courts Union (ICU) (Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية, Ittihād al-mahākim al-islāmiyya) was a group of Sharia Courts who united themselves to form a rival administration to the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia, with Sharif Sheikh Ahmed as head of the ICU. They are also known as the Joint Islamic Courts, Union of Islamic Courts (UIC), Supreme Islamic Courts Council (SICC) or the Supreme Council of Islamic Courts (SCIC). Western media often refer to the group as Somali Islamists.
Until the end of 2006, they controlled most of southern Somalia and the vast majority of its population, including most major cities such as Jowhar, Kismayo, Beledweyne, and the capital Mogadishu. The ICU was supported by warlord Yusuf "Indho Ade" Mohamed Siad who ruled Lower Shabelle but later became defense chief of the ICU, who aided in the defeat of the Mogadishu warlords. Only the Northern regions (Puntland, Somaliland), and the furthest interior regions of the south were outside their control. In December 2006, the ICU lost much territory after defeats at the battles of Baidoa, Bandiradley, and Beledweyne, retreating to the capital, Mogadishu. On December 28 they abandoned Mogadishu, leaving the city in chaos while they moved south towards Kismayo, which allowed the TFG and Ethiopian troops to take over the city. After a stand at the Battle of Jilib, the ICU abandoned the city of Kismayo on January 1, 2007. Stripped of almost all their territory, it was speculated the ICU would pursue guerrilla-style warfare against the government.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, forming the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.4 million, the city is at the center of the second-largest urban area in Europe after Moscow, and among the world's largest cities by population within city limits. Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is considered capital. Straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, Istanbul is a transcontinental city, with one third of its population living in Asia but its commercial and historical center in Europe.
Founded around 660 BC as Byzantium on the Seraglio Point, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires — the late classical Roman Empire (330–395), the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold from which the last caliphate ruled. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital elsewhere, in Ankara, remnants of Istanbul's previous central role still remain highly visible across the city, with palaces and imperial mosques lining its hills.
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Japan
Japan
i/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Kentucky
Kentucky (i/kɨnˈtʌki/), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the Upper South of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.
Kentucky is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on the fact that bluegrass is present in many of the pastures throughout the state, because of the fertile soil. It made possible the breeding of high-quality livestock, especially thoroughbred racing horses. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park; the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States; and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River. It is also home to the highest per capita number of deer and turkey in the United States, the largest free-ranging elk herd east of Montana, and the nation's most productive coalfield. Kentucky is also known for horse racing, bourbon distilleries, bluegrass music, automobile manufacturing, tobacco and college basketball.
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La Amistad
Coordinates: 41°21′40″N 71°57′58″W / 41.361°N 71.966°W / 41.361; -71.966
La Amistad (Spanish: "Friendship") was a ship notable as the scene of a revolt by African captives being transported from Havana to Puerto Principe, Cuba. It was a 19th-century two-masted schooner built in Spain[citation needed] and owned by a Spaniard living in Cuba. The Africans took control of the ship in July 1839 and were captured off the coast of Long Island by the USS Washington of the United States Revenue Cutter Service. La Amistad became a symbol in the movement to abolish slavery. The ship was taken under control by the United States, resulting in a US Supreme Court case (1841) over the status of the Africans, as importation of slaves into the US had been prohibited since 1808.
On July 2, 1839, Sengbe Pieh (later known in the United States as Joseph Cinqué) led 53 fellow Africans (49 adults and 4 children), the captives being transported aboard La Amistad from Havana, in a revolt against their captors. In the main hold below decks, the captives found a rusty file. The captives freed themselves, and they quickly ascended the stairs to deck. Armed with machete-like cane knives, they were successful in gaining control of the ship and demanded to be returned home. The ship's navigator, Don Pedro Montez, deceived them about which direction their course was on and sailed the ship north along the North American coast to the eastern tip of Long Island, New York. The United States Revenue Cutter Service discovered the schooner and took it and its occupants into custody. They took the Africans to New Haven, Connecticut to be tried in court.
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Lundy
Lundy is the largest island in the Bristol Channel, lying 12 miles (19 km) off the coast of Devon, England, approximately one third of the distance across the channel between England and Wales. It measures about 3 by 0.75 miles (4.8 by 1.2 km) at its widest. Lundy gives its name to a British sea area and is one of the islands of England.
As of 2007, there was a resident population of 28 people, including volunteers. These include a warden, ranger, island manager, and farmer, as well as bar and house-keeping staff. Most live in and around the village at the south of the island. Most visitors are day-trippers, although there are 23 holiday properties and a camp site for staying visitors, mostly also around the south of the island.
In a 2005 opinion poll of Radio Times readers, Lundy was named as Britain's tenth greatest natural wonder. The entire island has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest and it was England's first statutory Marine Nature Reserve, and the first Marine Conservation Zone, because of its unique flora and fauna. It is managed by the Landmark Trust on behalf of the National Trust.
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Mississippi
Mississippi (i/ˌmɪsɨˈsɪpi/) is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi ("Great River"). Mississippi is the 32nd most extensive and the 31st most populous of the 50 United States. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, which was cleared for cotton cultivation in the 19th century. Today, its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree.
Mississippi is bordered on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Alabama, on the south by Louisiana and a narrow coast on the Gulf of Mexico and on the west, across the Mississippi River, by Louisiana and Arkansas.
In addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake and Grenada Lake. The largest lake in Mississippi is Grenada Lake.
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Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).
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MV Arctic Sea
The MV Arctic Sea is a merchant vessel cargo ship, formerly of Malta that was reported as missing between late July and mid August 2009 en route from Finland to Algeria. On July 24, the Arctic Sea, manned by a Russian crew and carrying a cargo of what was declared to consist solely of timber, was allegedly boarded by hijackers off the coast of Sweden. The incident was not immediately reported, and contact with the ship was apparently lost on, or after, July 30. The Arctic Sea did not arrive at its scheduled port in Algeria, and on August 14 the ship was located near Cape Verde instead. On August 17 it was seized by the Russian Navy. An investigation into the incident is underway amidst speculation regarding the ship's actual cargo, allegations of cover-up by Russian authorities. The Arctic Sea was towed into harbor in the Maltese capital, Valletta, on October 29, 2009.
The ship's hijacking and subsequent events remain mysterious as no credible explanation exists of its disappearance and Russia's conduct during and after capturing the ship. If confirmed to be an act of piracy, the hijacking of Arctic Sea would be the first known of its kind in Northern European waters for centuries.
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Narbonne
Coordinates: 43°11′01″N 3°00′15″E / 43.1836°N 3.0042°E / 43.1836; 3.0042
Narbonne (French pronunciation: [naʁ.bɔn]; Occitan: Narbona; Latin: Narbo) is a commune in southern France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. It lies 849 km (528 mi) from Paris in the Aude department, of which it is a sub-prefecture. Once a prosperous port, it is now located about 15 km (9.3 mi) from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. It is marginally the largest commune in Aude, although the capital is the slightly smaller commune of Carcassonne.
Narbonne is linked to the nearby Canal du Midi and the Aude River by the Canal de la Robine, which runs through the centre of town.
Narbonne was established in Gaul in 118 BC, as Colonia Narbo Martius. It was located on the Via Domitia, the first Roman road in Gaul, built at the time of the foundation of the colony, and connecting Italy to Spain. Geographically, Narbonne was therefore located at a very important crossroads because it was situated where the Via Domitia connected to the Via Aquitania, which led toward the Atlantic through Toulouse and Bordeaux. In addition, it was crossed by the Aude River. Surviving members of Julius Caesar's Legio X Equestris were given lands in the area that today is called Narbonne.[citation needed]
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New Hampshire
New Hampshire (i/njuːˈhæmpʃər/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire is the 5th least extensive and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States.
It became the first post-colonial sovereign nation in the Americas when it broke off from Great Britain in January 1776, and six months later was one of the original thirteen states that founded the United States of America. In June 1788, it became the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution, bringing that document into effect. New Hampshire was the first U.S. state to have its own state constitution.
It is known internationally for the New Hampshire primary, the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle. Concord is the state capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state. It has no general sales tax, nor is personal income (other than interest and dividends) taxed at either the state or local level.
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New Providence
New Providence is the most populous island in the Bahamas, containing more than 70% of the total population. It also houses the national capital city, Nassau. The island was originally under Spanish control following Christopher Columbus' discovery of the New World, but the Spanish government showed little interest in developing the island (and the Bahamas as a whole). Nassau, the island's largest city, was formally known as Charlestown. It was laid out and renamed Nassau in 1695 by Nicholas Trott, the most successful Lords Proprietor, in honour of the Prince of Orange-Nassau who became William III of Great Britain. The three branches of Bahamian Government; the Executive, the Legislative and the Judiciary are all headquartered on New Providence. New Providence functions as the main commercial hub of The Bahamas. It is also home to over 400 banks and trust companies; and its hotels and port account for more than two thirds of the four million-plus tourists who visit The Bahamas annually. Other settlements on New Providence include Grants Town, Bain Town, Fox Hill, Adelaide, Yamacraw, South Beach, Coral Harbour, Lyford Cay, Paradise Island, Sea Breeze, Centreville, The Grove (South) and The Grove (West Bay), Cable Beach, Delaporte, Gambier and Love Beach.
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Niger Delta
The Niger Delta, the delta of the Niger River in Nigeria, is a densely populated region sometimes called the Oil Rivers because it was once a major producer of palm oil. The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate.
The Niger Delta, as now defined officially by the Nigerian government, extends over about 70,000 km² and makes up 7.5% of Nigeria’s land mass. Historically and cartographically, it consists of present day Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers States. In 2000, however, Obansanjo's regime included Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo and Ondo States in the region. Some 31 million people of more than 40 ethnic groups including the Efik, Ibibio, Annang, Oron, Ijaw, Itsekiri, Igbo, Isoko, Urhobo, Yoruba, and Kalabari, are among the inhabitants in the Niger Delta, speaking about 250 different dialects.
The Niger Delta, and the "South South Zone", which includes Akwa Ibom State, Bayelsa State, Cross River State, Delta State, Edo State and Rivers State are two different entities. While the Niger Delta is the oil producing region the South South Zone is a geo-political zone.
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (Irish: Tuaisceart Éireann pronounced [ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ] ( listen), Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann or Norlin Airlan) is a part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland. It shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. As of 2001, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom. Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, Northern Ireland is largely self-governing. According to the agreement, Northern Ireland co-operates with the rest of Ireland – from which it was partitioned in 1921 — on some policy areas, while other areas are reserved for the Government of the United Kingdom, though the Republic of Ireland "may put forward views and proposals".
Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter inter-communal conflict — the Troubles — which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom, and generally see themselves as British, while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule, and generally see themselves as Irish. Additionally, people from both sides of the community may describe themselves as Northern Irish. Since 1998, most of the paramilitary groups involved in the Troubles have ceased their armed campaigns.
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Nuremberg Trials
Coordinates: 49°27.2603′N 11°02.9103′E / 49.4543383°N 11.048505°E / 49.4543383; 11.048505 The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the victorious Allied forces of World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany, in 1945–46, at the Palace of Justice. The first and best known of these trials was the Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT), which tried 25 of the most important captured leaders of the Third Reich, though several key architects of the war (such as Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Joseph Goebbels) had committed suicide before the trials began.
The initial trials were held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946. The second set of trials of lesser war criminals was conducted under Control Council Law No. 10 at the US Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT); among them included the Doctors' Trial and the Judges' Trial. This article primarily deals with the IMT; see the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials for details on those trials.
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Panama City
Panama City (Spanish: Ciudad de Panamá) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Panama. It has a population of 880,691, with a total metro population of 1,272,672, and it is located at the Pacific entrance of the Panama Canal, in the province of Panama. The city is the political and administrative center of the country, and a hub for international banking and commerce. It is considered a Beta World City.
With an average GDP per capita of $11,700, Panama has been among the top five places for retirement in the world, according to International Living magazine.[citation needed] Panama City has a dense skyline of mostly highrise buildings, and it is surrounded by a large belt of tropical rainforest. Panama's Tocumen International Airport, the largest and busiest airport in Central America, offers daily flights to major international destinations.
Panama City was chosen to be the American Capital of Culture for 2003 (jointly, with Curitiba, Brazil).[citation needed]
Panama was founded on August 15, 1519 by Spanish conquistador Pedro Arias Dávila. The city was the starting point of expeditions that conquered the Inca Empire in Peru. It was a stopover point of one of the most important trade routes in the history of the American continent leading to the fairs of Nombre de Dios and Portobelo, where most of the gold and silver that Spain took from the Americas passed through. The city was destroyed by a devastating fire, when the pirate Henry Morgan sacked it on January 28, 1671. It was rebuilt and formally established on January 21, 1673 in a peninsula located 8 km from the original settlement. The place where the previously devastated city was located is still in ruins, and has become a tourist attraction known as "Panama Viejo".
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
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Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf is located in Western Asia between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula. It is an extension of the Indian Ocean.
The Persian Gulf was the focus of the 1980–1988 Iran-Iraq War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers. In 1991, the Persian Gulf again was the background for what was called the "Persian Gulf War" or the "Gulf War" when Iraq invaded Kuwait and was subsequently pushed back, despite the fact that this conflict was primarily a land conflict.
The Persian Gulf has many good fishing grounds, extensive coral reefs, and abundant pearl oysters, but its ecology has come under pressure from industrialization, and in particular, oil and petroleum spillages during wars in the region.
Historically and internationally known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, although neither of the latter two terms are recognized internationally. The name Gulf of Iran (Persian Gulf) is used by the International Hydrographic Organization.
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Phoenicia
Phoenicia (UK /fɨˈnɪʃə/, US /fəˈniːʃə/; from the Greek: Φοινίκη: Phoiníkē), was an ancient Semitic Canaanite civilization situated on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. The major Phoenician cities were on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC. The Phoenicians used the galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the bireme. They were famed in Classical Greece and Rome as 'traders in purple', referring to their monopoly on the precious purple dye of the Murex snail, used, among other things, for royal clothing, and for their spread of the alphabet (or abjad), upon which all major modern phonetic alphabets are derived.
In the Amarna tablets of the 14th century BC, people from the region called themselves Kenaani or Kinaani (Canaanites), although these letters predate the invasion of the Sea Peoples by over a century. Much later, in the 6th century BC, Hecataeus of Miletus writes that Phoenicia was formerly called χνα, a name Philo of Byblos later adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called Phoinix". Egyptian seafaring expeditions had already been made to Byblos to bring back "cedars of Lebanon" as early as the third millennium BC.
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Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbərɡ/, PITS-burg) is the second largest city in the U.S. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. Regionally, it anchors the largest urban area of both Appalachia and the Ohio River Valley. Nationally, it is the 22nd largest urban area in the United States. The population of the city in 2010 was 305,704, while that of the seven-county metropolitan area stood at 2,356,285.Downtown Pittsburgh retains substantial economic influence, ranking at 25th in the nation for jobs within the urban core and 6th in job density. The characteristic shape of Pittsburgh's central business district is a triangular tract carved by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, which form the Ohio River. The city features 151 high-rise buildings, 446 bridges, two inclined railways, and a pre-revolutionary fortification. Pittsburgh is known colloquially as "the City of Bridges" and "the Steel City" for its many bridges and former steel manufacturing base.
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Port Royal
Port Royal was a city located at the end of the Palisadoes at the mouth of the Kingston Harbour, in southeastern Jamaica. Founded in 1518, it was the centre of shipping commerce in the Caribbean Sea during the latter half of the 17th century. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1692 and subsequent fires, hurricanes, flooding, and another earthquake in 1907.
Port Royal was once home to privateers employed to nip at superpower Habsburg Spain's empire when smaller European powers dared not directly make war on Spain. As a port city, it was notorious for its gaudy displays of wealth and loose morals and was a popular homeport for the English and Dutch sponsored privateers to spend their treasure during the 17th century. When those governments abandoned the practice of issuing letters of marque against the Spanish treasure fleets and possessions in the later 16th century, many privateers turned pirate and used the city as their main base during the heyday of the Caribbean pirates in the 17th century. Pirates from around the world congregated at Port Royal coming from waters as far away as Madagascar.
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Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire (Portuguese: Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire (Ultramar Português) or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Império Colonial Português), was the first global empire in history. In addition, it was the longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999 or the grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories that are now part of 53 different sovereign states.
Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa in 1419, using recent developments in navigation, cartography and maritime technology such as the caravel, in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India. In 1500, either by an accidental landfall or by the crown's secret design, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil on the South American coast. Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing forts and factories as they went. By 1571, a string of outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and Asia. This commercial network brought great wealth to Portugal.
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Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Salé
Salé (Berber: Sla / ⵙⵍⴰ, Arabic: سلا; from the Berber word asla, meaning "rock") is a city in north-western Morocco, on the right bank of the Bou Regreg river, opposite the national capital Rabat, for which it serves as a commuter town. Founded in antiquity as a Phoenician colony, it became a haven for pirates as an independent republic before being incorporated into Alaouite Morocco.
The city's name is sometimes transliterated as Salli or Sallee. The National Route 6 connects it to Fes and Meknes in the east. Its population is approximately 800,000.
It is the oldest city in the Atlantic coast, as it was founded by the Phoenicians and was known back then as Sala (modern challah); it was completed since then from the other side of the river of Bou Regreg by the Banu Ifren dynasty. During the 17th century, Rabat was known as New Salé, or Salé la neuve (in French) which explains Salé as the oldest city on the river. In the 10th century the Banu Ifran Berber tribe settled the area and constructed a settlement where the city currently stands. These Banu Ifran were also the builders of the 'Great Mosque of Salé'.
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Sarawak
Sarawak (Jawi:سراوق) (Malay pronunciation: [saˈrawaʔ]) is one of two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. Known as Bumi Kenyalang ("Land of the Hornbills"), Sarawak is situated on the north-west of the island. It is the largest state in Malaysia followed by Sabah, the second largest state located to the north-east.
The administrative capital is Kuching, which has a population of 658,562. Major cities and towns include Miri (pop. 269,380), Sibu (pop. 209,616) and Bintulu (pop. 189,695). As of the last census (2010), the state population was 2,420,009.
The eastern seaboard of Borneo was charted, though not settled, by the Portuguese in the early 16th century. The area of Sarawak was known to Portuguese cartographers as Cerava. During the 17th century, Sarawak was self-governed under Sultan Tengah. By the early 19th century, Sarawak had become a loosely governed territory under the control of the Brunei Sultanate. During the reign of Pangeran Indera Mahkota in 19th century, Sarawak was facing chaos. Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (1827–1852), the Sultan of Brunei, ordered Pangeran Muda Hashim in 1839 to restore order and it was during this time that James Brooke arrived in Sarawak. Pangeran Muda Hashim initially requested assistance in the matter, but Brooke refused. In 1841, Brooke paid another visit to Sarawak and this time he agreed to provide assistance. Pangeran Muda Hashim signed a treaty in 1841 surrendering Sarawak and Sinian to Brooke. On 24 September 1841, Pangeran Muda Hashim bestowed the title Governor to James Brooke. He effectively became the Rajah of Sarawak and founded the White Rajah Dynasty of Sarawak, later extending his administration through an agreement with the Sultan of Brunei. Sarawak was thus an independent kingdom from 1841 until 1888, when the state was placed under British protection.
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Sea of Marmara
The Sea of Marmara /ˈmɑrmərə/ (Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά, Turkish: Marmara Denizi), also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, and in the context of classical antiquity as the Propontis (Greek: Προποντίς), is the inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating Turkey's Asian and European parts. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Black Sea and the Dardanelles strait to the Aegean. The former also separates Istanbul into its Asian and European sides. The Sea has an area of 11,350 km² (280 km x 80 km) with the greatest depth reaching 1,370 m.
The salinity of the sea averages about 22 parts per thousand, which is slightly greater than that of the Black Sea but only about two-thirds that of most oceans. However, the water is much more saline at the sea-bottom, averaging salinities of around 38 parts per thousand — similar to that of the Mediterranean Sea. This high-density saline water, like that of the Black Sea itself, does not migrate to the surface. Water from the Susurluk, Biga (Granicus) and Gonen Rivers also reduces the salinity of the sea, though with less influence than on the Black Sea. With little land in Thrace draining southward, almost all of these rivers flow from Anatolia.
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Serbia
Serbiai/ˈsɜrbiə/, officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sř̩bija]), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; additionally, it borders Albania through Kosovo, whose status as part of Serbia is disputed. Serbia covers an area of 88,361 km2 and has a population of just over 7.1 million, while the capital and largest city is Belgrade.
The arrival of the Serbs to the Balkans in the 7th century, established several states, eventually forming the Serbian Empire in the 14th century. By the 16th century, Serbia was conquered and occupied by the Ottoman Empire, at times interrupted by the Habsburgs. In the early 19th century the Serbian revolution re-established the country as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory and pioneered the abolition of feudalism in the Balkans. The former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina united with Serbia in 1918. Following World War I, Serbia formed Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples which existed in several forms up until 2006, when the National Assembly of Serbia declared independence and the legal succession to the former State Union. In February 2008 the parliament of UNMIK-governed Kosovo, Serbia's southern province, declared independence, with mixed responses from international governments.
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Seville
Seville ( /səˈvɪl/; Spanish: Sevilla, IPA: [seˈβiʎa], locally: [seˈβiʝa]; see also different names) is the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and of the province of Seville, Spain. It is situated on the plain of the River Guadalquivir, with an average elevation of 7 metres (23 ft) above sea level. The inhabitants of the city are known as sevillanos (feminine form: sevillanas) or hispalenses, following the Roman name of the city, Hispalis.
Seville is the fourth largest city of Spain with a municipal population of about 703 thousand as of 2011, and a metropolitan population (including satellite towns) of about 1.5 million, making it the 31st most populous municipality in the European Union. Its old town is the largest in Spain (covering almost four square kilometers), and is one of the three largest in Europe along with Venice and Genoa. The Seville harbor, located about 80 km from the Atlantic Ocean, is the only river port in Spain.
The University of Seville was founded in 1505. Recently ranked the third university in Spain (and 190th in the world), it currently has over 50,000 students.[citation needed]
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Sinaloa
Sinaloa (Spanish pronunciation: [sinaˈloa]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Sinaloa (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Sinaloa), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 18 municipalities and its capital city is Culiacán Rosales.
It is located in Northwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Sonora to the north, Chihuahua and Durango to the east (separated from them by the Sierra Madre Occidental) and Nayarit to the south. To the west, Sinaloa has a significant share of coastline on the Gulf of California.
The state covers an area of 57,377 square kilometers (22,153 sq mi), and includes the Islands of Palmito Verde, Palmito de la Virgen, Altamura, Santa María, Saliaca, Macapule and San Ignacio.
In addition to the capital city, the state's important cities include Mazatlán and Los Mochis.
Prior to the coming of the Spaniards, much of Sinaloa was inhabited by the Cáhita.
In 1531 Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán with a force of over 10,000 defeated a force of 30,000 Cáhita at the site of Culiacan. Beltran de Guzman established a Spanish and allied Indian outpost at Culiacan. Over the next decade, the Cáhita suffered severe depopulation from smallpox and other diseases the Spanish brought.
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Sindh
Sindh (pronounced [sɪnd̪ʱ]; Sindhi: سنڌ; Urdu: سندھ Indica in Latin, Indus in Greek) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" and has been given the title of Bab-ul-Islam (The gateway of Islam). The name of Sindh is derived from the Indus River that separates it from Balochistan and the greater Iranian Plateau. This river was known to the ancient Iranians in Avestan as Indus, in Sanskrit as Sindhu, to Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BC) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Indos, to the Romans as Indus, to the Persians as Ab-e-sind, to the Pashtuns as "Abasind", to the Arabs as Al-Sind, to the Chinese as Sintow, and to the Javanese as the Santri.
Sindh is bounded to the west by the Indus River and Balochistan, to the north by Punjab, the east by the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan and to the south by the Arabian Sea. The capital of the province is Karachi, Pakistan's largest city and financial hub. Most of the population in the province is Muslim, with sizeable Christian, Zoroastrian and Hindu minorities. The main language spoken is Sindhi by about 40 million people, while there exists a significant Urdu-speaking minority.
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Siponto
Siponto (Latin: Sipontum) was an ancient port town of Apulia in southern Italy. The town was abandoned after earthquakes in the 13th century; today the area is administered as a frazione of the comune of Manfredonia, in the province of Foggia. Siponto is located around 3 km south of Manfredonia.
According to legend, Sipontum was founded by Diomedes, product of the union of the Homeric hero of the same name with the daughter of the king of the Dauni. Siponto was probably founded by the Dauni.
Sipontum was a flourishing Greek colony; having fallen into the hands of the Samnites, it was retaken about 335 B. C. by King Alexander of Epirus, uncle of Alexander the Great. In 189 B. C. it became a Roman colony, and in A. D. 663 it was taken and destroyed by the Slavs.
In the ninth century, Sipontum was for a time in the power of the Saracens; ln 1042 the Normans made it the seat of one of their twelve counties. The latter won a decisive victory there over the Byzantine general Argyrus in 1052.
According to legend, the Gospel was preached at Sipontum by Saint Peter and by Saint Mark; more trust, however, may be placed in the tradition of the martyrdom of the priest Saint Justin and his companions under Gallienus and Maximian about 255. The first bishop whose date may be fixed, was Felix, who was at Rome in 465. In the time of Bishop Lawrence, during the reign of Pope Gelasius I (492-496), there took place on Monte Gargano the apparition of Saint Michael, in memory of which the famous Monastery of the Archangel was founded.
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South China Sea
The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Singapore and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around 3,500,000 square kilometres (1,400,000 sq mi). The area's importance largely results from one-third of the world's shipping transiting through its waters, and that it is believed to hold huge oil and gas reserves beneath its seabed.
It is located
The minute South China Sea Islands, collectively an archipelago, number in the hundreds. The sea and its mostly uninhabited islands are subject to competing claims of sovereignty by several countries. These claims are also reflected in the variety of names used for the islands and the sea.
South China Sea is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in neighboring countries, often reflecting historical claims to hegemony over the sea.
The English name is a result of early European interest in the sea as a route from Europe and South Asia to the trading opportunities of China. In the sixteenth century Portuguese sailors called it the China Sea (Mar da China); later needs to differentiate it from nearby bodies of water led to calling it the South China Sea. The International Hydrographic Organization refers to the sea as "South China Sea (Nan Hai)".
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South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi (Indonesian: Sulawesi Selatan, short form Sulsel) is a province of Indonesia, located on the western southern peninsula of Sulawesi Island. The province is bordered by Central Sulawesi province to the north, South East Sulawesi province to the east and West Sulawesi province to the west (West Sulawesi province was split from South Sulawesi in 2004). It is the most populated and densest province on Sulawesi Island, its capital, Makassar, is a major regional center and the largest city on the island. The Selayar Islands archipelago is part of the province.
South Sulawesi Province is divided into 26 regencies and 3 independent cities, listed below with their (provisional) populations at the 2010 Census.
South Sulawesi recorded 8,032,551 people in the decennial 2010 census, having a growth rate of 1.17 percent over the adjusted Indonesia 2000 census figure, less than the national average of 1.49 percent. West Sulawesi split off from South Sulawesi in 2004. There were 3,921,543 males and 4,111,008 females, 1,848,132 housing units with average of 4.34 per unit versus national average of 3.86, some 13.3 percent of the population was under the national poverty line. It is the major regional center for Sulawesi island and is the major recipient of migration from all over the island.
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Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire (Spanish: Imperio Español) comprised territories and colonies administered by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania. It originated during the Age of Exploration and was one of the first global empires. At the time of Habsburgs, Spain reached the peak of its political and economic power when it became the foremost global power. Its establishment in the 15th century ushered in the modern global era and five centuries of European dominance of global affairs. Spain's territorial reach beyond Europe spanned six centuries, from the first voyages to the Americas in 1492 until the independence of its last African colonies in the 1970s.
After the War of the Castilian Succession (1475–1479), Spain had emerged with a personally unified monarchy, with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs or los Reyes Catolicos between the Queen of Castile and the King of Aragon: the internal and foreign policy was coordinated although the rule was separate. In 1492, the Spanish monarchs completed the Reconquista with the incorporation of Granada to the Kingdom of Castile. That same year Christopher Columbus commanded the first Spanish exploratory voyage west across the Atlantic Ocean, leading to the Discovery of America and Europe's eventual colonial engagement in the New World. The Americas thereby became the focus of Spanish exploration and colonization.
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Strait of Malacca
Coordinates: 4°N 100°E / 4°N 100°E / 4; 100 (Strait of Malacca) The Strait of Malacca (Malay: Selat Melaka; Jawi: سلت ملاك) is a narrow, 805 km (500 mi) stretch of water between the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is named after the Malacca Sultanate that ruled over the archipelago between 1414 and 1511.
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the "Malacca Strait" as follows:
On the West. A line joining Pedropunt, the Northernmost point of Sumatra (5°40′N 95°26′E / 5.667°N 95.433°E / 5.667; 95.433) and Lem Voalan the Southern extremity of Goh Puket [Phuket Island] in Siam [Thailand] (7°45′N 98°18′E / 7.75°N 98.3°E / 7.75; 98.3).
On the East. A line joining Tanjong Piai (Bulus), the Southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula (1°16′N 103°31′E / 1.267°N 103.517°E / 1.267; 103.517) and The Brothers (1°11.5′N 103°21′E / 1.1917°N 103.35°E / 1.1917; 103.35) and thence to Klein Karimoen (1°10′N 103°23.5′E / 1.167°N 103.3917°E / 1.167; 103.3917).
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Tennessee
Tennessee (i/tɛnɨˈsiː/) (Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ) is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th most extensive and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 626,144.Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 670,902.
The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later part of the Southwest Territory. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861, and the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war.
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The Hague
The Hague (Dutch: Den Haag pronounced [dɛnˈɦaˑχ] ( listen), officially 's-Gravenhage pronounced [ˈsχraˑvə(n)ˌɦaˑɣə] ( listen)) is the capital city of the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. With a population of 500,000 inhabitants (as of 1 September 2011), and more than one million inhabitants including the suburbs, it is the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation.
The Hague is the seat of the Dutch government and parliament, the Supreme Court, and the Council of State, but the city is not the capital of the Netherlands which constitutionally is Amsterdam. Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands lives at Huis ten Bosch and works at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague. Most foreign embassies in the Netherlands and 150 international organisations are located in the city, including the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, which makes The Hague one of the major cities hosting the United Nations, along with New York, Vienna and Geneva.
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Tripoli
Tripoli is the capital and largest city in Libya. It is also known as Tripoli-of-the-West (Arabic: طرابلس الغرب Ṭarābulus al-Gharb), to distinguish it from Tripoli, Lebanon. It is affectionately called The Mermaid of the Mediterranean (Arabic: عروسة البحر ʼarūsat el-baḥr; lit: "bride of the sea"), describing its turquoise waters and its whitewashed buildings. Tripoli (English pronunciation: /ˈtrɪpɵli/) is a Greek name that means "Three Cities", introduced in Western European languages through the Italian Tripoli. In Arabic: طرابلس it is called Ṭarābulus ( pronunciation (help·info), Libyan Arabic: Ṭrābləs pronunciation (help·info), Berber: Ṭrables, from Ancient Greek: Τρίπολις Trípolis). As of 2011, the Tripoli metropolitan area (district area) had a population of 2.2 million. The city is located in the northwest part of the country on the edge of the desert, on a point of rocky land projecting into the Mediterranean and forming a bay.
The city includes the Port of Tripoli and the country's largest commercial and manufacturing centre. It is also the site of the University of Tripoli. The vast Bab al-Azizia barracks, which includes the former family compound of Muammar Gaddafi, is also located in the city; Gaddafi largely ruled the country from his residence in this barracks.
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Tunis
Tunis (Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the capital of both the Tunisian Republic and the Tunis Governorate. It is Tunisia's largest city, with a population of 728,453 as of 2004; the greater metropolitan area holds some 2,412,500 inhabitants.
Situated on a large Mediterranean Sea gulf (the Gulf of Tunis), behind the Lake of Tunis and the port of La Goulette (Halq al Wadi), the city extends along the coastal plain and the hills that surround it. At the centre of more modern development (from the colonial era and later) lies the old medina. Beyond this district lie the suburbs of Carthage, La Marsa, and Sidi Bou Said.
The medina is found at the centre of the city: a dense agglomeration of alleys and covered passages, full of intense scents and colours, boisterous and active trade, and a surfeit of goods on offer ranging from leather to plastic, tin to the finest filigree, tourist souvenirs to the works of tiny crafts shops.
Just through the Sea Gate (also known as the Bab el Bahr and the Porte de France) begins the modern city, or Ville Nouvelle, transversed by the grand Avenue Habib Bourguiba (often referred to by popular press and travel guides as "the Tunisian Champs-Élysées"), where the colonial-era buildings provide a clear contrast to smaller, older structures. As the capital city of the country, Tunis is the focus of Tunisian political and administrative life; it is also the centre of the country's commercial activity. The expansion of the Tunisian economy in recent decades is reflected in the booming development of the outer city where one can see clearly the social challenges brought about by rapid modernization in Tunisia.
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Virginia
Virginia (i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
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Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: 元朝, p Yuán Cháo; Mongolian: Их Юань улс) was the branch of Mongol Borjigin dynasty established by Kublai Khan. Although the Mongols had ruled northern China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style. His realm – the Great Yuan Empire (t 大元帝國, s 大元帝国, p Dà Yuán Dìguó) – was by this point isolated from the other khanates and controlled only most of present-day China and its surrounding areas including modern Mongolia. It was the first non-Han dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368, after which its remnants in Mongolia were known as the Northern Yuan.
The Yuan is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and as an imperial Chinese dynasty. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan Dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven, following the Song Dynasty and preceding the Ming Dynasty. Although the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu.
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Alexandre Exquemelin
Alexandre Olivier Exquemelin (also spelled Esquemeling, Exquemeling, or Oexmelin) (c. 1645-1707) was a French writer best known as the author of one of the most important sourcebooks of 17th century piracy, first published in Dutch as De Americaensche Zee-Roovers, in Amsterdam, by Jan ten Hoorn, in 1678.
Born about 1645, it is likely that Exquemelin was a native of Harfleur, France, who on his return from buccaneering settled in Holland, possibly because he was a Huguenot. In 1666 he was engaged by the French West India Company and went to Tortuga, where he stayed for three years. There he enlisted with the buccaneers, in particular with the band of Henry Morgan, whose confidante he was, probably as a barber-surgeon, and remained with them until 1674. Shortly afterwards he returned to Europe and settled in Amsterdam where he qualified professionally as a surgeon, his name appearing on the 1679 register of the Dutch Surgeons' Guild. However, he was later once again in the Caribbean as his name appears on the muster-roll as a surgeon in the attack on Cartagena in 1697.
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Angelo Emo
Angelo Emo (born Venice, 3 January 1731 died, Malta 3 March 1792) was the last Grand Admiral of the Republic of Venice. He attempted to introduce reforms based on the practices of the British Royal Navy, and led raids on Moorish targets along the Barbary Coast in retaliation for corsair attacks on Venetian-flagged shipping. Had he lived and succeeded, Venice would have probably not been considered such an easy prey for France and Napoleon's demands.
Emo was assigned to hunt down the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean sea. In 1784 he sailed on board the ship Fama in command of twenty-four vessels. The siege of Tunis happened in 1785, and although Emo did not succeed in capturing Tunis, he reduced the Bey to terms and received thanks from Louis XVI of France.
Admiral Angelo Emo died in 1792 and his death was a profound loss to the Republic of Venice.
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Anne Bonny
Anne Bonny (8 March 1702 – 22 April 1782) was an Irish woman who became a famous female pirate, operating in the Caribbean. What little is known of her life comes largely from A General History of the Pyrates.
Little is known of Bonny's life, particularly prior to her arrival in the Bahamas, although it is estimated that she was born on March 8, 1702. Official records and contemporary letters dealing with her life are scarce and most modern knowledge stems from Charles Johnson's A General History of the Pyrates (a contemporary collection of pirate biographies, thought to be well embellished).
At first, Anne's family had a rough start in their new home. Her mother died shortly after they arrived in North America. Her father attempted to become an attorney there, but did not do well. Eventually, Anne's father joined the more profitable merchant business and accumulated for the two of them a substantial fortune.
When Bonny was 13, she supposedly stabbed a servant girl in the stomach with a table knife. Bonny was a red-haired beauty and considered a good catch. She married a poor sailor and small-time pirate named James Bonny. James Bonny hoped to win possession of his father-in-law's estate, but Anne was disowned by her father.
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Bartholomew Roberts
Bartholomew Roberts (17 May 1682 – 10 February 1722), born John Roberts, was a Welsh pirate who raided ships off America and West Africa between 1719 and 1722. He was the most successful pirate of the Golden Age of Piracy, as measured by vessels captured, taking over 470 prizes in his career. He is also known as Black Bart (Welsh: Barti Ddu), but this name was never used in his lifetime, and also risks confusion with Black Bart of the American West. He also had "Sunday services" on his first vessel.
Bartholomew Roberts was born in 1682 in Casnewydd-Bach, or Little Newcastle, between Fishguard and Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire, Wales. His name was originally John Roberts, and his father was most likely George Roberts. It's not clear why Roberts changed his name from John to Bartholomew, but pirates often adopted aliases, and he may have chosen that name after the well-known buccaneer Bartholomew Sharp. He is thought to have gone to sea when he was 13 in 1695 but there is no further record of him until 1718, when he was mate of a Barbados sloop. In 1719 he was third mate on the slave ship Princess, under Captain Abraham Plumb. In early June that year the Princess was anchored at Anomabu, then spelled Annamaboa, which is situated along the Gold Coast of West Africa (present-day Ghana), when she was captured by pirates. The pirates were in two vessels, the Royal Rover and the Royal James, and were led by captain Howell Davis. Davis, like Roberts, was a Welshman, originally from Milford Haven in Pembrokeshire. Several of the crew of the Princess were forced to join the pirates, including Roberts. Davis quickly discovered Roberts' abilities as a navigator and took to consulting him. He was also able to confide to Roberts information in Welsh, thereby keeping it hidden from the rest of the crew. Roberts is said to have been reluctant to become a pirate at first, but soon came to see the advantages of this new lifestyle. Captain Charles Johnson reports him as saying:
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Benito de Soto
Benito Soto Aboal (April 22, 1805, Pontevedra - January 25, 1830, Cadiz) was a Galician pirate, and captain of the Burla Negra ("Black Joke").
Benito de Soto was the most notorious of the last generation of pirates to plunder shipping in the Atlantic, one of those arising from the ending of the Napoleonic Wars.
De Soto served on an Argentinian slave ship before leading a mutiny off the coast of Angola in 1827. When 18 of the crew declined to participate they were cast adrift off in an open boat.
Having renamed the vessel the Burla Negra, de Soto crossed the Atlantic, where he sold stolen cargo of slaves in the Caribbean, and then sailed south, attacking English, American, Spanish and Portuguese ships along the South American coast. From 1830 the Burla Negra also ventured eastwards into the Atlantic to intercept vessels returning from India and the Far East.
He proved to be one of the most bloodthirsty pirates of any age, murdering crews who fell into his hands and sinking their ships.
The most infamous episode in de Soto's career came on 19 February 1828, when the Burla Negra happened upon the Morning Star en route from Ceylon to England. After killing some of the passengers and crew with cannon-fire, de Soto murdered the captain and took possession of the ship.
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Benjamin Hornigold
Captain Benjamin Hornigold (died 1719) was an 18th-century English pirate. His career lasted from 1715 to 1718, after which he turned pirate hunter and pursued his former allies on behalf of the Governor of the Bahamas. He was killed when his ship was wrecked on a reef during the 1719 hurricane season.
Hornigold's early life is unrecorded, though it is possible he was born in Norfolk, England, and, if so, he might have first served at sea aboard ships whose home port was either King's Lynn or Great Yarmouth. His first documented acts of piracy were in the winter of 1713-1714, when he employed periaguas (sailing canoes) and a sloop to menace merchant vessels off the coast of New Providence and its capital Nassau. By 1717 Hornigold had at his command a thirty-gun sloop he named the Ranger, which was likely the most heavily armed ship in the region and allowed him to seize other vessels with impunity.
His second-in-command during this period was Edward Teach, who would later be better known as the pirate Blackbeard. When Hornigold took command of the Ranger he delegated the captaincy of his earlier sloop to Teach. In the spring of 1717 the two pirate captains seized three merchant ships in quick succession, one carrying 120 barrels of flour bound for Havana, another a Bermudan sloop with a cargo of spirits and the third a Portuguese ship travelling from Madeira with a cargo of white wine.
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Blackbeard
Edward Teach (c. 1680 – 22 November 1718), better known as Blackbeard, was a notorious English pirate who operated around the West Indies and the eastern coast of the American colonies. Although little is known about his early life, he was probably born in Bristol, England. He may have been a sailor on privateer ships during Queen Anne's War before settling on the Caribbean island of New Providence, a base for Captain Benjamin Hornigold, whose crew Teach joined sometime around 1716. Hornigold placed him in command of a sloop he had captured, and the two engaged in numerous acts of piracy. Their numbers were boosted by the addition to their fleet of two more ships, one of which was commanded by Stede Bonnet, but toward the end of 1717 Hornigold retired from piracy, taking two vessels with him.
Teach captured a French merchant vessel, renamed her Queen Anne's Revenge, and equipped her with 40 guns. He became a renowned pirate, his cognomen derived from his thick black beard and fearsome appearance; he was reported to have tied lit fuses under his hat to frighten his enemies. He formed an alliance of pirates and blockaded the port of Charleston, South Carolina. After successfully ransoming its inhabitants, he ran Queen Anne's Revenge aground on a sandbar near Beaufort, North Carolina. He parted company with Bonnet, settling in Bath Town, where he accepted a royal pardon. But he was soon back at sea and attracted the attention of Alexander Spotswood, the Governor of Virginia. Spotswood arranged for a party of soldiers and sailors to try to capture the pirate, which they did on 22 November 1718. During a ferocious battle, Teach and several of his crew were killed by a small force of sailors led by Lieutenant Robert Maynard.
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Bugis
The Bugis are an Austronesian ethnic group—the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi, in the southwestern province of Sulawesi, third largest island of Indonesia. The Austronesian ancestors of the Bugis people settled on Sulawesi around 2500 B.C.E.. It has been hypothesised that there is "historical linguistic evidence of some late Holocene immigration of Austronesian speakers to South Sulawesi from Taiwan" - which means that the Bugis have "possible ultimate ancestry in South China", and that as a result of this immigration, "there was an infusion of an exogenous population from China or Taiwan." The Bugis in 1605 converted to Islam from Animism. Although many Bugis live in the large port cities of Makassar and Parepare, the majority are farmers who grow wet rice on the lowland plains to the north and west of the town of Maros. The name Bugis is an exonym which represents an older form of the name; (To) Ugi is the endonym.[citation needed]
The Bugis speak a distinct regional language in addition to Indonesian, called Basa Ugi, Bugis or Buginese. In reality, there are a several dialects, some of which are sufficiently different from others to be considered separate languages. Bugis belongs to the South Sulawesi language group; other members include Makasar, Toraja, Mandar and Enrekang, each being a series of dialects.
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Bully Hayes
William Henry "Bully" Hayes (1827 or 1829 – 1877) was a ship's captain who engaged in blackbirding in the 1860s and 1870s and whose arrival on any Pacific Island would cause islanders to hide in fear of being kidnapped and shipped off to be a labourer on some distant plantation.
Hayes operated across the breadth of the Pacific in the 1850s until his murder on 31 March 1877 by his cook Peter Radeck, or "Dutch Pete". Hayes has been described as a South Sea pirate and "the last of the Buccaneers". However James A. Michener & A. Grove Day, in their account of his life, warn that it is almost impossible to separate fact from legend in his life; they described Hayes as “a cheap swindler, a bully, a minor confidence man, a thief, a ready bigamist” and comment there is no evidence that Hayes ever took a ship by force in the tradition of a pirate or privateer.
There are two stories as to how he earned his nickname "Bully": one explanation is that “Bulli” is Samoan for “elusive” or “evasive”; the second explanation is that he was called "Bully" because of his behaviour towards his crew. He was a large man who used intimidation against his crew, although he could be very charming if he chose to be, as well as being capable of generosity to Pacific Islanders in need.
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Cai Qian
Cai Qian (1761–1809) (Chinese: 蔡牽; pinyin:Cài Qiān) was a Chinese sea merchant, considered by some a pirate during the Qing Dynasty era.
Cai Qian was born in Tong'an District, Fujian Province, China. Facing starvation, he became a pirate in 1794. At the height of his power, he and Cheung Po Tsai commanded hundreds of ships and thousands of pirates; he was Tsai's mate. They predated others on the seas of Fujian, Guangdong and Taiwan Strait and came to be considered a major threat to Chinese political stability. Because the British businessmen sold English guns to Tsai, the Qianlong Emperor became angry with the British. The Qianlong Emperor blamed George Macartney over this issue, leading to Chinese hostility towards the United Kingdom during the Chinese Rites controversy. In 1799, Cai married a weapons expert who spoke English. Her expertise may have been beneficial to their accumulation of wealth. Some diaries say her name was Lin Yuyau (林玉腰) and that she had lived in Fangyuan, Changhua, Taiwan.
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Calico Jack
Jack Rackham (21 December 1682 – 18 November 1720), commonly known as Calico Jack, was an English pirate captain operating in the Bahamas during the early 18th century (Rackham is often spelled as Rackam or Rackum in historical documentation). His nickname was derived from the calico clothing he wore.
Active towards the end (1717–1720) of the "golden age of piracy" (1690–1730) Rackham is most remembered for two things: the design of his Jolly Roger flag, a skull with crossed swords, which contributed to the popularization of the design, and for having two female crew members (Mary Read and Rackham's lover Anne Bonny).
After deposing Charles Vane from his captaincy, Rackham cruised the Leeward Islands, Jamaica Channel and Windward Passage. He accepted a pardon some time in 1719 and moved to New Providence where he met and married Anne Bonny. When Rackham returned to piracy in 1720, by stealing a British sloop, she joined him. Their new crew included Mary Read, disguised as a man. After a short run he was captured by pirate hunter Jonathan Barnet in 1720, before being hanged in November of the same year in Spanish Town, Jamaica.
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Captain Flint
Captain J. Flint (first name never given in full in the novel) was the fictional captain of a pirate ship, the Walrus, in the novel Treasure Island of the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894).
Flint was responsible for burying an enormous treasure (approximately £700,000) on an island located in the Caribbean Sea in which he was assisted by six of his crew-members. After the treasure was buried, he murdered all six of them and left the corpse of Allardyce with outstretched arms pointing to the location of the treasure.
The location of the treasure was marked by Flint on a map dated 1750 that was entrusted to his first mate William "Billy" Bones, and later into the hands of the hero of the novel, Jim Hawkins.
The only person Flint was said to fear was his quartermaster John Silver, who later even called his parrot "Captain Flint" in mockery.
Flint is said to have died in Savannah, shouting "Darby M'Graw - fetch aft the rum...." His death was said in the book to have been caused by the effects of rum. The inscription on the map suggests that he died in 1754.
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Captain Hook
Captain James Hook is the main antagonist of J. M. Barrie's play Peter Pan; or, the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up and its various adaptations. The character is a villainous pirate captain of the Jolly Roger brig, and lord of the pirate village/harbour in Neverland, where he is widely feared. Most importantly, he is the archenemy of Peter Pan. It is said that Hook was Blackbeard's boatswain, and that he was the only man Long John Silver ever feared. His only two fears are the sight of his own blood (which is supposedly an unnatural colour) and one fateful crocodile.
Hook wears a big iron hook in place of his right hand, which was cut off by Peter Pan and eaten by a saltwater crocodile, who liked the taste so much that she follows Hook around constantly, hoping for more. Luckily for Hook, the crocodile also swallowed a clock, so Hook can tell from the ticking when she is near. Hook hates Peter obsessively due to his cockiness (and the removing of his hand), as well as the way he always seems to have "good form" without trying or even realizing, which is the best "form" of all, and lives for the day he can make Peter and all his Lost Boys walk the plank.
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Captain Nemo
Captain Nemo, also known as Prince Dakkar, is a character featured in Jules Verne's novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870) and The Mysterious Island (1874).
Nemo, one of the most famous antiheroes in fiction, is a mysterious figure. The son of an Indian Raja, he is a scientific genius who roams the depths of the sea in his submarine, the Nautilus, which was built on a deserted island. Nemo tries to project a stern, controlled confidence, but he is driven by a thirst for vengeance and a hatred of imperialism (particularly the British Empire) and wracked by remorse over the deaths of his crew members and even by the deaths of enemy sailors.
Nemo is Latin for "no one", and also (as νέμω) Greek for "I give what is due" (see Nemesis).
Nemo is, moreover, the Latin rendering of Ancient Greek Outis ("Nobody"), the pseudonym Odysseus employed to outwit the Cyclops Polyphemus.
Nothing concerning his past is revealed in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, except his having reason to hate the countries of the world, the apparent loss of his family at some point in the past.
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Captain Pugwash
Captain Pugwash is a fictional pirate in a series of British children's comic strips and books created by John Ryan. The character's adventures were adapted into a TV series, using cardboard cut-outs filmed in live-action (the first series was performed and broadcast live), also called Captain Pugwash, first shown on the BBC in 1957, a later colour series, first shown in 1974–75, and a traditional animation series, The Adventures of Captain Pugwash, first aired in 1998.
The eponymous hero – Captain Horatio Pugwash – sails the high seas in his ship called the Black Pig, ably assisted by cabin boy Tom, pirates Willy and Barnabas, and Master Mate. His mortal enemy is Cut-Throat Jake, captain of the Flying Dustman.
Captain Horatio Pugwash made his debut in a comic-strip format in the first issue of The Eagle in 1950, then appeared regularly as a strip in Radio Times. In 1957 the BBC commissioned a series of short cartoon films produced by Gordon Murray. Ryan produced a total of 86 five-minute-long episodes for the BBC, shot in black-and-white film, but later transferring to colour. Ryan used a real-time technique of animation in which cardboard cutouts of the characters were laid on painted backgrounds and moved with levers. The characters' voices were provided by Peter Hawkins. The last series of Pugwash shorts by Ryan was produced in 1975.
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Carausius
Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Valerius Carausius (died 293) was a military commander of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century. He was a Menapian from Belgic Gaul, who usurped power in 286, declaring himself emperor in Britain and northern Gaul. He did this only 13 years after the Gallic Empire of the Batavian Postumus was ended in 273. He held power for seven years, before being assassinated by his finance minister Allectus (see Carausian Revolt).
Carausius was of humble origin, a Menapian who distinguished himself during Maximian's campaign against the Bagaudae rebels in northern Gaul in 286. This success, and his former occupation as a pilot, led to his appointment to command the Classis Britannica, a fleet based in the English Channel, with the responsibility of eliminating Frankish and Saxon pirates who had been raiding the coasts of Armorica and Belgica. He was suspected of keeping captured treasure for himself, and of allowing pirates to carry out raids and enrich themselves before taking action against them, and Maximian ordered his execution. In late 286 or early 287 Carausius learned of this sentence and responded by declaring himself Emperor in Britain and northern Gaul. His forces comprised not only his fleet, augmented by new ships he had built, and the three legions stationed in Britain, but a legion he had seized in Gaul, a number of foreign auxiliary units, a levy of Gaulish merchant ships, and barbarian mercenaries attracted by the prospect of booty.
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Category Pirates
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Chaloner Ogle
Admiral of the Fleet Sir Chaloner Ogle (1681–1750) was a British naval commander during the War of the Austrian Succession.
Born the son of John Ogle, a Newcastle barrister, Ogle came from the Kirkley Hall branch of the prominent Northumbrian Ogle family of Northumberland. He joined the Royal Navy as a volunteer in 1697.
In 1721 he commanded HMS Swallow, leading the fleet in action off the West African coast. In 1722 he defeated the pirate fleet of Bartholomew Roberts in the Battle of Cape Lopez, for which success he was awarded a knighthood.
In 1741 as Rear Admiral of the Blue he led the British attack on three forts at Cartagena, Colombia during a disastrous campaign in the War of Jenkins' Ear.
In 1742 he was accused of an alleged assault upon Edward Trelawny, Governor of Jamaica but his career survived and he was appointed Admiral of the White and in 1749 he became Admiral of the Fleet.
He was also Member of Parliament for Rochester from 1746 to 1750.
The IGI records that Challoner Ogle was married to Henrietta Isaacson on 16 October 1714, in Saint James' Church, Duke's Place, London, England. Other sources assert that he was first married in 1726 to Henrietta Issacson; and secondly in 1737 to his cousin Isabella Ogle, daughter of Nathaniel Ogle of Kirkley Hall. Thus he was the great uncle of his brother-in-law and namesake, Admiral Sir Chaloner Ogle, 1726–1816.
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Charles Gibbs
Charles Gibbs (November 5, 1798 – April 22, 1831) was an American pirate (real name James D. Jeffers) who was one of the last active in the Caribbean during the early-19th century and was among the last executed for piracy by the United States.
His career, like many others during this time, was marked by violence and brutality. Shortly before his execution, Jeffers admitted to have been involved in the killing of as many as 400 victims. His confessions during his imprisonment and trial detailing his career were recorded and published following his death and remained popular reading throughout the mid 19th century. However, given the sensationalistic nature of these accounts, historians have questioned the accuracy of Jeffers's confessions.
Born in Newport, Rhode Island on November 5, 1798, he was the son of a Newport sea captain who had served as an American privateer during the Revolutionary War. Jeffers would later claim to have enlisted in the United States Navy during the War of 1812 and to have served under James Lawrence on the USS Hornet and USS Chesapeake before being captured following a battle with the HMS Shannon in Boston Harbor in 1813. Later investigations into these claims proved this to be untrue. (Before his hanging, he admitted to having first gone to sea aboard a Newport-based brig called the Brutus in 1816, aged 17).
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Charlotte de Berry
Charlotte de Berry (born 1636, England – died unknown date and place) was a (possibly fictional) female pirate captain.
In her mid to late teens she fell in love with a sailor and, against her parents' will, married him. Disguised as a man, she followed him on board his ship and fought alongside him. Her true identity was discovered by an officer who kept this knowledge to himself, wanting de Berry. He assigned her husband to the most dangerous jobs, which he survived thanks to his wife's help. The officer finally accused Charlotte's husband of mutiny, of which he was found guilty based on an officer's word against that of a common sailor. He was punished by being flogged through the fleet, which, as the officer had hoped, killed him. The officer then made advances towards Charlotte, which she refused. The next time they were in port she killed the officer and snuck away, dressing again as a woman and working on the docks.
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Cheng I
Cheng I (1765 – 1807) (鄭一, pinyin: Zhèng Yī, Cantonese: Jihng Yāt, also romanised as Zheng Yi) was one of the most powerful Chinese pirates along the Chinese coast during the 19th century. He and his wife Ching Shih, a prostitute whom he fell in love with, captured Cheung Po Tsai who according to legend became her lover. Cheung was later adopted by them. After Cheng I died on November 16, 1807, Ching Shih took over the pirating business.
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Cheung Po Tsai
Cheung Po Tsai (simplified Chinese: 张保仔; traditional Chinese: 張保仔; pinyin: Zhāng Bǎozǎi; Wade–Giles: Chang Pao Tsai; Cantonese Yale: Jēung Bóu Jái; 1783 – 1822) was a 19th century Chinese pirate. He was also known as Cheung Po/Chang Pao/Zhang Bao ("Cheung Po Tsai" literally means "Cheung Po the Kid").
Several places in Hong Kong are linked to Cheung Po Tsai:
A famous pirate in Hong Kong, he was a son of a Tanka fisherman who lived in Xinhui of Jiangmen but was kidnapped by the pirate Cheng I and his wife Ching Shih when he was 15. He was adopted by the kidnappers as their son. Cheung Po later took over the pirating business from his adopted parents.
Cheung Po Tsai was active along the Guangdong coastal area during the Qing Dynasty. His followers are said to have reached 50,000 and his fleet said to have possessed 600 ships. His piracy mate was Cai Qian and the two worked together until Cai Qian was destroyed by the Qing government, making Cheung decide to surrender. Cheung Po capitulated to the Chinese government in 1810 and became a captain in the Qing imperial navy, receiving the rank of navy colonel and an appointment in Penghu, far away from Hong Kong. He spent rest of his life in a very comfortable government position.
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Ching Shih
Ching Shih (1775–1844) (simplified Chinese: 郑氏; traditional Chinese: 鄭氏; pinyin: Zhèng Shì; Cantonese: Jihng Sih; "widow of Zheng"), also known as Zheng Yi Sao (simplified Chinese: 郑一嫂; traditional Chinese: 鄭一嫂; pinyin: Zhèng Yī Sǎo; Cantonese: Jihng Yāt Sóu; "wife of Zheng Yi"), was a prominent female pirate in middle Qing China.
Ching Shih also known as Cheng I Sao terrorized the China Sea in the early 19th century. A brilliant Cantonese female pirate, she commanded 1800 ships and more than 80,000 pirates — men, women, and even children. She challenged the world superpower empires at the time such as the British, Portuguese and the Qing dynasty. Undefeated, she would become one of China and Asia's strongest female pirates, and one of world history's most powerful female pirates. She was also one of the few pirate captains to retire from piracy.
She became subject to numerous books, novels, video games and films.
Little is known about Ching Shih's early life, including her birth name and precise date of birth. She was a Cantonese prostitute who worked in small brothel of Canton, but was captured by pirates. In 1801, she married Zheng Yi, a notorious Cantonese-Chinese pirate. The name she is best remembered by means simply "widow of Zheng".
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Curonians
The Curonians or Kurs (Curonian: Kursi; German: Kuren; Latvian: kurši; Lithuanian: kuršiai; Estonian: kuralased; Polish: Kurowie) were a Baltic tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in what are now the western parts of Latvia and Lithuania from the 5th to the 16th centuries, when they merged with other Baltic tribes. They gave their name to the region of Courland (Kurzeme), and they spoke the Old Curonian language. Curonian lands were conquered by the Livonian Order in 1266 and they eventually merged with other Baltic tribes participating in the ethnogenesis of Lithuanians and Latvians. Direct descendants of the Curonians include the Kuršininkai of the Curonian Spit and the so-called Curonian Kings of Courland.
The Curonians were known as fierce warriors, excellent sailors and pirates. They were involved in several wars and alliances with Swedish, Danish, Icelandic and Kven Vikings.
In c. 750, according to Norna-Gests þáttr from c. 1157, the king of Denmark and Sweden, Sigurd Ring, fought against the invading Curonians and Kvens in the southern part of what today is Sweden:
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Dan Seavey
Dan Seavey, also known as Roaring Dan Seavey, (1867–1949) was a notorious pirate on the Great Lakes in the early 20th century.
Seavey was born in Portland, Maine, in 1867. He left home at age 13 and became a sailor, and served for a short time in the United States Navy. He moved near Marinette, Wisconsin in the late 1880s, where he married and had two daughters. The family later moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where Seavey fished, farmed and owned a local saloon.
In 1898, Seavey left his family in Milwaukee to participate in the Klondike Gold Rush. He was unsuccessful, and returned to the Great Lakes region around 1900. In poverty, Seavey moved to Escanaba, Michigan and acquired a schooner, which he named the Wanderer, and began a career as a pirate.
Dan Seavey did sail the Wanderer as a legitimate shipping operation, but also sailed into ports at night to steal cargo from other vessels and warehouses. Seavey also kidnapped or transported women in the illegal prostitution trade.
Seavey was notorious for altering sea lights, either by extinguishing existing lights or placing false lights. The trick, known as "moon cussing," would cause ships to sail into rocks, where Seavey's crew could easily capture the cargo from the wounded vessel.
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Diabolito
Diabolito or Little Devil (died July 1823) was a 19th century Cuban pirate. One of the more violent of the era, he actively engaged the United States Navy and was one of the main fugitives pursued during later American naval expeditions in the Caribbean during the 1820s.
The Cuban-born Diabolito became known as a particularly dangerous pirate operating from his home island during the early 19th century. He among others including Charles Gibbs, Pedro Gilbert and Roberto Cofresí were identified as key figures in piracy when President James Monroe authorized the formation of an anti-piracy squadron to combat attacks on American shipping and naval forces occurring off the Florida coast. Based in Key West under Commodore David Porter, a veteran of the Barbary expedition and the War of 1812, the Mosquito Fleet soon began patrolling the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Diabolito and other Cuban-based pirates were easily able to escape from American vessels, either escaping into the back country of the Florida Keys or retreating to Cuba where Porter's forces were unable to pursue. As the years past however, Cuban ship owners and other businessmen petitioned for authorities to cooperate with The United States. Spanish officials were unable to continue turning a blind eye to piracy, which often amounted to attacks on lone merchant vessels and fishing boats, and agreed to assist in hunting down Diabolito and others.
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Dominique You
Dominique You (1775-1830) was a privateer, pirate, and soldier.
Born in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (which is now Haiti) in 1775, You joined the army of Revolutionary France as an artillerist. He served in the French Republic's artillery corp. In 1802 he accompanied General Victor Leclerc to Santo Domingo to quell Toussaint Louverture's slave revolt. Yellow fever took the lives of many of the French soldiers including General Leclerc. Afterwards You went to New Orleans where he joined his half brothers Jean Lafitte and Pierre Lafitte, where he became the captain on the French Corsair Le Pandoure. He was nicknamed "Captain Dominique" by the French and "Johnness" by the Americans. He acquired quite a reputation for being very bold and daring. During the next few years he and his brothers became quite successful smugglers in the Louisiana bayous, and as privateers preyed on Spanish ships in the Gulf of Mexico, doing extensive damage to Spanish commerce in the gulf. On one occasion, a storm on the Mississippi River caused severe damage to the Pandoure and almost killed Captain You.
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Edward Low
Captain Edward "Ned" Low (also spelled Lowe or Loe; ca. 1690 – ca. 1724) was a notorious English pirate during the latter days of the Golden Age of Piracy, in the early 18th century. He was born around 1690 into poverty in Westminster, London, and was a thief from a young age. Low moved to Boston, Massachusetts, as a young man. His wife died in childbirth in late 1719. Two years later, he became a pirate, operating off the coasts of New England and the Azores, and in the Caribbean.
He captained a number of ships, usually maintaining a small fleet of three or four. Low and his pirate crews captured at least a hundred ships during his short career, burning most of them. Although he was active for only three years, Low remains notorious as one of the most vicious pirates of the age, with a reputation for violently torturing his victims before killing them. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle described Low as "savage and desperate," and a man of "amazing and grotesque brutality".The New York Times called him a torturer, whose methods would have "done credit to the ingenuity of the Spanish Inquisition in its darkest days". The circumstances of Low's death, which took place around 1724, have been the subject of much speculation.
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Eli Boggs
Eli Boggs (fl. mid 19th century) was an American pirate, one of the last active ocean-going pirates operating off the coast of China during the 1850s. Based near Hong Kong, Boggs constantly raided outgoing clipper ships carrying highly valuable cargo of opium throughout the decade. He is most particularly known for his cruelty, as in one recorded incident he had the body of a captured Chinese merchant cut into small pieces and had them delivered to shore in small buckets as a warning against interference in his criminal activities. In 1857, after a violent and bloody siege, Boggs was forced to swim ashore after his junk was destroyed by rival pirates. However, after holding his captors at bay with a knife, Boggs was finally apprehended and imprisoned in a Hong Kong jail for three years, eventually being tried for murder before his deportation to the United States.
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Frank Castellano
Francis "Frank" Xavier Castellano is an officer of the United States Navy, as of April 2010[update] holding the rank of Commander and assigned to the Joint Forces Staff College. Castellano is best known as commanding the guided missile destroyer USS Bainbridge during the hijacking of the MV Maersk Alabama.
Castellano graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1990, earning a Bachelor of Science Degree in History. He has attended the Naval Postgraduate School, earning a Master Of Science Degree in Systems Technology (Joint Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence), and the United States Naval War College, earning Master of Arts in National Security and Strategic Studies.
His sea duty assignments include OI Division Officer, Auxiliaries Officer, and Communications Officer of USS Anzio; Operations Officer of USS Cole; Commanding Officer of USS Chinook; as Executive Officer of USS Donald Cook and as Commanding Officer of the USS Bainbridge from June 2008 until April 2010. . Ashore, he served as an Associate Fellow to the Chief of Naval Operations Strategic Studies Group XVI and as a Surface Warfare Lieutenant Commander - Commander Assignments Officer, Navy Personnel Command (PERS 41). He has been assigned to the Joint Forces Staff College since April 2010.
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Franks
The Franks (Latin: Franci or gens Francorum) were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as populating a broad strip of land on the right bank of the Lower and Middle Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Salian political elite was one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe. The Franks had created one of the most strong and stable barbaric kingdoms.
The Merovingian dynasty, descended from the Salians, founded one of the Germanic monarchies which replaced the Western Roman Empire from the fifth century. The Frankish state consolidated its hold over large parts of western Europe by the end of the eighth century, developing into the Carolingian Empire which dominated most of Western Europe. This empire would gradually evolve into France and the Holy Roman Empire.
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Galatia
Ancient Galatia ( /ɡəˈleɪʃə/; Greek: Γαλατία) was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Galatia was named for the immigrant Gauls from Thrace (cf. Tylis), who settled here and became its ruling caste in the 3rd century BC, following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC. It has been called the "Gallia" of the East, Roman writers calling its inhabitants Galli (Gaul or Celt). The Galateans themselves were not literate, and their name for themselves remains unknown.
Galatia was bounded on the north by Bithynia and Paphlagonia, on the east by Pontus and Cappadocia, on the south by Cilicia and Lycaonia, and on the west by Phrygia. Its capital was Ancyra (i.e. Ankara, today the capital of modern Turkey ).
Seeing something of a Hellenized savage in the Galatians, Francis Bacon and other Renaissance writers called them "Gallo-Graeci", "Gauls settled among the Greeks" and the country "Gallo-Graecia", as had the 3rd century AD Latin historian Justin. The more usual term in Antiquity is Ἑλληνογαλάται (Hellēnogalátai) of Diodorus Siculus' Biblioteca historica v.32.5, in a passage that is translated "...and were called Gallo-Graeci because of their connection with the Greeks", identifying Galatia in the Greek East as opposed to Gallia in the West.
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Gan Ning
Gan Ning (died around 220) was a military general serving under the warlord Sun Quan during the late Han Dynasty period of Chinese history. He was born in Linjiang, Ba Commandery (present-day Zhong County, Chongqing).
As a youth, Gan served under the warlord Liu Yan but revolted when the latter died. After his rebellion failed, he led a band of bandits carrying bows and crossbows to wander the lands. They wore bells about their waists and bone ornaments in their hair as a mark, causing commoners to either run or hide when they heard the ring of bells. He kept looting, robbing and killing until he decided to pursue scholarly arts in his twenties. After reading some literary texts by different philosophers, Gan sought the warlord Liu Biao's patronage, but was rejected for his background.
Instead, he went to join Liu Biao's general Huang Zu, who was a local gentry and warlord of Jiangxia. Huang did not trust him and gave him an unworthy position. In an attack against Huang by Sun Quan's general, Ling Cao, at the Battle of Xiakou, Huang was nearly killed, and amidst the chaos and disarray, Gan fired a stray arrow that killed Ling, resulting in the safe retreat of Huang. However, the embarrassed Huang did not reward him nor respect him.
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Goths
The Goths (Gothic: *Gut-þiuda, *Gutans; Old Norse: Gutar/Gotar; German: Goten; Latin: Gothi; Greek: Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were an East Germanic tribe of Scandinavian origin whose two branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.
The most important source is Jordanes' 6th-century, semi-fictional Getica which describes a migration from southern Scandza (Scandinavia), to Gothiscandza, believed to be the lower Vistula region in modern Pomerania, and from there to the coast of the Black Sea. The Pomeranian Wielbark culture and the Chernyakhov culture northeast of the lower Danube are archaeological traces of this migration. In the 3rd century, either through crossing the lower Danube, or travelling by sea, the Goths ravaged the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia as far as Cyprus, sacking Athens, Byzantium, Sparta. By the fourth century, the Goths conquered Dacia, and were divided into at least two distinct groups separated by the Dniester River, the Thervingi, led by the Balti dynasty, and the Greuthungi, led by the Amali dynasty. Centered around their capital at the Dnieper, the Goths ruled a vast area which at its peak under the Kings Ermanaric and Athanaric stretched from the Danube to the Volga river, and from the Black to the Baltic Sea.
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Grigory Gagarin
Prince Grigory Grigorievich Gagarin (Russian: Григорий Григорьевич Гагарин, 11 May [O.S. 29 April] 1811 - 30 January [O.S. 18 January] 1893) was a Russian painter, Major General and administrator.
Grigory Gagarin was born in Saint Petersburg to the noble Rurikid princely Gagarin family. His father, Prince Grigory Ivanovich Gagarin (Saint Petersburg, 17 March 1782 - Tegernsee, 12 February 1837), was a Russian diplomat in France and later the ambassador to Italy. His father married in Saint Petersburg in 1809 his mother Yekaterina Petrovna Sojmonova (Saint Petersburg, 23 May 1790 - Moscow, 27 February 1873). Thus until the age 13 the boy was with his family in Paris and Rome and then studied in the collegium Tolomei in Siena. Grigory did not receive a formal artistic education, but took private lessons from the famous Russian painter Karl Briullov who at that time lived in Italy.
In 1832 he returned to Saint Petersburg, became acquainted with Alexander Pushkin and illustrated his works The Queen of Spades and The Tale of Tsar Saltan. He also became close to the opposition Circle of Sixteen and Mikhail Lermontov.
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Hayreddin Barbarossa
Hayreddin Barbarossa, or Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha (Turkish: Barbaros Hayreddin (Hayrettin) Paşa or Hızır Hayreddin (Hayrettin) Paşa; also Khizr Reis before being promoted to the rank of Pasha and becoming the Kapudan-i Derya, born Khizr or Khidr, Turkish: Hızır; c. 1478 – 4 July 1546), was an Ottoman Turkish admiral who dominated the Mediterranean for decades. He was born on the island of Lesbos/Mytilini and died in Istanbul (Constantinople), the Ottoman capital. Hayreddin (Arabic: Khair ad-Din خير الدين, which literally means "goodness" or "best of the religion" of Islam) was an honorary name given to him by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. He became known as "Barbarossa" ("Redbeard" in Italian) in Europe, a name he inherited from his elder brother Baba Oruç (Father Aruj) after Aruj was killed in a battle with the Spanish in Algeria. This name sounded like "Barbarossa" ("Redbeard") to the Europeans, and Aruj did have a red beard. The nickname then stuck also to Hayreddin's Turkish name, in the form Barbaros.[citation needed]
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Hector Barbossa
Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. Barbossa is portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush in all the films. Barbossa was first introduced in the series as the main antagonist of the first film, and pirate captain of the Black Pearl after committing mutiny against the ship's former captain, Jack Sparrow, in the series' first installment, Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. Having met his demise in the climax of the film, his character is revealed to have been resurrected at the end of Dead Man's Chest, becoming a supporting protagonist in At World's End. In the third film, it is revealed that Barbossa is also one of the nine pirate lords as pirate lord of the Caspian Sea territory. In the fourth film, On Stranger Tides, he has become a privateer in the King's Navy and is ordered to be Jack's guide on an expedition for the Fountain of Youth.
Barbossa's first name, "Hector," was revealed in a director's commentary on the Curse of the Black Pearl DVD, but was not revealed by any of the characters until the third film of the series. (When they rescue Jack Sparrow, and Barbossa greets him, Sparrow says: "Ah, Hector! It's been too long! Hasn't it?") It was revealed that costar Johnny Depp played a decisive part in providing the name. His last name is both a pun on the surname of Portuguese origin "Barbosa" and is based on Hayreddin Barbarossa, the Ottoman privateer who is also known as Hızır Reis and Redbeard; the word is a combination of the Italian words barba (beard) and rossa (red). The word "barbossa" in Italian could barely be translated as "beard of bones", which is very consistent with his once skeletal look.[citation needed]
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Hendrick Lucifer
Hendrick Jacobszoon Lucifer (1583–1627) was a Dutch-born pirate.
Hendrick's last name, Lucifer, referred not to a lighting stick, but to the fallen angel Lucifer, and was most likely used as a nickname due to his use of fire and smoke to surprise enemies.
In 1627, Hendrick was in charge of 3 ships transporting colonists to Guyana for the Dutch West India Company, accompanied by two other pirate captains. One encounter off the coast of Cuba caused by a near collision with a two-ship Honduran treasure fleet allowed Hendrick's fleet to capture a ship and contents worth 1.2 Million Guilders. Hendrick fought as brave as a lion, (according to surviving crewmen), and personally killed around ten enemy soldiers in close combat, before being hit by a bullet. He still continued his plundering, but another bullet hit him in the chest and he had to quit fighting. He made it back safely to his ship, and his crew finished up the last of the treasure fleet's sailors. Lucifer, by then mortally wounded, gave the order to transfer the money to his ship. He then walked to his cabin. He slowly lay down to bed, saying he would go to rest, and then died as a result of wounds received during the encounter.
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Henri Caesar
Henri Caesar, also known as Black Caesar, (fl. 1791-1830) was allegedly a 19th century Haitian revolutionary and pirate. Efforts to find historical evidence of his existence have been unsuccessful. According to works of fiction, he was a participant in the Haitian Revolution under Dutty Boukman and Toussaint Louverture as well as active in piracy for nearly a 30-year period during the early 19th century.
Henri Caesar was allegedly born to a slave family kept by a French plantation owner known as Arnaut. He worked as a houseboy on the estate and, as a young man, worked in the lumberyard. He was apparently mistreated by the supervisor and later killed the man during the slave insurrection, torturing him with a saw. Joining the rebel forces led by Dutty Boukman and Toussaint Louverture, he remained with the revolution until its independence from France in 1804, when he left to try his luck at sea. Based in Port-de-Paix, he captured a Spanish ship in 1805 and soon began attacking small villages and lone vessels near Cuba and the Bahamas. Adopting the name Black Caesar, he was very successful during his piratical career before his disappearance in 1830. Although his fate is unrecorded, he most likely fled the area after President Andrew Jackson ordered an expedition against pirates active on the Florida coast after its purchase by the United States in 1828. There is one story of his capture in west Florida and, taken to Key West, was tied to a tree and burned to death. The widow of a preacher, whose eyes had been burned out under torture from Black Caesar, had been used to light the fire.
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Henry Every
Henry Every, also Evory or Avery, (23 August 1659 – after 1696), sometimes erroneously given as John Avery, was an English pirate who operated in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in the mid-1690s. He likely used several aliases throughout his career, including Henry Bridgeman, and was known as Long Ben to his crewmen and associates. Dubbed "The Arch Pirate" and "The King of Pirates" by contemporaries, Every was the most notorious pirate of his time; he earned his infamy by becoming one of the few major pirate captains to retire with his loot without being arrested or killed in battle, and also for being the perpetrator of what has been called the most profitable pirate raid in history. Although Every's career as a pirate lasted only two years, his exploits captured the public's imagination, inspired others to take up piracy, and spawned numerous works of literature.
Every was born in England's West Country, but little else is known about his early life. He served in the Royal Navy from 1689 to 1690, likely participating in several battles of the Nine Years' War (1688–1697). Following his discharge from the navy, Every began slave trading along Africa's Slave Coast. In 1693, he was again employed as a mariner, this time as first mate aboard the warship Charles II, which had been commissioned by England's ally, Charles II of Spain (the ship's namesake), to prey on French vessels in the West Indies. After leaving London in August 1693, the Charles II anchored in the northern Spanish harbor of Corunna, where other vessels were assembling for the expedition. The crew grew discontent as Madrid failed to deliver a letter of marque and the Charles II's owners failed to pay their wages. On the evening of 7 May 1694, the restless sailors mutinied. With the Charles II renamed the Fancy and Every elected as the new captain, the Fancy sailed south en route to the Indian Ocean, soon plundering five ships off the West African coast.
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Henry III of England
Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272) was the son and successor of John as King of England, reigning for 56 years from 1216 until his death. His contemporaries knew him as Henry of Winchester. He was the first child king in England since the reign of Æthelred the Unready. England prospered during his reign and his greatest monument is Westminster, which he made the seat of his government and where he expanded the abbey as a shrine to Edward the Confessor. He is the first of only five monarchs to reign in the Kingdom of England or its successor states for 50 years or more, the others being Edward III (1327–1377), George III (1760–1820), Victoria (1837–1901) and Elizabeth II (1952–present).
He assumed the crown under the regency of the popular William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, but the England he inherited had undergone several drastic changes in the reign of his father. He spent much of his reign fighting the barons over Magna Carta and the royal rights, and was eventually forced to call the first "parliament" in 1264. He was also unsuccessful on the Continent, where he endeavoured to re-establish English control over Normandy, Anjou, and Aquitaine.
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Henry Kissinger
Heinz Alfred "Henry" Kissinger ( /ˈkɪsɪndʒər/; born May 27, 1923) is a German-born American writer, political scientist, diplomat, and businessman. A recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, he served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. After his term, his opinion was still sought by many subsequent presidents and many world leaders.
A proponent of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. During this period, he pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated the opening of relations with the People's Republic of China, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, ending American involvement in the Vietnam War. Various American policies of that era, including the bombing of Cambodia, remain controversial to many.
Kissinger is still a controversial figure today. He is the founder and chairman of Kissinger Associates, an international consulting firm.
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Henry Morgan
Admiral Sir Henry Morgan (Harri Morgan in Welsh; ca. 1635 – 25 August 1688) was an Admiral of the Royal Navy, a privateer, and a pirate who made a name for himself during activities in the Caribbean, primarily raiding Spanish settlements. He was one of the most notorious and successful privateers of all time, and one of the most ruthless who worked in the Spanish Main.
Henry Morgan was the eldest son of Robert Morgan, a squire Farmer of Llanrumney in north Monmouthshire. (Not Llanrumney near Cardiff). He also had a sister Catherine. An entry in the Bristol Apprentice Books showing "Servants to Foreign Plantations" 9 February 1655, included "Henry Morgan of Abergavenny, Labourer, Bound to Timothy Tounsend of Bristol, Cutler, for three years, to serve in Barbados on the like Condiciouns."
Henry's father Robert Morgan (born c.1615) was a descendant from a cadet branch of the ‘Tredegar Morgans’ and had two brothers, Thomas and Edward. Major-General Sir Thomas Morgan (1st Baronet 1604-79) served in the Commonwealth forces during English civil war from 1642-9, was Governor of Gloucester 1645, fought in Flanders, wounded, and in 1661 retired to his estate in Kynnersley, Herts. He was married on 10 September 1632, and had nine sons, of whom the eldest, Sir John Morgan followed in his father's profession. Thomas was recalled in 1665 to become Governor of Jersey, and died in St. Helier in April 1679. Colonel Edward Morgan (c. 1616- after 1665) was a Royalist during English Civil War 1642-9, Captain General of the Kings forces in South Wales, escaped to the continent, and married Anna Petronilla the daughter of Baron von Pöllnitz, Westphalia, (governor of Lippstadt, a city 20 miles east of Dortmund Germany). They had six children, two sons, and four daughters (including Anna Petronilla and Johanna). He was appointed Lt-Gov. Jamaica 1664-65.
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Heruli
The Heruli (spelled variously in Latin and Greek) were an East Germanic tribe who migrated from Scandinavia to the Black sea in the third century. They were part of the series of raids and incursions carried out by Gothic groups in the Balkans and Greece from the 250s.
In 267, together with the Goths they sacked Byzantium, Sparta and Athens. They were defeated by the Romans in 269 at near Naissus (modern Niš in present-day Serbia. In the 4th century, they were subjugated by the Ostrogoths and later the Huns. Breaking free from the Huns after the Battle of Nedao in 454, they established their own kingdom and joined Odoacer, the commander of the Imperial foederati troops who deposed the last Western Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus in 476 AD. In 508 they were defeated by the Lombards and are reported to have migrated back to Scandinavia. Their name is related to earl (see erilaz) and was probably an honorific military title.
The 6th century chronicler Jordanes reports a tradition that they had been driven out of their homeland by the North Germanic Dani, which places their origins in the Danish isles or southernmost Sweden. According to Procopius, they maintained close links with their kinsmen in Thule (Scandinavia). He relates that the Heruls killed their own king during their stay in the Balkans (cf. Domalde), and that they sent an emissary to Thule requesting a new king. Their request was granted, and a new king arrived with 200 young men.
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Howard Pyle
Howard Pyle (March 5, 1853 – November 9, 1911) was an American illustrator and author, primarily of books for young people. A native of Wilmington, Delaware, he spent the last year of his life in Florence, Italy.
During 1894 he began teaching illustration at the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry (now Drexel University), and after 1900 he founded his own school of art and illustration named the Howard Pyle School of Illustration Art. The term Brandywine School was later applied to the illustration artists and Wyeth family artists of the Brandywine region by Pitz. Some of his more famous students were N. C. Wyeth, Frank Schoonover, Elenore Abbott, Ethel Franklin Betts, Anna Whelan Betts, Harvey Dunn, Clyde O. DeLand, Philip R. Goodwin, Violet Oakley, Ellen Bernard Thompson Pyle, Olive Rush, Allen Tupper True, and Jessie Willcox Smith.
His 1883 classic publication The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood remains in print, and his other books, frequently with medieval European settings, include a four-volume set on King Arthur. He is also well known for his illustrations of pirates, and is credited with creating the now stereotypical modern image of pirate dress.
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Illyrians
The Illyrians (English pronunciation: /ɪˈlɪəriəns/; Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυριοί; Latin: Illyrii or Illyri) were a group of tribes who inhabited part of the western Balkans in antiquity and the south-eastern coasts of the Italian peninsula (Messapia). The territory the Illyrians covered came to be known as Illyria to Greek and Roman authors, corresponding to parts of the former Yugoslavia and Albania, between the Adriatic Sea in the west, the Drava river in the north, the Morava river in the east and the mouth of the Vjosë river in the south. The first account of Illyrian peoples comes from Periplus or Coastal Passage, an ancient Greek text of the middle of the 4th century BC.
These tribes, or at least a number of tribes considered "Illyrians proper", are assumed to have been united by a common Illyrian language, of which only small fragments are attested enough to classify it as a branch of Indo-European, while it was extinct by the 5th century AD. However, the name "Illyrians" as applied by the ancient Greeks to their northern neighbors may have referred to a broad, ill-defined group of peoples, and it is today unclear to what extent they were linguistically and culturally homogeneous. In fact, an Illyric origin was and still is attributed also to a few ancient peoples in Italy, in particular the Iapyges, Dauni and Messapi, as it is thought that, most likely, they had shored to the Peninsula, coming from the geographic "Illyria". The Illyrian tribes never collectively regarded themselves as 'Illyrians', and it is unlikely that they used any collective nomenclature for themselves. However, the name Illyrians seems to be the name of a specific Illyrian tribe, which was the first to come in contact with the ancient Greeks during the Bronze Age, causing the name Illyrians to be applied to all people of similar language and customs.
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Irish people
The Irish people (Irish: Muintir na hÉireann or na hÉireannaigh; Ulster-Scots: Airisch or Airish fowk) are an ethnic group who originate in Ireland, an island in northwestern Europe. Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years (according to archaeological studies, see Prehistoric Ireland). The Irish people's earliest ancestors are recorded in legends – they are claimed to be descended from groups such as the Nemedians, Fomorians, Fir Bolg, Tuatha Dé Danann and the Milesians.Lebor Gabála Érenn, a book of Irish mythology tells that Tuatha Dé Dananns were Scythian descendants.
The main groups that interacted with the Irish in the Middle Ages include the Picts, Scots, and the Vikings. Due to this contact, Icelanders are noted for having some Irish descent. The Anglo-Norman invasion of the High Middle Ages, the English plantations and the subsequent English rule of the country introduced the Normans and Flemish into Ireland. Welsh, Picts, Bretons, and small parties of Gauls and even Anglo-Saxons are known in Ireland from much earlier times.
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Jack Sparrow
Captain Jack Sparrow is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series created by screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, portrayed by Johnny Depp. He is first introduced in the film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003). He later appears in the sequels Dead Man's Chest (2006), At World's End (2007), and On Stranger Tides (2011). Jack Sparrow was originally conceived as a supporting character. He was brought to life by the actor Johnny Depp, who based his characterization on The Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards and cartoon character Pepé Le Pew. He tends to become rather frustrated whenever someone pronounces his name without the term "Captain".
The series Pirates of the Caribbean was inspired by a Disney theme park ride, and in 2006, when the ride was revamped, the character of Jack Sparrow was introduced to it. Jack Sparrow is also the subject of a children's book series, Pirates of the Caribbean: Jack Sparrow, which chronicles his teenage years and the character has also appeared in numerous video games.
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Jacques de Sores
Jacques de Sores was a French pirate who attacked and burnt Havana, Cuba in 1555.
Other than his attack on Havana, little is known of de Sores. He was nicknamed "The Exterminating Angel" ("L'Ange Exterminateur"). He was the leader of a band of Huguenot pirates and a lieutenant or former lieutenant of another French pirate, François le Clerc, who was called "Pegleg" or "Jambe de Bois" on account of his wooden leg. Le Clerc and Sores had set out from France in 1553 with three royal ships and a number of privateers under commission from Francis I of France who was envious of the riches returning to Spain from the New World. Le Clerc had raided Santiago de Cuba in 1554, and some accounts mention a raid on Santiago de Cuba by de Sores, although whether this was as part of the attack by le Clerc is not clear. He may have used Cayo Romano and Cayo Coco in the archipelago of Jardines del Rey adjacent to the northern Cuban coast as a base of operations.
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James Brooke
James, Rajah of Sarawak,KCB (born James Brooke; 29 April 1803 – 11 June 1868) was the first White Rajah of Sarawak. His father, Thomas Brooke, was an English Judge Court of Appeal at Bareilly, British India; his mother, Anna Maria, born in Hertfordshire, was the daughter of Scottish peer Colonel William Stuart, 9th Lord Blantyre, and his mistress Harriott Teasdale. James Brooke was born in Secrore, a suburb of Benares, India.
James stayed at home in India until he was sent, aged 12, to England and a brief education at Norwich School from which he ran away. Some home tutoring followed in Bath before he returned to India in 1819 as an ensign in the Bengal Army of the British East India Company. He saw action in Assam during the First Anglo-Burmese War until seriously wounded in 1825, and sent to England for recovery. In 1830, he arrived back in Madras but was too late to rejoin his unit, and resigned. He remained in the ship he had travelled out in, the Castle Huntley, and returned home via China.
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Jan Janszoon
Jan Janszoon van Haarlem, commonly known as Murat Reis the younger (circa 1570 - post 1641?) was the first President and Grand Admiral of the Corsair Republic of Salé, Governor of Oualidia, and a Dutch pirate, one of the most notorious of the Barbary pirates from the 17th century; the most famous of the "Salé Rovers".
Jan Janszoon was born in Haarlem, North Holland, Netherlands in 1575. Little is known of his early life, except that he married young and had a child, Lysbeth Janszoon.
In 1600, Jan Janszoon began as a Dutch privateer sailing from his home port, Haarlem, working for the state with letters of marque to harass Spanish shipping during the Eighty Years' War. Working from the Netherlands was insufficiently profitable, so Janszoon overstepped the boundaries of his letters and found his way to the semi-independent port states of the Barbary Coast of north Africa, whence he could attack ships of every foreign state: when he attacked a Spanish ship, he flew the Dutch flag; when he attacked any other, he became an Ottoman Captain and flew the red half-moon of the Turks or the flag of any of various other Mediterranean principalities. During this period he had abandoned his Dutch family.
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Javanese people
Not to be confused with Japanese people.
The Javanese (Javanese Ngoko: Wong Jawa, Krama: Tiyang Jawi;Indonesian: suku Jawa) are an ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Java. At approximately 85 million people (as of 2009[update]), they form the largest ethnic group in Indonesia. They are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of the island. There are also significant populations in most Provinces of Indonesia, in Malaysia, Singapore and also Suriname in South America.
Today, majority of the Javanese people identify themselves as Muslims. Because the Javanese civilization has been influenced for more than a millennia of interactions between the native animism and the Indian Hindu—Buddhist culture, there are traces of their influences in the Javanese history, culture, traditions and art forms. The Javanese are said to be rigid and tight upper lipped in their social interactions with mannerism and Javanese etiquette held high, but today the rules are more relaxed.
Like most Indonesian ethnic groups, including the Sundanese of West Java, the Javanese are of Austronesian origins whose ancestors are thought to have originated in Taiwan, and migrated through the Philippines, reaching Java between 1,500BCE and 1,000BCE.
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Jean Bart
Jean Bart (21 October 1650 – 27 April 1702) was a French sailor who served the French crown as naval commander and privateer.
Jean Bart was born in Dunkirk in 1650to a seafaring family, the son of a sailor who has been described variously as a fisherman or corsair commander. He almost certainly spoke Flemish, at that time the native language in the region, and his birth name was most probably Jan Baert.
When he was young, Bart served in the Dutch navy under Admiral Michiel de Ruyter. When war broke out between France and the United Provinces in 1672, he entered the French service. Since persons not of noble birth in those days couldn't obtain the rank of officer in the navy, he became captain of one of the Dunkirk privateers. In this capacity he displayed astonishing bravery, so that Louis XIV sent him on a special mission to the Mediterranean, where he gained great distinction.
Unable due to his low birth to receive a command in the navy, he held an irregular sort of commission, but he had such success, however, that he became a lieutenant in 1679. He became a terror to the Dutch navy and a serious menace to the commerce of Holland. On one occasion, with six vessels, he broke through a blockading fleet, shattered a number of the enemy's ships, and convoyed a transport of grain safely into Dunkirk harbor. He rose rapidly to the rank of captain and then to that of admiral.
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Jean Fleury
Jean Fleury (or Florin) (died 1527) was a 16th century French naval officer and privateer. He is best known for the capture of two out of the three Spanish galleons carrying the Aztec treasure from Mexico to Spain in 1522. This was one the earliest recorded acts of piracy against the new Spanish Empire and encouraged the French Corsairs, Dutch Sea Beggars and English Sea Dogs to begin attacking shipping and settlements in the Spanish Main during the next several decades.
A French corsair and naval officer from Dieppe in Normandy, Fleury served as a pilot under Jean Ango and commanded a small squadron during the Four Years' War. He was involved in long range naval warfare, operating as far as 2,000 kilometres from his base with only a few hundred men, and was an active privateer during the conflict. In early 1522, three Spanish ships were sighted off the southwest coast of Portugal, somewhere between the Azores and Cape St. Vincent, and Florin ordered his five-ship squadron to attack. The small Spanish fleet, under Captain Quiñones and Alonso de Ávila, was on the last leg of their journey from Havana, Cuba to Seville, Spain carrying a large gold shipment taken from Hernando Cortez's recent conquest of Mexico and was to be presented as a tribute to Charles V. It is unknown whether Florin was aware of the Spaniard's cargo, however he decided to give chase and overtook them within a few hours.
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Jean Lafitte
Jean Lafitte (ca. 1776 – ca. 1823) was a French pirate and privateer in the Gulf of Mexico in the early 19th century. He and his elder brother, Pierre, spelled their last name Laffite, but English-language documents of the time used "Lafitte", and this is the commonly seen spelling in the United States, including for places named for him.
Lafitte is believed to have been born either in France or the French colony of Saint-Domingue. By 1805, he operated a warehouse in New Orleans to help disperse the goods smuggled by his brother Pierre Lafitte. After the United States government passed the Embargo Act of 1807, the Lafittes moved their operations to an island in Barataria Bay. By 1810, their new port was very successful; the Lafittes pursued a successful smuggling operation and also started to engage in piracy.
Though Lafitte tried to warn Barataria of a British attack, the American authorities successfully invaded in 1814 and captured most of Lafitte's fleet. In return for a pardon, Lafitte helped General Andrew Jackson defend New Orleans against the British in 1815. The Lafittes then became spies for the Spanish and moved to Galveston Island, which they called Campeche, where they developed the colony.
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John Hawkins
Admiral Sir John Hawkins (also spelled as Hawkyns) (Plymouth 1532 – 12 November 1595) was an English shipbuilder, naval administrator and commander, merchant, navigator, and slave trader. As treasurer (1577) and controller (1589) of the Royal Navy, he rebuilt older ships and helped design the faster ships that withstood the Spanish Armada in 1588. He later devised the naval blockade to intercept Spanish treasure ships. One of the foremost seamen of 16th-century England, he was the chief architect of the Elizabethan navy. In the battle in which the Spanish Armada was defeated in 1588, Hawkins served as a vice admiral. He was knighted for gallantry.
William, John's father, was a confidant of Henry VIII of England and one of England's principal sea captains, having sailed to the New World ca. 1527. Sir Francis Drake, John's second cousin, helped him in his second voyage.
The first Englishman recorded to have taken slaves from Africa was John Lok, a London trader who, in 1555, brought five slaves from Guinea. A second London trader taking slaves at that time was William Towerson whose fleet sailed into Plymouth following his 1556 voyage to Africa and from Plymouth on his 1557 voyage. Despite the exploits of Lok and Towerson, John Hawkins of Plymouth is often considered to be the pioneer of the British slave trade, because he was the first to run the Triangular trade, making a profit at every stop.
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Joseph Barss
Joseph Barss (21 February 1776 – 03 August 1824) was a sea captain of the schooner Liverpool Packet and was one of the most successful privateers on the North American Atlantic coast during the War of 1812.
Born 21 February 1776 in Liverpool, Nova Scotia to the son of sea captain Joseph Barss Sr. and Elizabeth Crowell. Barss' parents had married in 1773. They were one of the first families to settle in Liverpool, Nova Scotia. Barss was the second of fourteen children. In 1798 the Barss family built one of the largest homes in Liverpool. The house still stands today and is part of the Lane's Privateer Inn.
Barss gained experience as a privateer against the French in the 1790s, serving as an officer in several privateer vessels and commanding the schooner Lord Spencer. The schooner sank after striking a reef in the West Indies but Barss and his entire crew survived to be rescued by other Nova Scotian privateer vessels. Barss briefly served as commander of the brig Rover, a noted privateer vessel from of Liverpool, Nova Scotia famous for its voyages commanded by Alexander Godfrey, another colonial Nova Scotian privateer.
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José Gaspar
For the pirate-themed event in Tampa, see Gasparilla Pirate Festival. For the island in Charlotte Harbor, see Gasparilla Island.
José Gaspar, known by his nickname Gasparilla (supposedly lived c. 1756 – 1821), was a purported Spanish pirate, the "last of the Buccaneers," who is claimed to have raided the west coast of Florida during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Though he is a popular figure in Florida folklore, no evidence of his existence appears in writing before the early 20th century. His legend is celebrated every year in Tampa with the Gasparilla Pirate Festival.
The stories of Gaspar are fairly consistent. Most say he was born in Spain in 1766 and served in the Spanish Navy aboard the Floridablanca. Among his early exploits was his kidnapping of a young girl for ransom; some versions give his subsequent capture as the impetus for joining the navy. Simpler versions of the story have him starting a mutiny and becoming a pirate soon after, but more romantic ones say he achieved a high rank and became a councillor to King Charles III. He was popular in the court, but when he spurned one lover for another, the jilted lady levied false charges against him, often said to involve the theft of the crown jewels. To escape arrest he commandeered his ship and vowed to exact revenge on his country through piracy. Renaming himself "Gasparilla", he patrolled the coast of Spanish Florida for the next 38 years (often 1783 – 1821, approximately the dates of the second Spanish rule of Florida), sacking every passing ship and amassing a huge treasure, which was stored in his fabulous den on Gasparilla Island. Most male prisoners would be put to death or recruited as pirates, while women would be taken to a nearby isle, called Captiva Island for this reason, where they would serve as concubines or await ransom payment from their families.
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Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (Classical Latin: [ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ˈjuː.lɪ.ʊs ˈkaj.sar], July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.
In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservative elite within the Roman Senate[citation needed], among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's conquest of Gaul, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain.
These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse Pompey's standing. The balance of power was further upset by the death of Crassus in 53 BC. Political realignments in Rome finally led to a standoff between Caesar and Pompey, the latter having taken up the cause of the Senate. Ordered by the Senate to stand trial in Rome for various charges, Caesar marched on Rome with one legion—legio XIII—from Gaul to Italy, crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC. This sparked a civil war from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world.
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Jørgen Jørgensen
Jørgen Jørgensen (surname changed to Jorgenson from 1817) (29 March 1780 – 20 January 1841) was a Danish adventurer during the Age of Revolution. During the Action of 2 March 1808 his ship was captured by the British. In 1809 he sailed to Iceland, declared the country independent from Denmark and pronounced himself its ruler. He was also a prolific writer of letters, papers, pamphlets and newspaper articles covering a wide variety of subjects, and was an associate of the famous botanists Joseph Banks and William Jackson Hooker for a period.
At the age of 15, Jørgensen served as an apprentice to Captain Henry Marwood of the British collier Janeon. In 1799 he sailed to Cape Town and from there in 1800 to Port Jackson, the new British colony in Australia. In 1801 he joined the crew of the Lady Nelson. As a member of that crew, Jørgensen was present at the establishment of the first settlements of Risdon Cove and Sullivans Cove in Van Diemen's Land, as Tasmania was then called.
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Kanhoji Angre
Kanhoji Angre (Marathi: कान्होजी आंग्रे) or Conajee Angria or Sarkhel Angre (Sarkhel is a title meaning Admiral of the Fleet) (August 1669 – 4 July 1729) was the first notable chief of the Maratha Navy in 18th century India. He fought successfully all his life against the British, Dutch and Portuguese naval interests in the Indian Ocean during the 18th century, and hence was alleged by them to be a pirate. Similar work was carried out against the colonial powers by the Kunjali Marakkars in the 16th century. Despite the attempts of the British and Portuguese to subdue Angre, he remained undefeated until his death.
Born in the village Harnai in Ratnagiri district of Konkan in the year of 1669, he was born into a Sankapal family, whose original name was Kadu. They were guardians of small state named 'Vir Rana Sank' and therefore became known as Sankapal. His mother's name was Ambabai and his father's name was Tukoji. The couple did not have a child for many years, so Ambabai worshiped Kaniphanath, and said to Kaniphanath: "If I become a mother of a child by the blessings of your angara (burnt ash of holy wood) I will give your name to the child and change the surname to Angare," which later became Angre. Little is known about his early life except that he was involved in daring exploits at sea and that his father was Tanoji Angre, a commander under Maratha Chhatrapati (Emperor) Shivaji. He spent much of his childhood in the fort at Suvarnadurg Fort, of which he would later become governor.
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Kemal Reis
Kemal Reis (c. 1451 – 1511) was a Turkish privateer and admiral of the Ottoman Empire. He was also the paternal uncle of the famous Ottoman admiral and cartographer Piri Reis who accompanied him in most of his important naval expeditions.
Kemal Reis was born in Gallipoli on the Aegean coast of the Ottoman Empire in circa 1451. His full name was Ahmed Kemaleddin and his father was a Turk named Ali from the city of Karaman in central Anatolia. He became known in Europe, particularly in Italy and Spain, with names like Camali and Camalicchio.
Kemal Reis started his career as the commander of the naval fleet belonging to the Sanjak Bey (Provincial Governor) of Eğriboz (present-day Euboea) which was under Ottoman control. In 1487 the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II appointed Kemal Reis with the task of defending the lands of Emir Abu Abdullah, the ruler of Granada, which was then one of the final Muslim strongholds in Spain. Kemal Reis sailed to Spain and landed an expeditionary force of Ottoman troops at Malaga, capturing the city and the surrounding villages and taking many prisoners. From there he sailed to the Balearic Islands and Corsica, where he raided the coastal settlements, before landing his troops near Pisa in Italy. From Pisa he once again went to Andalucia and in several occasions between 1490 and 1492 transported the Muslims and Jews who wished to escape Spain to the provinces of the Ottoman Empire which welcomed them. The Muslims and Jews of Spain contributed much to the rising power of the Ottoman Empire by introducing new ideas, methods and craftsmanship. Kemal Reis continued to land his troops in Andalucia and tried to stop the Spanish advance by bombarding the ports of Elche, Almeria and Malaga.
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Klein Henszlein
Klein Henszlein [Klaus Hanslein] (died 1573) was a German pirate from 1560 to 1573 who raided shipping in the North Sea until his defeat and capture by a fleet from Hamburg. Taken back to Hamburg, Henszlein and his men were paraded though the city streets before being beheaded; their heads were then impaled on stakes. In a later account, the executioner described how he "flicked off" the heads of the thirty three pirates (not including Henszlein) in only 45 minutes, then proceeding to behead the bodies of those pirates killed during their capture. He later claimed to have been "standing in blood so deep that it well nigh in his shoes did creep."
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Lai Choi San
Lai Choi San (Mountain of Wealth) was a 20th century Chinese pirate. She was the most powerful and well-known female pirate leader in Chinese history, rivaled perhaps only by Cheng I Sao of the previous century[citation needed], commanding a fleet of some 12 junks in the area of Macao and the South China Sea during the 1920s and 30s. Though her fleet was based in South China sea, she frequented the East China Sea and some times to the Sulu sea near Palawan.
There is no documented evidence of her existence apart from the book I Sailed With Pirates by American journalist Aleko Lilius, published in 1930. Lai Choi San was one of several pirates that Lilius claims to have traveled with during the late 1920s. Lilius described her fleet as "twelve smooth-bore, medieval-looking cannons onboard, and two rather modern ones. Along the bulwarks of the junk were bolted rows of heavy iron plates". Her crew were referred to as ladrones by the Portuguese and, according to Lilius, were "all fearsome fellows, muscular bare-chested men who wore wide-brimmed hats and tied red kerchiefs around their necks and heads". Lai Choi San has been referred to as a female "Robin Hood" figure, however she and her crew were often paid protection money by local merchants and operated with little interference from either Portuguese or Chinese authorities since inheriting the fleet from her father upon his death.
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Limahong
Limahong, Lim Hong or also called Lin Feng (simplified Chinese: 林风; traditional Chinese: 林風; pinyin: Lín Fēng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lîm-Hong) was a notorious Chinese pirate and warlord who invaded the northern Philippine Islands in 1574. He built up a reputation for his constant raids to ports in Guangdong, Fujian and southern China. He is noted to have twice attempted, and failed, to overthrow the Spanish city of Manila in 1574.
Born Dim Mhon to a poor family in the city of Tru Cheo (Teochew) in the province of Cuy Tan (called Catim by the Portuguese during the middle of the 16th century). Known to be called Limahong, he had an early start in criminal activity and progressed to piracy becoming leader of around 2000 pirates. His activities and attacks on ports and ships throughout southern China increased and a warrant was issued by the authorities to capture him alive and send him to the city of Tay Bin. He was married to Nataracy.
He shifted his activities to piracy on the high seas and out of reach of China's power. He was able to accumulate up to 40 ships, whereupon he once again raided cities and ports in southern China. Limahong attacked a city occupied by Vinh To Quiam, another pirate, but Vinh was able to escape along with 5 of Limahong's ships. However, Limahong was able to capture 55 of Vinh's fleet and thus increased his own to 95 ships. He was now a veritable king of the high seas of southern China.
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Long John Silver
Long John Silver is a fictional character and the primary antagonist of the novel Treasure Island, by Robert Louis Stevenson.
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Maniots
The Maniots or Maniates (Greek: Μανιάτες) are the Greek inhabitants of the Mani Peninsula (the middle leg of the Peloponnese south of Sparta) located in the southern Peloponnese in the Greek prefecture of Laconia and prefecture of Messinia. They were also formerly known as Mainotes and the peninsula as Maina. The Maniots are the direct descendants of the Spartans and through the Spartans the Dorians. The terrain is mountainous and inaccessible (until recently many Mani villages could be accessed only by sea), and the regional name "Mani" is thought to have meant originally "dry" or "barren". Etymologically, the name "Maniot" is a diminutive implying "of Mani". Geographically, the peninsula itself is an extension of the Taygetus mountain range. Throughout history, the Maniots have been known by their neighbors and their enemies as fierce warriors,proudly independent, who practice blood feuds - so fierce and savage, in fact, that they have been compared to the Nordic Berserkers. At times they were even referred to as the "super soldiers" of the 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th and early to mid 19th centuries. Napoleon Bonaparte addressed to them as "Spartan descendants" and Theodoros Kolokotronis (leader of the Greek war of Independence) called them "The Spartans".
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Mansel Alcantra
Mansel Alcantra or Alcantara (fl. 1829) was a Spanish pirate active in the South Atlantic during the early 19th century. As well as committing acts of piracy, he was also responsible for several incidents of mass murder. The most infamous of these acts occurred in 1829 when his brig, the Macrinarian, captured the Liverpool packet ship Topaz near St. Helena while en route from Calcutta to Boston. After he and his men had finished looting the ship, Alcantara had the entire crew murdered.
That same year, he seized and plundered the American ship, the Candace from Marblehead. The ship's supercargo, allegedly an amateur actor, disguised himself as a Roman Catholic priest by dressing himself in a black gown and broad rimmed hat. He waited in his cabin pretending to "tell his beads" and, when the pirates finally entered his cabin, they respectfully crossed themselves and left the room. The young man was the only one of the crew and passengers not robbed by the pirates.
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Mary Read
Mary Read (died 1721) was an English pirate. She is chiefly remembered as one of only two women (her comrade, Anne Bonny, was the other) known to have been convicted of piracy during the early 18th century, at the height of the Golden Age of Piracy.
Mary Read was illegitimately born in England, in the late 17th century, to the widow of a sea captain.
Her date of birth is in dispute among historians because of a reference to the "Peace of Ryswick" by her contemporary biographer Captain Charles Johnson in A General History of the Pyrates. He very well may have made an error, intending to refer to the "Treaty of Utrecht". The discrepancy would place her birth either c.1680 or c.1690. If she was born the later, she was the very typical age of 28 at the time of her piracy. (If Read was born earlier, there is no record by Johnson nor any other contemporary author to explain what happened in the 15 year gap from the war to her piracy.)
Read's mother began to disguise illegitimately-born Mary as a boy after the death of Mary's older, legitimate brother (name unknown). This was done in order to continue to receive financial support from his paternal grandmother. The grandmother was apparently fooled, and Read and her mother lived on the inheritance into her teenage years. Still dressed as a boy, Read then found work as a footboy, and later found employment on a ship.
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Mexican Drug War
The Mexican Drug War is an ongoing armed conflict between rival drug cartels fighting each other for regional control, and Mexican government forces. The government's principal goal has been to put down the drug-related violence that was raging between different drug cartels before any military intervention was made. In addition, the Mexican government has claimed that their primary focus is on dismantling the powerful drug cartels, rather than on drug trafficking prevention, which is left to U.S. functionaries.
Although Mexican drug cartels, or drug trafficking organizations, have existed for several decades, they have become more powerful since the demise of Colombia's Cali and Medellín cartels in the 1990s. Mexican drug cartels now dominate the wholesale illicit drug market by controlling 90% of the drugs that enter the United States. Arrests of key cartel leaders, particularly in the Tijuana and Gulf cartels, have led to increasing drug violence as cartels fight for control of the trafficking routes into the United States.
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Moors
The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Berber, Black African and Arab descent from Northern Africa, who came to conquer, occupy and rule the Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years.[citation needed] At that time they were Muslim, although earlier the people had followed other religions. They called the territory Al Andalus, comprising most of what is now Spain and Portugal.
" Moors" are not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name primarily to Berbers, but also at various times to Arabs, Muslim Iberians and West Africans from Mali and Niger who had been absorbed into the Almoravid dynasty. Mainstream scholars observed in 1911 that "The term 'Moors' has no real ethnological value."
The Andalusian Moors of the late Medieval era inhabited the Iberian Peninsula after the Moorish conquests of the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates, and the final Umayyad conquest of Hispania.[citation needed] The Moors' rule stretched at times as far as modern-day Mauritania, West African countries, and the Senegal River. Earlier, the Classical Romans interacted with (and later conquered) parts of Mauretania, a state that covered northern portions of modern Morocco and much of north western and central Algeria during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as the Mauri.
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Nathaniel Gordon
Nathaniel Gordon (c. 1834 – February 21, 1862) was the only American slave trader to be tried, convicted, and executed "for being engaged in the Slave Trade" in accordance with the Piracy Law of 1820.
Gordon was born in Portland, Maine. He loaded 897 slaves aboard his ship Erie at Sharks Point, Congo River, West Africa on August 7, 1860, "of whom only 172 were men and 162 grown women. Gordon was one of those infamous characters who preferred to carry children because they could not rise up to avenge his cruelties."
The Erie was captured by the USS Mohican 50 miles from port on August 8, 1860. After one hung jury and a new trial, Gordon was convicted on November 9, 1861 in the circuit court in New York City and sentenced to death by hanging on February 7, 1862.
President Abraham Lincoln issued a stay of Gordon's execution, setting the new date for February 21, 1862. Lincoln made clear that the respite was only temporary to allow Gordon time for his final preparations. The evening before the execution, Gordon unsuccessfully attempted suicide with strychnine poison, prompting the local authorities to move up the execution to noon from 2:30 p.m. due to Gordon's health. Gordon was survived by his wife, son, and mother.
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Oeselians
The Oeselians or Osilians (Estonian saarlased (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈsɑːrlɑset]); singular: saarlane) were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Latin: Oesel or Osilia), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They are first thought to be mentioned as early as the 2nd century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III.
The Oeselians were known in the Old Norse Icelandic Sagas and in Heimskringla as Víkingr frá Esthland (English: Estonian Vikings). Their sailing vessels were called pirate ships by Henry of Livonia in his Latin chronicles from the beginning of the 13th century.
Eistland or Esthland is the historical Germanic language name that refers to the country at the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea in general, and is the origin of the modern national name for Estonia. The mainland of modern Estonia in the 8th century Ynglinga saga was called Adalsyssla in contrast to Eysyssel or Ösyssla that was the name of the island (Swedish: Ösel, Estonian: Saaremaa), the home of the Oeselians (Estonian: Saarlased). In the 11th century Courland and Estland (Estonia) were both denoted separately by Adam of Bremen.
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Pedro Gilbert
Pedro Gilbert or Don Pedro Gibert (c. 1800 – June 11, 1835) was an early 19th century pirate, who was one of the few remaining pirates continuing to raid shipping on the Atlantic coast. Gilbert held the distinction of taking part in the last recorded act of piracy in Atlantic waters, although the distinction of "last American pirate" belongs to Nathaniel Gordon who was executed in 1862 for attempting to smuggle African slaves in violation of the U.S. Piracy Law of 1820.
A former privateer in the service of the Colombian government, Gilbert began raiding American merchant vessels off the eastern coast of Florida with his schooner the Panda in early 1832. On September 21, 1832, off the coast of what is now Stuart, Florida, Gilbert chased then boarded the Mexican, an American brig bound from Salem to Rio de Janeiro carrying $20,000 in silver. Following the crew's surrender, a crew member asked Gilbert what was to be done with their captives to which the pirate captain reportedly remarked "Dead cats don't mew. You know what to do."
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Peter Alston
Peter Alston (c1765-Feb. 8, 1804) was the late 18th Century and early 19th Century counterfeiter and river pirate, who is believed to be Little Harpe's associate and partner in the murder of notorious outlaw leader Samuel Mason in 1803. He was the son of the colonial-era counterfeiter Philip Alston associated with Cave-in-Rock and Natchez, Mississippi.
T. Marshall Smith, in his Legends of the War of Independence published in 1855, gives the earliest account so far that lists Alston as the second killer of Mason in 1803, as opposed to the name James May which the killer used at the time. Alexander Finley, in his History of Russellville and Logan County Kentucky published two decades later, which included a more detailed account of the father's criminal activities, also named Peter as the second killer. If this is correct, then the younger Alston was simply using the alias "James May" just as Little Harpe was using the name John Setton at the time. Alston/May also used the names Samuel May and Isaac May.
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Peter Easton
Peter Easton (c. 1570 – 1620 or after) was a pirate in the early 17th century who operated along the Newfoundland coastline between Harbour Grace and Ferryland from 1611 to 1614. Perhaps one of the most successful of all pirates he controlled such seapower that no sovereign or state could afford to ignore him and he was never overtaken or captured by any fleet commissioned to hunt him down. However, he is not as well known as some of the pirates from the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
Peter Easton had been a loyal servant of the English Crown whose ancestors had served in the Crusades. The Eastons also distinguished themselves against the Spanish Armada.
In 1602, Easton was in command of a convoy as a privateer with a commission from Queen Elizabeth I, to protect the Newfoundland fishing fleet. During these times, fishing vessels would carry arms and small cannons to protect the valuable cargo of fish from pirates and foreign vessels. Under his commission he could legally press-gang local fishermen into service for him. He could also attack the ships and wharves of the enemy as much as he wished, especially the much hated Spanish. Peter Easton's flagship was the Happy Adventure from which he flew the St. George's Cross at the masthead.
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Peter Pan
Peter Pan is a character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie. A mischievous boy who can fly and who never ages, Peter Pan spends his never-ending childhood adventuring on the small island of Neverland as the leader of his gang the Lost Boys, interacting with mermaids, Indians, fairies, pirates, and occasionally ordinary children from the world outside of Neverland. In addition to two distinct works by Barrie, the character has been featured in a variety of media and merchandise, both adapting and expanding on Barrie's works.
Peter Pan first appeared in a section of The Little White Bird, a 1902 novel written by Barrie for adults.
The character's best-known adventure debuted on 27 December 1904, in the stage play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up. The play was adapted and expanded somewhat as a novel, published in 1911 as Peter and Wendy (later as Peter Pan and Wendy, and still later as Peter Pan).
Following the highly successful debut of the 1904 play, Barrie's publishers, Hodder and Stoughton, extracted chapters 13–18 of The Little White Bird and republished them in 1906 under the title Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, with the addition of illustrations by Arthur Rackham.
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Phoenicia
Phoenicia (UK /fɨˈnɪʃə/, US /fəˈniːʃə/; from the Greek: Φοινίκη: Phoiníkē), was an ancient Semitic Canaanite civilization situated on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. The major Phoenician cities were on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC. The Phoenicians used the galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the bireme. They were famed in Classical Greece and Rome as 'traders in purple', referring to their monopoly on the precious purple dye of the Murex snail, used, among other things, for royal clothing, and for their spread of the alphabet (or abjad), upon which all major modern phonetic alphabets are derived.
In the Amarna tablets of the 14th century BC, people from the region called themselves Kenaani or Kinaani (Canaanites), although these letters predate the invasion of the Sea Peoples by over a century. Much later, in the 6th century BC, Hecataeus of Miletus writes that Phoenicia was formerly called χνα, a name Philo of Byblos later adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called Phoinix". Egyptian seafaring expeditions had already been made to Byblos to bring back "cedars of Lebanon" as early as the third millennium BC.
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Picts
The Picts were a group of Late Iron Age and Early Mediaeval Celtic people living in ancient eastern and northern Scotland. There is an association with the geographical distribution of brochs, Brythonic place name elements, and Pictish stones. Picts are recorded from before the Roman conquest of Britain until the 10th century, when they merged with the Gaels. They lived to the north of the rivers Forth and Clyde, and spoke the extinct Pictish language, thought to have been related to the Brythonic languages spoken by the Britons to the south. They are assumed to have been the descendants of the Caledonii and other tribes named by Roman historians or found on the world map of Ptolemy. Pictland, also known as Pictavia, gradually merged with the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata to form the Kingdom of Alba (Scotland). Alba expanded, absorbing the Brythonic kingdom of Strathclyde and Bernician Lothian, and by the 11th century the Pictish identity had been subsumed into the "Scots" amalgamation of peoples.
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Pier Gerlofs Donia
Pier Gerlofs Donia (c.1480 – 1520) was a Frisian warrior, pirate, and rebel. He is best known by his West Frisian nickname "Grutte Pier" ("Big Pier" in the Old Frisian spelling), or by the Dutch translation "Grote Pier" which referred to his legendary size and strength.
His life is mostly shrouded in legend. Based upon a description now attributed to Pier’s contemporary Petrus Thaborita, the 19th-century historian Conrad Busken Huet wrote that Grutte Pier was
Grutte Pier was born Pier Gerlofs Donia (Pier Gerlofs), around 1480 in Kimswerd near the city of Harlingen, Wonseradeel in Friesland, Netherlands. Pier Gerlofs was one of at least four children born to Fokel Sybrants Bonga and Gerlof Piers. Pier's mother Fokel was the daughter of the Schieringer noblemen Sybrant Doytsesz. Bonga of Bongastate, Kimswerd.
Pier married Rintsje Syrtsema and they had two children, a son named Gerlof and a daughter named Wobbel, who were born around 1510. Pier died in 1520, and in 1525, Pier's mother appointed in her will Pier's brother, Sybren, as guardian of Pier's children, who still were minors. Pier and Pier's brother-in-law Ane Pijbes (husband of Tijdt Gerlofs), were partners in the farming estate of Meyllemastate in Kimswerd.
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Pierre Lafitte
Pierre Lafitte (1770–1821) was a pirate in the Gulf of Mexico in the early 19th century. He also ran a blacksmith shop in New Orleans, his legitimate business. Pierre was the historically less-well-known older brother of Jean Lafitte. While not as much of a sailor as his brother, he was the public face of the Lafitte operation, and was well known for his wit and charm, in addition to his handling of the sale of pirated goods. He also commanded artillery units. He died in 1821 near Dzilam de Bravo.
Details of Lafitte's early life are scarce and often disputed. His brother Jean gave contradictory information about his birthplace, including time the French cities of St. Malo and Brest. However, as Jean Lafitte's biographer Jack C. Ramsay states, "this was a convenient time to be a native of France, a claim that provided protection from the enforcement of American law." Further contemporary accounts claim that Jean Lafitte was born in Orduna, Spain or even Westchester, New York. Ramsay speculates that Lafitte was actually born in the French territory Saint-Domingue (now Haiti).
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Pompey
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, also known as Pompey ( /ˈpɒmpiː/) or Pompey the Great (Classical Latin abbreviation: CN·POMPEIVS·CN·F·SEX·N·MAGNVS; September 29, 106 BC – September 29, 48 BC), was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. He came from a wealthy Italian provincial background, and established himself in the ranks of Roman nobility by successful leadership in several military campaigns. Sulla addressed him by the cognomen Magnus (the Great), and he was awarded three triumphs.
Pompey joined his rival Marcus Licinius Crassus and his ally Julius Caesar in the unofficial military-political alliance known as the First Triumvirate. The first triumvirate was validated by the marriage between Julia Caesar (daughter of Julius Caesar) and Pompey. After the deaths of Julia and Crassus, Pompey sided with the optimates, the conservative and aristocratic faction of the Roman Senate.
Pompey and Caesar contended for the leadership of the Roman state, leading to a civil war. When Pompey was defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus, he sought refuge in Egypt, where he was assassinated. His career and defeat are significant in Rome's subsequent transformation from Republic to Principate and Empire.
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Rapids
A rapid is a section of a river where the river bed has a relatively steep gradient causing an increase in water velocity and turbulence. A rapid is a hydrological feature between a run (a smoothly flowing part of a stream) and a cascade. A rapid is characterised by the river becoming shallower and having some rocks exposed above the flow surface. As flowing water splashes over and around the rocks, air bubbles become mixed in with it and portions of the surface acquire a white colour, forming what is called "whitewater". Rapids occur where the bed material is highly resistant to the erosive power of the stream in comparison with the bed downstream of the rapids. Very young streams flowing across solid rock may be rapids for much of their length.
Rapids are categorized in classes, generally running from I to VI. A Class 5 rapid may be categorized as Class 5.1-5.9. While class I rapids are easy to negotiate and require no maneuvering, class VI rapids pose threat to life with little or no chance for rescue.
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Rebecca Roberts
Rebecca Boggs Roberts is an American journalist. She was one of the hosts of POTUS '08 on XM Radio, which offered live daily coverage of the 2008 presidential election. She served as a substitute host for Morning Edition, Talk of the Nation, and Weekend Edition Sunday on National Public Radio.
Born to reporters Cokie and Steve Roberts, Roberts earned a B.A. in political science from Princeton University.
Roberts began with Shorr & Associates, a political media firm in Philadelphia. She was technology reporter for The World, a radio program produced by the BBC and Public Radio International, for four years. She hosted Your Call, a local call-in program, on KALW in San Francisco and moved to Washington, DC to host The Intersection, a news talk show, on WETA from 2006-07. For NPR, she has reported on such diverse topics as the US immigration debate, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, transgenic goats, amateur astronomers, Bikram yoga, and Icelandic geysers.
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Reform War
The Reform War (Spanish: Guerra de Reforma) in Mexico is one of the episodes of the long struggle between Liberal and Conservative forces that dominated the country’s history in the 19th century. The Liberals wanted a federalist government, limiting traditional Catholic Church and military influence in the country. The Conservatives wanted a centralist government, even a monarchy with the Church and military keeping their traditional roles and powers. This struggle erupted into a full civil war when the Liberals, then in control of the government after ousting Antonio López de Santa Anna, began to implement a series of laws designed to strip the Church and military, but especially the Church, of its rights, powers and property. Conservative resistance to this culminated in the Plan of Tacubaya, which destroyed the government of President Ignacio Comonfort and caused the remaining Liberals to move their government to the city of Veracruz. The Conservatives controlled Mexico City and much of central Mexico, but the rest of the states chose whether to side with the Conservative or Liberal government. Being less experienced militarily, the Liberals lost most of the early battles, but the tide turned when Conservatives twice failed to take Veracruz. Liberal victories accumulated thereafter until Conservative forces surrendered in December 1860. While the Conservative forces lost the war, guerrillas remained active in the countryside for years after, and Conservatives in Mexico would conspire with French forces to install Maximilian I as emperor during the following French Intervention in Mexico.
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Robert Maynard
Captain Robert Maynard RN (c. 1684 – 1 January 1751) was a lieutenant and later captain in the Royal Navy, First Lieutenant of HMS Pearl, most famous for defeating the infamous English pirate Blackbeard in battle.
Very little is known about Maynard, except for when he killed Blackbeard in a fight. Governor Alexander Spotswood of the colony of Virginia gave Maynard the command of two sloops, Ranger and Jane.
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Robert Newton
Robert Newton (1 June 1905 – 25 March 1956) was an English stage and film actor. Along with Errol Flynn, Newton was one of the most popular actors among the male juvenile audience of the 1940s and early 1950s, especially with British boys. He was cited as a role model by actors Tony Hancock, Oliver Reed, and drummer Keith Moon.
Newton is best remembered for portraying the feverish-eyed Long John Silver in the Walt Disney version of Treasure Island, which became the standard for screen portrayals of pirates. A West Country native where many famous English pirates hailed from, Newton is credited with popularizing the stereotypical West Country "pirate voice" by exaggerating his West Country accent. Newton has become the "patron saint" of the annual International Talk Like a Pirate Day on September 19.
Newton was born in Shaftesbury, Dorset, a son of landscape painter Algernon Newton, R.A. He was educated in Lamorna near Penzance, Cornwall, and later at St Bartholomew's School in Newbury, Berkshire. His acting career began at the age of 16 at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre in 1921 and he followed this by performing in many plays in the West End of London, including Bitter Sweet by Noël Coward. He also appeared in Private Lives on Broadway taking over the role from his friend Laurence Olivier. From 1932 to 1934 he was the manager of the Shilling Theatre in Fulham, London. In 1939 he played Horatio to Laurence Olivier's Hamlet at the Old Vic - the production also included Alec Guinness and Michael Redgrave. During the war he starred in the West End in No Orchids for Miss Blandish. His final performance on stage was in the 1950 production of Gaslight with Rosamund John at the Vaudeville Theatre.
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Robert Surcouf
Robert Surcouf (12 December 1773–8 July 1827) was a famous French corsair. During his legendary career, he captured 47 ships and was renowned for his gallantry and chivalry, earning the nickname of Roi des Corsaires ("King of Corsairs").
Robert Surcouf was born 12 December 1773 in Saint-Malo, a fortified town in Brittany, traditionally a corsair stronghold, from a Norman family. He attended a religious school and was educated by the Jesuits. At 13, he escaped his teachers and stole a small craft to prove his ability to sail; he was subsequently caught in a tempest and had to be rescued.
At age 15, he enlisted on a merchantman to India.
In 1792 he came back to Saint-Malo and discovered the political changes France had undergone in the wake of the French Revolution. He sailed to Île de France (present-day Mauritius) in August on a commercial brig, and was informed on his arrival of the outbreak of war against Britain. Surcouf served as first officer of the 40-gun frigate Cybèle during the Action of 22 October 1794.
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Roberto Cofresí
Roberto Cofresí (June 17, 1791 – March 29, 1825), better known as "El Pirata Cofresí", was the most renowned pirate in Puerto Rico. He became interested in sailing at a young age. By the time he reached adulthood there were some political and economic difficulties in Puerto Rico, which at the time was a colony of Spain. Influenced by this situation he decided to become a pirate in 1818. Cofresí commanded several assaults against cargo vessels focusing on those that were responsible for exporting gold. During this time he focused his attention on ships from the United States and the local Spanish government ignored several of these actions. On March 5, 1825, Cofresí engaged in battle a float of ships led by John Slout. He eventually abandoned his ship and tried to escape by land before being captured. After being imprisoned he was sent to San Juan, Puerto Rico, where a brief military trial found him guilty and on March 29, 1825, he and other members of his crew were executed by a firing squad. After his death his life was used as inspiration for several stories and myths, which served as the basis for books and other media.
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Robin Hood
Robin Hood was a heroic outlaw in English folklore. A highly skilled archer and swordsman, he is known for "robbing from the rich and giving to the poor", assisted by a group of fellow outlaws known as his "Merry Men". Traditionally, Robin Hood and his men are depicted wearing Lincoln green clothes. The origin of the legend is claimed by some to have stemmed from actual outlaws, or from ballads or tales of outlaws.
Robin Hood became a popular folk figure in the medieval period continuing through to modern literature, films and television. In the earliest sources, Robin Hood is a yeoman, but he was often later portrayed as an aristocrat wrongfully dispossessed of his lands and made into an outlaw by an unscrupulous sheriff.
In popular culture, Robin Hood and his band of "merry men" are usually portrayed as living in Sherwood Forest, in Nottinghamshire, where much of the action in the early ballads takes place. So does the very first recorded Robin Hood rhyme, four lines from the early 15th century, beginning: "Robyn hode in scherewode stod." However, the overall picture from the surviving early ballads and other early references suggest that Robin Hood may have been based in the Barnsdale area of what is now South Yorkshire (which borders Nottinghamshire).
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Saint Patrick
Saint Patrick (Latin: Patricius; Primitive Irish: *Qatrikias;Old Irish: Cothraige or Coithrige;Middle Irish: Pátraic; Irish: Pádraig; Old Welsh: Patric; Middle Welsh: Padric; Welsh: Padrig; Old English: Patric; ca. 387 – 17 March, 493 or ca. 460) was a Romano-British and Christian missionary, who is the most generally recognized patron saint of Ireland or the Apostle of Ireland, although Brigid of Kildare and Colmcille are also formally patron saints.
Two authentic letters from him survive, from which come the only generally-accepted details of his life. When he was about 16, he was captured from Wales by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Ireland, where he lived for six years before escaping and returning to his family. After entering the Church, he returned to Ireland as an ordained bishop in the north and west of the island, but little is known about the places where he worked. By the seventh century, he had come to be revered as the patron saint of Ireland.
Most available details of his life are from later hagiographies from the seventh century onwards, and these are now not accepted without detailed criticism. Uncritical acceptance of the Annals of Ulster would imply that he lived from 340 to 440, and ministered in what is modern-day Northern Ireland from AD 428 onwards. The dates of Patrick's life cannot be fixed with certainty but, on a widespread interpretation, he was active as a missionary in Ireland during the second half of the fifth century.
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Salih Reis
Salih Reis (1488 ca. – 1568) was a Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral. He is alternatively referred to as Salah Rais, Sala Reis, Salih Rais, Salek Rais and Cale Arraez in several European resources, particularly in Spain, France and Italy.
In 1529, together with Aydın Reis, he took part in the Turkish-Spanish battle near the Isle of Formentera, during which the Ottoman forces destroyed the Spanish fleet, whose commander, Rodrigo Portundo, died in combat.
In 1538 he commanded the right wing of the Turkish fleet at the naval Battle of Preveza, where the Ottoman forces under Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha defeated the Holy League of Charles V under the command of Andrea Doria.
In 1551, due to his success in the conquest of Tripoli (Libya) together with Turgut Reis and Sinan Pasha, he was promoted to the rank of Pasha and became the Beylerbeyi (Ottoman equivalent of Grand Duke) of Algiers and the Bahriye Beylerbeyi (Admiral) of the Ottoman West Mediterranean Fleet.
Salih Reis was born in Biga, a village between Çanakkale and Edremit, near Kaz Dağı (Mount Ida) to the south of ancient Troy, on the Aegean coast of Turkey, in around 1488.
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Samuel Bellamy
Samuel Bellamy (c. February 23, 1689 – April 26, 1717), better known as "Black Sam" Bellamy, was an English pirate who operated in the early 18th century.
Though his known career as a pirate captain lasted little more than a year, Bellamy and his crew captured more than 50 ships before his death at age 28. Called "Black Sam" in Cape Cod folklore because he eschewed the fashionable powdered wig in favor of tying back his long black hair with a simple band, Bellamy became known for his mercy and generosity toward those he captured on his raids. This reputation gained him the second nickname of the "Prince of Pirates," and his crew called themselves "Robin Hood's Men."
Bellamy was probably the youngest of six known children born to Stephen and Elizabeth Bellamy in the parish of Hittisleigh in Devonshire in 1689. Elizabeth died in childbirth and was buried on February 23, 1689, three weeks before her infant son Samuel's baptism on March 18. The future pirate became a sailor at a young age and traveled to Cape Cod, where, according to local lore, he took up an affair with a local girl named Maria Hallett. He soon left Cape Cod—allegedly to support Hallett—by salvaging treasure from the Spanish Plate Fleet sunk off the coast of Florida, accompanied by his friend and financier Paul (or Palgrave, Paulgrave, Paulsgrave) Williams. The treasure hunters apparently met with little success, as they soon turned to piracy in the crew of pirate captain Benjamin Hornigold, who commanded the Mary Anne (or Marianne) with his first mate Edward "Blackbeard" Teach.
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Samuel Hall Lord
Samuel Hall Lord, also called "Sam Lord" (1778 – 5 November 1844) was one of the most famous buccaneers on the island of Barbados. Sam Lord as he was usually known, amassed great wealth for his castle-mansion in Barbados. He did this through the direct plundering of ships stranded in the coral reefs just off the coast of his estate(UN/LOCODE: BB SLC ). According to legend, Sam Lord would hang lanterns high in the coconut trees around his estate. Passing ships far out at sea would think it was the port city of Bridgetown and would sail towards the reef in the area, leading them to wreck their ships. Sam Lord would then board the ships and keep the riches for his castle that existed in the parish of Saint Philip.
Eventually his castle estate was turned into a hotel called the Sam Lord's Castle. However due to massive debt this hotel was auctioned off and parts of it were scheduled to be demolished to make way for a larger hotel development on the property by the new owners.[citation needed] In 2007 Sam Lord's Castle was bought by CLICO (Barbados), but due to financial woes, the redevelopment didn't happen. For awhile the Government of Barbados was proposing a buy-out. On 20 October 2010 Sam Lord's Castle was gutted by a major fire.
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Samuel Mason
Samuel Mason or Meason (1739–1803) was a Revolutionary War militia captain on the frontier, who following the war, became the leader of a gang of river pirates and highwaymen on the lower Ohio River and the Mississippi River in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He was associated with Cave-in-Rock, Stack Island, and the Natchez Trace.
Mason was born in Norfolk, Virginia and raised in what is now Charles Town, Virginia, where he lived until moving to what is now Ohio County, West Virginia in 1773. During the American Revolution, Samuel Mason was a captain of the Ohio County Militia, Virginia State Forces. According to Ohio County court minutes dated 7 January 1777, Mason was recommended to the governor of Virginia to serve as captain of the militia. On 28 January, he was present and cited as a captain from Ohio county at a “council of war” held Catfish Camp. Catfish Camp was located at or near present Washington, Pennsylvania. On 8 June 1777, Mason wrote a letter from Fort Henry, now Wheeling, West Virginia, to brigadier general Edward Hand, at Fort Pitt. The letter was signed Samuel Meason. On 1 September 1777, he was wounded but survived an ambush by Native Americans near Fort Henry. Most of the men in his company perished during the attack. He moved again in 1779, this time to what is now Washington County, Pennsylvania, where he was elected justice of the peace and later selected as associate judge, leaving for Kentucky in 1784. Mason's surname was spelled interchangeably as Meason in many of the early records. This is explained in at least two family histories of the Mason/Meason family. One is Pioneer Period and Pioneer People of Fairfield County, Ohio by C. M. L. Wiseman, dated 1901, and the other, Torrence and Allied Families by Robert M. Torrence, dated 1938.
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Sandokan
Sandokan is a fictional pirate of the late 19th century, who first appeared in publication in 1883, created by Italian author Emilio Salgari. He is the protagonist of eleven adventure novels and is known throughout the South China Sea as "The Tiger of Malaysia".
Emilio Salgari wrote several novels chronicling the adventures of Sandokan and Yanez, two of his most legendary creations. The pirates are introduced in The Tigers of Mompracem, which portrays their relentless struggle against the Dutch and British powers that seek to wipe them out. In subsequent novels they battle against James Brooke, the Raja of Sarawak and also travel to India to measure themselves against the Thugs, a notorious band of stranglers devoted to the goddess Kali.
The titles in the series are:
The last two titles were published posthumously.
There were also several other Sandokan titles published by Italian authors Luigi Motta, Emilio Fancelli and Salgari's son Omar.
A series of Italian-made films with American leads were filmed in 1964 and released internationally.
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Saxons
The Saxons (Latin: Saxones, Old English: Seaxe, Old Saxon: Sahson, Low German: Sassen) were a confederation of Germanic tribes on the North German plain, who during the Middle Ages migrated to the British Isles and formed part of the Anglo-Saxons.
The Saxons were originally Ingvaeonic tribes, whose earliest known area of settlement is Northern Albingia, an area approximately that of modern Holstein. This area overlapped the area of the Angles, a tribe with which they were frequently closely linked. Saxons participated in the Germanic settlement of Britain during and after the fifth century. It is unknown how many migrated from the continent to Britain, though estimates for the total number of Anglo-Saxon settlers are around two hundred thousand. During the Middle ages, because of international Hanseatic trading routes and contingent migration during the Middle Ages, Saxons mixed with and had strong influences upon the languages and cultures of the North Germanic and Baltic and Finnic peoples, and also upon the Polabian Slavs and Pomeranian West Slavic people.
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Sea Peoples
The Sea Peoples, or Peoples of the Sea, were a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty and especially during year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty. The Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah explicitly refers to them by the term "the foreign-countries (or 'peoples') of the sea" (Egyptian n3 ḫ3s.wt n<.t> p3 ym) in his Great Karnak Inscription. Although some scholars believe that they invaded Cyprus, Hatti and the Levant, this hypothesis is disputed.
The Late Bronze Age in the Aegean was characterized by the raiding of migratory peoples and their subsequent resettlement. The identity of the Sea Peoples has remained enigmatic to modern scholars, who have only the scattered records of ancient civilizations and archaeological analysis to inform them. Evidence shows that the identities and motives of these peoples were not unknown to the Egyptians. In fact, many had been subordinate to the Egyptians or in a diplomatic relationship with them for at least as long as the few centuries covered by the records.
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Shirahama Kenki
Shirahama Kenki (白濱顕貴, Viet: Bạch Tần Hiển Quý) was a Japanese pirate of the late 16th-early 17th centuries, one of the first Japanese with whom the southern Vietnamese kingdom of the Nguyễn Lords made contact.
He first arrived on the Vietnamese coast in 1585, with five ships, and began to engage in pirate raids and coastal assaults. He was eventually driven off by a fleet of at least ten ships led by the sixth son of Lord Nguyễn Hoàng; two of the pirate ships were destroyed, and Shirahama fled. It is said that he was mistaken for a Westerner by the Vietnamese he encountered at the time.
Fourteen years later, in 1599, Shirahama's craft crashed near the port of Thuan An. The local magistrate, correctly believing him some variety of pirate or brigand, attacked Shirahama and was killed. Shirahama was then imprisoned, and Nguyễn Hoàng sent a missive to Tokugawa Ieyasu, newly shogun of Japan, asking how to deal with Japanese sailors in the future. This was the first official contact between the two governments, and marked the beginning of a friendly relationship lasting several decades.
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Sinbad the Sailor
Sinbad the Sailor (also spelled Sindbad; Arabic السندباد البحري as-Sindibād al-Baḥri; Persian سندباد Sandbād) is a fictional sailor from Basrah, living during the Abbasid Caliphate – the hero of a story-cycle of Middle Eastern origin. During his voyages throughout the seas east of Africa and south of Asia, he has fantastic adventures going to magical places, meeting monsters, and encountering supernatural phenomena.
Sindbad is a Persian name ("Lord of the Sindh River") hinting at a Persian origin. The oldest texts of the cycle are however in Arabic, and no ancient or medieval Persian version has survived. The story as we have it is specifically set during the rule of the Abbasid Caliphate and particularly highlights the reign of Harun al-Rashid. The name Sindbad indicates the name of the Indus River (Sindhu). The Sindhi Sailors, who became famous due to their skills in navigation, geography and languages may very well have inspired the stories of Sindbad the Sailor.Sindh is actually mentioned in the story of the Third Voyage: ("And thence we fared on to the land of Sind, where also we bought and sold").
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Stede Bonnet
Stede Bonnet (c. 1688 – 10 December 1718) was an early 18th-century Barbadian pirate, sometimes called "The Gentleman Pirate" because he was a moderately wealthy landowner before turning to a life of crime. Bonnet was born into a wealthy English family on the island of Barbados, and inherited the family estate after his father's death in 1694. In 1709, he married Mary Allamby, and engaged in some level of militia service. Because of marital problems, and despite his lack of sailing experience, Bonnet decided to turn to piracy in the summer of 1717. He bought a sailing vessel, named it Revenge, and traveled with his paid crew along the Eastern Seaboard of what is now the United States, capturing other vessels and burning other Barbadian ships.
Bonnet set sail for Nassau, Bahamas, but he was seriously wounded en route during an encounter with a Spanish warship. After arriving in Nassau, Bonnet met Edward Teach, the infamous pirate Blackbeard. Incapable of leading his crew, Bonnet temporarily ceded his ship's command to Blackbeard. Before separating in December 1717, Blackbeard and Bonnet plundered and captured merchant ships along the East Coast. After Bonnet failed to capture the Protestant Caesar, his crew abandoned him to join Blackbeard aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge. Bonnet stayed on Blackbeard's ship as a guest, and did not command a crew again until summer 1718, when he was pardoned by North Carolina governor Charles Eden and received clearance to go privateering against Spanish shipping. Bonnet was tempted to resume his piracy, but did not want to lose his pardon, so he adopted the alias "Captain Thomas" and changed his ship's name to Royal James. He had returned to piracy by July 1718.
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Stenka Razin
Stepan (Sten'ka) Timofeyevich Razin (Russian: Степан (Стенька) Тимофеевич Разин, Russian pronunciation: [sʲtʲɪpˈɑn (sʲtʲˈenʲkə) tʲɪmɐˈfʲeɪvʲɪt͡ɕ ˈrɑzʲɪn]; 1630 – June 16 [O.S. June 6] 1671) was a Cossack leader who led a major uprising against the nobility and Tsar's bureaucracy in South Russia.
He is first noted by history in 1661, as part of a diplomatic mission from the Don Cossacks to the Kalmyks. That same year Razin went on a long-distance pilgrimage to the great Solovetsky Monastery on the White Sea for the benefit of his soul. After that, all trace of him is lost for six years, when he reappears as the leader of a robber community established at Panshinskoye, among the marshes between the rivers Tishina and Ilovlya, from whence he levied tribute from all vessels passing up and down the Volga.
A long war with Poland in 1654-1667 and Sweden in 1656-1658 put heavy demands upon the people of Russia. Taxes increased as did conscription. Many peasants hoping to escape these burdens fled south and joined bands of Razin's marauding Cossacks. They were also joined by many other disaffected with the Russian government, including people of the lower classes as well as representatives of non-Russian ethnic groups, such as Kalmyks, that were being oppressed.
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Thomas Tew
Thomas Tew (died 1695), also known as the Rhode Island Pirate, was a 17th century English privateer-turned-pirate. Although he embarked on only two major piratical voyages, and met a bloody death on the latter journey, Tew pioneered the route which became known as the Pirate Round. Many other famous pirates, including Henry Every and William Kidd, would follow in Tew’s path. Much of what is known about Tew is derived from Captain Charles Johnson's A General History of the Pyrates, which is a mixture of fact and fiction. When reading about Thomas Tew it is important to be able to distinguish between truth and story.
Captain Johnson said "Tew, in Point of Gallantry, was inferior to none."
It is frequently written that Tew had family in Rhode Island dating back to 1640, but it is not known where he was actually born. He may have been born in New England. One theory is that he was born in Maidford, Northamptonshire, England before immigrating to the colonies as a child with his family, although there is only a little circumstantial evidence for this. He lived at one time in Newport, Rhode Island. Tew is reported as being married with two daughters. According to one source his wife and children all greatly enjoyed the New York City social scene after Tew struck it rich., but there is no supporting evidence elsewhere for this.
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Timoji
Timoji (also referred to as Timoja or Timmayya) was a Hindu privateer who served the Vijayanagara Empire and the Portuguese Empire during the first decade of the 16th century. He claimed to have been born in Goa and to have escaped the city after its conquest by the Adil Shahi of Bijapur in 1496. After his support in the 1510 Portuguese conquest of Goa, he was for a short time appointed aguazil of the city.
Since the 14th century the Deccan had been divided in two antagonistic entities: on the one side stood the Bahmani Sultanate, and on the other stood the Hindu rajas rallied around the Vijayanagara Empire. Continuous wars demanded frequent resupplies of fresh horses, which were imported through sea routes from Persia and Arabia. This trade was subjected to frequent raids by thriving bands of pirates based in the coastal cities of Western India. Timoji acted both as a privateer (by seizing horse traders, that he rendered to the raja of Honavar) and as a pirate who attacked the Kerala merchant fleets that traded pepper with Gujarat. Timoji operated off Anjediva (modern Anjadip) Island, with two thousand mercenaries under his command and at least fourteen ships.
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Tom Ayrton
Tom Ayrton is a fictional character who appears in two novels by French author Jules Verne. He is first introduced as a major character in the novel In Search of the Castaways (1867–1868). He then reappears in a later novel, The Mysterious Island (1874), in which his fate, left unknown at the ending of the previous novel, is resolved, and during the course of which his character undergoes change and achieves a redemption.
A Scottish able seaman, Ayrton served as quartermaster on board the three-mast ship Britannia, under the command of Captain Harry Grant. Differing opinions and extreme disputes with Grant led Ayrton to attempt leading a mutiny, the failure of which ended in his being expelled from the ship. Left behind alone on Australian shores, Ayrton learned nothing of the calamity that soon befell Grant's ship and crew.
Teaming up with a band of escaped convicts, Ayrton began a life of crime around Australia, becoming a cunning highwayman and eventually a notorious gang leader under the name of Ben Joyce. Wishing to commandeer a swift ship in order to become a pirate leader as well, he took advantage of an opportunity supplied by the arrival of Lord Glenarvan's Scottish expedition searching for the castaways of the Britannia. Learning for the first time of the Britannia's foundering, Ayrton tricked the searchers into a fraudulent wild goose chase for the alleged location of the shipwreck, while at the same time conspiring with his gangmates to ambush and delay the expedition while he made a grab for their own powerful ship, the Duncan. However, a prodigious set of circumstances resulted in his treacherous scheme backfiring, and in his falling into the hands of the searchers and facing harsh justice for his crimes.
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Turgut Reis
Turgut Reis (1485 – 23 June 1565) was an Ottoman Admiral and privateer who also served as Bey of Algiers; Beylerbey of the Mediterranean; and first Bey, later Pasha, of Tripoli. Under his naval command the Ottoman Empire maritime was extended across North Africa. When Turgut was serving as pasha, he adorned and built up the city of Tripoli, making it one of the most impressive cities along the North African Coast. Known in different languages under such names as Dragut or Darghouth (Arabic: درغوث), the name in Turkey is Turgut Reis.
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Tyrrhenians
The Tyrrhenians (Attic Greek: Τυρρηνοί - Turrhēnoi) or Tyrsenians (Ionic: Τυρσηνοί - Tursēnoi; Doric: Τυρσανοί - Tursānoi) is an exonym used by Greek authors to refer to a non-Greek people.
The origin of the name is uncertain. It is only known to be used by Greek authors, but apparently not of Greek origin. It has been connected to tursis, also a "Mediterranean" loan into Greek, meaning "tower" (see there). Direct connections with Tusci, the Latin exonym for the Etruscans, from Turs-ci have also been attempted. See also Turan, tyrant.
The earliest instances in literature are in Hesiod and the Homeric hymn to Dionysus. Hesiod has
And they [the sons of Circe] ruled over the famous Tyrsenians, very far off in a recess of the holy islands.
The Homeric hymn to Dionysus has Tyrsenian pirates seizing Dionysus,
Presently there came swiftly over the sparkling sea Tyrsenian pirates on a well-decked ship — a miserable doom led them on.
Later, in the 6th to 5th centuries BC, the name referred specifically to the Etruscans, for whom the Tyrrhenian Sea is named, according to Strabo. In Pindar, the Tyrsanoi appear grouped with the Carthaginians as a threat to Magna Graecia:
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Wijerd Jelckama
Wijerd Jelckama (also spelled Wierd and Wijard) (c. 1490–1523) was a Frisian military commander, warlord and member of the Arumer Zwarte Hoop ("Arumer Black Hope"). He was the lieutenant of Pier Gerlofs Donia (also known as Grutte Pier) and fought along his side against the Saxon and Hollandic invaders. Jelckama took Donia's place as freedom fighter after Donia died in 1520.
Jelckama was born in the year 1490 in a large family of farmers and petty noblemen. He was descended from knights who had participated in the Crusades. One of his ancestors from his father's side of the family had died at the Siege of Antioch.
Together with Pier Gerlofs Donia, Jelckama fought against the Saxon warriors that occupied their homeland of Frisia, at the capture of Medemblik, and in the siege of Middelburg castle.
In addition to the area occupied by the Saxons, parts of Frisia were conquered by Denmark, Holland, and local duchies. Donia and Jelckama's goal was to rid Frisia of all foreign powers and regain independence. Under the leadership of Donia, they used guerilla tactics and gained several victories like the successful siege of two Hollandic castles and the city of Medemblik. Their greatest success, however, came at sea, where Donia and Jelckama sank 28 Dutch ships, earning Donia the title "Cross of the Dutchmen".
wn.com/Wijerd_Jelckama -
William Bainbridge
William Bainbridge (May 7, 1774 – July 27, 1833) was a Commodore in the United States Navy, notable for his victory over HMS Java during the War of 1812.
Born in Princeton, New Jersey, eldest son of Dr. Absalom Bainbridge and Mary (Taylor) Bainbridge. His father, a loyalist during the American Revolution, served as a surgeon in the British Army and was convicted of high treason by the State of New Jersey and successfully filed for damages with the American Loyalist Claims Commission. He had two brothers: Joseph, who also became a Navy captain, and John T.; and a sister, Mary. He was raised by his maternal grandfather, John Taylor, Esq., of Middleton, New Jersey as his father left for England in 1783 and his mother remained behind due to her ill health (though his father returned to the United States and died in New York City in 1807).
At the age of 14, William Bainbridge went to sea in the merchant service, and was in command of a trading schooner (a fore-and-aft-rigged vessel with two or more masts) at an early age. The American trading vessels of that period were supposed to be excluded by the navigation laws from commerce with the British West Indies, though with the concealed or very slightly disguised assistance of the planters, they engaged in a good deal of contraband commerce.
wn.com/William_Bainbridge -
William Dampier
William Dampier (5 September 1651 - 8 March 1715) was the first Englishman to explore parts of New Holland (Australia) and the first person to circumnavigate the world three times. Dampier has been described as the first natural historian of Australia and the greatest explorer-adventurer between Sir Walter Raleigh and Captain Cook.
After impressing the Admiralty with his book 'New Voyage Round the World', Dampier was given command of a 26-gunner and made valuable discoveries in Western New Holland, but was court-martialled for cruelty.
On a later voyage, he was able to rescue Alexander Selkirk, who was Daniel Defoe's inspiration for Robinson Crusoe. Others influenced by Dampier include Captain Cook, Lord Nelson and Charles Darwin.
Born in East Coker, Somerset, Dampier sailed on two merchant voyages to Newfoundland and Java, before joining the Royal Navy in 1673, taking part in the two battles of Schooneveld in June of that year. His service was cut short by a catastrophic illness, and he returned to England for several months of recuperation. For the next several years he tried his hand at various careers, including plantation managing (in Jamaica) and logging (in Mexico), before he joined another sailing expedition.
wn.com/William_Dampier -
William Kidd
William "Captain" Kidd (c. 1645 – 23 May 1701) was a Scottish sailor remembered for his trial and execution for piracy after returning from a voyage to the Indian Ocean. Some modern historians deem his piratical reputation unjust, as there is evidence that Kidd acted only as a privateer. Kidd's fame springs largely from the sensational circumstances of his questioning before the English Parliament and the ensuing trial. His actual depredations on the high seas, whether piratical or not, were both less destructive and less lucrative than those of many other contemporary pirates and privateers.
Captain William Kidd was either one of the most notorious pirates in the history of the world or one of its most unjustly vilified and prosecuted privateers in an age typified by the rationalisation of empire. Despite the legends and fiction surrounding this character, his actual career was punctuated by only a handful of skirmishes followed by a desperate quest to clear his name.
wn.com/William_Kidd -
Woodes Rogers
Woodes Rogers (ca. 1679 – 15 July 1732) was an English sea captain, privateer, and, later, the first Royal Governor of the Bahamas. He is known as the captain of the vessel that rescued the marooned Alexander Selkirk, whose plight is generally believed to have inspired Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.
Rogers came from an affluent seafaring family, grew up in Poole and Bristol, and served a marine apprenticeship to a Bristol sea captain. His father, who held shares in many ships, died when Rogers was in his mid-twenties, leaving Rogers in control of the family shipping business. In 1707, Rogers was approached by Captain William Dampier, who sought support for a privateering voyage against the Spanish, with whom the British were at war. Rogers led the expedition, which consisted of two well-armed ships, the Duke and the Duchess, and was the captain of the Duke. In three years, Rogers and his men went around the world, capturing several ships in the Pacific Ocean. En route, the expedition rescued Selkirk, finding him on Juan Fernandez Island on 1 February 1709. When the expedition returned to England in October 1711, Rogers had circumnavigated the globe, while retaining his original ships and most of his men, and the investors in the expedition doubled their money.
wn.com/Woodes_Rogers -
Zain Verjee
Zain Verjee (born February 11, 1974) is a Canadian journalist, who was born and raised in Kenya prior to immigrating to Canada. Verjee is co-anchor of CNN International's European daytime program World One. Previously, she worked as a newsreader for The Situation Room, as a State Department correspondent, and as a co-anchor of CNN International's Your World Today and World Report.
Verjee received her undergraduate degree in English from McGill University in Montreal.
Verjee joined CNN in 2000, prior to which she was a news reader on Kenya Television Network, Nairobi. She has covered world events such as the Agra Summit between Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee of India and President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan, the conflict in the Middle East, the trial of former Yugoslav leader Slobodan Milošević, the September 11 attacks, the Hajj and the war in Iraq. She also reports about African business news for the weekly program "Inside Africa", which offers an in-depth look into news on the continent.
wn.com/Zain_Verjee -
Zheng Jing
Zheng Jing (Chinese: 鄭經; pinyin: Zhèng Jīng; Wade–Giles: Cheng Ching; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Teⁿ Keng) was a seventeenth century Chinese warlord and Ming Dynasty loyalist. He was the eldest son of Koxinga and grandson of pirate-merchant Zheng Zhilong. After the conquest of Taiwan in 1662 by his father, Zheng Jing controlled the military forces in Xiamen and Quemoy on his father's behalf. Upon the death of his father six months later, Zheng Jing contested throne as the King of Taiwan with his uncle, Zheng Shixi. The dispute was resolved in Zheng Jing's favor after he successfully landed an army in Taiwan despite strong opposition by the forces of his uncle. This was followed by Zheng Shixi withdrawing his claim.
With both the vast pirate fleet and the throne of Tainan, he intended to continue his father's plans to invade the Philippines; however, he was forced to abandon this venture when faced with the threat of a Manchu-Dutch alliance. His victory over a combined Manchu-Dutch fleet in 1664 resulted in ending the brief alliance.
wn.com/Zheng_Jing -
Zheng Zhilong
Zheng Zhilong (Chinese: 鄭芝龍; pinyin: Zhèng Zhīlóng; Wade–Giles: Cheng Chih-lung; 1604 – 1661) also known as Nicholas Iquan Gaspard, a native of Nan'an, Fujian, China. He was a Chinese merchant, pirate and admiral for the Ming Empire. He was the father of Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga), also a military leader. Under the Qing Dynasty, Zheng was elevated to the rank of Count of the Second Rank. His company was known as Iquan's Party.
Zheng was born in Nan'an, Fujian, the son of Zheng Shaozu (鄭紹祖), a mid-level financial official for the Quanzhou government, and Zheng Shaozu's wife Lady Huang (黃氏). Contemporary biographies tell a possibly apocryphal story of how when Zheng was a child, he and his brothers wanted to eat longan fruit. They found a fruit tree in an enclosed courtyard but whose branches hung over the top of the wall into the street. They threw stones in the hope of knocking some of the fruit clusters loose. It happened to be the courtyard of the governor of Quanzhou City, and he was struck by the stones. The boys ran but were caught and hauled before the governor. Due to the child's age and apparent charisma, the governor forgave Zheng and released him, saying "This is the face of one destined for wealth and nobility." The story may or may not be true, but it encapsulated the character of Zhilong: he ran wild, grasped at low hanging fruit, got in trouble, and came out the better for it.
wn.com/Zheng_Zhilong
Pirates! Band of Misfits, The (2012)
Actors
Director
Pirate Filmography
Pirate Filmography
karaoke
Bonded in leather
Pumping blood through my veins
Sweet virgins sacrificed
Screaming with pain
Drifting through night air
Life's so insane
Dark scattered figures
Shooting steel thru my brains!
Taken by force, showing no mercy
Taken by force, lay your life on the line
Taken by force, your life's so dirty
Taken by force, save your soul while there's time
Living a nightlife
Life's living low
Low hearted beasts
Leaving tracks in the snow
Numbers are searching
Searching the light
Just to be crushed
In the dark of the night
Taken by force, showing no mercy
Taken by force, lay your life on the line
Taken by force, your life's so dirty
Taken by force, save your soul while there's time
Shattered and hopeless
You've poisoned your mind
Cast of your worries
You'll leave'em behind
Drowning in sorrows
Tomorrow's not seen
Never know where you're going
Or cared where you've been...
Taken by force, showing no mercy
Taken by force, lay your life on the line
Taken by force, your life's so dirty
Taken by force, save your soul while there's time
you pull me by the arm
tell me what to believe
you tell me there is only one way
one way to see
whatever faith you chooce
may not be for me
how can i be saved
while being forced to believe
believe.
lets save the world
one by one
well make them believe
conform if they must
dont question the thought
its whats always been told
well make them believe
lets save the world
so spread the word
and tell me of good news
that if i act right
i can be like you
well to live is to learn
and think for yourself
and ill do just that
Pirate, pirate, pirate, pi
Well, I don't wanna be friendly
With a man who would tell me
One truth and twenty lie
Who try to take what I mon make
Well, I don't respect you guy
And now everyday, come around my way
And you won't come here I say
Is a lucky thing I am a strong man
Or I would'a lose my sting
Pirate, pirate, pirate, pi
Well, under ya law, I a outlaw
My right is made a wrong
You take the meat and you eat all the bone
And said I should run along, boy
And now, when I ask, ?What's there for me??
You say, ?What will be, will be?
Now, you sit down, get fat and round
Collecting my royalty
Pirate, pirate, pirate, pi
From I was born, they came along
And stole my navel string
In a broad day light, my birthright
Was robbed by your king
Now, you want to know
How much we know you?
You, you all bunch of crows
You don't know that we don't know
It's not the bottler or date, it is the Coke
Pirate, pirate, pirate, pi
Well, I don't wanna be friendly
With a man who would tell me
One truth and twenty lie
Who try to take what I done make
Well, I don't respect you guy
And now everyday, you come around my way
And you won't come here I say
Is a lucky thing I am a strong man
Or I would'a lose my sting
Pirate, pirate, pirate, pi
Well, I know what ya wanna do
I won't do what you want me to
To my own self I must be true
So away, away with you
Pirate, pirate, pirate, pi
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Blackbeard, Bluebeard & Redbeard - A Pirate Story by Eric Herman
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:59
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
www.erichermanmusic.com To celebrate International Talk Like a Pirate Day on September 19th (and every other pirate holiday throughout the year), Eric Herman presents "Blackbeard, Bluebeard and Redbeard", a video depicting the story of three famous pirates who sailed together on a most colorful voyage. Definitely not as violent as the Family Guy pirate chase video, but funny tongue-in-cheek humor. The full lyrics and chords for this song can be found here: www.erichermanmusic.com This song, which was voted the "Best Children's Song" in 2006 by the Just Plain Folks organization, was written in collaboration with Kenn Nesbitt, a popular funny poetry author whose work can be read at www.poetry4kids.com The video was animated and directed by Eric's wife, Roseann Endres, and Eric and Roseann worked closely together to create the video. Eric Herman CDs are available at the following locations: Eric's website (CDs and MP3 albums): www.EricHermanMusic.com CDBaby (CDs and MP3 albums): www.cdbaby.com iTunes (MP3 songs and albums): phobos.apple.com Kidzmusic.com (MP3s): www.kidzmusic.com Amazon.com (CDs): www.amazon.com Amazon.com (MP3s): www.amazon.com CDs are also available at www.pokeypup.com and MP3s are also available at all other major digital distribution sites. For more information about Eric Herman's concerts and elementary school assembly programs, visit http
http://wn.com/Blackbeard,_Bluebeard_Redbeard_A_Pirate_Story_by_Eric_Herman
www.erichermanmusic.com To celebrate International Talk Like a Pirate Day on September 19th (and every other pirate holiday throughout the year), Eric Herman presents "Blackbeard, Bluebeard and Redbeard", a video depicting the story of three famous pirates who sailed together on a most colorful voyage. Definitely not as violent as the Family Guy pirate chase video, but funny tongue-in-cheek humor. The full lyrics and chords for this song can be found here: www.erichermanmusic.com This song, which was voted the "Best Children's Song" in 2006 by the Just Plain Folks organization, was written in collaboration with Kenn Nesbitt, a popular funny poetry author whose work can be read at www.poetry4kids.com The video was animated and directed by Eric's wife, Roseann Endres, and Eric and Roseann worked closely together to create the video. Eric Herman CDs are available at the following locations: Eric's website (CDs and MP3 albums): www.EricHermanMusic.com CDBaby (CDs and MP3 albums): www.cdbaby.com iTunes (MP3 songs and albums): phobos.apple.com Kidzmusic.com (MP3s): www.kidzmusic.com Amazon.com (CDs): www.amazon.com Amazon.com (MP3s): www.amazon.com CDs are also available at www.pokeypup.com and MP3s are also available at all other major digital distribution sites. For more information about Eric Herman's concerts and elementary school assembly programs, visit http
The Pirates! Band of Misfits trailer 2012 official movie trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
The Pirates! Band of Misfits trailer 2012 official movie trailer Hugh Grant, starring in his first animated role, is the luxuriantly bearded Pirate Captain -- a boundlessly enthusiastic, if somewhat less-than-successful, terror of the High Seas. With a rag-tag crew at his side (Martin Freeman, Brendan Gleeson, Russell Tovey, and Ashley Jensen), and seemingly blind to the impossible odds stacked against him, the Captain has one dream: to beat his bitter rivals Black Bellamy (Jeremy Piven) and Cutlass Liz (Salma Hayek) to the much coveted Pirate Of The Year Award. It's a quest that takes our heroes from the shores of exotic Blood Island to the foggy streets of Victorian London. Along the way they battle a diabolical queen (Imelda Staunton) and team up with a haplessly smitten young scientist (David Tennant), but never lose sight of what a pirate loves best: adventure! The Pirates! Band of Misfits trailer 2012 official movie trailer, courtesy Columbia Pictures. The Pirates! Band of Misfits trailer 2012 official movie trailer Genre: Animation, Family Official Website: ThePirates-movie.com Director: Peter Lord, Jeff Newitt Screenwriter: Gideon Defoe Starring: Hugh Grant, Martin Freeman, David Tennant, Imelda Staunton, Jeremy Piven, Salma Hayek, Brian Blessed, Brendan Gleeson, Russell Tovey, Ashley Jensen The Pirates! Band of Misfits trailer 2012 official movie trailer, presented in full HD 1080p resolution. Your daily dose of everything movies. Our passionate team of producers ...
http://wn.com/The_Pirates!_Band_of_Misfits_trailer_2012_official_movie_trailer
The Pirates! Band of Misfits trailer 2012 official movie trailer Hugh Grant, starring in his first animated role, is the luxuriantly bearded Pirate Captain -- a boundlessly enthusiastic, if somewhat less-than-successful, terror of the High Seas. With a rag-tag crew at his side (Martin Freeman, Brendan Gleeson, Russell Tovey, and Ashley Jensen), and seemingly blind to the impossible odds stacked against him, the Captain has one dream: to beat his bitter rivals Black Bellamy (Jeremy Piven) and Cutlass Liz (Salma Hayek) to the much coveted Pirate Of The Year Award. It's a quest that takes our heroes from the shores of exotic Blood Island to the foggy streets of Victorian London. Along the way they battle a diabolical queen (Imelda Staunton) and team up with a haplessly smitten young scientist (David Tennant), but never lose sight of what a pirate loves best: adventure! The Pirates! Band of Misfits trailer 2012 official movie trailer, courtesy Columbia Pictures. The Pirates! Band of Misfits trailer 2012 official movie trailer Genre: Animation, Family Official Website: ThePirates-movie.com Director: Peter Lord, Jeff Newitt Screenwriter: Gideon Defoe Starring: Hugh Grant, Martin Freeman, David Tennant, Imelda Staunton, Jeremy Piven, Salma Hayek, Brian Blessed, Brendan Gleeson, Russell Tovey, Ashley Jensen The Pirates! Band of Misfits trailer 2012 official movie trailer, presented in full HD 1080p resolution. Your daily dose of everything movies. Our passionate team of producers ...
- published: 23 Jul 2011
- views: 876779
- author: nogoodflix
Talk like a Pirate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:27
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Learn to talk like a pirate. From loadingreadyrun.com
http://wn.com/Talk_like_a_Pirate
Learn to talk like a pirate. From loadingreadyrun.com
- published: 17 Sep 2006
- views: 482907
- author: blunderboss
True Caribbean Pirates: Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 90:12
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Long ago scores of real pirates plied their brutal trade in the temperate waters of the Caribbean Ocean. In the 1600s and 1700s, Captain Henry Morgan, Blackbeard, Calico Jack Rackham, Ann Bonny, Mary Read, and Black Bart were among the infamous pirates whose crews lied in wait to violently raid the merchant ships of various nations. This documentory tells the true stories of who they were, how they operated, and their various successes and failures in this dark and deadly profession, going far beyond popular legend. THE HISTORY CHANNEL, using CGI animations, expert interviews, as well as archival imagery, explores the real-life stories behind piracy's Golden Age and the dramatic maritime exploits of the TRUE CARRIBEAN PIRATES.
http://wn.com/True_Caribbean_Pirates_Documentary
Long ago scores of real pirates plied their brutal trade in the temperate waters of the Caribbean Ocean. In the 1600s and 1700s, Captain Henry Morgan, Blackbeard, Calico Jack Rackham, Ann Bonny, Mary Read, and Black Bart were among the infamous pirates whose crews lied in wait to violently raid the merchant ships of various nations. This documentory tells the true stories of who they were, how they operated, and their various successes and failures in this dark and deadly profession, going far beyond popular legend. THE HISTORY CHANNEL, using CGI animations, expert interviews, as well as archival imagery, explores the real-life stories behind piracy's Golden Age and the dramatic maritime exploits of the TRUE CARRIBEAN PIRATES.
- published: 03 May 2011
- views: 156239
- author: SouthSaturnDelta1
Five Pirate Myths That are Actually True
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Visit National Geographic Channel site: channel.nationalgeographic.com Thought pirates weren't as dastardly as they say? Think again!
http://wn.com/Five_Pirate_Myths_That_are_Actually_True
Visit National Geographic Channel site: channel.nationalgeographic.com Thought pirates weren't as dastardly as they say? Think again!
- published: 16 Feb 2012
- views: 103384
- author: NationalGeographic
you are a pirate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:59
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
song from lazy town became a fad
http://wn.com/you_are_a_pirate
Pirates Rule!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:11
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
This is "Pirates Rule!" an animation made with LEGO bricks about a crew of pirates, some British guys, and ninjas fighting over a valuable chest of treasure. With action, adventure, comedy, and a giant alien cyborg man-eating squid! :) By the way, the rating at the begining says: "This film has been rated ARR! May be unsuitable for those who do not like pirates. For pirates, pirate content, a monkey cannons, pirate ships, swashbuckling pirate action, and pirate language such as "Argh!"" Pirates Rule! Copyright © 2011 Harrison Allen, Annoying Noises Productions
http://wn.com/Pirates_Rule!
This is "Pirates Rule!" an animation made with LEGO bricks about a crew of pirates, some British guys, and ninjas fighting over a valuable chest of treasure. With action, adventure, comedy, and a giant alien cyborg man-eating squid! :) By the way, the rating at the begining says: "This film has been rated ARR! May be unsuitable for those who do not like pirates. For pirates, pirate content, a monkey cannons, pirate ships, swashbuckling pirate action, and pirate language such as "Argh!"" Pirates Rule! Copyright © 2011 Harrison Allen, Annoying Noises Productions
- published: 04 Mar 2011
- views: 204931
- author: AnnoyingNoisesInc
Pirate Coast - Somalia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:08
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
UK links to al Shabaab grow as global conference looms To see more go to www.youtube.com Follow us on Facebook (goo.gl or Twitter (www.twitter.com As Somali piracy refuses to go away, why does the international community seem powerless to stop it? Despite occasional shows of strength, local Somali fishermen believe that maybe they don't really want to. "If they were serious about tackling piracy they would have solved it ages ago", argues the Somali coastguard. For them it is obvious: the Western ships have reasons other than pirates for wanting to patrol these waters. They believe the Somali seas have become a playground for Western navies to test arms, protect illegal fishery or just polish up their international image. A predominance of large warships seem to support their claims. "These vessels are enormous; we have small maneuverable boats, we can get away fast", one pirate tells us. July 2011
http://wn.com/Pirate_Coast_Somalia
UK links to al Shabaab grow as global conference looms To see more go to www.youtube.com Follow us on Facebook (goo.gl or Twitter (www.twitter.com As Somali piracy refuses to go away, why does the international community seem powerless to stop it? Despite occasional shows of strength, local Somali fishermen believe that maybe they don't really want to. "If they were serious about tackling piracy they would have solved it ages ago", argues the Somali coastguard. For them it is obvious: the Western ships have reasons other than pirates for wanting to patrol these waters. They believe the Somali seas have become a playground for Western navies to test arms, protect illegal fishery or just polish up their international image. A predominance of large warships seem to support their claims. "These vessels are enormous; we have small maneuverable boats, we can get away fast", one pirate tells us. July 2011
- published: 25 Jul 2011
- views: 65068
- author: journeymanpictures
Pirates of the Caribbean 1 Bloopers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Here are the bloopers from the first Pirates of the Caribbean movie. Directed by Gore Verbinski! I love these movies!! and of course Johnny Depp and Orlando Bloom!!! =) Love, Torey
http://wn.com/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_1_Bloopers
Here are the bloopers from the first Pirates of the Caribbean movie. Directed by Gore Verbinski! I love these movies!! and of course Johnny Depp and Orlando Bloom!!! =) Love, Torey
- published: 16 Feb 2007
- views: 8582274
- author: OntheSET18
You are a Pirate Limewire 10 hours
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 600:00
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
lol, limewire.
http://wn.com/You_are_a_Pirate_Limewire_10_hours
The IT Crowd - Series 2 - Episode 3: Piracy warning
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
You wouldn't steal a policeman's helmet and go to the toilet in it... would you?
http://wn.com/The_IT_Crowd_Series_2_Episode_3_Piracy_warning
You wouldn't steal a policeman's helmet and go to the toilet in it... would you?
- published: 18 Mar 2009
- views: 1216131
- author: ITCrowdChannel
Why is the Rum Gone? - Remix
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
~!~!~MP3 DOWNLOAD!~!~! www.andrewvanvlear.com --------- A musical remix of Pirates of the Caribbean in the style of the infamous "They're Taking the Hobbits to Isengard." FAQ: Q. What program did you use to make this amazing masterpiece? A. I used Final Cut Express for the video and Logic Pro to compose and mix the audio. Q. Can I use the audio for a remix of a remix that I am making? A. Yes. Go right ahead. Q. Why is the rum gone? A. Well the answer is simple. It is b--- *gets pulled offstage by a cane*
http://wn.com/Why_is_the_Rum_Gone?_Remix
~!~!~MP3 DOWNLOAD!~!~! www.andrewvanvlear.com --------- A musical remix of Pirates of the Caribbean in the style of the infamous "They're Taking the Hobbits to Isengard." FAQ: Q. What program did you use to make this amazing masterpiece? A. I used Final Cut Express for the video and Logic Pro to compose and mix the audio. Q. Can I use the audio for a remix of a remix that I am making? A. Yes. Go right ahead. Q. Why is the rum gone? A. Well the answer is simple. It is b--- *gets pulled offstage by a cane*
- published: 11 Aug 2007
- views: 16091849
- author: DaJugglingFool
Monkey Island - A Pirate I was Mean't to Be
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:25
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
This is hillarious. Probably my favourite part of Curse Monkey Island
http://wn.com/Monkey_Island_A_Pirate_I_was_Mean't_to_Be
This is hillarious. Probably my favourite part of Curse Monkey Island
- published: 21 Feb 2006
- views: 770315
- author: PhantomVulture
Pirates of the Caribbean 3 - At World's End Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Pirates of the Caribbean 3 - At World's End English Trailer
http://wn.com/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_3_At_World's_End_Trailer
Pirates of the Caribbean 3 - At World's End English Trailer
- published: 20 Mar 2007
- views: 5457185
- author: Chaosloki
Place de la Republique - Adieu - Cœur de Pirate - Wood & Wires Session
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:13
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Merci WoodandWIresProd Video by Adrian Vieni woodandwiresproductions.com www.youtube.com Performs 2 new songs "Place de la Republique" and "Adieu" live in Toronto's historic venue The Great Hall.
http://wn.com/Place_de_la_Republique_Adieu_Cœur_de_Pirate_Wood_Wires_Session
Merci WoodandWIresProd Video by Adrian Vieni woodandwiresproductions.com www.youtube.com Performs 2 new songs "Place de la Republique" and "Adieu" live in Toronto's historic venue The Great Hall.
- published: 20 Nov 2011
- views: 211722
- author: Béatrice Martin
He's A Pirate on eight floppy drives
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
One more request down. Enjoy! ________________________________________________________ Enjoyed this? You know you did. Check out my other stuff: youtube.com/playlist?list=PL44C2614808EB920E FAQ: dl.dropbox.com Request Status: dl.dropbox.com
http://wn.com/He's_A_Pirate_on_eight_floppy_drives
One more request down. Enjoy! ________________________________________________________ Enjoyed this? You know you did. Check out my other stuff: youtube.com/playlist?list=PL44C2614808EB920E FAQ: dl.dropbox.com Request Status: dl.dropbox.com
- published: 14 Feb 2012
- views: 674634
- author: MrSolidSnake745
Pirates of the Caribbean - Incredible Piano Solo of Jarrod Radnich Filmed by ThePianoGuys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Order our brand new album on Amazon: amzn.to Order our new album on iTunes: itunes.apple.com Go to www.facebook.com and "Like" us to be notified of future videos. This Piano Guys video features Jarrod Radnich playing his original arrangement of themes from Disney's "Pirates of the Caribbean." His performances are part of a new featured attraction at Disneyland's "Dream Home Of The Future" in Tomorrowland. Video production credits: Paul Anderson, Tel Stewart, and Craig Knudsen. Piano arrangement and performance: Jarrod Radnich. Sheet music for this and other arrangements are available through Radnich's website: www.jarrodradnich.com You may also check-out his Facebook page at: www.jarrodradnich.com
http://wn.com/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_Incredible_Piano_Solo_of_Jarrod_Radnich_Filmed_by_ThePianoGuys
Order our brand new album on Amazon: amzn.to Order our new album on iTunes: itunes.apple.com Go to www.facebook.com and "Like" us to be notified of future videos. This Piano Guys video features Jarrod Radnich playing his original arrangement of themes from Disney's "Pirates of the Caribbean." His performances are part of a new featured attraction at Disneyland's "Dream Home Of The Future" in Tomorrowland. Video production credits: Paul Anderson, Tel Stewart, and Craig Knudsen. Piano arrangement and performance: Jarrod Radnich. Sheet music for this and other arrangements are available through Radnich's website: www.jarrodradnich.com You may also check-out his Facebook page at: www.jarrodradnich.com
- published: 20 Jun 2010
- views: 23924178
- author: ThePianoGuys
Alestorm - You Are a Pirate!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Brand new Alestorm. The bonus track cover of YOU ARE A PIRATE!! Totally fitting. DISCLAIMER- go ahead and take this down for copyright, I was simply uploading this for people to hear the great music of Alestorm. I'm promoting the band, not stealing.
http://wn.com/Alestorm_You_Are_a_Pirate!
Brand new Alestorm. The bonus track cover of YOU ARE A PIRATE!! Totally fitting. DISCLAIMER- go ahead and take this down for copyright, I was simply uploading this for people to hear the great music of Alestorm. I'm promoting the band, not stealing.
- published: 27 May 2011
- views: 1547345
- author: killer1one11
'Comme Des Enfants' by Coeur De Pirate on QTV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:37
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
www.cbc.ca/Q Since releasing her self-titled debut album last September, the Montreal-based chanteuse has become one of Quebec's hottest acts. Her songs are consistently on the francophone Top 10 list...and she's earned a Juno nomination...and a spot on the longlist of nominees for the Polaris Prize. Coeur De Pirate was Q's live performer for a special show recorded in CBC's Glenn Gould Studio. This is the first song she performed 'Comme Des Enfants'.
http://wn.com/'Comme_Des_Enfants'_by_Coeur_De_Pirate_on_QTV
www.cbc.ca/Q Since releasing her self-titled debut album last September, the Montreal-based chanteuse has become one of Quebec's hottest acts. Her songs are consistently on the francophone Top 10 list...and she's earned a Juno nomination...and a spot on the longlist of nominees for the Polaris Prize. Coeur De Pirate was Q's live performer for a special show recorded in CBC's Glenn Gould Studio. This is the first song she performed 'Comme Des Enfants'.
- published: 27 Aug 2009
- views: 844890
- author: Qtv
Wicked Games - (The weeknd cover) - Cœur de Pirate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Gathered old footage and new footage, and then recorded my version of Wicked Games, and then voilà. I left my girl back home, I don't love her no more And she'll never fucking know that, these fucking eyes that I'm staring at Let me see that ass, look at all this cash And I've emptied out my cards too Now I'm fucking leaning on that Bring your love baby I can bring my shame Bring the drugs baby I can bring my pain I got my heart right here, I got my scars right here Bring the cups baby I can bring the drink Bring your body baby I can bring you fame That's my motherfucking word too Just let me motherfucking love you Listen ma, I'll give you all I got Give me all of this, I mean confidence in myself Listen ma, I'll give you all of me Give me all of it, I need all of it to myself Oh, oh, oh Woah So tell me you love me Only for tonight Only for tonight Even though you don't love me Oh, oh Just tell me you love me I'll give you all of me, I'll give you all of me Even though you don't love me Let me see you dance I love to watch you dance Take you down another level Get you dancing with the devil Take a shot of this But I'm warning you I'm on that shit that you can't smell baby So, put down your perfume Bring your love baby I can bring my shame Bring the drugs baby I can bring my pain I got my heart right here, I got my scars right here Bring the cups baby I can bring the drink Bring your body baby I can bring you fame That's my motherfucking word too So let me motherfucking ...
http://wn.com/Wicked_Games_The_weeknd_cover_Cœur_de_Pirate
Gathered old footage and new footage, and then recorded my version of Wicked Games, and then voilà. I left my girl back home, I don't love her no more And she'll never fucking know that, these fucking eyes that I'm staring at Let me see that ass, look at all this cash And I've emptied out my cards too Now I'm fucking leaning on that Bring your love baby I can bring my shame Bring the drugs baby I can bring my pain I got my heart right here, I got my scars right here Bring the cups baby I can bring the drink Bring your body baby I can bring you fame That's my motherfucking word too Just let me motherfucking love you Listen ma, I'll give you all I got Give me all of this, I mean confidence in myself Listen ma, I'll give you all of me Give me all of it, I need all of it to myself Oh, oh, oh Woah So tell me you love me Only for tonight Only for tonight Even though you don't love me Oh, oh Just tell me you love me I'll give you all of me, I'll give you all of me Even though you don't love me Let me see you dance I love to watch you dance Take you down another level Get you dancing with the devil Take a shot of this But I'm warning you I'm on that shit that you can't smell baby So, put down your perfume Bring your love baby I can bring my shame Bring the drugs baby I can bring my pain I got my heart right here, I got my scars right here Bring the cups baby I can bring the drink Bring your body baby I can bring you fame That's my motherfucking word too So let me motherfucking ...
- published: 27 Jul 2011
- views: 544073
- author: Béatrice Martin
George Harrison's -- "The Pirate Song"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
George Harrison portrays "Pirate Bob" and sneaks, his own version of "The Pirate Song," into Eric Idle's 1975 Rutland Weekend Television show.
http://wn.com/George_Harrison's_-_The_Pirate_Song
George Harrison portrays "Pirate Bob" and sneaks, his own version of "The Pirate Song," into Eric Idle's 1975 Rutland Weekend Television show.
- published: 04 May 2008
- views: 304295
- author: UkuleleRay
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Strange Tides - Trailer 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Now available on Disney Blu-ray™ Combo Pack / Blu-ray 3D and Movie Download: di.sn Official Site: disney.com Like us on Facebook: facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com Johnny Depp returns to his iconic role of Captain Jack Sparrow in an action-packed tale of truth, betrayal, youth and demise. When Jack crosses paths with a woman from his past (Penélope Cruz), he's not sure if it's love—or if she's a ruthless con artist who's using him to find the fabled Fountain of Youth. When she forces him aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge, the ship of the formidable pirate Blackbeard (Ian McShane), Jack finds himself on an unexpected adventure in which he doesn't know who to fear more: Blackbeard or the woman from his past.
http://wn.com/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_On_Strange_Tides_Trailer_1
Now available on Disney Blu-ray™ Combo Pack / Blu-ray 3D and Movie Download: di.sn Official Site: disney.com Like us on Facebook: facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com Johnny Depp returns to his iconic role of Captain Jack Sparrow in an action-packed tale of truth, betrayal, youth and demise. When Jack crosses paths with a woman from his past (Penélope Cruz), he's not sure if it's love—or if she's a ruthless con artist who's using him to find the fabled Fountain of Youth. When she forces him aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge, the ship of the formidable pirate Blackbeard (Ian McShane), Jack finds himself on an unexpected adventure in which he doesn't know who to fear more: Blackbeard or the woman from his past.
- published: 13 Dec 2010
- views: 9209113
- author: disneypirates
Talk Like a Pirate Day: The Five A's
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
The Pirate Guys, Ol' Chumbucket and Cap'n Slappy teach ye lubbers the basics of talkin' like a pirate
http://wn.com/Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day_The_Five_A's
The Pirate Guys, Ol' Chumbucket and Cap'n Slappy teach ye lubbers the basics of talkin' like a pirate
- published: 03 Jul 2006
- views: 586251
- author: OfficialWench
photo: AP / Juan Karita
04 Jan 2013
Argentine President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner has released a public letter urging the United Kingdom to relinquish its control over the disputed Falkland Islands. ... The veterans delivered a letter addressed to the British Ambassador in Argentina, John Freeman, criticising the British government for refusing to discuss the sovereignty of the islands with the Argentine government ... 508 Source.. Al Jazeera and agencies. Share....(size: 19.6Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
03 Jan 2013
A gang of men accused of repeatedly raping a 23-year-old student on a moving bus in New Delhi in a deadly crime that repulsed the nation are to appear in court today for the first time. A British tourist join others in a candlelight vigil to mourn the death of a gang rape victim, in Kolkata, India Photo. AP. 3.52AM GMT 03 Jan 2013 ... Police have ordered a bone test to determine his age and whether he can stand trial in an adult court....(size: 11.3Kb)
photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives
03 Jan 2013
Washington. Aiming to get cooperation through dialogue, the US said that it is working hard to create an environment within Afghanistan and also in the region to have support for Afghan-Afghan reconciliation ... Responding to questions, Nuland said the US supports an Afghan-led process of reconciliation ... Saying that Pakistan needs to engage with Afghanistan directly, Nuland said the US supports dialogue between the two ... PTI ... First Published....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: AP / Ng Han Guan
02 Jan 2013
SEOUL -- In a domestically televised New Year's Day speech, North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un said he wanted to "remove confrontation" on this divided peninsula and called on "anti-reunification forces" in South Korea to cease their hostility toward the North. The lengthy address, which laid out the national goals for 2013, marked Mr ... Mr. Kim on Tuesday asked for a detente -- but with prerequisites that the conservative Ms ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammad Sajjad
02 Jan 2013
ISLAMABAD -- Continuing a militant campaign of violence against aid workers in Pakistan, gunmen Tuesday shot dead seven Pakistani teachers and health workers, six of them women, police officials said. There was no immediate claim of responsibility ... The victims worked for the private Pakistani aid group Support With Working Solution, which works in the health and education sectors ... "One child, aged 7 to 8 years, miraculously survived." ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)
MLB
04 Jan 2013
The Pittsburgh Pirates today announced their minor league managerial and coaching assignments for the 2013 season. The announcement was made by Pirates Director of Minor League Operations, Larry Broadway ... Milver Reyes, who served as a player/coach last year, will take over the GCL Pirates, who captured their first league championship in 2012 ... GCL PIRATES (Rookie) ... Pirates Press Releases ... More Pirates Press Releases »....(size: 6.3Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
04 Jan 2013
The Hollywood Reporter
04 Jan 2013
Jonathan Taplin, director of the USC Annenberg Innovation Lab, says actions need to be taken to prevent pirate websites from getting advertising support ... 'Project X' Most Pirated Film of 2012. 'Game of Thrones' Most Pirated Show of 2012 ... Harvey Weinstein Declares War on Internet Pirates ... Annenberg has come out with a ranking of the top 10 online ad networks that place the most ads to pirate websites ... 10 Most Pirated Movies of All Time....(size: 7.8Kb)
Nation
04 Jan 2013
British high commissioner Lindsay Skoll said this on Thursday morning in response to remarks that successful pirate attacks have dropped drastically ... There were just five successful pirate attacks in 2012 compared to 46 in 2009 ... The less successful the pirates are now, they are more desperate and dangerous than they can be, said Ms Skoll ... Pirates are now known to be using the weather to their advantage....(size: 3.1Kb)
noodls
04 Jan 2013
Pittsburgh Pirates) ... The Pirates unveiled a series of Minor League coaching staff changes on Friday, as new managers will take over at six of the organization's eight affiliates ... The Pirates promoted Carlos Garcia to skipper of Double-A Altoona ... Milver Reyes will take over the reigning champion Gulf Coast League Pirates ... pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com....(size: 2.3Kb)
noodls
04 Jan 2013
Pittsburgh Pirates). Each Friday leading up to Spring Training, MLB.com will be taking a look at a different position as part of the Pirates' 2013 season preview ... Two years later, the revolving door has swung the other way in Pittsburgh, with the Pirates choosing to replace Barajas with Martin ... The Pirates didn't feel comfortable committing the No....(size: 6.5Kb)
m&c;
04 Jan 2013
Tom Waits fans, did you know the craggy, resonant American singer who eludes most press has an album coming out of pirate songs in 2013? ... Pirates of the Caribbean star Johnny Depp has inked Tom Waits, Keith Richards, Patti Smith, Iggy Pop, Nick Cave, and more for an upcoming compilation album featuring covers of traditional pirate songs ... Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs and Chanteys, is a sequel to 2006's Rogue's Gallery....(size: 3.2Kb)
News24
04 Jan 2013
Johannesburg - Ajax Cape Town have started negotiations for the services of Orlando Pirates star Benni McCarthy ... Soccer-Laduma sources have confirmed that Pirates have yet to show any indication as to whether they ... But after training with the club, management dragged their feet in regards to offering him a deal and Pirates swooped to sign the forward....(size: 1.9Kb)
MLB
04 Jan 2013
Each Friday leading up to Spring Training, MLB.com will be taking a look at a different position as part of the Pirates' 2013 season preview ... Two years later, the revolving door has swung the other way in Pittsburgh, with the Pirates choosing to replace Barajas with Martin ... While that may sound odd coming from someone who just banked $17 million over two years, the Pirates are taking the attitude of "Whatever rings your bell."...(size: 4.9Kb)
noodls
04 Jan 2013
Stressed the need for greater cooperation between all stakeholders, including states, relevant organizations, and the private sector for the prosecution of pirates, as well as for the liberation of seafarers from pirate captivity. Called on Somali authorities to develop a detailed maritime security strategy to facilitate close cooperation with the international community to disrupt and counter pirate activity....(size: 2.9Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
04 Jan 2013
vessel, the Buccaneer Pirate Cruise. The Buccaneer Pirate Cruise allows kids of all ages to enjoy a two-hour treasure quest cruise through the Destin Harbor and Gulf of Mexico ... “Our slogan on the Buccaneer is unlock the treasures of your heart and let your dreams come true, and we feel we have already started to capture that sentiment with both the pirate ship and the dolphin cruise ... Buccaneer Pirate Cruise....(size: 2.5Kb)
noodls
04 Jan 2013
In some countries the nascent net movement has spawned "pirate parties" that focus on net-policy issues; the first, in Sweden, was descended from the Pirate Bay, a site created to aid file sharing after Napster, a successful music-sharing scofflaw, was shut down. Pirate Party International, an umbrella group, already counts 28 national organisations as members ... Germany's Pirate Party flashed into existence with similar speed....(size: 18.7Kb)
MLB
04 Jan 2013
The Blue Jays added a familiar face back to the organization on Friday, claiming right-hander Chad Beck off waivers from the Pirates....(size: 0.7Kb)
This article is about maritime piracy. For other uses, see Pirate (disambiguation).
Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea. The term can include acts committed on land, in the air, or in other major bodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimes committed against persons traveling on the same vessel as the perpetrator (e.g. one passenger stealing from others on the same vessel). The term has been used to refer to raids across land borders by non-state agents.
Piracy is the name of a specific crime under customary international law and also the name of a number of crimes under the municipal law of a number of States. It is distinguished from privateering, which is authorized by national authorities and therefore a legitimate form of war-like activity by non-state actors. Privateering is considered commerce raiding, and was outlawed by the Peace of Westphalia (1648) for signatories to those treaties.
Those who engage in acts of piracy are called pirates. Historically, offenders have usually been apprehended by military personnel and tried by military tribunals.
In the 21st century, the international community is facing many problems in bringing pirates to justice.[1]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The English "pirate" is derived from the Latin term pirata and that from Greek "πειρατής" (peiratēs), "brigand",[2] in turn from "πειράομαι" (peiráomai), "I attempt", from "πεῖρα" (peîra), "attempt, experience".[3] The word is also cognate to peril.[4]
History[link]
Ancient origins[link]
Main article: Ancient Mediterranean Piracy
It may be reasonable to assume that piracy has existed for as long as the oceans were plied for commerce. The earliest documented instances of piracy are the exploits of the Sea Peoples who threatened the Aegean and Mediterranean in the 14th century BC.[5] These pirates were known to wield cutlasses, a type of sword common in that era. In Classical Antiquity, the Illyrians and Tyrrhenians were known as pirates, as well as Greeks and Romans. During their voyages the Phoenicians seem to have sometimes resorted to piracy, and specialized in kidnapping boys and girls to be sold as slaves.[6]
In the 3rd century BC, pirate attacks on Olympos (city in Anatolia) brought impoverishment. Among some of the most famous ancient pirateering peoples were the Illyrians, populating the western Balkan peninsula. Constantly raiding the Adriatic Sea, the Illyrians caused many conflicts with the Roman Republic. It was not until 168 BC when the Romans finally conquered Illyria, making it a province that ended their threat.
During the 1st century BC, there were pirate states along the Anatolian coast, threatening the commerce of the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean. On one voyage across the Aegean Sea in 75 BC,[7] Julius Caesar was kidnapped by Cilician pirates and held prisoner in the Dodecanese islet of Pharmacusa.[8] He maintained an attitude of superiority and good cheer throughout his captivity. When the pirates decided to demand a ransom of twenty talents of gold, Caesar is said to have insisted that he was worth at least fifty, and the pirates indeed raised the ransom to fifty talents. After the ransom was paid and Caesar was released, he raised a fleet, pursued and captured the pirates, and had them crucified.
The Senate finally invested with powers to deal with piracy in 67 BC (the Lex Gabinia), and Pompey after three months of naval warfare managed to suppress the threat.
As early as 258 AD, the Gothic-Herulic fleet ravaged towns on the coasts of the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara. The Aegean coast suffered similar attacks a few years later. In 264, the Goths reached Galatia and Cappadocia, and Gothic pirates landed on Cyprus and Crete. In the process, the Goths seized enormous booty and took thousands into captivity.
In 286 AD, Carausius, a Roman military commander of Gaulish origins, was appointed to command the Classis Britannica, and given the responsibility of eliminating Frankish and Saxon pirates who had been raiding the coasts of Armorica and Belgic Gaul.
In the Roman province of Britannia, Saint Patrick was captured and enslaved by Irish pirates.
Early Polynesian warriors attacked seaside and riverside villages. They used the sea for their hit-and-run tactics – a safe place to retreat to if the battle turned against them.
Middle Ages to 19th century[link]
The most widely known and far reaching pirates in medieval Europe were the Vikings, warriors and looters from Scandinavia who raided mainly between the 8th and 12th centuries, during the Viking Age in the Early Middle Ages. They raided the coasts, rivers and inland cities of all Western Europe as far as Seville, attacked by the Norse in 844. Vikings even attacked coasts of North Africa and Italy. They also plundered all the coasts of the Baltic Sea, ascending the rivers of Eastern Europe as far as the Black Sea and Persia. The lack of centralized powers all over Europe during the Middle Ages favoured pirates all over the continent.[vague][citation needed]
In the Late Middle Ages, the Frisian pirates led by respectively Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijerd Jelckama, fought against the troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Empire with some success, capturing as many as 28 ships in one battle earning Donia the title "Cross of the Dutchman" and making him one of the most famous and iconic pirates of the era.
Meanwhile, Moor pirates were common in the Mediterranean Sea. Toward the end of the 9th century, Moor pirate havens were established along the coast of southern France and northern Italy.[9] In 846 Moor raiders sacked Rome and damaged the Vatican. In 911, the bishop of Narbonne was unable to return to France from Rome because the Moors from Fraxinet controlled all the passes in the Alps. Moor pirates operated out of the Balearic Islands in the 10th century. From 824 to 961 Arab pirates in Emirate of Crete raided the entire Mediterranean. In the 14th century, raids by Moor pirates forced the Venetian Duke of Crete to ask Venice to keep its fleet on constant guard.[10]
After the Slavic invasions of the Balkan peninsula in the 5th and 6th centuries, a Slavic tribe settled the land of Pagania between Dalmatia and Zachlumia in the first half of the 7th century. These Slavs revived the old Illyrian piratical habits and often raided the Adriatic Sea. By 642 they invaded southern Italy and assaulted Siponto. Their raids in the Adriatic increased rapidly, until the whole Sea was no longer safe for travel.
The Narentines, as they were called, took more liberties in their raiding quests while the Venetian Navy was abroad, as when it was campaigning in Sicilian waters in 827–882. As soon as the Venetian fleet would return to the Adriatic, the Narentines temporarily abandoned their habits again, even signing a Treaty in Venice and baptising their Slavic pagan leader into Christianity. In 834 or 835 they broke the treaty and again the Neretva pirates raided Venetian traders returning from Benevento, and all of Venice's military attempts to punish the Marians in 839 and 840 utterly failed. Later, they raided the Venetians more often, together with the Arabs. In 846, the Narentines broke through to Venice itself and raided its lagoon city of Caorle. In the middle of March 870 they kidnapped the Roman Bishop's emissaries that were returning from the Ecclesiastical Council in Constantinople. This caused a Byzantine military action against them that finally brought Christianity to them.
After the Arab raids on the Adriatic coast circa 872 and the retreat of the Imperial Navy, the Narentines continued their raids of Venetian waters, causing new conflicts with the Italians in 887–888. The Venetians futilely continued to fight them throughout the 10th and 11th centuries.
In 937, Irish pirates sided with the Scots, Vikings, Picts, and Welsh in their invasion of England. Athelstan drove them back.
The Slavic piracy in the Baltic Sea ended with the Danish conquest of the Rani stronghold of Arkona in 1168. In the 12th century the coasts of western Scandinavia were plundered by Curonians and Oeselians from the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. In the 13th and 14th century pirates threatened the Hanseatic routes and nearly brought sea trade to the brink of extinction. The Victual Brothers of Gotland were a companionship of privateers who later turned to piracy. Until about 1440, maritime trade in both the North Sea and the Baltic Sea was seriously in danger of attack by the pirates.
A little-known example of inland piracy is the looting of salt transports that took place on lake Traunsee in medieval Austria. Salt from salterns at the upper Traun river was exported downstream by boat across the lake, and further on to Bohemia via the Danube. These boats were often captured by pirates between the years 955 and 1000 until duke Otakar V. of Chiemgau and duke Liutold II. of Raschenberg-Reichenhall seized a pirate stronghold on lake Traunsee.[11]
H. Thomas Milhorn mentions a certain Englishman named William Maurice, convicted of piracy in 1241, as the first person known to have been hanged, drawn and quartered,[12] which would indicate that the then-ruling King Henry III took an especially severe view of this crime.
The ushkuiniks were Novgorodian pirates who looted the cities on the Volga and Kama Rivers in the 14th century.
As early as Byzantine times, the Maniots (one of Greece's toughest populations) were known as pirates. The Maniots considered piracy as a legitimate response to the fact that their land was poor and it became their main source of income. The main victims of Maniot pirates were the Ottomans but the Maniots also targeted ships of European countries.
The Haida and Tlingit tribes, who lived along the coast of southern Alaska and on islands in northwest British Columbia, were traditionally known as fierce warriors, pirates and slave-traders, raiding as far as California.[13]
In India[link]
Instances of piracy in India are recorded on Vedas. However, the most interesting one is when the issue of war due to piracy. Invasion of Sindh, In the 7th century, the new kingdom of Hajjaz launched trade ships to India especially Sindh. However, a ship en route from Sri Lanka to Baghdad was carrying valuables and some slave girls which were looted off Debal. One of the slave girls sent a letter challenging the Caliph saying that he cannot rescue them. The Caliph sent a portion of his army to save the slaves. But, the people of Sindh became wary and thought of this army as a threat. This became an excuse for war between Arabs and Sindh.[14] Since the 14th century the Deccan (Southern Peninsular region of India) was divided into two entities: on the one side stood the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate and on the other stood the Hindu kings rallied around the Vijayanagara Empire. Continuous wars demanded frequent resupplies of fresh horses, which were imported through sea routes from Persia and Africa. This trade was subjected to frequent raids by thriving bands of pirates based in the coastal cities of Western India. One of such was Timoji, who operated off Anjadip Island both as a privateer (by seizing horse traders, that he rendered to the raja of Honavar) and as a pirate who attacked the Kerala merchant fleets that traded pepper with Gujarat.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, there was frequent European piracy against Mughal Indian merchants, especially those en route to Mecca for Hajj. The situation came to a head, when Portuguese attacked and captured the vessel Rahimi which belonged to Mariam Zamani the Mughal queen, which led to the Mughal seizure of the Portuguese town Daman.[15] In the 18th century, the famous Maratha privateer Kanhoji Angre ruled the seas between Mumbai and Goa.[16] The Marathas attacked British shipping and insisted that East India Company ships pay taxes if sailing through their waters.[17]
At one stage, the pirate population of Madagascar numbered close to 1000.[18] Île Sainte-Marie became a popular base for pirates throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. The most famous pirate utopia is that of the probably fictional Captain Misson and his pirate crew, who allegedly founded the free colony of Libertatia in northern Madagascar in the late 17th century, until it was destroyed in a surprise attack by the island natives in 1694.[19]
The southern coast of the Persian Gulf became known as the Pirate Coast as raiders based there harassed foreign shipping. Early British expeditions to protect the Indian Ocean trade from raiders at Ras al-Khaimah led to campaigns against that headquarters and other harbours along the coast in 1819.[20] Captain Kidd captured many vessels of the Mughal King.
In East Asia[link]
Main article: Wokou
From the 13th century, Wokou based in Japan made their debut in East Asia, initiating invasions that would persist for 300 years.
Piracy in South East Asia[21] began with the retreating Mongol Yuan fleet after the betrayal by their Javanese allies (who, incidentally, would found the empire of Majapahit after the Mongols left). They preferred the junk, a ship using a more robust sail layout. Marooned navy officers, consisting mostly of Cantonese and Hokkien tribesmen, set up their small gangs near river estuaries, mainly to protect themselves. They recruited locals as common foot-soldiers known as 'lang' (lanun) to set up their fortresses. They survived by utilizing their well trained pugilists, as well as marine and navigation skills, mostly along Sumatran and Javanese estuaries. Their strength and ferocity coincided with the impending trade growth of the maritime silk and spice routes.
During the mid-Qing dynasty, Chinese pirate fleets grew increasingly powerful throughout the early 19th century. The effects large-scale piracy had on the Chinese economy were immense. They preyed voraciously on China's junk trade, which flourished in Fujian and Guangdong and was a vital artery of Chinese commerce. Pirate fleets exercised hegemony over villages on the coast, collecting revenue by exacting tribute and running extortion rackets. In 1802, the menacing Zheng Yi inherited the fleet of his cousin, captain Zheng Qi, whose death provided Zheng Yi with considerably more influence in the world of piracy. Zheng Yi and his wife, Zheng Yi Sao (who would eventually inherit the leadership of his pirate confederacy) then formed a pirate coalition that, by 1804, consisted of over ten thousand men. Their military might alone was sufficient to combat the Qing navy. However, a combination of famine, Qing naval opposition, and internal rifts crippled piracy in China around the 1820s, and it has never again reached the same status.
The Buginese sailors of South Sulawesi were infamous as pirates who used to range as far west as Singapore and as far north as the Philippines in search of targets for piracy.[22] The Orang laut pirates controlled shipping in the Straits of Malacca and the waters around Singapore,[23] and the Malay and Sea Dayak pirates preyed on maritime shipping in the waters between Singapore and Hong Kong from their haven in Borneo.[24]
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In the 1840s and 1850s, United States Navy and Royal Navy forces campaigned together against Chinese pirates. Several notable battles were fought though pirate junks continued operating off China for years more. During the Second Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion, piratical junks were again destroyed in large numbers by British naval forces but ultimately it wasn't until the 1860s and 1870s that fleets of pirate junks ceased to exist.
In Eastern Europe[link]
One example of a pirate republic in Europe from the 16th through the 18th century was Zaporizhian Sich. Situated in the remote Steppe, it was populated with Ukrainian peasants that had run away from their feudal masters, outlaws of every sort, destitute gentry, run-away slaves from Turkish galleys, etc. The remoteness of the place and the rapids at the Dnepr river effectively guarded the place from invasions of vengeful powers. The main target of the inhabitants of Zaporizhian Sich who called themselves "Cossacks" were rich settlements at the Black Sea shores of Ottoman Empire and Crimean Khanate.[25] By 1615 and 1625, Zaporozhian Cossacks had even managed to raze townships on the outskirts of Istanbul, forcing the Ottoman Sultan to flee his palace.[26] Don Cossacks under Stenka Razin even ravaged the Persian coasts.[27]
In North Africa[link]
Main article: Barbary pirates
The Barbary pirates were pirates and privateers that operated from North African (the "Barbary coast") ports of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli and ports in Morocco, preying on shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea from the time of the Crusades as well as on ships on their way to Asia around Africa until the early 19th century. The coastal villages and towns of Italy, Spain and Mediterranean islands were frequently attacked by them and long stretches of the Italian and Spanish coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants; after 1600 Barbary pirates occasionally entered the Atlantic and struck as far north as Iceland. According to Robert Davis[28][29] between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries. The most famous corsairs were the Ottoman Hayreddin and his older brother Oruç Reis (Redbeard), Turgut Reis (known as Dragut in the West), Kurtoğlu (known as Curtogoli in the West), Kemal Reis, Salih Reis and Koca Murat Reis. A few Barbary pirates, such as the Dutch Jan Janszoon and the English John Ward [Yusuf Reis], were renegade European privateers who had converted to Islam.
According to the U.S. Supreme Court, the United States treated captured Barbary corsairs as prisoners of war, indicating that they were considered as legitimate privateers by at least some of their opponents, as well as by their home countries.
In the Caribbean[link]
Main article: Piracy in the Caribbean
In 1523, Jean Fleury seized two Spanish treasure ships carrying Aztec treasures from Mexico to Spain.[30] The great or classic era of piracy in the Caribbean extends from around 1560 up until the mid 1720s. The period during which pirates were most successful was from 1700 until the 1730s. Many pirates came to the Caribbean after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, staying in the Caribbean and becoming pirates. Others, the buccaneers, arrived in the mid-to-late 17th century and made attempts at earning a living by farming and hunting on Hispaniola and nearby islands; pressed by Spanish raids and possibly failure of their means of making a living (wild herds having been deliberately wiped out by the Spanish) they turned to a more lucrative occupation. Caribbean piracy arose out of, and on a smaller scale mirrored, the conflicts over trade and colonization among the rival European powers of the time including the empires of Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal and France. Most of these pirates were of English, Dutch and French origin, but occasionally Spaniards turned to piracy as well. Because Spain controlled most of the Caribbean, many of the attacked cities and ships belonged to the Spanish Empire and along the East coast of America and the West coast of Africa. Dutch ships captured about 500 Spanish and Portuguese ships between 1623 and 1638.[5] Some of the best-known pirate bases were New Providence, in the Bahamas from 1715 to 1725,[31] Tortuga established in the 1640s and Port Royal after 1655. Among the most famous Caribbean pirates are Edward Teach or Blackbeard, Calico Jack Rackham, Henry Morgan and Bartholomew Roberts. Another famous pirate of this era was Hendrick Lucifer, who fought for hours to acquire Cuban gold, becoming mortally wounded in the process. He died of his wounds hours after having transferred the booty to his ship.[32] Most pirates were eventually hunted down by the Royal Navy and killed or captured; several battles were fought between the brigands and the colonial powers on both land and sea.
Piracy in the Caribbean declined for the next several decades after 1730, but by the 1810s many pirates roamed American waters though they were not as bold or successful as their predecessors. Throughout the first quarter of the 19th century, the United States Navy repeatedly engaged pirates in the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and in the Mediterranean. Several warships were designed specifically for the task. The most successful pirates of the era were Jean Lafitte and Roberto Cofresi. Lafitte's ships operated primarily in the Gulf of Mexico but Cofresi's base was in Puerto Rico where he was considered a type of Robin Hood by many Puerto Ricans. Eventually he was defeated by the schooner USS Grampus and captured in 1825. The United States landed shore parties on several islands in the Caribbean in pursuit of pirates; Cuba was a major haven. By the 1830s piracy had died out again, and the navies of the region focused on the slave trade.
In 1827, Britain declared that participation in the slave trade was piracy, a crime punishable by death. The power of the Royal Navy was subsequently used to suppress the slave trade, and while some illegal trade (mostly with Brazil and Cuba) continued, the Atlantic slave trade would be eradicated by the middle of the 19th century.
In the 20th Century, one notable pirate active in the Caribbean was Boysie Singh. He operated off northern South America. He and his pirate gang killed several people and plundered their ships from 1947 to 1956.[33]
Recently, with the proliferation of small private yachts cruising the Caribbean, piracy is again on the rise with many yachts being plundered and their crews often tortured, raped or slain.
In North America[link]
Ocean piracy, off the coasts of North America, continued as late as the 1870s. Pirates who operated in the Caribbean often sailed north to attack targets off the present day eastern seaboard of the United States. Possibly the most famous of these was Blackbeard, who operated in the American south, attacking ships and at one point even blockading Charleston, South Carolina. Later in the 19th century, after the Golden Age of Piracy, Jean Lafitte became what is considered by many to be the last buccaneer due to his army of pirates and fleet of pirate ships which held bases in and around the Gulf of Mexico. Lafitte and his men participated in the War of 1812 battle of New Orleans and later his ships fought the United States Navy and the United States Revenue Cutter Service. Eventually, Lafitte was evicted from the area by United States forces after several accidental sinking of U.S ships due to the rest of the crew attacking an American ship, thinking it was a Mexican ship, battles and raids. Between 1822 and 1825, the American West Indies Squadron fought against pirates in the Caribbean.
By 1830, piracy in the Gulf of Mexico became rare with the exception of slave traders, who were considered pirates. In 1860 during the Reform War, the United States Navy fought the Battle of Anton Lizardo against rebels which were declared pirates by the Mexican government. In 1870, the United States again fought pirates off Mexico during the Battle of Boca Teacapan. The pirates had attacked and captured Guaymas, Mexico, looted the foreign residents of their belongings and forced the United States consulate in Guaymas to provide their steamer with coal, after which they sailed for Boca Teacapan, Sinaloa. A United States Navy expedition under Willard H. Brownson was launched, resulting in the destruction of the pirate ship. The invention of steam powered vessels eventually put an end to piracy off North America though some isolated incidents continued to occur into the 1920s.
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River piracy, in late 18th-mid-19th century America, was primarily concentrated along the Ohio River and Mississippi River valleys. River pirates usually located their operations in isolated frontier settlements, which were sparsely populated areas lacking the protection of civilized government. They resorted to a variety of tactics, depending on the number of pirates and size of the boat crews involved. They were involved in river piracy including; deception, concealment, ambush, and assaults in open combat, near natural obstacles and curiosities, such as shelter caves, islands, river narrows, rapids, swamps, and marshes. River travelers were robbed, captured, and murdered and their livestock, slaves, cargo, and flatboats, keelboats, and rafts were sunk or sold down river.
After the Revolutionary War, American river piracy began to take root, in the mid-1780s, along the upper Mississippi River, between Spanish Upper Louisiana, around St. Louis, down to the confluence of the Ohio River, at Cairo.
In 1803, at Tower Rock, the U.S. Army dragoons, possibly, from the frontier army post up river at Fort Kaskaskia, on the Illinois side opposite St. Louis, raided and drove out the river pirates.
Stack Island became associated with river pirates and counterfeiters, starting in the late 1790s. In 1809, the last major river pirate activity, on the Upper Mississippi River, came to an abrupt end, when a group of flatboatmen, meeting at the head of the Nine Mile Reach, decided to make a raid on Stack Island and wipe out the river pirates. They attacked at night, a battle ensued, and two of the boatmen and several outlaws were killed. The attackers captured 19 other men, a 15-year-old boy and two women. The women and teenager were allowed to leave. The remaining outlaws are presumed to have been executed.
From 1790-1834, Cave-In-Rock was the principal outlaw lair and headquarters of river pirate activity in the Ohio River region. The notorious cave, is today, within the peaceful confines of Illinois' Cave-in-Rock State Park. In 1797, it was anything but, peaceful, as Samuel Mason, who was initially, a Revolutionary War Patriot captain in the Ohio County, Virginia militia and a former associate judge and squire in Kentucky, led a gang of highway robbers and river pirates on the Ohio River. Mason started his criminal organization in Red Banks and was driven out by regulators, sweeping through western Kentucky and first set up his new operation at Diamond Island, followed by Cave-In-Rock, and later, along the Mississippi River, from Stack Island to Natchez.
During Samuel Mason's 1797-1799 occupation of Cave-In-Rock and after his departure, the name of Bully Wilson became associated with cave; a large sign was erected near the natural landmark's entrance, "Liquor Vault and House for Entertainment." Wilson may have been an alias for Mason, a front man for his criminal operation, or another outlaw leader who ran a gang of pirates in the region. The Harpe Brothers who were allegedly America's first serial killers, were highwaymen, on the run from the law in Tennessee and Kentucky and briefly, joined Samuel Mason's gang at Cave-In-Rock. Peter Alston, the son of American counterfeiter, Philip Alston who through his father, became a river pirate and highwayman at Cave-In-Rock and made the acquaintance of Samuel Mason and Wiley Harpe, following them to Stack Island and Natchez. Around the late 18th century to early 19th century, on the Illinois side of the Ohio River, north of Cave-In-Rock, Jonathan Brown led a small gang of river pirates at Battery Rock.
The lower Ohio River country was routinely, patrolled by the Legion of the United States and U.S. Army troops, garrisoned at Fort Massac, as constabulary against Native Americans, colonial raiders from Spanish Upper Louisiana Territory, and river outlaws in the region.
Between 1800 and 1820[citation needed], the legendary Colonel Plug also, known as Col. Plug or Colonel Fluger, ran a gang of river pirates on the Ohio River, in a cypress swamp, near the mouth of the Cache River, which was below Cave-In-Rock and Fort Massac and just above the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Plug's tactics were to sneak aboard, personally, or have one of his pirates, secretly, go into the hull of a boat and either, dig out the caulking between the floor planks or drill holes with an auger, causing the boat to sink and be easily attacked. The boat and the cargo would later be sold down river. Little is known about Colonel Plug except, from the folklorish descriptions provided in 1830 by Timothy Flint's "Col. Plug, the last of the Boat-wreckers," in The Western Monthly Review and "The Boat-Wreckers—Or Banditti of the West," in the Rochester, New Yorknewspaper, Daily Advertiser, Jan. 29, 1830. Fluger claimed to have been a Yankee native of Rockingham County, New Hampshire and was a former militia colonel. No historical evidence exists to justify this, as no Fluger surname can be found in the New Hampshire U.S. census records or the Rockingham County military muster rolls.
James Ford, an American Ohio River civic leader and businessman, secretly, led a gang of river pirates and highwaymen, from the 1820s to the mid-1830s, on the Ohio River, in Illinois and Kentucky.
River piracy continued on the lower Mississippi River, from the early 1800s to the mid 1830's, these river pirates were mainly, organized into large gangs similar to Samuel Mason's organization around Cave-In-Rock or smaller gangs under the operation of John A. Murrell, which also, existed, from the 1820s to the mid-1830s, between Stack Island and Natchez, in the state of Mississippi.
The decline of river piracy occurred, over time, as a result of direct military action taken and the combined strength of local law enforcement and regulator-vigilante groups, that uprooted and swept out pockets of outlaw resistance.
Great Lakes piracy occurred, from 1900–1930, on Lake Michigan, through the exploits of "Roaring" Dan Seavey.
Popular image[link]
Main article: Golden Age of Piracy
In the popular modern imagination, pirates of the classical period were rebellious, clever teams who operated outside the restricting bureaucracy of modern life. Pirates were also depicted as always raising their Jolly Roger flag when preparing to hijack a vessel. The Jolly Roger is the traditional name for the flags of European and American pirates and a symbol for piracy that has been adopted by film-makers and toy manufacturers.
Pirate democracy[link]
See also: Pirate code and distribution of justice
Unlike traditional Western societies of the time, many Caribbean pirate crews of European descent operated as limited democracies. Pirate communities were some of the first to instate a system of checks and balances similar to the one used by the present-day United States and many other countries. The first record of such a government aboard a pirate sloop dates to the 17th century.[34]
Both the captain and the quartermaster were elected by the crew; they, in turn, appointed the other ship's officers. The captain of a pirate ship was often a fierce fighter in whom the men could place their trust, rather than a more traditional authority figure sanctioned by an elite. However, when not in battle, the quartermaster usually had the real authority. Many groups of pirates shared in whatever they seized; pirates injured in battle might be afforded special compensation similar to medical or disability insurance.
There are contemporary records that many pirates placed a portion of any captured money into a central fund that was used to compensate the injuries sustained by the crew. Lists show standardised payments of 600 pieces of eight ($156,000 in modern currency) for the loss of a leg down to 100 pieces ($26,800) for loss of an eye. Often all of these terms were agreed upon and written down by the pirates, but these articles could also be used as incriminating proof that they were outlaws.
Treasure[link]
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Even though pirates raided many ships, few, if any, buried their treasure. Often, the "treasure" that was stolen was food, water, alcohol, weapons, or clothing. Other things they stole were household items like bits of soap and gear like rope and anchors, or sometimes they would keep the ship they captured (either to sell off or keep because it was better than their ship). Such items were likely to be needed immediately, rather than saved for future trade. For this reason, there was no reason for the pirates to bury these goods. Pirates tended to kill few people aboard the ships they captured; usually they would kill no one if the ship surrendered because, if it became known that pirates took no prisoners, their victims would fight to the last and make victory both very difficult and costly in lives. In contrast, ships would quickly surrender if they knew they would be spared. In one well-documented case 300 heavily armed soldiers on a ship attacked by Thomas Tew surrendered after a brief battle with none of Tew's 40-man crew being injured.[35]
Rewards[link]
Pirates had a system of hierarchy on board their ships determining how captured money was distributed. However, pirates were more "egalitarian" than any other area of employment at the time. In fact pirate quartermasters were a counterbalance to the captain and had the power to veto his orders. The majority of plunder was in the form of cargo and ship's equipment with medicines the most highly prized. A vessel's doctor's chest would be worth anywhere from £300 to £400, or around $470,000 in today's values. Jewels were common plunder but not popular as they were hard to sell, and pirates, unlike the public of today, had little concept of their value. There is one case recorded where a pirate was given a large diamond worth a great deal more than the value of the handful of small diamonds given his crewmates as a share. He felt cheated and had it broken up to match what they received.[36]
Spanish pieces of eight minted in Mexico or Seville were the standard trade currency in the American colonies. However, every colony still used the monetary units of pounds, shillings and pence for bookkeeping while Spanish, German, French and Portuguese money were all standard mediums of exchange as British law prohibited the export of British silver coinage. Until the exchange rates were standardised in the late 18th century each colony legislated its own different exchange rates. In England, 1 piece of eight was worth 4s 3d while it was worth 8s in New York, 7s 6d in Pennsylvania and 6s 8d in Virginia. One 18th century English shilling was worth around $58 in modern currency so a piece of eight could be worth anywhere from $246 to $465. As such, the value of pirate plunder could vary considerably depending on who recorded it and where.[37][38]
Ordinary seamen received a part of the plunder at the captain's discretion but usually a single share. On average, a pirate could expect the equivalent of a year's wages as his share from each ship captured while the crew of the most successful pirates would often each receive a share valued at around £1,000 ($1.17 million) at least once in their career.[36] One of the larger amounts taken from a single ship was that by captain Thomas Tew from an Indian merchantman in 1692. Each ordinary seaman on his ship received a share worth £3,000 ($3.5 million) with officers receiving proportionally larger amounts as per the agreed shares with Tew himself receiving 2½ shares. It is known there were actions with multiple ships captured where a single share was worth almost double this.[36][39]
By contrast, an ordinary seamen in the Royal Navy received 19s per month to be paid in a lump sum at the end of a tour of duty which was around half the rate paid in the Merchant Navy. However, corrupt officers would often "tax" their crews' wage to supplement their own and the Royal Navy of the day was infamous for its reluctance to pay. From this wage, 6d per month was deducted for the maintenance of Greenwich Hospital with similar amounts deducted for the Chatham Chest, the chaplain and surgeon. Six months' pay was withheld to discourage desertion. That this was insufficient incentive is revealed in a report on proposed changes to the RN Admiral Nelson wrote in 1803; he noted that since 1793 more than 42,000 sailors had deserted. Roughly half of all RN crews were pressganged and these not only received lower wages than volunteers but were shackled while the vessel was docked and were never permitted to go ashore until released from service.[40][41]
Although the Royal Navy suffered from many morale issues, it answered the question of prize money via the 'Cruizers and Convoys' Act of 1708 which handed over the share previously gained by the Crown to the captors of the ship. Technically it was still possible for the Crown to get the money or a portion of it but this rarely happened. The process of condemnation of a captured vessel and its cargo and men was given to the High Court of the Admiralty and this was the process which remained in force with minor changes throughout the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
The share-out of prize-money is given below in its pre-1808 state.
| Ship Prize Shares | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rank | Pre 1808 | Post 1808 |
| Captain | 3/8 | 2/8 |
| Admiral of fleet | 1/8 | 1/8 |
| Sailing Master & Lieutenants & Captain of Marines |
1/8 | 1/8 |
| Warrant Officers | 1/8 | 1/8 |
| Wardroom Warrant officers & Petty Officers |
1/8 | 1/8 |
| Gunners, Sailors | 1/8 | 2/8 |
Even the flag officer's share was not quite straightforward; he would only get the full one-eighth if he had no junior flag officer beneath him. If this was the case then he would get a third share. If he had more than one then he would take one half while the rest was shared out equally.
There was a great deal of money to be made in this way. The record breaker, admittedly before our wars, was the capture of the Spanish frigate the Hermione, which was carrying treasure in 1762. The value of this was so great that each individual seaman netted £485 ($1.4 million in 2008 dollars).[42] The two captains responsible, Evans and Pownall, got just on £65,000 each ($188.4 million). In January 1807 the frigate Caroline took the Spanish San Rafael which brought in £52,000 for her captain, Peter Rainier (who had been only a Midshipman some thirteen months before). All through the wars there are examples of this kind of luck falling on captains. Another famous 'capture' was that of the Spanish frigates Thetis and Santa Brigada which were loaded with gold specie. They were taken by four British frigates who shared the money, each captain receiving £40,730. Each lieutenant got £5,091, the Warrant Officer group, £2,468, the midshipmen £791 and the individual seamen £182.
It should also be noted that it was usually only the frigates which took prizes; the ships of the line were far too ponderous to be able to chase and capture the smaller ships which generally carried treasure. Nelson always bemoaned that he had done badly out of prize money and even as a flag officer received little. This was not that he had a bad command of captains but rather that British mastery of the seas was so complete that few enemy ships dared to sail.[43]
Comparison chart using the share distribution known for three pirates against the shares for a Privateer and wages as paid by the Royal Navy.
| Rank | Bartholomew Roberts | George Lowther | William Phillips | Privateer (Sir William Monson) |
Royal Navy (per month) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Captain | 2 shares | 2 shares | 1.5 shares | 10 shares | £8, 8s |
| Master | 1.5 shares | 1.5 shares | 1.25 shares | 7 or 8 shares | £4 |
| Boatswain | 1.5 shares | 1.25 shares | 1.25 shares | 5 shares | £2 |
| Gunner | 1.5 shares | 1.25 shares | 1.25 shares | 5 shares | £2 |
| Quartermaster | 2 shares | 4 shares | £1, 6s | ||
| Carpenter | 1.25 shares | 5 shares | £2 | ||
| Mate | 1.25 shares | 5 shares | £2, 2s | ||
| Doctor | 1.25 shares | 5 shares | £5 +2d per man aboard | ||
| "Other Officers" | 1.25 shares | various rates | various rates | ||
| Able Seamen (2 yrs experience) Ordinary Seamen (some exp) Landsmen (pressganged) |
1 share |
1 share |
1 share |
22s 19s 11s |
Punishment[link]
File:Henszlein.jpg
A flyer describing the public execution of 16th century pirate Klein Henszlein and his crew.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, once pirates were caught, justice was meted out in a summary fashion, and many ended their lives by "dancing the hempen jig", or hanging at the end of a rope. Public execution was a form of entertainment at the time, and people came out to watch them as they would to a sporting event today. Newspapers were glad to report every detail, such as recording the condemned men's last words, the prayers said by the priests for their immortal souls, and their final agonising moments on the gallows. In England most of these executions took place at Execution Dock on the River Thames in London.
In the cases of more famous prisoners, usually captains, their punishments extended beyond death. Their bodies were enclosed in iron cages (for which they were measured before their execution) and left to swing in the air until the flesh rotted off them- a process that could take as long as two years. The bodies of captains such as William Kidd, Charles Vane, William Fly, and Jack Rackham were all treated this way.[44]
Privateers[link]
Main article: Privateer
A privateer or corsair used similar methods to a pirate, but acted while in possession of a commission or letter of marque from a government or monarch authorizing the capture of merchant ships belonging to an enemy nation. For example, the United States Constitution of 1787 specifically authorized Congress to issue letters of marque and reprisal. The letter of marque was recognized by international convention and meant that a privateer could not technically be charged with piracy while attacking the targets named in his commission. This nicety of law did not always save the individuals concerned, however, as whether one was considered a pirate or a legally operating privateer often depended on whose custody the individual found himself in—that of the country that had issued the commission, or that of the object of attack. Spanish authorities were known to execute foreign privateers with their letters of marque hung around their necks to emphasize Spain's rejection of such defenses. Furthermore, many privateers exceeded the bounds of their letters of marque by attacking nations with which their sovereign was at peace (Thomas Tew and William Kidd are notable alleged examples), and thus made themselves liable to conviction for piracy. However, a letter of marque did provide some cover for such pirates, as plunder seized from neutral or friendly shipping could be passed off later as taken from enemy merchants.
The famous Barbary Corsairs (authorized by the Ottoman Empire) of the Mediterranean were privateers, as were the Maltese Corsairs, who were authorized by the Knights of St. John, and the Dunkirkers in the service of the Spanish Empire. In the years 1626–1634 alone, the Dunkirk privateers captured 1,499 ships, and sank another 336.[45] From 1609 to 1616, England lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates, and 160 British ships were captured by Algerians between 1677 and 1680.[46] One famous privateer was Sir Francis Drake. His patron was Queen Elizabeth I, and their relationship ultimately proved to be quite profitable for England.[47]
Privateers were a large proportion of the total military force at sea during the 17th and 18th centuries. During the Nine Years War, the French adopted a policy of strongly encouraging privateers, including the famous Jean Bart, to attack English and Dutch shipping. England lost roughly 4,000 merchant ships during the war.[48] In the following War of Spanish Succession, privateer attacks continued, Britain losing 3,250 merchant ships.[49] During the War of Austrian Succession, Britain lost 3,238 merchant ships and France lost 3,434 merchant ships to the British.[48]
During King George's War, approximately 36,000 Americans served aboard privateers at one time or another.[48] During the American Revolution, about 55,000 American seamen served aboard the privateers.[50] The American privateers had almost 1,700 ships, and they captured 2,283 enemy ships.[51] Between the end of the Revolutionary War and 1812, less than 30 years, Britain, France, Naples, the Barbary States, Spain, and the Netherlands seized approximately 2,500 American ships.[52] Payments in ransom and tribute to the Barbary states amounted to 20% of United States government annual revenues in 1800.[53] Throughout the American Civil War, Confederate privateers successfully harassed Union merchant ships.[54]
Privateering lost international sanction under the Declaration of Paris in 1856.
Modern age[link]
See also: Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea, Piracy in Somalia, Piracy in the Strait of Malacca, and Piracy on Falcon Lake
Overview[link]
Seaborne piracy against transport vessels remains a significant issue (with estimated worldwide losses of US$13 to $16 billion per year),[55][56] particularly in the waters between the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, off the Somali coast, and also in the Strait of Malacca and Singapore, which are used by over 50,000 commercial ships a year. A recent[57] surge in piracy off the Somali coast spurred a multi-national effort led by the United States to patrol the waters near the Horn of Africa.
In recent years, shipping companies claimed that their vessels suffer from regular pirate attacks on the Serbian and Romanian stretches of the international Danube river, i.e. inside the European Union's territory, starting from at least 2011.[58][59][60]
Modern pirates favor small boats and taking advantage of the small number of crew members on modern cargo vessels. They also use large vessels to supply the smaller attack/boarding vessels. Modern pirates can be successful because a large amount of international commerce occurs via shipping. Major shipping routes take cargo ships through narrow bodies of water (such as the Gulf of Aden and the Strait of Malacca) making them vulnerable to be overtaken and boarded by small motorboats.[61][62] Other active areas include the South China Sea and the Niger Delta. As usage increases, many of these ships have to lower cruising speeds to allow for navigation and traffic control, making them prime targets for piracy.
Also, pirates often operate in regions of developing or struggling countries with smaller navies and large trade routes. Pirates sometimes evade capture by sailing into waters controlled by their pursuer's enemies. With the end of the Cold War, navies have decreased size and patrol, and trade has increased, making organized piracy far easier. Modern pirates are sometimes linked with organized-crime syndicates, but often are parts of small individual groups.
The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) maintains statistics regarding pirate attacks dating back to 1995. Their records indicate hostage-taking overwhelmingly dominates the types of violence against seafarers. For example in 2006, there were 239 attacks, 77 crew members were kidnapped and 188 taken hostage but only 15 of the pirate attacks resulted in murder.[63] In 2007 the attacks rose by 10% to 263 attacks. There was a 35% increase on reported attacks involving guns. Crew members that were injured numbered 64 compared to just 17 in 2006.[64] That number does not include hostages/kidnapping where they were not injured.
The number of attacks within the first nine months of 2009 already surpassed the previous year's due to the increased pirate attacks in the Gulf of Aden and off Somalia. Between January and September the number of attacks rose to 306 from 293. The pirates boarded the vessels in 114 cases and hijacked 34 of them so far in 2009. Gun use in pirate attacks has gone up to 176 cases from 76 last year.[65]
In some cases, modern pirates are not interested in the cargo but instead in taking the personal belongings of the crew and the contents of the ship's safe, which might contain large amounts of cash needed for payroll and port fees. In other cases, the pirates force the crew off the ship and then sail it to a port to be repainted and given a new identity through false papers often purchased from corrupt or complicit officials.[66]
Modern piracy can also take place in conditions of political unrest. For example, following the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam, Thai piracy was aimed at the many Vietnamese who took to boats to escape. Further, following the disintegration of the government of Somalia, warlords in the region have attacked ships delivering UN food aid.[67]
Environmental action groups such as Sea Shepherd have been accused of engaging in piracy and terrorism, when they ram and throw butyric acid on the decks of ships engaged in commercial fishing, shark poaching and finning, seal hunting, and whaling. In two instances they boarded a Japanese whaling vessel. Their tactics and methods are considered acts of piracy by some.[68][69]
The attack against the German built cruise ship the Seabourn Spirit offshore of Somalia in November 2005 is an example of the sophisticated pirates mariners face. The pirates carried out their attack more than 100 miles (160 km) offshore with speedboats launched from a larger mother ship. The attackers were armed with automatic firearms and an RPG.[70]
Many nations forbid ships to enter their territorial waters or ports if the crew of the ships are armed, in an effort to restrict possible piracy.[71] Shipping companies sometimes hire private armed security guards.
File:US Coast Guard Falcon Lake.jpg
United States Coast Guard sailors patrolling for pirates on Falcon Lake as part of the Mexican Drug War.
Modern definitions of piracy include the following acts:
- Boarding
- Extortion
- Hostage taking
- Kidnapping of people for ransom
- Murder
- Robbery
- Sabotage resulting in the ship subsequently sinking
- Seizure of items or the ship
- Shipwrecking done intentionally to a ship
For the United States, piracy is one of the offenses against which Congress is delegated power to enact penal legislation by the Constitution of the United States, along with treason and offenses against the law of nations. Treason is generally making war against one's own countrymen, and violations of the law of nations can include unjust war among other nationals or by governments against their own people.
In modern times, ships and airplanes are hijacked for political reasons as well. The perpetrators of these acts could be described as pirates (for instance, the French for plane hijacker is pirate de l'air, literally air pirate), but in English are usually termed hijackers. An example is the hijacking of the Italian civilian passenger ship Achille Lauro in 1985, which is generally regarded as an act of piracy.
Modern pirates also use a great deal of technology. It has been reported that crimes of piracy have involved the use of mobile phones, satellite phones, GPS, Sonar systems, modern speedboats, assault rifles, shotguns, pistols, mounted machine guns, and even RPGs and grenade launchers.
Pirate economics[link]
A 2011 report published by Geopolicity Inc called The Economics of Piracy, investigated the causes and consequences of international piracy, with a particular focus on piracy emanating from Somalia.[72] The report asserts that piracy is an emerging market in its own right, valued at between US$4.9–8.3 billion in 2010 alone, and it establishes, for the first time, an economic model for assessing the costs and benefits of international piracy. This model provides a comprehensive, independent framework of trend analysis, whilst also highlighting where the greatest rates of return on international counter pirate investment and policy are to be found across what Geopolicity term the ‘Pirate Value Chain.’ The report states that the number of pirates could double by 2016, increasing by 400 each year. This is being fuelled by attractive financial incentives with Somali pirates earning up to US$79,000/year; equating to almost 150 times their country’s national average wage.[72]
Recent incidents[link]
See also: List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
| Piracy incidents in 2010[73][74] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regions | Incidents | Types of vessels attacked | ||
| Africa | 259 | Bulk carrier | 80 | |
| America | 40 | Container | 80 | |
| East Asia | 44 | General cargo | 80 | |
| Indian sub-continent | 28 | Chemical tanker | 80 | |
| South East Asia | 70 | Crude oil tanker | 80 | |
| Rest of world | 4 | Product tanker | 80 | |
| Tug | 20 | |||
| Trawler/fishing boat | 19 | |||
| Other | 50 | |||
- During the Troubles in Northern Ireland, two coaster ships were hijacked and sunk by the IRA in the span of one year, between February 1981 and February 1982.
- A collision between the container ship Ocean Blessing and the hijacked tanker Nagasaki Spirit occurred in the Malacca Straits at about 23:20 on September 19, 1992. Pirates had boarded the Nagasaki Spirit, removed its captain from command, set the ship on autopilot and left with the ship's master for a ransom. The ship was left going at full speed with no one at the wheel. The collision and resulting fire took the lives of all the sailors of Ocean Blessing; from Nagasaki Spirit there were only 2 survivors. The fire on the Nagasaki Spirit lasted for six days; the fire aboard the Ocean Blessing burned for five weeks.[75]
- The cargo ship Chang Song boarded and taken over by pirates posing as customs officials in the South China Sea in 1998. Entire crew of 23 was killed and their bodies thrown overboard. Six bodies were eventually recovered in fishing nets. A crackdown by the Chinese government resulted in the arrest of 38 pirates and the group's leader, a corrupt customs official, and 11 other pirates who were then executed.[76]
- The New Zealand environmentalist, yachtsman and public figure Sir Peter Blake was killed by Brazilian pirates in 2001.[77]
- Pirates boarded the supertanker Dewi Madrim in March 2003 in the Malacca Strait. Articles like those written by the Economist indicate the pirates did not focus on robbing the crew or cargo, but instead focused on learning how to steer the ship and stole only manuals and technical information. However, the original incident report submitted to the IMO by the IMB would indicate these articles are incorrect and misleading. See also: Letter to the Editor of Foreign Affairs.
- The American luxury liner The Seabourn Spirit was attacked by pirates in November 2005 off the Somalian coast. There was one injury to a crewmember; he was hit by shrapnel.
- Pirates boarded the Danish bulk carrier Danica White in June 2007 near the coast of Somalia. USS Carter Hall tried to rescue the crew by firing several warning shots but wasn't able to follow the ship into Somali waters.[78]
- In April 2008, pirates seized control of the French luxury yacht Le Ponant carrying 30 crew members off the coast of Somalia.[79] The captives were released on payment of a ransom. The French military later captured some of the pirates, with the support of the provisional Somali government.[80] On June 2, 2008, the UN Security Council passed a resolution enabling the patrolling of Somali waters following this and other incidents. The Security Council resolution provided permission for six months to states cooperating with Somalia's Transitional Federal Government (TFG) to enter the country's territorial waters and use "all necessary means" to stop "piracy and armed robbery at sea, in a manner consistent with international law."[81]
- Several more piracy incidents have occurred in 2008 including a Ukrainian ship, the MV Faina, containing an arms consignment for Kenya, including tanks and other heavy weapons, which was possibly heading towards an area of Somalia controlled by the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) after its hijacking by pirates[82] before anchoring off the Somali coast. The Somali pirates—in a standoff with US missile destroyer the USS Howard—asked for a $20 million ransom for the 20 crew members it held; shots were heard from the ship, supposedly because of a dispute between pirates who wanted to surrender and those who didn't.[83] In a separate incident, occurring near the same time (late September to early October), an Iranian cargo ship, MV Iran Deyanat, departing from China, was boarded by pirates off Somalia. The ship's cargo was a matter of dispute, though some pirates have apparently been sickened, lost hair, suffered burns, and even died while on the ship. Speculations of chemical or even radioactive contents have been made.[84]
- On November 15, 2008, Somali pirates seized the supertanker MV Sirius Star, 450 miles off the coast of Kenya. The ship was carrying around $100 million worth of oil and had a 25-man crew. This marked the largest tonnage vessel ever seized by pirates.[85]
A suspected pirate skiff burns after being destroyed, 2010
- On April 8, 2009, Somali pirates briefly captured the MV Maersk Alabama, a 17,000-ton cargo ship containing emergency relief supplies destined for Kenya. It was the latest in a week-long series of attacks along the Somali coast, and the first of these attacks to target a U.S.-flagged vessel. The crew took back control of the ship although the Captain was taken by the escaping pirates to a lifeboat.[86] On Sunday, April 12, 2009, Capt. Richard Phillips was rescued, reportedly in good condition, from his pirate captors who were shot and killed by US Navy SEAL snipers.[87][88] Vice Admiral William E. Gortney reported the rescue began when Commander Frank Castellano, captain of the USS Bainbridge, determined that Phillips' life was in imminent danger and ordered the action.
- In July 2009, Finnish-owned ship MV Arctic Sea sailing under Maltese flag was allegedly hijacked in the territorial waters of Sweden by a group of eight to ten pirates disguised as policemen. According to some sources, the pirates held the ship for 12 hours, went through the cargo and later released the ship and the crew.[89] However, an investigation into the incident is underway amidst speculation regarding the ship's actual cargo, allegations of cover-up by Russian authorities and Israeli involvement.
- On April 1, 2010, pirates attacked the USS Nicholas, an Oliver Hazard Perry-class missile frigate in international waters west of the Seychelles. The pirates opened fire from a small skiff at 12:27 am local time, presumably mistaking the warship for a merchant vessel in the dark. The USS Nichlolas returned fire, pursuing the small vessel until it stopped. The U.S. Navy crew detained the three occupants of the skiff as well as two more pirates aboard the mother ship, which was waiting nearby.[90]
- On October 2, 2010, a 911 call transcript was released detailing an incident of an American tourist who was shot dead by Mexican pirates on a U.S.-Mexico border lake that has been plagued with drug cartel violence in recent years.[91]
.jpg)
Authorities estimate that only between 50%[92][93] to as low as 10%[94] of pirate attacks are actually reported (so as not to increase insurance premiums).
Successful attempts against piracy[link]
International ships equipped with helicopters patrol the waters where pirate activity has been reported, but the area is very large. Some ships are equipped with anti-piracy weaponry such as an LRAD, a sonic device that sends a sonic wave out to a directed target, creating a sound so powerful that it bursts the eardrums and shocks pirates, causing them to become disoriented enough to drop their weapons, while the vessel being pursued increases speed and engages in evasive maneuvering.[95] Additional measures used against pirates include the deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and remotely controlled boats.[96]
- MS Nautica, December 2008[97]
- US-flagged Maersk Alabama, April 2009,[98] November 2009[99]
- Liberian-registered cargo ship, April 2009[100]
- US-flagged MV Liberty Sun, April 2009[101]
- The Marshall Islands-flagged Handytankers Magic, April 2009[102]
- Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden, January 21, 2010.
- Republic of Korea-flagged freighter Samho Jewelry, January 2011[103]
Legal principles and considerations[link]
Under a principle of international law known as the "universality principle", a government may "exercise jurisdiction over conduct outside its territory if that conduct is universally dangerous to states and their nationals."[104] The rationale behind the universality principle is that states will punish certain acts "wherever they may occur as a means of protecting the global community as a whole, even absent a link between the state and the parties or the acts in question." Under this principle, the concept of "universal jurisdiction" applies to the crime of piracy.[105] For example, the United States has a statute (section 1651 of title 18 of the United States Code) imposing a sentence of life in prison for piracy "as defined by the law of nations" committed anywhere on the high seas, regardless of the nationality of the pirates or the victims.[106]
According to piracy experts,[citation needed] the goal is to "deter and disrupt" pirate activity, and pirates are often detained, interrogated, disarmed, and released. With millions of dollars at stake, pirates have little incentive to stop. In Finland, one case involves pirates who have been captured and whose boat was sunk. No prosecution of the pirates is forthcoming, as pirates attacked a vessel of Singapore and the pirates are not, themselves, EU or Finnish citizens. A further complication is that Singapore law allows the death penalty for piracy and Finland does not. Some countries have been reluctant to utilize the death penalty to stop pirates.[107]
The Dutch are using a 17th-century law against sea robbery to prosecute.[citation needed] Warships that capture pirates have no jurisdiction to try them, and NATO does not have a detention policy in place. Prosecutors have a hard time assembling witnesses and finding translators, and countries are reluctant to imprison pirates because the countries would be saddled with the pirates upon their release.[108]
George Mason University professor Peter Leeson has suggested that the international community appropriate Somali territorial waters and sell them, together with the international portion of the Gulf of Aden, to a private company which would then provide security from piracy in exchange for charging tolls to world shipping through the Gulf.[109][110]
Self protection measures and increased patrol[link]
First and foremost, the best protection against piracy is simply to avoid encountering them. This can be accomplished by using tools such as radar.[111]
In addition, while the non-wartime 20th century tradition has been for merchant vessels not to be armed, the U.S. Government has recently changed the rules so that it is now "best practice" for vessels to embark a team of armed private security guards.[112][113] In addition, the crew themselves can be given a weapons training,[114] and warning shots, less-lethal ammunition, … can be fired legally in international waters and/or when sailing under Israeli or Russian flag[dubious – discuss]. Finally, similar to weapons training, remote weapon systems can be implemented to a vessel.[115]
Other measures vessels can take to protect themselves against piracy are implementing a high freewall[116] and vessel boarding protection systems (e.g., hot water wall, electricity-charged water wall, automated fire monitor, slippery foam).[117]
Finally, in an emergency, warships can be called upon. In some areas such as near Somalia, naval vessels from different nations are present that are able to intercept vessels attacking merchant vessels. For patrolling dangerous coastal waters (and/or keeping financial expenses down), robotic or remote-controlled USVs are also sometimes used.[118] Also, both shore-launched and vessel-launched UAVs are also used by the U.S. Army.[119][120]
Commerce raiders[link]
A wartime activity similar to piracy involves disguised warships called commerce raiders or merchant raiders, which attack enemy shipping commerce, approaching by stealth and then opening fire. Commerce raiders operated successfully during the American Revolution. During the American Civil War, the Confederacy sent out several commerce raiders, the most famous of which was the CSS Alabama. During World War I and World War II, Germany also made use of these tactics, both in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Since commissioned naval vessels were openly used, these commerce raiders should not be considered even privateers, much less pirates—although the opposing combatants were vocal in denouncing them as such.
See also: Ruse de guerre
National law[link]
United Kingdom[link]
Section 2 of the Piracy Act 1837 creates a statutory offence of aggravated piracy. See also the Piracy Act 1850.
In 2008 the British Foreign Office advised the Royal Navy not to detain pirates of certain nationalities as they might be able to claim asylum in Britain under British human rights legislation, if their national laws included execution, or mutilation as a judicial punishment for crimes committed as pirates.[121]
Definition of piracy jure gentium
See section 26 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Merchant Shipping and Maritime Security Act 1997. These provisions replace the Schedule to the Tokyo Convention Act 1967. In Cameron v HM Advocate, 1971 SLT 333, the High Court of Justiciary said that that Schedule supplemented the existing law and did not seek to restrict the scope of the offence of piracy jure gentium.
See also:
- Re Piracy Jure Gentium [1934] AC 586, PC
- Attorney General of Hong Kong v Kwok-a-Sing (1873) LR 5 PC 179
Jurisdiction
See section 46(2) of the Senior Courts Act 1981 and section 6 of the Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act 1878. See also R v Kohn (1864) 4 F & F 68.
Piracy committed by or against aircraft
See section 5 of the Aviation Security Act 1982.
Sentence
The book "Archbold" said that in a case that does not fall with section 2 of the Piracy Act 1837, the penalty appears to be determined by the Offences at Sea Act 1799, which provides that offences committed at sea are liable to the same penalty as if they had been committed upon the shore.[122]
History
William Hawkins said that at common law, piracy by a subject was esteemed to be petty treason. The Treason Act 1351 provided that this was not petty treason.[123]
In English admiralty law, piracy was classified as petit treason during the medieval period, and offenders were accordingly liable to be drawn and quartered on conviction. Piracy was redefined as a felony during the reign of Henry VIII. In either case, piracy cases were cognizable in the courts of the Lord High Admiral. English admiralty vice-admiralty judges emphasized that "neither Faith nor Oath is to be kept" with pirates; i.e. contracts with pirates and oaths sworn to them were not legally binding. Pirates were legally subject to summary execution by their captors if captured in battle. In practice, instances of summary justice and annulment of oaths and contracts involving pirates do not appear to have been common.[citation needed]
International law[link]
Effects on international boundaries[link]
During the 18th century, the British and the Dutch controlled opposite sides of the Straits of Malacca. The British and the Dutch drew a line separating the Straits into two halves. The agreement was that each party would be responsible for combating piracy in their respective half. Eventually this line became the border between Malaysia and Indonesia in the Straits.
Law of nations[link]
Piracy is of note in international law as it is commonly held to represent the earliest invocation of the concept of universal jurisdiction. The crime of piracy is considered a breach of jus cogens, a conventional peremptory international norm that states must uphold. Those committing thefts on the high seas, inhibiting trade, and endangering maritime communication are considered by sovereign states to be hostis humani generis (enemies of humanity).[124]
For a different opinion on Pirates as Hostis Humani Generis see Caninas, Osvaldo Peçanha. Modern Maritime Piracy: History, Present Situation and Challenges to International Law. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the ISA – ABRI JOINT INTERNATIONAL MEETING, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro Campus (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Jul 22, 2009
In the United States, criminal prosecution of piracy is authorized in the U.S. Constitution, Art. I Sec. 8 cl. 10:
The Congress shall have Power ... To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;
Title 18 U.S.C. § 1651 states:
Whoever, on the high seas, commits the crime of piracy as defined by the law of nations, and is afterwards brought into or found in the United States, shall be imprisoned for life.
Citing the United States Supreme Court decision in the year 1820 case of United States v. Smith,[125] a U.S. District Court ruled in 2010 in the case of United States v. Said that the definition of piracy under section 1651 is confined to "robbery at sea." The piracy charges (but not other serious federal charges) against the defendants in the Said case were dismissed by the Court.[126]
Because of universal jurisdiction, action can be taken against pirates without objection from the flag state of the pirate vessel. This represents an exception to the principle extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur ("One who exercises jurisdiction out of his territory is not obeyed with impunity").[127]
International conventions[link]
Articles 101 to 103 of UNCLOS[link]
Articles 101 to 103 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982) contain a definition of piracy iure gentium.[128] They read:
Article 101Definition of piracy
Piracy consists of any of the following acts:
- (a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed—
- (i) on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft;
- (ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State;
- (b) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft;
- (c) any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in subparagraph (a) or (b).
Article 102Piracy by a warship, government ship or government aircraft whose crew has mutinied
The acts of piracy, as defined in article 101, committed by a warship, government ship or government aircraft whose crew has mutinied and taken control of the ship or aircraft are assimilated to acts committed by a private ship or aircraft.
Article 103Definition of a pirate ship or aircraft
A ship or aircraft is considered a pirate ship or aircraft if it is intended by the persons in dominant control to be used for the purpose of committing one of the acts referred to in article 101. The same applies if the ship or aircraft has been used to commit any such act, so long as it remains under the control of the persons guilty of that act.[129]
This definition was formerly contained in articles 15 to 17 of the Convention on the High Seas signed at Geneva on 29 April 1958.[130] It was drafted[131] by the International Law Commission.[128]
A limitation of article 101 above is that it confines piracy to the High Seas. As the majority of piratical acts occur within territorial waters, some pirates are able to go free as certain jurisdictions lack the resources to monitor their borders adequately.[citation needed]
IMB definition[link]
The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) defines piracy as:
- the act of boarding any vessel with an intent to commit theft or any other crime, and with an intent or capacity to use force in furtherance of that act.[132]
Uniformity in Maritime Piracy Law[link]
Given the diverging definitions of piracy in international and municipal legal systems, some authors argue that greater uniformity in the law is required in order to strengthen anti-piracy legal instruments.[133]
In popular culture[link]
Main articles: List of fictional pirates and Pirates in popular culture
Pirates are a frequent topic in fiction and are associated with certain stereotypical manners of speaking and dress, some of them wholly fictional: "nearly all our notions of their behavior come from the golden age of fictional piracy, which reached its zenith in 1881 with the appearance of Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island."[134] Some inventions of pirate culture such as "walking the plank" were popularized by J. M. Barrie's novel, Peter Pan, where Captain Hook's pirates helped define the fictional pirate archetype.[135] A West Country native where many famous English pirates such as Blackbeard and Calico Jack hailed from, Robert Newton's portrayal of Long John Silver in Disney's 1950 film adaptation of Treasure Island also helped define the modern rendition of a pirate, including the stereotypical West Country "pirate accent".[136] Other influences include Sinbad the Sailor, and the recent Pirates of the Caribbean films have helped kindle modern interest in piracy and have performed well at the box office. More recently the 2011 season from Japanese series Super Sentai, Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger has as theme pirates, but not as a stereotype, but as adventurers seeking treasure and defending others selflessly.
The classic Gilbert and Sullivan operetta The Pirates of Penzance focuses on The Pirate King and his hopeless band of pirates on the South coast of England. The Pirate King is often believed to be inspiration for Jack Sparrow. In Japan there is a hugely popular ongoing manga dubbed One Piece that details a young man's adventure to become the Pirate King.
Many sports teams use "pirate" or a related term such as "raider" or "buccaneer" as their nickname, basing their gimmick around the popular stereotypes of pirates, as well as to give them an "intimidating" image. The Pittsburgh Pirates, a Major League Baseball team in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, are perhaps the most well-known, and actually got their nickname in 1891 after being accused of "piratical" actions by another team after they signed a player from the accusing team. The Oakland Raiders and Tampa Bay Buccaneers, both of whom play in the National Football League, also use pirate-related nicknames.
See also[link]
- A General History of the Pyrates, a historical book on pirates
- Aircraft hijacking, a.k.a. air piracy
- Air Pirates
- International Talk Like a Pirate Day
- List of pirates
- Pirate game
- Pirate Party / Pirate Parties International
- Pirate Round
- Pirate utopia
- Pirate's World
- Software piracy
- Spanish treasure fleet
- Statute of Monopolies
- The Successful Pyrate, a historical play
- Women in piracy
- Piracy in the Atlantic World
References[link]
Bibliography[link]
- "bonaventure.org.uk – Pirate Ranks". http://www.bonaventure.org.uk/ed/ranks.htm. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- Beal, Clifford (2007). Quelch's Gold: Piracy, Greed, and Betrayal in Colonial New England. Praeger. p. 243. ISBN 0-275-99407-4.
- Burnett, John (2002). Dangerous Waters: Modern Piracy and Terror on the High Seas. Plume. p. 346. ISBN 0-452-28413-9.
- Menefee, Samuel (1996). Trends in Maritime Violence. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-7106-1403-9.
- Cordingly, David (1997). Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates. Harvest Books. ISBN 0-15-600549-2.
- Girard, Geoffrey (2006). Tales of the Atlantic Pirates. Middle Atlantic Press. ISBN 0-9754419-5-7.
- Langewiesche, William (2004). The Outlaw Sea: A World of Freedom, Chaos, and Crime. North Point Press. ISBN 0-86547-581-4.
- Rediker, Marcus (1987). Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700–1750. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37983-0.
- Kimball, Steve (2006). The Pyrates Way Magazine. The Pyrates Way, LLC. p. 64. http://www.pyratesway.com.
Further reading[link]
- I Sailed With Chinese Pirates by Aleko Lilius, Oxford University Press, USA, October 17, 1991,ISBN 0-19-585297-4.
- Contemporary Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia. By: Chalk, Peter. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, January–March 1998, Vol. 21 Issue 1, p87, 26p, 1 chart; (AN 286864).
- Dangerous Waters, Modern Piracy and Terror on the High Seas, by John S. Burnett. Dutton, 2003, Plume, 2003–2004, New York. (ISBN 0-452-28413-9).
- Japanese Anti-Piracy Initiatives in Southeast Asia. By: Bradford, John. Contemporary Southeast Asia, December 2004, Vol. 26 Issue 3, p480-505, 26p; (AN 15709264).
- Maritime Piracy and Anti-Piracy Measures. By: Herrmann, Wilfried. Naval Forces, 2004, Vol. 25 Issue 2, p18-25, 6p; (AN 13193917).
- Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia. By: Liss, Carolin. Southeast Asian Affairs, 2003, p52, 17p; (AN 10637324).
- Pirates, Fishermen and Peacebuilding - Options for Counter-Piracy in Somalia. By: Bueger, Christian, Stockbruegger, Jan and Werthes, Sascha. Contemporary Security Policy, 2011, Vol.32, No.2.
- Modern Piracy. Naval Forces, 2005, Vol. 26 Issue 5, p20-31, 7p; (AN 18506590).
- Terror on the High Seas. By: Koknar, Ali. Security Management, June 2004, Vol. 48 Issue 6, p75-81, 6p; (AN 13443749)
- Goodman, Timothy H. 'Leaving the Corsair's name to other times:' How to enforce the law of sea piracy in the 21st century through regional international agreements / Timothy H. Goodman In: Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, vol.31 (Winter 1999) nr.1, P.: 139-168.
- Piracy:Out of Sight, Out of Mind?, Goorangai, RANR Occasional Papers, August (2006) Royal Australian Navy
- Rogue Wave: Modern Maritime Piracy and International Law, Article published on the electronic magazine The Culture & Conflict Review of the United States Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California by Commander Osvaldo Peçanha Caninas Article in NPS site.
Notes[link]
- ^ D.Archibugi, M.Chiarugi (April 9, 2009). "Piracy challenges global governance". Open Democracy. http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/piracy-challenges-global-governance. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
- ^ Peirates, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus.
- ^ Peira, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus.
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pirate&searchmode=none. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ^ a b The Pirates Hold – Piracy Timeline.
- ^ Phoenician Economy and Trade.
- ^ Again, according to Suetonius's chronology (Julius 4). Plutarch (Caesar 1.8-2) says this happened earlier, on his return from Nicomedes's court. Velleius Paterculus (Roman History 2:41.3-42 says merely that it happened when he was a young man.
- ^ Plutarch, Caesar 1–2.
- ^ The Pirates of St. Tropez.
- ^ Piracy on Crete, Creta News.
- ^ Hutter, Andreas (2012). "Freibeuter des weißen Goldes" (in German). Damals (2): 74–77.
- ^ H Thomas Milhorn, Crime: Computer Viruses to Twin Towers, Universal Publishers, 2004. ISBN 1-58112-489-9.
- ^ "Haida Warfare". http://www.civilization.ca/aborig/haida/havwa01e.html.
- ^ Naseem Hijazi, Muhammad Bin Qasim
- ^ Findly, Elison B (April – June 1988). "The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders," Journal of the American Oriental Society, 108 (2): 227–238.
- ^ "Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Piracy: Maritime Violence in the Western Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf Region during a Long Eighteenth Century". http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_world_history/v012/12.2risso.html.
- ^ "Soldiers, Seahawks and Smugglers". http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/soldiersSeahawks/page2.shtml.
- ^ Gemma Pitcher, Patricia C. Wright. " Madagascar & Comoros " p. 178.
- ^ "Libertatia". http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=869187.
- ^ "From Pirate Coast To Trucial". http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197306/from.pirate.coast.to.trucial.htm.
- ^ Rommel C. Banlaoi. "Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia: Current Situation, Counter-Measures, Achievements and Recurring Challenges". http://counterpiracy.ae/briefing_papers/Banlaoi%20Maritime%20Piracy%20in%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf.
- ^ "The Buginese of Sulawesi". http://www.on-the-edge.com/articles/raja_ampat.php.
- ^ "Pirates of the East". http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/1997.
- ^ "Wanderings Among South Sea Savages And in Borneo and the Philippines by H. Wilfrid Walker". http://www.fullbooks.com/Wanderings-Among-South-Sea-Savages-And-in3.html.
- ^ "Places which had been raided or besieged by the Cossacks". http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20051/98.
- ^ "Cossack Navy 16th – 17th Centuries". Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/unavy/aCossack1.html&date=2009-10-25+23:33:13.
- ^ "The History of Maritime Piracy – Stepan Razin". http://www.cindyvallar.com/razin.html.
- ^ "When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed". http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm.
- ^ "Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800". Robert Davis (2004) ISBN 1-4039-4551-9
- ^ "Spanish Claim to Land". http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/claim.html.
- ^ Woodard, Colin (2007). The Republic of Pirates. Harcourt, Inc. ISBN 978-0-15-603462-3. http://www.republicofpirates.net.
- ^ Dreamtheimpossible (September 14, 2011). "Examples of greed". http://dream-the-impossible.blogspot.com/2009/01/greed-is-good-discuss.html. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- ^ Derek Bickerton. The Murders of Boysie Singh: Robber, Arsonist, Pirate, Mass-Murderer, Vice and Gambling King of Trinidad. Arthur Barker Limited, London. (1962).
- ^ Leeson, Peter T. "An-arrghchy: The Law and Economics of Pirate Organization." Journal of Political Economy 115, no. 6 (2007): 1049–1094. pg 1066 University of Chicago
- ^ Piratesofamerica.com[dead link]
- ^ a b c "Treasure". http://www.cindyvallar.com/treasure.html. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
- ^ The Hudson River Valley Institute
- ^ University of Notre Dame
- ^ Gosse, Philip (2007). The Pirates' Who's Who. BiblioBazaar, LLC. ISBN 1-4346-3302-0. p. 251.
- ^ Hickox, Rex (2007). All You Wanted to Know about 18th Century Royal Navy. Lulu.com. ISBN 1-4116-3057-2. p. 16.
- ^ Hill, J.R. (2002). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860527-7. p. 157.
- ^ Current value is based on the average annual income for the respective years.
- ^ Nelson and His Navy - Prize Money Historical Maritime Society.
- ^ Pirates by John Matthews
- ^ "The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 4, The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years War, 1609-48/49". J. P. Cooper (1979). p.229. ISBN 0-521-29713-3
- ^ Rees Davies, British Slaves on the Barbary Coast, BBC, July 1, 2003.
- ^ Kelsey, Harry, Sir Francis Drake; The Queen's Pirate, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1998, ISBN 0-300-07182-5.
- ^ a b c Privateering and the Private Production of Naval Power, Gary M. Anderson and Adam Gifford Jr.
- ^ Brewer, John. The Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688–1783. New York.: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. p. 197.
- ^ Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War.
- ^ Privateers.
- ^ US Navy Fleet List War of 1812.
- ^ Oren, Michael B. (November 3, 2005). "The Middle East and the Making of the United States, 1776 to 1815". http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/05/11/michaelOren.html. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
- ^ The Confederate Privateers.
- ^ "Foreign Affairs – Terrorism Goes to Sea". http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101faessay83606/gal-luft-anne-korin/terrorism-goes-to-sea.html. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
- ^ "Piracy in Asia: A Growing Barrier to Maritime Trade". http://www.heritage.org/Research/AsiaandthePacific/BG1379.cfm?renderforprint=1. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
- ^ Krane, Jim (March 19, 2006). "U.S. Navy warships exchange gunfire with suspected pirates off Somali coast". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002874180_websomalia19.html?syndication=rss. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
- ^ Riječni gusari u Srbiji pljačkaju hrvatske brodove (Serbian)
- ^ Ukrainian Danube Shipping Company Says Its Ships Are Being Attacked Frequently In Romanian Part Of River Danube
- ^ Romanian Pirats Attack Ukrainian Ships More Frequently (Ukrainian)
- ^ BBC Piracy documentary.
- ^ Piracy at Somalian coasts.
- ^ Security Management:Piracy on the high seas. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
- ^ ICC Commercial Crime Services: IBM Piracy Report 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2008.[dead link]
- ^ World pirate attacks surge in 2009 due to Somalia
- ^ "Anarchy at Sea" Atlantic Monthly. September 2003.
- ^ "Pirates Open Fire on Cruise Ship off Somalia". The Washington Post. November 5, 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/05/AR2005110500622.html?nav=hcmodule. Retrieved November 14, 2005.
- ^ "Whaling acid attack terrorist act: Japan". Reuters via The Sydney Morning Herald. February 9, 2007. http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Whaling-acid-attack-terrorist-act-Japan/2007/02/09/1170524300133.html. Retrieved February 11, 2007.
- ^ Bousquet, Earl (July 23, 2001). "Ocean Warriors Confront Lucian Fishermen". Government of Saint Lucia web site. http://www.stlucia.gov.lc/pr2001/ocean_warriors_confront_lucian_fishermen.htm. Retrieved February 11, 2007.
- ^ "Piracy is still troubling the shipping industry: report; Industry fears revival of attacks though current situation has improved," The Business Times Singapore. August 14, 2006.
- ^ Maritimesecurity.com article, Guns On Board.
- ^ a b Africa, BBC (May 13, 2011). "Somali piracy costs $8.3bn a year". BBC (UK). http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13392537.
- ^ International Maritime Bureau on Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships report
- ^ 1,181 seafarers taken hostage, eight killed and 53 ships hijacked cf. 188 seafarers taken hostage in 2006 and 1,050 in 2009.
- ^ Law Lords Department (February 6, 1997). "House of Lords – Semco Salvage & Marine Pte. Ltd. v. Lancer Navigation". The Stationery Office Ltd. p. 1. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldjudgmt/jd970206/semco01.htm. Retrieved May 26, 2007.
- ^ "China Executes Pirates". BBC News. January 28, 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/622435.stm. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
- ^ Latitude 38, the West's Leading Sailing and Marine Magazine
- ^ "Navy: U.S. ship fired at pirates off Somalia". USA Today. June 6, 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-06-06-us-navy-pirates_N.htm.
- ^ "Pirates seize French yacht". Associated Press. CNN. April 4, 2008. Archived from the original on April 7, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080407223557/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/04/04/cruiseship.pirates.ap/index.html. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
- ^ "BBC NEWS | World | Africa | France raid ship after crew freed". BBC News. April 12, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7342292.stm. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ^ UN (June 5, 2008). "UN maritime agency welcomes Security Council action on Somalia piracy". United Nations. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=26893&Cr=somalia&Cr1=. Retrieved June 5, 2008.
- ^ "Al Jazeera English – Africa – "Somalia rebels" in control of ship". English.aljazeera.net. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2008/09/20089271136100552.html. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ^ Shooting reported on pirate ship surrounded by U.S. destroyer Doug Stanglin, USA Today blog, September 30, 2008.
- ^ Mysterious Cargo Aboard Iranian Ship Seized by Pirates Raises WMD Concerns Joseph Abrams, September 30, 2008. Quotation by "Jonathan Tucker, a senior fellow at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies": "It's baffling. I'm not aware of any chemical agent that produces loss of hair within a few days. That's more suggestive of high levels of radioactive waste."
- ^ Andrew England, Robert Wright and Demetri Sevastopulo (November 17, 2008). "Pirates seize another ship in Gulf of Aden". FT. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e10892ba-b4a8-11dd-b780-0000779fd18c.html. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ^ Roberts, Rebecca; Konrad, John (April 11, 2009). "Mariner Details Life Aboard Maersk Alabama Lifeboat". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103001414.
- ^ Verjee, Zain; Starr, Barbara (April 12, 2009). "Captain jumps overboard, SEALs shoot pirates, official says". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/04/12/somalia.pirates/index.html. Retrieved April 12, 2009.
- ^ "US captain held by pirates freed". BBC News. April 12, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7996087.stm. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
- ^ "Finnish ship hijacked off Swedish coast". July 31, 2009. http://newsroom.finland.fi/stt/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=22434&group=General. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
- ^ Lewis, Michael (April 1, 2010). "USS Nicholas Captures Suspected Pirates". United States Department of Defense American Forces Press Service. http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=58566.
- ^ "911 Tape Released in Mexican Pirate Attack on U.S. Couple". Fox News. Fox News. October 3, 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/10/01/search-teams-seek-man-shot-mexican-waters/.
- ^ "Sea Piracy". Uniorb.com. http://uniorb.com/ATREND/piracy.htm. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ^ Cindy Vallar. "Pirates & Privateers: the History of Maritime Piracy – Modern Piracy 2005 update". Cindyvallar.com. http://www.cindyvallar.com/modern2005.html. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ^ "Modern High Seas Piracy". Cargolaw.com. http://www.cargolaw.com/presentations_pirates.html. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ^ "Missing title". November 30, 2008. http://www.cruisecritic.com/news/news.cfm?ID=2961.
- ^ Logan, Tracey (14 December 2005). "Robotic vessels against pirates". BBC World Service. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4521364.stm. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ "Cruise ship evades pirate attack". December 2, 2008 BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7760216.stm.
- ^ "Captain freed unhurt, pirates killed.". April 12, 2009. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/0412/breaking2.html?via=mr.
- ^ "Somali pirates beaten off in second attack on Maersk Alabama". The Guardian. Associated Press (London). November 18, 2009. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/18/maersk-alabama-pirates-somalia-guards. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
- ^ "French forces seize pirates mother ship". Press TV. April 16, 2009. http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=91592§ionid=351020501.
- ^ "http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7999350.stm". BBC. April 15, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7999350.stm. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
- ^ Pirates attack tanker; NATO frees 20 fishermen. Associated Press, April 18, 2009
- ^ Su-Hyun Lee and Kevin Drew (January 21, 2011). "South Korea Rescues Crew and Ship From Pirates". the New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/22/world/asia/22pirates.html?_r=1. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
- ^ Thomas Buergenthal & Sean D. Murphy, Public International Law in a Nutshell, p. 211, West Group (3d ed. 2002).
- ^ Thomas Buergenthal & Sean D. Murphy, Public International Law in a Nutshell, p. 211-212, West Group (3d ed. 2002), citing generally K. Randall, Universal Jurisdiction Under International Law, 66 Tex. L. Rev. 785 (1988).
- ^ "Whoever, on the high seas, commits the crime of piracy as defined by the law of nations, and is afterwards brought into or found in the United States, shall be imprisoned for life." See 18 U.S.C. § 1651.
- ^ Stephens, Bret (November 25, 2008). "Why Don't We Hang Pirates Anymore?". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122757123487054681.html.
- ^ "NATO frees 20 hostages; pirates seize Belgian ship". Associated Press. April 18, 2009. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090418/ap_on_re_af/af_piracy.
- ^ Leeson, Peter T. (April 13, 2009). Want to Prevent Piracy? Privatize the Ocean. National Review. http://corner.nationalreview.com/post/?q=Y2YyYWQ0ZTQwYjQzZTFiZGViMGUzZTZlOWY5ZDgxMTg=
- ^ Stossel, John and Kirell, Andrew (May 8, 2009). Could Profit Motive Put an End to Piracy?. ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=7537710&page=1
- ^ Anti-piracy radar
- ^ "Loaded: Freighters Ready to Shoot Across Pirate Bow", by John W. Miller, Wall Street Journal, January 5, 2009
- ^ "Maersk Alabama "Followed Best Practice"", by Bob Couttie, November 20, 2009, Maritime Accident Casebook
- ^ Weapons training for crew
- ^ What can be done to counter piracy?
- ^ High wall providing extra protection
- ^ Hot/electricity charged water wall
- ^ Robotic/remote-controlled USVs
- ^ Vessel-launched UAV's
- ^ Shore-launched UAVs
- ^ Woolf, Marie (April 13, 2008). "Pirates can claim UK asylum The Sunday Times, April 13, 2008". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article3736239.ece. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
- ^ Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice, 1999, para. 25-46 at p. 1979
- ^ Hawkin's Treatise of Pleas of the Crown (1824 ed.) vol.1, chapter XIV (from Google Books). See also 40 Ass. 35
- ^ Kissinger, Henry (July/August 2001). "The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction". Foreign Affairs. http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html.
- ^ 18 U.S. 153 (1820).
- ^ Memorandum Opinion and Order, Aug. 17, 2010, docket entry 94, United States v. Said, 2:10-cr-00057-RAJ-FBS, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (Norfolk Div.).
- ^ Black's Law Dictionary, p. 528 (5th ed. 1979).
- ^ a b Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice. 1999. Paragraph 25-39 at page 1976.
- ^ "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 10 December 1982, Part VII: High Seas". http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part7.htm.
- ^ Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice. 1999. Paragraph 25-39 at page 1976 refers to the Schedule to the Tokyo Convention Act 1967. That Schedule, and section 4 of that Act, refer to the said articles of Convention on the High Seas.
- ^ Yearbook of the ILC [1956] Vol 2, 282
- ^ "cargolaw.com". http://www.cargolaw.com/presentations_pirates.html#what_piracy.
- ^ "Bento, Lucas, 'Toward An International Law of Piracy Sui Generis: How the Dual Nature of Maritime Piracy Law Enables Piracy to Flourish' Berkeley Journal of International Law Vol.29:2 (2011)". ssrn.com. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1682624.
- ^ Adams, C. "The Straight Dope", October 12, 2007 The Straight Dope – Fighting Ignorance Since 1973
- ^ Bonanos, Christopher. "Did pirates really say "arrrr"? – By Christopher Bonanos – Slate Magazine". Slate.com. http://www.slate.com/id/2167567/?GT1=10135. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ^ Angus Konstam (2008) Piracy: The Complete History P. 313. Osprey Publishing, Retrieved 11 October 2011
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Piracy |
 |
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Pirates |
- Shearer, Ivan. Piracy, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law.
- Archibugi, Chiarugi. Piracy Challenges Global Governance, Open Democracy.
- Bowden, Anna et al. The Economic Cost of Maritime Piracy One Earth Future, December 2010
- Kontorovich, Eugene. Piracy and International Law, [Global Law Forum].
- Turbulent Waters in a Maritime Black Hole The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, May 2008.
- ONI Worldwide Threats to Shipping Reports, Weekly.
- IMB Piracy Reporting Center Weekly Piracy Report.
- Piracy and armed robbery against ships (International Maritime Organization).
- European Union Naval Force Somalia – Operation Atalanta The European Union is conducting a military operation to help combat piracy in the Gulf of Aden.
- Piracy Studies An academic reference page, research blog and bibliography on contemporary maritime piracy.
- Oudman, Sergei Piracy Jure Gentium & International Law E-International Relations Paper.
- Pirated Spanish Galleon of La Consolación ("Isla de Muerto shipwreck") 1681.
- National Geographic article on modern pirates in Malacca Straits.
- M. Biard's 1861 drawing of Pirates, published in Harper's Weekly.
- ONI Worldwide Threats to Shipping Reports, Weekly.
- Maritime Terrorism Research Center.
- Maritime Piracy: Implications for Maritime Energy Security.
- Maritime Security & Counter-Piracy: Strategic Adaptations and Technological Options.
- Jameson, John Franklin.
- Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents at Project Gutenberg.
- Monday May 11, 2009, Giles Tremlett, Somali pirates guided by London intelligence team, report says @guardian.co.uk – Document obtained by Spanish radio station says 'well-placed informers' in constant contact by satellite telephone
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy
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| Eric Herman | |
|---|---|
 Eric Herman performing in Broomfield, CO. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Eric Herman Endres |
| Born | (1969-06-14) June 14, 1969 (age 43) Buffalo, New York, USA |
| Genres | Children's music |
| Instruments | Vocals, Guitar |
| Years active | 2002–present |
| Website | EricHermanMusic.com |
Eric Herman (real name Eric Herman Endres) is a children's music performer based in the Pacific Northwest. His music combines various styles of rock music with often wryly humorous kid-related lyrics to create what he refers to as "cool tunes for kids". Popular songs of his include the viral YouTube hit, "The Elephant Song", "There's a Monster in My House", "Blackbeard, Bluebeard and Redbeard" and "Cowboy Bergaleoukaleopaleous".
Herman performed with Western New York area rock bands including Ember and The Infydels, and he was a regular performer on the Buffalo area acoustic singer/songwriter and live theater scenes. In 2003 a successful production of a musical comedy he wrote, A Week in the Life, was staged at the Alleyway Theater in Buffalo, New York, earning him an Artie Award nomination as "Best Actor in a Musical".[1] But with the success of his first album of music for kids, The Kid in the Mirror, Herman decided to devote his full attention to producing and performing kids' music under the act name Eric Herman and the Invisible Band. His second album, Monkey Business, proved even more successful, with Seattle's Victory Music Review calling it "one of the best kids' records ever".[2] He has since released three more CDs, Snow Day!, Snail's Pace and What a Ride!, to further acclaim.
Eric Herman songs and videos have been heard and seen nationally on PBS Kids,[3] The Today Show, XM Kids[4] and Fox & Friends. His song "Blackbeard, Bluebeard and Redbeard" was voted "Best Children's Song" by the international Just Plain Folks Music Organization for their 2006 awards,[5] and he received a Parents' Choice Award in 2009 for his What a Ride! album. Eric's music videos have become extremely popular, with over 20 million views on YouTube,[6] led by "The Elephant Song", which was featured by YouTube in May 2007. In 2010 "The Elephant Song" was covered by the duo, Victor and Leo, for the CD/DVD release "XSPB 10" by Brazilian superstar, Xuxa,[7] and his video for "The Tale of the Sun and the Moon" was featured prominently in a scene of the Warner Bros. movie Life as We Know It (film). Eric's songs have been regular top sellers on the popular indie music site, CDBaby, at one time holding 8 of the top 10 ten spots.[8]
Several of Herman's songs have words written by or with noted children's poetry author, Kenn Nesbitt (who has also provided voice characters for some recordings, including the voice of Bluebeard on "Blackbeard, Bluebeard and Redbeard"), and Herman credits his wife, Roseann, with co-writing many of his songs and co-producing his albums. Herman also collaborated with children's musician Eric Ode for the song "My Lucky Day" and singer/songwriter Steve Brown for the song "How to Move a Monster". Guest artists performing on Eric Herman recordings include Sam Payne ("Scat Cat"), Gwendolyn (artist) Sanford of Gwendolyn and the Good Time Gang ("Come Play"), Jim Dague of Scribblemonster ("How to Move a Monster"), The Hughes Brothers ("Cowboy Bergaleoukaleopaleous"), Robbi K ("How Big"), Jen Marco Handy ("This Little Light of Mine"), Ryan Tilby ("Carseat Snack"), Josh Dutton of The Duttons ("What a Ride"), Tito Uquillas of The Hipwaders ("Time Machine") and Mr. Billy ("How to Move a Monster").
Eric Herman created and hosts the "Cool Tunes for Kids" blogsite, with interviews and features about other noted kids' music artists, such as Trout Fishing in America (band), Ralph's World, Imagination Movers and They Might Be Giants, as well as articles by Herman about his experiences working in the kids' music field.
Herman has identified himself as a Latter-day Saint,[9] but his music for kids is non-religious in nature.
Discography[link]
- The Kid in the Mirror (2003)
- Monkey Business (2005)
- Snow Day! (2006)
- Snail's Pace (2007)
- What a Ride! (2009)
External links[link]
References[link]
- ^ Artvoice Magazine, May 2004
- ^ Victory Music Review, Tom Peterson, July 2005
- ^ Dragonfly TV, "Wheels" #102
- ^ XMFan.com :: #1 Fan Site of XM Satellite Radio :: XM Radio Community Forums
- ^ http://www.jpfolks.com/MusicAwards/2006/Winners/Song.htm
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/erichermanmusic
- ^ http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuxa_s%C3%B3_para_Baixinhos#XSPB_10_-_Baixinhos.2C_Bichinhos_e_Mais_-_.282010.29
- ^ http://www.cdbaby.com/Style/18
- ^ Meridian Magazine :: Arts:Eric Herman and the Invisible Band Combine Shel Silverstein and the Beatles
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Herman, Eric |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1969-06-14 |
| Place of birth | Buffalo, New York, USA |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Eric_Herman
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Herman
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Béatrice Martin | |
|---|---|
 Coeur de Pirate, Rialto Theater, Montreal, November 2011. |
|
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Cœur de pirate |
| Born | (1989-09-22) September 22, 1989 (age 22) |
| Origin | Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Genres | Indie pop |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter |
| Instruments | Vocals, Piano |
| Labels | Grosse Boîte, Barclay Records |
| Associated acts | Bonjour Brumaire, Indochine, Nicola Sirkis, Julien Doré, Bedouin Soundclash, Armistice |
| Website | Coeur de pirate |
| Notable instruments | |
| Piano | |
Cœur de pirate (French for "Pirate Heart") is the stage name for Béatrice Martin (born September 22, 1989), a singer-songwriter from Quebec, Canada. In a report broadcast on the French second public channel[1], she explained she "chose such a name not to appear as an isolated musician, but to get a band identity from the start".
Contents |
Career[link]
She started playing the piano when she was only three years old, and later played as a keyboardist in the post-hardcore band December Strikes First when she was 15 years old. After a brief stint as keyboardist for Bonjour Brumaire,[2] she released her debut album Cœur de pirate in 2008 on Grosse Boîte. The album was subsequently nominated for Francophone Album of the Year at the 2009 Juno Awards.
She attracted wider media attention in February 2009 when Francis Vachon, a photographer from Quebec City, used her song "Ensemble" as the soundtrack to a popular YouTube video depicting his baby son playing with toys, leading to coverage on Good Morning America.[3]
In March 2009, Martin started an English side-project called Pearls, but hasn't taken it any further since then. She was seen performing with Jay Malinowski in May 2010 on Q, and talked about collaborating with him in the future.
In June 2009, she made a special appearance of CBC Radio's Q radio show with Jian Ghomeshi. She performed her single "Ensemble" and a new song, titled "Place de la république".
Cœur de pirate received a 2009 CBC Radio 3 "Bucky" award determined by listener votes. Her song "Comme des Enfants" received the 2009 "Bucky" award for "Best Reason to Learn French".[4]
In March 2010, Cœur de pirate received the award for best original song for "Comme des enfants" at the Victoires de la Musique, France's equivalent of the Grammys.[5]
Until 2010, she sang in French exclusively. Also in 2010, Cœur de pirate was featured in "Brutal Hearts", a song from the Bedouin Soundclash album Light the Horizon (her first song in English), and she contributed a new song, "La Reine", to the 2010 edition of CBC Radio 2's Great Canadian Song Quest. Martin, Bedouin Soundclash's Jay Malinowski and several members of the American rock band The Bronx subsequently collaborated on a five-song EP under the band name Armistice, which was released on February 15, 2011.[6]
On March 27, 2011, Cœur de pirate revealed via her Facebook page that she was to return to the studio to commence work on her second album the following day. She confirmed on September 12, 2011 that her next album, titled Blonde, would be released November 7, 2011 in both digital and hard copy versions.[7]
Collaborations[link]
Cœur de pirate has appeared in concert with French singer Julien Doré, performing a duet of the Rihanna hit "Umbrella." In 2009, she recorded a new version of her song "Pour un infidèle", with Doré featured as the male vocalist. They appeared together in the video for the song, styled as a 1960s-era celebrity couple.
Cœur de pirate contributed vocals on "Brutal Hearts", the fourth track on the 2010 Bedouin Soundclash album Light the Horizon. Frontman Jay Malinowski and Coeur de Pirate subsequently collaborated under the band name Armistice, releasing a five-track self-titled album on February 11, 2011.
She also appeared in Peter Peter's eponymous debut album Peter Peter in the song "Tergiverse".
Personal life[link]
On February 29, 2012, Béatrice revealed on her Facebook page that she and her partner Alex are expecting a baby, due at the end of the summer. She added that she would continue performing concerts until July 2012.
As said on her Facebook page: "J'ai le bonheur de vous annoncer que moi et mon amoureux Alex attendons un enfant pour la fin de l'été. Ceci étant dit, je continue mes concerts jusqu'en juillet". ("I am happy to announce that I and my love Alex expect a child to the end of the summer. That being said, I continue my concerts until July".)
Controversy[link]
In July 2009, it was revealed that Béatrice Martin had been a nude model for the alt-porn website GodsGirls when she was a minor, under the name Bea.[8] About 800 naked pictures were featured on the website for many months. GodsGirls removed the pictures at her record company's request when she signed her contract, but the pictures keep reappearing on the web via some blogs and forums throughout the years.
In November 2009, she confessed, on the set of the TV show Tout le monde en parle, that these pictures were taken two and a half years before, confirming that she was a minor at the time, and said that she was young.[9]
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
- 2008: Cœur de pirate (Quebec / Canada release) 2009: (French / European release) - #2 FRA, #4 BEL (Wa), #35 SWI
- 2011: Blonde (November 7, 2011) - (#5 CAN, #5 FRA, #2 BEL (Wa), #72 BEL (VI), #62 Austria, #25 SWI)
Singles[link]
- 2009: "Comme des enfants"
- 2010: "Pour un infidèle" (with Julien Doré)
- 2011: "Adieu"
- 2012: "Golden Baby"
References[link]
- ^ “Télé Matin, France 2, 13 September 2012.
- ^ "Ride the Wave: Coeur de pirate ends her teens on a high note", Montreal Mirror, December 4, 2008.
- ^ "The indie It-girl and a YouTube baby", The Globe and Mail, February 11, 2009.
- ^ http://radio3.cbc.ca/#/buckyawards/
- ^ "Coeur de Pirate wins at victoires", Montreal Gazette, March 8, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
- ^ "Coeur de Pirate and Bedouin Soundclash's Jay Malinowski Announce Debut EP as Armistice". Exclaim!, January 12, 2011.
- ^ CBC Radio 3, September 12, 2011.
- ^ "Coeur de Pirate: Difficile d'échapper à un passé Olé-Olé", Le Soleil, July 29, 2009.
- ^ Tout le monde en parle, November 22, 2009.
External links[link]
- (French) Coeur de pirate
- Cœur de pirate on Myspace
- pearls on Myspace
- An English interview : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DL5k8LJHWuc
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Coeur De Pirate |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | September 22, 1989 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Cœur_de_pirate
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Cœur de pirate
http://pt.wn.com/Coeur de Pirate
http://de.wn.com/Cœur de Pirate
http://cs.wn.com/Béatrice Martinová
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| The Weeknd | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Abel Tesfaye |
| Born | (1990-02-16) February 16, 1990 (age 22) Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | Contemporary R&B, post-dubstep, downtempo |
| Years active | 2010–present |
| Associated acts | Drake, Doc McKinney, Illangelo, |
| Website | www.the-weeknd.com |
Abel Tesfaye (born February 16, 1990), better known by his stage name The Weeknd, is an R&B[1] Canadian recording artist and record producer from Toronto. He began recording songs under The Weeknd and uploading them to YouTube in late 2010,[2] though the identity of the individual behind the project was initially unknown.[3][4] In March 2011, The Weeknd released a nine-song free album, House of Balloons which was critically acclaimed.[5] The title track is based on a sample of Siouxsie and the Banshees' hit single "Happy House.[6] The first album is a part of a trilogy which includes Thursday released in August of the same year and Echoes of Silence issued in December.[7] In June, House of Balloons was named as one of ten shortlisted nominees of 2011 Polaris Music Prize but eventually lost to Arcade Fire's The Suburbs.[8] On December 21, 2011 at 11:07 p.m. EST Tesfaye released his highly anticipated third mixtape Echoes of Silence. The Weeknd's site crashed shortly after due to the large number of downloads. The Weeknd quickly provided a Hulkshare link to keep the album available while the official site was down.
Since hitting the scene, The Weeknd has received praise from a number of musical publications, including those of Pitchfork,[1] MTV,[9] BET, Rolling Stone, XXL and The Source, who have all dubbed him the "Songbird of his Generation", as well as the "best musical talent since Michael Jackson" (John Norris, MTV).
Contents |
[edit] House of Balloons
In late 2010, Abel Tesfaye uploaded three songs: "What You Need," "Loft Music," and "The Morning" to YouTube.[10] A nine-track free album titled House of Balloons was digitally released on 21 March 2011 through the artist's official website.[11] The title track is based on the sample of Siouxsie and the Banshees' 1980 hit single "Happy House" with Tesfaye covering the chorus.[5] Tesfaye’s eclectic music also blends other samples ranging from Beach House to Aaliyah.[12] Hip-hop artist Drake has been partly credited for generating public awareness for The Weeknd, after he quoted a line from the track "Wicked Games" via Twitter and linked to the singer's music on his website.[11][13]
House of Balloons was met with universal critical acclaim. Pitchfork's Joe Colly wrote that "all the thematic and sonic pieces fit together - these weird, morning-after tales of lust, hurt, and over-indulgence ... are matched by this incredibly lush, downcast music. It's hard to think of a record since probably The xx's debut ... that so fully embodies such a specific nocturnal quality."[1] Frontier Psychiatrist's L.V. Lopez claimed the album was "brilliant, disturbing, and not safe for work," calling the song "Loft Music" a song that is "so unsafe it should come with a child-proof cap, so dirty that you’ll feel guilty the next time you see your wife."[14] Tom Ewing of The Guardian said that although the singing and songwriting on House of Balloons "aren't especially strong by R&B standards," the Weeknd is receiving "so much attention" as a result of its "command of mood."[15] Sean Fennessey of The Village Voice called the album "impressive" and added, "It's patient, often gorgeous, and consistently louche ... with the sort of blown-out underbelly and echo-laden crooning that has already made Drake's less-than-a-year-old Thank Me Later such an influential guidepost."[16] Maegan McGregor of Exclaim! also praised the album: "Packed full of sex, drugs and some downright killer production, this easily stands as one of the year's best debuts so far, hipster, Top 40 or otherwise."[17] Sputnik Music's Tyler Fisher said that "despite being a free album, House of Balloons feels like a true album, a true labor of love."[18]
In July, The Weeknd then went on tour and gave his first performance at the Mod Club on College Street in Toronto. The hour-and-a-half long performance created a lot of buzz about the young R&B singer.[19] Tesfaye’s next performance took place at Toronto’s Molson Canadian Amphitheatre. He collaborated with rapper Drake and appeared as one of the special guests to Drake’s 2nd Annual OVO Fest on July 31, 2011 [20] That same month, the song "High for This" was featured in the promo for the final season of the HBO show Entourage.[21]
During the summer, the press noted that Tesfaye refused to give interviews and choose to only communicate via Twitter.[22]
When House of Balloons was named #1 album of 2011 by Complex magazine, it beat both Drake's Take Care and Watch the Throne by Jay-Z and Kanye West for the number 1 spot.[12]
[edit] Thursday
Thursday (mixtape) is the second mixtape released by The Weeknd . The mixtape was released shortly after House of Balloons on August 18, 2011. Thursday was released on XO's label along with his other two mixtapes. Although the mixtape was released for free on his website as a digital download, the feedback it received was enormously positive.[23] Thursday was produced in Toronto, Ontario with the help of Doc McKinney and Illangelo.[24]
[edit] Echoes of Silence
The Weeknd's third mixtape, entitled Echoes of Silence, was released in December 21, 2011.[23][25] Echoes of Silence has been described as his most lyrically powerful and emotional mixtape to date.[24]
In April 2012, The Weeknd debuted his US tour by performing at the Coachella Festival.[26] Tesfaye and his band visited the Union’s coasts, with a dozen of gigs in various major cities[26] which culminated in New York where the two sold out shows were positively reviewed by Rolling Stone.[27] Then, they will be also performing in European major festivals, including the Primavera Sound Festivals in Spain and Portugal,[28] Wireless Festival in London,[29] plus concerts in Paris and Brussels.
Discography[link]
Mixtapes[link]
| Title | Album details |
|---|---|
| House of Balloons |
|
| Thursday |
|
| Echoes of Silence |
|
Guest Appearances and Production[link]
| Song | Album | Year | Artist |
|---|---|---|---|
| "Drugs In My Body (Remix)" | Play Music | 2008 | Thieves Like Us |
| "Crew Love" | Take Care | 2011 | Drake |
| "The Ride" | Take Care | 2011 | Drake |
| "Cameras / Good Ones Go Interlude" | Take Care | 2011 | Drake |
| "Make Me Remember You" | O.N.I.F.C. | 2012 | Wiz Khalifa |
| Song | Album | Year | Artist |
|---|---|---|---|
| "Shake It Out (The Weeknd Remix)" | Ceremonials | 2011 | Florence and the Machine |
| "Marry The Night (The Weeknd & Illangelo Remix)" | Born This Way: The Remix | 2011 | Lady Gaga |
Awards[link]
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 Polaris Music Prize[30] | "House of Balloons" | Canadian Polaris Music Prize | Nominated |
| MTV O Music Awards[31] | Wicked Games | Too Much Ass for TV | Nominated |
| Himself | Best Web-born Artist | Nominated | |
| 2012 mtvU Music Awards[32] | Himself | Breaking Woodie | Nominated |
| 2012 Sirius XM Indie Awards[33] | Himself | Solo Artist of the Year | Nominated |
| Himself | Urban Artist/Group or Duo of the Year | Won | |
| 2011 Stereogum Awards[34] | Himself | Top 10 New Acts of 2011 | Won |
References[link]
- ^ a b c Colly, Joe (2011-03-29). "Album Reviews - The Weeknd - House of Balloons". Pitchfork Media. http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/15264-house-of-balloons/. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ Last.fm, (2011-1-1). "The Weeknd" . Last.fm . Retrieved 2012-03-29
- ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (2011-03-04). "The Playlist - The Weeknd - What You Need". Pitchfork Media. http://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/12131-what-you-need/. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ Stewart, Allison (2011-03-14). "Singles File: Da Phuture, The Weeknd, Fever Ray". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/14/AR2011031403984.html. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ a b "House of Balloons - The Weeknd". Metacritic. http://www.metacritic.com/music/house-of-balloons/critic-reviews. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- ^ Neyland, Nick (2011-03-28). "The Weeknd’s House Of Balloons". Pitchfork. http://www.pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/12148-house-of-balloons. Retrieved 2012-03-16. "So here on the title track from that mixtape, we get a more-than-generous portion of Siouxsie and the Banshees' 1980 single "Happy House." which is worked into a softly anthemic slow-burn number full of diva-ish vocals tied to a chilly beat. John McGeoch's riff remains untouched and runs throughout most of the track, giving it a filmy pop feel that periodically peaks with a generous swipe from the "Happy House" chorus"
- ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (2011-05-19). "The Weeknd Ready Two More Mixtapes for 2011". Pitchfork Media. http://www.pitchfork.com/news/42580-drake-working-with-the-weeknd/. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ "The 2011 Shortlist|Polaris Music Prize"
- ^ Rob Markman (8 December 2011). "Drake's Boy The Weeknd Drops My Favorite 2011 Album". Mtv.com. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1675572/drake-the-weeknd-house-of-balloons-fave-album-2011.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- ^ Caramanica A-Train, Jon (2010-12-36). "Screams That Charmed, and Other Overlooked Highlights". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/02/arts/music/02playlist.html?_r=4&ref=music. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ a b Ramirez, Erika (2011-03-21). "Say Hello To The Weeknd, Drake Co-Signs". MTV. http://rapfix.mtv.com/2011/03/21/say-hello-to-the-weeknd-drake-co-signs/. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ a b various authors (2011-12-19). "The 25 Best Albums of 2011". complex.com. http://www.complex.com/music/2011/12/the-25-best-albums-of-2011#26. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- ^ Escobedo Shepherd, Julianne (2011-03-23). "Love and Other Drugs: The Weeknd’s Altered-State R&B". WNET. http://www.thirteen.org/riffcity/love-and-other-drugs-the-weeknds-altered-state-rb/. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ Lopez, L. V. (2011-03-28). "Wicked Games – A Review of The Weeknd’s House Of Balloons". Frontier Psychiatrist. http://frontpsych.com/2011/03/28/wicked-games-a-review-of-the-weeknds-house-of-balloons/. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ Ewing, Tom (2011-03-24). "The Weeknd's VIP Area Exposé Was Made for the Indie Crowd". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/mar/24/weeknd-rb-indie. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ Fennessey, Sean (2011-03-23). "Love vs. Money: The Weeknd, Frank Ocean, and R&B's Future Shock". The Village Voice. http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2011/03/the_weeknd_frank_ocean.php. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ McGregor, Maegan (2011-03-28). "Get the Latest from the Weeknd, Teenage Kicks, TV on the Radio and More in This Week's Click Hear Roundup". Exclaim!. http://exclaim.ca/News/get_latest_from_weeknd_teenage_kicks_tv_on_radio_more_in_this_weeks_click_hear_roundup. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ Fisher, Tyler (2011-03-25). "Staff Review - The Weeknd - House Of Balloons". Sputnik Music. http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/42593/The-Weeknd-House-Of-Balloons/. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ Ritchie, Kevin (2011-07-25). The Weeknd’s perfect premiere.NOW Toronto". Retrieved 2012-03-28
- ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (2011-07-03). The Weeknd to Play Drake's OVO Festival."Pitchfork". Retrieved 2011-03-27
- ^ Osei, Anthony (22 May 2011). "The Weeknd Entourage". complex.com. http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/video-the-weeknds-high-for-this-is-entourages-new-theme-song. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- ^ Melody Lau (25 July 2011). "Mysterious R&B singer sells out first show". Rollingstone.com. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/drake-protege-the-weeknd-proves-hes-no-fluke-in-live-debut-20110725#ixzz1sE1WqJ6N. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- ^ a b Dunlevy, T’Cha (2012-03-23). "365 days of Weeknd: We chart Abel Tesfaye’s rise to fame a year after House of Balloons" .The National Post. Retrieved 2012-03-27
- ^ a b Deezill, Sean (2011-04-19). [1]."The Manifesto". Retrieved 2012-03-27
- ^ The Weeknd's Official Site Official Site . Retrieved 2012-03-28
- ^ a b Snapes, Laura (16 April 2012). "Abel Tesfaye makes his U.S. debut". Pitchfork. http://pitchfork.com/news/46157-watch-the-weeknds-entire-coachella-set/?utm_medium=site&utm_source=more-of&utm_name=news. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- ^ Krishnamurthy, Sowmya (29 April 2012). "The Weeknd Mesmerizes at Bowery Ballroom". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-weeknd-mesmerizes-at-bowery-ballroom-20120429. Retrieved 27-5-2012.
- ^ Luis Tovar. "The Weeknd announces first ever tour". prettymuchamazing.com. http://prettymuchamazing.com/news/the-weeknd-announces-first-ever-tour. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- ^ "Wireless line up 2012". wirelessfestival.co.uk. http://www.wirelessfestival.co.uk/line-up/. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
- ^ Polaris Music Prize, (2011-09-19). "The 2011 Shortlist" . Polaris Music Prize. Retrieved 2012-03-28
- ^ MTV, (2011-08-28). "O Muisc Awards" . MTV O Music Awards. Retrieved 2012-03-28
- ^ mtvU, (2012-03-18). "Breaking Woodie" . mtvU. Retrieved 2012-03-28
- ^ Sirius XM, (2012-01-26). "2012 Winners/Nominees" . Sirius XM. Retrieved 2012-03-28
- ^ Stereogum, (2011-12-14). "The Gummy Awards: Your Top 10 New Acts Of 2011" . Stereogum . Retrieved 2012-03-28
External links[link]
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Weeknd, The |
| Alternative names | Tesfaye, Abel |
| Short description | Canadian musician |
| Date of birth | February 16, 1990 |
| Place of birth | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/The_Weeknd
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/The Weeknd
http://fr.wn.com/The Weeknd
http://de.wn.com/The Weeknd
http://es.wn.com/The Weeknd
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the musician. For his eponymous album, see George Harrison (album). For other persons named George Harrison, see George Harrison (disambiguation).
| George Harrison MBE |
|
|---|---|
 George Harrison at the White House in 1974. |
|
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Carl Harrison L'Angelo Misterioso Hari Georgeson Nelson/Spike Wilbury George Harrysong George O'Hara-Smith Jairaj Hari san |
| Born | (1943-02-25)25 February 1943 Liverpool, England, UK |
| Died | 29 November 2001(2001-11-29) (aged 58) Los Angeles, California, US |
| Genres | Rock, pop, psychedelic rock, experimental, world music |
| Occupations | Musician, singer-songwriter, actor, record and film producer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, ukulele, harmonica, mandolin, tambura, sarod, swarmandal, bass, keyboards, violin, sitar |
| Years active | 1958–2001 |
| Labels | Parlophone, Capitol, Swan, Apple, Vee-Jay, EMI, Dark Horse |
| Associated acts | The Quarrymen, The Beatles, Traveling Wilburys, Dhani Harrison, Ravi Shankar, Eric Clapton |
| Website | www.georgeharrison.com |
| Notable instruments | |
| Gretsch Country Gentleman "Rocky" "Lucy" Rosewood Telecaster |
|
George Harrison,[1] MBE (25 February 1943 – 29 November 2001)[2] was an English musician and singer-songwriter who achieved international fame as lead guitarist of The Beatles.[3][4] Often referred to as "the quiet Beatle",[3] Harrison became over time an admirer of Indian culture and mysticism, and introduced it to the other Beatles, as well as their Western audience.[5] Following the band's break-up he was a successful solo artist, and later a founding member of the Traveling Wilburys. Harrison was also a session musician and a film and record producer. He is listed at number 11 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".[6]
Although most of The Beatles' songs were written by Lennon and McCartney, Beatle albums generally included one or two of Harrison's own songs, from With The Beatles onwards.[7] His later compositions with The Beatles include "Here Comes the Sun", "Something" and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". By the time of the band's break-up, Harrison had accumulated a backlog of material, which he then released as the triple album All Things Must Pass in 1970, from which two hit singles originated: a double A-side single, "My Sweet Lord" backed with "Isn't It a Pity", and "What Is Life". In addition to his solo work, Harrison co-wrote two hits for former Beatle Ringo Starr, as well as songs for the Traveling Wilburys—the supergroup he formed in 1988 with Jeff Lynne, Bob Dylan, Tom Petty, and Roy Orbison.
Harrison embraced Indian culture and Hinduism in the mid-1960s, and helped expand Western awareness of sitar music and of the Hare Krishna movement. With Ravi Shankar he organised the first major charity concert with the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh. In addition to his musical accomplishments, he was also a record producer and co-founder of the production company HandMade Films. In his work as a film producer, he collaborated with people as diverse as the members of Monty Python and Madonna.[8]
He was married twice, to model Pattie Boyd from 1966 to 1974, and for 23 years to record company secretary Olivia Trinidad Arias, with whom he had one son, Dhani Harrison. He was a close friend of Eric Clapton. To date, he is the only Beatle to have published an autobiography, with I Me Mine in 1980. Harrison died of lung cancer in 2001.
Contents
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Early years: 1943–1959[link]
Harrison was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, England, on 25 February 1943,[9][10] the last of four children to Harold Hargreaves Harrison and his wife Louise, née French.[11]
He had one sister, Louise, born 16 August 1931, and two brothers, Harry, born 1934, and Peter, born 20 July 1940. His mother was a Liverpool shop assistant, and his father was a bus conductor who had worked as a ship's steward on the White Star Line. His mother's family had Irish roots and were Roman Catholic;[9] his maternal grandfather, John French, was born in County Wexford, Ireland, emigrating to Liverpool where he married a local girl, Louise Woollam.[12]
Harrison was born in the house where he lived for his first six years: 12 Arnold Grove, Wavertree, Liverpool, which was a small 2 up, 2 down terraced house in a cul-de-sac, with an alley to the rear. The only heating was a single coal fire, and the toilet was outside. In 1950 the family were offered a council house,[13] and moved to 25 Upton Green, Speke.[14]
His first school was Dovedale Primary School, very close to Penny Lane,[15] the same school as John Lennon who was a couple of years ahead of him.[16] He passed his 11-plus examination and achieved a place at the Liverpool Institute for Boys (in the building that now houses the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts), which he attended from 1954 to 1959.[17]
Harrison said that, when he was 12 or 13, he had an "epiphany" of sorts – riding a bike around his neighbourhood, he heard Elvis Presley's "Heartbreak Hotel" playing from a nearby house and was hooked.[18] Even though he had done well enough on his 11-plus examination to get into the city's best high school, from that point on, the former good student lost interest in school.[18]
When Harrison was 14 years old, he sat at the back of the class and tried drawing guitars in his schoolbooks: “I was totally into guitars. I heard about this kid at school who had a guitar at £3 10s, it was just a little acoustic round hole. I got the £3 10s from my mother: that was a lot of money for us then.” Harrison bought a Dutch Egmond flat top acoustic guitar.[19] While at the Liverpool Institute, Harrison formed a skiffle group called the Rebels with his brother Peter and a friend, Arthur Kelly.[20] At this school he met Paul McCartney, who was one year older.[21] McCartney later became a member of John Lennon's band called The Quarrymen, which Harrison joined in 1958.[22]
The Beatles: 1960–1970[link]
Main articles: The Beatles and The Beatles discography
File:Sutcliffe and Harrison.jpg
Stuart Sutcliffe and Harrison (right) in Hamburg
Harrison became part of The Beatles when they were still a skiffle group called The Quarrymen. McCartney told Lennon about his friend George Harrison, who could play "Raunchy" on his guitar.[23] Although Lennon considered him too young to join the band, Harrison hung out with them and filled in as needed.[23] By the time Harrison was 15, Lennon and the others had accepted him as one of the band.[24] Since Harrison was the youngest member of the group, he was looked upon as a kid by the others for another few years.[25]
Harrison left school at 16 and worked as an apprentice electrician at local department store Blacklers for a while.[26][27] When The Beatles were offered work in Hamburg in 1960, the musical apprenticeship that Harrison received playing long hours at the Kaiserkeller with the rest of the group, including guitar lessons from Tony Sheridan, laid the foundations of The Beatles' sound, and of Harrison's quiet, professional role within the group;[28] this role would contribute to his reputation as "the quiet Beatle".[29] The first trip to Hamburg was shortened when Harrison was deported for being underage.[30]
When Brian Epstein became The Beatles' manager in December 1961 after seeing them perform at The Cavern Club in November,[31] he changed their image from that of leather-jacketed rock-and-rollers to a more polished look,[32] and secured them a recording contract with EMI. The first single, "Love Me Do", with Harrison playing a Gibson J-160E,[33][34][35] reached number 17 in the UK chart in October 1962,[36] and by the time their debut album, Please Please Me, was released in early 1963, The Beatles had become famous and Beatlemania had arrived.[37]
After he revealed in an interview that he liked jelly babies, British fans inundated Harrison and the rest of the band with boxes of the sweets as gifts. A few months later, American audiences showered the band with the much harder jelly beans instead. In a letter to a fan, Harrison mentioned jelly babies, insisting that no one in the band actually liked them and that the press must have made it up.[38]
The popularity of The Beatles led to a successful tour of America, the making of a film, A Hard Day's Night (during which Harrison met his future wife Pattie Boyd), and in the 1965 Queen's Birthday Honours, all four Beatles were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).[39] Harrison, whose role within the group was that of the careful musician who checked that the instruments were tuned,[40] by 1965 and the Rubber Soul album, was developing into a musical director as he led the others into folk-rock, via his interest in The Byrds and Bob Dylan,[41] and into Indian music with his exploration of the sitar.[42][43] Harrison's musical involvement and cohesion with the group reached its peak on Revolver in 1966 with his contribution of three songs and new musical ideas.[44][45] By 1967, Harrison's interests appeared to be moving outside the Beatles, and his involvement in Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band consists mainly of his one song, "Within You Without You", on which no other Beatle plays,[46] and which stands out for its difference from the rest of the album.[47]
During the recording of The Beatles in 1968, tensions were present in the band;[48] these surfaced again during the filming of rehearsal sessions at Twickenham Studios for the album Let It Be in early 1969. Frustrated by ongoing slights, the poor working conditions in the cold and sterile film studio, and Lennon's creative disengagement from the group, Harrison quit the band on 10 January. He returned on 22 January after negotiations with the other Beatles at two business meetings.[49]
Relations among The Beatles were more cordial (though still strained) during recordings for the album Abbey Road.[50] The album included "Here Comes the Sun" and "Something", "Something" was later recorded by Frank Sinatra, who considered it "the greatest love song of the past fifty years".[51] Harrison's increasing productivity, coupled with his difficulties in getting The Beatles to record his music, meant that by the end of the group's career he had amassed a considerable stockpile of unreleased material.[52] Harrison's last recording session with The Beatles was on 4 January 1970. Lennon, who had left the group the previous September, did not attend the session.[53]
Relationships with the other Beatles[link]
For most of The Beatles career, the relationships in the group were extremely close and intimate. According to Hunter Davies, "The Beatles spent their lives not living a communal life, but communally living the same life. They were each other's greatest friends." Harrison's wife Pattie Boyd described how The Beatles "all belonged to each other" and admitted, "George has a lot with the others that I can never know about. Nobody, not even the wives, can break through or even comprehend it."[54]
Ringo Starr also stated, "We really looked out for each other and we had so many laughs together. In the old days we'd have the biggest hotel suites, the whole floor of the hotel, and the four of us would end up in the bathroom, just to be with each other." and added "There were some really loving, caring moments between four people: a hotel room here and there – a really amazing closeness. Just four guys who loved each other. It was pretty sensational."[55]
John Lennon stated that his relationship with George was "one of young follower and older guy", and admitted that "[George] was like a disciple of mine when we started."[56] The two would often go on holiday together throughout the 1960s. Their relationship took a severe turn for the worse after George published his autobiography, I Me Mine. Lennon felt insulted and hurt that George mentioned him only in passing. Actually, the book mentions John 11 times, which is higher than the number of mentions received by Paul, The Beatles, Eric Clapton or even George's second wife, Olivia.[57] Nevertheless, Lennon claimed he was hurt by the book and also that he did more for George than any of the other Beatles. As a result, George and John were not on good terms during the last months of Lennon's life.[58] After Lennon's murder, George paid tribute to Lennon with his song "All Those Years Ago" which was released in 1981, six months after Lennon's murder. It contains the lyric "I always look up to you", suggesting implicit agreement with Lennon's appraisal of their relationship.[59]
Paul McCartney has often referred to Harrison as his "baby brother",[60] and he did the honours as best man at George's wedding in 1966. The two were the first of The Beatles to meet, having shared a school bus, and would often learn and rehearse new guitar chords together. McCartney stated that he and George usually shared a bedroom while touring.[61]
Guitar work[link]
Although not fast or flashy, Harrison's guitar work with The Beatles was solid and typified the more subdued lead guitar style of the early 1960s.[62] The influence of the plucking guitar style of Chet Atkins and Carl Perkins on Harrison gave a country music feel to The Beatles' early recordings.[63] Harrison explored several guitar instruments, the twelve-string, the sitar and the slide guitar, and developed his playing from tight eight- and twelve-bar solos in such songs as "A Hard Day's Night" and "Can't Buy Me Love",[63] to slide guitar playing,[64] first recorded during an early session of "If Not for You" for Dylan's New Morning in 1970.[65] The earliest example of notable guitar work from Harrison was the extended acoustic guitar solo of "And I Love Her", for which Harrison purchased a José Ramírez nylon-stringed classical guitar to produce the sensitivity needed.[66][67][68]
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Harrison's first electric guitar was a Czech built Jolana Futurama/Grazioso,[69] which was a popular guitar among British guitarists in the early 1960s.[70] The guitars Harrison used on early recordings were mainly Gretsch played through a Vox amp.[71] He used a variety of Gretsch guitars,[72] including a Gretsch Duo Jet – his first Gretsch, which he bought in 1961 second hand off a sailor in Liverpool;[73] a Gretsch Tennessean,[74] and his (first out of two) Gretsch Country Gentleman, bought new for £234 in April 1963 at the Sound City store in London, which he used on "She Loves You", and on The Beatles' 1964 appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show.[73]
File:Harrison & Shankar.jpg
George Harrison with Ravi Shankar, 1967
During The Beatles' trip to the US in 1964, Harrison acquired a Rickenbacker 360/12 guitar. He had tried out the 12-string electric guitar during an interview with a Minneapolis radio station, and was given the guitar either by the Rickenbacker company or the radio station.[75] The 360/12 was an experimental 12-string guitar with the strings reversed so that the lower pitched string was struck first, and with an unusual headstock design that made tuning easier.[71] Harrison used the guitar extensively during the recording of A Hard Day's Night,[76] and the jangly sound became so popular that the Melody Maker termed it "the beat boys' secret weapon".[77] Roger McGuinn liked the effect Harrison achieved so much that it became his signature guitar sound with the Byrds.[78]
He obtained his first Fender Stratocaster in 1965 and used it for the recording of the Rubber Soul album, most notably on the "Nowhere Man" track, where he played in unison with Lennon who also had a Stratocaster.[79] Lennon and Harrison both had Sonic Blue Stratocasters, which were bought second hand by roadie Mal Evans.[80] Harrison painted his Stratocaster in a psychedelic design that included the word "Bebopalula" painted above the pickguard and the guitar's nickname, "Rocky", painted on the headstock. He played this guitar in the Magical Mystery Tour film and throughout his solo career. Harrison listed his early influences as Carl Perkins,[81] Bo Diddley,[82] Chuck Berry[83] and the Everly Brothers.[84]
After David Crosby of the Byrds introduced him to the work of sitar master Ravi Shankar in 1965,[85] Harrison—whose interest in Indian music was stirred during the filming of Help!, which used Indian music as part of its soundtrack—played a sitar on the Rubber Soul track "Norwegian Wood", expanding the already nascent Western interest in Indian music.[86] Harrison's sitar playing on "Love You To" represented an "astonishing improvement" over "Norwegian Wood" and has been termed "the most accomplished performance on sitar by any rock musician."[87]
Song writing and singing[link]
Main article: List of George Harrison songs
Harrison wrote his first song published with the Beatles, "Don't Bother Me", while sick in a hotel bed in Bournemouth during August 1963, as "an exercise to see if I could write a song", [emphasis in original] as he remembered.[88] "Don't Bother Me" appeared on the second Beatles album With The Beatles later that year, then on Meet the Beatles! in the US in early 1964, and also briefly in the film A Hard Day's Night. The group did not record another Harrison composition until 1965, when he contributed "I Need You" and "You Like Me Too Much" to the album Help!. One of his more enduring early works is 1965's "If I Needed Someone".
Harrison's songwriting improved greatly through the years, but his material did not earn respect from his fellow Beatles until near the group's break-up. McCartney told Lennon in 1969: "Until this year, our songs have been better than George's. Now this year his songs are at least as good as ours".[89][90] Harrison had difficulty getting the band to record his songs.[91][92] The group's incorporation of Harrison's material reached a peak of three songs on the 1966 Revolver album and four songs on the 1968 double The Beatles.
Harrison performed the lead vocal on all Beatles songs that he wrote by himself. He also sang lead vocal on other songs, including "Chains" and "Do You Want to Know a Secret" on Please Please Me, "Roll Over Beethoven" and "Devil in Her Heart" on With The Beatles, "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You" on A Hard Day's Night, and "Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby" on Beatles for Sale.
Solo work: 1968–1987[link]
Before The Beatles split up in 1970, Harrison had already recorded and released two solo albums, Wonderwall Music and Electronic Sound. These albums were mainly instrumental. Wonderwall Music was a soundtrack to the Wonderwall film in which Harrison blended Indian and Western sounds;[93] while Electronic Sound was an experiment in using a Moog synthesiser.[94] It was only when Harrison was free from The Beatles that he released what is regarded as his first "real" solo album, the commercially successful and critically acclaimed All Things Must Pass.[95]
[edit] All Things Must Pass (1970)
Main article: All Things Must Pass
After years of being restricted in his song-writing contributions to the Beatles, All Things Must Pass contained such a large outpouring of Harrison's songs that it was released as a triple album,[95] though only two of the discs contained songs—the third contained recordings of Harrison jamming with friends.[52][94] The album is regarded as his best work;[96] it was a critical and commercial success, topping the charts on both sides of the Atlantic,[52][97] and produced the number-one hit single "My Sweet Lord" as well as the top-10 single "What Is Life". The album was co-produced by Phil Spector using his "Wall of Sound" approach,[98] and the musicians included Eric Clapton, Dave Mason, Gary Wright, Billy Preston, and Ringo Starr.[52]
Harrison was later sued for copyright infringement over the song "My Sweet Lord" because of its similarity to the 1963 Chiffons song "He's So Fine", owned by Bright Tunes. Harrison denied deliberately plagiarising the song, but he lost the resulting court case in 1976 as the judge deemed that Harrison had "subconsciously" plagiarised "He's So Fine". When considering liable earnings, "My Sweet Lord"'s contribution to the sales of All Things Must Pass and The Best of George Harrison were taken into account, and the judge decided a figure of $1,599,987 was owed to Bright Tunes.[99] The dispute over damages became complicated when Harrison's former manager Allen Klein purchased the copyright to "He's So Fine" from Bright Tunes in 1978. In 1981, a district judge decided that Klein had acted improperly, and it was agreed that Harrison should pay Klein $587,000, the amount Klein had paid for "He's So Fine", so he would gain nothing from the deal, and that Harrison would take over ownership of Bright Tunes, making him the owner of the rights to both "My Sweet Lord" and "He's So Fine" and thus ending the copyright infringement claim. Though the dispute dragged on into the 1990s, the district judge's decision was upheld.[99][100]
The Concert for Bangladesh (1971)[link]
Main article: The Concert for Bangladesh
Responding to a request for help by longtime friend Ravi Shankar, Harrison organised a major charity concert, The Concert for Bangladesh, on 1 August 1971, drawing over 40,000 people to two shows in New York's Madison Square Garden.[101] The aim of the event was to raise money to aid the starving refugees during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Ravi Shankar opened the proceedings, which included other popular musicians such as Bob Dylan (who rarely appeared live in the early 1970s), Eric Clapton, who made his first public appearance in months (due to a heroin addiction which began when Derek and the Dominos broke up), Leon Russell, Badfinger, Billy Preston and fellow Beatle Ringo Starr. Tax troubles and questionable expenses tied up many of the concert's proceeds.[101] Apple Corporation released a newly arranged concert DVD and CD in October 2005 (with all artists' sales royalties continuing to go to UNICEF), which contained additional material such as previously unreleased rehearsal footage of "If Not for You", featuring Harrison and Dylan.
[edit] Living in the Material World to George Harrison (1972–1979)
Harrison would not again release an album that came close to the critical and commercial achievements of All Things Must Pass. Although 1973's Living in the Material World initially did well, holding number one spot on the US album chart for five weeks and reaching number two in the UK, and the album's single, "Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)", was also successful, reaching number one in the US and the top ten in the UK, neither could match the sales of All Things Must Pass and "My Sweet Lord". The album was lavishly produced and packaged, and its dominant message was the power of Harrison's Hindu beliefs.[102] The one fully secular song, "Sue Me, Sue You Blues", expressed Harrison's disgust with the endless legal squabbling that had overtaken all of the former Beatles.[102] The Dark Horse album of 1974 written after Harrison's break-up with his wife Pattie Boyd and when he was suffering from laryngitis received harsh reviews,[103] as did the accompanying tour of North America. Harrison was criticised for poor songwriting and poor vocals on the album, and for over-indulging his love for Indian music during the tour.[104] The album and single "Dark Horse" did briefly make an appearance near the top of the US charts, but both failed to chart in the UK.[105]
His final studio album for EMI (and Apple Records) was Extra Texture (Read All About It), featuring a diecut cover. The album spawned two singles, "You" which reached the Billboard top 20 and "This Guitar (Can't Keep From Crying)", which became Apple's final original single release in December 1975.[106] Following the former Beatle's departure from Capitol, the record company was in a position to license releases featuring Beatles and post-Beatles work on the same album, using Harrison for this experiment.[107] The Best of George Harrison (1976) combined his Beatles songs with a selection of his solo Apple work.
Thirty Three & 1/3, his first Dark Horse release, was his most successful late-1970s album, reaching number 11 on the US charts in 1976, and producing the singles "This Song" (a satire of the "My Sweet Lord"-"He's So Fine" court case ruling) and "Crackerbox Palace", both of which reached the top 25 in the US. With an emphasis on melody, musicianship, and subtler subject matter rather than the heavy orchestration and didactic messaging of earlier works, he received his best critical notices since All Things Must Pass.[108] With its surreal humour, "Crackerbox Palace" also reflected Harrison's association with Monty Python's Eric Idle, who directed a comic music video for the song.[108] After his second marriage and the birth of son Dhani Harrison, Harrison's next released a self-titled album. 1979's George Harrison included the singles "Blow Away", "Love Comes to Everyone" and "Faster". Both the album and "Blow Away" made the Billboard top 20.
In addition to his own works during this time, between 1971 and 1973 Harrison co-wrote or produced three top ten US and UK hits for Ringo Starr ("It Don't Come Easy", "Back Off Boogaloo", and "Photograph").[109] Harrison played electric, slide and dobro guitars on five songs on John Lennon's 1971 Imagine album ("How Do You Sleep?", "Oh My Love", "I Don't Want to Be a Soldier", "Crippled Inside" and "Gimme Some Truth"),[110] with his stinging slide guitar work on the first of these indicating that he took John's side of the intense Lennon-McCartney feud of the time.[111] Lennon later said of Harrison's work on the album, "That's the best he's ever fucking played in his life!"[110] Harrison also produced and played slide guitar on the Apple band Badfinger's 1971 top ten US and UK hit "Day After Day".[112]
During the decade, Harrison also worked with Harry Nilsson ("You're Breakin' My Heart", 1972),[113] as well as Billy Preston ("That's the Way God Planned It",[114] 1969 and "It's My Pleasure", 1975) and Cheech & Chong ("Basketball Jones", 1973).[115] He also appeared with Paul Simon to perform two acoustic songs on Saturday Night Live.
[edit] Somewhere in England to Cloud Nine (1980–1987)
Harrison was deeply shocked by the 8 December 1980 murder of John Lennon.[116] The crime reinforced his decades-long worries about safety from stalkers. It was also a deep personal loss, although unlike former bandmates McCartney and Starr, Harrison had little contact with Lennon in the years before the murder. Their estrangement had been marked by Harrison's longstanding dislike of Yoko Ono, his refusal to allow her participation in the Concert for Bangladesh, and his omission of any mention of Lennon in his autobiography, I Me Mine, published the year of Lennon's murder.[117] The omission had upset Lennon greatly, which Harrison had regretted, leading him to leave a telephone message for Lennon, but Lennon had declined to return the call and they had not spoken again.[116] Following the murder, Harrison said, "After all we went through together I had and still have great love and respect for John Lennon. I am shocked and stunned. To rob life is the ultimate robbery in life."[116]
Harrison modified the lyrics of a song he had written for Starr to make it a tribute song to Lennon. "All Those Years Ago" received substantial radio airplay, reaching number two on the US charts.[118] All three surviving ex-Beatles performed on it, although it was expressly a Harrison single. "Teardrops" was issued as a follow-up single, but was not nearly as successful. Both singles came from the album Somewhere in England, released in 1981. Originally slated for release in late 1980, Warner Bros. rejected the album, ordering Harrison to replace several tracks, and to change the album cover as well. The original album cover that Harrison wanted was used in the 2004 reissue of the album. In 1981, Harrison played guitar on one track of Mick Fleetwood's record The Visitor and Lindsey Buckingham's song "Walk a Thin Line".
Aside from a song on the Porky's Revenge soundtrack in 1985 (his version of a little-known Bob Dylan song "I Don't Want to Do It"), Harrison released no new records for five years after 1982's Gone Troppo received apparent indifference.
In October 1985, Harrison made a rare public appearance on the Cinemax Channel 4 live concert TV special in a tribute to Carl Perkins. He appeared along with Ringo Starr and Eric Clapton among others. The show was called Blue Suede Shoes: A Rockabilly Session. He performed "Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby", "Your True Love", "That's Alright Mama" (including the guitar solo), "Glad All Over" (including the guitar solo), "Gone Gone Gone" and "Blue Suede Shoes". He only agreed to appear because he had been a close admirer and friend of Carl Perkins for over 20 years.
In 1987, Harrison returned with the critically acclaimed platinum album Cloud Nine, co-produced with Jeff Lynne of Electric Light Orchestra, and enjoyed a hit (number one in the US; number two in the UK) when his rendition of James Ray's early 1960s number "Got My Mind Set on You" was released as a single; another single, "When We Was Fab", a retrospective of The Beatles' days complete with musical flavours for each bandmate, was also a minor hit. MTV regularly played the two videos, and elevated Harrison's public profile with another generation of music listeners. The album reached number eight and number ten on the US and UK charts, respectively. In the US, several tracks also enjoyed high placement on Billboard's Album Rock chart – "Devil's Radio", "This Is Love" and "Cloud 9" in addition to the aforementioned singles.
Live performances (1971–1992)[link]
On 23 November 1971, Harrison appeared on an episode of The Dick Cavett Show in a band called Wonder Wheel performing a song written by Gary Wright called "Two Faced Man". Harrison played slide guitar in this band as a favour since Wright had played piano on Harrison's album All Things Must Pass. The episode can be viewed on DVD The Dick Cavett Show: Rock Icons Disc 3.[119]
Harrison launched a major tour of the United States in 1974. Critical and fan reaction panned the tour for its long mid-concert act of Pandit Ravi Shankar & Friends and for Harrison's hoarse voice. Harrison had hired filmmaker David Acomba to accompany the tour and gather footage for a documentary. Due to Harrison's hoarse voice throughout most of this tour, the film was not released, but in 1977 Acomba placed a newly revised director's cut in the Harrison archive. It was the last time he toured in the United States.
In 1986, Harrison made a surprise performance at the Birmingham Heart Beat Charity Concert 1986 a concert event to raise money for the Birmingham Children's Hospital. Harrison played and sang the finale "Johnny B. Goode" along with Robert Plant, The Moody Blues, and Electric Light Orchestra, among others.[120] The following year, Harrison appeared at The Prince's Trust concert in Wembley Arena, performing "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" and "Here Comes the Sun" with Ringo Starr, Eric Clapton, and others.[121] On 1 May 1990, during Eric Clapton's Journey Man Tour, Harrison joined Clapton on stage at the L.A. Forum, performing "Crossroads" and "Sunshine Of Your Love".[122] In 1991, Harrison staged a tour of Japan along with Clapton. It was his first tour since the 1974 US tour, but no other tours followed. The Live in Japan recording came from these shows.
On 6 April 1992, Harrison held a benefit concert for the Natural Law Party at Royal Albert Hall, his first London performance in 23 years[123] and his last full concert.[citation needed] In October 1992, Harrison performed three songs, "If Not for You", "Absolutely Sweet Marie", and "My Back Pages", at a Bob Dylan tribute concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City.[124] This was released on the album The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration in August 1993.
On 14 December 1992, Harrison took part in a memorial concert at the Universal Amphitheater in Los Angeles for Toto drummer Jeff Porcaro. The concert consisted of an all-star line-up that included Boz Scaggs, Donald Fagen, Don Henley, Michael McDonald, David Crosby, Eddie Van Halen, and the members of Toto. The proceeds of the concert were used to establish an educational trust fund for Porcaro's children.[125]
Later life: 1988–2001[link]
Early in 1989, Harrison, Lynne and Ringo Starr all appeared in the music video for Tom Petty's "I Won't Back Down", although Starr did not actually play on the track; Harrison played acoustic guitar. The same year also saw the release of Best of Dark Horse 1976–1989, a compilation drawn from his later solo work. This album also included two new songs, "Poor Little Girl", and "Cockamamie Business" (which saw him once again looking wryly upon his Beatle past), as well as "Cheer Down", which had first been released earlier in the year on the soundtrack to the film Lethal Weapon 2, which starred Mel Gibson and Danny Glover. Unlike his previous greatest hits package, Harrison made sure to oversee this compilation. In 1989 Harrison played slide guitar on the "Leave a Light On" and "Deep Deep Ocean" songs from Belinda Carlisle's third album Runaway Horses. "Leave a Light On" was successful worldwide.
In 1996, Harrison recorded, produced and played on "Distance Makes No Difference With Love" with Carl Perkins for his Go-Cat-Go record.
Harrison's final television appearance was not intended as such; in fact, he was not the featured artist, and the appearance had been intended to promote Chants of India, another collaboration with Ravi Shankar released in 1997, at the height of interest in chant music. John Fugelsang, then of VH1, conducted the interview, and at one point an acoustic guitar was produced and handed to Harrison. When an audience member asked to hear "a Beatles song", Harrison pulled a sheepish look and answered, "I don't think I know any!" Harrison then played "All Things Must Pass" and revealed for the first time "Any Road", which subsequently appeared on the 2002 Brainwashed album.
In January 1998, Harrison attended the funeral of his boyhood idol, Carl Perkins, in Jackson, Tennessee. Harrison played an impromptu version of Perkins' song "Your True Love" during the service.[126] That same year he attended the public memorial service for Linda McCartney. Also that same year, he appeared on Ringo Starr's Vertical Man, where he played both electric and slide guitars on two tracks.
In 2001, Harrison performed as a guest musician on the Electric Light Orchestra album Zoom. He played slide guitar on the song "Love Letters" for Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings, and remastered and restored unreleased tracks from the Traveling Wilburys. He also co-wrote a new song with his son Dhani, "Horse to the Water". The latter song ended up as Harrison's final recording session, on 2 October, just eight weeks before his death. It appeared on Jools Holland's album Small World, Big Band.[127]
Harrison's final album, Brainwashed, was completed by Dhani Harrison and Jeff Lynne and released on 18 November 2002. It received generally positive reviews in the United States, and peaked at number 18 on the Billboard charts. A media-only single, "Stuck Inside a Cloud", was heavily played on UK and US radio to promote the album (number 27 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart), while the official single "Any Road", released in May 2003, reached number 37 on the British chart. The instrumental track, "Marwa Blues" went on to receive the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance, while the single "Any Road" was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.[128]
The Traveling Wilburys: 1988–1990[link]
Main article: Traveling Wilburys
In 1988, Harrison played an instrumental role in forming the Traveling Wilburys with Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison, Bob Dylan, and Tom Petty when they gathered in Dylan's garage to quickly record an additional track for a projected Harrison European single release.[129] The record company realised the track ("Handle With Care") was too good for its original purpose as a B-side and asked for a full, separate album. This had to be completed within two weeks, as Dylan was scheduled to start a tour. The album, Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1, was released in October 1988 and recorded under pseudonyms as half-brothers (supposed sons of Charles Truscott Wilbury, Sr.). Harrison's pseudonym on the first album was "Nelson Wilbury"; he would use the name "Spike Wilbury" for the Traveling Wilburys' second album.
After the death of Roy Orbison in late 1988 the group recorded as a four-piece. Though Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 was their second release, the album was mischievously titled Vol. 3 by Harrison. According to Lynne, "That was George's idea. He said, 'Let's confuse the buggers.'"[130] It was not as well received as the previous album, but did reach number 14 in the UK and number 11 in the US where it went platinum, while the singles "She's My Baby", "Inside Out", and "Wilbury Twist" got decent air play.
The Beatles Anthology: 1994–1996[link]
Main article: The Beatles Anthology
In 1994–1996, Harrison reunited with the surviving former Beatles, and Traveling Wilburys producer Jeff Lynne for The Beatles Anthology project, which included the recording of two new Beatles songs built around solo vocal and piano tapes recorded by John Lennon in the late 1970s, as well as the lengthy interviews on The Beatles' history.[131] The single "Free as a Bird", was the first Beatles single since "The Long and Winding Road" in 1970.[132][133]
HandMade Films: 1978–1994[link]
Main article: HandMade Films
HandMade Films was a British film production and distribution company that Harrison formed in 1978 with his business partner, Denis O'Brien.[134] It was created to help out his Monty Python friends by raising £2 million to finish their film Life of Brian after EMI Films, the original financiers, pulled out due to the film's satirical content.[134] Harrison took the name from some handmade paper he had been given on a mill visit.[134] Though the company was formed with the intention of funding just the one film (a scenario which became epitomised as Harrison's "world's most expensive cinema ticket", as the Python's Eric Idle put it), Harrison and O'Brien bought the rights to The Long Good Friday, which had been faced with various cuts, and released it in its original form.[135]
The first film started under the company was Time Bandits, equipped with a soundtrack by Harrison, in 1981, a solo project by Python Terry Gilliam for whom HandMade originally also was to finance The Adventures of Baron Munchausen before several funding parties including HandMade dropped out of the project. Harrison produced twenty three films with HandMade, including Mona Lisa, Shanghai Surprise, and Withnail and I. He made several cameo appearances in these movies, including appearing as a nightclub singer in Shanghai Surprise and as Mr Papadopolous in Life of Brian.[136] Handmade Films became a rarity in the British film industry, a production company that was both consistently successful and internationally known.[134][137] The company was well regarded both for nurturing British talent and for most of its films having British settings or inspirations.[134][137]
Harrison was involved in some creative decisions, approving projects such as Withnail and I[138] and visiting sets as executive producer to sort out creative problems.[139] On the whole, though, he preferred to stay out of the way: "[As a musician] I've been the person who's said of the people with the money, 'What do they know?' and now I'm that person. But I know that unless you give an artist as much freedom as possible, there's no point in using that artist."[134]
The bulk of the financial and business decisions were left to O'Brien, who was tasked with making sure that films got made on time and on budget.[134] This eventually resulted in disagreements and lawsuits between the pair as HandMade Films encountered reversals,[140] and Harrison sold the company in 1994.[141]
Interest in Indian culture[link]
Sitar and Indian music[link]
During The Beatles' American tour in August 1965, Harrison's friend David Crosby of the Byrds introduced him to Indian classical music and the work of sitar player Ravi Shankar.[85] Harrison became fascinated with the instrument, immersed himself in Indian music and played a pivotal role in expanding the emerging interest in the sitar in particular and Indian music in general in the West.[142]
Buying his own first sitar from a London shop called India Craft later that year (as he recalled during interviews for "The Beatles Anthology"), he played one on the Rubber Soul track "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)". In June 1966 Harrison met the sitar maestro Ravi Shankar at the home of Mrs Angadi of the Asian Music Circle, asked to be his student and was accepted.[143] Shankar and Alla Rakha gave a private concert at Harrison's house which Starr and Lennon attended.[143] Shankar influenced Harrison and the other Beatles not only musically, but spiritually. On 6 July 1966 Harrison travelled to India to purchase a top flight sitar from Rikhi Ram & Sons in New Delhi.[143] After the Beatles final live tour performance in August, Harrison returned to India in September 1966 to study sitar with Shankar.[143] Initially staying in Bombay, Harrison moved (to avoid crowding fans) to a houseboat on a remote lake in the shadow of the Himalayas where he was taught by Shankar for six weeks and read spiritual texts.[143] Harrison was influential in the decision to have Ravi Shankar included on the bill at the Monterey Pop Festival in June 1967.[142] After Shankar, Harrison received sitar tutelage from Shambhu Das.[144]
Hinduism[link]
During the filming of the movie Help!, on location in the Bahamas, the Beatles met Swami Vishnu-devananda, founder of Sivananda Yoga, who gave each member of the band a signed copy of his book The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga.[145] During a pilgrimage to Bombay with his wife, Harrison studied sitar, met several gurus and visited various holy places, filling the months between the end of the final Beatles tour in 1966 and the commencement of the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band recording sessions. In 1968, Harrison travelled to Rishikesh in northern India with the other Beatles to study meditation with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.
In the summer of 1969, he produced the single "Hare Krishna Mantra", performed by the devotees of the London Radha Krishna Temple. That same year, he and fellow Beatle John Lennon met A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Soon after, Harrison embraced the Hare Krishna tradition (particularly japa-yoga chanting with beads), became a lifelong devotee, being associated with it until his death.[146]
Harrison was a vegetarian from 1968 until his death.[147]
While during his lifetime, Harrison bequeathed to ISKCON his Letchmore Heath mansion (renamed Bhaktivedanta Manor) north of London, some sources indicate he left nothing to the organisation,[148] others report he did leave a sum of 20 million pounds.[149]
Harrison respected people of other faiths and believed in a united holy cause; he once remarked:
All religions are branches of one big tree. It doesn't matter what you call Him just as long as you call. Just as cinematic images appear to be real but are only combinations of light and shade, so is the universal variety a delusion. The planetary spheres, with their countless forms of life, are naught but figures in a cosmic motion picture. One's values are profoundly changed when he is finally convinced that creation is only a vast motion picture and that not in, but beyond, lies his own ultimate reality.[149]
Harrison was a devotee of Paramahansa Yogananda. The Self-Realization Fellowship gurus Mahavatar Babaji, Lahiri Mahasaya, Sri Yukteswar, and Yogananda himself appear on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, and a quote by Harrison appears on the back cover of the Self-Realization Fellowship release of Autobiography of a Yogi, Yogananda's own autobiography.
Personal life[link]
Family and friends[link]
Harrison married model Pattie Boyd on 21 January 1966, at the then Epsom Register Office, Upper High Street, Epsom, with McCartney as best man.[150] They had met during the filming for A Hard Day's Night, in which the 19-year-old Boyd was cast as a schoolgirl.[151] After Harrison and Boyd split up in 1974, she moved in with Eric Clapton and they subsequently married.
Harrison married for a second time, to Dark Horse Records secretary Olivia Trinidad Arias on 2 September 1978. They had met at the Dark Horse offices in Los Angeles in 1974. They had one son, Dhani Harrison. After the 1999 stabbing incident in which Olivia subdued Harrison's assailant nearly single-handedly, Harrison received a fax from his close friend Tom Petty that read: "Aren't you glad you married a Mexican girl?"[152]
Harrison formed a close friendship with Clapton in the late 1960s, and they co-wrote the song "Badge", which was released on Cream's Goodbye album in 1969.[153] Harrison also played rhythm guitar on the song. For contractual reasons, Harrison was required to use the pseudonym "L'Angelo Misterioso".[154] Harrison wrote one of his compositions for The Beatles' Abbey Road album, "Here Comes the Sun", in Clapton's back garden. Clapton also guested on the Harrison-penned Beatles track "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". Through Clapton, Harrison met Delaney Bramlett, who introduced Harrison to slide guitar.[155] They remained close friends after Pattie Boyd split from Harrison and married Clapton, referring to each other as "husbands-in-law".[156]
Through his appreciation of Monty Python, he met Eric Idle. The two became close friends, with Harrison appearing on Idle's Rutland Weekend Television series and in his Beatles spoof, The Rutles' All You Need Is Cash.[157] Harrison was also parodied as a Beatle as "Stig O'Hara", portrayed by Rikki Fataar. Idle also performed the famous Monty Python sketch, "The Lumberjack Song", at the Concert for George, held in 2002 to commemorate Harrison.
Interests[link]
An accomplished gardener, Harrison restored the English manor house and grounds of Friar Park,[158] his home in Henley-on-Thames. The house once belonged to Victorian eccentric Sir Frank Crisp. Purchased in 1970, it is the basis for the song "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll)".[159] Several Harrison videos were also filmed on the grounds, including "Crackerbox Palace"; in addition, the grounds served as the background for the cover of All Things Must Pass. He employed a staff of ten workers to maintain the 36-acre (150,000 m2) garden, and both of his older brothers worked on Friar Park as well.[160] Harrison took great solace working in the garden and grew to consider himself more a gardener than a musician;[160] his autobiography is dedicated "to gardeners everywhere".[161] Harrison also owned homes on Hamilton Island, Australia[162] and in Nahiku, Hawaii.[163]
That autobiography, I Me Mine, published in 1980, is the only full autobiography by an ex-Beatle.[164] Former Beatles' publicist Derek Taylor helped with the book, which was initially released in a high-priced limited edition by Genesis Publications.[161] The book said little about The Beatles, focusing instead on Harrison's hobbies, such as gardening and Formula One automobile racing. It also included the lyrics to his songs and some photographs with humorous captions.[165]
Harrison had an interest in sports cars and motor racing; he was one of the 100 people who purchased the McLaren F1 road car,[166] and would often attend Formula One races. He had collected photos of racing drivers and their cars since he was young; when he was 12 he attended his first race, the 1955 British Grand Prix at Aintree, in which Stirling Moss won his first Grand Prix.[166][167] He wrote "Faster" as a tribute to the Formula One racing drivers Jackie Stewart and Ronnie Peterson. Proceeds from its release went to the Gunnar Nilsson cancer charity, set up following the Swedish driver's death from the disease in 1978.[168] Harrison's first "important" car was recently sold at auction in Battersea Park, London. The 1964 Aston Martin DB5 was bought new and delivered to Harrison personally in 1965 at his Kinfauns estate in Esher, Surrey, England.[169]
Humanitarian Involvement[link]
George Harrison had an interest in humanitarian involvement even when he was a part of The Beatles. The Beatles had a strong stance on human rights, with them showing support for the civil rights movement and the protest against the Vietnam War. However, it was not until the band's split that George Harrison became more involved in humanitarian work.
Harrison's friend, Ravi Shankar, consulted him regarding a means to providing help to the problems in Bangladesh, in the aftermath of the 1970 Bhola Cyclone and the Bangladesh Liberation War.[170] With that, Harrison recorded "Bangla Desh", and pushed Apple Records to release his song alongside Shankar's "Joy Bangla" in an effort to raise funds. Shankar then asked for Harrison's advice about organising a small charity concert in The United States. Harrison took that idea and called up all his friends, organising The Concert for Bangladesh on 1 August 1971 in New York City, which featured other artists of the time like Bob Dylan, Eric Clapton, Billy Preston, Leon Russell and former Beatle Ringo Starr.[170] The concert ended up raising US$243,418.50.[171]
The George Harrison Humanitarian Fund for UNICEF still contributes to humanitarian efforts. The fund is a joint effort between the Harrison family and the U.S. Fund for UNICEF that aims to support UNICEF programs providing lifesaving assistance to children caught in humanitarian emergencies.[172] Every year, UNICEF identifies countries and territories where the children suffer from poverty.[172] Much like Bangladesh in 1971, many of these problems are ignored by the media. The fund continues to support UNICEF programs in Bangladesh, while expanding its influence to include other countries in crisis where children are at risk. In December 2007, the fund made a donation of $450,000 to the U.S. Fund for UNICEF for relief and recovery efforts for the victims of Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh.[172] On 13 October 2009, the first ever George Harrison Humanitarian Award went to Ravi Shankar for his unprecedented efforts in saving the lives of children, and his involvement with the Concert for Bangladesh.[173]
Knife attack[link]
In late 1999, Harrison survived a knife attack by an intruder in his home.[174] At 3:30 am on 30 December 1999, 36-year-old Michael Abram broke into the Harrisons' Friar Park home and began loudly calling to Harrison. Harrison left the bedroom to investigate while his wife, Olivia, phoned the police. Abram attacked Harrison with a kitchen knife, inflicting seven stab wounds, puncturing a lung and causing head injuries before Olivia Harrison incapacitated the assailant by striking him repeatedly with a fireplace poker and a lamp. The attack lasted approximately 15 minutes.[175] Abram, who believed he was being possessed by Harrison and was on a "mission from God" to kill him, was later acquitted of attempted murder on grounds of insanity, but was detained for treatment in a secure hospital. He was released in 2002 after 19 months' detention.[176]
Illness and death[link]
Cancer diagnosis[link]
Harrison developed throat cancer, which was discovered in the summer of 1997 after a lump on his neck was analysed. He attributed it to smoking heavily from the 1960s until at least the late 1980s. He was successfully treated with radiotherapy.[177] Early in May 2001, it was revealed that he had undergone an operation at the Mayo Clinic to remove a cancerous growth from one of his lungs.[178] In July 2001, it was reported that he was being treated for a brain tumour at a clinic in Switzerland.[179]
On 22 July 2001, media reports claimed that Harrison was close to death as a result of the cancer, but he denied that this was true.[180]
In November 2001, by which time the Daily Mail had reported that Harrison may only have a month to live,[181] Harrison began radiotherapy at Staten Island University Hospital in New York City for lung cancer which had spread to his brain.[182]
On 25 November, it was reported in the Sunday People that Harrison's condition had continued to deteriorate in spite of the treatment, and that he was likely to die within days.[183]
Death[link]
Despite the treatments and operations, Harrison died on 29 November 2001, at a Hollywood Hills mansion that was once leased by McCartney and was previously owned by Courtney Love.[184] The cause of death was listed on his Los Angeles County death certificate as "metastatic non-small cell lung cancer".[185] He was 58 years old. Harrison was cremated at Hollywood Forever Cemetery and his ashes were scattered in the Ganges River by his close family in a private ceremony according to Hindu tradition.[186][187][188] He left almost £100 million in his will.[189]
Lederman affair[link]
In a complaint later brought on behalf of Harrison's estate, it was alleged that while under the care of Staten Island University Hospital, Dr Gilbert Lederman, a radiation oncologist, repeatedly revealed Harrison's confidential medical information during television interviews and forced him to autograph a guitar. The complaint alleged that Lederman and his family came uninvited to visit Harrison in the house he was staying in on the day before he was to leave for California. Lederman allegedly had his son play the guitar for Harrison. The complaint further alleged that after the performance, Lederman put the instrument on Harrison's lap and asked him to autograph it, and that Harrison responded, "I do not even know if I know how to spell my name any more." Lederman then allegedly took Harrison's hand and guided his hand along to spell his name while encouraging him by saying, "Come on, George. You can do this. G-E-O...".[190][191] The suit was ultimately settled out of court under the condition that the guitar be "disposed of".[192]
Tribute concert[link]
In 2002, on the first anniversary of Harrison's death, the Concert for George was held at the Royal Albert Hall; it was organised by Eric Clapton and included performances by many of Harrison's musical friends, including Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr. The profits from the concert went to Harrison's charity, the Material World Charitable Foundation,[193] which he established in 1973 “to sponsor diverse forms of artistic expression and to encourage the exploration of alternative life views and philosophies.”[194]
Legacy[link]
Honours[link]
Harrison's first official honour came as The Beatles were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1965 and received their insignia from the Queen at an investiture at Buckingham Palace on 26 October.[195] Another award with The Beatles came in 1970 when they won an Academy Award for the best Original Song Score for Let It Be.[196]
A significant music award as a solo artist was in December 1992, when he became the first recipient of the Billboard Century Award – presented to music artists for significant bodies of work.[197] The minor planet 4149, discovered on 9 March 1984 by B. A. Skiff at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory, was named after Harrison.[198] Harrison is listed at number 11 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".[6]
Harrison was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist on 15 March 2004 by his Traveling Wilburys friends Lynne and Petty.[155] He was inducted into the Madison Square Garden Walk of Fame on 1 August 2006 for the Concert for Bangladesh.[199][200]
Harrison featured twice on the cover of Time magazine, initially with The Beatles in 1967,[201] then on his own, shortly after his death in 2001.[202] In June 2007, portraits of Harrison and John Lennon were unveiled at The Mirage Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip, where they will be on permanent display.
On 14 April 2009, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce awarded Harrison a star on the Walk of Fame in front of the Capitol Records Building. (The Beatles also have a group star on the Walk of Fame.) Musicians Paul McCartney, Jeff Lynne and Tom Petty were among those in attendance when the star was unveiled.[203][204] Harrison's widow Olivia, actor Tom Hanks and comedian Eric Idle made speeches at the ceremony; Harrison's son Dhani uttered the Hare Krishna mantra.[205] After the ceremony, Capitol/EMI Records announced that a new career-spanning CD entitled Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison would be released in mid-June 2009.
In October 2011 a documentary titled Living in the Material World: George Harrison directed by Martin Scorsese was released.[206]
Guitars[link]
As a Beatle[link]
- Egmond (guitar): Classic Guitar
- Hofner President Acoustic
- Hofner Club 40 model 244
- Resonet Futurama
- Gretsch 6128 Duo Jet
- Gibson J-160E
- Gretsch 6122 Country Gentleman
- Gretsch 6119-62 Tennessee Rose
- Rickenbacker 425 Fire-glo
- Rickenbacker 360-12 Fire-glo
- Fender Stratocaster 'Rocky'
- Epiphone Casino
- Gibson SG Standard
- Gibson Les Paul "Lucy"
- Gibson Jumbo J-200
- Fender Rosewood Telecaster[207][208]
Solo discography[link]
Main articles: George Harrison discography and List of George Harrison songs
| Year | Album | Label | Notes | Peak chart positions | Certifications | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US [209] |
UK [210] |
NO [211] |
JP [212] |
AT [213] |
SE [214] |
US [215] |
UK [216] |
||||
| 1968 | Wonderwall Music | Apple/EMI | Soundtrack | 49 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 1969 | Electronic Sound | Zapple/EMI | 191 | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| 1970 | All Things Must Pass | Apple/EMI | Triple | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | – | – | 6x Platinum | |
| 1971 | The Concert for Bangladesh | Apple/EMI (US) Epic/Sony Music (UK) |
Live | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | – | Gold | |
| 1973 | Living in the Material World | Apple/EMI | 1 | 2 | 4 | 9 | – | – | Gold | ||
| 1974 | Dark Horse | Apple/EMI | 4 | – | 7 | 18 | 10 | – | Gold | Silver[217] | |
| 1975 | Extra Texture (Read All About It) | Apple/EMI | 8 | 16 | 8 | 9 | – | – | Gold | ||
| 1976 | Thirty Three & 1/3 | Dark Horse | 11 | 35 | 17 | 23 | – | – | Gold | Silver[218] | |
| 1976 | The Best of George Harrison | Parlophone/EMI | Compilation | 31 | 100 | – | 51 | – | – | Gold | |
| 1979 | George Harrison | Dark Horse | 14 | 39 | 21 | 38 | – | – | Gold | ||
| 1981 | Somewhere in England | Dark Horse | 11 | 13 | 2 | 31 | 15 | 13 | |||
| 1982 | Gone Troppo | Dark Horse | 108 | – | 31 | – | – | – | |||
| 1987 | Cloud Nine | Dark Horse | 8 | 10 | 8 | 28 | 26 | 5 | Platinum | Gold[219] | |
| 1989 | Best of Dark Horse 1976–1989 | Dark Horse | Compilation | 132 | – | – | 51 | – | – | ||
| 1992 | Live in Japan | Dark Horse/Warner Bros | Live | 126 | – | – | 15 | – | – | ||
| 2002 | Brainwashed | Dark Horse | Posthumous | 18 | 29 | 9 | 21 | 62 | 18 | Gold | Gold[220] |
| 2009 | Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison | Capitol/EMI | Compilation | 24 | 4 | 40 | |||||
| 2012 | Early Takes: Volume 1 | UMe Records | Compilation | 20 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Notes[link]
- ^ Many published sources give Harold as Harrison's middle name: Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul, p 36; The Lost Lennon Interviews, p. 246, Geoffrey Giuliano, John Lennon, Vrnda Devi, Published by Omnibus Press, 1998, ISBN 0-7119-6470-X. Others dispute that, based on the absence of any middle name on Harrison's birth certificate:("George Harrison biography". Shawstar.com. http://www.shawstar.com/music/george_harrison.htm. Retrieved 1 December 2008. ).
- ^ Harrison, George (2002). I Me Mine. London: Phoenix. p. 20. ISBN 0-7538-1734-9.
- ^ a b Laing, Dave (30 November 2001). "George Harrison 1943–2001". guardian.co.uk (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2001/nov/30/guardianobituaries1. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ The Acoustic Rock Masters, p. 23, H. P. Newquist, Rich Maloof, Backbeat Books, 2003, ISBN 0-87930-761-7
- ^ Schaffner, The Boys from Liverpool, pp. 77–78.
- ^ a b "100 Greatest Guitarists: George Harrison". Rolling Stone. 2003. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-guitarists-20111123/george-harrison-19691231. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
- ^ Handwritten Harrison Beatles lyrics up for auction, CBC Arts, 11 January 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ "HandMade PLC". www.handmadeplc.com. http://www.handmadeplc.com/. Retrieved 30 October 2008. [dead link]
- ^ a b Harry, The Beatles' Encyclopedia, p. 492.
- ^ Reliable sources and his birth certificate show his birth date as 25 February, though some sources give 24 February.
- ^ Miles and Badman, The Beatles' Diary, p. 6.
- ^ "Beatles Ireland – George Harrison Irish Heritage". Beatles Ireland. http://www.iol.ie/~beatlesireland/Irish%20Heritage/georgeheritage.html. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
- ^ Ingham, Rough Guide to the Beatles, p. 328.
- ^ Miles and Badman, The Beatles' Diary, p. 7.
- ^ Harrison, I Me Mine, p. 28.
- ^ Frame, Rockin' Around Britain, p. 73.
- ^ Giuliano, Dark Horse, p. 9.
- ^ a b "George Harrison school life". http://www.tv.com/george-harrison/person/3479/trivia.html. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- ^ Harry, Bill. "Beatles Browser Four (p3)". Mersey Beat. http://triumphpc.com/mersey-beat/beatles/beatlesbrowser-four3.shtml. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- ^ Gray, Sadie (20 July 2007). "Lives in Brief: Peter Harrison". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2106466.ece. Retrieved 22 July 2007.
- ^ Shapiro, Behind Sad Eyes, p. 23.
- ^ Miles, The Beatles' Diary: An Intimate Day by Day History, p. 18.
- ^ a b Davies, The Beatles 1985, pp. 44–45.
- ^ Loewen, Nancy (1989). Profiles in music. Vero Beach: Rourke Enterprises, Inc.. pp. 26–27.
- ^ Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle. Pyramid Books. p. 13. ISBN 0-600-58749-5.
- ^ Davies, The Beatles 1985, p. 55.
- ^ Harrison, I Me Mine, p. 29.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2006, pp. 2–6.
- ^ "George Harrison: The quiet Beatle". BBC News. 30 November 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/1432634.stm. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
- ^ Miles and Badman, The Beatles Diary, p. 27.
- ^ Schaffner, The Boys from Liverpool,pp. 7–10.
- ^ Babiuk, Lewisohn, and Bacon, Beatles Gear, p. 59.
- ^ Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul, p. 126.
- ^ Babiuk, Lewisohn, and Bacon, Beatles Gear, pp. 72–73.
- ^ "Please Please Me". perso.wanadoo.es. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081202034648/http://perso.wanadoo.es/sissu/ppm.htm. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ The Songwriting Secrets of The Beatles, p. 560, Dominic Pedler, Omnibus Press, 2003, ISBN 0-7119-8167-1.
- ^ Greene, Here Comes the Sun, p. 34.
- ^ "A George Harrison Handwritten Letter to a Fan, August 1963". Beatles Autographs. 20 August 2008. http://beatlesautographs.com/george_harrison.htm. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 43667. p. 5487. 4 June 1965. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2003, p. 13.
- ^ Turn! Turn! Turn!: The '60s Folk-rock Revolution, pp. 180–181, Richie Unterberger, Backbeat Books, 2002, ISBN 0-87930-703-X.
- ^ Contributions to Asian Studies, pp. 34 – 36, Jon B Higgins, K Ishwaran, Brill Academic Publishers, 1978, ISBN 90-04-05809-5.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2003, p. 14.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2003, p. 19.
- ^ Schaffner, The Boys from Liverpool,pp. 75–78.
- ^ Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology, pp. 111–112.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2006, pp. 29–30.
- ^ Babiuk, Lewisohn, and Bacon, Beatles Gear,p. 217.
- ^ Sulpy, Doug; Schweighardt, Ray (2003). Get Back: The Unauthorized Chronicle of The Beatles' Let It Be Disaster. Helter Skelter Publishing. ISBN 1-900924-83-8.
- ^ Miles and Badman, The Beatles Diary, p. 354.
- ^ Frank Sinatra: The Man, the Music, the Legend, p. 38, Jeanne Fuchs, Ruth Prigozy, Boydell & Brewer, 2007, ISBN 1-58046-251-0.
- ^ a b c d Sonic Alchemy: Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings, pp 36 – 37, David N. Howard, Hal Leonard Corporation, 2004, ISBN 0-634-05560-7
- ^ Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. p. 195. ISBN 0-517-57066-1.
- ^ Amazon.com.
- ^ "Amazon.co.uk". Amazon.co.uk. ASIN 0304356050.
- ^ BeatlesInterviews.org.
- ^ "Lennon's downfall: Had it not been for one last touching act of love, he might still be alive today". http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1072271/Lennons-downfall-Had-touching-act-love-alive-today.html#ixzz1rqY2nAcO. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ "1980 Playboy Interview With John Lennon And Yoko Ono by David Sheff". John-Lennon.com. http://www.john-lennon.com/playboyinterviewwithjohnlennonandyokoono.htm. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
- ^ "All Those Years Ago lyrics". Sing365.com. http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/All-Those-Years-Ago-lyrics-George-Harrison/3D9E1438D16592E04825695E001CE4CF. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ Published 7/4/08 by. "TheInsider.com". TheInsider.com. http://www.theinsider.com/news/1030566_Sir_Paul_McCartney_says_George_Harrison_was_like_his_baby_brother. Retrieved 8 December 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Tripod.com.
- ^ "Acoustic Guitar Central: George Harrison's behind-the-scenes contributions to the world's greatest band". www.acousticguitar.com. http://www.acousticguitar.com/issues/ag122/feature122.html. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
- ^ a b Guitar World Presents the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, p. 17, Jeff Kitts, Hal Leonard Corporation, 2002, ISBN 0-634-04619-5
- ^ All Music Guide: The Experts Guide to the Best Recordings p. 181, Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Backbeat Books, 2001, ISBN 0-87930-627-0
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2003, p 50.
- ^ Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul, p 182.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2006, p 11.
- ^ "Remembering George Harrison". home.att.net. http://home.att.net/~chuckayoub/the_beatles_video_28.htm. Retrieved 25 December 2008. Time 2.40 minutes – 3.50 minutes.
- ^ "Futurama 111 – The Guitar Collection". www.theguitarcollection.org.uk. http://www.theguitarcollection.org.uk/gallery6/futurama.html. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
- ^ "Futurama Electric Guitars". www.vintagehofner.co.uk. http://www.vintagehofner.co.uk/hofnerfs/futurama/fut.html. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
- ^ a b Babiuk, Lewisohn, and Bacon, Beatles Gear, pp. 110–112.
- ^ "George Harrison Guitars". www.celebrityrockstarguitars.com. http://www.celebrityrockstarguitars.com/rock/harrison.htm. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
- ^ a b 50 Years of Gretsch Electrics, p. 65, Tony Bacon, Backbeat Books, 2005, ISBN 0-87930-822-2.
- ^ Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul, p. 270.
- ^ The History of Rickenbacker Guitars, pp. 77–79, Richard R. Smith, Centerstream Publications, 1988, ISBN 0-931759-15-3.
- ^ Fretbase, George Harrison's 12 String Rickenbacker.
- ^ Babiuk, Lewisohn, and Bacon, Beatles Gear, p. 120.
- ^ Christie's Rock and Pop Memorabilia, p. 82, Peter Doggett, Sarah Hodgson, Pavilion, 2003, ISBN 1-86205-538-6.
- ^ The Fender Stratocaster, p. 22, A. R. Duchossoir, Eric Clapton, Hal Leonard Corporation, 1994, ISBN 0-7935-4735-0.
- ^ Babiuk, Lewisohn, and Bacon, Beatles Gear, p 157.
- ^ "Carl Perkins". www.rockhall.com. http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/carl-perkins. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
- ^ "Hall of Fame, Bo Diddley". www.rockabillyhall.com. http://www.rockabillyhall.com/heybo.html. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
- ^ "Guitar Songs – the World of Chuck Berry". www.articlesbase.com. http://www.articlesbase.com/music-articles/guitar-songs-the-world-of-chuck-berry-574423.html. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
- ^ "The Beatles". www.solarnavigator.net. http://www.solarnavigator.net/music/the_beatles.htm. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
- ^ a b Rowen, Beth (30 November 2001). "George Harrison: The Spiritual Leader of The Beatles". http://www.factmonster.com/spot/gharrison1.html. Retrieved 14 September 2007
- ^ "West meets East". www.icce.rug.nl. http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/VOLUME04/West_meets_east.shtml. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ Peter Lavezzoli. The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. Bhairavi. The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. New York 2006. ISBN 0-8264-1815-5 ISBN 978-08264181592006. p175
- ^ Harrison, George. I Me Mine (1980) p. 84
- ^ Miles (1997) p. 554.
- ^ John Lennon: One Day at a Time: a Personal Biography of the Seventies, p. 96, Anthony Fawcett, New English Library, 20 January 1977, ISBN 0-450-03073-3.
- ^ Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends who Changed Music Forever, p. 174, Scott Schinder, Greenwood Press, 2008, ISBN 0-313-33846-9.
- ^ The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll: Revised and Updated for the 21st Century, p. 413, Holly George-Warren, Patricia Romanowski, Patricia Romanowski Bashe, Jon Pareles, Fireside, 2001, ISBN 0-7432-0120-5.
- ^ The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, p. 182, Peter Lavezzoli, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN 0-8264-1815-5
- ^ a b All Music Guide to Rock, p. 508, Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Backbeat Books, 2002, ISBN 0-87930-653-X
- ^ a b Schaffner, The Boys from Liverpool, p 155.
- ^ All Music Guide: The Experts Guide to the Best Recordings, p. 181, Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Backbeat Books, 2001, ISBN 0-87930-627-0
- ^ In early 2007, it was determined that All Things Must Pass should have been noted as a number one album in the United Kingdom when first released in the winter of 1970–71. Because some sales were not properly counted, the album originally peaked at number four in Britain. "icLiverpool – Number one for Harrison at last". icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk. http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100regionalnews/tm_objectid=17476343&method=full&siteid=50061&headline=number-one-for-harrison-at-last-name_page.html. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, p 142.
- ^ a b The "My Sweet Lord"/"He's So Fine" Plagiarism Suit, Joseph C. Self, The 910, 1993. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ Huntley, Mystical One.
- ^ a b "Concert for Bangladesh". Concertforbangladesh. http://www.concertforbangladesh.com/. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- ^ a b Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, pp 158–159.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2003, pp 111–112.
- ^ Greene, Here Comes the Sun, p 213.
- ^ "George Harrison > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4444/charts-awards/billboard-albums. Retrieved 24 December 2008.
- ^ Schaffner The Beatles Forever, pp. 209–210.
- ^ Nicholas Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, McGraw-Hill (New York, NY, 1978), p. 188.
- ^ a b Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, p 192.
- ^ Schaffner, The Boys from Liverpool, p 164.
- ^ a b Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2006, pp 108–109.
- ^ Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, p 145.
- ^ Without You: The Tragic Story of Badfinger, p 136, Dan Matovina, Frances Glover Books, 2000, ISBN 0-9657122-2-2
- ^ Shapiro, Behind Sad Eyes, p 219.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2006, p 59.
- ^ Shapiro, Behind Sad Eyes, p 220.
- ^ a b c Harry, The George Harrison Encyclopedia, p 247.
- ^ Harry, The George Harrison Encyclopedia, p 246.
- ^ "All Those Years Ago". Connolly and Company. http://www.connollyco.com/discography/george_harrison/allthose7.html. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
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- ^ "Shadows of the Light". Rockaria. http://www.rockaria.com/history.html. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- ^ Ingham, Rough Guide to The Beatles, p 159.
- ^ Harry, The George Harrison Encyclopedia, p 100.
- ^ Welch, Chris (1 December 2001). "George Harrison". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/george-harrison-729550.html. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- ^ "Bob Dylan: Induction Year: 1988". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/bob-dylan. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- ^ Harry, The George Harrison Encyclopedia, p 106.
- ^ "Thoughts on Carl: Carl's Funeral". Rockabilly Hall of Fame. http://www.rockabillyhall.com/CarlPerkins.html. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
- ^ "Small World Big Band". Jools Holland. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080603225013/http://www.joolsholland.com/smallworld.htm. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- ^ "Grammy Award Winners". The New York Times. 8 December 2003. http://www.nytimes.com/ref/arts/music/08grammy-list.html. Retrieved 24 December 2008.
- ^ Bob Dylan: Performing Artist 1986–1990 & Beyond: Mind Out of Time pp129-138, Paul Williams, Omnibus Press, 2004, ISBN 1-84449-281-8. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ Hurwitz, Matt. "Wilburys set to travel again" USA Today 11 June 2007
- ^ Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver Through the Anthology, p 286.
- ^ Corliss, Richard (24 June 2001). "Free as a Beatle". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,133480,00.html. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
- ^ "The Beatles' biography". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080216002109/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/biography. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g Davies, The Beatles 1985, pp 362–363.
- ^ "screenonline: Film Studios and Industry Bodies > HandMade Films". www.screenonline.org.uk. http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/499846/. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
- ^ "George Harrison (I)". www.imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0365600/#actor. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
- ^ a b Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture, Peter Childs and Mike Storry, Taylor & Francis, 1999, ISBN 0-415-14726-3 pp 245–246
- ^ Withnail & I: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know But Were Too Drunk to Ask, pp 26–27, Thomas Hewitt-McManus, Lulu.com, 2006, ISBN 1-4116-5821-3
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2006, p 243.
- ^ Ingham, Rough Guide to The Beatles, p 160.
- ^ Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology, p 284.
- ^ a b The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, p. 172, Peter Lavezzoli, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN 0-8264-1815-5
- ^ a b c d e Peter Lavezzoli. The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. Bhairavi. The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. New York 2006. ISBN 0-8264-1815-5 ISBN 978-08264181592006. p176
- ^ Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver Through the Anthology, p 71.
- ^ The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, p. 173, Peter Lavezzoli, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN 0-8264-1815-5
- ^ Partridge 2005, p. 153
- ^ "International Vegetarian Union – George Harrison". Ivu.org. http://www.ivu.org/people/music/harrison.html. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
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- ^ a b "George Harrison & Hinduism – His Idea of God & Reincarnation". Hinduism.about.com. http://hinduism.about.com/library/weekly/aa120501b.htm. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
- ^ Miles, Barry (2007). The Beatles Diary: An Intimate Day by Day History. World Publications Group. p. 210. ISBN 1-57215-010-6.
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- ^ Udovitch, Mim; Wild, David (2 January 2002). "Tom Petty Remembers George". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/tompetty/articles/story/5919468/tom_petty_remembers_george. Retrieved 31 October 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2003, p 34.
- ^ The Complete Guide to the Music of Eric Clapton. books.google.co.uk. 24 April 1995. ISBN 978-0-7119-4305-6. http://books.google.com/?id=qpvlUrpH_xoC&pg=PA32&dq=%22L%27Angelo+Misterioso%22. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
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- ^ "Rutland Weekend Television". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/rutlandweekendtelevision/index.shtml. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
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- ^ a b Davies, The Beatles 1985, p 360.
- ^ a b Huntley, Mystical One, p 170.
- ^ "George Harrison's Haven". architecturaldigest.com. August 2007. http://www.architecturaldigest.com/homes/features/2007/08/harrison_article_082007. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ^ Helen Altonn and Gary Kubota (30 November 2001). "George Harrison / 1943-2001". Archives.starbulletin.com. http://archives.starbulletin.com/2001/11/30/news/story1.html. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ^ An autobiographical sketch by John Lennon, titled after one of his songs, The Ballad of John and Yoko, was posthumously published in 1986 as part of his collection Skywriting by Word of Mouth.
- ^ Amazon.com, reviews
- ^ a b Cars of the Super Rich, p. 127, Martin Buckley, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2004, ISBN 0-7603-1953-7
- ^ "BBC On This Day 1955: Moss claims first Grand Prix victory". BBC News. 17 July 1955. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/17/newsid_2981000/2981372.stm. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
- ^ Huntley, Mystical One, p 167.
- ^ "George Harrison car sells for $464,736 at UK's largest classic car auction – Classic cars, Vintage Racing, Classic Rally". Classicrallies.com. http://www.classicrallies.com/blog/index.php?/archives/905-George-Harrison-car-sells-for-464,736-at-UKs-largest-classic-car-auction.html. Retrieved 31 October 2008. [dead link]
- ^ a b "The Concert For Bangladesh". The Concert For Bangladesh. http://www.theconcertforbangladesh.com/. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- ^ "Cinema: Sweet Sounds". Time. 17 April 1972. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944505,00.html. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- ^ a b c "The George Harrison Fund for UNICEF". UNICEF. http://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/the-george-harrison-fund-for-u.html. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- ^ "Ravi Shankar Receives First-Ever George Harrison Humanitarian Award". George Harrison. 13 October 2009. http://www.georgeharrison.com/#/news/archive/200910/ravi-shankar-receives-first-ever-george-harrison-humanitarian-award. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- ^ Lyall, Sarah (31 December 1999). "George Harrison Stabbed in Chest by an Intruder". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9800E4D81238F932A05751C1A96F958260. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ The Greedy Bastard Diary: A Comic Tour of America, pp 277–278, Eric Idle, Harper Entertainment, 2005, ISBN 0-06-075864-3
- ^ "Freed Beatle's attacker sorry". BBC News. 5 July 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2096082.stm. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ Lyall, Sarah (31 December 1999). "George Harrison Stabbed in Chest by an Intruder". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/31/world/george-harrison-stabbed-in-chest-by-an-intruder.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
- ^ Jury, Louise (4 May 2001). "George Harrison undergoes surgery for cancer". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/george-harrison-undergoes-surgery-for-cancer-683674.html. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ "George Harrison being treated in cancer clinic". Telegraph (London). 9 July 2001. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1333302/George-Harrison-being-treated-in-cancer-clinic.html. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ Davies, Hugh (24 July 2001). "'Near death' story angers Harrison". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1335033/Near-death-story-angers-Harrison.html. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ Cohen, Nadia. "Harrison 'may have month to live'". London: Dailymail.co.uk. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-83048/Harrison-month-live.html. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ "George Harrison Receives Radiation Treatment". ABC News. 9 November 2001. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=117128&page=1last=Carpenter. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ "George Harrison reportedly has a week to live". Hollywood.com. 26 November 2001. http://www.hollywood.com/news/George_Harrison_reportedly_has_a_week_to_live/1098121. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ "Harrison death mystery solved". BBC News. 13 February 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1817780.stm. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
- ^ "George Harrison". www.oralcancerfoundation.org. http://www.oralcancerfoundation.org/people/george_harrison.htm. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
- ^ The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, p. 198, Peter Lavezzoli, International Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN 0-8264-1815-5.
- ^ Hinduism, p. 47, Lynne Gibson, Pat Wootten, 2002, ISBN 0-435-33618-5
- ^ "George Harrison (1943–2001)". Find A Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6010942. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
- ^ "Harrison leaves £99m will". BBC News. 29 November 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2525443.stm. Retrieved 19 September 2009. "Harrison left £99,226,700, reduced to £98,916,400 after expenses, a High Court spokeswoman confirmed."
- ^ Civil Action CV040033 (NGG) (PDF), Complaint, United States District Court, Eastern District of New York, The Estate of George Harrison v Gilbert Lederman. The allegations about the autograph appear on page 10 of the Complaint.
- ^ Goldman, Andrew (21 May 2005). "The Doctor Can't Help Himself". New York Magazine. http://nymag.com/nymetro/health/features/10817/. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- ^ Glaberson, William (17 January 2004). "Harrison Estate Settles Suit Over Guitar Autographed by Dying Beatle". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/17/nyregion/harrison-estate-settles-suit-over-guitar-autographed-by-dying-beatle.html?fta=y. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- ^ Concert for George (booklet). Burbank: Warner Brothers. 2003. 74546.
- ^ Commemorative booklet presented to each concertgoer upon entering the Royal Albert Hall on 29 November 2002, p. 12, London: Oops Publishing Ltd., 2002 (based on firsthand account of concert attendee; booklet in private collection).
- ^ The Beatles: A Diary, p. 172, Barry Miles, Chris Charlesworth, Omnibus Press, 1998, ISBN 0-7119-6315-0
- ^ "Results Page – Academy Awards Database – AMPAS". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/DisplayMain.jsp?curTime=1188500005584.
- ^ "Billboard Century Awards – Music Artists Biography – Music Artist Interviews". Billboard. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080430083553/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2005/century/archive.jsp. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
- ^ "(4149) Harrison". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/special/rocknroll/0004149.html.
- ^ "UNICEF – Bangladesh – George Harrison honoured on 35th anniversary of 'Concert for Bangladesh'". www.unicef.org. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/bangladesh_35176.html. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
- ^ "Former Beatle inducted into Madison Square Garden's 'Walk... – Truveo Video Search". www.truveo.com. http://www.truveo.com/Former-Beatle-inducted-into-Madison-Square-Gardens/id/240866508. Retrieved 19 December 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "TIME Magazine Cover: The Beatles – 22 September 1967 – The Beatles – Rock – Singers – Most Popular – Music". Time. http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19670922,00.html. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ "Time Magazine – US Edition – 10 December 2001". Time magazine: p. 1 (cover). 10 December 2001. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601011210,00.html. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
- ^ Google.com[dead link]
- ^ "George Harrison to be Honored Posthumously with Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame". Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080704114702/http://www.hollywoodchamber.net/icons/upcoming_ceremonies.asp. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
- ^ Solvej, Schou. "Beatle George Harrison gets Hollywood star – The Daily Breeze". Associated Press. http://www.dailybreeze.com/ci_12141260. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
- ^ "Scorsese's George Harrison film gets Liverpool premiere". BBC News. 15 September 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-14931924. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ "Las Guitarras de George Harrison". http://www.joseperdicion.com/las-guitarras-de-george-harrison/. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "The Guitarrist". http://www.thecanteen.com/harrison1.html. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "George Harrison Chart History on the Billboard Albums". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4444/charts-awards/billboard-albums. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
- ^ "George Harrison Chart Trajectories on the UK Albums". http://homepage1.nifty.com/tuty/after_beatles_george_albumchartaction_uk.htm/. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
- ^ "norwegiancharts.com George Harrison discography". http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=George+Harrison. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
- ^ "George Harrison Chart Trajectories on the Oricon Albums". http://homepage1.nifty.com/tuty/after_beatles_george_albumchartaction_japan.htm/. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
- ^ "Discographie George Harrison – austriancharts.at". http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=George+Harrison. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
- ^ "swedishcharts.com – Discography George". http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=George+Harrison. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
- ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for albums by George Harrison". http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=George%20Harrison&format=ALBUM&go=Search&perPage=50. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
- ^ BPI certified awards were introduced in April 1973.
- ^ "Platinum Awards Content – Harrison, George – Dark Horse". http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=23189. Retrieved 16 June 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Platinum Awards Content – Harrison, George – Thirty Three and a Third". http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=23190. Retrieved 16 June 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Platinum Awards Content – Harrison, George – Cloud Nine". http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=23192. Retrieved 16 June 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Platinum Awards Content – Harrison, George – Brainwashed". http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=30981. Retrieved 16 June 2008. [dead link]
References[link]
- Babiuk, Andy; Lewisohn, Mark; Bacon, Tony (2002). Beatles Gear: All the Fab Four's Instruments, from Stage to Studio. Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-731-5.
- Davies, Hunter (1985). The Beatles (Second Revised ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-015526-7.
- Everett, Walter (2001). The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul. US: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514105-9.
- Everett, Walter (1999). The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology. US: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512941-5.
- Frame, Pete (1999). Pete Frame's Rockin' Around Britain: Rock'n'roll Landmarks of the UK and Ireland. Music Sales Group. ISBN 0-7119-6973-6.
- Giuliano, Geoffrey (1997). Dark Horse: The Life and Art of George Harrison (Revised ed.). New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80747-5.
- Greene, Joshua M (2007). Here Comes the Sun: The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-470-12780-5.
- Harrison, George (1980). I, Me, Mine. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-42787-3.
- Harry, Bill (2000). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. Virgin Publishing. ISBN 0-7535-0481-2.
- Harry, Bill (2003). The George Harrison Encyclopedia. Virgin Books Ltd. ISBN 0-7535-0822-2.
- Higgins, Jon B; Ishwaran, K (1978). Contributions to Asian Studies. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-05809-5.
- Huntley, Elliot J (2004). Mystical One: George Harrison: After the Break-up of the Beatles. Guernica Editions. ISBN 1-55071-197-0.
- Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2005). The re-enchantment of the West: alternative spiritualities, sacralisation, popular culture, and occulture (illustrated ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-567-08269-5. http://books.google.com/?id=g05THJPH5xUC&pg=PA153.
- Ingham, Chris (2003). The Rough Guide to the Beatles: The Story, the Song, the Solo Years. Rough Guides. ISBN 1-84353-140-2.
- Leng, Simon (2003). While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison. SAF Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-946719-50-0.
- Leng, Simon (2006). While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison (Revised ed.). Hal Leonard. ISBN 1-4234-0609-5.
- Miles, Barry (2007). The Beatles Diary: An Intimate Day by Day History. East Bridgewater, MA: World Publications Group. ISBN 1-57215-010-6.
- Miles, Barry; Badman, Keith (2001). The Beatles Diary: The Beatles Years. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-8308-9.
- Pedler, Dominic (2003). The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-8167-1.
- Roberty, Marc; Charlesworth, Chris (1995). The Complete Guide to the Music of Eric Clapton. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-4305-2.
- Schaffner, Nicholas (1977). The Beatles Forever. Harrisburg: Cameron House. ISBN 0-8117-0225-1.
- Schaffner, Nicholas (1980). The Boys from Liverpool: John, Paul, George, and Ringo. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-416-30661-6.
- Shapiro, Marc (2002). Behind Sad Eyes: The Life of George Harrison. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-30993-7.
- Unterberger, Richie (2002). Turn! Turn! Turn!: The '60s Folk-rock Revolution. Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-703-X.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: George Harrison |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: George Harrison |
- GeorgeHarrison.com — Official Site
- RollingStone.com – George's Greatest Musical Moments
- George Harrison at The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
- George Harrison – Daily Telegraph obituary
- George Harrison at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about George Harrison in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Genesis Publications – Concert for George: A Celebration of the Life of George Harrison
- Interview with Paul Cashmere
- BBC news article on Harrison's death, George Harrison: Life in pictures and UK version with different pictures
- George and other Beatles at Tittenhurst Hare Krishna temple
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Harrison, George |
| Alternative names | Wax, Arthur; Mysterioso, L'Angelo; Wilbury, Nelson |
| Short description | Rock musician |
| Date of birth | (1943-02-25)25 February 1943 |
| Place of birth | Liverpool, England, United Kingdom |
| Date of death | 29 November 2001(2001-11-29) |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States of America |
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Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea. The term can include acts committed on land, in the air, or in other major bodies of water or on a shore. It does not normally include crimes committed against persons traveling on the same vessel as the perpetrator (e.g. one passenger stealing from others on the same vessel). The term has been used to refer to raids across land borders by non-state agents.
Piracy is the name of a specific crime under customary international law and also the name of a number of crimes under the municipal law of a number of States. It is distinguished from privateering, which is authorized by national authorities and therefore a legitimate form of war-like activity by non-state actors. Privateering is considered commerce raiding, and was outlawed by the Peace of Westphalia (1648) for signatories to those treaties.
Those who engage in acts of piracy are called pirates. Historically, offenders have usually been apprehended by military personnel and tried by military tribunals.
