Code Pink: Women for Peace
Code Pink activists demonstrate in front of the White House on July 4, 2006.
Formation	November 17, 2002 (2002-11-17) (9 years ago)
Type	NGO
Purpose/focus	Anti-war, social justice
Region served	United States of America
Key people	Jodie Evans, Medea Benjamin
Website	www.codepink4peace.org

Code Pink: Women for Peace is an anti-war group that is mainly composed of women. It has regional offices in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York City, and Washington, D.C., and many more chapters in the U.S. as well as several in other countries.^[1] Code Pink describes itself as "a women-initiated grassroots peace and social justice movement working to end the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, stop new wars, and redirect our resources into healthcare, education, green jobs and other life-affirming activities."^[2]

With members wearing the group's signature pink color,^[3] Code Pink has conducted marches, protests, and high-visibility publicity stunts in order to promote its goals. Although women initiated and lead the group, Code Pink allows men to participate in its activities.^[4]

History[link]

Code Pink was founded on November 17, 2002 by Jodie Evans, Medea Benjamin and other activists.^[2] The group's name is a play on the United States Department of Homeland Security's color-coded alert system in which, for example, Code Orange and Code Red signify the highest levels of danger.^[5]

In February 2003, just weeks before the invasion of Iraq, Code Pink organized its first trip to that nation, and subsequently led five delegations there. These delegations included parents who had lost their children in Iraq, and parents of active soldiers. Additionally, they brought six Iraqi women on a tour of the United States, and published a report about how the US occupation affected the status of Iraqi women.^[6]

On its website, Code Pink lists allegations of US war crimes, and states that thousands of civilians were killed in Fallujah in 2004 due to the actions of the US military.^[7] Along with other groups, they gave over $600,000 worth of humanitarian aid to refugees of Fallujah in 2004.^[8]

Activities[link]

Code Pink protesting against Arnold Schwarzenegger, during his campaign to get elected as the Governor of California.

Protest by Code Pink against AHAVA in Los Angeles, California in July 2009.

• November, 2002: Code Pink launched a four-month vigil in front of the White House, culminating on March 8, 2002 International Women's Day, with a 10,000-person march.^[9]

• January 20, 2005: Code Pink protesters attended President G.W. Bush's second inaugural address, unfurling banners and heckling the president during his speech.^[10] The group reportedly received VIP passes from unidentified members of Congress, and were eventually escorted out of the area by police.^[11]

• September 21, 2006: Code Pink staged a peace march that blocked traffic on the Golden Gate Bridge. Code Pink received permits allowing them to march after the morning commute hours at 10:00am. Instead, the group began an illegal walk toward the center of the span at 7:30am. They left by 10:00am.^[12]

• March 20, 2007: a Code Pink protester interrupted a Hillary Rodham Clinton fundraiser in Washington DC and was removed by security.^[13] This was one of a series of Code Pink protests against Senator Clinton; a week later, five Code Pink members heckled her at the legislative-political conference of the Communications Workers of America.^[14]

• March 22, 2007: several Code Pink protestors were arrested outside the office of Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi after announcing their intent to take over her office. Code Pink was protesting that the majority Democratic Party had not stopped war funding.^[15]

• September 10, 2007: Code Pink protested at General David Petraeus' Congressional testimony, interrupting the general's testimony. Committee Chairman Congressman Ike Skelton (D-MO) banged his gavel, attempted to restore order, and informed the protesters of possible legal ramifications of their actions. The protestors were subsequently removed from the hearing^[16]

• September 2007 onward: Code Pink began holding weekly "counter-recruitment" protests in front of the United States Marine Corps Officer Selection Office located in Berkeley, California.^[17][18] These protests escalated into the broader Berkeley Marine Corps Recruiting Center controversy.

• October 24, 2007: Desiree Ali-Fairooz approached Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice with red paint on her hands and shouted "The blood of millions of Iraqis is on your hands!" She was immediately arrested.^[19]

• September 4, 2008: At the 2008 Republican National Convention, a Code Pink activist attempted to heckle nominee John McCain onstage while he was giving his acceptance speech. Secret Service stopped the activist before she reached the stage.^[20]

• December 12, 2008: Code Pink announced its plans to invest in Iranian wind energy in hopes to defy sanctions and build peaceful relations with the government of Iran.^[21]

• June 3, 2009: Code Pink flew a banner that said "End the siege of Gaza" at President Obama's Muslim-outreach speech at Cairo University.^[22]

• December 31, 2009: Code Pink was one of the organizers of the Gaza Freedom March on December 31, 2009, which brought over 1,300 people from more than 43 countries to join Gaza Palestinians in a non-violent, mass march to the Israeli border.^[23]

• May 11, 2010: Code Pink attempted to arrest Karl Rove at a book signing.^[24]

• June 8, 2010: Code Pink heckled House Speaker Nancy Pelosi over lack of funding for states.^[25]

• March 2011: Code Pink members demonstrate outside of the FBI headquarters in support of suspected Wikileaks leaker Bradley Manning.^[26]

• May 23–24, 2011: Code Pink members disrupted Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu's speaking engagements, both at a policy convention and at the United States Congress. Code Pink member Rae Abileah was arrested and charged with disrupting Congress.^[27]

Marching in 2004.

• September 11, 2011: Code Pink activists marched across the Golden Gate Bridge while calling for troops to leave Iraq and Afghanistan.^[28]

Ongoing protest rallies[link]

Code Pink often uses political street theater to publicize its positions. Favored methods include the use of puppets, effigies, over-sized heads, and fake blood, according to John J. Tierney in a publication of the conservative think tank, Capital Research Center.^[29]

Code Pink organizes annual rallies on Mothers Day and St. Valentine's Day. On Mother's Day 2006, Code Pink organized a 24-hour gathering in Lafayette Park, across the street from the White House, which was attended and supported by Cindy Sheehan, Susan Sarandon and Patch Adams.^[30] For Valentine's Day they organize kiss-ins in which members are encouraged to assemble outside military recruitment centers and kiss, as well as hold up banners with slogans such as "Make out, not war!" and "Love the troops, Hate the War."^[31] Members are also asked to hand out flyers that according to the Code Pink website, "...claim that recruiters tell potential recruits their chance of being sent to a combat zone is slim" and that "almost all recruits will be sent to Iraq or Afghanistan."^[32]

Co-founder Medea Benjamin writes in the Huffington Post that the United States never had any "justification for invading Iraq", that there is no "justification for continuing the war in Afghanistan", and that in Pakistan, the US "drone attacks are only fueling the violence and creating more Osama Bin Ladens." Regarding the killing of bin Laden, she says "Let us not sink into a false sense of triumphalism in the wake of Bin Laden's passing."^[33]

Demonstrations at Walter Reed Medical Center[link]

Code Pink has also organized vigils at the Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington, DC. The group has been criticized for actions at the vigils: the criticism has centered on tactics such as displaying coffins and chanting aggressive slogans. Speaking about the display of coffins, Kevin Pannell, an amputee and former patient at the hospital, said it "was probably the most distasteful thing I had ever seen. Ever. We went by there one day and I drove by and [the anti-war protesters] had a bunch of flag-draped coffins laid out on the sidewalk. You know that 95 percent of the guys in the hospital bed lost guys whenever they got hurt and survivors' guilt is the worst thing you can deal with."^[34] To those that faulted aggressive chants and signs, Code Pink responded that certain of the disruptive protesters were not part of their group and that they have asked these protesters to be respectful.^[35] Code Pink says that the purpose of the vigils is to highlight the lack of care for veterans and claims that the vigils have helped spur improvements in that care.^[35][36]

Protest during Plame hearing[link]

In March 2007, there were US Senate hearings about the disclosure of the classified role of Valerie Plame Wilson. During the hearings, a Code Pink activist, Midge Potts, constantly maneuvered to be in the camera views of the witness. Potts wore a pink T-shirt emblazoned "Impeach Bush". She said she was in the Judiciary Committee hearing room not to add anything to the proceedings there, but "...I switched it to the impeach during the Valerie Plame hearing mainly because it seems like that the Democrats or -- are going to push the supplemental through."^[37]

Halloween 2009 White House protest[link]

On October 31, 2009, Code Pink organized a protest rally outside the White House to coincide with President and Mrs. Obama's official Halloween party. As many of the guests were family members of military members, the Code Pink press release encouraged attendees to dress as "zombie soldiers".^[38]

Book[link]

Code Pink also published a book called Stop the Next War Now,^[39] which included essays by Eve Ensler, Barbara Lee, Arianna Huffington, Janeane Garofalo, Nancy Pelosi, Maxine Hong Kingston, Jody Williams, Naomi Klein, Benazir Bhutto, Helen Thomas, Julia Butterfly Hill, Amy Goodman, Doris Haddock, Cynthia McKinney, Gael Murphy and others.^[40]

Reception[link]

According to the Jerusalem Post, Code Pink is a pro-Palestinian group.^[41]

See also[link]

	Social movements portal
	Politics portal

• Anti-war movement

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Code Pink

• Code Pink
• World Social Forum 2006 » Day Three - Meeting Chavez
• America Looks Great In Pink! - Code Pink at Obama's Inauguration
• Jodie Evans - MIPtalk.com Interview

v t e Anti-war Opposition to wars or aspects of war Military action in Iran 2011 military intervention in Libya Iraq War War in Afghanistan War on Terrorism Sri Lankan Civil War Landmines Vietnam War Nuclear armament World War I World War II Second Boer War American Civil War War of 1812 Agents of opposition Anti-war organizations Anti-nuclear organizations Conscientious objectors Draft dodgers Peace movement Peace churches Peace camp War resisters War tax resisters Related ideologies Anarcho-pacifism Anti-imperialism Antimilitarism Anti-nuclear Appeasement Christian anarchism Hippie Nonviolence Nonkilling Pacificism Pacifism Satyagraha Simple living Socialism Soviet influence on the peace movement Peace punks Media Art Books Films Songs Symbols

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Morse code, a famous type of code

A code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, phrase, or gesture) into another form or representation (one sign into another sign), not necessarily of the same type.

In communications and information processing, encoding is the process by which information from a source is converted into symbols to be communicated. Decoding is the reverse process, converting these code symbols back into information understandable by a receiver.

One reason for coding is to enable communication in places where ordinary spoken or written language is difficult or impossible. For example, semaphore, where the configuration of flags held by a signaller or the arms of a semaphore tower encodes parts of the message, typically individual letters and numbers. Another person standing a great distance away can interpret the flags and reproduce the words sent.

Theory[link]

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Coding theory . (Discuss) Proposed since July 2010.

In information theory and computer science, a code is usually considered as an algorithm which uniquely represents symbols from some source alphabet, by encoded strings, which may be in some other target alphabet. An extension of the code for representing sequences of symbols over the source alphabet is obtained by concatenating the encoded strings.

Before giving a mathematically precise definition, we give a brief example. The mapping

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): C = \{\, a\mapsto 0, b\mapsto 01, c\mapsto 011\,\}

is a code, whose source alphabet is the set Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \{a,b,c\}

and whose target alphabet is the set Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \{0,1\}

. Using the extension of the code, the encoded string 0011001011 can be grouped into codewords as 0 – 011 – 0 – 01 – 011, and these in turn can be decoded to the sequence of source symbols acabc.

Using terms from formal language theory, the precise mathematical definition of this concept is as follows: Let S and T be two finite sets, called the source and target alphabets, respectively. A code Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): C:\, S \to T^*

is a total function mapping each symbol from S to a sequence of symbols over T, and the extension of M to a homomorphism of Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): S^*
into Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): T^*

, which naturally maps each sequence of source symbols to a sequence of target symbols, is referred to as its extension.

Variable-length codes[link]

In this section we consider codes, which encode each source (clear text) character by a code word from some dictionary, and concatenation of such code words give us an encoded string. Variable-length codes are especially useful when clear text characters have different probabilities; see also entropy encoding.

A prefix code is a code with the "prefix property": there is no valid code word in the system that is a prefix (start) of any other valid code word in the set. Huffman coding is the most known algorithm for deriving prefix codes, so prefix codes are also widely referred to as "Huffman codes", even when the code was not produced by a Huffman algorithm. Other examples of prefix codes are country calling codes, the country and publisher parts of ISBNs, and the Secondary Synchronization Codes used in the UMTS W-CDMA 3G Wireless Standard.

Kraft's inequality characterizes the sets of code word lengths that are possible in a prefix code. Virtually, any uniquely decodable one-to-many code, not necessary a prefix one, must satisfy Kraft's inequality.

Block codes[link]

This section requires expansion.

Error correcting codes[link]

Codes may also be used to represent data in a way more resistant to errors in transmission or storage. Such a "code" is called an error-correcting code, and works by including carefully crafted redundancy with the stored (or transmitted) data. Examples include Hamming codes, Reed–Solomon, Reed–Muller, Walsh–Hadamard, Bose–Chaudhuri–Hochquenghem, Turbo, Golay, Goppa, low-density parity-check codes, and space–time codes. Error detecting codes can be optimised to detect burst errors, or random errors.

Examples[link]

Codes in communication used for brevity[link]

A cable code replaces words (e.g., ship or invoice) with shorter words, allowing the same information to be sent with fewer characters, more quickly, and most important, less expensively.

Codes can be used for brevity. When telegraph messages were the state of the art in rapid long distance communication, elaborate systems of commercial codes that encoded complete phrases into single words (commonly five-letter groups) were developed, so that telegraphers became conversant with such "words" as BYOXO ("Are you trying to weasel out of our deal?"), LIOUY ("Why do you not answer my question?"), BMULD ("You're a skunk!"), or AYYLU ("Not clearly coded, repeat more clearly."). Code words were chosen for various reasons: length, pronounceability, etc. Meanings were chosen to fit perceived needs: commercial negotiations, military terms for military codes, diplomatic terms for diplomatic codes, any and all of the preceding for espionage codes. Codebooks and codebook publishers proliferated, including one run as a front for the American Black Chamber run by Herbert Yardley between the First and Second World Wars. The purpose of most of these codes was to save on cable costs. The use of data coding for data compression predates the computer era; an early example is the telegraph Morse code where more-frequently used characters have shorter representations. Techniques such as Huffman coding are now used by computer-based algorithms to compress large data files into a more compact form for storage or transmission.

Character encodings[link]

Probably the most widely known data communications code so far (aka character representation) in use today is ASCII. In one or another (somewhat compatible) version, it is used by nearly all personal computers, terminals, printers, and other communication equipment. It represents 128 characters with seven-bit binary numbers—that is, as a string of seven 1s and 0s. In ASCII a lowercase "a" is always 1100001, an uppercase "A" always 1000001, and so on. There are many other encodings, which represent each character by a byte (usually referred as code pages), integer code point (Unicode) or a byte sequence (UTF-8).

Genetic code[link]

Biological organisms contain genetic material that is used to control their function and development. This is DNA which contains units named genes that can produce proteins through a code (genetic code) in which a series of triplets {codons} of four possible nucleotides are translated into one of twenty possible amino acids. A sequence of codons results in a corresponding sequence of amino acids that form a protein.

Gödel code[link]

In mathematics, a Gödel code was the basis for the proof of Gödel's incompleteness theorem. Here, the idea was to map mathematical notation to a natural number (using a Gödel numbering).

Other[link]

There are codes using colors, like traffic lights, the color code employed to mark the nominal value of the electrical resistors or that of the trashcans devoted to specific types of garbage (paper, glass, biological, etc.)

In marketing, coupon codes can be used for a financial discount or rebate when purchasing a product from an internet retailer.

In military environments, specific sounds with the cornet are used for different uses: to mark some moments of the day, to command the infantry in the battlefield, etc.

Communication systems for sensory impairments, as the sign language for deaf people and braille for blind people, are based in movement or tactile codes.

Musical scores are the most common way to encode music.

Specific games, as chess, have their own code systems to record the matches (chess notation).

Cryptography[link]

In the history of cryptography, codes were once common for ensuring the confidentiality of communications, although ciphers are now used instead. See code (cryptography).

Secret codes intended to obscure the real messages, ranging from serious (mainly espionage in military, diplomatic, business, etc.) to trivial (romance, games) can be any kind of imaginative encoding: flowers, game cards, clothes, fans, hats, melodies, birds, etc., in which the sole requisite is the previous agreement of the meaning by both the sender and the receiver.

Other examples[link]

Other examples of encoding include:

• Encoding (in cognition) is a basic perceptual process of interpreting incoming stimuli; technically speaking, it is a complex, multi-stage process of converting relatively objective sensory input (e.g., light, sound) into subjectively meaningful experience.
• A content format is a specific encoding format for converting a specific type of data to information.
• Text encoding uses a markup language to tag the structure and other features of a text to facilitate processing by computers. (See also Text Encoding Initiative.)
• Semantics encoding of formal language A in formal language B is a method of representing all terms (e.g. programs or descriptions) of language A using language B.
• Electronic encoding transforms a signal into a code optimized for transmission or storage, generally done with a codec.
• Neural encoding is the way in which information is represented in neurons.
• Memory encoding is the process of converting sensations into memories.
• Television encoding: NTSC, PAL and SECAM

Other examples of decoding include:

• Digital-to-analog converter, the use of analog circuit for decoding operations
• Decoding (Computer Science)
• Decoding methods, methods in communication theory for decoding codewords sent over a noisy channel
• Digital signal processing, the study of signals in a digital representation and the processing methods of these signals
• Word decoding, the use of phonics to decipher print patterns and translate them into the sounds of language

Codes and acronyms[link]

Acronyms and abbreviations can be considered codes, and in a sense all languages and writing systems are codes for human thought.

International Air Transport Association airport codes are three-letter codes used to designate airports and used for bag tags. Station codes are similary used on railways, but are usually national, so the same code can be used for different stations if they are in different countries.

Occasionally a code word achieves an independent existence (and meaning) while the original equivalent phrase is forgotten or at least no longer has the precise meaning attributed to the code word. For example, '30' was widely used in journalism to mean "end of story", and it is sometimes used in other contexts to signify "the end".

References[link]

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Codes

• Asemic writing
• Equipment codes
• Semiotics
• Quantum error correction

Pink
— Common connotations —
girls, dawn, love, health, breast cancer awareness, calmness, fairies, Valentine's Day, spring, Easter, beauty, cuteness, glamour
— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet		#FFC0CB
sRGBB	(r, g, b)	(255, 192, 203)
HSV	(h, s, v)	(350°, 25%, 100%)
Source		HTML/CSS[1]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Pink is any of the colors between bluish red (purple) to red, of medium to high brightness and of low to moderate saturation.^[2] Commonly used for Valentine's Day and Easter, pink is sometimes referred to as "the color of love." The use of the word for the color known today as pink was first recorded in the late 17th century.^[3]

Although pink is roughly considered just as a tint of red,^[4][5] most variations of pink lie between red, white and magenta colors. This means that the pink's hue is somewhat between red and magenta.^[6][7][8][9]

Roseus is a Latin word meaning "rosy" or "pink." Lucretius used the word to describe the dawn in his epic poem On the Nature of Things (De Rerum Natura).^[10] The word is also used in the binomial names of several species, such as the Rosy Starling (Sturnus roseus) and Catharanthus roseus. In most Indo-European languages, the color pink is called rosa. In Persian, it is called "Souraty," meaning "Color of the face." In Hindi, it is called "Gulabi," meaning "Colour of a rose."

Etymology[link]

Pink in watercolor pencil.

The color pink is named after the flowers called pinks, flowering plants in the genus Dianthus. The name derives from the frilled edge of the flowers—the verb "to pink" dates from the 14th century and means "to decorate with a perforated or punched pattern" (possibly from German "pinken" = to peck).^[11] As noted and referenced above, the word "pink" was first used as a noun to refer to the color known today as pink in the 17th century. The verb sense of the word "pink" continues to be used today in the name of the hand tool known as pinking shears.

Pinke[link]

In the 17th century, the word pink or pinke was also used to describe a yellowish pigment, which was mixed with blue colors to yield greenish colors. Thomas Jenner's A Book of Drawing, Limning, Washing (1652) categorizes "Pink & blew bice" amongst the greens (p.  38),^[12] and specifies several admixtures of greenish colors made with pink—e.g. "Grasse-green is made of Pink and Bice, it is shadowed with Indigo and Pink ... French-green of Pink and Indico [shadowed with] Indico" (pp. 38–40). In William Salmon's Polygraphice (1673), "Pink yellow" is mentioned amongst the chief yellow pigments (p. 96), and the reader is instructed to mix it with either Saffron or Ceruse for "sad" or "light" shades thereof, respectively (p. 98).

In gender[link]

A person in a pink sweatshirt knitting a pink scarf

• The use of pink as distinctive of girls can be dated back at least to 1868, in Louisa May Alcott's Little Women, when, after being shown boy and girl twins, Laurie asks:

Most remarkable children I ever saw. Which is which?...Amy put a blue ribbon on the boy and a pink on the girl, French fashion, so you can always tell.^[13]

University of Maryland Professor Jo B. Paoletti, author of book Pink and Blue: Telling the Girls From the Boys in America, considers this was common usage in French orphanages during the 18th century,^[14] but this was not the case everywhere. In the United States, there was no established rule:

In 1855 the New York Times reported on a "baby show" put on by P.T. Barnum, exhibiting "one hundred and odd babies" dressed in pinks, blues, and other colors seemingly without regard to gender. ... A Times fashion report from 1880 has boys and girls dressed alike in white, pink, blue, or violet, and another from 1892 says young girls were wearing a variety of colors that spring, including several shades of blue^[15]

An Ethiopian model wearing a pink fashion outfit

There are theories indicating an origin of this costume in the 20th century. Zucker and Bradly say that it began in the 1920s^[16] and other authors suggest the 1910s.^[17] An article in the trade publication Earnshaw's Infants' Department in June 1918 said: "The generally accepted rule is pink for the boys, and blue for the girls. The reason is that pink, being a more decided and stronger color, is more suitable for the boy, while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for the girl."^[18] From then until the 1940s, pink was considered appropriate for boys because being related to red it was the more masculine and decided color, while blue was considered appropriate for girls because it was the more delicate and dainty color, or related to the Virgin Mary.^[19][20][21] Since the 1940s, the societal norm was inverted; pink became considered appropriate for girls and blue appropriate for boys, a practice that has continued into the 21st century.^[22]

• Some feminists have sought to 'reclaim' the color pink. For example, the Swedish feminist party Feminist Initiative and the American activist women's group Code Pink: Women for Peace use pink as their color.

• The pink ribbon is the international symbol of breast cancer awareness. Pink was chosen partially because it is so strongly associated with femininity.^[23]

• It has been suggested that females prefer pink because of a preference for reddish things like ripe fruits and healthy faces,^[24] but the associated study has been criticized as "bad science".^[25]

• The phrase "pink-collar worker" refers, in the West, to persons working in fields or jobs conventionally regarded as "women's work."

In sexuality[link]

• Whereas Jewish people were forced to wear a yellow star of David under Nazi rule, men imprisoned on accusations of homosexuality were forced to wear a pink triangle. Nowadays, a pink triangle (sometimes pointing up, contrary to Nazi usage) is often worn with pride.^[26]
• A Dutch newsgroup about homosexuality is called nl.roze (roze being the Dutch word for pink), while in Britain, Pink News is a leading gay newspaper and online news service. There is a magazine called Pink for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual (LGBT) community which has different editions for various metropolitan areas.^[27] In France Pink TV is an LGBT cable channel.
• In business, the pink pound or pink dollar refers to the spending power of the LGBT community.^[28] Advertising agencies sometimes call the gay market the pink economy.
• Though long discontinued, the now mainstream gay-oriented magazine The Advocate for many years of its early history featured a sometimes sizable section of personal ads and mostly sexually oriented ads printed on pink paper and referred to as "the pink pages." As the gay rights movement gained increased mainstream momentum and public acceptance, and as the magazine itself became less underground and was distributed more widely on newsstands in "middle America," the publishers made the section more easily removable for those who preferred not to view/keep it with the main body of the magazine, and The Advocate eventually ceased to include the "pink pages" at all.

In nature[link]

A pink plant

Plants[link]

• Cherry blossoms only have a pink color when they bloom in the springtime.

Animals[link]

Reptiles[link]

• The pink iguana is an iguana that was first identified in 1986 and first recognized as a distinct species in 2009.

Birds[link]

• Most flamingo species are pink in color due to pink pigments in their diet.

Mammals[link]

• Many pigs are colored pink.
• The so-called "white elephant" is revered in several countries in Southeast Asia and is naturally pink.
• The Pink Dolphin is a freshwater river dolphin endemic to the Orinoco, Amazon and Araguaia/Tocantins River systems of Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. It is an endangered species and has a brain 40% larger than a human's.

In art[link]

• 

  

  Detail of pink poster
  In 1973, Sheila Levrant de Bretteville created "Pink," a broadside meant to explore the notions of gender as associated with the color pink, for an American Institute of Graphic Arts exhibition about color. This was the only entry about the color pink. Various women including many in the Feminist Studio Workshop at the Woman's Building submitted entries exploring their association with the color. De Bretteville arranged the squares of paper to form a “quilt” from which posters were printed and disseminated throughout Los Angeles.^[29] She was often called "Pinky" as a result.
• In 1993, artist Gioia Fonda created a conceptual piece in the form of a week long holiday called pink week. The intention of pink week is to liberate the color pink from all dogma and simply celebrate the color pink as a color.^[30]
• Bubblegum Pink is an installation by the artist duo Bigert & Bergstrom which "confronted [the viewer] with three different mental climates" ^[31] involving large amounts of pink. This mirrors the use of the color in American prisons to calm aggressive prisoners. It features a pink cell and a carpet worn by repetitive pacing.^[32]
• Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Surrounded Islands wrapped wooded islands in Miami's Biscayne Bay with 6,500,000 square feet (600,000 m²) of bright pink fabric.^[33] Thomas von Taschitzki has said that "the monochrome pink wrappings"..."form a counterpoint to the small green wooded islands." ^[34]
• Many of Franz West's aluminium sculptures were often painted a bright pink, for example Sexualitatssymbol (Symbol of Sexuality). West has said that the pink was intended as an "outcry to nature".^[35]

In culture[link]

Academic dress[link]

• In the French academic dress system, the five traditional fields of study (Arts, Science, Medicine, Law and Divinity) are each symbolized by a distinctive color, which appears in the academic dress of the people who graduated in this field. Redcurrant, an extremely red shade of pink, is the distinctive color for Medicine (and other health-related fields) fr:Groseille (couleur).

Adoption[link]

• In Ireland, Support group for Irish Pink Adoptions defines a pink family as a relatively neutral umbrella term for the single gay men, single lesbians, or same-gender couples who intend to adopt, are in the process of adopting, or have adopted. It also covers adults born/raised in such families. The group welcome the input of other people touched by adoption, especially people who were adopted as children and are now adults.

Alcoholic beverages[link]

• Seeing pink elephants is a euphemism for hallucinations caused by delirium tremens.^[36] The concept was used in the Disney's animated film Dumbo when the title character accidentally becomes drunk and sees a parade of pink elephants.
• A pink lady is an alcoholic beverage made with gin and grenadine syrup and may include other ingredients. ^[37] A pink squirrel is made of white creme de cacao, creme de noyaux and cream. ^[38]
• Pink Gin is a cocktail made by rinsing a glass with bitters and filling with gin.^[39]

Calendars[link]

• In Thailand, pink is associated with Tuesday on the Thai solar calendar. Anyone may wear pink on Tuesdays, and anyone born on a Tuesday may adopt pink as their color.

Cartography[link]

• In the 19th and early 20th century, pink was the traditional color used in cartography to represent the British Empire. ^[40]

Clothing[link]

• Pink (Victoria's Secret) is a line of loungeware clothing.^[41]

Cosmetics[link]

• Mary Kay in 1968, Mary Kay Ash, purchased the first Pink Cadillac, which eventually became the trademark of her company.

Economics[link]

• Pink Money refers to the financial power of the LGBT community.

Education[link]

• At the Miraloma Elementary School in San Francisco, California, on September 6 2007, the principal, Ron Machado, got a pink Mohawk haircut , as he had agreed to do if the students raised the school’s Academic Performance Index by at least 55 points. They raised it by 67 points.^[42]

Employment[link]

• When one gets laid off or fired from one's job, in the United States, it is called getting a pink slip.

Film and television[link]

Characters[link]

• The Pink Panther is a popular cartoon character. He is slightly talkative in two episodes.
• In The Fairly OddParents, the protagonist Timmy Turner wears a pink shirt and hat.
• In Power Rangers and their Japanese origins Super Sentai the Pink Rangers are always female and there was never a male Pink Ranger on the show. In one season (Power Rangers: Time Force) and its Japanese Equivalent Mirai Sentai Timeranger, the Pink Ranger (Jen Scotts) as well as her counterpart Yuri was the leader. The first Pink Ranger, Kimberly Hart, became an icon during the first season of the show.
• In the animated TV series The Powerpuff Girls, the leader Blossom wears a pink dress that matches her pink eyes.
• In the Sonic the Hedgehog series, one of the characters Amy Rose, is a pink hedgehog. Also, Rouge the Bat is usually depicted wearing pink clothing.

Other[link]

• Pretty In Pink has the color named in the title.
• Pink Cadillac was a 1989 movie starring Clint Eastwood.
• Pink Ladies was the name of Betty Rizzo's (Stockard Channing) gang in the film, Grease.
• In Japan, blue films were categorized as Pink films (ÉsÉìÉNâfâÊ, Pinku Eiga^?)^[43]. Such description is not used recently since "Adult Videos (ÉAÉ_ÉãÉgÉrÉfÉI, Adaruto Bideo^?) became popular.

Finance[link]

• Since 1893 the London Financial Times newspaper has used a distinctive salmon pink color for its newsprint, mainly as a way to distinguish itself from competitors. In other countries, the salmon press identifies economic newspapers or economics sections in "white" newspapers.

Food[link]

• In Japanese language, pink has been described as Momoiro (ìçêF, Momo-Iro^?), which means "peach color", but Pink (ÉsÉìÉN, Pinku^?) is more popular recently.

Gender[link]

• The color pink is often used to represent women or young girls. (See discussion above in section on Pink in gender and sexuality.).

Gun rights[link]

• The Pink Pistols is a gay gun rights organization.^[44]

Health[link]

• In the pink is an English idiomatic expression for in good condition or in good health.
• Pink is the official color for Breast Cancer

Literature[link]

• In Spanish and Italian, a "pink novel" (novela rosa in Spanish, romanzo rosa in Italian) is a sentimental novel marketed to women.
• In Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown, Faith is wearing a pink ribbon in her hair which represents her innocence.^[45]
• Carl Surely's short story "Dinsdale's Pink" is a coming of age tale of a young man growing up in Berlin in the 1930's, dealing with issues of gender, sexuality and politics.

Military[link]

• In Nazi Germany, in the Wehrmacht, the panzer divisions used pink military flags.^[46][47][48]

Music[link]

• Pink Houses is a song by singer-songwriter John Mellencamp.
• Pink is an American singer-songwriter whose real name is Alecia Moore.^[49]
• "Pink" is a song by Aerosmith.
• Under The Pink is an album by Tori Amos.
• In the Land of Grey and Pink is an album by Caravan.
• Pink Moon is an album by the English singer/songwriter Nick Drake.
• The Legendary Pink Dots are a cult-classic Anglo-Dutch experimental rock band.
• Pink Fairies is a British hard rock band; one of the founding members, Twink released a solo album called Think Pink.
• "Think Pink!" is a song from Funny Face.
• Pink Cadillac (song) is a 1984 humorous rockabilly song by Bruce Springsteen
• Elvis Presley owned what is the most famous Pink Cadillac in the world
• Japanese stoner/drone band Boris have a 2005 album called Pink.
• Pink Lady was a Japanese female pop music duo of the late 1970s and early 1980s, featuring Mitsuyo Nemoto ("Mie") and Keiko Masuda ("Kei").
• Pinky was a Japanese punk rock performer in the early 1990s.
• Shocking Blue – whose name may be a gender-reversing play on shocking pink – was a Dutch rock band that was founded in the late 1960s.
• The Pink Spiders, an American power pop band.
• The Flaming Lips, an alternative/psychedelic band, produced the album Yoshimi Battles The Pink Robots.
• "Pretty in Pink" is a song by The Psychedelic Furs
• Pink Martini is an orchestral band from Portland, Oregon.
• Pink Floyd were an English rock band.
• In The Sing Off, Solo wore pink T-shirts.

Panelology[link]

• A new form of Kryptonite called pink kryptonite appeared in Supergirl Comics in 2003. It turns super-powered Kryptonians temporarily gay.^[50]

Performance art[link]

• Pink Man is a performance artist currently living in the San Francisco Bay Area who wears a pink unitard while riding a unicycle.^[51]

Politics[link]

• Pink, being a 'watered-down' red, is sometimes used in a derogatory way to describe a person with mild communist or socialist beliefs (see Pinko).
• In maps of political parties in Portugal, pink is used to represent the Socialist Party.

The Pink House (Casa Rosada) is the official residence of the President of Argentina.

• The Pink House (Spanish: Casa Rosada) is the official seat of the executive branch of the government of Argentina.
• Code Pink is an anti-war organization co-founded in 2002 by anti-corporate globalization activist Medea Benjamin of the NGO Global Exchange in San Francisco.^[52]
• The term pink revolution may be used to refer to the overthrow of President Askar Akayev and his government in the Central Asian republic of Kyrgyzstan after the parliamentary elections of February 27 and of March 13, 2005, although it is more commonly called the tulip revolution.
• The city of Lund, Sweden staged a fake gay Nazi parade on 17 August 2005 with pink banners that said Welcome Gay Nazis in order to play a joke on and cause discomfort to Scandinavian neo-Nazis who stage a march each year in that city to honor a Swedish king.^[53]

Religion[link]

• In Catholicism, pink (called rose by the Catholic Church) symbolizes joy and happiness. It is used for the Third Sunday of Advent and the Fourth Sunday of Lent (see Laetare Sunday) to mark the halfway point in these seasons of penance. For this reason, one of the candles in an Advent wreath may be pink, rather than purple. However, in some Protestant denominations, the pink candle is sometimes lit on the Fourth Sunday of Advent, sometimes known as the Sunday of Love^{[citation needed]}.
• Pink is the color most associated with Indian spiritual leader Meher Baba, who often wore pink coats to please his closest female follower, Mehera Irani, and today pink remains an important color, symbolizing love, to Baba's followers.
• The Invisible Pink Unicorn is the goddess of a parody religion, a rhetorical tool intended to satirize the contradictory properties often attributed to deities.

Sonics[link]

• Pink noise ( sample (help·info)), also known as 1/f noise, in audio engineering is a signal or process with a frequency spectrum such that the power spectral density is proportional to the reciprocal of the frequency.

Sports[link]

• In Major League Baseball, pink bats are used by baseball players on Mother's Day as part of a weeklong program to benefit Susan G. Komen for the Cure.
• Pink can mean the scarlet coat worn in fox hunting (a.k.a. "riding to hounds"). One legend about the origin of this meaning refers to a tailor named Pink (or Pinke, or Pinque).
• The leader in the Giro d'Italia cycle race wears a pink jersey (maglia rosa); this reflects the distinctive pink-colored newsprint of the sponsoring Italian La Gazzetta dello Sport newspaper.
• The University of Iowa's Kinnick Stadium visitors' locker room is painted pink. The decor has sparked controversy, perceived by some people as suggesting sexism and homophobia.^[54]
• Palermo, a soccer team based in Palermo, Italy, traditionally wears pink home jerseys.
• WWE Hall of Famer Bret Hart, as well as other members of the Hart wrestling family, is known for his pink and black wrestling attire.
• The Western Hockey League team Calgary Hitmen originally wore pink as a tribute to the affore mentioned Bret Hart, who was a part team owner at the time.

Toys[link]

• Toys aimed at girls often display pink prominently on packaging and the toy themselves.
• In its 1957 catalog, Lionel Trains offered for sale a pink model freight train for girls. The steam locomotive and coal car were pink and the freight cars of the freight train were various pastel colors. The caboose was baby blue. It was a marketing failure because any girl who was enough a tomboy to want a model train would want a real train and not a pink train, and boys in the 1950s did not want to be seen playing with a pink train. However, today it is a valuable collector’s item.^[55]

Transportation planning[link]

Delta Air Lines' Pink Breast Cancer Research Foundation Boeing 767-400ER

• The Chicago Transit Authority recently debuted the Pink Line rail service.
• In the London Underground system, Hammersmith & City Line, running from Hammersmith to Barking is assigned the color pink on the tube map.
• Pink is one of the colors used in the fixtures of the MMDA such as bus shelters; the other one is light blue. Also, pink is painted on some streets of Metro Manila.
• The Pink Line is a proposed subway through the city of West Hollywood.
• Delta Air Lines has a Boeing 767-400ER aircraft painted in a pink livery for the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.

See also[link]

• Fuchsia (color) Fuchsia Pink
• List of colors
• Pink Panther
• Rose (color)
• Rosé, a wine whose color is neither red nor white
• Variations of pink

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up in the pink in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Support group for Irish Pink Adoptions

Medea Benjamin
Born	Susan Benjamin (1952-09-10) September 10, 1952 (age 59) Freeport, New York
Residence	San Francisco, California
Nationality	United States
Education	Tufts University Columbia University New School for Social Research
Occupation	Political activist, author
Spouse	Kevin Danaher
Children	2 daughters
Website
Global Exchange Code Pink

Medea Benjamin (born Susan Benjamin on September 10, 1952) is an American political activist, best known for co-founding Code Pink and, along with her husband, activist and author Kevin Danaher, fair trade advocacy group Global Exchange. Benjamin also was a Green Party candidate in 2000 for the United States Senate.

The Los Angeles Times has described her as "one of the high profile leaders" of the peace movement and in 1999, San Francisco Magazine included her on its "power list" of the "60 Players Who Rule the Bay Area."

Early life[link]

Benjamin grew up in Long Island, New York, a self-described "nice Jewish girl."^[1] During her freshman year at Tufts University, she renamed herself after the Greek mythological character Medea. She received master's degrees in public health from Columbia University and in economics from The New School.

Benjamin worked for 10 years as an economist and nutritionist in Latin America and Africa for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Health Organization, the Swedish International Development Agency, and the Institute for Food and Development Policy. She spent four years in Cuba, and has authored three books on the country.

Organizations[link]

In 1988 with Kevin Danaher, her husband, and Kirsten Moller, Benjamin co-founded the San Francisco-based Global Exchange, which advocates fair trade alternatives to what she describes as corporate globalization. She is a co-founder of the left-wing feminist anti-war group Code Pink: Women for Peace, which advocated an end to the Iraq War, the prevention of future wars, and social justice. Benjamin has also been involved with the left-wing anti-war organization United for Peace and Justice.

Politics[link]

In 2000, Benjamin ran for the United States Senate on the Green Party ticket from California, basing her campaign on such issues as a living wage, education, and universal healthcare; she garnered 3 percent of the vote.^[2] Since then she has remained active in the Green Party and has also supported efforts by the Progressive Democrats of America.^{[3] [4]} She is a member of the Liberty Tree Board of Advisers.

Protest actions[link]