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Label for 1.0 sound, mono.

Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction (often shortened to mono) is single-channel. Typically there is only one microphone, one loudspeaker, or (in the case of headphones and multiple loudspeakers) channels are fed from a common signal path. In the case of multiple microphones the paths are mixed into a single signal path at some stage.

Monaural sound has been replaced by stereo sound in most entertainment applications. However, it remains the standard for radiotelephone communications, telephone networks, and Audio induction loops for use with hearing aids. A few FM radio stations, particularly of the talk radio variety, choose to broadcast in monaural sound, as a monaural signal has a slight advantage in signal strength over a stereophonic signal of the same power.

History[link]

While some experiments were made with stereophonic recording and reproduction from the early days of the phonograph in the late 19th century, until the second half of the 20th century monaural was the rule for almost all audio recording.

Monaural sound is normal on:

• Phonograph cylinders
• Disc records made before 1958, such as records made for playing at a speed of 78 rpm and earlier 16⅔, 33⅓, and 45 rpm microgroove records.
• AM radio
• Some FM radio stations which broadcast only spoken word or talk radio content in order to maximize their coverage area. Examples of this would be the CBC Radio One stations on the FM dial.
• Subcarrier signals for FM radio, which carry leased content such as background music for businesses or a radio reading service for the blind.

Incompatible standards exist for:

• Later records (monophonic records - which had almost disappeared in the US by the end of 1967 - could be played with a stereo cartridge)
• Reel-to-reel audio tape recording (depending on track alignment)

Compatible monaural and stereophonic standards exist for:

• MiniDisc
• Compact audio cassette
• FM (and in rare circumstances AM radio broadcasting)
• VCR formats
• TV

No monaural standards exist for:

• 8-track tape
• Compact disc

At various times artists have preferred to work in mono, either in recognition of the technical limitations of the equipment of the era or due to a simple preference. This can be seen as analogous to film makers working in black and white - such as John Mellencamp's 2010 album, No Better Than This, recorded in mono just like the mid-20th century blues and folk records it emulated were. Some early recordings such as The Beatles first four albums - Please Please Me, With The Beatles, A Hard Day's Night, and Beatles For Sale - were re-released in the CD era as monophonic in recognition that the source tapes for the earliest recordings were two track, with vocals on one track and instruments on the other (even though this was only true on the first two, while the later pair had been recorded on four-track). This was actually intended to provide flexibility in producing a final mono mix, not to provide a stereo recording, although due to demand this was done anyway and the early material was available on vinyl in either mono or stereo formats. In the 1960s and 1970s, it was common in the pop world that stereophonic versions of mono tracks were generated electronically using filtering techniques to attempt to pick out various instruments and vocals, but these were often considered unsatisfactory due to the artifacts of the conversion process.^{[citation needed]}

Many of Stanley Kubrick and Woody Allen's movies are shot in mono due to their director's preferences.

Monaural LP records were eventually phased out and no longer manufactured after the early 1970s, with a few exceptions. (Decca UK had a few double issues up to the end of 1970 - last one being Tom Jones "I Who Have Nothing" - and in Brazil records were released in both mono and stereo as late as 1972)^{[citation needed]} During the 1960s it was common that albums were released as both monaural LPs and stereo LPs, occasionally with slight differences between the two (again detailed information of The Beatles' recordings provide a good example of the differences). This was because many people owned mono record players which were incapable of playing stereo records, as well as the prevalence of AM radio. Because of the limited quantities pressed and alternate mixes of several tracks, the monaural versions of these albums are often valued more highly than their stereo LP counterparts in record collecting circles today.^{[citation needed]}

On 9 September 2009, The Beatles re-released a remastered box set of their mono output spanning the Please Please Me album to The Beatles (commonly referred to as the "White Album"). The set, simply called The Beatles in Mono, also includes a two-disc summary of the mono singles, B-sides and EP tracks released throughout their career. Also included were 5 tracks originally mixed for a Yellow Submarine EP but never released. Bob Dylan followed suit on October 19, 2010 with The Original Mono Recordings, a box set featuring the mono releases from 1962's Bob Dylan to 1967's John Wesley Harding. In 2011, The Kinks' mono recordings were issued as The Kinks in Mono box set, featuring the releases from the band's 1964 debut album to 1969's Arthur, with a bonus two disc set of non album tracks that were issued as singles or EPs.

See also[link]

• Stereophonic sound
• Binaural recording