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Bribery, is an act of implying money or gift giving that alters the behavior of the recipient. Bribery constitutes a crime and is defined by Black's Law Dictionary as the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of any item of value to influence the actions of an official or other person in charge of a public or legal duty.

The bribe is the gift bestowed to influence the recipient's conduct. It may be any money, good, right in action, property, preferment, privilege, emolument, object of value, advantage, or merely a promise or undertaking to induce or influence the action, vote, or influence of a person in an official or public capacity.^[1]

In economics, the bribe has been described as rent. Bribery in bureaucracy has been viewed as a reason for higher cost of production of goods and services.

Forms of bribery[link]

Photo of cash found in Jefferson's freezer in the August 2005 raid was shown to jurors on 8 July 2009

Many types of bribes exist: tip, gift, sop, perk, skim, favor, discount, waived fee/ticket, free food, free ad, free trip, free tickets, sweetheart deal, kickback/payback, funding, inflated sale of an object or property, lucrative contract, donation, campaign contribution, fundraiser, sponsorship/backing, higher paying job, stock options, secret commission, or promotion (rise of position/rank).

One must be careful of differing social and cultural norms when examining bribery. Expectations of when a monetary transaction is appropriate can differ from place to place. Political campaign contributions in the form of cash, for example, are considered criminal acts of bribery in some countries, while in the United States, provided they adhere to election law, are legal. Tipping, for example, is considered bribery in some societies, while in others the two concepts may not be interchangeable.

In some Spanish-speaking countries, bribes are referred to as "mordida" (literally, "bite"); in Arab countries they are Baksheesh or Bakshish. However, Bakshish is more akin to tipping. French-speaking countries often use the expressions "dessous-de-table" ("under-the-table" commissions), "pot-de-vin" (literally, "wine-pot"), or "commission occulte" ("secret commission" or "kickback"). While the last two expressions contain inherently a negative connotation, the expression "dessous-de-table" can be often understood as a commonly accepted business practice (for instance, on the occasion of a real estate transaction before the notary, a partial payment made between the buyer and seller; needless to say, this is a good way to launder money). In German, the common term is Schmiergeld ("smoothing money").

The offence may be divided into two great classes: the one, where a person invested with power is induced by payment to use it unjustly; the other, where power is obtained by purchasing the suffrages of those who can impart it. Likewise, the briber might hold a powerful role and control the transaction; or in other cases, a bribe may be effectively extracted from the person paying it, although this is better known as extortion.

The forms that bribery take are numerous. For example, a motorist might bribe a police officer not to issue a ticket for speeding, a citizen seeking paperwork or utility line connections might bribe a functionary for faster service.

Bribery may also take the form of a secret commission, a profit made by an agent, in the course of his employment, without the knowledge of his principal. Euphemisms abound for this (commission, sweetener, kick-back etc.) Bribers and recipients of bribery are likewise numerous although bribers have one common denominator and that is the financial ability to bribe.

Bribery around the world is estimated at about $1 trillion (£494bn).^[2]

As indicated on the pages devoted to political corruption, efforts have been made in recent years by the international community to encourage countries to dissociate and incriminate as separate offences, active and passive bribery. From a legal point of view, active bribery can be defined for instance as the promising, offering or giving by any person, directly or indirectly, of any undue advantage [to any public official], for himself or herself or for anyone else, for him or her to act or refrain from acting in the exercise of his or her functions. (article 2 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe). Passive bribery can be defined as the request or receipt [by any public official], directly or indirectly, of any undue advantage, for himself or herself or for anyone else, or the acceptance of an offer or a promise of such an advantage, to act or refrain from acting in the exercise of his or her functions (article 3 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173)).

The reason for this dissociation is to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal policy point of view) that bribery is not acceptable. Besides, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. Besides, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favourable decision.

Government[link]

A grey area may exist when payments to smooth transactions are made. United States law is particularly strict in limiting the ability of businesses to pay for the awarding of contracts by foreign governments; however, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act contains an exception for "grease payments"; very basically, this allows payments to officials in order to obtain the performance of ministerial acts which they are legally required to do, but may delay in the absence of such payment. In some countries, this practice is the norm, often resulting from a developing nation not having the tax structure to pay civil servants an adequate salary. Nevertheless, most economists regard bribery as a bad thing because it encourages rent seeking behaviour. A state where bribery has become a way of life is a kleptocracy.

Tax treatment of bribes[link]

The tax status of bribes is an issue for governments since the bribery of government officials impedes the democratic process and may interfere with good government. In some countries, such bribes are considered tax-deductible payments. However, in 1996, in an effort to discourage bribery, the OECD Council recommended that member countries cease to allow the tax-deductibility of bribes to foreign officials. This was followed by the signing of the Anti-Bribery Convention. Since that time, the majority of the OECD countries which are signatories of the convention have revised their tax policies according to this recommendation and some have extended the measures to bribes paid to any official, sending the message that bribery will no longer be tolerated in the operations of the government.^[3]

Medicine[link]

Pharmaceutical corporations may seek to reward through gifts doctors for heavy prescription of their drugs. The American Medical Association has published ethical guidelines for gifts from industry which include the tenet that physicians should not accept gifts if they are given in relation to the physician’s prescribing practices.[1] Doubtful cases include grants for traveling to medical conventions that double as tourist trips.

Dentists often receive samples of home dental care products such as toothpaste, which are of negligible value; somewhat ironically, dentists in a television commercial will often state that they get these samples but pay to use the sponsor's product.

In countries offering state-subsidized or nationally funded healthcare where medical professionals are underpaid, patients may use bribery to solicit the standard expected level of medical care. For example, in many formerly Communist countries from what used to be the Eastern Bloc it may be customary to offer expensive gifts to doctors and nurses for the delivery of service at any level of medical care in the non-private health sector.^[4][5]

Politics[link]

Politicians receive campaign contributions and other payoffs from powerful corporations, organizations or individuals in return for making choices in the interests of those parties, or in anticipation of favorable policy. This is called the money loop. Convictions for this form of bribery are more easy to obtain with hard evidence, frequently obtained using undercover agents, since evidence of a quid pro quo is more difficult to prove. See also influence peddling and political corruption.

Business[link]

A campaign to prevent bribes in Zambia.

Employees, managers, or salespeople of a business may offer money or gifts to a potential client in exchange for business.

For example, in 2006, German prosecutors conducted a wide-ranging investigation of Siemens AG to determine if Siemens employees paid bribes in exchange for business.

In some cases where the system of law is not well-implemented, bribes may be a way for companies to continue their businesses. In the case, for example, custom officials may harass a certain firm or production plant, officially stating they are checking for irregularities, halting production or stalling other normal activities of a firm. The disruption may cause losses to the firm that exceed the amount of money to pay off the official. Bribing the officials is a common way to deal with this issue in countries where there exists no firm system of reporting these semi-illegal activities. A third party, known as a White Glove, may be involved to act as a clean middleman.

Specialist consultancies have been set up to help multinational companies and SMEs with a commitment to anti-corruption to trade more ethically and benefit from compliance with the law.

Contracts based on or involving the payment or transfer of bribes ("corruption money", "secret commissions", "pots-de-vin", "kickbacks") are void.^[6]

In 2012, The Economist noted:

Bribery would be less of a problem if it wasn't also a solid investment. A new paper by Raghavendra Rau of Cambridge University and Yan Leung Cheung and Aris Stouraitis of the Hong Kong Baptist University examines 166 high-profile cases of bribery since 1971, covering payments made in 52 countries by firms listed on 20 different stockmarkets. Bribery offered an average return of 10-11 times the value of the bung paid out to win a contract, measured by the jump in stockmarket value when the contract was won. America's Department of Justice found similarly high returns in cases it has prosecuted.^[7]

Sport corruption[link]

Referees and scoring judges may be offered money, gifts, or other compensation to guarantee a specific outcome in an athletic or other sports competition. A well-known example of this manner of bribery in sport would be the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal, where the French judge in the pairs competition voted for the Russian skaters in order to secure an advantage for the French skaters in the ice dancing competition.

Additionally, bribes may be offered by cities in order to secure athletic franchises, or even competitions, as happened with the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is common practice for cities to "bid" against each other with stadiums, tax benefits, and licensing deals to secure or keep professional sports franchises.

Athletes themselves can be paid to under-perform, generally so that a gambler or gambling syndicate can secure a winning bet. A classic example of this was the 1919 World Series, better known as the Black Sox Scandal.

Finally, in some sports, elements of the game may be tampered with – the classic example being from horse racing, where a groom or other person with access to the horses before the race may be bribed to over-feed an animal, or even administer a sedative or amphetamine (known as "horse doping" in order to make a horse faster or slower to respectively increase or reduce a their chances of winning). Another type of bribery done for financial gain through gambling is to bet against a clear favorite, and ensure that the favorite has an "off day", or attempt to "hop up" a long shot in an attempt to collect big winnings by betting on the heavy odds against it.

Bribery prevention[link]

International businesses are looking to implement strong local programs dedicated to the prevention of bribery. But programs of prevention need to be properly designed with international standards of best practice. To ensure respect for a program, whether it be on the part of employees or business partners, external verification is necessary. International best practices such as the Council for Further Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, Annex 2; the ISO 26000 norm (section 6.6.3) or TI Business Principles for Countering Bribery^[8] are used in external verification^[9] processes to measure and ensure that a program of bribery prevention works and is consistent with international standards. Another reason for businesses to undergo external verification of their bribery prevention programs is that it means evidence can be provided to assert that all that was possible was done to prevent corruption. Companies are unable to guarantee corruption has never occurred; what they can do is provide evidence that they did their best to prevent it.

Notable instances of bribery[link]

• Spiro Agnew, American Vice President who resigned from office in the aftermath of discovery that he took bribes while serving as Governor of Maryland
• Gerald Garson, former New York Supreme Court Justice, convicted of accepting bribes to manipulate outcomes of divorce proceedings.
• John Jenrette, former American politician convicted of accepting a bribe in the FBI's Abscam operation
• Martin Thomas Manton, former U.S. federal judge convicted of accepting bribes
• Pakistan cricket spot-fixing controversy, Mohammad Asif, Mohammad Amir and Salman Butt, Pakistani cricketers found guilty of accepting bribes to bowl no balls against England at certain times.

See also[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Bribery

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bribery.

References[link]

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links[link]

Look up bribery in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• World Bank survey of 100,000 firms
• Report requests for bribes at www.BRIBEline.org
• Group of States against Corruption – GRECO
• TRACE
• Transparency International
• Business Principles for Countering Bribery
• OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration: Tax Treatment of Bribes
• OECD Celebrates 10th Anniversary of its Anti-Bribery Convention, Luc Leruth, IMF/FAD
• "The Business of Bribes" PBS Frontline and FRONTLINE/World (February 2009)

v t e English criminal law Part of the common law series Classes of crimes Common law Indictable Either way Summary Regulatory Lesser included Elements of crimes Actus reus Causation Mens rea Intention (criminal law) Intention in English law Recklessness Criminal negligence Corporate / Vicarious / Strict liability Omissions Concurrence Ignorantia juris non excusat Inchoate offences Encouraging or assisting crime Conspiracy Accessory Attempt Common purpose Defences Self-defence Duress Necessity Marital coercion Consent Insanity Diminished responsibility Intoxication Category:Criminal defences Offences against the person Homicide (Murder / Manslaughter / Corporate manslaughter / Infanticide) Child destruction Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm Assault occasioning actual bodily harm Common assault Battery Kidnapping False imprisonment Harassment Offences against the Person Act 1861 Sexual offences Rape Sexual assault Sexual Offences Act 2003 Public order offences Riot Violent disorder Affray Fear or provocation of violence Intentional harassment, alarm or distress Harassment, alarm or distress Public Order Act 1986 Nuisance Public nuisance Offences against property Dishonesty Burglary Robbery Theft Taken Without Owner's Consent (TWOC) Deception Handling stolen goods Blackmail Computer crime Theft Act 1968 Theft Act 1978 Fraud Act 2006 Criminal damage Conspiracy to defraud Forgery, personation and cheating Forgery Cheating the public revenue Offences against justice Bribery Perjury Perverting the course of justice Other common law areas Contract Tort Property Wills Trusts and estates Evidence See also Criminal procedure History Law of England and Wales portal Criminal justice portal

Ruth Rendell
Rendell in August 2007
Born	(1930-02-17) 17 February 1930 (age 82) South Woodford, Essex/London
Occupation	Novelist
Genres	psychological thriller, murder mystery
Influences Agatha Christie, Patricia Highsmith, Dorothy Leigh Sayers, Montague Rhodes James, Sheridan Le Fanu, Georges Simenon
Influenced Minette Walters, Helen Simpson, Sarah Dunant, Frances Fyfield, Martin Edwards

Ruth Barbara Rendell, Baroness Rendell of Babergh, CBE, (born 17 February 1930), who also writes under the pseudonym Barbara Vine, is an English crime writer, author of psychological thrillers and murder mysteries.

In addition to police procedurals starring her most iconic creation, Chief Inspector Wexford, Rendell writes psychological crime novels exploring such themes as romantic obsession, misperceived communication, the impact of chance and coincidence, and the humanity of the criminals involved. Among such books are A Judgement In Stone, The Face of Trespass, Live Flesh, Talking to Strange Men, The Killing Doll, Going Wrong and Adam and Eve and Pinch Me. Many credit her and close friend P. D. James for upgrading the entire genre of whodunit, shaping it more into a whydunit. Rendell's protagonists are often socially isolated, suffer from mental illness, and/or are otherwise disadvantaged; she explores the adverse impacts of their circumstances on these characters as well as on their victims.

Rendell created a third strand of writing with the publication in 1986 of A Dark-Adapted Eye under her pseudonym Barbara Vine (the name derives from her own middle name and her grandmother's maiden name). King Solomon's Carpet, A Fatal Inversion and Asta's Book (alternative US title, Anna's Book), among others, inhabit the same territory as her psychological crime novels while further developing themes of human misunderstandings and the unintended consequences of family secrets and hidden crimes. Rendell is famous for her elegant prose and sharp insights into the human mind, as well as her ability to create cogent plots and characters. Rendell has also injected the social changes of the last 40 years into her work, bringing awareness to such issues as domestic violence and the change in the status of women.

Rendell has received many awards for her writing, including the Silver, Gold, and Cartier Diamond Daggers from the Crime Writers' Association, three Edgars from the Mystery Writers of America, The Arts Council National Book Awards, and The Sunday Times Literary Award. A number of her works have been adapted for film or television.

Politics[link]

She was made a CBE in 1996 and a life peer as Baroness Rendell of Babergh, of Aldeburgh in the County of Suffolk, in 1997.^[1] She sits in the House of Lords for Labour. In 1998 Rendell was named in a list of the biggest private financial donors to the Labour Party.^[2]

Early life[link]

Rendell was born Ruth Grasemann in 1930, in South Woodford, London. Her parents were teachers. Her mother, Ebba Kruse, was born in Sweden and brought up in Denmark; her father, Arthur Grasemann, was English. Rendell was educated at the County High School for Girls in Loughton, Essex. After high school she became a feature writer for her local paper, the Chigwell Times. Even at an early age, making up stories was irresistible to Rendell. As a reporter, she visited a house that was rumoured to be haunted and invented the ghost of an old woman. The owners threatened to sue the newspaper for devaluing their home. Later, she reported on the local tennis club's annual dinner without attending, so missing the untimely death of the after-dinner speaker in mid-speech. She resigned before she could be fired.

Rendell met her husband, Don Rendell when she was working as a newswriter. They married when she was 20, and had a son, Simon, now a psychiatric social worker who now lives in Colorado. The couple divorced in 1975, but remarried two years later.^[3]

Rendell wrote two unpublished novels before the 1964 publication of From Doon With Death, which was purchased for £75 by John Long; it was the first mystery to feature her enduring and popular detective Chief Inspector Reginald Wexford. The Monster in the Box, released in October 2009, was widely rumoured to be Wexford's last case.^[4] This turned out to be incorrect. However it was the final novel featuring Wexford as an employed policeman; in the novel that followed, The Vault, he has retired.

Bibliography[link]

Novels[link]

Inspector Wexford series[link]

Written as Barbara Vine[link]

Novellas[link]

• Heartstones (1987)
• The Thief (2006)

Short story collections[link]

• The Fallen Curtain (1976)
• Means of Evil (1979) (five Inspector Wexford stories)
• The Fever Tree (1982)
• The New Girlfriend (1985)
• The Copper Peacock (1991)
• Blood Lines (1995)
• Piranha to Scurfy (2000)
• Collected Short Stories, Volume 1 (2006)
• Collected Short Stories, Volume 2 (2008)

Uncollected short stories[link]

• In the Time of His Prosperity* (as Barbara Vine)

Non-fiction[link]

• Ruth Rendell's Suffolk (1989)
• Undermining the Central Line: giving government back to the people (with Colin Ward, 1989) a political tract
• The Reason Why: An Anthology of the Murderous Mind (1995)

Awards and honours[link]

• 1975 - Mystery Writers of America Best Short Story Edgar: The Fallen Curtain
• 1976 - Gold Dagger for Fiction: A Demon in My View
• 1979 - Mystery Writers of America Edgar Award (shortlist): A Sleeping Life
• 1980 - Mystery Writers of America Edgar Award (shortlist): Make Death Love Me
• 1980 - Martin Beck Award: Make Death Love Me
• 1981 - Arts Council National Book Award for Genre Fiction: The Lake of Darkness
• 1984 - Silver Dagger for Fiction: The Tree of Hands
• 1984 - Mystery Writers of America Best Short Story Edgar: The New Girlfriend
• 1986 - Gold Dagger for Fiction: Live Flesh
• 1986 - Mystery Writers of America Edgar Award (shortlist): The Tree of Hands
• 1986 - Mystery Writers of America Edgar Award (shortlist): An Unkindness of Ravens
• 1987 - Mystery Writers of America Edgar Award: A Dark-Adapted Eye
• 1987 - Gold Dagger for Fiction: A Fatal Inversion
• 1988 - Angel Award for Fiction: The House of Stairs
• 1990 - Sunday Times Award for Literary Excellence
• 1991 - Gold Dagger for Fiction: King Solomon's Carpet
• 1991 - Cartier Diamond Dagger for a Lifetime's Achievement in the Field
• 1996 - CBE
• 1997 - Mystery Writers of America Grand Master Award
• 2004 - Mystery Ink Gumshoe Award for Lifetime Achievement
• 2005 - CWA Dagger of Daggers (best crime novel to have won the Gold Dagger award (shortlist)): A Fatal Inversion
• 2007 - Gumshoe Award for Best European Crime Novel (shortlist): The Minotaur
• 2007 - Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award (longlist): End in Tears
• 2010 - Lost Man Booker Prize (longlist)^[5]: A Guilty Thing Surprised

Adaptations of her works[link]

The Inspector Wexford series was successfully televised, starring acclaimed British actor George Baker as Inspector Wexford and Christopher Ravenscroft as Detective Mike Burden, under the title The Ruth Rendell Mysteries, with 48 episodes from 1987 to 2000.

Many of her other works have been adapted for film and television. She has said that Chabrol's 1995 version of A Judgement in Stone, La Cérémonie with Sandrine Bonnaire, is one of the few film adaptations of her work that she is happy with. The novel was also filmed in 1986 with Rita Tushingham. Chabrol also made La Demoiselle d'honneur in 2004, based on The Bridesmaid.

Other adaptations are Diary of the Dead (1976), from the book One Across, Two Down; the 1997 Pedro Almodóvar film Live Flesh; The Tree of Hands, directed by Giles Foster for Granada with Lauren Bacall; and another version of The Tree of Hands, Betty Fisher et autres histoires (2001, aka Alias Betty), with screenplay and direction by Claude Miller.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Ruth Rendell at Contemporary Writers
• Gusworld Ruth Rendell information site with detailed bibliography
• Ruth Rendell at Random House Australia
• Fatal Inversions detailed Barbara Vine information site with bibliography
• Ruth Rendell at the Internet Movie Database
• Baroness Rendell of Babergh at TheyWorkForYou.com
• Ruth Rendell in a video interview on The Interview Online talking about Sherlock Holmes
• Works by Ruth Rendell on Open Library at the Internet Archive
• Works by or about Ruth Rendell in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Robert Greenwald
Born	(1945-08-28) August 28, 1945 (age 66) New York City, U.S.
Website
robertgreenwald.org

Robert Greenwald (born August 28, 1945) is an American film director, film producer, and political activist.

His career began in the 1970s and '80s directing television and motion pictures, perhaps most notably the big-budget musical Xanadu (1980),^[1][2] Since the late 1990s, Greenwald has specialized in documentaries emphasizing a left-wing/progressive perspective.^[3]

Early life[link]

Greenwald was born and raised in New York City, the son of Ruth and Harold Greenwald.^[4] He attended the city's High School of Performing Arts. He was active in New York theater, directing the plays Me and Bessie (1975) and I Have a Dream (1976), a play based on the life of Martin Luther King, Jr., with Billy Dee Williams playing King.^[4][5]

Television and feature film career[link]

Greenwald then moved to Los Angeles^[when?], where he launched a career as a director for television. In 1977, he received his first of three Emmy Award nominations for producing the television movie 21 Hours at Munich about the massacre at the 1972 Olympics. His next Emmy nomination came in 1984 for directing The Burning Bed. During this period he produced or directed many^[quantify] television movies; The New York Times would later characterize this work as "commercially respectable B-list movies".^[6] Later, Greenwald would foray into film directing, including films such as Xanadu (1980),^[7][8] Breaking Up (1997) and Steal This Movie! (2000).

Documentary work[link]

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2007)

After Steal This Movie!, Greenwald turned toward making issues-oriented documentary films, and he executive-produced three political documentaries known as "The Un Trilogy": Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election (2002); Uncovered: The Whole Truth About The Iraq War (2003), which Greenwald also directed; and Unconstitutional: The War on Our Civil Liberties.

Greenwald is the founder of Brave New Films, a liberal^[9] media company that has published documentary films such as Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch’s War on Journalism (2004), Iraq for Sale: The War Profiteers (2006), The Big Buy: Tom Delay's Stolen Congress, and Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price.

Typically Greenwald's approach has been to adapt the principles of guerrilla filmmaking to political documentaries, using small budgets and short shooting schedules to produce films^[6] and then distributing them on DVDs or the Internet in affiliation with politically sympathetic groups such as MoveOn.org.^[6]

Greenwald's 2012 documentary Koch Brothers Exposed, which accuses industrialist brothers David and Charles Koch of various unethical acts, prompted a response from Koch Industries, who characterize Greenwald as guilty of "serial dishonesty".^[10]

Awards and honors[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2011)

Greenwald's films have garnered 25 Emmy Award nominations, four CableACE Award nominations, two Golden Globe nominations, the Peabody Award, the Robert Wood Johnson Award, and eight Awards of Excellence from the Film Advisory Board. He was awarded the 2002 Producer of the Year Award by the American Film Institute.

For his activism, Greenwald has been honored by the ACLU Foundation of Southern California, the Los Angeles chapter of the National Lawyers Guild, Physicians for Social Responsibility, the New Roads School, Consumer Attorney’s Association of Los Angeles, the Los Angeles Alliance for a New Economy and the Office of the Americas. He is co-founder (with actor Mike Farrell) of Artists for Winning Without War, whose purpose is to advance progressive causes and voice opposition to the Iraq War.

Politics[link]

Various sources have described Greenwald's political activism as left-wing.^{[11][12][13][14][15]} Greenwald has lectured at Harvard University for the Nieman Foundation for Journalism and speaks frequently across the country about his work.^{[citation needed]} Since May 2005, Greenwald has been a contributing blogger to The Huffington Post.^[16]

Selected filmography[link]

• 21 Hours at Munich (1977) (producer)
• Xanadu (1980) (director)
• The Burning Bed (1984) (director)
• Shattered Spirits (1986) (director)
• Sweet Hearts Dance (1988)
• Hear No Evil (director)
• Breaking Up (1997) (director/producer)
• Steal This Movie (2000) (director/producer)
• Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election (2002) (executive producer)
• Uncovered: The War on Iraq (2004) (director/producer)
• Unconstitutional: The War on Our Civil Liberties (2004) (executive producer)
• Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism (2004) (director/producer)
• Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price (2005) (director/producer)
• Stop The Falsiness (2006) (executive producer)
• The Big Buy: Tom Delay's Stolen Congress (2006) (producer)
• Iraq for Sale: The War Profiteers (2006) (director/producer)
• "The Real McCain" (2007) (director/producer)
• "Fox Attacks: Black America" (2007) (director/producer)
• "Fox Attacks: Obama" (2007) (director/producer)
• "Fox Attacks: Iran" (2007) (director/producer)
• The REAL Rudy (2007) (director)
• "Fox Attacks: Decency" (2007) (director)
• "Fox Attacks: The Environment" (2007) (director)
• "Rethink Afghanistan" (2009) (director)
• Sick for Profit (2009) (director)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Robert Greenwald official website
• Brave New Films official website
• Robert Greenwald at the Internet Movie Database
• Robert Greenwald's youtube account
• Robert Greenwald's site on Rudy Giuliani
• Brave New Film's Young Turks page
• Rethink Afghanistan official website
• Sick for Profit - video report by Democracy Now!