This mother labored in a tub of water, which proponents say makes labor easier.
A home birth in developed countries is an attended or an unattended childbirth in a non-clinical setting, typically using natural childbirth methods, that takes place in a residence rather than in a hospital or a birth centre, and usually attended by a midwife or lay attendant with expertise in managing home births.
Women with access to high-quality medical care may choose home birth because they prefer the intimacy of a home and family-centered experience or desire to avoid a medically-centered experience typical of a hospital or clinical setting. Professionals attending home births can be obstetricians, certified midwives and doulas. Home birth was, until the advent of modern medicine, the only method of delivery. In developing countries, where women may not be able to afford medical care or it may not be accessible to them, a home birth may be the only option available, and the woman may or may not be assisted by a professional attendant of any kind.[1]
The evidence regarding safety is difficult to interpret. The UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence reports that mortality in labor or childbirth for booked home births, regardless of their eventual place of birth, is the same as, or higher than for birth booked in obstetric units.[2] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists advises that "although the absolute risk may be low, planned home birth is associated with a twofold to threefold increased risk of neonatal death when compared with planned hospital birth."[3] A prior cesarean delivery significantly increases the risk of uterine rupture and other dangerous complications and women wishing to attempt a vaginal birth after cesarean should do so only in a hospital with ready access to emergency care. Due to a greater risk of perinatal death, the College advises women who are postterm (greater than 42 weeks gestation), carrying twins, or have a breech presentation not to attempt home birth.[4] A large 2009 study reported that, in the Netherlands, planned home birth led by a midwife at onset of labor "does not increase the risks of perinatal mortality and severe perinatal morbidity among low-risk women, provided the maternity care system facilitates this choice through the availability of well-trained midwives and through a good transportation and referral system."[5]
Home births are either attended or unattended. Women are attended when they are assisted through labor and birth by a professional, usually a midwife, and rarely a general practitioner. Women who are unassisted or only attended by a lay person, perhaps their spouse, family, friend, or a non-professional birth attendant, are sometimes called freebirths.
Many women choose home birth because delivering a baby in familiar surroundings is important to them.[6] Others choose home birth because they dislike a hospital or birthing center environment, do not like a medically-centered birthing experience, are concerned about exposing the infant to hospital-borne pathogens, or dislike the presence of strangers at the birth. Others prefer home birth because they feel it is more natural and less stressful.[7]:8 In a study published in the Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health, women were asked, Why did you choose a home birth?[6] The top five reasons given were safety, avoidance of unnecessary medical interventions common in hospital births, previous negative hospital experiences, more control, and a comfortable and familiar environment.
One study found that women experience pain inherent in birth differently, and less negatively, in a home setting.[8]
Many midwives are prepared with oxygen, if needed, to assist the mother or newborn. Midwives are usually trained to provide neonatal resuscitation, start intravenous solutions, and can administer oxytocin and other medications as needed to halt postpartum hemorrhaging. They carry the supplies needed and are trained to suture. Births necessitating other interventions must be transferred to a hospital. Home births do not offer access to pharmaceutical pain relief or pharmaceutical labor induction. They do not provide ready access to the equipment and supplies required for emergency cesarean section. Most midwives develop working relationships with obstetricians and hospitals in case these options become necessary. Depending on the midwifery practice, transfer rates range from 5% to 40%, with most studies citing a transfer rate of about 16%.[9]
Home birth was until the advent of modern medicine the de facto method of delivery.[10]
In many developed countries, home birth declined rapidly over the 20th century. In the United States home birth declined from 50% in 1938 to fewer than 1% in 1955; in the United Kingdom a similar but slower trend happened with approximately 80% of births occurring at home in the 1920s and only 1% in 1991. In Japan the change in birth location happened much later, but much faster: home birth was at 95% in 1950, but only 1.2% in 1975.[11]
The decline was due in large part to the expansion of private insurance coverage in the US and taxpayer-funded medical care in Europe and Canada, changes which included policies about where birth should take place. In addition, there was a large population migration from rural to urban areas, an increased accessibility to hospitals, and unwillingness by doctors to attend to women in their homes.
One doctor described birth in a working class home in the 1920s:
You find a bed that has been slept on by the husband, wife and one or two children; it has frequently been soaked with urine, the sheets are dirty, and the patient's garments are soiled, she has not had a bath. Instead of sterile dressings you have a few old rags or the discharges are allowed to soak into a nightdress which is not changed for days.[12]:p156
This experience is contrasted with a 1920s hospital birth by Adolf Weber:
The mother lies in a well-aired disinfected room, light and sunlight stream unhindered through a high window and you can make it light as day electrically too. She is well bathed and freshly clothed on linen sheets of blinding whitenes... You have a staff of assistants who respond to every signal... Only those who have to repair a perineum in a cottars's house in a cottar's bed with the poor light and help at hand can realize the joy.[12]:157
Midwifery, the practice supporting a natural approach to birth, enjoyed a revival in the United States during the 1970s. However, although there was a steep increase in midwife-attended births between 1975 to 2002 (from less than 1.0% to 8.1%), most of these births occurred in the hospital and the US rate of out-of-hospital birth has remained steady at 1% of all births since 1989 with 27.3% of these in a free-standing birth center and 65.4% in a residence. Hence, the actual rate of home birth in the United States has remained remarkably low (0.65%) over the past twenty years.[13]
Home birth in the United Kingdom has also received some press over the past few years as there has been a movement, most notably in Wales, to increase home birth rates to 10% by 2007. Between 2005 to 2006, there was an increase of 16% of home birth rates in Wales, but the total home birth rate is still 3% even in Wales (double the national rate) and in some other counties of Great Britain the home birth rate is still under 1%.[citation needed] In Australia, birth at home has fallen steadily over the years and is currently 0.3%, ranging from nearly 1% in the Northern Territory to 0.1% in Queensland.[14]:20 The New Zealand rate for births at home is nearly three times Australia's with a rate of 2.5% and increasing.[15]:64
In the Netherlands, an opposite trend has taken place: in 1965, two-thirds of Dutch births took place at home, but that figure has dropped to less than a third—about 30%.[16]
In Korea, well-known Actress Kim Se-ah-I made headlines in January 2010 when she delivered a baby girl at home. Less than one percent of Korean infants are born at home.[17]
A mother delivers her newborn unassisted in a home birth.
The data available on the safety of home birth in developed countries is limited and difficult to interpret due to issues such as studies being too small in scope, retrospective in their design, and difficult to compare with other studies because of varying definitions of perinatal mortality.[2] It is difficult to compare home and hospital births because only healthy, low-risk women tend to give birth at home.[18] An additional problem is that transportation time is a significant factor in safety, and data comes from many different countries, which have different population density levels and therefore different average hospital distances.[19]
In 2007, after a comprehensive review of the literature, the UK's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) expressed concern for the lack of quality evidence comparing the potential risks and benefits of home and hospital birthing environments. Their report also noted that intrapartum-related perinatal mortality was low in all settings. In conclusion, the report recommended that women should be offered the choice of planning birth at home, in a midwifery unit or in an obstetric unit, and informed of the potential risks and benefits of each birth setting.
The uncertain evidence suggests intrapartum-related perinatal mortality (IPPM) for booked home births, regardless of their eventual place of birth, is the same as, or higher than for birth booked in obstetric units. If IPPM is higher, this is likely to be in the group of women in whom intrapartum complications develop and who require transfer into the obstetric unit.
When unanticipated obstetric complications arise, either in the mother or baby, during labour at home, the outcome of serious complications is likely to be less favourable than when the same complications arise in an obstetric unit.[20]
The NICE report concluded that women who give birth at home are more likely to deliver vaginally and to have greater satisfaction from the experience when compared with women who plan to give birth in a hospital. The report compared women's home birth experience to birth in a consultant-led unit. It concluded that the consultant-led setting increased the likelihood that the woman would receive analgesia, obstetrical intervention and a delivery using instruments, and decreased the woman's satisfaction with the experience. It reported that women who give birth at home may experience an equal or lower risk of perinatal mortality equal when they receive care in a consultant-led unit.[2]
Since the 2007 review, a study of 529,688 low-risk planned home and hospital births was reported in the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in 2009. The study concluded:
A home birth does not increase the risks of perinatal mortality and severe perinatal morbidity among low risk women, provided the maternity care system facilitiates this choice through the availability of well-trained midwives and through a good transportation and referral system.[5]
Further, the study noted there was evidence that "low risk women with a planned home birth are less likely to experience referral to secondary care and subsequent obstetric interventions than those with a planned hospital birth."[5]:9 The study has been criticised on several grounds, including that some data might be missing and that the findings may not be representative of other populations.[21]
In North America, a 2005 study found "similar mortality rates for low-risk hospital births and planned home births." The study found that mothers who gave birth at home were less likely to require medical interventions like a caesarean section or forceps delivery. About 12 percent of women intending to give birth at home needed to be transferred to the hospital for reasons such as a difficult labor or pain relief.[22] However, women in the study were more likely to already have had a child, tended to be older, of lower socioeconomic classes, better educated, and less likely to be African-American or Hispanic.[22]
A 2010 meta-analysis of studies which compared home births with planned hospital births among healthy, low-risk mothers in industrialized countries found no difference in the home and hospital rates of perinatal death, but also found that "planned home birth is associated with a tripling of the neonatal mortality rate." The authors wrote that they found this increase "striking" since women planning home births generally had fewer risk factors than those planning hospital births — lower rates of obesity, fewer prior Caesarean sections, and fewer previous pregnancy complications.[23] This study was controversial for many reasons, most notably that it included a large U.S. study that contained both planned and unplanned home births,[24] the latter of which are known to have much higher rates of perinatal mortality.[25]
Randomized controlled trials are the "gold standard" of research methodology with respect to applying findings to populations; however, such a study design is not feasible or ethical for location of birth. The studies that do exist, therefore, tend to be cohort studies conducted either retrospectively (by selecting hospital records that match the characteristics of the home birth records),[26] by matched pairs (by pairing study participants based on their background characteristics),[27][28] or by using multivariate analysis to control for background variables.[29] The Midwives Alliance of North America is collecting prospective data from out of hospital births for future research.[30]
There are many differences between women who choose to give birth at home versus in hospital. There are unquantifiable differences in home birth patients, such as maternal attitudes towards medical involvement in birth,[26] and demographically, home birth patients tend towards being more multiparous, less ethnic minorities, attend more prenatal visits, be slightly taller and lighter, of better educational background, and have fewer previous obstetric complications, including cesarean sections.[29] None of the studies conducted were able to study a large enough group of matched births to make definitive statements concerning perinatal mortality and other rare complications.[citation needed]
A Cochrane review found only one trial with small numbers that provided no strong evidence to favour either planned hospital birth or planned home birth for low-risk pregnant women.[31] The authors concluded that where it is possible to establish a home birth service with access to a modern hospital system, the possibility of a planned home birth for low-risk pregnant women should be offered after discussion regarding the available evidence.
However, in a study of over four hundred Cochrane entries, C. H. Hofmeyr reported that, "The relative benefits and risks of different settings are difficult to quantify. For a woman and her baby with no complications, the risk of an unexpected adverse event during a home birth may be smaller than risks specific to hospitalization, such as hospital-acquired infections." [32]
Evaluations of maternal safety are based on studies of developed countries where professionals are available to attend to women giving birth at home. Women who do not receive prenatal care and give birth unattended have a much higher risk for maternal deaths and perinatal mortality.
All medical interventions were substantially decreased in the home birth sample[citation needed], including the use of any pain medication or analgesics including epidurals, forceps or vacuum extraction, episiotomy and cesarean sections. Accordingly, the likelihood of normal vaginal birth was also greatly increased in the home birth sample[citation needed]. The studies[which?] were able to establish that there was no difference between the home birth and the hospital birth groups in the incidence of pre-eclampsia, premature rupture of membranes, or premature birth. Except in the 1989-1992 Zurich study.[27] the length of labor tended to be longer during home birth, which is unsurprising given the fivefold lower incidence of labor induction in the home birth populations[citation needed].
In terms of maternal outcome, no study found any statistically significant difference between the number of women that had third-degree perineal lacerations or postpartum hemorrhage[citation needed]. However, the 1998-1999 British Columbia study did find a three- to fourfold less likelihood of infection for both the infant and the mother,[29] and all studies[which?] reported a substantially higher likelihood of an intact perineum in the home birth sample.
Perinatal outcome is more complicated to assess due to the low incidence of mortality and the subjectivity of Apgar scoring. Most studies found a slight, but statistically significant, difference in Apgar score for infants at five minutes. However, the 1994 UK National Birthday Trust study found a slight advantage for home birthed infants at one minute and no difference at five minutes.[28] No cohort study has conducted long-term follow up on the infants. The perinatal mortality figure still remains controversial. The Zurich study[27] showed an equal perinatal death rate between the home birth group and the hospital birth group (2.3 / 1000), and the Birthday Trust study found a slightly higher perinatal death rate in the hospital birth group (1 / 1000 vs. 0.8/1000).[28] However, two other studies[26][29] found a slightly higher perinatal mortality in the home birth group as compared to the hospital birth group. None of these results were seen to be statistically significant, since the actual mortality rate and the sample sizes were both so low, these figures have been the subject of much debate regarding the relative safety of home birth compared to hospital birth.[29][33]
While a woman in developed countries may choose to deliver her child at home, in a birthing center, or at hospital, legal issues influence her options.
In April 2007, the Western Australian Government expanded coverage for birth at home across the State.[34] Other state governments in Australia, including the Northern Territory, New South Wales and South Australia, also provide government funding for independent, private home birth.
The 2009 Federal Budget provided additional funds to Medicare to allow more midwives to work as private practitioners, allow midwives to prescribe medication under the Medicare Benefits Schedule, and assist them with medical indemnity insurance.[35] However, this plan only covers hospital births. There are no current plans to extend Medicare and PBS funding to home birth services in Australia.
As of July 2010, all health professionals must show proof of liability insurance. Midwives who attend home births will be excluded from the indemnity requirement for two years while the government seeks to make affordable insurance available.[36]
Public health coverage of home birth services varies from province to province as does the availability of doctors and midwives providing home birth services. The Provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alberta, and Quebec currently cover home birth services.[37][38]
A comprehensive four-year study of all home births attended by midwives in British Columbia, published in August 2009, found "Planned home birth attended by a registered midwife was associated with very low and comparable rates of perinatal death and reduced rates of obstetric interventions and other adverse perinatal outcomes compared with planned hospital birth attended by a midwife or physician."[39]
There are few legal issues with a home birth in the UK. There is no way a woman can be forced to go to hospital,[40] if she does not want to. Both the RCM (Royal College of Midwives) and the RCOG (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists) support home births where there are no expected complications.[41] The support of the various Health Authorities of the National Health Service may vary, but in general the Government is pro home birth - the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Health, Lord Hunt of King's Heath has stated
I turn to the issue of home births. The noble Lord, Lord Mancroft, made some helpful remarks. As I understand it, although the NHS has a legal duty to provide a maternity service, there is not a similar legal duty to provide a home birth service to every woman who requests one. However, I certainly hope that when a woman wants a home birth, and it is clinically appropriate, the NHS will do all it can to support that woman in her choice of a home birth."[42]
and
My Lords, I have had two babies at home. I should say that my wife had the babies but I was an enthusiastic spectator. The Government want to ensure that, where it is clinically appropriate, if a woman wishes to have a home birth she should receive the appropriate support from the health service. At the end of the day, it must be the woman's choice."[43]
In 27 states it is legal to hire a direct-entry midwife, or certified professional midwife (CPM).[44] It is legal in all 50 states to hire a certified nurse midwife, or CNM, who are trained nurses, though this practice is rare as most CNMs work in hospitals.[44] Some CPMs continue to attend mothers in the 23 states where it is illegal, and can be arrested and prosecuted, while efforts are underway to change the law.[44]
Practising as a direct-entry midwife is still (as of May 2006) illegal under certain circumstances in Washington, D.C. and the following states: Alabama, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, South Dakota and Wyoming.[45] However, Certified Nurse Midwives can legally practise in these areas.
No state prosecutes mothers for giving birth outside a hospital.
In Hungary home birth is not illegal but midwives are refused certification to aid it. Ágnes Geréb, an obstetrician and midwife, and main promoter of home birth in Hungary, is currently on trial.[46]
Bimba Bosé[47] (Spain), Carla Conte[48] (Argentina), Cindy Crawford[48] (USA), Demi Moore[48] (USA), Gisele Bündchen[48] (Brasil), Gwyneth Paltrow[48] (USA), Julianne Moore[48] (USA), Kelly Preston[48] (USA) wife of John Travolta, Lisa Bonet[48] (USA) wife of Lenny Kravitz, Maria Bello[48] (USA), Mary Lynn Rajskub[48] (USA), Meryl Streep[48] (USA), Nelly Furtado[48] (Canada), Pamela Anderson[48] (Canada), Patricia Arquette[48] (USA), Ricki Lake (USA).
- Harper, Barbara (2005). Gentle Birth Choices: Making Informed Decisions. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. ISBN 1-59477-067-0.
- Gaskin, Ina May (1977). Spiritual Midwifery (first ed.). The Book Publishing Company. ISBN 1-57067-104-4.
- Korte, Diana (1992). A Good Birth, A Safe Birth: Choosing and Having the Childbirth Experience You Want. Boston, MA: USA: The Harvard Common Press. ISBN 1-55832-041-5.
- England, Pam (1998). Birthing From Within: An Extra-Ordinary Guide to Childbirth Preparation. England: Partera Press. ISBN 0-9659873-0-2.
- Armstrong, Penny (1990). A Wise Birth. Bringing together the best of natural childbirth with modern medicine. Feldman, S. (Pinter & Martin 2007 ed.). ISBN 978-1-905177-03-5.
- Vernon, David (2005). Having a Great Birth in Australia. Canberra: Australian College of Midwives. ISBN 0-9751674-3-X.
- Vernon, David (2006). Men at Birth. Canberra,: Australian College of Midwives. ISBN 0-9751674-4-8.
- Wesson, Nicky (2006). Home Birth: A Practical Guide. Pinter & Martin. ISBN 978-1-905177-06-6.
- Goer, Henci (1999). The Thinking Woman's Guide to a Better Birth. Perigee Books. ISBN 0-399-52517-3.
- Abby Esptein (2007). The Business of Being Born. New Line Home Video. ASIN B0013LL2XY.
- Hazard, Leah (2008, reprint edition 2010). The Father's Home Birth Handbook. Pinter & Martin. ISBN 978-1-905177-50-9.
- Simkins, Geradine (2011). Into These Hands: Wisdom from Midwives. ISBN 978-0-9818708-5-4.
- Obstetric Myths versus Research Realities - a guide to the medical literature, Henci Goer, Bergin & Gavey, 1998
- The Thinking Woman's Guide to a Better Birth, Henci Goer
- Pursuing the Birth Machine - the search for appropriate birth technology, Marsden Wagner, Ace Graphics, 1988
The position of The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
- ^ Montagu, Dominic; Yamey G, Visconti A, Harding, April, Yoong, Joanne, Mock, Nancy (2011). "Where Do Poor Women in Developing Countries Give Birth? A Multi-Country Analysis of Demographic and Health Survey Data". PLoS ONE 6 (2): e17155. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0017155. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0017155.
- ^ a b c "Final Draft of Guideline on Intrapartum Care". National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health as Commissioned by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 22 March 2007. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/IPC-cons-fullguideline.pdf.
- ^ Committee on obstetric practice (Feb 2011). "Committee opinion, number 476:Planned home birth". Obstet Gynecol 117: 425–8. ISSN 1074-861X. PMID 21252776. http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Obstetric_Practice/Planned_Home_Birth. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ "The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists issues opinion on planned home births". OBGYN.net. 24 January 2011. http://hcp.obgyn.net/pregnancy-and-birth/content/article/1760982/1977662. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ a b c de Jonge, A van der Goes; B. Ravelli A, Amelink-Verberg M, Mol B, Nijhuis J, Bennebroek Gravenhorst J, Buitendijk S. (2009). "Perinatal mortality and morbidity in a nationwide cohort of 529688 low-risk planned home and hospital births". BJOG. PMID 19624439.
- ^ a b Debora Boucher; Catherine Bennett, Barbara McFarlin and Rixa Freeze (March–April 2009). "Staying Home to Give Birth: Why Women in the United States Choose Home Birth". Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 54 (2): 119–126.
- ^ Vernon, David (2007). "Men at Birth". Canberra: Australian College of Midwives.
- ^ Morse J; Park C. (June 1988). "Research into Nursing and Health". pp. 175–81.
- ^ "Studies monitoring transfers". http://www.homebirth.org.uk/transferstudies.htm#nbtftransfer. Retrieved Aug 24, 2008.
- ^ Cryns, Yvonne Lapp (1995). "Homebirth: as Safe as Birth Gets". The Compleat Mother Magazine. http://www.compleatmother.com/homebirth/hb_safety.htm. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ Cassidy, Tina (2006). Birth. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 0-87113-938-3.
- ^ a b Edward Shorter (1982). A History of Women's Bodies. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-03029-7.
- ^ Martin, JA; et. al. (December 5, 2007). "Births: Final Data for 2005". CDC National Vital Statistics Report. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr56/nvsr56_06.pdf.
- ^ "Australia's mothers and babies 2006, Perinatal statistics series no. 22, Cat. no. PER 46". Sydney,: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) National Perinatal Statistics Unit. 2008.
- ^ "Report on Maternity Maternal and Newborn Information 2004". New Zealand Information Service. 2007.
- ^ Wiegers T.A.; et. al. (1998). "Maternity Care in The Netherlands: the changing home birth rate". Birth. pp. 190–197.
- ^ "Actress Kim Se-ah-I Makes Case for Natural Home Birth". The Korean Movie and Drama Database. May 8, 2010. http://www.hancinema.net/actress-kim-se-ah-i-makes-case-for-natural-home-birth-23293.html. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ Ulene, Valerie. "The right place to deliver: home or hospital?". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/health/la-he-themd9-2009nov09,0,3205320.story.
- ^ "Does home birth empower women, or imperil them and their babies?". OBG Management. http://www.obgmanagement.com/article_pages.asp?AID=7776#bib11.
- ^ "Planning place of birth, Intrapartum care". RCOG Press. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/IPC2ndConsChapter3.pdf.
- ^ "Home birth Safe as in hospital". NHS Knowledge Service. http://www.nhs.uk/news/2009/04April/Pages/HomeBirthSafe.aspx.
- ^ a b Goldstein, Samantha A. (June 17, 2005). "Home births". http://health.usnews.com/usnews/health/briefs/pregnancy_infertility/hb050617a.htm. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ Wax JR, JR; Lucas FL, Lamont M, et al. (02). "Maternal and newborn outcomes in planned home birth vs planned hospital births: a metaanalysis". American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 203 (3): 243.e1–8. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.05.028. PMID 20598284. http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378%2810%2900671-X/abstract. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
- ^ Pang, JWY; Heffelfinger JD, Huang GJ, et al. (08 2002). "Outcomes of planned home births in Washington State 19898-1996". Obstetrics & Gynecology 100(2): 253–9.
- ^ Northern Region Perinatal Mortality Survey Coordinating Group (1996). "Collaborative survey of perinatal loss in planned and unplanned home births. Northern Region Perinatal Mortality Survey Coordinating Group". British Medical Journal 313 (7068): 1306–9. PMC 2352740. PMID 8942692. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2352740.
- ^ a b c Woodcock HC.; et. al. (1994). "Midwifery". pp. 125–135.
- ^ a b c Ackerman-Liebrich, U; et.al. (1996). BMJ. 313. pp. 1313–1318.
- ^ a b c Chamberlain, G.; et. al. (1999). Practical Midwife. 2. http://www.homebirth.org.uk/homebirth2.htm.
- ^ a b c d e Janssen, P.A.; et. al. (2002). CMAJ. 166. pp. 315–323.
- ^ "MANA Statistics Project". Midwives Alliance of North America. https://www.manastats.org/help_public_about.
- ^ Olsen O.; Jewell D.. "Home versus hospital birth". http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000352.html.
- ^ Hofmeyr, G. Justus (April 2, 2008). A Cochrane Pocketbook: Pregnancy and Childbirth. James P. Neilson, Zarko Alfirevic, Caroline A. Crowther, A. Metin Gülmezoglu, Ellen D. Hodnett, Gillian M.L. Gyte, Lelia Duley. DOI:10.1002/9780470994627. ISBN 978-0-470-51845-8.
- ^ "Letters: The pleasures of home birth? (Response to Janssen PA, et. al.)". CMAJ 166: 1509–1512. 2002.
- ^ "The Health Minister's controversial plan to encourage more home births". http://www.abc.net.au/stateline/wa/content/2006/s1929033.htm.
- ^ "Improving Maternity Services Package". http://www.budget.gov.au/2009-10/content/bp2/html/bp2_expense-16.htm.
- ^ "National Registration". Australian College for Midwives. http://www.midwives.org.au/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=MIDW/ccms.r?PageId=10055.
- ^ "Midwifery in Ontario". Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. http://www.health.gov.on.ca/english/public/program/midwife/midwife_mn.html.
- ^ "College of Midwives of British Columbia". http://www.cmbc.bc.ca/.
- ^ Janssen, Patricia A.; Lee Saxell, Lesley A., Michael C., Klein, Robert M., Liston, Shoo K. Lee. "Outcomes of planned home birth with registered midwife versus planned hospital birth with midwife or physician". http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/abstract/cmaj.081869v1.
- ^ "Can a mother be forced to attend hospital? What about court-ordered Cesareans?". http://www.homebirth.org.uk/law1.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
- ^ "Home Birth in the UK". http://www.homebirth.org.uk. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
- ^ "Hansard 12 Jan 2000 : Column 743". http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldhansrd/vo000112/text/00112-08.htm#00112-08_head0. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
- ^ "Hansard 20 Dec 2000 : Column 734". http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200001/ldhansrd/vo001220/text/01220-01.htm#01220-01_head0. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
- ^ a b c Catherine Elton (September 4, 2010). "Should American Women Learn to Give Birth at Home?". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2011940,00.html.
- ^ Midwives Alliance of North America.
- ^ Guardian
- ^ Bosé, Bimba (27-Junio-2011). "Si estás sana, alumbrar en casa es una gozada". In Mujer Hoy. http://www.hoymujer.com/Corazon/Bimba-Bose-estas-sana-636353062011.html.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Mamás famosas que dieron luz en su hogar". 27-Junio-2011. http://mamasfamosas.com.ar/2010/01/mamas-famosas-que-dieron-luz-en-su.html.
- Home Birth Pools Resource Resource for advice on home birth products.
- International Models of Maternity Care Report on maternity care released in Scotland, 2002, includes summary of how maternity care is dealt with in other countries besides the UK. Expert Group on Acute Maternity Services: Reference Report
- Intrapartum Care Guidelines (2007) National Center for Health and Clinical Excellence, an independent health care monitoring organization in the UK, reviewing the home birth literature.
- Home Birth Reference Site, Index of Research on Home Birth
- Home Birth American Pregnancy Association, brief article outlining the pros and cons of home birth
- General Aspects of Labor World Health Organization, Care in Normal Birth: A practical guide, Chapter 2, 1997.
- ACOG Statement on Home Birth American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Reiterates its long-standing opposition to home births (Feb 6, 2008)
- Canadian Medical Association Journal, Outcomes of planned home birth with registered midwife versus planned hospital birth with midwife or physician—Jansen et al., 10.1503/cmaj.081869, August 2009. This was a 4-year study of all home births with midwives in British Columbia. Conclusion: Planned home birth attended by a registered midwife was associated with very low and comparable rates of perinatal death and reduced rates of obstetric interventions and other adverse perinatal outcomes compared with planned hospital birth attended by a midwife or physician.
- Profile of home birth pioneer Ina May Gaskin, The Guardian, September 2009
- Kirpalani, Neeta and Emily Jackson. "Birth Right." Southern Spaces, January 12, 2010, http://southernspaces.org/2010/birth-right.
- "Celebrity Homebirthers and Celebrity born at home"
