| Lizzie Borden |
Lizzie Borden, circa 1889 |
| Born |
Lizzie Andrew Borden
(1860-07-19)July 19, 1860
Fall River, Massachusetts, United States |
| Died |
June 1, 1927(1927-06-01) (aged 67)
Fall River, Massachusetts, United States |
| Resting place |
Oak Grove Cemetery |
| Nationality |
American |
| Known for |
Murder trial defendant |
| Net worth |
~$1,000,000 (1927)[1]
($25 million today) |
| Parents |
Andrew Jackson Borden (1822–1892)
Sarah Anthony Morse (1823–1863), mother
Abby Durfee Gray (1828–1892), stepmother |
| Relatives |
Emma Lenora Borden (1851–1927), sister
Alice Esther Borden (1856–1858), sister
John Vinnicum Morse, uncle |
Lizzie Andrew Borden[2] (July 19, 1860 – June 1, 1927) was a woman in New England who was tried for killing her father and stepmother with an axe on August 4, 1892, in Fall River, Massachusetts. The murders, subsequent trial, and ensuing trial by media became a cause célèbre. Although Lizzie Borden was acquitted, no one else was ever arrested or tried and she has remained a notorious figure in American folklore. Dispute over the identity of the killer or killers continues to this day. Lizzie's life before the murder trial was quite mundane. When Lizzie Borden was at the proper age she went to the Morgan Street School where she had her primary and grammar training.[3] She had a relatively religious upbringing and was a regular face at the Central Congregational Church. After graduating high school she became more involved with her church as means to escape her uncomfortable home life. She taught Sunday school class to immigrant children and became the secretary-treasurer of the Christian Endeavor. Lizzie Borden also became involved with the politics and social problems of her day and became active in the Women’s Christian Temperance Union.[4]
The body of Andrew Borden
On August 4, 1892, Abby Durfee Gray was hit nineteen times by a weapon that was in the similar fashion of a hatchet. This occurred on the second floor in the guest bed room. Andrew Borden had gone into Fall River to do his usual rounds at the bank and post office. He returned home at about 10:45 am While napping he was hit ten times with a similar weapon.[5] Lizzie Borden claimed that she found his body about 30 minutes later.[citation needed]
During the murder trial, the Bordens' twenty-six-year-old maid, Bridget Sullivan, testified that she was lying down in her room on the third floor of the house shortly after 11:00 am when she heard Lizzie call to her, saying someone had killed her father; his body was found slumped on a couch in the downstairs sitting room. Andrew Borden's face was turned to the right-hand side, apparently at ease, as if he was asleep.[6]
Shortly thereafter, while Lizzie was being tended by neighbors and the family doctors, Sullivan discovered the body of Abby Borden in the guest bedroom located upstairs. Both Andrew and Abby Borden had been killed by crushing blows to their skulls from a hatchet. Andrew Borden's left eyeball was cleanly split in two.[7]
The upstairs floor of the house was divided. The front was occupied by the Borden sisters, Lizzie and Emma while the rear was occupied by Andrew and Abby. Meals were seldom eaten together. Andrew was known by family, friends, and business associates as tight-fisted and generally rejected modern conveniences. He was born of modest means in Fall River, but became quite wealthy over the years as an investor. When he died he was the president of the Union Savings Bank and director of the Durfee Safe Deposit and Trust Co.[8] Though far from poor, the family still threw their excrement buckets (slops) onto the backyard.[9] The two daughters, both of whom were spinsters, were well past marriage age by 1890s standards, and gladly entered the modern outside world whenever they visited friends.
Conflict had increased between the two daughters and their father about his decision to divide the valuable properties among relatives before his death. Relatives of their stepmother had been given a house, and the two sisters demanded and received a rental property. They later sold this property to their father for cash.[2][10] John Morse, brother to the deceased Sarah Borden, had come to visit on the week of the murders. His visit was to facilitate transfer of Swansea farm property, which had been the summer home for the Borden family. Shortly before the murders, a major argument had occurred which resulted in both sisters leaving home on extended "vacations".
Furthermore, it was well known that Lizzie and her stepmother had had a falling out years before the murder. Her entire life Lizzie had called Abby Borden by the common matronly moniker “Mother” but according to her sister in the trial documents, about five or six years before the untimely demise of the two parents she had taken to calling her “Mrs. Borden” instead.[11]
The barn behind the home did not see much use after Andrew sold the horse. Lizzie had some pigeons in cages on the second floor that she fed and watered. She arrived one day to find the pigeons lying on the ground with their heads chopped off. Andrew said he killed them with an axe because the birds were attracting young boys in the neighborhood to the barn, and he felt they might get hurt or start a fire.[10]
Lizzie had attempted to purchase prussic acid (hydrogen cyanide) from local druggist Eli Bence, but Bence refused. Lizzie claimed she planned to use it to clean a seal skin cloak;[12] the defense argued that this incident was not admissible evidence.
Shortly before the murders, the entire household became violently ill. As Mr. Borden was not a popular man in Fall River, Abby feared they were being intentionally poisoned. The family doctor, however, diagnosed their illness as food poisoning. Andrew Borden had purchased cheap mutton for the family to eat, and they left it on the stove for days, used for multiple meals. The family believed the milk was being tainted by someone; after the murders, the milk was tested but nothing was found that could be connected to their illness. Both murder victims had their stomachs removed in an autopsy performed in the Borden dining room on the day of their deaths. The stomachs, with their contents, were packaged and sent to Harvard Medical School to be examined for toxins; nothing was found.[13]
Lizzie Borden was arrested and jailed on August 11, 1892; a grand jury began hearings on November 7, 1892. After evidence was presented, a bill of indictment for murder was delivered on December 2, 1892. Her murder trial at New Bedford, Massachusetts was not until June 1893.[13] She was defended by former Massachusetts governor George D. Robinson, Andrew V. Jennings,[14] and Melvin O. Adams. One of the prosecutors in the trial was William H. Moody, a future United States Attorney General and Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
During the police investigation, a hatchet was found in the basement and was assumed to be the murder weapon.[14] Though it was clean, most of its handle was missing and the prosecution stated that it had been broken off because it was covered with blood. Police officer Michael Mullaly testified that he found the head of the hatchet next to a hatchet handle; Deputy Marshall John Fleet contradicted this testimony. Later, a forensics expert said there was no time for the hatchet to be cleaned after the murder.[15] The prosecution was hampered by the fact that the Fall River police did not put credence in the then-new forensic technology of fingerprinting, and refused to take prints from the hatchet.[16]
No blood-soaked clothing was found as evidence by police. A few days after the murder, Lizzie tore apart and burned a blue dress in the kitchen stove, claiming she had brushed against fresh baseboard paint that had smeared on it.[14]
Despite incriminating evidence and testimony presented by the prosecution, Lizzie was acquitted on June 20, 1893, after the jury deliberated only an hour and a half.[14] The fact that no murder weapon was found and no blood evidence was noted just a few minutes after the second murder pointed to reasonable doubt. Her entire original inquest testimony[2] was barred from the trial. Also excluded was testimony regarding her attempt to purchase prussic acid.[12] Adding to the doubt was another axe murder which took place shortly before the trial and was perpetrated by a man named José Correira. While many of the details in both murders were similar, Correira was proven to be out of the country when the Borden murder took place.[17]
After the trial, Lizzie and Emma Borden moved to a new house that Lizzie christened Maplecroft,[14] located on French Street, then a fashionable neighborhood in Fall River. The large home included indoor plumbing and private bathrooms. They employed several different housekeepers, servants, and coachman/chauffeurs over the years, who roomed in the home, and were listed in each census.
The sisters settled all claims against them from Abby's side of the family, giving Abby Borden's family members everything they wanted in order to avoid further lawsuits. Because it was proven that Abby died before Andrew, all of her estate legally went to Andrew, with Andrew's estate going to his daughters. The settlement reached between the Borden sisters and Abby's two sisters was substantial.[13][18]
In June 1905, after twelve years, Lizzie and Emma Borden became estranged over differences in their lifestyles. Shortly after arguing over a party Lizzie had given for Nance O'Neil and her theater friends,[19] Emma moved out of the house to live with her close friend Alice Lydia Buck. After the separation from her sister, Borden began using the name "Lizbeth A. Borden", rather than "Lizzie".[13][18]
Following the surgical removal of her gallbladder, Lizzie was ill the last year of her life. Her private staff were the sole witnesses to her decline. Borden died of pneumonia on June 1, 1927 in Fall River, Massachusetts. Borden's funeral details were not made public and few people attended her burial.[20] Borden was buried in Oak Grove Cemetery under the name "Lizbeth Andrew Borden", her footstone was inscribed "Lizbeth".[21] Borden had never married, and her will, probated from June 25, 1927 through March 24, 1933, left $30,000 to the Fall River Animal Rescue League.[22][23] She also left $500 in perpetual trust for the care of her father's grave. Much of her wealth was transferred to her cousin Grace H. Howe, and her closest friend Helen Leighton. The final probate in 1933 gave them almost $6,000 each in the middle of the Great Depression.[1]
Nine days later, on June 10, 1927,[21] her sister Emma died from chronic nephritis[9] in the home she shared with her friend and nurse Annie C. Connor, located in Newmarket, New Hampshire. She moved there due to the infirmities of old age, and to get away from the notoriety brought on by a new book about the murders.
The house on Second Street where the murders were committed is currently a bed and breakfast.[24] Maplecroft, Borden's house at 306 French Street, is a privately-owned residence, but the owners will conduct tours, by appointment only.[25]
Some believe that Lizzie may have been inspired to commit patricide by James McDougall, Jr., a fellow Fall River resident who killed his father in 1882.[26][27]
Several theories have been presented over the years suggesting Lizzie Borden may not have committed the murders, and that other suspects may have had motives. One theory is that the Bordens' maid, Bridget Sullivan, actually committed the murders. This theory suggests that Sullivan was angry with the Bordens for being asked to clean the windows, a taxing job on a hot day, and just one day after having suffered from food poisoning.[28] Another potential suspect was suggested by Arnold R. Brown in his work, Lizzie Borden: The Legend, The Truth, The Final Chapter. In his book, Brown theorizes that the murderer was William Borden, Andrew Borden's illegitimate son and the half-brother of the Borden sisters. Brown believes that Lizzie's half brother committed the murders out of revenge following his failed efforts to extort money from his father.
Yet another theory is that Lizzie suffered temporal lobe seizures during her menstrual cycle. During these seizures, Lizzie was known to enter a fugue state which, as this theory suggests, would have allowed her to unknowingly commit the murders.[29]
Two Borden biographers, Evan Hunter and David Rehak, contend that Lizzie had an intimate relationship with actress Nance O'Neil, whom she met in Boston in 1904.[10] The pair got along well, despite Lizzie's notoriety.[19] The friendship was cited as the cause of Emma's final separation from her sister.[19]
O'Neil was later portrayed as a character in a musical about Borden, entitled Lizzie Borden: A Musical Tragedy in Two Axe. Actress Suellen Vance originated the role.[30]
The trial received a tremendous amount of national publicity. It has been compared to the later trials of Bruno Hauptmann, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg and O.J. Simpson as a landmark in media coverage of legal proceedings.[31][32][33][34][35][36]
The case was memorialized in a popular skipping-rope rhyme:[37]
-
- Lizzie Borden took an axe
- And gave her mother forty whacks.
- When she saw what she had done
- She gave her father forty-one.
Folklore says the rhyme was made up by an anonymous writer as a tune to sell newspapers. Others attribute it to the ubiquitous, but anonymous "Mother Goose".[38] In reality Lizzie's stepmother suffered 18[39] or 19[15] blows and her father just 11 blows. Even though she was acquitted, Lizzie was ostracized by neighbors after the trial.[15] Lizzie Borden's name was again brought into the public eye when she was accused of shoplifting in 1897.[21] In 1961, the folk group The Chad Mitchell Trio recorded a humorous song called "Lizzie Borden" about the murders.
Andrew Jackson Borden married Sarah Anthony Morse on December 25, 1845. They had three children: Emma Lenora in 1851; Alice Esther in 1856; and Lizzie Andrew in 1860. Alice Esther died in 1858. Sarah Anthony Borden died in 1863. Andrew married a second wife, Abby Durfee Gray, on June 6, 1865. Andrew and Abby Borden died in 1892, and Emma and Lizzie died in 1927. They are all buried in the Borden Family Plot in Oak Grove Cemetery.
Lizzie was a distant relative of the American milk processor Gail Borden (1801–1874) and Robert Borden (1854–1937), Canada's Prime Minister during World War I.[40]
Lizzie Borden and actress Elizabeth Montgomery, who coincidentally portrayed Lizzie in a television movie about the murders and trial, were sixth cousins once removed. Both women descended from 17th-century Massachusetts resident John Luther. Rhonda McClure, the genealogist who documented the Montgomery-Borden connection, said, "I wonder how Elizabeth would have felt if she knew she was playing her own cousin."[41]
- Alfred Hitchcock Presents, season 1, episode 17, "The Older Sister" (first aired 1956), was a fictional story suggesting that it was Emma Borden who committed the murders, and that Lizzie endured the trial and subsequent notoriety to protect her older sister. A similar story titled "Goodbye Miss Lizzie Borden" was a 1955 episode of Suspense.
- Armstrong Circle Theatre, season 12, episode 1, "Legend of Murder – The Untold Story of Lizzie Borden" (first aired October 11, 1961), was a dramatization of Edward D. Radin's book Lizzie Borden: The Untold Story (Simon and Schuster, 1961), which put forth the theory that Bridget Sullivan was the actual murderess. Borden was portrayed by Clarice Blackburn and Bridget by Mary Doyle.
- Elizabeth Montgomery depicted Borden in William Bast's two hour television movie, The Legend of Lizzie Borden (1975).
- In 2004, the Discovery Channel aired an investigative documentary called Lizzie Borden Had an Axe. In the episode, a pair of detectives used modern forensics to exonerate Sullivan and indicate that Borden could have been the killer.
- The April 20, 2012 episode of the Travel Channel series Dead Files centered around the Lizzie Borden house and murders.
- Ghosthunters there are images shown of Lizzie Borden and the rooms that she had lived in during the investigation of the original house that the murder of her parents were committed.
- The October 21, 2011 episode of the Travel Channel series Ghost Adventures revolves around the team being locked in overnight at the Lizzie Borden House.
- Composer Morton Gould and choreographer Agnes de Mille created a ballet based on the life of Borden in 1948, entitled Fall River Legend.[42]
- Composer Jack Beeson, librettist Kenward Elmslie, and scenarist Richard Plant created an opera, Lizzie Borden, in 1965.
- The anthology of short plays, "Sepia and Song," contained a play called "A Memory of Lizzie," with scenes from Borden's childhood interpersed with quotes from her trial.[43]
- American composer and educator, Thomas Albert, composed a one-act opera, Lizbeth, based on the legend of Lizzie Borden in 1976. The work, with libretto by Lindé Hayen Herman, was commissioned by a grant from the National Endowment from the Arts, and was a finalist in the 1988 National Opera Association's chamber opera competition.
- Blood Relations by Sharon Pollock premiered at Theatre Tree, Edmonton, Alberta Canada in 1980. The play is set in 1902, with its "dream thesis" set in 1892, at Fall River, Massachusetts. It explores the events leading up to the trial.[citation needed]
- The Testimony of Lizzie Borden by Eric Stedman, a docudrama staged in an accurate reproduction of the Borden sitting room which re-created much of Borden's actual inquest testimony, premiered at Theatre on the Towpath in New Hope, Pa. in 1994 and was presented in Fall River in 1995.[citation needed]
- Lizzie Borden's Tempest by Brendan Byrnes played the New York International Fringe Festival in 1998. As Borden reads the role of Miranda in The Tempest with her local theatre club, Shakespeare's storm resurrects and reunites the Borden Family. The play's central idea is based on an actual program displayed at the Fall River Historical Society that lists a "Miss Borden" playing the role of Miranda in The Tempest.[44]
- In New Faces of 1952, there is a song skit entitled "Lizzie Borden" which is a mini-play, involving the cancellation of the hoedown, due to the trial of Lizzie Borden, who does get a trial at the hoedown on that same day and is acquitted. It features the memorable line: "You can't chop your papa up in Massachusetts", because "Massachusetts is a far cry from New York".
- In 2010, ensemble members of famed Annoyance Theatre wrote and produced a comedic musical about Lizzie Borden's trial and the events that led up to it. The show, called '40 Whacks', was well received[45] and went on to win a 2010 Orgie Theatre Award[46] .
- ^ a b "Bequest for Tomb of Slain Father" (fee required). The New York Times. June 8, 1927. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B14FB395B1B728DDDA10894DE405B878EF1D3. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Inquest Testimony of Lizzie Borden". University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law. http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/LizzieBorden/bordeninquest.html. Retrieved April 19, 2011. "Q. Give me your full name.
A. Lizzie Andrew Borden.
Q. Is it Lizzie or Elizabeth?
A. Lizzie.
Q. You were so christened?
A. I was so christened."
- ^ David Kent, The Lizzie Borden Sourcebook, (Boston: Brandon Publishing Company, 1992). Accessed February 2, 2012
- ^ Hoogenboom, “Lizzie Andrew Borden,” American National Biography Online, (2000): Retrieved January 30, 2012, 1, http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-00089.html?a=1&n=lizzie%20borden&d=10&ss=0&q=1.
- ^ Olive Hoogenboom, “Lizzie Andrew Borden,” American National Biography Online, (2000): Retrieved January 30, 2012, 1, http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-00089.html?a=1&n=lizzie%20borden&d=10&ss=0&q=1.
- ^ "Testimony of Bridget Sullivan in the Trial of Lizzie Borden". University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law: Famous Trials. http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/LizzieBorden/sullivantestimony.html. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
- ^ Porter, Edwin H. (1893). The Fall River Tragedy: A History of the Borden Murders. Fall River: Press of J.D. Munroe. http://ccbit.cs.umass.edu/lizzie/images/documents/L0015F01.html. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
- ^ David Kent, "The Lizzie Borden Sourcebook," (Boston: Brandon Publishing Company, 1992). Assessed February 2, 2012
- ^ a b The Cases That Haunt Us. Google Books. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7432-1239-7. http://books.google.com/?id=ACNZzKGWdbwC&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=emma+borden+nephritis&q=emma%20borden%20nephritis. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
- ^ a b c Rehak, David (2005). Did Lizzie Borden Axe for It?. Just My Best Publishing Company. pp. 67–69. ISBN 1-4505-5018-5. http://books.google.com/?id=1BeURuHcuooC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Did+Lizzie+Borden+Axe+for+It#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
- ^ “Testimony of Bridget Sullivan in the Trial of Lizzie Borden”. University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law: Famous Trials. Accessed September 5, 2011.
- ^ a b "Prussic Acid In The Case". New York Times. June 15, 1893. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E03E6D91431E033A25756C1A9609C94629ED7CF. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Cantwell, Mary (July 26, 1992). "Lizzie Borden Took an Ax". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/26/magazine/lizzie-borden-took-an-ax.html. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Linder, Doug. "The Trial of Lizzie Borden". University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law: Famous Trials. http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/LizzieBorden/bordenaccount.html. Retrieved June 14, 2008.
- ^ a b c Adams, Cecil (March 13, 2001). "Did Lizzie Borden kill her parents with an axe because she was discovered having an affair?". The Straight Dope. http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mlizzieborden.html. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ "On this day in crime history." The Washington, D.C. Examiner. August 4, 2008.
- ^ Noe, Denise (October 1999). "The Murderer Who Inadvertently Helped Miss Lizzie". The Lizzie Borden Quarterly: 8. http://www.lizzieandrewborden.com/NewResearch/NewResearchArticles/NoeMurderer.htm. Retrieved June 3, 2008.
- ^ a b "Cast of Characters". LizzieAndrewBorden.com. http://www.lizzieandrewborden.com/CrimeLibrary/CastofCharacters.htm. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Sisters Estranged Over Nance O'Neill". The San Francisco Call. June 7, 1905. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Borden-Lizzie_1905.gif. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
- ^ "Few at Borden Burial" (fee required). The New York Times. June 6, 1927. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40817FF395912738DDDAF0894DE405B878EF1D3. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Dates in the Borden Case". The Fall River Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 5, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080205025834/http://www.lizzieborden.org/bordendates.htm. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
- ^ "Lizzie Borden's Will Is Probated". The New York Times. Associated Press. June 25, 1927.
- ^ "Lizzie Borden's Last Will and Probate Records" (PDF). Lizzieandrewborden.com. http://www.lizzieandrewborden.com/pdf%20files/Lizzie%27s%20last%20will.pdf. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
- ^ "Lizzie Borden Bed & Breakfast". http://www.lizzie-borden.com/. Retrieved November 15, 2007.
- ^ Dark Destinations – Maplecroft
- ^ "Report of the Attorney General". Report of the attorney general. By Massachusetts. Attorney General's Office. http://books.google.com/books?id=LBA4AAAAIAAJ&q=mcdougall#v=snippet&q=mcdougall&f=false. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
- ^ Noe, Denise. "The Story of the Fall River Police Department". mensnewsdaily.com. http://mensnewsdaily.com/2011/02/20/the-story-of-the-fall-river-police-department/. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
- ^ Kent, David (1992). "4". Forty Whacks: New Evidence in the Life and Legend of Lizzie Borden (1 ed.). Emmaus, PA: Yankee Books. p. 39. ISBN 0-89909-351-5.
- ^ Lincoln, Victoria (1967). "1". A Private Disgrace: Lizzie Borden by Daylight (Book Club ed.). New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 44–60. ISBN 0-930330-35-8.
- ^ Suellen Vance ∙ Professional Actress ∙ New York City.
- ^ Chiasson, Lloyd Jr (1997). The Press on Trial: Crimes and Trials as Media Events. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30022-4.
- ^ Knox, Sara L. (1998). Murder: A Tale of Modern American Life. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2053-3.
- ^ Cramer, Clayton E. (1994). "Ethical Problems of Mass Murder Coverage in the Mass Media". Journal of Mass Media Ethics 9.
- ^ Beschle, Donald L. (1997). "What's Guilt (or Deterrence) Got to Do with It?". William and Mary Law Review 38.
- ^ Eaton, William J. (December 1995). "Just like O.J.'s Trial, but without Kato". American Journalism Review 17.
- ^ Scott, Gina Graham (2005). Homicide by the Rich and Famous: A Century of Prominent Killers. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-98346-3.
- ^ Lizzie Borden
- ^ Mother Goose's Melodies – Google Books
- ^ "Lizzie Borden Took An Ax". Crime Library. http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/famous/borden/index_1.html. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ Cole, Michael S. M.D. (1994). Cowan Connections. Privately published. pp. 374–380. http://www.thecolefamily.com/hobby/borden.htm. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ Pylant, James (2004). "The Bewitching Family Tree of Elizabeth Montgomery". Genealogy Magazine. http://www.genealogymagazine.com/elmo.html. ""Rhonda R. McClure. Finding Your Famous (& Infamous) Ancestors. (Cincinnati: Betterway Books: 2003), pp. 14–16."
- ^ Fall River Legend
- ^ Foxton, David (1987). Sepia and Song: A Collection of Historical Documentaries. Nelson Thornes. pp. 1–32. ISBN 978-0-17-432409-6. http://books.google.com/?id=-Ldsk-F-z0MC.
- ^ "Schedule of New York International Fringe Festival". nytheatre-wire.com. http://www.nytheatre-wire.com/fringe.htm. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
- ^ Zacher, Scotty. "REVIEW: 40 Whacks (Annoyance Theatre)". http://chicagotheaterbeat.com. http://chicagotheaterbeat.com/2010/06/24/review-40-whacks-annoyance-theatre/. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
- ^ "orgie theatre award winners". http://orgietheatreaward.com. http://orgietheatreaward.com/pages/past-winners.html.
A number of works expounding the facts and different theories have been written about the crime. These include:
- Asher, Robert, Lawrence B. Goodheart and Alan Rogers. Murder on Trial: 1620—2002 New York: State University of New York Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-7914-6377-2.
- Brown, Arnold R. Lizzie Borden: The Legend, the Truth, the Final Chapter. Nashville, TN: Rutledge Hill Press, 1991, ISBN 1-55853-099-1.
- de Mille, Agnes. Lizzie Borden: A Dance of Death. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1968.
- Kent, David Forty Whacks: New Evidence in the Life and Legend of Lizzie Borden. Yankee Books, 1992, ISBN 0-89909-351-5.
- Kent, David The Lizzie Borden Sourcebook. Boston: Branden Publishing Company, 1992, ISBN 0-8283-1950-2.
- King, Florence. WASP, Where is Thy Sting? Chapter 15, "One WASP's Family, or the Ties That Bind." Stein & Day, 1977, ISBN 0-552-99377-8 (1990 Reprint Edition).
- Lincoln, Victoria. A Private Disgrace: Lizzie Borden by Daylight. NY: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1967, ISBN 0-930330-35-8.
- Masterton, William L. Lizzie Didn’t Do It! Boston: Branden Publishing Company, 2000, ISBN 0-8283-2052-7.
- Pearson, Edmund Lester. Studies in Murder Ohio State University Press, 1924.
- Pearson, Edmund Lester. Trial of Lizzie Borden, edited, with a history of the case, Doubleday-Doran, 1937. Main text is a transcript of the trial.
- Radin, Edward D. Lizzie Borden: The Untold Story Simon and Schuster, 1961.
- Rebello, Leonard. Lizzie Borden: Past & Present Al-Zach Press, 1999.
- David Rehak. Did Lizzie Borden Axe For It? Angel Dust Publishing, 2008.
- Spiering, Frank. Lizzie: The Story of Lizzie Borden. Dorset Press, 1991, ISBN 0-88029-685-2.
- Sullivan, Robert. Goodbye Lizzie Borden. Brattleboro, VT: Stephen Greene Press, 1974, ISBN 0-14-011416-5.
- Hunter, Evan (see Artistic depictions/Prose Fiction, below) has a video out called Reopened: Lizzie Borden with Ed McBain.
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