Livigno
—  Comune  —
Comune di Livigno
Livigno Location of Livigno in Italy
Coordinates: 46°32′N 10°08′E / 46.533°N 10.133°E / 46.533; 10.133Coordinates: 46°32′N 10°08′E / 46.533°N 10.133°E / 46.533; 10.133
Country	Italy
Region	Lombardy
Province	Sondrio (SO)
Frazioni	Trepalle
Government
• Mayor	Attilio Lionello Silvestri
Area
• Total	211 km2 (81 sq mi)
Elevation	1,816 m (5,958 ft)
Population (31 December 2004)
• Total	5,326
• Density	25/km2 (65/sq mi)
Demonym	Livignaschi
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	23030
Dialing code	0342
Patron saint	Holy Mary / Saint Anna (for Trepalle)
Saint day	8 September / 21 July (for Trepalle)
Website	Official website

Livigno (Italian: Livigno, local Lombard dialect Livígn, Romansh: Livign) is a town and comune in the province of Sondrio, in the region of Lombardy, Italy, located in the Italian Alps.

Geography[link]

Livigno is located 1,816 metres above sea level. Livigno's main river is called Aqua Granda or Spöl. Trepalle, a frazione in the municipality of Livigno, is considered Europe's highest inhabited parish. Livigno was once a traditional and cultural village. Livigno is one of the few Italian villages which do not belong to the drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea but to the Black Sea basin. A part of the old village was completely destroyed in the 1960s by the creation of a reservoir, the Lago di Livigno.

History[link]

Livigno's first settlers were probably shepherds during the Middle Ages. The first documents called this area "vinea et vineola". This Latin name does not refer to the presence of vineyards in the area, but comes from the German language, meaning "avalanche". The valley has always been at risk from this point of view. The last avalanche hitting the village was in 1951, which caused seven deaths and damage to a dozen houses.

Politically, Livigno has always followed Bormio's history, although the relationships between the two communes have always been tense, Bormio being dominant and more populous than Livigno. Until the 1970s Livigno was a farming village. In recent decades, however, things have changed, and nowadays Livigno enjoys a better economic situation and a higher number of inhabitants. Livigno has recently enjoyed one of Italy's highest birth rates (19.4 births per 1000 inhabitants).^[1] Livigno's economy is based on tourism, both in winter and in summer, and on its duty-free status, with goods sold at bargain prices.

Building companies, craft industry and agriculture are somewhat developed, but all these sectors are in various ways linked to the main source of income.

Main sights[link]

Saint Mary's parish church was built at the end of the 19th century, on a previous church. The current building incorporated the previous one, which was left standing until the end of works, allowing church services to be carried out as usual.

Other buildings of note are the Caravaggio church, with some ex voto paintings and a picture which is traditionally attributed to Caravaggio, and Saint Rocco church, built at the beginning of the 16th century as a offering for protecting the village against plague. Other sights are represented by the breathtaking panorama, with high peaked mountains and marvellous valleys.

Duty-free status[link]

Livigno enjoys a special tax status as a duty-free area. Italian VAT (Value Added Tax) is not paid. Although tax advantages for Livigno were recorded as far back as the sixteenth century, the current tax exemption was first introduced by the Austrian Empire around 1840. It was then confirmed by the Kingdom of Italy around 1910, then by the Italian Republic and the European Economic Community in 1960. Although no VAT is paid, income taxes are, thus Livigno cannot be considered as a tax haven.

The justification for such a status is the difficulty in reaching Livigno during winter, and the centuries-long history of poverty in the region. The various states wanted to ensure people would have an incentive to live in the area (so that they could claim it territorially). At the same time, the tax revenue from Livigno would have been negligible.

Today, only three roads lead to the town, two from Switzerland, through the Forcola di Livigno (2,315 m, open in summer only) and the Munt La Schera tunnel, and one from Italy, through the Foscagno Pass (2,291 m). Given the increase in wealth in recent decades, the improvement of roads and the widespread availability of cars, many outsiders see this exemption as an unjustified privilege, although it sustains several hundred jobs.

Leaving Livigno into the rest of Italy on the road there is a custom checkpoint manned by Guardia di Finanza militaries. Entering or leaving from Switzerland there is both Guardia di Finanza militaries and Swiss Border Guards.^{[citation needed]}

Economy[link]

Livigno once made a living from agriculture and a little commerce. Smuggling was both widespread and not socially deprecated, being often the only way to survive in such a harsh environment. This generated some prejudice in the remaining population of Valtellina, where smuggling was also widespread, with the local proverb gent de cunfin, tücc' lader o asesin, or "border people, all thieves or murderers".

Nowadays Livigno is a rich area, and the main activities are linked to tourism, especially as a ski resort. Many inhabitants of Valtellina visit once in a while to buy goods at substantially lower prices, especially tax-free gasoline, sometimes from as far as Sondrio. The tax free allowance for tourists applied here is the same as the one applied to travellers coming from any non EU country.

The 2005 Union Cycliste Internationale mountain biking world championships were held here, from August 28 to September 4.

Culture and sport[link]

Despite its small size, there are many cultural organizations in Livigno. Some of these are:

• Corpo Musicale, a local street band
• Gruppo folkloristico, a folk group
• Monteneve Chorus
• Carcent theatre group ^[2]
• A few rock/pop bands, the most well-known being MetalDreit

The mass-media sector is quite developed as well. In the 80s a local radio, Radio Alteuropa, used to broadcast from Livigno, covering up to a wide part of the neighbouring Valtellina valley. The local monthly newspaper, Al Restel,^[3] was founded in the same period and it is still published today.

Nowadays, most of information is given by a TV channel, TeleMonteNeve,^[4] which broadcasts the City Council's meetings, a news report 3 times a week and other information both for residents and for tourists. On-line new media is also growing. An example is Senzaiva, an on-line cultural magazine. Its name means "without VAT", referring to the special duty-free status of Livigno and of all cultural products.^[5]

The Town Hall sign in the local dialect

The local dialect, intermediate between Romansh and Lombard, has been categorized in a dictionary, funded by the local administration. This language variety is used locally in street names and in some other signs, as well as on the official maps.

Sport also plays an important role. In Livigno there are nearly 20 sport associations, most of them are supported by an association called Sporting Club.^[6] Many young athletes often end up with good results in their discipline (see Notable people below). In 2006 Turin winter Olympics, no less than 8 Italian athletes came from Livigno.

Notable people[link]

• Giorgio Rocca, Italian skier (winner of slalom specialty cup in 2006 Alpine Skiing World Cup)
• Gianluigi Galli (better known as Gigi Galli), rally car driver in World Rally Championship
• Daniela Zini, Italian team skier (9th place in 1980 Alpine Skiing World Cup)
• Katia Zini and Mara Zini (bronze medal winners in short track speed skating in 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin)
• Iwan Bormolini, Italian world cup ski-racer
• Marianna Longa, Cross-country skier in Italy's National Team.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Livigno Tourist office
• News on Livigno (Italian)
• Another portal on Livigno
• Martin Bundi: Livigno in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 2005-02-11.
• Nature and Pictures of Livigno

Danny MacAskill

Personal information
Full name	Danny MacAskill
Born	(1985-12-23) 23 December 1985 (age 26) Scotland
Height	1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
Team information
Discipline	Trials
Role	Rider
Rider type	Street Trials

Danny MacAskill, (born 23 December 1985) also known as 'Danny MegaSkill', is a Scottish trials cyclist, from Dunvegan on the Isle of Skye. He works professionally as a street trials pro rider for Inspired Bicycles Ltd.^[1] He released 'April 2009', a five-and-a-half-minute street trials video, filmed by his flatmate Dave Sowerby, on YouTube on the 19th April 2009. The video quickly gained popular acclaim and widespread media attention. The video features stunts performed by MacAskill set to 'The Funeral' by Band of Horses.^[2]

As of April 2009, MacAskill, who was brought up in Dunvegan on the Isle of Skye,^[3] had been practising for more than 12 years. He gave up his job as a mechanic so he could ride full time.^[2] He now lives in Edinburgh.^[4] In June 2009, MacAskill appeared in the music video for Doves' single "Winter Hill".^[5] MacAskill also appeared in a TV-commercial for the new Volkswagen Golf Estate.^[6]

On 16 November 2010 MacAskill released a new video "Way Back Home" produced by Red Bull Media House. The video showcases locations around Scotland including Edinburgh Castle, North Berwick, wartime bunkers on the island of Inchgarvie beneath the Forth Bridge and a hydro-electric power station in the Scottish Highlands.^[7] In May 2011 Leica Cameras released a "Go Play" promo video featuring him doing tricks in the city of Cape Town. In August 9 of 2011 Cut Media released a video named "Industrial Revolutions". The video, set to 'The Wolves' by Ben Howard, features MacAskill doing tricks in an abandoned Scottish iron works. It was created for Channel 4's documentary Concrete Circus.^[8]

On 19 October 2011 MacAskill along with Inspired Bicycles released his signature trials frame, the Inspired Skye, to the public making him a full fledged professional rider.^[9]

In 2012 Danny MacAskill was nominated for the 2012 Adventurer of the Year Award. Danny MacAskill was nominated for changing the way a street trials rider can redefine how we view urban landscapes—and become a global icon in the process. The award is organised by the National Geographic.

Macaskill is currently managed by the German agency Rasoulution.^[10][11]

References[link]