Branches of Mathematics

Pure mathematics

• Algebra
• Calculus
• Geometry
• Topology
• Trignometry
• Combinatorics
• Logic
• Number theory

Applied mathematics

• Dynamical systems and differential equations
• Mathematical physics
• Computing
• Information theory and signal processing
• Probability and statistics
• Game theory
• Operations research

Related Topics

• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Linear Equations
• Applied Physics
• Nano Technology
• Engineering Sciences
• Mathematical Medicine
• Fluid dynamics
• Computational Mathematics
• Gamma Ray Optics
• Onfrared Optics
• Relative Velocity
• Iciam
• Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
• Biomedical Engineering
• Neuroscience Research
• Quantum Cosmology
• Brain Research

• Adekar
• Adekar District
• Adrar, Algeria
• Akbou
• Akbou District
• Akfadou
• Alauna (Maryport)
• Algeria
• Algerian War
• Algiers
• Almohad
• Amalou
• Amizour
• Amizour District
• Annaba
• Aokas
• Aokas District
• Arianism
• Aïn Defla
• Aïn Témouchent
• Aït Rizine
• Aït-Smail
• Barbacha
• Barbacha District
• Barbary Coast
• Barbary Macaque
• Barbary States
• Batna, Algeria
• Beni Djellil
• Beni Ksila
• Beni Maouche
• Beni Mellikeche
• Berber people
• Biskra
• Blida
• Bordj Bou Arréridj
• Boudjellil
• Bouhamza
• Boukhelifa
• Boumerdès
• Bouïra
• Brest, France
• Béchar
• Béjaïa
• Béjaïa District
• Béjaïa Province
• Capture of Bougie
• Carthaginian
• Cevital
• Chelata
• Chemini
• Chemini District
• Chlef
• Communes of Algeria
• Constantine, Algeria
• Cork (material)
• Darguina
• Darguina District
• Districts of Algeria
• Djelfa
• Draâ El-Kaïd
• El Bayadh
• El Kseur District
• El Oued
• El Taref
• El-Flaye
• El-Kseur
• Endangered
• Feraoun
• Fibonacci
• Ficus
• France
• Ghardaïa
• Guelma
• Habitat
• Hafsid
• Hafsids
• Hammadid
• Hassi Messaoud
• Ifenain Ilmathen
• Ighil Ali
• Ighil Ali District
• Ighram
• Illizi
• Iron
• Jijel
• Kabyle language
• Kabyle people
• Kabylia
• Kabylie
• Kendira
• Khenchela
• Kherrata
• Kherrata District
• Kufic
• Laghouat
• Lonely Planet
• M'Sila
• Macaca sylvanus
• Mascara, Algeria
• Maurice Boitel
• Mayor
• Mediterranean
• Melbou
• Mila, Algeria
• Morocco
• Mostaganem
• Médéa
• Naâma
• Oil
• Oran
• Ottoman Empire
• Ouargla
• Oued Ghir
• Oum el-Bouaghi
• Ouzellaguen
• Phosphate
• Piri Reis
• Plum
• Portal Algeria
• Provinces of Algeria
• Relizane
• Roman Empire
• Saïda, Algeria
• Seaport
• Seddouk
• Seddouk District
• Semaoune
• Sidi Aïch
• Sidi Aïch District
• Sidi Bel Abbès
• Sidi-Ayad
• Sidi-Saïd
• Sitifensis
• Skikda
• Souk Ahras
• Souk El-Thenine
• Souk-Oufella
• Spain
• Sétif
• Tala Hamza
• Tamanrasset
• Tamokra
• Tamridjet
• Taourit Ighil
• Taskriout
• Tazmalt
• Tazmalt District
• Textile
• Tiaret
• Tibane
• Tichy
• Tichy District
• Tifinagh
• Tifra
• Time zone
• Timezrit District
• Timezrit, Béjaïa
• Tinabdher
• Tindouf
• Tipaza
• Tissemsilt
• Tizi N'Berber
• Tizi Ouzou
• Tlemcen
• Toudja
• Tunis
• Tunisia
• Tébessa
• University of Béjaïa
• UTC+1
• Vandals
• Vespasian
• Wilaya
• Wine
• WP IPA for French
• 
  

• 
  Adekar
  Adekar is a town and municipality (baladiyah) in northern Algeria. It contains the settlements of Adekar, Ali-Thoum, Tizi Lqarne, Djebla, Kebouche, Tizi Ougueni, Ighil Laqrun, Timri Mahmoud, Mechnouh, Ikhetaben, Halafa, Thighzert, Thimri Mahmoud, Thazrut, Hanguedh, Ait Malek, Hriz, Kiria, Ait Yahia Youcef, Aoughled, Ait maamar, Ait yidir, Aguemoun,I ksilen, Ighzer Abas, Thabouda, Thakamra.
  Coordinates: 36°41′N 4°40′E / 36.683°N 4.667°E / 36.683; 4.667
  
  
  
  wn.com/Adekar
• 
  Adekar District
  Adekar District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Adekar_District
• 
  Adrar, Algeria
  Adrar (Arabic: أدرار‎, Berber: ) is a town and commune in Algeria, based around an oasis of the Sahara Desert and the administrative capital of the second largest province in Algeria: Adrar Province.
  Adrar is mainly an agricultural town, characterized by its traditional irrigation system, the Foggara.
  The oasis includes historic monuments. The settlement in the region (formerly known as Tuat) is quite ancient and the area provides for several different cultures. This intermingling gave birth to a body of traditions and of cultural and hand-crafted practices that are still present today in the life of its inhabitants translating into a wealth of the folklore and cultural heritage.
  The city is served by Touat Cheikh Sidi Mohamed Belkebir Airport (or simply Adrar Airport) located 10 kilometers away from centre of the city has Air Algérie flight to Algiers, Bordj Badji Mokhtar, Oran and Ouargla in addition to Tassili Airlines flights to In Aménas.
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Adrar,_Algeria
• 
  Akbou
  Akbou or Aqvu (Arabic: أقبو‎) is a town in northern Algeria in Béjaïa Province. It is a growing city with a population of 52,300 in 2008. This is a number approximately 20,000 more than what was recorded in 1998.
  The modern town of Akbou was established by the French in 1874. However, the area was occupied in ancient times by the Romans and contains a Roman mausoleum in the middle of the Soummam valley.
  Bou Baghli had earlier organized the uprising in Kabylie against the French conquest in 1851. The French recognized the strategic importance of the area on the Soummam river and set up a stronghold. The area was again subject to an uprising in 1871, but the French troops led a ruthless suppression. The fertile land in the Soummam valley was destined for settlement and shortly afterwards was established in 1874.
  Akbou is located in the upper Soummam River valley on the eastern flank of the Djurdjura River. It is bounded to the north by Ouzellaguen, east by the Soummam River, which separates it from the commune of Amalou, south-east by the Wadi Sahel, locally called "assif abbas", which separates it from the communes of Ait R'Zine, to the south by Tazmalt, to the west by the municipality of Ighram and north-west by the town of Chellata. It is located at an average altitude of 280 m, and the commune covers an area of 52.18 square kilometers, comprising two distinct areas: the urban area and peripheries on the plain such as the villages Lazib and Colonel Amirouche (ex.Riquet).
  
  wn.com/Akbou
• 
  Akbou District
  Akbou District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Akbou_District
• 
  Akfadou
  Akfadou is a town in northern Algeria in the Béjaïa Province. Alternatively the town and its local area are known as Agfadou. This locale is noted for its local population of Barbary Macaques, Macaca sylvanus. Notable features in the area include Gouraya National Park.
  Coordinates: 36°38′N 4°36′E / 36.633°N 4.6°E / 36.633; 4.6
  
  
  
  wn.com/Akfadou
• 
  Algeria
  Coordinates: 28°N 2°E / 28°N 2°E / 28; 2
  Algeria ⁱ/ælˈdʒɪəriə/ (Arabic: الجزائر‎, al-Jazā'ir; Berber: ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, al-Jumhūriyyah al-Jazāʾiriyyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah ash-Shaʿbiyyah), also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a large country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.
  When referring to its land area, Algeria is the largest country in Africa, Maghreb and the Arab World. It is also the largest of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea; it is also the tenth-largest country in the world. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Its size is almost 2,400,000 square kilometres (926,645 sq mi) with an estimated population of 37.1 million as of 2012. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC and the United Nations. The country is also a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union.
  
  wn.com/Algeria
• 
  Algiers
  Algiers (Arabic: الجزائر‎, al-Jazā’ir; Algerian Arabic: دزاير, Berber: Dzayer / ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. According to the 1998 census, the population of the city proper was 1,519,570 and that of the urban agglomeration was 2,135,630. In 2009, the population was about 3,500,000. An estimate puts the population at about 3,574,000 as of 2010.
  Called El-Behdja (البهجة) or alternatively Alger la Blanche ("Algiers the White") for the glistening white of its buildings as seen rising up from the sea, Algiers is situated on the west side of a bay of the Mediterranean Sea. The modern part of the city is built on the level ground by the seashore; the old part, the ancient city of the deys, climbs the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the casbah or citadel, 122 metres (400 ft) above the sea. The casbah and the two quays form a triangle.
  The city name is derived (via French Alger and Catalan Alger) from the Arabic name الجزائر al-Jazā’ir, which translates as "The Islands", referring to the four islands which lay off the city's coast until becoming part of the mainland in 1525. Al-Jazā’ir is itself a truncated form of the city's older name جزائر بني مازغان Jazā’ir Banī Mazghannā, "The Islands of the Sons of Mazghanna", used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi.
  
  wn.com/Algiers
• 
  Amalou
  Amalou is a town in northern Algeria.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Amalou
• 
  Amizour
  Amizour is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°38′N 4°55′E / 36.633°N 4.917°E / 36.633; 4.917
  
  
  
  wn.com/Amizour
• 
  Amizour District
  Amizour District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°39′N 4°54′E / 36.65°N 4.9°E / 36.65; 4.9
  
  wn.com/Amizour_District
• 
  Annaba
  Annaba (Arabic: عنابة‎, ‘Annābah, formerly Bône, historically Hippo) is a city in the northeastern corner of Algeria near the river Seybouse. It is located in Annaba Province. With a population of 257,359 (2008), it is the fourth largest city in Algeria. It is a leading industrial centre in eastern Algeria.^{[citation needed]} Most of the people call this city Balad Al Unnâb, i.e. the Jujubes city, because of the abundance of this fruit in this place.
  Annaba is a coastal city and a pole of spontaneous growth. The area of growth of Annaba is accompanied by a metropolitan area under pressure even at high compression to the image of the other metropolises of the Algerian coastline such as Oran and the capital Algiers. With more than 200,000 inhabitants, it's in direct and indirect relationship with the region of "Bône", a territory of nearly 4 million people. It's character of a "port town" gives it a regional international radiation. Much of eastern and southern Algerian seeks the services, equipment, and infrastructure of the city. Economically, it is located in the centre of dynamic and varied activities: industry, transport, finance and tourism.
  
  wn.com/Annaba
• 
  Aokas
  Aokas is a coastal town in Béjaïa District in Béjaïa Province of northern Algeria, located 25 kilometres from the provincial capital city of Béjaïa .The commune of Aokas was created by decree of October 2, 1869. It covered an area of 2,202 hectares and had a population of 2,245 inhabitants in 1931. Its average altitude is 300 meters.
  Coordinates: 36°38′N 5°15′E / 36.633°N 5.25°E / 36.633; 5.25
  
  
  
  wn.com/Aokas
• 
  Aokas District
  Aokas District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  Coordinates: 5°14′39″N 36°38′15″E / 5.24417°N 36.6375°E / 5.24417; 36.6375
  
  wn.com/Aokas_District
• 
  Aïn Defla
  Aïn Defla (Arabic: عين الدفلى‎, lit. oleander spring) is the capital city of Aïn Defla Province, Algeria. It is also a commune.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Aïn_Defla
• 
  Aïn Témouchent
  Aïn Témouchent (Arabic: عين تموشنت‎) is the capital of Aïn Témouchent Province, Algeria.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Aïn_Témouchent
• 
  Aït Rizine
  Aït-Rizine is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°22′18″N 4°29′13″E / 36.37167°N 4.48694°E / 36.37167; 4.48694
  
  wn.com/Aït_Rizine
• 
  Aït-Smail
  Aït-Smail is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°44′N 4°51′E / 36.733°N 4.85°E / 36.733; 4.85
  
  
  
  wn.com/Aït-Smail
• 
  Barbacha
  Barbacha is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°34′N 4°58′E / 36.567°N 4.967°E / 36.567; 4.967
  
  
  
  wn.com/Barbacha
• 
  Barbacha District
  Barbacha District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Barbacha_District
• 
  Batna, Algeria
  Batna (Arabic: باتنة‎, Berber: , Tbatent) is the main city of Batna Province, Algeria. With a population of 285,800 (2004 estimation) it is the fifth largest city in Algeria. It is also one of the principal cities of the Chaoui area and is considered the capital of the Aures.
  The first solid foundations (a military encampment) of the city were erected by a French garrison in 1844, with a strategic mission to create a permanently guarded access point for the main Sahara road.
  Batna's geographical location offers a natural break through the Atlas Mountains. The Romans did not detect this passage in their early invasion phase.
  The ancient cities of Timgad and Lambese, built around the first century CE, are living examples of the importance that the Romans gave to commercial control over the region.
  The inhabitants of the city revolted against the French authorities at the beginning of colonization. Thereafter they organized the Algerian revolution against colonialism French.
  The first Batneens adhered to Messali Hadj (PPP), as did the Ulemas Ben Badis and the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Freedoms (MTLD), and together they organized the great historic summit of 22, June 25, 1954.
  
  wn.com/Batna,_Algeria
• 
  Beni Djellil
  Beni Djellil (kabyle: At Jlil) is a town located in Kabylie in northern Algeria.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Beni_Djellil
• 
  Beni Ksila
  Beni Ksila is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°52′57″N 4°39′43″E / 36.8825°N 4.66194°E / 36.8825; 4.66194
  
  wn.com/Beni_Ksila
• 
  Beni Maouche
  Beni Maouche is a town in northern Algeria.
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Beni_Maouche
• 
  Beni Mellikeche
  At Mlikec is a town and commune in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°26′N 4°24′E / 36.433°N 4.4°E / 36.433; 4.4
  
  wn.com/Beni_Mellikeche
• 
  Biskra
  Coordinates: 34°51′N 5°44′E / 34.85°N 5.733°E / 34.85; 5.733 Biskra (Arabic: بسكرة ‎; Berber: Tibeskert) is the capital city of Biskra province, Algeria. In 2007, its population was recorded as 207,987.
  During Roman times the town was called Vescera, though this may have been simply a Latin transliteration of the native name. Around 200 AD under Septimius Severus' reign, it was seized by the Romans and became part of the province of Numidia. As a major settlement in the border region, it was significant even then. Its name was apparently bowdlerized by the Romans to Ad Piscīnam ("at the piscīna"), implying the presence of important waterworks.
  As of 1935, Biskra was an inland town, the principal settlement of a Saharan oasis watered by the intermittent Oued Biskra. It is in the southern part of the Algerian rail system, and a favorite winter resort. Large quantities of fruit, especially dates and olives, were grown in the vicinity. The town was a military post, and was the scene of severe fighting in the rebellions of 1849 and 1871.
  
  wn.com/Biskra
• 
  Blida
  Coordinates: 36°28′N 2°49′E / 36.467°N 2.817°E / 36.467; 2.817
  Blida (Arabic: البليدة‎) is a city in Algeria. It is the capital of Blida Province, and it is located about 45 km south-west of Algiers, the national capital. The name Blida, i.e. bulaydah, diminutive of the arab word belda, city.
  Blida lies surrounded with orchards and gardens, 190 metres (620 ft) above the sea, at the base of the Tell Atlas, on the southern edge of the fertile Mitidja Plain, and the right bank of the Oued el kebir outflow from the Chiffa gorge. The abundant water of this stream provides power for large corn mills and several factories, and also supplies the town, with its numerous fountains and irrigated gardens. Blida is surrounded by a wall of considerable extent, pierced by six gates, and is further defended by Port Mimieh, crowning a steep hill on the left bank of the river.
  The nearby Chiffa gorge is a habitat of the endangered Barbary Macaque, Macaca sylvanus; this habitat is one of only a few relict locations where populations of this primate are found.
  
  wn.com/Blida
• 
  Bordj Bou Arréridj
  Bordj Bou Arréridj (Arabic: برج بوعريريج‎) population 140,000 (2005 estimate), is the capital city of Bordj Bou Arréridj Province, Algeria. It is situated 148 miles by road east of Algiers, near the Hodnar Massif in the southern Kabylia Mountains, at an elevation of 916 metres.
  The economy is largely based upon agriculture and forestry, with some small-scale industries. Bordj Bou Arréridj is well-connected to other urban centres by road and rail. The cities of Setif and Bouira are 70 km east and 115 km northwest, respectively. CA Bordj Bou Arreridj is a 1st Level Algerian professional football club based in town; its home grounds are 20 August 1955 Stadium in Mohamed Belouizdad.
  Coordinates: 36°04′N 4°46′E / 36.067°N 4.767°E / 36.067; 4.767
  
  
  
  wn.com/Bordj_Bou_Arréridj
• 
  Boudjellil
  Boudjellil is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°20′N 4°21′E / 36.333°N 4.35°E / 36.333; 4.35
  
  
  
  wn.com/Boudjellil
• 
  Bouhamza
  Bouhamza is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°29′23″N 4°36′24″E / 36.48972°N 4.60667°E / 36.48972; 4.60667
  
  wn.com/Bouhamza
• 
  Boukhelifa
  Boukhelifa is a town and commune in the Béjaïa in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°36′52″N 5°05′14″E / 36.61444°N 5.08722°E / 36.61444; 5.08722
  
  wn.com/Boukhelifa
• 
  Boumerdès
  Boumerdès (Arabic: بومرداس; Kabyle: Bumerdes; Bumardas or Bomardas) is the capital city of Boumerdès Province, Algeria. It is located on the Mediterranean Sea. It had a population of 28,500 in 1998 and 15,000 in 1987.
  Boumerdès is a seaside city located in the north of Algeria about 50 km east of Algiers. Its previous name, during French occupation of Algeria, was Rocher Noir, translated from French as Black Rock.
  It is the capital city of Wilaya (district) of Boumerdès. The city had a major earthquake on May 21, 2003 causing a lot of damage to the city with 1,382 people killed and 3,442 injured. The city became the capital of the province, having the same name, according to the administrative division in 1984.
  The city is famous as a scientific center, including a number of national institutes and the University of M'hamed Bouguerra. The institutes include l'Institut Algerian du Petrole (The Algerian Petroleum Institute IAP), Faculty des Hydraucarbures et de la Chimie (Faculty of Hydroncarbons and Chemistry FHC), l'Institut National d'Eletrecite et d'Electronqiue (The National Institute for Electricity and Electronics INELEC), l'Institut National de Genie Mechanique (The National Institute of Mechanical Engineering ENGM), l'Institut National des Industries Legeres (The National Institute for Light Industries INIL).
  
  wn.com/Boumerdès
• 
  Bouïra
  Coordinates: 36°22′48″N 3°54′5″E / 36.38°N 3.90139°E / 36.38; 3.90139
  Bouïra (Kabyle: Tubiret, or in tifinagh) is the capital of Bouïra Province, Algeria.
  It has 75,086 inhabitants as of the 1998 census, which gives it 15 seats in the PMA.
  It is located in the geographical heart of the province. It borders the municipality of Ait Laziz in the north, Aïn Turk in the north-east (home to the largest aqueduct in Africa), Aïn El Hadjar in the east, El Hachimia in the south-east, Oued El Berdi in the south, El Asnam in the south-west, Haizer in the west, and Taghzourt in the north-west.
  Bouïra is twinned with:
  
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Bouïra
• 
  Béchar
  Béchar (Arabic: بشار‎), formerly known as Colomb-Béchar, is a capital city of Béchar Province, Algeria. The area is controlled by Algeria, though claims have also been made on it by Morocco. In 1998 the city had a population of 134,954.
  Before coal was found here in 1907, Bechar was a small populated town. It thrived on the activity of the coal mines until petroleum production seized the market.
  The city is noted for its leatherwork and jewellery. Dates, vegetables, figs, cereals and almonds are produced near Béchar. Bituminous coal reserves in the region are not exploited to their greatest potential because of high transportation costs. The city was once the site of a French Foreign Legion post.
  Near Béchar, there is Kenadsa longwave transmitter, whose masts are the tallest structures in Algeria.
  Béchar is located in northwestern region of Algeria roughly 58 km south of the Moroccan border.
  It is served by a narrow gauge railway station of SNTF, which in 2008, may be replaced with a standard gauge railway. From 1941 to 1963 it was reached by the standard gauge Mediterranean-Niger-Railway.
  
  wn.com/Béchar
• 
  Béjaïa
  Béjaïa, Bgayet (Tifinagh: ) is a Mediterranean port city on the Gulf of Béjaïa in Algeria; it is the capital of Béjaïa Province, Kabylia. Under French rule, it was formerly known under various European names, such as Budschaja in German, Bugia in Italian, and Bougie [buˈʒi] (both of which are words for 'candle'). Béjaïa is the largest city in Kabylia (second largest is Tizi Ouzou), and one of the largest principally Berber speaking cities.
  The town is overlooked by the mountain Yemma Gouraya, whose profile is said to resemble a sleeping woman; other nearby scenic spots include the Aiguades beach and the Pic des Singes (Monkey Peak); the latter site is a habitat for the endangered Barbary Macaque, Macaca sylvanus, which prehistorically had a much broader distribution than at present. All three of these geographic features are contained in the Gouraya National Park. The Soummam river runs past the town.
  Béjaïa was first inhabited by Numidian Berbers. A minor port in Carthaginian and Roman times, Béjaïa was the Roman Saldae, a veteran colony founded by emperor Vespasian of great importance in the province of Mauretania Caesariensis, later in the fraction Sitifensis.
  
  wn.com/Béjaïa
• 
  Béjaïa District
  Béjaïa District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°45′09″N 5°04′16″E / 36.7525°N 5.07111°E / 36.7525; 5.07111
  
  wn.com/Béjaïa_District
• 
  Béjaïa Province
  Béjaïa (Arabic: ولاية بجاية‎) (Kabyle : Vgaiet) is a province of Algeria. The capital city is Béjaïa. Gouraya National Park is there. A population of the endangered primate, Barbary Macaque is found within this the province's Gouraya National Park; this primate has a severely restricted and disjunctive range.
  The province is divided into 19 districts (daïras), which are further divided into 52 communes or municipalities.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Béjaïa_Province
• 
  Carthaginian
  Carthage (Latin: Carthago or Karthago, Ancient Greek: Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Arabic: قرطاج Qarṭāj‎, Berber: ⴽⴰⵔⵜⴰⵊⴻⵏ Kartajen, Etruscan: *Carθaza, Modern Hebrew: קרתגו‎ Qartágo, from the Phoenician Qart-ḥadašt meaning New City (Aramaic: קרתא חדאתא, Qarta Ḥdatha), implying it was a 'new Tyre', is a major urban centre that has existed for nearly 3,000 years on the Gulf of Tunis, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC. It is currently a suburb of Tunis, Tunisia, with a population of 20,715 (2004 Census).
  The first civilization that developed within the city's sphere of influence is referred to as Punic (a form of the word "Phoenician") or Carthaginian. The city of Carthage is located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis across from the centre of Tunis. According to Greek historians it was founded by Canaanite-speaking Phoenician colonists from Tyre (in modern Lebanon) under the leadership of Elissa who was renamed (Queen Dido) in Virgil's Aeneid. It became a large and rich city and thus a major power in the Mediterranean. The resulting rivalry with Syracuse, Numidia, and Rome was accompanied by several wars with respective invasions of each other's homeland.
  
  wn.com/Carthaginian
• 
  Chelata
  Chelata is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°31′10″N 4°29′51″E / 36.51944°N 4.4975°E / 36.51944; 4.4975
  
  wn.com/Chelata
• 
  Chemini
  Chemini is a town in northern Algeria, in the province of Béjaïa.
  Coordinates: 36°36′N 4°37′E / 36.6°N 4.617°E / 36.6; 4.617
  
  
  
  wn.com/Chemini
• 
  Chemini District
  Chemini District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°35′27″N 4°36′32″E / 36.59083°N 4.60889°E / 36.59083; 4.60889
  
  wn.com/Chemini_District
• 
  Chlef
  Chlef (Arabic: الشلف‎) is the capital of Chlef Province, Algeria. It is home to the soccer club ASO Chlef, the Hassiba Ben Bouali university, and the basilica of Saint Reparatus, which is home to the oldest Christian labyrinth in the world.
  The province of Chlef is located in the north of Algeria, 200 km west of the capital Algiers.
  The site of the roman citadel, Castellum Tingitanum, was known as Al-Asnam (Arabic for "sculptures") on account of an area of 600 x 300 metres containg many statues.
  
  Valley Chellif is from the 15th century the territory of the Ouled Kosseir who settled there under the leadership of El Kosseir Hamou (H'ammü'l-Quççayri) having displaced the indigenous Berber tribes. This tribe is a tribal Djouadi (military nobility). If they even call themselves descendants of the Beni Makhzum (Either Khaled Ibn El Walid). Some historians believe that it belongs to the Confederation of Ibn Suwayd Zoghba of beni Hillal and therefore cousins ​​of Mehal, other military nobility.
  The Mehal have established, to the fifteenth century a kingdom that stretched from Méiliana in the east to Tlemcen in the west. The last King Abd El Hammou Mehal was that Barbarossa expelled Ténès, the seat of his kingdom, the arrival of the Janissaries.
  
  wn.com/Chlef
• 
  Constantine, Algeria
  Constantine (Arabic: قسنطينة‎, Qusanṭīnah, also spelled Qasentina also spelled as Kasantina) is the capital of Constantine Province in north-eastern Algeria. It was the capital of the same-named French département until 1962. Slightly inland, it is about 80 kilometres from the Mediterranean coast, on the banks of Rhumel river. Regarded as the capital of eastern Algeria and the centre of its region, Constantine has a population of 448,374 (1,000,000 with the agglomeration), making it the third largest city in the country after Algiers and Oran. There are museums and important historical sites around the city (one of the most beautiful one is the Palais du Bey, in the casbah). It is often referred to as the "City of Bridges" due to the numerous picturesque bridges connecting the mountains the city is built on.
  The city was originally created by the Phoenicians, who called it Sarim Batim (royal city). Later it was renamed Cirta, by the Numidian king Syphax, who turned it into his capital. The city was taken over by Numidia, the country of the Berber people, after the Phoenicians were defeated by Rome in the Third Punic War. In 112 BC the city was occupied by Jugurtha who defeated his half-brother Adherbal. The city later served as the base for Roman generals Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus and Gaius Marius in their war against Jugurtha. Later, with the removal of King Juba I and the remaining supporters of Pompey in Africa (c. 46), Julius Caesar gave special rights to the citizens of Cirta, now known as Colonia Sittlanorum.
  
  wn.com/Constantine,_Algeria
• 
  Darguina
  Darguina is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°34′N 5°18′E / 36.567°N 5.3°E / 36.567; 5.3
  
  
  
  wn.com/Darguina
• 
  Darguina District
  Darguina District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Darguina_District
• 
  Djelfa
  Djelfa (Arabic: الجلفة‎) is the capital city of Djelfa province, Algeria. It has a population of 154,265 (1998 census). The city lies at the junction of the N1 and the N46.
  A pleasant medium-size city, north-central Algeria, in the Ouled Nail Mountains at an elevation of 3,734 feet (1,138 m). It is situated between the towns of Bou Saâda and Laghouat. Djelfa town is at a point of transition between the dry, steppelike High Plateaus of the north, with their chotts (intermittent salt lakes), and the Sahara (south). The town was founded in 1852 as a French military post on a geometric plan. It serves as an important livestock market centre for the seminomadic Ouled Nail confederation. Djelfa is on the 12,000 mile Africa Trail.
  The surrounding region for centuries has been the meeting place of the Ouled Nail, who live in black-and-red striped tents and claim descent from the Prophet Muhammad.
  The area is notable for its abundance of Neolithic rock carvings dating from 7000 to 5000 BC. North of Djelfa town there is an imposing physical feature known as Salt Rock (Rocher de Sel) that resulted from the erosion of rock salts and marls by rain, and to the west of the town Megalithic funerary structures are found.
  
  wn.com/Djelfa
• 
  Draâ El-Kaïd
  Draâ El-Kaïd is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°25′14″N 5°13′28″E / 36.42056°N 5.22444°E / 36.42056; 5.22444
  
  wn.com/Draâ_El-Kaïd
• 
  El Bayadh
  El Bayadh (Arabic: البيض‎) is a municipality of Algeria. It is the capital of El Bayadh Province.
  
  
  
  wn.com/El_Bayadh
• 
  El Kseur District
  El Kseur District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/El_Kseur_District
• 
  El Oued
  El Oued or Oued Souf is a city in El Oued province, Algeria (الواد in Arabic, meaning "the River").. The oasis town is watered by an underground river, hence its name, which enables date palm cultivation and the rare use (for the desert) of brick construction for housing. As most roofs are domed, it is known as the "City of a Thousand Domes"[1].
  El Oued is located 400 miles south east of Algiers (the capital city of Algeria), near the Tunisian border. It lies about 20 kilometres south of Guemar Airport. The population of El Oued was 139,362 as of the 1998 census.
  Coordinates: 33°7′20.32″N 7°10′59.44″E / 33.1223111°N 7.1831778°E / 33.1223111; 7.1831778
  
  
  
  wn.com/El_Oued
• 
  El Taref
  El Taref (Arabic: الطارف‎) is a city in Algeria. It is the capital of El Taref Province. La Calle is a port town near El Taref. El Taref is 700 kilometers east of Algiers. In 1998, it had a population of around 20,300.
  General Electric and Iberdrola are building a power station in El Taref, beginning in mid 2008, a project which will increase Algeria's energy capacity by 18%.
  A network which specialized in forgery, stolen identity, and theft, across the eastern provinces of Algeria, was broken in El Taref, in June 2008. Investigators took three people into custody and four others were searched by security services.
  
  wn.com/El_Taref
• 
  El-Flaye
  El-Flaye is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°36′08″N 4°39′49″E / 36.60222°N 4.66361°E / 36.60222; 4.66361
  
  wn.com/El-Flaye
• 
  El-Kseur
  El Kseur is a town in northern Algeria.
  In Roman times, El Kseur was known as Tubusuptu. It was a Roman colony founded by Augustus for military veterans. Economically, the colony was known for its olive oil. Today, Roman ruins include baths, which are well preserved.
  Coordinates: 36°41′04″N 4°51′08″E / 36.68444°N 4.85222°E / 36.68444; 4.85222
  
  wn.com/El-Kseur
• 
  Feraoun
  Feraoun is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°33′25″N 4°51′59″E / 36.55694°N 4.86639°E / 36.55694; 4.86639
  
  wn.com/Feraoun
• 
  France
  France (English ⁱ/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 sq mi).
  Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
  
  wn.com/France
• 
  Ghardaïa
  Ghardaïa (Arabic: غرداية , Mozabite: ) is the capital city of Ghardaïa Province, Algeria. The commune of Ghardaïa has a population of 104,645, with 82,500 in the main city according to 2005 estimates. It is located in northern-central Algeria in the Sahara Desert and lies along the left bank of the Wadi Mzab. The M'zab valley in the Ghardaïa Province (Wilaya) was inscribed under the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1982, as a cultural property evaluated under the criteria II ( for its settlement having an impact on urban planning even to the present century), III (for its Ibadi cultural values), and V (a settlement culture which has prevailed to the present century).
  Ghardaïa is part of a pentapolis, a hilltop city amongst four others, built almost a thousand years ago, and founded by the Mozabites a Muslim Ibadi sect (non-Arabic Muslims, including the Berbers) in the M’Zab valley. It is a major centre of date production and the manufacture of rugs and cloths. Divided into three walled sectors, it is a fortified town. At the centre is the historical Mʾzabite area, with a pyramid-style mosque and an arcaded square. Distinctive white, pink, and red houses, made of sand, clay and gypsum, rise in terraces and arcades. In her 1963 book, La force des choses the French existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir described Ghardaia as "a Cubist painting beautifully constructed".
  
  wn.com/Ghardaïa
• 
  Guelma
  Guelma (Arabic: قالمة‎) is the capital of Guelma Province and Guelma District, located in northeastern Algeria, about 65 kilometers from the Mediterranean coast. It is home to the titular see of Calama.
  Though Guelma was settled from early prehistory, it was first established as a town under the Phoenicians, who called it Malaca, probably a Phoenician word meaning "salt" (sharing a common etymology with Málaga in Spain). Later, the Romans settled the area and renamed it Calama, part of the Roman province of Numidia. Calama prospered during the rise of Christianity; Saint Possidius was bishop of Guelma during the 5th century. Later, the Vandal invasion devastated the area until the coming of the Byzantines, who settled the area and built city walls to protect it from further invasions. It was located in the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa. However, after the successful Islamic conquest of Algeria, the area was abandoned as a formal settlement, even later, during Ottoman rule.
  
  wn.com/Guelma
• 
  Ifenain Ilmathen
  Ifenain Ilmathen is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°40′18″N 4°47′26″E / 36.67167°N 4.79056°E / 36.67167; 4.79056
  
  wn.com/Ifenain_Ilmathen
• 
  Ighil Ali
  Ighil Ali is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°20′N 4°28′E / 36.333°N 4.467°E / 36.333; 4.467
  
  wn.com/Ighil_Ali
• 
  Ighil Ali District
  Ighil Ali District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Ighil_Ali_District
• 
  Ighram
  Ighram is a town and commune of Kabylie in northern Algeria. The town is located on the Soummam, on its left bank. It is located south-west of the wilaya of Bejaia, a distance of more than 70 km from the provincial capital and less than 5 km from Akbou. It covers an area of 50.11 square kilometers and the population of the town of Ighram is estimated at 16 878 inhabitants, 8 472 men and 8 406 women with a density of 332 inhabitants / km ² (statistics 31 December 2003).
  Administratively, it is bordered by the wilaya of Tizi Ouzou to the north, Akbou and Tazmalt to the south, to the west by the town of Beni Mellikeche.
  The commune is composed of several villages (Elma-Ouguenane, Amar Ouzeguene Ath, Ath Kerrou, Azoun, Ath Selam, Boukir, Iaamourene, Igguirven, Ighrem Ighil Nacer, Ikherbouchen, Irsen, Iaâzunène, Laazib Ulahdir, Elmecheta, Taslent, Tazagharth, Tifthisin , Tighilt Makhlouf).
  The homes are centered around courtyards and agriculture employs much of the population. The war of liberation and emigration have emptied many of the villages of their population, resulting in the relative deterioration of buildings.
  
  wn.com/Ighram
• 
  Illizi
  Illizi (Arabic: إيليزي‎) is a town situated in the south-eastern part of Algeria, capital of Illizi Province. It is one of the gates to the Tassili N'Ajjer National Park with caves situated under the sands containing prehistoric drawings dating from 6000 years BC. There is a hotel and two camping sites, as well as many local tourist agencies.
  The town is served by Illizi Airport.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Illizi
• 
  Jijel
  Coordinates: 36°48′N 5°46′E / 36.8°N 5.767°E / 36.8; 5.767
  Jijel ( Berber: ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⴳⵉⵍⵉ, Arabic: جيجل‎, formerly known as Ighil Gili or Djidjelli) is the capital of Jijel Province in northeastern Algeria. It is flanked by the Mediterranean Sea in the region of Corniche Jijelienne, and has an estimated population of 148,000 inhabitants (2007).^{[citation needed]}
  Jijel is the administrative and trade centre for a region specializing in cork processing, leather tanning and steelmaking. Local crops include citrus and grain. Fishing is also of great importance. Tourists (mainly Algerians) are attracted to Jijel for its landscapes and fine sand beaches. Being a resort town, there are many hotels and restaurants. There are Phoenician tombs nearby.
  Jijel is situated 30 km from Taza National Park; this national park and other vicinity features support a variety of flora and fauna. In particular, the Taza National Park is habitat for the endangered Barbary Macaque, Macaca sylvanus; moreover, this primate prehistorically had a much broader distribution than at present.
  
  wn.com/Jijel
• 
  Kabylie
  Kabylie or Kabylia (Berber: Tamurt n Leqbayel), is a region in the north of Algeria.
  It is part of the Tell Atlas and is located at the edge of the Mediterranean Sea. Kabylia covers several provinces of Algeria: the whole of Tizi Ouzou and Bejaia (Vgayet), most of Bouira (Tubirett) and parts of the wilayas of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Jijel, Boumerdes, and Setif. Gouraya National Park and Djurdjura National Park are also located in Kabylie.
  It is important not to confuse "Kabylia" and the global "Kabyle people" elsewhere: around 25% of Kabyle people live in the Algiers capital region. This article concerns only the territorial "Kabylie" region, and does not include Algiers's Kabyle population and society.
  Algeria was known as Numidia (202 BC – 46 BC).
  The Kabyle country remained as unconquerable as it was inaccessible to the Ottoman deys, who had to content themselves with a few disturbed coastal military settlements and some valleys where the rule of the Islamic Ottoman empire was imposed. The mountainous core land, however, remained independent and the Islamic faith found its way through peaceful means only, namely the Marabout movement, which many argue is the reason of the Kabyls' indifference towards Islam. The Ottoman threat disappeared with the arrival of the European and American navies to put an end to Islamic piracy from bases on the coast of North Africa.
  
  wn.com/Kabylie
• 
  Kendira
  Kendira is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°31′58″N 5°03′46″E / 36.53278°N 5.06278°E / 36.53278; 5.06278
  
  wn.com/Kendira
• 
  Khenchela
  Khenchela ancient Mascula (in Arabic خنشلة; Tifinagh: ) is the name of the capital city of the administrative Khenchela Province (Wilaya), number 40, in the north east of Algeria. Situated in the Aures Mountains, 1200 m above sea level. The city is mainly populated by Berber Chaouis.
  
  wn.com/Khenchela
• 
  Kherrata
  Kherrata is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°30′N 5°17′E / 36.5°N 5.283°E / 36.5; 5.283
  
  
  
  wn.com/Kherrata
• 
  Kherrata District
  Kherrata District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Kherrata_District
• 
  Laghouat
  Coordinates: 33°48′N 2°53′E / 33.8°N 2.883°E / 33.8; 2.883
  Laghouat (English: Laghwat French: Laghouat Arabic: الأغواط‎) is the capital city of the Laghouat Province, Algeria, 400 km south of the Algerian capital Algiers in the Atlas Mountains. As of 2005, the population of the city was 126,291 inhabitants. Nearby, in Hassi R'Mel, there is the largest natural gas reserve in Africa.
  The city was founded in the 11th Century. In 1852, the French took over the city. Since 1974, it is an Algerian province.
  Laghwat town in Northern Algeria is an oasis on the north edge of the Sahara Desert. It is an important administrative and military center and marketplace and is known for rug and tapestry weaving. There are natural gas deposits in the region. The town has a meteorological station. Laghouat traces its history at least to the 11th century. It paid tribute to Morocco in the 17th century. The Turks captured Laghouat in 1786, and the French conquered the city in 1852.
  On January 2012 Laghouat was the site of anti-government protests over housing, infrastructure, and treatment of the elderly by police. The police used tear gas to disperse the protesters.
  
  wn.com/Laghouat
• 
  M'Sila
  
  M'Sila (also spelled Msila or MSila) (Arabic: المسيلة‎); is the capital of M'Sila Province, Algeria, and is co-extensive with M'Sila District. It has a population of over 100,000. M'Sila University is also located in this city.
  M'Sila is primarily known for its farming and small business.
  Additionally, M'Sila was the location of the first village constructed as part of a government-run program to transition nomadic Algerians to sedentary life using local materials. The village, now complete, was dubbed Maader and consists of houses, public and trading areas, and a mosque, but now it becomes more developed with many companies, business offices, mosques and education schools.
  Coordinates: 35°42′07″N 4°32′50″E / 35.70194°N 4.54722°E / 35.70194; 4.54722
  
  
  
  wn.com/M'Sila
• 
  Mascara, Algeria
  Mascara (Arabic: معسكر‎) is the capital city of Mascara Province, Algeria, in northwestern Algeria. It has 150,000 inhabitants (2008 estimate). It was founded in the 10th century by the Banu Ifran, a Berber tribe and was the capital city of Emir Abd al-Qadir, a leader of the Algerian resistance to early French colonial rule.
  Mascara is an administrative, commercial and a market centre. Its trade is mostly centered on leather goods, grains, and olive oil, but it is especially famous for its good wine. It has good road and rail connections with other urban centres of Algeria. Relizane is 65 km northeast, Sidi Bel Abbes 90 km southwest, Oran 105 kkm northwest and Saïda 80 km south.
  Mascara has two parts, a newer French area, and an older Muslim one. Large parts of the town lie inside the ruins of its ancient ramparts. The city is also home of Lakhdar Belloumi, the former Algerian football (soccer) star.
  The word mascara (cosmetic) is unrelated etymologically, being derived from Italian maschera ‘masked.’ Some sources, however, do attribute it to another Arabic word, masḵara ‘buffoon.’
  
  wn.com/Mascara,_Algeria
• 
  Melbou
  Melbou is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°38′23″N 5°21′39″E / 36.63972°N 5.36083°E / 36.63972; 5.36083
  
  wn.com/Melbou
• 
  Mila, Algeria
  Mila (Arabic: ميلة‎) is a city in the Northeast of Algeria, capital of Mila Province. In antiquity, in was known by its Latin name Milevum, which is currently a titular episcopal see in the Roman province of Numidia.
  In Ptolemy's "Geography", IV, iii, 7, the city is mentioned under the name of Mileum or Mireon. During the Roman era it was called Colonia Sarnensis Milevitana, after the River Sarnus in Campania, whence the colonists had emigrated. This name is often found in the inscriptions of the city. Together with Cirta, Collo and Rusicade, Milevum formed the confederation known as the Four Colonies, the territory of which was very extensive. In the sixth century the Byzantine Emperor Justinian had Milevum enclosed by a fortified wall, which still stands and forms a rampart for the muslim city of Mila . It has yielded quite a number of Latin inscriptions from this city and a colossal statue of Saturn. Two councils were held at Milevum, one in 402 and the other in 416. The second appealed to Pope Innocent I for the repression of the Pelagian heresy. Among the bishops of this titular see were Pollianus, present at the Council of Carthage in 255 and martyred two years later; St. Optatus, noted for his work against the Donatists, died circa 385, and commemorated on 4 June; Honorius; Severus, fellow-countryman and friend of St. Augustine Benenanus (484); Restitutus, who attended the Fifth Œcumenical Council in 553. Between 675 and 682 the city may have been conquered by the Umayyad Arabs commanded by Abu al-Muhajir Dinar. In the 14th century Ibn Khaldun described it as being a town dominated by Kutama Berbers. Dr. Robert Brown, in an early 20th century edition of Leo Africanus' geographical work on Africa, described it as a significant European population, with the city having a 'Berber quarter'.
  
  wn.com/Mila,_Algeria
• 
  Morocco
  Morocco (Arabic: المغرب‎ al-Maghrib ; Berber: ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ / ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵔⵓⴽElmeɣrib / Amerruk), officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of about 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed region of the Western Sahara, seen by and mostly administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces. Morocco is part of the Maghreb region, in addition to Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, and Libya, with which it shares cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
  Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including the power to dissolve the parliament. Executive power is exercised by the government but more importantly by the king himself. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can also issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. The latest Parliamentary elections were held in November 25, 2011, and were considered by some neutral observers to be mostly free and fair. Voter turnout in these elections was estimated to be 43% of registered voters, but only about 25% of Moroccan adult citizens actually voted. The rest either chose not to vote or they were not registered as voters. The political capital is Rabat, but the largest city is Casablanca; other main cities include Marrakesh, Tetouan, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, and Nador.
  
  wn.com/Morocco
• 
  Mostaganem
  Coordinates: 35°56′N 0°05′E / 35.933°N 0.083°E / 35.933; 0.083
  Mostaganem (Arabic: مستغانم‎) is a port city in and capital of Mostaganem province, in the northwest of Algeria. The city, founded in the 11th century lies on the Gulf of Arzew, Mediterranean Sea and is 72 km ENE of Oran. It has 130,288 inhabitants as of the 1998 census.
  The city was founded in the 11th century as Murustage but has origins going back to Punic and Roman times, when it had the name Cartenna. In 1516 it was captured by the Ottoman admiral Barbarossa and became a centre for Mediterranean sea corsairs, as well as a commercial port. By 1700 it had come under Ottoman rule and in 1833 the city was taken by France and a garrison established. Algeria became independent in 1962.
  The city is divided in two by a ravine of the river Aïn Sefra, with the modern town to southwest, and the old Muslim city, Tidgit, to the northeast.
  In 2010 a tunnel moving under the city towards the city centre is expected to change circulation by a lot. Also, new buildings, some modern and some in colonial style are being added to this growing city. The new autoroute from the capital Algiers towards Oran will make it easier also to access Mostaganem by road from the capital, as Mostaganem has no public airport. The road connecting Oran (Algeria's 2nd largest city, around 80km from Mostaganem to the west) will remain the same, a crowded 2 lane in each direction highway.
  
  wn.com/Mostaganem
• 
  Médéa
  Médéa (Arabic: المدية, pronounced Lemdiya‎), population 123,535 (1998 census) is the capital city of Médéa Province, Algeria. It is located roughly 90 km south of Algiers.
  The present-day city is situated on the site of an ancient Roman military post and has a history dating back to the 10th century. The town is French in character, with a rectangular city plan, red tile-roofed buildings, and beautiful public gardens. The hills surrounding Médéa are covered with vineyards, orchards, and farms that yield abundant grain. Médéa’s chief products are wines, irrigation equipment, and various handicrafts.
  Médéa could be the ancient Roman post "Medix" or "ad Médias", so called because it was equidistant from Tirinadi (Berrouaghia) and Sufnsar (Amoura).
  Médéa was the capital of Titteri; a Bey, deputy of the Dey of Algiers, was resident there. The beylik of Titteri (chief Medea) was established in 1548. The last Bey Mostefa Boumezrag ran it from 1819 to 1830, when the French arrived. In 1837, after the Treaty of Tafna, Abd El-Kader Medea became one of its capitals.
  
  wn.com/Médéa
• 
  Naâma
  Naâma (Arabic: النعامة or نعامة) is a municipality in Naâma Province, Algeria, of which it is the province seat. It is coextensive with the district of Naâma and has a population of 8,256, which gives it 7 seats in the PMA. Its postal code is 45000 and its municipal code is 4501. Its telephone code is 049 nationally, or +213 49 internationally.
  
  wn.com/Naâma
• 
  Oran
  Oran (Arabic: وهران‎, Wahrān) is a major city on the northwestern Mediterranean coast of Algeria, and the second largest city of the country.
  It is the capital of the Oran Province (wilaya). The city has a population of 759,645 (2008), while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 1,500,000, making it the second largest city in Algeria. Oran is a major port, and since the 1960s has been the commercial, industrial, and educational centre of western Algeria.
  Oran was founded in 903 by Moorish Andalusi traders but was captured by the Spanish under Cardinal Cisneros in 1509. Spanish sovereignty lasted until 1708, when the city was conquered by the Ottomans. Spain recaptured the city in 1732. However, its value as a trading post had decreased greatly, so King Charles IV sold the city to the Turks in 1792. Ottoman rule lasted until 1831, when it fell to the French.
  During French rule over Algeria, Oran was the capital of a département of the same name (number 92). In July 1940, the British navy shelled French warships in the port after they refused a British ultimatum to surrender which was designed to ensure the fleet would not fall into German hands. The action increased the hatred of the Vichy regime for Britain but convinced the world that the British would fight on alone against Nazi Germany and its allies. The Vichy government held Oran during World War II until its capture by the Allies in late 1942, during Operation Torch.
  
  wn.com/Oran
• 
  Ouargla
  Coordinates: 31°57′N 5°19′E / 31.95°N 5.317°E / 31.95; 5.317
  Ouargla (Arabic: وَرڤلة ‎) (also Wargala) is the capital city of Ouargla province, in the Sahara Desert, in southern Algeria. It has a flourishing oil industry, and hosts one of Algeria's universities.^{[clarification needed]} The city had a population of 129,402 in 1998 (census figures).
  According to Ibn Khaldun the town was founded by Banu Wargla who, accompanied by sections of the Maghrawa and Banu Ifran, left the Tlemcen region and founded Ouargla. These Berbers of Ouarghla then embraced Ibadi doctrines, which later made the town an attractive refuge for the citizens of Tahert.
  The city was a significant touristic attraction until recently, when troubled times during the nineties and since brought a stop to that. Many tourists chose to shop sand roses at souk l'ehjar, the old rock market. The souq, or market, had many traditional shops filled with antiquities, traditional crafts, and local items - from dresses to stuffed lizards. The area across from these shops was used to display sand roses, mineral specimens, of all sizes and shapes. The market has gone through a renovation process. However many^[who?] criticized this renovation, feeling it destroyed the historical character of souk l'ehjar and the area.
  
  wn.com/Ouargla
• 
  Oued Ghir
  Oued Ghir is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°42′N 4°59′E / 36.7°N 4.983°E / 36.7; 4.983
  
  
  
  wn.com/Oued_Ghir
• 
  Oum el-Bouaghi
  Oum El Bouaghi (Arabic: أم البواقي‎; Tifinagh: ) is a municipality in Algeria. It is the capital of Oum El Bouaghi Province.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Oum_el-Bouaghi
• 
  Ouzellaguen
  Ouzellaguen is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°32′31″N 4°36′46″E / 36.54194°N 4.61278°E / 36.54194; 4.61278
  
  wn.com/Ouzellaguen
• 
  Relizane
  Coordinates: 35°44′N 0°33′E / 35.733°N 0.55°E / 35.733; 0.55
  Relizane (Arabic: غلیزان Tifinagh: Ighil Izan) is a capital town of Relizane Province, Algeria.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Relizane
• 
  Saïda, Algeria
  Saïda (Arabic: سعيدة‎) is the capital city of Saïda Province, Algeria.
  Saïda is located in northwestern Algeria, on the southern slopes of the Tell Atlas mountain range situated on the northern fringe of the High Plateaus (French = Hauts Plateaux). The city lies along the right bank of the Wadi Saïda, protected by wooded mountains on the opposite shore that rise steeply from the valley floor to an elevation of some 4,000 feet (1,200 metres).
  The city’s site has been of military importance since the construction of a Roman fort. Saïda was a stronghold of Abd al-Qadir, the Algerian national leader who burned the town as French forces approached it in 1844.
  Modern Saïda was founded as a French military outpost in 1854 and once housed a regiment of the French Foreign Legion. Its growth was stimulated by the arrival of the Oran-Béchar [narrow-gauge) railway, which was incorporated in 1862.
  In 2005 the population was 158,856 inhabitants. It is nicknamed the city of waters, because of its abundant underground springs.
  
  wn.com/Saïda,_Algeria
• 
  Seddouk
  Seddouk is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°33′N 4°41′E / 36.55°N 4.683°E / 36.55; 4.683
  
  
  
  wn.com/Seddouk
• 
  Seddouk District
  Seddouk District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°30′44″N 4°42′32″E / 36.51222°N 4.70889°E / 36.51222; 4.70889
  
  wn.com/Seddouk_District
• 
  Semaoune
  Semaoune is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°37′N 4°48′E / 36.617°N 4.8°E / 36.617; 4.8
  
  
  
  wn.com/Semaoune
• 
  Sidi Aïch District
  Sidi Aïch District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Sidi_Aïch_District
• 
  Sidi-Ayad
  Coordinates: 36°41′00″N 4°03′00″E / 36.68333°N 4.05°E / 36.68333; 4.05
  Sidi-Ayad is a small town in northern Algeria, 3 kilometers from the Soummam River in Béjaïa Province in the Kabylie region. It is made up of four villages (Hamam, Thakhlichth, Azrou and Maala) and is known for its resistance, with the rest of the region, in the War of Independence. It is a poor town due to lack of government investment and much of the population's income comes from immigrants in Europe and other cities. Local agriculture involves mainly olive trees.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Sidi-Ayad
• 
  Sidi-Saïd
  Sidi-Saïd is a town in northern Algeria.
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Sidi-Saïd
• 
  Skikda
  Skikda or Sakīkdah (Arabic: سكيكدة ‎) is a city in north eastern Algeria and a port on the Gulf of Stora, the ancient Sinus Numidicus. It was known as Philippeville until the end of the Algerian War of Independence in 1962. It is the capital of Skikda Province and Skikda District.
  The modern city of Skikda was founded in 1838 by the French on the ruins of an ancient Phoenician city which later flourished as a large Roman city called Rusicade, a Punic word which means "Promontory of fire". In the 5th century, the Roman port was destroyed by the Vandals.
  On October 10, 1883, there was an earthquake at Philippeville.
  Towards the end of World War II, there was a UNRRA refugee camp at Philippeville which was known as Camp Jeanne d'Arc. On January 25, 1945, 200 Jews holding citizenship from countries in North and South America were sent from the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp to Switzerland as part of a prisoner exchange group. They were later sent to this UNRRA camp in Philippeville, Algeria.
  
  wn.com/Skikda
• 
  Souk Ahras
  Souk Ahras (Arabic: سوق أهراس‎; Chaoui: ) is a municipality in Algeria. It is the capital of Souk Ahras Province. The Numidian city of Thagaste (or Tagaste), on whose ruins Souk Ahras was built, was the birthplace of Augustine of Hippo and a center of Berber culture. It was a city of great culture, described as the very hub of civilization.
  The name derives from the Arabic word "souk" which means market, and the Chaoui Berber word ahra (plural ahras) which means lion, in reference to the Barbary lions which existed in the neighboring forests until their extinction in 1930; hence Souk Ahras means market of lions (see also Oran (Wahran) and Tahert for names with a related etymology).
  The old name of the Numidian city of Thagaste, derives from the Berber Thagoust, which means the bag, given that the site of the town is located at the foot of a mountain surrounded by three peaks in the form of a bag containing the city. Subsequently, when the Arabic language entered in the region it was called Soukara. In other sources it is cited as the Palace of the African, according to Al-Masudi.
  
  wn.com/Souk_Ahras
• 
  Souk El-Thenine
  Souk El Ténine is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°37′31″N 5°20′10″E / 36.625163°N 5.336067°E / 36.625163; 5.336067
  
  wn.com/Souk_El-Thenine
• 
  Souk-Oufella
  Souk-Oufella is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°36′22″N 4°38′20″E / 36.60611°N 4.63889°E / 36.60611; 4.63889
  
  wn.com/Souk-Oufella
• 
  Spain
  Spain (ⁱ/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
  Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
  
  wn.com/Spain
• 
  Sétif
  Sétif (Arabic: سطيف‎, formerly Latin: Sitifis Colonia or Colonia Sitifis) is a town in northeastern Algeria. It is the capital of Sétif Province and it has a population of 288,461 inhabitants as of the 2008 census. Setif is located to the east of Algiers and is the second most important Wilaya after the country's capital. It is 1,096 m (3,596 ft) above sea level, making it the second highest capital of a Wilaya in Algeria. The streets are tree-lined with a fountain and theater, giving the town a French feel.
  Sétif is one of the coldest regions in Algeria. Sétif is connected by rail as well as the main national highway. It is a university town located approximately 190 miles east of Algiers on the highway to Constantine.
  Sétif lay in the region of the Numidian kingdom of Massaesyles. It was near Sétif that Jugurtha campaigned and lost against Marius in 105 BC. Overcome by Marius, he was taken to Rome where was executed in the prison of Tullianum. No remains of this period have been found.
  Sitifis was founded by the Romans, during the reign of Nerva, as a colony for veterans. Although no buildings of this period are known, a cemetery excavated in the 1960's seems to have contained tombs from the early colony. The Romans built a circus at Sitifis, which aerial photographs show survived substantially intact until the 20th century; today only a small part of the curved end continues visible; the remainder has been destroyed or built over. As the town grew, around 297 AD, the province of Mauretania Sitifensis was established, with Sitifis as its capital. In the newly prosperous town a bath building was built, decorated with fine mosaics: its restoration in the fifth century had a cold room (frigidarium) paved with a large mosaic showing the birth of Venus.. On the northwest edge of the town two great Christian basilicas were built at the end of the fourth century, decorated, again, with splendid mosaics..
  
  wn.com/Sétif
• 
  Tala Hamza
  Tala Hamza is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°42′19″N 5°02′15″E / 36.70528°N 5.0375°E / 36.70528; 5.0375
  
  wn.com/Tala_Hamza
• 
  Tamanrasset
  Tamanrasset /tæmɨnræsɨt/(Arabic: تمنراست , also known as Tamenɣest or Tamenghest, Tuareg: ) is an oasis city and capital of Tamanrasset Province in southern Algeria, in the Ahaggar Mountains. It is the chief city of the Algerian Tuareg. It is located at 22°47′6″N 5°31′22″E / 22.785°N 5.52278°E / 22.785; 5.52278 at an altitude of 1320 meters (4333 feet) and has a population of 76,000 (estimate 2006).
  Tamanrasset was originally established as a military outpost to guard the trans-Saharan trade routes. Surrounded by the barren Sahara Desert, some of the world’s highest known temperatures have been recorded here.^{[citation needed]} Tamanrasset is located at an oasis where, despite the difficult climate, citrus fruits, apricots, dates, almonds, cereals, corn, and figs are grown. The Tuareg people are the town’s main inhabitants. Their red houses and the area’s magnificent, rugged scenery make Tamanrasset a popular tourist attraction during the cooler months. Visitors are also drawn to the Museum of the Hoggar, which offers many exhibits depicting Tuareg life and culture.
  
  wn.com/Tamanrasset
• 
  Tamokra
  Tamokra is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°24′N 4°40′E / 36.4°N 4.667°E / 36.4; 4.667
  
  
  
  wn.com/Tamokra
• 
  Tamridjet
  Tamridjet is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°34′19″N 5°22′26″E / 36.57194°N 5.37389°E / 36.57194; 5.37389
  
  wn.com/Tamridjet
• 
  Taourit Ighil
  Taourit Ighil is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°42′N 4°42′E / 36.7°N 4.7°E / 36.7; 4.7
  
  wn.com/Taourit_Ighil
• 
  Taskriout
  Taskriout is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°34′N 5°15′E / 36.567°N 5.25°E / 36.567; 5.25
  
  
  
  wn.com/Taskriout
• 
  Tazmalt
  Tazmalt is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°23′04″N 4°23′57″E / 36.38444°N 4.39917°E / 36.38444; 4.39917
  
  wn.com/Tazmalt
• 
  Tazmalt District
  Tazmalt District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°23′24″N 4°24′00″E / 36.39°N 4.4°E / 36.39; 4.4
  
  wn.com/Tazmalt_District
• 
  Tiaret
  Tiaret (Berber: ; Tihert or Tahert, i.e. "lioness", Arabic: تيارت‎) is a large town in the central Algeria, that gives its name to the wider farming region of 'Wilaya de Tiaret' province. Both the town and region lie south-west of the capital of Algiers in the western region of the central highlands, in the Tell Atlas, and about 150 km (93 mi) from the Mediterranean coast. It is served by Bou Chekif Airport.
  The name means "lioness" in the Berber language, a reference to the Barbary lions that lived in this region. Maghrebian placenames like Oran (Uhran) and Souk Ahras have the same etymological source.
  The town had a population of 847,813 in 2011. 100% of the population is Muslim. The town covered around 20.086.62 km²
  A 1992 study by the University of Nice reported significant areas contaminated by industrial pollution, and growing squatter settlements on the periphery.
  The region is predominantly one of agriculture. There is a large airfield with a tower and terminal, at Abdelhafid Boussouf.
  
  wn.com/Tiaret
• 
  Tibane
  Tibane is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°37′N 4°39′E / 36.617°N 4.65°E / 36.617; 4.65
  
  
  
  wn.com/Tibane
• 
  Tichy
  Tichy is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°40′N 5°10′E / 36.667°N 5.167°E / 36.667; 5.167
  
  
  
  wn.com/Tichy
• 
  Tichy District
  Tichy District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°40′03″N 5°09′35″E / 36.6675°N 5.15972°E / 36.6675; 5.15972
  
  wn.com/Tichy_District
• 
  Tifra
  Tifra is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°40′N 4°42′E / 36.667°N 4.7°E / 36.667; 4.7
  
  
  
  wn.com/Tifra
• 
  Timezrit District
  Timezrit District is a district of Béjaïa Province, Algeria.
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Timezrit_District
• 
  Timezrit, Béjaïa
  Timezrit is a town in northern Algeria.
  
  
  
  
  wn.com/Timezrit,_Béjaïa
• 
  Tinabdher
  Tinabdher is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°37′31″N 4°40′52″E / 36.62528°N 4.68111°E / 36.62528; 4.68111
  
  wn.com/Tinabdher
• 
  Tindouf
  Tindouf (Berber: Tinduf, Arabic: تيندوف‎) is the main town in Tindouf Province, Algeria, close to the Mauritanian and Moroccan borders. The region is considered of strategic significance, and it houses Algerian military bases. Since 1975, it also contains several Sahrawi refugee camps operated by the Polisario Front, a guerrilla group seeking the independence of Western Sahara from Morocco. The city is served by the Tindouf Airport, northwest of the town, with regular flights to Algiers as well as to other domestic destinations. Within the municipal territory of Tindouf, there is Gara Djebilet, a settlement near the border with Mauritania with a iron mine and a defunct airport. It is approximately 70 kilometers northwest of Aet Legra.
  The town of Tindouf was built near an isolated Saharan oasis in 1852 by members of the Tajakant tribe, but sacked and destroyed by Reguibat, a Sahrawi tribe in 1895, and the Tajkant tribe were kicked out of the region. It remained deserted until French troops arrived in the area in 1934. Since Algerian independence in 1962, the town has been purposely built up, partly because of its importance as a last outpost before the Moroccan and Mauritanian borders.
  
  wn.com/Tindouf
• 
  Tipaza
  Tipaza (formerly Tefessedt, Chenoua: Bazar, Arabic: تيپاازة‎) is a Berber-speaking town on the coast of Algeria, capital of the Tipaza province. The modern town, founded in 1857, is remarkable chiefly for its sandy beach, and ancient ruins.
  
  wn.com/Tipaza
• 
  Tissemsilt
  Tissemsilt (Arabic: تسمسيلت‎) is a municipality in Algeria. It is the capital of Tissemsilt Province and Tissemsilt District.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Tissemsilt
• 
  Tizi N'Berber
  Tizi N'Berber is a town in northern Algeria.
  Coordinates: 36°45′N 5°04′E / 36.75°N 5.067°E / 36.75; 5.067
  
  wn.com/Tizi_N'Berber
• 
  Tizi Ouzou
  Tizi Ouzou (in Algerian arabic: تيزي وزو, in Amazigh: Tizi-Uzezzu / ) is a city in north central Algeria. It is the capital and largest city of Tizi Ouzou Province.
  The name comes from the Kabylian Berber Tizi n Uzezzu and is pronounced Tizuzzu, commonly Tizi which means the "hill", while Azezzu means the "broom" (the preposition n "of" is not pronounced here). That is why the city is often referred to as "The hills of broom" (French Le col des genêts).
  The city in north central Algeria. It is the capital and largest city^{[citation needed]} of Tizi Ouzou Province.
  This city is located in the heart of Kabylia. It is 102.36 square kilometres (39.52 sq mi) in area. Tizi Ouzou is located in the valley of Wadi Sébaou. It is surrounded by mountains. The city is at an altitude of 200 metres (660 ft). The city is bounded on the north by Mount Belloua which rises to 850 metres (2,790 ft) above sea level. A portion of the old city of Tizi Ouzou (known as the High City) backed the east slopes of the mountain. At the top of the mountain Belloua lies the village of Redjaouna. The latter is attached to the town of Tizi Ouzou.
  
  wn.com/Tizi_Ouzou
• 
  Tlemcen
  Coordinates: 34°52′58″N 1°19′00″W / 34.8827758°N 1.3166696°W / 34.8827758; -1.3166696
  Tlemcen (Arabic: تلمسان‎) is a town in Northwestern Algeria, and the capital of the province of the same name. It is located inland in the center of a region known for its olive plantations and vineyards. The city has developed leather, carpet, and textile industries, which it ships to the port of Rashgun for export.
  Its population is about 140,000, while the province had 949,135 inhabitants in the 2008 census, and should reach about 1,200,000 by 2011.
  The word Tlemcen (Arabic: تلمسان‎) comes from Berber Tala Imsan ( in Tifinagh) which means "the dry spring". The name is sometimes spelled Tlemsen, Tlemsan, or Tilimsen.
  Its centuries of rich history and culture have made the city a center of a unique blend of music and art. Its textiles and handcrafts, its elegant blend of Islamic, Berber, Andalucian and French cultures, and its cool climate in the mountains have made it an important center of tourism in Algeria. It is home to a beautiful tomb - that of Sidi Boumédiène, whose tomb adjoins to a mosque. The Great Mosque at Tlemcen was completed in 1136 and is said to be the most remarkable remaining example of Almoravid architecture.
  
  wn.com/Tlemcen
• 
  Toudja
  Toudja is a town situated to the west of the Algerian city of Béjaïa, in the mountains to the north of the main road from Béjaïa to Tizi Ouzou. The liberal pied noir writer Jules Roy discussed it in his book on the Algerian war of independence.
  Oranges are grown widely in the area. In Roman times its springs were an important source of water and there was an aqueduct taking water to the city of Saldae (now Béjaïa).
  Coordinates: 36°45′N 4°54′E / 36.75°N 4.9°E / 36.75; 4.9
  
  
  
  wn.com/Toudja
• 
  Tunis
  Tunis (Arabic: تونس‎ Tūnis) is the capital of both the Tunisian Republic and the Tunis Governorate. It is Tunisia's largest city, with a population of 728,453 as of 2004; the greater metropolitan area holds some 2,412,500 inhabitants.
  Situated on a large Mediterranean Sea gulf (the Gulf of Tunis), behind the Lake of Tunis and the port of La Goulette (Halq al Wadi), the city extends along the coastal plain and the hills that surround it. At the centre of more modern development (from the colonial era and later) lies the old medina. Beyond this district lie the suburbs of Carthage, La Marsa, and Sidi Bou Said.
  The medina is found at the centre of the city: a dense agglomeration of alleys and covered passages, full of intense scents and colours, boisterous and active trade, and a surfeit of goods on offer ranging from leather to plastic, tin to the finest filigree, tourist souvenirs to the works of tiny crafts shops.
  Just through the Sea Gate (also known as the Bab el Bahr and the Porte de France) begins the modern city, or Ville Nouvelle, transversed by the grand Avenue Habib Bourguiba (often referred to by popular press and travel guides as "the Tunisian Champs-Élysées"), where the colonial-era buildings provide a clear contrast to smaller, older structures. As the capital city of the country, Tunis is the focus of Tunisian political and administrative life; it is also the centre of the country's commercial activity. The expansion of the Tunisian economy in recent decades is reflected in the booming development of the outer city where one can see clearly the social challenges brought about by rapid modernization in Tunisia.
  
  wn.com/Tunis
• 
  Tunisia
  Tunisia (US ⁱ/tuːˈniːʒə/ two-NEE-zhə or UK /tjuːˈnɪziə/ tew-NIZ-iə; Arabic: تونس‎ Tūnis pronounced [ˈtuːnɪs]), officially the Republic of Tunisia (Arabic: الجمهورية التونسية‎ al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah), is the northernmost country in Africa. It is an Arab Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area is almost 165,000 square kilometres (64,000 sq mi), with an estimated population of just under 10.7 million. Its name is derived from the capital Tunis located in the northeast.
  Tunisia is the smallest country in North Africa. The south of the country is composed of the Sahara desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly fertile soil and 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) of coastline.
  Tunisia has relations with both the European Union—with whom it has an association agreement—and the Arab world. Tunisia is also a member of the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, and the African Union. Tunisia has established close relations with France in particular, through economic cooperation, industrial modernization, and privatisation programs.
  
  wn.com/Tunisia
• 
  Tébessa
  Tébessa (Arabic: تبسة‎, Chaoui: ) is the capital city of Tébessa Province, Algeria, 20 kilometers west from the border with Tunisia. Nearby is also a phosphate mine. The city is famous for the traditional Algerian carpets in the region, and is home to over 634 332 people (in 2007).
  Tbessa In 146 CE it became part of the Roman Empire and was known as Theveste (Hekatompyle in Greek).
  During the 1st century CE, the Legio III Augusta resided there before being transferred to Lambaesis. It was made a colonia probably under Trajan.
  There is mention of a council held there by the Donatists. Among its saints were St Lucius, its bishop, who in 256 assisted at the Council of Carthage and died as a martyr two years later; St Maximilianus, martyred 12 March 295; St Crispina, martyred 5 December 304. Some of its bishops are known: Romulus in 349; Urbicus in 411; Felix exiled by the Vandals in 484; Palladius mentioned in an inscription.
  During the 4th and 5th century AD Theveste was a centre of Manichaeism as well. In June 1918 a codex of 26 leaves written in Latin by Manichaeans was discovered in a cave near the city. A month later Henri Omont found the missing initial 13 leaves. The whole book is now known as the Tebessa codex and it is kept in Cologne. It has been edited by Markus Stein (Bonn).
  
  wn.com/Tébessa

• 
  Almohad
  The Almohad Dynasty (Berber: Imweḥḥden, from Arabic الموحدون al-Muwaḥḥidun, "the monotheists" or "the Unitarians"), was a MoroccanBerber-Muslim dynasty founded in the 12th century that established a Berber state in Tinmel in the Atlas Mountains in roughly 1120.
  The movement was started by Ibn Tumart in the Masmuda tribe, followed by Abd al-Mu'min al-Gumi between 1130 and his death in 1163, the Almohads defeated the ruling Almoravids, extending their power over all of the Maghreb. Al-Andalus, Moorish Iberia (modern Portugal and southern Spain) under the Almoravid dynasty, followed the fate of Africa.
  The Almohad dominance of Iberia continued until 1212, when Muhammad III, "al-Nasir" (1199–1214) was defeated at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena by an alliance of the Christian princes of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal. Nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia were lost soon after, with the great Moorish cities of Córdoba and Seville falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively.
  
  wn.com/Almohad
• 
  Berber people
  Berbers (Berber: ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⴻⵏ Imazighen / Imaziɣen) are the indigenous ethnic group of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are continuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke the Berber language or varieties of it, which together form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic linguistic family. Today, varieties of Maghrebi colloquial Arabic are spoken by a large portion of Berbers besides the Berber language itself. Foreign languages like French are used by the educated in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. Spanish is also known by some Berbers in Morocco and in the annexed Western Sahara and Italian in Libya. This presence of European languages was due to Europe's occupation and colonization of the Berber world. Today, most Berber-speaking people live in Morocco and Algeria, smaller Berber-speaking populations are scattered throughout Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania, Mali and Niger, as well as various diasporas living in Europe.
  
  wn.com/Berber_people
• 
  Fibonacci
  Leonardo Pisano Bigollo (c. 1170 – c. 1250) also known as Leonardo of Pisa, Leonardo Pisano, Leonardo Bonacci, Leonardo Fibonacci, or, most commonly, simply Fibonacci, was an Italian mathematician, considered by some "the most talented western mathematician of the Middle Ages."
  Fibonacci is best known to the modern world for the spreading of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system in Europe, primarily through the publication in 1202 of his Liber Abaci (Book of Calculation), and for a number sequence named the Fibonacci numbers after him, which he did not discover but used as an example in the Liber Abaci.
  Leonardo Fibonacci was born around 1170 to Guglielmo Bonacci, a wealthy Italian merchant. Guglielmo directed a trading post (by some accounts he was the consultant for Pisa) in Bugia, a port east of Algiers in the Almohad dynasty's sultanate in North Africa (now Bejaia, Algeria). As a young boy, Leonardo traveled with him to help; it was there he learned about the Hindu–Arabic numeral system.
  Recognizing that arithmetic with Hindu–Arabic numerals is simpler and more efficient than with Roman numerals, Fibonacci traveled throughout the Mediterranean world to study under the leading Arab mathematicians of the time. Leonardo returned from his travels around 1200. In 1202, at age 32, he published what he had learned in Liber Abaci (Book of Abacus or Book of Calculation), and thereby popularized Hindu–Arabic numerals in Europe.
  
  wn.com/Fibonacci
• 
  Kabyle people
  The Kabyle people (in Kabyle: Iqvayliyen) are the largest homogeneous Algerian ethno-cultural and linguistical community and the largest nation in North Africa to be considered exclusively Berber. Their traditional homeland is Kabylia (or Kabylia) in the north of Algeria, one hundred miles east of Algiers. Tradionally, they have also had a strong presence in the Algérois (Algiers region). There are also, due to emigration during the 19th and 20th centuries, large Algerian-Kabyle (or Kabyle) communities in France and to a lesser extent in Canada.
  Kabyles speak the Kabyle language, and since the Berber Spring in 1980, they have been at the forefront of the fight for the official recognition of the Berber languages in Algeria (see Languages of Algeria). The Kabyle region is referred to as Al Qabayel ("tribes") by the Arabic-speaking population and as Kabylia in French, but its inhabitants call it Tamurt Idurar ("Land of Mountains") or Tamurt n Iqvayliyen/Tamurt n Iqbayliyen ("Land of the Kabyles"). It is part of the Atlas Mountains and is located at the edge of the Mediterranean.
  
  wn.com/Kabyle_people
• Maurice Boitel
  Maurice Boitel (July 31, 1919, Tillières-sur-Avre – August 11, 2007 in Audresselles, Pas-de-Calais), was a French painter.
  Maurice Boitel belonged to the art movement called "La Jeune Peinture" ("Young Picture") of the School of Paris, with painters like Bernard Buffet, Yves Brayer, Jansem, Louis Vuillermoz, Pierre-Henry, Daniel du Janerand, Gaston Sébire, Paul Collomb, Jean Monneret, Jean Joyet and Gaëtan de Rosnay.
  Maurice Boitel was born in Tillières-sur-Avre, Eure département, in Normandy, from a Picard lawyer father, a member of the Saint Francis third order, and from a Parisian mother, of Burgundian ancestry. Until the age of twelve Maurice Boitel lived in Burgundy at Gevrey-Chambertin. In this beautiful province his art reflected his major love of nature, and also the feeling of joie de vivre expressed in his works. He began drawing at the age of five.
  Maurice Boitel studied at the Fine Arts schools of Boulogne-sur-Mer and of Amiens, cities where his parents lived for a few years. Then his family came back to Burgundy, to Nuits-Saint-Georges. He studied at the Fine Arts Academy of Dijon before fighting in a mountain light infantry platoon at the beginning of World War II.
  
  wn.com/Maurice_Boitel
• 
  Ottoman Empire
  The Ottoman Empire or Turkish Empire or Sublime Ottoman State or sometimes also referred to as Turkey (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (also عثمانلى دولتى Osmanlı Devleti),Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was a Turkish empire which lasted from 27 July 1299 to 1 November 1922, when the Sultanate was abolished.
  The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest lasting empires in history; such that the Ottoman State, its politics, conflicts, and cultural heritage in a vast geography provide one of the longest continuous narratives. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire that stretched from the southern borders of the Holy Roman Empire to the outskirts of Vienna, Royal Hungary (modern Slovakia) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south; from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, some of which were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.
  
  wn.com/Ottoman_Empire
• 
  Piri Reis
  Piri Reis (full name Hacı Ahmed Muhiddin Piri - Hadji Ahmed Muhiddin Piri, Ahmet ibn-i el-Haç Mehmet El Karamani; Reis was a Turkish military rank akin to that of captain) was an Ottoman admiral, geographer and cartographer born between 1465 and 1470 and died in 1554 or 1555.
  He is primarily known today for his maps and charts collected in his Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of Navigation), a book that contains detailed information on navigation, as well as very accurate charts (for its time) describing the important ports and cities of the Mediterranean Sea. He gained fame as a cartographer when a small part of his first world map (prepared in 1513) was discovered in 1929 at the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul. His world map is the oldest known Turkish atlas showing the New World, and one of the oldest maps of America still in existence anywhere (the oldest known map of America that is still in existence is the map drawn by Juan de la Cosa in 1500). Piri Reis' map is centered on the Sahara at the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer.
  
  wn.com/Piri_Reis
• 
  Vandals
  The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe who in 429 under king Genseric entered Africa and by 439 established a kingdom which included the Roman Africa province, besides the islands of Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta and the Balearics. In 455, they sacked the city of Rome. Their kingdom collapsed in the Vandalic War of 533–4, in which Justinian I managed to reconquer the Africa province for the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
  Renaissance and Early Modern writers characterized the Vandals as barbarians, "sacking and looting" Rome. This led to the use of the term "vandalism", to describe any senseless destruction, particularly the "barbarian" defacing of artworks. However, modern historians tend to regard the Vandals during the transitional period (from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages) as perpetuators, not destroyers, of Roman culture.
  The name of the Vandals has often been connected to that of Vendel,^{[citation needed]} the name of a province in Uppland, Sweden, which is also eponymous of the Vendel period of Swedish prehistory, corresponding to the late Germanic Iron Age leading up to the Viking Age. The connection would be that Vendel is the original homeland of the Vandals prior to the Migration Period, and retains their tribal name as a toponym.
  
  wn.com/Vandals
• 
  Vespasian
  Vespasian (Latin: Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus; 17 November 9 – 23 June 79) was Roman Emperor from AD 69 to AD 79. Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Empire for a quarter century. Vespasian was descended from a family of equestrians, who rose into the senatorial rank under the Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Although he attained the standard succession of public offices, holding the consulship in AD 51, Vespasian became more reputed as a successful military commander, participating in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43, and subjugating Judaea during the Jewish rebellion of AD 66.
  While Vespasian was preparing to besiege the city of Jerusalem during the latter campaign, emperor Nero committed suicide, plunging the empire into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After the emperors Galba and Otho perished in quick succession, Vitellius became Emperor in April AD 69. In response, the armies in Egypt and Judaea declared Vespasian emperor on 1 July. In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus, the governor of Syria, and Primus, a general in Pannonia. Primus and Mucianus led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian gained control of Egypt. On 20 December, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian was declared Emperor by the Roman Senate.
  
  wn.com/Vespasian

• timeline:
• 2012
• 2011
• 2010
• 2009
• 2008
• 2007
• 2006
• 2005
• 2004
• 2003
• 2002
• 2001