Guerra del '69
Map of Honduras, where most of the fighting took place
Date 14 July 1969- 18 July 1969 Location El Salvador-Honduras Result Negotiated Cease-Fire by intervention of the OAS
Belligerents
El Salvador	Honduras
Commanders and leaders
Fidel Sánchez Hernández	Oswaldo López Arellano
Strength
30,000 (Army) 1,000 (Air Force)	23,000 (Army) 600 (Air Force)
Casualties and losses
900[citation needed] (including civilians)	2,100[citation needed] (including civilians)

The Football War (La guerra del fútbol, in Spanish), also known as the Soccer War or 100 hour War, was a four-day war fought by El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. It was caused by political conflicts between Hondurans and Salvadorans, namely issues concerning immigration from El Salvador to Honduras. These existing tensions between the two countries coincided with the inflamed rioting during the second North American qualifying round of the 1970 FIFA World Cup. On 14 July 1969, the Salvadoran army launched an attack against Honduras. The Organization of American States negotiated a cease-fire which took effect on 20 July, with the Salvadoran troops withdrawn in early August.

Eleven years later the two nations signed a peace treaty on 30 October 1980^[1] to put the border dispute over the Gulf of Fonseca and five sections of land boundary before the International Court of Justice. In 1992, the Court awarded most of the disputed territory to Honduras, and in 1998, Honduras and El Salvador signed a border demarcation treaty to implement the terms of the ICJ decree. The total land area given to Honduras from El Salvador after the court's ruling was around 374.5 km². As of the beginning of 2006 demarcation had not yet been completed, but Honduras and El Salvador maintain normal diplomatic and trade relations.^[2]

Context[link]

Although the nickname "Football War" implies that the conflict was due to a football game, the causes of the war go deeper. The roots of the war were issues over land reform in Honduras and immigration and demographic problems in El Salvador. Honduras is more than five times the size of neighbouring El Salvador, but in 1969 El Salvador had a population that was more than double that of Honduras. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Salvadorans had begun migrating to Honduras in large numbers. By 1969, more than 300,000 Salvadorans were living in Honduras. These Salvadorans made up twenty percent of the peasant population of Honduras.^[3] In Honduras, as in much of Central America, a large majority of the land was owned by large landowners or big corporations. The United Fruit Company owned ten percent of the land, making it hard for the average landowners to compete. In 1966, the United Fruit Company banded together with many other large companies to create la Federación Nacional de Agricultores y Ganaderos de Honduras (FENAGH; the National Federation of Farmers and Livestock-Farmers of Honduras). FENAGH was anti-campesino as well as anti-Salvadoran. This group put pressure on the Honduran president, General Oswaldo López Arellano, to protect the property rights of wealthy landowners.^[4]

In 1962, Honduras successfully enacted a new land reform law.^[5] Fully enforced by 1967, this law gave the central government and municipalities much land occupied illegally by Salvadoran immigrants and redistributed this land to native-born Honduran peoples as specified by the Land Reform Law. The land was taken from both immigrant farmers and squatters regardless of their claims to ownership or immigration status. This also created problems for Salvadorans and Hondurans who were intermarried with each other. Thousands of Salvadorans were displaced by this law and were forced to emigrate once again. Salvadoran newspapers then heightened the already stressed relationship between the two countries by showing the many supposed atrocities being committed against Salvadorans in Honduras by La Mano Brava. The Salvadorans that lived in Honduras and were returning to El Salvador, came back beaten and mutilated by Hondurans. Salvadoran newspapers then heightened the already stressed relationship between the two countries by showing how Hondurans attacked and tortured Salvadoran men, women, and children in Honduras, enraging the Salvadoran people in El Salvador, who pressured the Salvadoran government to declare war on Honduras This general rise in tensions ultimately led to a military conflict^{[citation needed]}

Thousands of Salvadoran labourers were expelled from Honduras, including both temporary harvest workers and longer-term settlers. This general rise in tensions ultimately led to a military conflict.

War[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011)

Buildup[link]

Honduras and El Salvador met in the second North American qualifying round for the 1970 FIFA World Cup. There was fighting between fans at the first game in the Honduran capital of Tegucigalpa on 8 June 1969, which Honduras won 1–0. The second game, on 15 June 1969 in the Salvadoran capital of San Salvador, which was won 3–0 by El Salvador, was followed by even greater violence.^[6] A play-off match took place in Mexico City on 26 June 1969. El Salvador won 3–2 after extra time.

On the same day, 26 June 1969, El Salvador dissolved all ties with Honduras, stating that "the government of Honduras has not taken any effective measures to punish these crimes which constitute genocide, nor has it given assurances of indemnification or reparations for the damages caused to Salvadorans".^[7] This led to border clashes between the two nations.

First shots[link]

Late in the afternoon of 14 July 1969, concerted military action began. San Salvador City was put on a blacked out and the Salvadoran Air Force took off to Honduras (El Salvador lacked sufficient military air equipment, resorting to the use of passenger airplanes with attached vessels strapped to their sides as bombers) attacked targets inside Honduras, whom had a better equipped air force but Hondurans were caught off guard and completely by surprise by the Salvadorans. Salvadoran air-raids included the airport facility at Toncontin and other strategic places, leaving the Honduran air force almost defenseless and unable to react after dropping more than 22 100-pound bombs. The Salvadoran army larger than the Honduran army, launched major offensives along the two main roads connecting the two nations and invaded Honduras. At first, the Salvadorans made fairly rapid progress. By the evening of 15 July, the Salvadoran army however, was considerably larger and better equipped than its Honduran opponent, pushed the Honduran army back over eight kilometers, advanced into Honduras and taken the departmental capital of Nueva Ocotepeque and eight other cities, rapidly eating away Honduran territories. A Salvadoran newspaper carried the banner headline, “Salvadoran Army Advance Unstoppable.” There was proud talk in El Salvador that this tiny country had stood up to a much larger Honduras. It appeared that the cocky Salvadoran army might drive forward from the captured towns of Amatillo and Goascorán and attempt to take the Honduran capital Tegucigalpa. Thereafter the Salvadorans' pace slowing getting very close to the Honduran capital Tegucigalpa. The Honduran air force's reaction included bombing the Ilopango military airport facility with four planes, but the Salvadoran military was ready and repelled the attack. Three Honduran bombs were dropped, with only one exploding and missing the targeted airport facility. The same planes also bombed an oil facility. This was the only Honduran incursion into Salvadoran soil. The Honduran bombing included the use of napalm, while the Salvadorans did not use napalm in their bombings in Honduras. The Salvadoran army was victorious on the ground, even though the Hondurans controlled the air over Honduras, for safety the capital San Salvador City was blacked out every night by the Salvadoran military, to avoid Honduran air planes to spot and bomb ground targets at night.

There is enough evidence to support the contention that, after the surprise Salvadoran air-raid attacks to Toncontin, the Honduran air force managed to establish and maintain control of the air in their territory. This is, perhaps, the only good thing coming out from what is considered a defeat of the Honduran forces in general, since the Honduran army did a poor job on the ground and didn't stand a chance against the Salvadoran Army. On the other hand, The Salvadoran air force, in spite of the losses, and the incredible problems it faced, managed to keep its force operational, and came out of the conflict with increased prestige, taking good part of the credit for the Salvadoran victory, the very much larger Salvadoran army did an excellent job on the ground against the small Honduran army and invading the much lager country Honduras.

During the war, the Third Military Zone of the Honduran Army was discovered to have only half of its allotted soldiers. The money for the missing troops had been collected by an apparently corrupt Honduran Army officer. Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle helped Honduras by providing weapons and ammunition.

Cease fire[link]

The Honduran government called the OAS attention, fearing that the nearing Salvadoran Army would invade the capital Tegucigalpa, the OAS met in an urgent session and called for an immediate cease-fire and a withdrawal of El Salvador's forces from Honduras. El Salvador resisted the pressures from the OAS for several days, demanding that Honduras first agree to pay reparations for the attacks on Salvadoran citizens and guarantee the safety of those Salvadorans remaining in Honduras.

Lynn Garrison with RCAF 9281. Subsequently flown during 1969 Football war. Returned to America by Jerry Janes and flown as “Cottonmouth.”

A cease-fire was arranged on the night of 18 July; it took full effect only on 20 July. El Salvador continued until 29 July to resist pressures to withdraw its troops. Then a combination of pressures led El Salvador to agree to a withdrawal in the first days of August. Those persuasive pressures included the possibility of OAS economic sanctions against El Salvador and the dispatch of OAS observers to Honduras to oversee the security of Salvadorans remaining in that country. The actual war had lasted just over four days, but it would take more than a decade to arrive at a final peace settlement.

Withdrawal[link]

F4U Corsair, one of the piston types flown in the war

El Salvador, which had refused to withdraw its troops from the occupied territory in Honduras, finally withdrew its troops on 2 August 1969. On that date, Honduras guaranteed Salvadoran President Fidel Sanchez Hernandez that the Honduran government would provide adequate safety for the Salvadorans still living in Honduras. He had also asked that reparations be paid to the Salvadoran citizens as well, but was never accepted by Hondurans. There were also heavy pressures from the OAS and the debilitating repercussions that would take place if El Salvador continued to resist a withdraw of their troops from Honduras.

The war in the Central American skies over El Salvador and Honduras, is often cited as the last occasion on which piston-engined fighters fought each other, both sides deploying former World War II and Korean War American aircraft. Cavalier F-51D Mustangs, F4U-1, -4 and -5 Corsairs, T-28A Trojans, AT-6C Texans and even C-47 Skytrains converted into bombers saw action. At the outset of the Football War, El Salvador enlisted the assistance of several American pilots with P-51 and F4U experience. Bob Love, a Korean war ace, Chuck Lyford, Ben Hall and Lynn Garrison are believed to have flown combat missions but it has never been confirmed. Lynn Garrison had purchased F4U-7 133693 from the French MAAG office when retired from French naval service in 1964. It was registered N693M and was later destroyed in a 1987 crash in San Diego, California.[86]

Consequences[link]

In the end, both sides of the Football War suffered extensive casualties. Some 300,000 Salvadorans were displaced due to the battle. Many had been forcibly exiled or had fled from war-torn Honduras, only to enter an El Salvador in which the government was not welcoming. Most of these refugees were forced to provide for themselves with very little assistance. Over the next few years, more Salvadorans returned to their native land, where they were surrounded by overpopulation and extreme poverty.^[8]

El Salvador suffered about 900 troops and civilians killed during the war. This wasn't the first time that the military of El Salvador saw combat; in 1811 the Independence Movement "The First Shout of Independence" was the first of a series of revolts in Central America in El Salvador against Spanish colonialism and dependency on the Captaincy General of Guatemala. Later El Salvador also fought against Guatemala three times: once in 1822, again in 1851, and finally in 1885. El Salvador won all three wars.

Honduras lost 100 combat troops, and over 2,000 civilians were killed during the four days, since most of the war was fought on Honduran soil. Thousands more had been ultimately made homeless. Trade between Honduras and El Salvador had been greatly disrupted, and the international border had been officially closed. This damaged the economies of these nations tremendously and threatened the Central American Common Market (CACM).

• The war led to a 22-year suspension of the Central American Common Market, a regional integration project that had been set up by the United States largely as a means of counteracting the effects of the Cuban Revolution.
• The political power of the military in both countries was reinforced. In the Salvadoran legislative elections that followed, candidates of the governing National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional, PCN), were largely drawn from the ranks of the military. Having apologized for their role in the conflict, they proved very successful in elections both at the national and local levels. However, these elections were considered fraudulent, especially on the part of the military dictatorship that virtually ruled El Salvador.^{[citation needed]} In contrast to the gradual democratisation process of the 1960s, the military establishment in El Salvador would return to institutionalised fraud. The 1972 presidential election was blatantly manipulated to deny Jose Napoleon Duarte a certain victory.
• The social situation in El Salvador worsened, as the government proved unable to satisfy the economic needs of its citizens deported from Honduras. The resulting social unrest was one of the causes of the El Salvador Civil War, which followed 10 years later.

See also[link]

• Sports and politics

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Armstrong, Robert and Janet Shenk. (1982). El Salvador: The Face of a Revolution. Boston: South End Press.
• Durham, William H. (1979). Scarcity and Survival in Central America: Ecological Origins of the Football War. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Kapuscinski, Ryszard. (1990). The Soccer War. Translated William Brand. London: Granta Books.
• Skidmore, T., and Smith, P. (2001). Modern Latin America (5th edition). New York: Oxford University Press, pg. 343.
• Walzer, Michael. (1977). Just and Unjust Wars. New York: Basic Books.

External links[link]

• Salvador-Honduras War, 1969
• Soccer War 1969
• El Salvador vs Honduras, 1969: The 100-Hour War
• Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening), International Court of Justice case registry
• Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras), International Court of Justice case registry

William "Billy" McNeill MBE (born 2 March 1940) is a former Scottish footballer and manager. He is best known for captaining Celtic to the European Cup triumph in 1967 and he later went on to manage the club. He is now the official Club Ambassador at Celtic.

Football[link]

Playing career[link]

McNeill, nicknamed Cesar,^[2] was voted the greatest ever captain of Celtic by the club's fans in 2002. He was signed by Celtic from nearby junior team, Blantyre Victoria, in 1957 as a defender. As captain he won nine Scottish League Championships, seven Scottish Cups, and six Scottish League Cups. He also led the team to victory in the European Cup in 1967, as part of the "Lisbon Lions", and was the first British footballer to hold aloft the European Cup. He retired as a player in 1975 after 790 appearances for Celtic, in which he played every minute, never having been substituted. He won 29 caps for Scotland. McNeill also represented the Scottish League XI.^[3]

Management career[link]

He began his management career at Clyde in April 1977 before moving to Aberdeen in June. However, in 1978 he returned to manage Celtic. His five years in charge saw Celtic win three League Championships, one Scottish Cup and one League cup.

On 30 June 1983 he moved to England to manage Manchester City. He secured promotion for City after two seasons in charge, and oversaw survival in their first season back. Two years before being appointed by City, he had been strongly linked with the manager's job at their cross city rivals Manchester United, but the job had gone to Ron Atkinson instead.^[4]

In 1986–87, he became one of the few managers to manage two relegated teams in the same season. He started the season as manager of Manchester City but quit in September 1986 to take charge of fellow strugglers Aston Villa. When Villa were relegated after finishing bottom of the First Division in May 1987, he stood down to make way for Graham Taylor and returned to Celtic.

In his first season Celtic won the double of the League Championship and Scottish Cup in the clubs' centenary year. 1987–88, was renowned for late goals for Celtic and in both the semi final and final, Celtic scored late goals to emerge victorious 2–1 in both games. He won the Scottish Cup the following season, but quit in 1991 after four years as manager. McNeill's second spell as manager was blighted by the reluctance of the Board to spend money in the transfer market.

McNeill had a brief spell as director of football at Hibs in 1998, where he unsuccessfully attempted to arrest a decline in fortunes at the club.^[5] He briefly took caretaker charge of the team after Jim Duffy was sacked, even though McNeill had been out of football since leaving Celtic in 1991 and was recovering from heart surgery.^[6] He left Hibs at the end of the 1997–98 season.^[7]

Political career[link]

McNeill unsuccessfully stood as a candidate for the Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party in the 2003 Scottish Parliament election.

Awards[link]

In 2008, he was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Glasgow in recognition of his outstanding achievement in football and for his distinguished role as an ambassador for the national sport. Celtic's Chief Executive Peter Lawwell said: "Billy McNeill has served Celtic Football Club and Scottish football in general with distinction over many years. He is a man of immense stature and someone who, as a player and manager was the complete professional. Billy was a born leader on and off the field. To captain Celtic and become the first British Club to win the European Cup, the biggest prize in Club football, is a massive achievement and Billy and the other Lisbon Lions will forever be among the most important figures in Celtic's illustrious history. Billy is fully deserving of the tremendous honour which has been bestowed on him. Everyone at the Club congratulates him on receiving the Honorary Degree from the University of Glasgow."^{[citation needed]}

Career statistics[link]

^[8]

^[9]

* Includes 3 Appearances in the World Club Championship
† Includes 1 Goal in the World Club Championship

NB these Totals do not include Glasgow Cup appearances, which at the time was a Senior Trophy

Honours[link]

Player:

• Scottish League Champions (9): 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974
• Scottish Cup (7): 1965, 1967, 1969, 1966, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975
• Scottish League Cup (6): 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1975
• European Cup : 1967

Individual:

• Scottish Footballer of the Year (1): 1965

Manager:

• Scottish League Champions (4): 1979, 1981, 1982, 1988
• Scottish Cup (3): 1980, 1988, 1989
• Scottish League Cup (1): 1983

References[link]

General

• McNeill, Billy. Hail Cesar. Headline Book Publishing (4 Oct 2004). ISBN 978-0-7553-1315-0. 

Specific

External links[link]

• Billy McNeill at scottishfa.co.uk