Street food in China: chuanr (roasted meat on skewers) of starfish, seahorse and scorpions.

A food stall in Seoul, South Korea. Steamed corn, grilled chestnuts and dduk (white rice cake), dried persimmons, cuttlefish, squid, octopus and filefish.

Candied fruit for sale in streets of Tianjin, China

Street food is ready-to-eat food or drink sold in a street or other public place, such as a market or fair, by a hawker or vendor, often from a portable stall.^[1] While some street foods are regional, many are not, having spread beyond their region of origin. Most street foods are also classed as both finger food and fast food, and are cheaper on average than restaurant meals. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, 2.5 billion people eat street food every day.^[2]

Street food is intimately connected with take-out, junk food, snacks, and fast food; it is distinguished by its local flavour and by being purchased on the street, without entering any building. Both take-out and fast food are often sold from counters inside buildings.

Health and safety[link]

Concerns of cleanliness and freshness often discourage people from eating street food. With the increasing pace of globalization and tourism, the safety of street food has become one of the major concerns of public health, and a focus for governments and scientists to raise public awarenesses.^[3][4][5][6] In the United Kingdom, the FSA provides comprehensive guidances of food safety for the vendors, traders and retailers of the street food sector.^[7] Other effective ways of enhancing the safety of street foods are through mystery shopping programs, through training and rewarding programs to vendors, through regulatory governing and membership management programs, or through technical testing programs.^{[8][9][10][11][12]}

Street food around the world[link]

See also[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Street food

Wang Lang (died 228)^[1] was a warlord during the late Han Dynasty and a politician of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history. Through his granddaughter's marriage to Sima Zhao, he would become great-grandfather of Sima Yan, who later became the founding emperor of the Jin Dynasty.

Biography[link]

Early life and career[link]

Originally from the Donghai commandery of China, Wang was originally named Yan,^[2] but he changed his name into Lang, and began his career as a servant to the Chief of Staff due to his academic proficiency. When his teacher, Yang Si (楊賜) died, he left his post and went back to his home county. Later, he served the Xu Province warlord, Tao Qian and advised Tao to form a general alliance with Dong Zhuo, who controlled the Han court. Tao Qian then sent an envoy to Chang'an and was granted the title of General Pacifiying the South, and Wang was also made Governor of Kuaiji by the court.

As a warlord[link]

Wang formed a secret alliance with the Shanyue tribe (Shanyue was a tribe that constantly pillaged the Han citizens for living essentials) during his tenure. When Sun Ce started his Jiangdong campaign, Wang financed the Shanyue leader Yan Baihu to fight Sun, but Yan and other clan leaders were defeated. However, at the time Liu Yao of Moling was defeated by Sun, Yan Baihu had became the head of a loose confederation composed of bandits and local officials including Wang, and he again gathered soldiers numbering tens of thousands. Despite opposition from his adviser, Yu Fan, Wang directly joined Yan in military operations against Sun, and were defeated. He then flee on a boat to Dongye. There, he gained the support from the Chief of Houguan (侯官長) and attempted to rebuild his power.^[3] His force was strengthened by Zhang Ya (張雅), who was a rebel leader controlling a rather strong army. They succeed in killing the Commandant of Southern Region (南部都尉), Han Yan (韓晏), who was taking command from Sun, but were ultimately defeated by Sun's vassal, He Qi.

Wang tried to go further south to Jiao Province to recuperate, but was caught up and defeated by Sun.^[4] He then conducted a very humble speech to appease Sun, and the later accepted his surrender.

Service under Cao Wei[link]

Soon afterward he entered into a self-imposed retirement from public life, but was contacted by Cao Cao's spy and was asked to join Cao in Xuchang. He initially hesitated to go north, but was convinced by a letter sent by his old friend, Kong Rong; thus, he journeyed north via water, and arrived Cao's capital city of Xuchang almost a year later. Cao highly valued Wang's talent and appointed him as his advisor. Wang then served Cao Wei in high positions during the reign of Cao Cao.^[5] When Cao Pi succeed Cao Cao and declared himself emperor, Wang was even made the Minister of Works and the Marquis of Yueping. During Cao Pi's reign, Wang had made several suggestions regarding both military and civilian matters, which Cao Pi partially complied.

When Cao Rui was on the throne, Wang was promoted to the Marquis of Lanling, and earned tax revenue of 2,000 households of farmer tenants.^[6] Once, Wang went to Ye city to visit the tomb of Empress Wenzhao and saw the populace was short on material; thus, he wrote to ask the young emperor to cut the cost and labor on building extravagant palaces. Like his father, Cao Rui partly listened to Wang: he applauded Wang's suggestion and transferred him to the Minister Over the Masses (so Wang no longer monitored the construction, but was supposed for drafting the government budget), but continued his luxurious living style.

Late life and death[link]

After Wang's opposition of the palace-building project, he became concerned about his political future. When he noticed Cao Rui had a small harem, he thought of a way to appease the emperor: he wrote to Cao Rui stating that an emperor should have more concubines in order to continue the royal bloodline with more offsprings. This time the emperor agreed to Wang wholeheartedly and started his collection of women, as his concubines and ladies in waiting numbered thousands. Wang's hideous advice had a profound influence: Nine years after Wang's death, Cao Rui even ordered beautiful married women all be formally seized unless their husbands were able to ransom them, and that they would be married to soldiers instead—but that the most beautiful among them would become his concubines. Despite some officials' protestations, this decree was apparently carried out, much to the distress of his people.

Wang later focused on academic works and had published several books that were well received at the time. He died in the December 228, and was given the posthumous name of "Marquis Cheng" (成侯), literally meaning Marquis of establishment.^[7] He was succeeded by Wang Su, who would continue to serve Wei.

Descendants[link]

• Wang Su, son
• Wang Yuanji, granddaughter, married Sima Zhao

In fiction[link]

In Luo Guanzhong's historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Wang Lang died at the age of 76 in 228. Despite his age, he led a group of soldiers and set up camp to do battle with Zhuge Liang. According to the story, Cao Zhen was defeated by Zhuge Liang. Cao Zhen called for his subordinates to help, and Wang Lang decided to persuade him to surrender (even though Guo Huai was skeptical about it) and engaged Zhuge Liang in a battle of words, but was soundly defeated, with Zhuge Liang scolding him a dog and a traitor and other nasty words and from the shock of this, he soon died. There is no record of this in history, and instead, it is said that he merely sent a letter to Zhuge Liang recommending that he surrender. The letter, it is said, was ignored.

See also[link]

• List of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Chen Shou. Records of Three Kingdoms.