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![Galaxy Channel - Kashgar Viloyati [喀什地區]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130109084737im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/0VQx70lgqr8/default.jpg "Tropica - Today's best new emerging artists www.facebook.com Song: Kashgar Viloyati [喀什地區] Artist: Galaxy Channel Support the Artist: soundcloud.com Download the track: soundcloud.com Artwork by Mitya Kuznetsov www.flickr.com No copyright infringement intended. This is a non-profit channel. This content is provided by the artists under the creative commons license.")
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- 2011 Kashgar attacks
- Abakh Khoja
- Adolf Schlagintweit
- Afghanistan
- Ahmed Shah Abdali
- Ak Tagh
- Akqi County
- Aksai Chin
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- Aksu, Xinjiang
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan
i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.
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Akqi County
Akqi (Aqchi) County (Uyghur: ئاقچى ناھىيىسى, ULY: Aqchi Nahiyisi, UPNY: Ak̡qi Nah̡iyisi?; Kyrgyz: اقچئي وودانى / Акчий ооданы) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 11,441 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 30,000.
Coordinates: 40°49′58.80″N 78°01′01.20″E / 40.833°N 78.017°E / 40.833; 78.017
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Aksai Chin
Coordinates: 35°7′N 79°8′E / 35.117°N 79.133°E / 35.117; 79.133
Aksai Chin (Chinese: 阿克赛钦; pinyin: Ākèsàiqīn, Hindi: अक्साई चिन, Urdu: اکسائی چن) is one of the two main disputed border areas between China and India, the other being Arunachal Pradesh. It is administered by China as part of Hotan County in the Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, but is also claimed by India as a part of the Ladakh district of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1962 China and India fought a brief war over Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, but in 1993 and 1996 the two countries signed agreements to respect the Line of Actual Control.
The etymology of Aksai Chin is uncertain regarding the word "Chin". As a word of Turk origin, aksai literally means "white brook" but whether the word Chin refers to Chinese or pass is disputed. The area is largely a vast high-altitude desert including some salt lakes from 4,800 metres (15,700 ft) to 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) above sea level. It covers an area of 37,244 square kilometres (14,380 sq mi). The Chinese name of the region, 阿克赛钦, is composed of Chinese characters chosen for their phonetic values, irrespective of their meaning.
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Aksu Prefecture
Aksu Prefecture (simplified Chinese: 阿克苏地区; traditional Chinese: 阿克蘇地區; pinyin: Ākèsū Dìqū; Uyghur: ئاقسۇ ۋىلايىتى, ULY: Aqsu Wilayati, UPNY: Ak̡su Vilayiti?) is located in mid-western Xinjiang, China. It has an area of 132,500 km² and 2.19 million inhabitants (2003). The name Aksu is Turkic for 'white water'.
The prefecture occupies the northwestern part of the Tarim Basin and the southern slopes of the Tian Shan. The southern part of the prefecture is within the Taklamakan desert. Agriculture is only possible in the areas irrigated by the Tarim River and its glacier-fed tributaries, the Aksu River and the Muzart River.
Of its 2.19 million inhabitants, 71.93% are Uyghur, 26.62% are Han, with the remainder belonging to other ethnicities.
Aksu Prefecture is divided into 1 county-level city: Aksu (阿克苏市), and 8 counties:
Coordinates: 41°10′01″N 80°16′01″E / 41.167°N 80.267°E / 41.167; 80.267
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Akto County
Akto County (Kyrgyz: ﺍﻗﺘﻮﻭ وودانى/Актоо ооданы; Uyghur: ئاقتو ناھىيىسى, ULY: Aqto Nahiyisi, UPNY: Ak̡to Nah̡iyisi?) is a county in Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. It contains an area of 24,107 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 170,000.
The westernmost county in China, Akto County borders on Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
Akto is served by the Kashgar-Hotan Railway.
Coordinates: 39°04′58.80″N 75°58′58.80″E / 39.083°N 75.983°E / 39.083; 75.983
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Altay City
Altay or Aletai (Chinese: 阿勒泰; pinyin: Ālètài) is a county-level city in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, in the People's Republic of China. It is the administrative centre of Altay Prefecture, and has 142,000 inhabitants.
Altay has a cold semi-arid climate (Koppen BSk), with dry conditions year-round and an annual precipitation total of only 191 millimetres (7.5 in). Winters are long and bitterly cold, but dry, with a January average of −15.5 °C (4.1 °F). Spring and autumn are short but mild. Summers are very warm, but dry, with a July average of 21.8 °C (71.2 °F); however, despite the aridity, nighttime temperatures are generally not sharply lower than daytime highs.
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Altay Prefecture
Coordinates: 47°50′N 88°08′E / 47.833°N 88.133°E / 47.833; 88.133
Altay Prefecture (simplified Chinese: 阿勒泰地区; traditional Chinese: 阿勒泰地區; pinyin: Ālètài Dìqū; Uyghur: ئالتاي ۋىلايىتى, Altay Wilayiti, Altay Vilayiti) is located in northern Xinjiang, China. It has an area of 118,015 km² and a population of 561,667 (2000). It is a part of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. At the 2000 census, Altay was the only major subdivision of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture with an ethnic Kazakh majority (about 51%). In 2007 it had a GDP of RMB 9.9 billion with a 12% growth rate. It is also shares international border with the neighboring Altai Republic, Russia.
Its population is 603,280 at the 2010 cenus whom 216,890 in built up area, even though Altay urban district is spread on 10,852 km².
The prefecture is divided into 1 county-level city and 6 counties.
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Andijan
Andijan or Andizhan (Uzbek: Andijon / Андижон; Russian: Андижан) is the fourth-largest city in Uzbekistan, and the capital of the Andijan Province. It is located in the east of the country, at 40°47′N 72°20′E / 40.783°N 72.333°E / 40.783; 72.333, in the Fergana Valley, near the border with Kyrgyzstan on the Andijan-Say River. It has a population of 323,900 (1999 census estimate).
Arab geographers from the tenth century and later give the name as Andiyon, Andukan, Andugan, and Andigan. The etymology is unknown; the traditional explanation links it to the Turkic tribal name Andi.
The city of Andijan is located in the eastern point of the chain of the first settlements of the early civilizations of Fergana Valley. Study of the history of Andijan began nearly 100 years ago. At different times in the city was historical-ethnographic and archaeological excavations scientists A.k. Pisarčik, v.i. Kozenkova, b. Abdulgazieva, s. Jalilov and others. Detailed archaeological research of the city were carried out in 80-ies of the last century by the Institute of archaeology of the Academy of Sciences. Information about the structural and spatial location of Andijan, meet on a topographic map, 1893. At stake were the quarters, mosques, mausoleums, the streets of the city. Archaeologists researching historical locations such as Andijan, Čordona, Sarvontepa, Âkkatepa, Koštepa, Ark ichi, Shakhristan.
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Anshan
Anshan (Chinese: 鞍山; pinyin: Ānshān; literally "saddle mountain") is the third largest prefecture level city in Liaoning province of China. Situated in the central area of the province, Anshan is about 92 km south of Shenyang, the province's capital. Anshan is on the boundary between the Mountains of eastern Liaoning and the plains of the west. The prefecture has a population of 3,584,000 people and covers an area of about 9,252 square kilometres. The distance from the east to the west of the prefecture is 133 kilometres. The area contains the famous Qianshan National Park. The city's name is derived from the shape of a nearby mountain that resembles the shape of a horse's saddle, which can be seen on the left (west) about five minutes before the northbound train arrives at Anshan Station. Anshan is home to the Anshan Iron and Steel Group, one of the largest steel producers in China.
Anshan has a population of 3.65 million at the 2010 census. Anshan holds one third of the worlds supply of talcum Anshan holds a quarter of the worlds reserves of magnesite Anshan also produced the largest ever jade stone, now a local tourist attraction carved as a Buddha. The built up area encompassing 4 Anshan urban districts (1,529,350 inhabitants) and urban Liaoyang is home to more than 2.17 million inhabitants in 2010.
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Artux
Artux, Atush or Atushi (simplified Chinese: 阿图什; traditional Chinese: 阿圖什; pinyin: Ātúshí; Uyghur: ئاتۇش, ULY: Atush, UPNY: Atux?; Kyrgyz: ارتىش Артыш) is a county-level city in Xinjiang. The area is 15,509 km² and the total population is 200,000 (2002). Artux is the seat of Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture. Is situated south of the Tianshan mountains, in the northwest part of the Tarim Basin. The city's annual mean temperature is 12 ℃, precipitation 80 millimeters. Artux's economy is primarily agriculture, the agricultural products are mainly cotton, grapes, and sheep.
Artux is served by the Southern Xinjiang Railway.
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Awat County
The Awat County (Uyghur: ئاۋات ناھىيىسى, ULY: Awat Nahiyisi, UPNY: Avat Nah̡iyisi?) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Aksu Prefecture. It contains an area of 13,976 km2. According the 2002 census, it has a population of 210,000.
Coordinates: 40°38′00″N 80°22′00″E / 40.6333333333°N 80.3666666667°E / 40.6333333333; 80.3666666667
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Baicheng County
The Baicheng (Bay) County (Uyghur: باي ناھىيىس, ULY: Bay Nahiyisi, UPNY: Bay Nah̡iyisi?) is a county in the Aksu Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. The county's land area is 15,889 km2. According the 2002 census, it has a population of 200,000.[citation needed]
The county is located in the northern part of the prefecture, occupying the valley of the Muzart River between the southern slopes of the Tengritagh and the Qoltagh (Chinese Pinyin: Queletage Range (却勒塔格山)).
Coordinates: 41°46′12″N 81°52′12″E / 41.77°N 81.87°E / 41.77; 81.87
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Baijiantan District
The Baijiantan District (Pinyin: Báijiǎntān Qū; Uyghur: جەرەنبۇلاق رايونى, ULY: Jerenbulaq Rayoni, UPNY: Jərənbulak̡ Rayoni?) is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative jurisdiction of the Karamay City. It contains an area of 1,272 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 60,000.
Coordinates: 45°38′N 85°11′E / 45.633°N 85.183°E / 45.633; 85.183
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Baotou
Baotou (simplified Chinese: 包头; traditional Chinese: 包頭; pinyin: Bāotóu, Mongolian:
Buɣutu) is a mid-sized industrial city in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Governed as a prefecture-level city, its urban areas are home to a population of approximately 1.78 million, with a total population of over 2.65 million accounting for counties under its jurisdiction. The city's Mongolian name means "place with deer", and an alternate name in Chinese is "Lùchéng" (鹿城), meaning "Deer City".
Baotou is divided into 10 county-level divisions, including 7 districts,1 county and 2 banners.
The area now known as Baotou was inhabited since ancient times by nomads, most notably the Mongols. Near the end of the Han Dynasty, Lü Bu, a particularly noteworthy warrior, was born here. Compared to the capital, Hohhot, Baotou's construction as a city came relatively late, being incorporated as a town in 1809. The city's site was chosen because it was in an arable region of the Yellow River's Great Bend.
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Battle of Talas
The Battle of Talas (or Battle of Artlakh) (怛罗斯会战) (معركة نهر طلاس) in 751 AD was an especially notable conflict between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and the Chinese Tang Dynasty, then under Emperor Xuanzong (together with various other peoples and nations associated with the geographical territory involved) for control not only of the Syr Darya region, but also a strategic area of Central Asia. The Battle of Talas marked the end of the Tang Dynasty's western expansion of their territory, this representing the furthest point of territorial expansion to the west by the Tang, or any prior or subsequent Chinese dynasties. Leading up to this battlefield showdown, the Tang army had proceeded further and further westward, in a series of military events during the course of which various cities and states were conquered or overthrown. Meanwhile, a new power had arisen in the region. Beginning with a revolt against the Umayyad Caliphate, largely centered in Khurasan, not too far from Talas, the rising Abbasid Caliphate decisively defeated the rival Umayyad Caliphate, in the Battle of the Zab, in 750, which thus freed up their armies for other purposes, one of which would be challenge the Tang expansion into the region. In July, 751, both the Tang troops and the Abbasid troops met in the valley of the Talas River, where the Tang forces were defeated. The Battle of Talas is important because of the resulting changes in the political fortunes of the rival sides, and in the region generally, not to mention the economic importance of control over this strategic region along the Silk Road. There is also a tradition that Chinese prisoners captured as the result of the battle allowed for the transference of paper-making technology to the Middle East and eventually Europe.
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Beihai
Beihai (Chinese: 北海) (formerly Pakhoi) is a prefecture-level city in the south of Guangxi, People's Republic of China. The name of the city means "north of the sea" in Chinese, signifying its status as a seaport on the north shore of the Gulf of Tonkin, which has granted it historical importance as a port of international trade for Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan. Between the years 2006 and 2020, Beihai is predicted to be the world's fastest growing city. Beihai has a large shipyard, but most of the money generated in the city is derived from trade.
The dialect spoken throughout Beihai is "Baihua" a Cantonese dialect; Mandarin is not often used or spoken by the population, though it is the official language used in government, business and post-elementary-level education throughout mainland China.
It governs the small islands of Weizhou and Xieyang, and is directly north of Hainan Island.
Beihai contains three districts and one county, which are subdivided into five urban sub-districts, 23 towns, 3 townships, 87 neighborhood committees, 343 village committees. (see also Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Levels)
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Beijing
Beijing (
/beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
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Benxi
Benxi (Chinese: 本溪; pinyin: Běnxī) is a prefecture-level city located in the east of Liaoning province in Northeast China, south-southeast of Shenyang. Its population is 1,709,538 at the 2010 census whom 959,610 in the built up area It was founded as a metallurgical center in 1915. Benxi Iron and Steel Company ("Bengang") is the largest employer in the city, and used to be the 4th largest steel company in China. The second largest industry in Benxi is coal mining. Benxi has pollution problems due to steel production and coal mining.
The worst coal mining disaster in the world took place on April 26, 1942 in Benxihu Colliery. A coal-dust explosion killed 1,549 miners working that day.
During the disaster of Air France flight AF447, Benxi Iron and Steel Company lost 5 employees, including the executive Chen Chiping who was the wife of Liaoning's provincial governor.
Benxi contains 4 districts and 2 autonomous counties for the Manchu nation:
Within these there are 25 counties, 40 villages and towns, 229 communities and 289 village committees.
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Binhai New Area
Binhai New Area (simplified Chinese: 滨海新区; traditional Chinese: 濱海新區)，also known as Binhai (simplified Chinese: 滨海; traditional Chinese: 濱海), is a major economic development zone within the jurisdiction of Tianjin municipality in China. Binhai New Area is located on the coast, east of Tianjin, and is centered on the Circum-Bohai-Sea Region. Binhai New Area is a new growth area in China. By the end of 2010, 285 Fortune Global 500 companies had invested and established branch offices there. Binhai is intended to be a base for China's advanced industrial and financial reform and innovation. A number of major companies including Rockefeller, TISHMAN SPEYER, Motorola, Airbus have built branches there. For instance, EADS Airbus has already opened an assembly plant for its A320 series airliners, operational since 2009. The Binhai New Area is intended to replicate development seen in Shenzhen and Pudong, Shanghai. It is a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in the PRC, and experimental reforms are taking place throughout the zone.
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Bishkek
Bishkek (in Kyrgyz and Russian: Бишкек), formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek is also the administrative centre of Chuy Province which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the province but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.
The name is thought to derive from a Kyrgyz word for a churn used to make fermented mare's milk (kumis), the Kyrgyz national drink. Founded in 1825 as the Kyrgyz-Khokand fortress of "Bishkek", then, in 1862, named as the Russian fortress Pishpek (крепость Пишпек), in 1926 the city was renamed Frunze (Фрунзе), after the Bolshevik military leader Mikhail Frunze. In 1991, the Kyrgyz parliament restored the city's historical name.
Bishkek is situated at about 800 metres (2,600 ft) altitude just off the northern fringe of the Kyrgyz Ala-Too range, an extension of the Tian Shan mountain range, which rises up to 4,855 metres (15,928 ft) and provides a spectacular backdrop to the city. North of the city, a fertile and gently undulating steppe extends far north into neighboring Kazakhstan. The Chui River drains most of the area. Bishkek is connected to the Turkestan-Siberia Railway by a spur line.
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Burqin County
Burqin County (Chinese: 布尔津县, pinyin: Bù'ěrjīn Xiàn), is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China and is under the administration of the Altay Prefecture. It has an area of 10,362 km² with a population of 70,000. The postcode is 836600.
Coordinates: 48°23′N 86°53′E / 48.383°N 86.883°E / 48.383; 86.883
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Changchun
Changchun (Chinese: 长春; pinyin: Chángchūn Manchu: ᠴᠠᠩ ᠴᡠᠨ, Cang cun) is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the center of the Songliao Plain. It is administered as a sub-provincial city with a population of 7,677,089 at the 2010 census under its jurisdiction, including counties and county-level cities. The name, which means "Long Spring", originated from the Jurchen language. The 6 urban districts of Changchun's city proper have a total population of 3,341,700 in 2010 which correspond to the built up area.
Changchun started as a minor trading town. In 1800, Emperor Jiaqing of the Qing Dynasty selected a small village on the east bank of the Yitong River and named it "Changchun Ting." In 1889, it was promoted as "Changchun Fu".
In May 1898, as Russians were building a railway from Harbin to Lüshun (the southern branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway), Changchun got its first railway station, located in Kuancheng.
After Russia's loss of the southernmost section of this branch as a result of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the Kuancheng station (Kuanchengtze, in contemporary spelling) became the last Russian station on this branch. The next station to the south - the new "Japanese" Changchun station, just a short distance to the south - became the first station of the South Manchuria Railway, which now owned all the tracks running farther south, to Lüshun, which they re-gauged to the standard gauge (after a short stint of using the narrow Japanese gauge during the war).
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Changji
Changji (simplified Chinese: 昌吉; traditional Chinese: 昌吉; pinyin: Chāngjí; Wade–Giles:; Uyghur: سانجى, ULY: Sanji) is a county-level city of about 192,000 inhabitants (in 1999), in the Region of Xinjiang of the People's Republic of China. Changji is the seat of Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture.
A Federation of Industry and Commerce is at Changji. In the area around Changji crop growing, animal husbandry and oil crop growing are important parts of the economy. Changji has a university.
Changji is served by China National Highway 312, the Northern Xinjiang and the Second Ürümqi-Jinghe Railways.
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Changsha
Changsha (simplified Chinese: 长沙; traditional Chinese: 長沙; pinyin: Chángshā; Wade–Giles: Chang-sha) is the capital city of Hunan, in south-central China, located on the lower reaches of Xiang river, a branch of the Yangtze River. Its municipality covers an area of 11,819 sq. kilometers and, according to the 2010 Census, a population of 7,044,118 inhabitants.
Changsha was important from the time of the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC). In AD 750–1100 Changsha was an important commercial city, and its population increased greatly. Under the Qing dynasty, from 1664, it was the capital of Hunan province, and it was a major rice market. It was besieged during the Taiping Rebellion but never fell. Changsha was the site of Mao Zedong's conversion to communism. It was the scene of major battles in the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45 and was briefly occupied by the Japanese. Rebuilt since 1949, the city is now a major port and a commercial and industrial center.
The origins of the name "Changsha" are lost in antiquity. The name first appears in the 11th century BC, during the reign of King Cheng of the Zhou dynasty, a vassal lord from the Changsha area sent a type of softshell turtle known as "Changsha softshell turtle" (Chinese: 长沙鼈) as tribute to the Zhou king. In the 2nd century AD, historian Ying Shao wrote that the Qin dynasty use of the name Changsha for the area was a continuance of its old name.
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Chengdu
Coordinates: 30°39′35″N 104°03′48″E / 30.65972°N 104.06333°E / 30.65972; 104.06333
Chengdu (Chinese: 成都; Sichuanese: Cen2du1; pinyin: Chéngdū), formerly transliterated Chengtu, is the capital of Sichuan province in Southwest China. It holds sub-provincial administrative status. The urban area houses 14,047,625 inhabitants: 7,123,697 within the municipality's nine districts and 6,730,749 in the surrounding region.
Chengdu is one of the most important economic, transportation, and communication centers in Western China. According to the 2007 Public Appraisal for Best Chinese Cities for Investment, Chengdu was chosen as one of the top ten cities to invest in out of a total of 280 urban centers in China. It was recently named China's 4th-most livable city by China Daily.
The fertile Chengdu Plain, on which Chengdu is located, is also known as the "Country of Heaven" (天府之国, Tiānfǔzhiguó), a phrase also often translated as "The Land of Abundance". The discovery of the Jinsha site suggests the area of Chengdu had become the center of the bronze age Sanxingdui culture around the time of the establishment of the state of Shu, prior to its annexation by Qin in 316 BC.
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Chongqing
Chongqing (simplified Chinese: 重庆; traditional Chinese: 重慶; Chinese Postal Map Romanization: Chungking) is a major city in Southwest China and one of the five national central cities in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Administratively, it is one of the PRC's four direct-controlled municipalities (the other three are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and the only such municipality in inland China.
The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the sub-provincial city administration that was part of Sichuan province. As of November 2010, the municipality had a population of 28,846,200, although the urbanized area is estimated to have a population of only 6 or 7 million. Chongqing is the largest direct-controlled municipality, and comprises 19 districts, 15 counties, and 4 autonomous counties.
The official abbreviation, 渝 (Yú), was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997. Chongqing was also a municipality of the Republic of China administration, serving as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Its abbreviated name is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds the Yangtze River.
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Dabancheng District
The Dabancheng District (达坂城区; Pinyin: Dábǎnchéng Qū) is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative jurisdiction of the Ürümqi City. Located southeast of Ürümq urban area, it contains an area of 5,042 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 40,000.
The district seat of government is the town of the same name (Dabancheng Town).
Human habitation and irrigated agriculture in this arid area are made possibleprimarily by streams flowing south from the Bogda Shan range, which is located on the northern border of the district. The water that is not used up for irrigation locally flows into the district's several small lakes (Yanhu, Xiao Yanhu, and Chaiwopu Lake), or down the Baichang River into the Toksun County.
Coordinates: 43°48′N 87°35′E / 43.8°N 87.583°E / 43.8; 87.583
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Dalian
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Danzhou
Danzhou (Chinese: 儋州; pinyin: Dānzhōu) is a city in the northwest of the Chinese island province of Hainan. It is a County-level city administered directly by the province.
The city's population was 829,567 in 1999.
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Datong
Coordinates: 40°05′N 113°18′E / 40.083°N 113.3°E / 40.083; 113.3
Datong (Chinese: 大同; pinyin: Dàtóng; Wade–Giles: Ta-t'ung) is a prefecture-level city in northern Shanxi Province of North China, located a few hundred kilometres west by rail from Beijing with an elevation of 1,040 metres (3,410 ft). It has a population of 3,318,057 at the 2010 census of whom 1,447,150 live in the built up area made of 3 out of 4 urban districts (City, Mining and Nanjiao).
Near here was the Beidi kingdom of Tai which was conquered by the Zhou dynasty in 457BC. It bordered on the Hu nomads and traded in horses. Tai was later a commandery or county.
The town was founded as Píngchéng (平城) in 200 BC during the Han Dynasty, after the Battle of Baideng between the Han and the Xiongnu. Located near the Great Wall Pass to Inner Mongolia. It blossomed during the following period and became a stop-off point for Camel Caravans moving from China into Mongolia and beyond. It was sacked at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Pingcheng became the capital of Northern Wei from 398 AD until 494 AD. The famous Yungang Grottoes (云冈石窟 Yúngāng Shíkū) were constructed during the later part of this period (460 – 494 AD).
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Dushanzi District
Dushanzi (Maytagh) District (Uyghur: مايتاغ رايونى, ULY: Maytagh Rayoni, UPNY: Maytaƣ Rayoni?) is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China and is under the administrative jurisdiction of the Karamay City. It contains an area of 400 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 60,000.
Coordinates: 45°36′N 84°52′E / 45.6°N 84.867°E / 45.6; 84.867
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Dzungaria
Dzungaria, also called Zungaria, is a geographical region in northwest China corresponding to the northern half of Xinjiang. It covers approximately 777,000 km2 (300,000 sq mi), lying mostly within Xinjiang, and extending into western Mongolia and eastern Kazakhstan. Formerly the term could cover a wider area, depending on temporary political boundaries.
The name Dzungaria is a corruption of the Mongolian term "Züün Gar" or "Jüün Gar" depending on the dialect of Mongolian used. "Züün"/"Jüün" means "left" and "Gar" means "hand". The name originates from the notion that the Western Mongols are on the left hand side when the Mongol Empire began its division into East and West Mongols. After this fragmentation, the western Mongolian nation was called "Zuun Gar". Today, the cradle of this former nation retains its name: Zungaria.
The core of Dzungaria is the triangular Dzungarian Basin (also Junggar Basin) with its central Gurbantunggut Desert. It is bounded by the Tien Shan to the south, the Altai Mountains to the northeast and the Tarbagatai Mountains to the northwest. The three corners are relatively open. The northern corner is the valley of the upper Irtysh River. The western corner is the Dzungarian Gate with its railroad (opened in 1990). The eastern corner leads to Gansu and the rest of China. In the south an easy pass leads from Ürümqi to the Turfan Depression. In the southwest the Borohoro Mountains branch of the Tian Shan separates the basin from the upper Ili River.
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European Parliament
The European Parliament (abbreviated as Europarl or the EP) is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU). Together with the Council of the European Union (the Council) and the European Commission, it exercises the legislative function of the EU and it has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world. The Parliament is currently composed of 754 Members of the European Parliament, who represent the second largest democratic electorate in the world (after the Parliament of India) and the largest trans-national democratic electorate in the world (375 million eligible voters in 2009).
It has been directly elected every five years by universal suffrage since 1979. However, turnout at European Parliament elections has fallen consecutively at each election since that date, and has been under 50% since 1999. Turnout in 2009 stood at 43% of all European voters, ranging from 90% in Luxembourg and Belgium (where compulsory voting is used) to 20% in Slovakia. Turnout was under 50% in 18 out of 27 member states.
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Fuhai County
Fuhai (Burultokay) County (Chinese: 福海, pinyin: Fúhǎi, also known as Burultoqay) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Altay Prefecture. It has an area of 33, 273 km² with a population of 70,000. The Postcode is 836400.
This county is a verdant lush valley surrounded by the barren deserts and wastelands.
The Altay Mountains flank this county in the north, two rivers flow through the area the Ulungur River and the Ertix River (Irtysh). The end result is a fertile area for pasture that supports the famous Xinjiang sheep which are supposedly 'big as a cow'.
Coordinates: 47°06′00″N 87°23′00″E / 47.1°N 87.3833°E / 47.1; 87.3833
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Fukang
Fukang (simplified Chinese: 阜康; traditional Chinese: 阜康; pinyin: Fùkāng; Wade–Giles:; Uyghur: فۇكاڭ ) is a county-level city in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Its area is 11726 km2. and its population in 2007 was reported as approximately 1.5 million. Fukang is located in northern Xinjiang in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, north of Urumqi.
As early as the Han and Tang periods, Fukang was an important stopover on the ancient Silk Road. The Qing Emperor Qianlong established it as a county in 1776. Its status was changed to a city in November 1992.
In 2007, Fukang City's GDP was 4.822 billion yuan, 2.3 times that of 2002, an average annual increase of 17.6%. Per capita GDP reached 30,000 yuan, 2.1 times that of 2002, an average annual increase of 16.5%.
Fukang's economy relies primarily on heavy industry, agriculture and tourism.
Among the tourist attractions in the area are Bogeda peak and the Heavenly Lake of Tianshan.
Bogeda Biosphere Reserve, in the east part of the Tianshan Mountains, was designated a member of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere reserve in 1990. Tianshan Heavenly Lake is a scenic alpine lake, at an elevation of 1900 meters above sea level, surrounded by lush forest.
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Fushun
Fushun (simplified Chinese: 抚顺; traditional Chinese: 撫順; pinyin: Fǔshùn) is a prefecture level city in Liaoning province, China, about 45 km east from Shenyang, with a population of about 2,138 090 inhabitants at the 2010 census and an area of 11,271 km2, including 713 km2 of the city proper. Fushun is situated on the Hun River or "muddy river" in English. It was formerly called Fouchouen in French. The film The Lover starring Tony Leung Ka Fai described a love story between a young French woman and a young man from Fouchouen. The city was occupied by Russia until 1905 and by Japan until 1945.
Fushun is a highly industrialized area. It has developed as a thriving center for fuel, power and raw materials but is also offering more and more opportunities in textiles and electronics. It is connected by rail with nearby Shenyang and with Dalian. The world's largest artificial pit, known as the Magnificent West Pit, is located not far from the downtown. It is an open-pit coal mine, being in operation since about the 12th century. Fushun has a major aluminum-reduction plant and factories making automobiles, machinery, chemicals, cement, and rubber.
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Fuyun County
Fuyun (Koktokay) County (simplified Chinese: 富蕴县; traditional Chinese: 富蘊縣; pinyin: Fùyùn Xiàn; Uyghur language: خْكتْكاَي ناھىيىسى, Koktokay Nahiyisi) is a county situated in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Altay Prefecture. It has an area of 32,237 km² with a population of 80,000. The seat of Fuyun County is in Ku Ertix Town (库额尔齐斯镇). The Koktokay National Geopark is in Koktokay Town (可可托海镇). The Postcode of Fuyun County is 836100.
Coordinates: 47°13′N 89°39′E / 47.217°N 89.65°E / 47.217; 89.65
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Fuzhou
Fuzhou (Chinese: 福 州; pinyin: Fúzhōu, [fǔtʂóʊ] (
listen); Fuzhou dialect: Hók-ciŭ) is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. Along with the many counties of Ningde, those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute the Mindong (闽东, lit. East of Fujian) linguistic and cultural area.
Fuzhou's core counties lie on the north (or left) bank of the estuary of Fujian's largest river, the Min River. All along its northern border lies Ningde, and Ningde's Gutian County lies upriver. Fuzhou's counties south of the Min border on Putian, Quanzhou, Sanming and Nanping municipalities. Its population is 7,115,370 inhabitants at the 2010 census whom 4,408,076 inhabitants are urban standing around 61.95%, while rural population is at 2,707,294 standing around 38.05%.
In older publications, the name "Fuzhou" was variously romanized as Foochow, Fuchow, Fuh-chau, Fuh-Chow, Hock Chew or Hokchew.
The Yuanhe Maps and Records of Prefectures and Counties, a Chinese geographical treatise published in the 9th century AD, says that Fuzhou's name came from "Mt. Fu", a mountain located northwest of the city. The mountain's name was then combined with -zhou, meaning "settlement" or "prefecture", in a manner similar to many other Chinese cities. During the Warring States Period, the Han Chinese referred to the Fuzhou area as Ye (Chinese: 冶), though they did not conquer the area until the Qin Dynasty. The city's name was changed numerous times between the 3rd and 9th centuries AD before finally settling on Fuzhou in 948.
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Gansu
Coordinates: 38°0′N 102°20′E / 38°N 102.333°E / 38; 102.333
Gansu (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 甘肃; traditional Chinese: 甘肅; pinyin: Gānsù; Wade–Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.
It lies between the Tibetan and Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south, and Shaanxi to the east. The Yellow River passes through the southern part of the province.
Gansu has a population of 26 million (2009) and has a large concentration of Hui Chinese, and the historical home, along with Shaanxi of the dialect of the Dungans, who are Hui who migrated to Central Asia. The southwestern corner of Gansu is home to a large Tibetan population. The capital is Lanzhou, located in the southeast part of the province. Gansu is abbreviated as "甘" (Gān) or "陇" (Lǒng), and is also known as Long West or Long Right, in reference to the Long Mountain east of Gansu.
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Gilgit
Gilgit (Urdu, Shina: گلگت) is the capital city of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan. Gilgit City forms a tehsil of Gilgit, within Gilgit District. Its ancient name was Sargin, later to be known as Gilit, and it is still called Gilit or Sargin-Gilit by local people. In the Burushaski language, it is named Geelt and in Wakhi and Khowar it is called Gilt. Ghallata is considered its name in ancient Sanskrit literature. Gilgit City is one of the two major hubs in Gilgit Baltistan for mountaineering expeditions to the Karakoram and other the peaks in the Himalayas, the other hub being Skardu.[citation needed]
Gilgit was an important city on the Silk Road, along which Buddhism was spread from South Asia to the rest of Asia.[citation needed]
The Dards and Chinas appear in many of the old Pauranic lists of peoples who lived in the region, with the former also mentioned in Ptolemy's accounts of the region. Two famous travellers, Faxian and Xuanzang, traversed Gilgit according to their accounts.[citation needed]
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Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain (Welsh: Prydain Fawr, Scottish Gaelic: Breatainn Mhòr, Cornish: Breten Veur) is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, the largest European island, and the largest of the British Isles. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populous island in the world, after Java and Honshū. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
All of the island is territory of the sovereign state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and most of the United Kingdom's territory is in Great Britain. Most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island of Great Britain, as are their respective capital cities: London, Edinburgh, and Cardiff.
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Guangzhou
Guangzhou (Chinese: 广州; Mandarin pronunciation: [kwɑ̀ŋʈʂóʊ̯]), known historically as Canton or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of the Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. Located in southern China on the Pearl River, about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong, Guangzhou is a key national transportation hub and trading port. One of the five National Central Cities, it holds sub-provincial administrative status.
Guangzhou is the third largest city in China and southern China's largest city. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 12.78 million. Some estimates place the population of the entire Pearl River Delta Mega City built up area as high as 40 million including Shenzhen (10.36 million), Dongguan (8.22 million) and most parts of Foshan (7.19 million), Jiangmen (4.45 million), Zhongshan (3.12 million) and a small part of Huizhou adjoining Dongguan and Shenzhen, with an area of about 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) (about the size of US state of New Jersey). In 2008 Guangzhou was identified as a Beta World City by the global city index produced by GaWC.
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Guiyang
Guiyang (simplified Chinese: 贵阳; traditional Chinese: 貴陽; pinyin: Guìyáng) is the capital of Guizhou province of Southwest China. It is located in the centre of the province, situated on the east of the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, and on the north bank of the Nanming River, a branch of the Wu River. The city has an elevation of about 1,100 meters. It has an area of 8,034 square kilometers. Its population is 4,324,561 at the 2010 census whom 3,037,159 live in the built up area made of 7 urban districts.
The city was first constructed as early as 1283 AD during the Yuan Dynasty. It was originally called Shunyuan (順元), meaning obeying the Yuan (the Mongol rulers).
Originally the area was populated by non-Chinese. The Sui Dynasty (AD 581–618) had a commandery there, and the Tang dynasty (618–907) a prefecture. They were, however, no more than military outposts, and it was not until the Yuan (Mongol) invasion of southwest China in 1279 that the area was made the seat of an army and a "pacification office." Chinese settlement in the area also began at that time, and, under the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties, the town became the seat of a superior prefecture named Guiyang.
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Habahe County
Habahe (Kaba) County is a county situated in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Altay Prefecture. It has an area of 8,179 km² with a population of 80,000. The Postcode is 836700.
Coordinates: 48°03′41″N 86°23′49″E / 48.06139°N 86.39694°E / 48.06139; 86.39694
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Haikou
Hǎikǒu (Chinese: 海口), is the capital and most populous city of Hainan province, People's Republic of China. It is situated on the northern coast of Hainan, by the mouth of the Nandu River. The northern part of the city is the district of Haidian Island, which is separated from the main part of Haikou by the Haidian River, a branch of the Nandu.
Administratively, Haikou is a prefecture-level city, comprising four districts, and covering 2,280 square kilometres (880 sq mi). There are 2,046,189 inhabitants in the built up area all living within the 4 urban districts of the city.
Haikou was originally a port city. Today, more than half of the island's total trade still goes through its ports. The city is home to Hainan University, which has its main campus on Haidian Island.
The hanzi characters comprising the city's name, 海口, mean ocean/sea and mouth/port, respectively. Thus, the name "Haikou" is also a word for "seaport". Haikou originally served as the port for Qiongshan, the ancient administrative capital of Hainan island, located some 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) inland to the south east. During its early history Haikou was a part of Guangdong province. In the 13th century it was fortified and became a military post under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The port is located west of the mouth of the Nandu River, Hainan's principal river. When Qiongshan was opened to foreign trade under the Treaty of Tianjin in 1858, Haikou started to rival the old administrative city. In 1926, Haikou overtook Qiongshan in population and it was declared a separate administrative city. Haikou was developed as a port during the Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) when the Japanese invaded and occupied Hainan Island from early 1939 to 1945.
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Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (simplified Chinese: 汉朝; traditional Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Han Ch'ao; IPA: [xân tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]) (206 BCE – 220 CE) was an imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and Chinese characters are referred to as "Han characters".
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Handan
Handan (simplified Chinese: 邯郸; traditional Chinese: 邯鄲; pinyin: Hándān) is a prefecture-level city located in the southwestern part of Hebei Province of China. It borders Xingtai on the north, Shanxi province on the west, Henan province on the south and Shandong province on the east.
Handan was the capital of the State of Zhao during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE), after the capital moved from Zhongmu. The city was conquered by the State of Qin after the virtual annexation of Zhao by Qin except for the Dai Commandery. The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang visited the city once and ordered all enemies of his mother to be buried alive.
Handan was still regarded as a commercial centre during the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties (206 BCE–220 CE) but slowly it declined, perhaps because of the numerous battles that ravaged northern China following the Han Dynasty. Handan is now mainly an industrial city. It still has some attractions, most derived from Zhao folklore such as the road into which Lin Xiangru, courier of the precious jade He Shi Bi, backed in order to let his nemesis Lian Po pass first as well as the location in which Lian Po begged for Lin Xiangru's forgiveness.
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Hangzhou
Hangzhou (Chinese: 杭州; Hangzhou dialect: ɦaŋ tsei; Mandarin pinyin: Hángzhōu Mandarin pronunciation: [xɑ̌ŋtʂóʊ] ( listen)), formerly transliterated as Hangchow, is the capital and largest city of Zhejiang Province in Eastern China. It is governed as a sub-provincial city. As of 2010, the entire administrative division ("shì", 杭州市) or prefecture had a registered population of 8.7 million people. The built up area of the Hangzhou municipality had a resident population of 6.242 million in 2010 (urban and suburban districts), of which 3.56 million lived in the six urban core districts.
A core city of the Yangtze River Delta, Hangzhou has a position on the Hangzhou Bay 180 kilometres (110 mi) southwest of Shanghai that gives it economic power. It has been one of the most renowned and prosperous cities of China for much of the last 1,000 years, due in part to its beautiful natural scenery. The city's West Lake is its best-known attraction.
The celebrated Neolithic culture of Hemudu inhabited Yuyao, an area (now a city) 100 kilometers south-east of Hangzhou, as far back as seven thousand years ago when rice was first cultivated in southeastern China. The area immediately surrounding the modern city of Hangzhou was inhabited five thousand years ago by the Liangzhu culture, so named for the small town of Liangzhu not far to the northwest of Hangzhou where the ancient jade carving civilization was first discovered.
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Harbin
Harbin (Chinese: 哈尔滨; pinyin: Hā'ěrbīn [xɑ́ɻpín]); Manchu language: 15px, Harbin; Russian: Харбин́ Kharbin listen (help·info)), is the capital and largest city of Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China, as well as the tenth most populated city in the People's Republic of China. According to the 2010 China census data, the city's municipal area has 5,878,939 inhabitants, while the total population of the sub-provincial city is 10,635,971. Harbin serves as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications hub in Northeast China.
Harbin is originally a Manchu word meaning "a place for drying fishing nets." It is known for its bitterly cold winters and is often called the "Ice City." Lying on the southern bank of the Songhua River, Harbin is well known for its beautiful ice sculptures in winter and its Russian legacy and still plays an important part in Sino-Russian trade today. In the 1920s, the city was considered China's fashion capital as new designs from Paris and Moscow reached there first before arriving in Shanghai.
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Hefei
Hefei (Chinese: 合肥, p Héféi, w Ho-fei) is the capital and largest city of Anhui Province in Eastern China. A prefecture-level city, it is the political, economic, and cultural centre of Anhui. Located in the central portion of the province, it borders Huainan to the north, Chuzhou to the northeast, Chaohu to the southeast and Lu'an to the west.
Hefei has an area of 7,048 km² and, as of 2010 Census, a population of 5,702,466 inhabitants. Its built-up area ("metro") is home to 3,352,076 inhabitants encompassing all urban districts.
From the 8th to the 6th century BC, Hefei was the site of many small states, later a part of the Chu kingdom. Many archaeological finds dating from this period have been made. The name Hefei was first given to the county set up in the area under the Han dynasty in the 2nd century BC. During the 4th to the 6th century AD, this crucial border region between northern and southern states was much fought over; its name and administrative status were consequently often changed. During the Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) periods, it became the seat of Lu prefecture — a title it kept until the 15th century, when it became a superior prefecture named Luzhou.
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Hejing County
Hejing County (Chinese: 和静县; pinyin: Héjìng Xiàn) is located in the central-southern part of the Tian Shan mountains of Xinjiang, in the North-west of Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. Hejing County borders Ürümqi City to the north, from which it is 190km as the crow flies, and Korla City (the prefectural capital) to the south, which is 80km away. The population of Hejing County is about 190,000 as of 2010, and the county is home to 29 different ethnic groups including Mongolian, Han, Uyghur and Hui. It borders 15 cities and counties, and is the most bordered county in the world.
Hejing is served by the Southern Xinjiang Railway.
Coordinates: 42°18′59″N 86°22′58″E / 42.31639°N 86.38278°E / 42.31639; 86.38278
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Herat
Herāt (Persian / Pashto: هرات) is the capital of Herat province in Afghanistan. It is the third largest city of Afghanistan, with a population of about 397,456 as of 2006. It is situated in the valley of the Hari River, which flows from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan. The city is linked with Kandahar and Mazar-e-Sharif via highway 1 or the ring road that stretches across the country. It is also linked to the city of Mashad in Iran through the border town of Islam Qala.
Situated in a fertile area, Herāt dates back to the Avestan times and was traditionally known for its wine. The city has a number of historic sites, including the Citadel of Alexander and the Mosallah Complex. During the Middle Ages Herāt became one of the important cities of Khorasan, as it was known as the pearl of Khorasan. It was made independent in 1717 from the Safavid dynasty by the Afghans until 1736 when the Hotaki dynasty was defeated by the Afsharids, which finally became part of the Durrani Empire in 1747. It saw some actions during the 19th century Anglo-Afghan wars. Much of the city has been spared from destructions that occurred in other cities of Afghanistan during the 1978-present wars.
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Hohhot
Hohhot (Mongolian:
, Chinese: 呼和浩特; pinyin: Hūhéhàotè, abbreviated Hū Shì (Chinese: 呼市); also romanized as Huhehot or Huhhot), is a city in north-central China and the capital of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, serving as the region's administrative, economic, and cultural centre.
The city was founded by Mongol ruler Altan Khan in the late 16th century. It was chosen as the region's administrative centre in 1952, replacing Ulanhot. A city with a rich cultural background, Hohhot is known for its historical sites and temples and is one of the major tourist destinations of Inner Mongolia. It is also nationally known as the home of China's dairy giants Mengniu and Yili, and was declared "Dairy Capital of China" by the China Dairy Industry Association and the Dairy Association of China in 2005.
The name of the city in Mongolian means "Blue City." The color blue in Mongolian culture is associated with the sky, eternity and purity; in Chinese, the name can be translated as Qīng Chéng (Chinese: 青城), literally, "Blue/Green City."
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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Hotan
Hotan (Uyghur: خوتەن, ULY: Xoten, UPNY: Hotǝn?), or Hetian (Chinese: 和田; pinyin: Hétián, formerly: simplified Chinese: 和阗; traditional Chinese: 和闐; pinyin: Hétián), also often written Khotan, is the seat of the Hotan Prefecture in Xinjiang, China. It was previously known in Chinese as 于窴/於窴 (pinyin: Yú tián) and to 19th-century European explorers as Ilchi.
With a population of 114,000 (2006), Hotan is an oasis town lying in the Tarim Basin, just north of the Kunlun Mountains, which are crossed by the Sanju Pass, and the Hindu-tagh, and Ilchi passes. The town, located southeast of Yarkand and populated almost exclusively by Uyghurs, is a minor agricultural center. An important station on the southern branch of the historic Silk Road, Hotan has always depended on two strong rivers - the Karakash River and the Yurungkash River, the Black and White Jade rivers respectively - to provide the water needed to survive on the southwestern edge of the vast Taklamakan Desert. The Yurungkash still provides water and irrigation for the town and oasis.
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Hotan County
The Hotan County (Uyghur: خوتەن ناھىيىسى, ULY: Xoten Nahiyisi, UPNY: Hotən Nah̡iyisi?) is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Khotan Prefecture. It contains an area of 41,128 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 270,000.
Coordinates: 37°05′26″N 79°49′44″E / 37.09056°N 79.82889°E / 37.09056; 79.82889
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Hotan Prefecture
The Hotan Prefecture (Chinese: “和田”, Pinyin: Hétián Dìqū; Uyghur: خوتەن ۋىلايىتى, Xoten Wilayiti, Hotən Vilayiti) is located in the south-western part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. It is sometimes (unofficially) spelled as Khotan.
The Hotan Prefecture is divided into one county-level city and seven counties:
Coordinates: 37°07′N 79°55′E / 37.117°N 79.917°E / 37.117; 79.917
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Hoxud County
The Hoshut County (Chinese: 和硕县; Pinyin: Héshuò Xiàn) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 12,753 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 60,000.
Coordinates: 42°16′N 86°51′E / 42.267°N 86.85°E / 42.267; 86.85
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Huainan
Huainan (Chinese: 淮南; pinyin: Huáinán) is a prefecture-level city with 2,334,000 inhabitants in central Anhui Province, People’s Republic of China. It borders the provincial capital of Hefei to the south, Lu’an to the southwest, Fuyang to the west, Bozhou to the northwest, Bengbu to the northeast and Chuzhou to the east. Its built up area is home to 1,899,740 inhabitants in 2010 spread out on 4 districts (Tianjia'an, Datong, Xiejiaji, Bagongshan and 1 county Fengtai) nowadays in agglomeration.
The name traditionally refers to the entire area south of the Huai River and north of the Yangtze River, which includes the present day central Anhui. The historic political centers of the Huainan area were situated in Yangzhou and Shouchun (present day Shou County).
The prefecture-level city of Huainan administers six county-level divisions, including five districts and one county.
These are further divided into 66 township-level divisions, including 24 towns, 23 townships and 19 subdistricts.
The name Huainan first came into existence in 203 BC, when Liu Bang bestowed upon Ying Bu, one of his most trusted generals, the title of the King of Huainan. The capital of the Kingdom of Huainan was situated in the present day Lu'an. Later, after Ying Bu was executed, the title was transferred and the capital moved to Shouchun (present day Shou County).
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Huocheng County
The Huocheng (Qorghas) County (simplified Chinese: 霍城县; traditional Chinese: 霍城縣; pinyin: Huòchéng Xiàn; Uyghur: قورغاس ناھىيىسى, ULY: Qorghas Nahiyisi) is situated within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and under the administration of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. It's located between Yining and the border to Kazakhstan, occupies an area of 5,466 km² and has a population of 360,000 (2004 estimate). Including the Han and Uyghur nationalities, there are twenty nine ethnic groups living in the county.
North of Huocheng City is the Tianshan District; facing to the south lies the Ili River. Its Western side is China's border to Kazakhstan; Yining lies about 45 km to the east.
Within Huocheng County lies the important ruined site of ancient Almaliq. The mausoleum of the first khan of Moghulistan Tughlugh Timur is within the county as well.
The county includes 5 towns (镇), 3 villages (乡), and 2 ethnic-minority villages (民族乡).
The towns:
Villages:
In agriculture, the local population cultivate wheat, corn and other crops including sugar beet, cotton, tobacco, apples, animal husbandry with cattle and sheep.
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Hutubi County
The Hutubi (Qutubi) County ((simplified Chinese: 呼图壁县; traditional Chinese: 呼圖壁縣; pinyin: Hūtúbì Xiàn; Wade–Giles: Hu-t’u-pi Hsien); Uyghur: قۇتۇبى ناھىيىسى, ULY: Qutubi Nahiyisi, UPNY: K̡utubi Nah̡iyisi?) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 9,476 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 210,000.
Hutubi is served by China National Highway 312, the Northern Xinjiang and the Second Ürümqi-Jinghe Railways.
Coordinates: 44°8.627′N 86°56.91284′E / 44.143783°N 86.94854733°E / 44.143783; 86.94854733
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Id Kah mosque
The Id Kah mosque (Uyghur: Héytgah Meschit, Chinese: 艾提尕尔; pinyin: àitígǎěr) (from Persian: عیدگاه Eidgāh, meaning Place of Festivities) is a mosque located in Kashgar, Xinjiang, in the western People's Republic of China.
It is the largest mosque in China. Every Friday, it houses nearly 10,000 worshippers and may accommodate up to 20,000.
The mosque was built by Saqsiz Mirza in ca. 1442 (although it incorporated older structures dating back to 996) and covers 16,800 square meters.
In 1933, on August 9, the Chinese Muslim General Ma Zhancang killed and beheaded the Uighur leader Timur Beg, displaying his head on a spike at Id Kah mosque.
In March 1934, it was reported that the uighur emir Abdullah Bughra was also beheaded, the head being displayed at Id Kah mosque.
In April 1934, the Chinese Muslim general Ma Zhongying gave a speech at Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar, telling the Uighurs to be loyal to the Republic of China Kuomintang government at Nanjing.
Coordinates: 39°28′20″N 75°59′03″E / 39.47227°N 75.984106°E / 39.47227; 75.984106
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Id Kah Mosque
The Id Kah mosque (Uyghur: Héytgah Meschit, Chinese: 艾提尕尔; pinyin: àitígǎěr) (from Persian: عیدگاه Eidgāh, meaning Place of Festivities) is a mosque located in Kashgar, Xinjiang, in the western People's Republic of China.
It is the largest mosque in China. Every Friday, it houses nearly 10,000 worshippers and may accommodate up to 20,000.
The mosque was built by Saqsiz Mirza in ca. 1442 (although it incorporated older structures dating back to 996) and covers 16,800 square meters.
In 1933, on August 9, the Chinese Muslim General Ma Zhancang killed and beheaded the Uighur leader Timur Beg, displaying his head on a spike at Id Kah mosque.
In March 1934, it was reported that the uighur emir Abdullah Bughra was also beheaded, the head being displayed at Id Kah mosque.
In April 1934, the Chinese Muslim general Ma Zhongying gave a speech at Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar, telling the Uighurs to be loyal to the Republic of China Kuomintang government at Nanjing.
Coordinates: 39°28′20″N 75°59′03″E / 39.47227°N 75.984106°E / 39.47227; 75.984106
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Islamabad
Islamabad (Urdu: اسلام آباد Islām ābād, lit. Abode of Islam) is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.152 million in 2011. The greater Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area is the third largest conurbation in Pakistan with a population of over 4.5 million inhabitants.
Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northern part of the country, within the Islamabad Capital Territory. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Margalla pass acting as the gateway between the two regions. The city was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistan's capital. Islamabad is a well-organized city divided into different sectors and zones. It is regarded as the most developed city in Pakistan. Islamabad is ranked as a Gamma world city. The city is home to Faisal Mosque, the largest mosque in South Asia and the sixth largest mosque in the world.
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Jeminay County
Jeminay County (Chinese: 吉木乃) is a county situated in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Altay Prefecture.
A road border crossing into Kazakhstan is located in Jeminay town. The Kazakh settlement across the border is Maykapchigay near Zaysan in East Kazakhstan Province.
Amongst the county's total population of 37,733, 19,090 of them were men while 18,643 were women. 13,209 people were Han Chinese while 24,524 belonged to the county's fifteen different ethnic minority groups. The Non-agricultural population has a total figure of 18,530 while the Farming population is 19,203; The Urban population accounts for 10,121 people. According to the 2005 census, the native ethnic Kazaks, accounted for more than sixty percent of the county's total population figure.
Coordinates: 41°32′00″N 85°38′00″E / 41.5333°N 85.6333°E / 41.5333; 85.6333
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Jilin City
Jilin City (Chinese: 吉林市; pinyin: Jílín Shì, Manchu: ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ, Girin Hoton) is the second-largest city and former capital of Jilin province in Northeast China. As of the 2010 census, 4,414,681 people resided within its administrative area of 27,120 square kilometres (10,470 sq mi) and 1,975,803 in its built-up area consisting of 4 urban districts. A prefecture-level city, it is the only major city in China that shares its name with its province.
Jilin City is also known as the River City because of the Songhua River surrounding much of the city. In 2007, it hosted the Asian Winter Games.
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Jimsar County
Jimsar County (Uyghur: جىمىسار ناھىيىسى, ULY: Jimisar Nahiyisi, UPNY: Jimisar Nah̡iyisi?) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture in the People's Republic of China. It contains an area of 8,149 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 130,000.
The name Beshbalik first appears in history in the description of the events of 713 in the Turkic Kul Tegin inscription. It was one of the largest of 5 towns in the Uyghur Khaganate in Mongolia. In 890, the Tibetans briefly held the city in 790. Established in 1902 as a county, it was known as Fuyuan (孚远) until 1952, when its name was changed to Jimsar.
The modern city Jimsar is located at 43°59'N, 89°4'East, it is a location of the Uyghur ancient southern capital Beshbalik or Beshbalyk (Turkic Main City), that became the Uyghur main capital after a disastrous results of the Yenisei Kirghiz attack on the Uyghur northern capital Karabalgasun (Khanbalyk). After the attack, a significant part of the Uyghur Khaganate population fled to the area of the present Jimsar County and Tarim Basin in general in 840. The Uyghurs submitted to Genghis Khan in 1207. It consisted of 5 parts: an outer town, the northern gate of the outer town, the extended town of the west, the inner town and a small settlement within the inner town. At first, the city was the political center of the Uyghur Idiquit (monarch) and his Mongol queen, Altalun, daughter of Genghis Khan under the Mongol Empire in the first half of the 13th century. Due to military struggles between the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan Dynasty during the reign of Kublai Khan, the city was abandoned and lost its prosperity in the late 13th century.
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Jinan
Coordinates: 36°40′N 116°59′E / 36.667°N 116.983°E / 36.667; 116.983
Jinan (Chinese: 济南; pinyin: Jǐnán; Mandarin pronunciation: [t͡ɕi˧˩nan˧˥];) is the capital of Shandong province in Eastern China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilisation and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub. The city, which holds sub-provincial administrative status, is located in north-western Shandong about 400 kilometres (250 mi) south of the national capital of Beijing, it borders Liaocheng to the southwest, Dezhou to the northwest, Binzhou to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Laiwu to the southeast, and Tai'an to the south.
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Jinghe County
The Jinghe (Jing) County (Uyghur: جىڭ ناھىيىسى, ULY: Jing Nahiyisi, UPNY: Jing Nah̡iyisi?; simplified Chinese: 精河县; traditional Chinese: 精河縣; pinyin: Jīnghé Xiàn) is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Börtala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 11,181 square kilometres (4,317 sq mi). According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 120,000.
Jinghe has a desert climate (Köppen BWk), with a mean total of only 102 millimetres (4.02 in) of precipitation per annum and great seasonal differences in temperature, with long, very cold winters, and hot, dry summers. As spring and autumn are short, winter and summer are the main seasons. Temperatures can easily fall below −20 °C (−4 °F) in winter or rise above 35 °C (95 °F) in summer. Monthly daily averages range from −15.2 °C (4.6 °F) in January to 25.5 °C (77.9 °F) in July; the annual mean is 7.78 °C (46.0 °F).
Jinghe is served by China National Highway 312. It is a railway junction for the Northern Xinjiang, Second Ürümqi-Jinghe and Jinghe-Yining-Horgos Railways.
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Kabul
Kabul ( /ˈkɑːbəl/, /ˈkɑːbuːl/; Pashto: کابل Kābəl, IPA: [kɑˈbəl]; Persian: کابل Kābol, IPA: [kɒːˈbol]), also spelled Cabool, Caubul or Cabul, mostly in historical contexts, is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Kabul is the 5th fastest growing city in the world [2] and the world's 64th largest city [3]. It is also the capital of Kabul Province, located in the eastern section of Afghanistan. According to latest estimates, the population of the Kabul metropolitan area is over 4 million.
The city serves as the nation's cultural and learning centre, situated 1,791 metres (5,876 ft) above sea level in a narrow valley, wedged between the Hindu Kush mountains along the Kabul River. It is linked with Kandahar, Herat and Mazar-e Sharif via the circular Highway 1 that stretches across Afghanistan. It is also the start of the main road to Jalalabad and further to Peshawar, Pakistan. The Kabul International Airport is located about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the center of the city, next to the Wazir Akbar Khan neighborhood. Bagram Airfield is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Kabul.
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Kalpin County
Kalpin County (Chinese: 柯坪县, Pinyin: Kēpíng Xiàn; Uyghur: كەلپىن ناھىيىسى, ULY: Kelpin Nahiyisi, UPNY: Kelpin Nah̡iyisi?) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Aksu Prefecture. It contains an area of 8,918 km². According the 2002 census, it has a population of 40,000.
Coordinates: 40°26′36″N 79°02′28″E / 40.44333°N 79.04111°E / 40.44333; 79.04111
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Karakax County
Moyu (Karakax) County or Qaraqash County (Chinese: 墨玉县, Pinyin: Mòyù Xiàn; Uyghur: قاراقاش ناھىيىسى, ULY: Qaraqash Nahiyisi, UPNY: K̡arak̡ax Nah̡iyisi?) is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Hotan Prefecture. It contains an area of 25,667 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 420,000.
Pishan is served by China National Highway 315 and the Kashgar-Hotan Railway.
Coordinates: 37°17′N 79°42′E / 37.283°N 79.7°E / 37.283; 79.7
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Karamay
Karamay, Qaramay or Kelamayi (also: Karamai) (Uyghur: قاراماي, ULY: Qaramay, UPNY: Ⱪaramay?; simplified Chinese: 克拉玛依; traditional Chinese: 克拉瑪依; pinyin: Kèlāmǎyī) is a prefecture-level city in the north of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in northwestern China. Qaramay comes from the Uyghur language, and means "black oil". Karamay was the site of one of the worst disasters in modern Chinese history, the 12/8/94 incident, when 324 people, 288 of them school children, lost their lives in a cinema fire on 8 December 1994.
On December 8, 1994, a fire broke out in Friendship Theatre (友谊馆), Karamay, which caused the death of 325 people including 288 school children, according to official figures. Many teachers were killed while trying to protect and evacuate their students from the building, which lacked adequate safety features. A show was being organized at that moment for a number of local government officials, who managed to escape ahead of the others on spotting the fire, and were afterwards charged with neglecting their duty and received prison sentences of up to 5 years.
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Karamay District
Karamay District (Uyghur: قاراماي رايونى, ULY: Qaramay Rayoni, UPNY: K̡aramay Rayoni?) is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative jurisdiction of Karamay city. It contains an area of 5,351 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 150,000.
Coordinates: 45°36′N 84°52′E / 45.6°N 84.867°E / 45.6; 84.867
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Kargilik County
Yecheng (Kargilik) County is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Kashgar Prefecture. It contains an area of 28,600 km². According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 370,000.
Coordinates: 37°53′06″N 77°24′47″E / 37.885°N 77.41306°E / 37.885; 77.41306
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Kashgar
Kashgar or Kashi is an oasis city with approximately 350,000 residents in the western part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Kashgar is the administrative centre of Kashgar Prefecture which has an area of 162,000 km² and a population of approximately 3.5 million.
The city covers an area of 15 km². The altitude averages 1,289 m/4,282 ft. above sea level. The city is located in the western extremity of China, near the border with Tajikistan.
The modern Chinese name is 喀什 (Kāshí), a shortened form of the longer and less-frequently used (simplified Chinese: 喀什噶尔; traditional Chinese: 喀什噶爾; pinyin: Kāshígé’ěr). Ptolemy (AD 90-168), in his Geography, Chapter 15.3A, refers to Kashgar as “Kasia”. The name is Middle Iranic in its origin, meaning "Kush Mountains" (from gar/ghar, "mountain", and Kush/Kâsh, being the same as the ethnonym of the Kushan Empire and the Hindukush mountains in the neighboring Afghanistan.
An early Chinese name was 疏勒 (now Shule County), variously romanized as Su-leh, Sulei, Shule, Shu-le', She-le, Shu-lo or Sha-le, which perhaps represents either an original Solek or Sorak.[citation needed]
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Kashgar Prefecture
Kaxgar (Kashi) Prefecture or Kashgar Prefecture (simplified Chinese: 喀什地区; traditional Chinese: 喀什地區; pinyin: Kāshí Dìqū; Uyghur: قەشقەر ۋىلايىتى, ULY: Qeshqer Wilayiti, UPNY: K̡əxk̡ər Vilayiti?; also spelled Kashgar) is located in mid-western Xinjiang, China. It has an area of 112,057 km² and 3,979,362 inhabitants at the 2010 cenus with a population density of 36 inhabitants/km² ).
The capital of the prefecture is the city of Kashgar which has 400,225' inhabitants in its built up area.
Coordinates: 39°27′00″N 75°58′59″E / 39.450°N 75.983°E / 39.450; 75.983
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Keriya County
The Keriya (Kériye) County (Chinese: 于田县, Pinyin: Yútián Xiàn; Uyghur: كېرىيە ناھىيىسى, ULY: Kériye Nahiyisi, UPNY: Keriyə Nah̡iyisi?) is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Hotan Prefecture. It contains an area of 39,023 km². According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 220,000. Its government is located at Keriya Town.
Coordinates: 36°52′N 81°42′E / 36.867°N 81.7°E / 36.867; 81.7
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Khanate of Kokand
The Khanate of Kokand (Persian: خانات خوقند) was a state in Central Asia that existed from 1709–1876 within the territory of modern Kyrgyzistan, eastern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and southeastern Kazakhstan. The name of the city and the khanate is also often spelled as Khoqand in modern scholarly literature.
The Khanate of Kokand was established in 1709 when the Shaybanid emir Shahrukh of the Minglar Uzbeks declared independence from the Khanate of Bukhara, establishing a state in the eastern part of the Fergana Valley. He built a citadel to be his capital in the small town of Kokand, thus starting the Khanate of Kokand.
His son Abd al-Karim and grandson Narbuta Beg enlarged the citadel. However, both Abd al-Karim and Narbuta Beg were forced to submit as protectorate and pay tribute to the Qing dynasty in China between 1774 and 1798.
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Kokand
Kokand (Uzbek: Qo‘qon / Қўқон; Tajik: Хӯқанд; Persian: خوقند; Chagatai: خوقند; Russian: Коканд) is a city in Fergana Province in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southwestern edge of the Fergana Valley. It has a population of 192,500 (1999 census estimate). Kokand is 228 km (142 mi) southeast of Tashkent, 115 km (71 mi) west of Andijan, and 88 km (55 mi) west of Fergana. It is nicknamed “City of Winds”, or sometimes “Town of the Boar".
Kokand is on the crossroads of the ancient trade routes, at the junction of two main routes into the Fergana Valley, one leading northwest over the mountains to Tashkent, and the other west through Khujand. As a result, Kokand is the main transportation junction in the Fergana Valley.
Kokand has existed since at least the 10th century, under the name of Khavakend and was frequently mentioned in traveler’s accounts of the caravan route between India and China. The Mongols destroyed Kokand in the 13th century.
The present city began as a fort in 1732 on the site of another older fortress called Eski-Kurgan. In 1740, it became the capital of an Uzbek kingdom, the Khanate of Kokand, which reached as far as Kyzylorda to the west and Bishkek to the northeast. Kokand was also the major religious center of the Fergana Valley, boasting more than 300 mosques.
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Korla
Korla, Kurla, or Kuerle (Mongolian: ᠬᠣᠷᠣᠯ; simplified Chinese: 库尔勒; traditional Chinese: 庫爾勒; pinyin: Kù'ěrlè; Uyghur: Kroraina, lit. Krorain) is a mid-sized city in central Xinjiang. Korla is the capital of the Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, which is larger than France and is the largest prefecture in China. Korla is known for its "fragrant" pears.
Korla is approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) southwest from Ürümqi, although travelling by road the distance is more than 500 kilometres (310 mi). Coordinates: 41°39′N 86°08′E / 41.65°N 86.133°E / 41.65; 86.133
The Iron Gate Pass (Tiemen Pass) leading to Karashahr is about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of the city and, as it was easily defended, playing an important part in protecting the ancient Silk Roads from raiding nomads from the north.
The Kaidu River also known as Konqi River or Kongque River flows through the center of Korla, a unique feature amongst cities in Xinjiang. Often mistranslated as "Peacock River", the Chinese word "kongque" is actually a transliteration of the Uyghur word "konqi", meaning "an abundance of water".
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Kucha
Kucha or Kuche (also: Kuçar, Kuchar) Uyghur (كۇچار), Chinese Simplified: 库车; Traditional: 庫車; pinyin Kùchē; also romanized as Qiuzi, Qiuci, Chiu-tzu, Kiu-che, Kuei-tzu from the traditional Chinese forms 屈支 屈茨; 龜玆; 龟兹, 丘玆, also Po (bai in pinyin?); Sanskrit: Kucina, Standard Tibetan: Kutsahiyui was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the northern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin and south of the Muzat River. (The area lies in present day Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, China; Kuqa City itself is the county seat of that prefecture's Kuqa County). Its population was given as 74,632 in 1990.
According to the Book of Han, Kucha was the largest of the 'Thirty-six kingdoms of the Western Regions,' with a population of 81,317, including 21,076 persons able to bear arms. During the periods of Tang domination during the Early Middle Ages, the city of Kucha was usually one of the 'Four Garrisons' of An-hsi (Anxi) the 'Pacified West'., typically the capital of it. During periods of Tibetan domination it was usually at least semi-independent. It fell under Uighur domination and became an important center of the later Uighur Kingdom after the Kirghiz destruction of the Uighur steppe empire in 840.
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Kumul Prefecture
Kumul (Hami) Prefecture (simplified Chinese: 哈密地区; pinyin: Hāmì Dìqū; Uyghur: قۇمۇل ۋىلايىتى, ULY: Qumul Wilayiti, UPNY: K̡umul Vilayiti?) is located in eastern Xinjiang, China. It has an area of 140,749 km² and 492,096 inhabitants (2000).
The Ming Dynasty established this region as Kumul (Hami) Prefecture in 1404 after the Mongol kingdom Qara Del accepted its supremacy. But it was later controlled by Oirat Mongols. Since the 18th century, Kumul became the center of the Kumul Khanate, a semi-autonomous vassal state within the Qing Empire and the Republic of China as part of Xinjiang. The last ruler of the khanate was Maqsud Shah.
Of its inhabitants, 68.95% are Han, 18.42% are Uyghur, 8.76% are Kazakh, 2.97% are Hui, with the remainder belonging to other nationalities.
A newly discovered nickel mine in Hami is estimated to contain reserves of over 15.8 million tons of the metal, it therefore ranks as China's second largest nickel mine. Around 900,000 tons of nickel has already been detected.
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Kunming
Kunming (Chinese: 昆明, pinyin: Kūnmíng; UN/LOCODE:CNKMG) is the capital and largest city of Yunnan (云南) Province in Southwest China. It was known as Yunnan-Fou (云南府, Yúnnánfǔ) until the 1920s. A prefecture-level city, it is the political, economic, communications and cultural centre of Yunnan, and is the seat of the provincial government. It is also home to several universities, museums, galleries and other important economic, cultural, and educational institutions. The headquarters of many of Yunnan's large businesses are in Kunming as well. It was important during World War II as a Chinese military center, American air base, and transport terminus for the Burma Road. Located in the middle of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Kunming is located at an altitude of 1,900 m above sea level and at a latitude just north of the Tropic of Cancer. It covers an area of 21,473 square kilometres (8,291 sq mi) and its urban area covers 2,081 km2 (803 sq mi). Kunming has population of 6,432,212 including 3,055,000 in the urban area and is located at the northern edge of the large Lake Dian, surrounded by temples and lake-and-limestone hill landscapes.
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Kuqa County
The Kuqa County (simplified Chinese: 库车县; traditional Chinese: 庫車縣; pinyin: Kùchē Xian; Uyghur: كۇچا ناھىيىسى, ULY: Kucha Nahiyisi, UPNY: Kuqa Nah̡iyisi?) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Aksu Prefecture. It contains an area of 15,200 km². According the 2002 census, it has a population of 450,000. It was once the home of an ancient Buddhist Kingdom of Kucha.
The county is located at the southern periphery of the Tian Shan range, the northern portion of the Tarim Basin, and the centre of the autonomous region. It occupies part of the eastern portion of Aksu Prefecture, bordering Xinhe County, Xayar County, and Luntai County, Heiing County, and Lopnur County in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Region.
Kuqa County was 9 towns and 6 townships under its administration, including Kuqa City, Wuqia Town, Alakaga Town, Yaha Town, Uzun Township, Bixibage Township, Agger Township. etc.
Kuqa has a continental desert climate (Koppen BWk), with an average annual temperature of 11.4 °C (52.5 °F). The average annual rainfall is 74.6 millimetres (2.94 in) and the frost-free period lasts for 266 days on average.
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Kuytun
Kuytun or Kuitun (Chinese: 奎屯; pinyin: Kuítún) is a county-level city with about 285,000 residents (2000 census) in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang. Kuitun is located between Wusu and Shihezi on the railway from Ürümqi to Kazakhstan, close to a desert.
The city was historically associated with the Seventh Agricultural Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, which had run it until 1975, and still continues to administer the county-level city's Tianbei New District.
Local industries include food processing and textile industries, as well as Kuitun Power Plant.
Kuytun is served by China National Highway 312. It is a railway junction for the Northern Xinjiang, Second Ürümqi-Jinghe and Kuytun-Beitun Railways.
Coordinates: 44°25′N 85°00′E / 44.417°N 85°E / 44.417; 85
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Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan (
/ˈkɜrɡɨstæn/ KUR-gi-stan;Kyrgyz & Russian: Кыргызстан, Kyrgyzstan, or Киргизия, Kirgiziya), officially the Kyrgyz Republic is a nation located in Central Asia. Landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek.
Kyrgyzstan is officially a democratic parliamentary republic. A revolution in April 2010 overthrew the former president Kurmanbek Bakiyev and resulted in the adoption of a new constitution and the appointment of an interim government. Presidential elections were held in November 2011.
Kyrgyzstan is one of the active members of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community. The national language, Kyrgyz, is also closely related to the other Turkic languages, with which it shares strong cultural and historical ties.
Additionally, Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Non-aligned movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
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Künes County
Xinyuan (Künes) (Chinese: 新源县; Pinyin: Xīnyuán Xiàn) is a county situated within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 7,581 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 290,000.
Coordinates: 43°27′04″N 83°08′52″E / 43.45111°N 83.14778°E / 43.45111; 83.14778
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Lanzhou
Lanzhou (simplified Chinese: 兰州; traditional Chinese: 蘭州; pinyin: Lánzhōu; Postal map spelling: Lanchow) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. A prefecture-level city, it is a key regional transportation hub, allowing areas further west to maintain railroad connections to the eastern half of the country. Lanzhou is home to 3,616,163 inhabitants at the 2010 census and 2,177,130 in the built-up area (urban) on 1,088 km².
Originally in the territory of the Western Qiang peoples, Lanzhou became part of the territory of Qin (state) in the 6th century BC.
In 81 BC, under the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), it was taken from the Huns' Huandi Chanyu and made the seat of Jincheng commandery (jùn), and later of the Jincheng county (xiàn), later renamed Yunwu. The city used to be called the Golden City, and since at least the first millennium BC it was a major link on the ancient Northern Silk Road, and also an important historic Yellow River crossing site. To protect the city, the Great Wall of China was extended as far as Yumen.
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Lhasa
Lhasa ( /ˈlɑːsə/, Tibetan: ལྷ་ས་གྲོང་ཁྱིར།, ZYPY: Lhasa Chongkyir, [l̥ásə] or [l̥ɜ́ːsə]; simplified Chinese: 拉萨; traditional Chinese: 拉薩; pinyin: Lāsà; sometimes spelled Lasa) is the administrative capital and a prefecture-level city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. It is the second most populous city on the Tibetan Plateau, after Xining, and at an altitude of 3,490 metres (11,450 ft), Lhasa is one of the highest cities in the world. The city contains many culturally significant Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang temple and Norbulingka palaces, many of which are located in Chengguan District, the city seat.
Lhasa literally means "place of the gods". Ancient Tibetan documents and inscriptions demonstrate that the place was called Rasa, which either meant "goats' place", or, as a contraction of rawe sa, a "place surrounded by a wall," or 'enclosure', suggesting that the site was originally a hunting preserve within the royal residence on Marpori Hill. Lhasa is first recorded as the name, referring to the area's temple of Jowo, in a treaty drawn up between China and Tibet in 822 C.E.
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Liangjiang New Area
Liangjiang (Chinese: 兩江; pinyin: Liǎngjiāng), officially known as Liangjiang New Area (simplified Chinese: 两江新区; traditional Chinese: 两江新區; pinyin: Liǎngjiāng Xīn Qū) is a new economic development situated in the municipality of Chongqing, China. The area covers 1,205 square kilometres combining part of Jiangbei District, Yubei District, and Beibei District. After Shanghai Pudong New Area and Tianjin Binhai New Area, China’s only inland and third sub-provincial new area –Chongqing Liangjiang New Area – was set up with the approval of the State Council on June 16, 2010, the 13th anniversary since Chongqing being China’s 4th municipality. Liangjiang New Area, located in the main urban districts of Chongqing, north of the Yangtze River and east of the Jialing River covers 1,200 square kilometers, of which 550 square kilometers is available for construction and composed of Jiangbei, Yubei and Beibei administrative district, the North New Zone and China’s first inland bonded zone, Lianglu Cuntan Bonded Port Area. Chongqing Liangjiang New Area Development & Investment Group Co., Ltd. is in charge of constructing the industrial parks.
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Lianyungang
Lianyungang (simplified Chinese: 连云港; traditional Chinese: 連雲港; pinyin: Liányúngǎng) is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Jiangsu province, People's Republic of China. It borders Yancheng to its southeast, Huai'an and Suqian to its south, Xuzhou to its southwest, and the province of Shandong to its north. Its name derives from Lian Island (formally Dongxilian Island) the largest island in Jiangsu Province which lies off its coastline, and Yuntai Mountain, the highest peak in Jiangsu Province, a few miles from its town center, and the fact that it is a port.
Lianyungang (as Yuntai Mountain) was known in the West as Haichow (Wade-Giles romanization). This was one of the four original ports opened up for foreign trade in the 1680s by the Qing Dynasty Government. The others were Ningbo, Xiamen and Guangzhou.
Lianyungang is situated between 118°24' and 119°48' east longitude and 34°11' and 35°07' north latitude. Lianyungang covers an area of 7,777 km².
The temperature in Lianyungang can reach average highs of 30°C in the summer and drop to as low as -4°C in the winter. The vast majority of precipitation occurs between June and August, where it can measure up to 278mm of rainfall on average. Winter precipitation is quite low, making snowfall both rare and short-lived.
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Lop County
The Lop County (Uyghur: لوپ ناھىيىسى, ULY: Lop Nahiyisi, UPNY: Lop Nah̡iyisi?) is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Khotan Prefecture. It contains an area of 14,264 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 240,000.
Coordinates: 37°01′N 80°16′E / 37.017°N 80.267°E / 37.017; 80.267
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Luntai County
The Luntai (Bügür) Country (simplified Chinese: 轮台县; traditional Chinese: 輪台縣; pinyin: Lúntái Xiàn) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 14,189 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 90,000.
Luntai has a long history associated with China. During the beginning of the Sino-Xiongnu War, the armies of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) conquered and subjugated Bügür as part of a larger Central Asian campaign.
Coordinates: 41°46′N 84°10′E / 41.767°N 84.167°E / 41.767; 84.167
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Luoyang
Luoyang (simplified Chinese: 洛阳; traditional Chinese: 洛陽; pinyin: Luòyáng; Postal map spelling: Loyang; IPA: [lwɔ̂jɑ̌ŋ]) is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province of Central China. It borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, Jiyuan to the north, and Jiaozuo to the northeast.
Situated on the central plain of China, one of the cradles of the Chinese civilization, Luoyang was one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China.
The origin of the name "Luoyang" is the city's location to the north side ("yang") of the Luo River. The river flows from west to east and the sun is on south of the river, so that the sun shine is always on north side of the river. Luoyang has had several names over the centuries, including "Luoyi" (洛邑) and "Luozhou (洛州)", though Luoyang has been its primary name. It has been called, during various periods, "Dongdu" (东都, meaning the Eastern Capital, during the Tang Dynasty), "Xijing" (西京, meaning the West Capital, during the Song Dynasty), or "Jingluo" (京洛, meaning the general capital for China).
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Macau
Coordinates: 22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.55°E / 22.167; 113.55
Macau (Chinese: 澳門), also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong-Kong which is to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing.
Macau is a former Portuguese colony, and is both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Macau was first lent by the Chinese empire as a trading port in the 16th century, and had to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. In 1887, Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire and its sovereignty transferred to the Portuguese.
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Makit County
Makit County is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Kashgar Prefecture. It contains an area of 10,927 km². According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 200,000.
Coordinates: 38°54′12″N 77°40′08″E / 38.90333°N 77.66889°E / 38.90333; 77.66889
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Manas County
Manas County ((simplified Chinese: 玛纳斯县; traditional Chinese: 瑪納斯縣; pinyin: Mǎnàsī Xiàn; Wade–Giles: Ma-na-szŭ Hsien); Uyghur: ماناس ناھىيىسى, ULY: Manas Nahiyisi, UPNY: Manas Nah̡iyisi?) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 9,174 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 170,000.
The county seat is the old town of Manas (玛纳斯), located on the Manasi River just east of Shihezi.
Manas is served by China National Highway 312, the Northern Xinjiang and the Second Ürümqi-Jinghe Railways.
Coordinates: 44°18′N 86°13′E / 44.3°N 86.217°E / 44.3; 86.217
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Maralbexi County
Bachu (Maralwexi) County or Maralbexi County is located in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China and is under the administration of the Kashgar Prefecture. It contains an area of 118,360 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 380,000.
Bachu is served by the Southern Xinjiang Railway.
Coordinates: 39°46′43″N 78°34′30″E / 39.77861°N 78.575°E / 39.77861; 78.575
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Merv
Merv (Persian: مرو, Marv), formerly Achaemenid Satrapy of Margiana, and later Alexandria and Antiochia in Margiana (Greek: Αντιόχεια της Μαργιανής), was a major oasis-city in Central Asia, on the historical Silk Road, located near today's Mary in Turkmenistan. Several cities have existed on this site, which is significant for the interchange of culture and politics at a site of major strategic value. It is claimed that Merv was briefly the largest city in the world in the 12th century. The site of ancient Merv has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. (See List of World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan)
Merv's origins are prehistoric: archaeological surveys have revealed many survivals of village life as far back as the 3rd millennium BC. Under the name of Mouru, Merv is mentioned with Bakhdi (Balkh) in the geography of the Zend-Avesta (commentaries on the Avesta). Under the Achaemenid dynasty Merv is mentioned as being a place of some importance: under the name of Margu it occurs as part of one of the satrapies in the Behistun inscriptions (ca 515 BC) of the Persian monarch Darius Hystaspis. The ancient city appears to have been re-founded by Cyrus the Great (559 - 530 BC), but the Achaemenid levels are deeply covered by later strata at the site. (See also Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex.)
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Midong District
Midong District (Pinyin: Mǐdōng Qū Uyghur: میدونگ رايونى, ULY: Midong Rayoni, UPNY: Midong Rayoni?) is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative jurisdiction of the Ürümqi City.
In 2007, the former Dongshan District (244 km2, population of 100,000 (2002 Census)) was merged with the Miquan (formerly part of Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture) to form the Midong district. It now contains 3408 km2 and a population of 296,000.
Coordinates: 43°48′N 87°35′E / 43.8°N 87.583°E / 43.8; 87.583
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Minfeng County
The Minfeng (Niye) County (Uyghur: نىيە ناھىيىسى, ULY: Niye Nahiyisi, UPNY: Niyə Nah̡iyisi?) is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Khotan Prefecture. It contains an area of 56,726 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 30,000.
The county seat is in the town of Niya, which is often referred to by the county name (Minfeng) as well.
Coordinates: 37°04′N 82°46′E / 37.067°N 82.767°E / 37.067; 82.767
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Nanchang
Nanchang (Chinese: 南昌; pinyin: Nánchāng) is the capital of Jiangxi Province in southeastern China. It is located in the north-central portion of the province. As it is bounded on the west by the Jiuling Mountains, and on the east by Poyang Lake, it is famous for its scenery, rich history and cultural sites. Owing to its central location relative to the Yangtze and Pearl River Delta regions, it is a major railroad hub in Southern China.
The modern Jiangxi area – including Nanchang – was first incorporated into Chinese territory during the Qin dynasty, when it was conquered from the Baiyue peoples and organized as Jiujiang Commandery (Chinese: 九江郡). In 201 BC, during the Han dynasty, the city was given the Chinese name Nanchang and became the administrative seat of Yuzhang Commandery (Chinese: 豫章郡), and was governed by Guan Ying (Chinese: 灌嬰), one of Emperor Gaozu of Han's generals. The name Nanchang means "southern flourishing", and is from a motto of developing what is now southern China that is traditionally attributed to Emperor Gaozu himself.
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Nanjing
Nanjing (Chinese: 南京; pinyin: Nánjīng; Wade–Giles: Nan-ching) is the capital of Jiangsu province in China and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China on several occasions. Its present name means "Southern Capital" and was widely romanized as Nankin and Nanking until the Pinyin language reform, after which Nanjing was gradually adopted as the standard spelling of the city's name in most languages that use the Roman alphabet.
Located in the lower Yangtze River drainage basin and Yangtze River Delta economic zone, Nanjing has long been one of China's most important cities. It is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. It was the capital of Sun Quan's Wu during the Three Kingdoms Period and the capital of the Republic of China prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has long been a national center of education, research, transport networks, and tourism. The city will host the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics.
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Nanning
Nanning (simplified Chinese: 南宁; traditional Chinese: 南寧; pinyin: Nánníng, Zhuang: Namzningz, meaning 'South Tranquility') is the capital of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in southern China. It is known as the "Green City" because of its abundance of lush tropical foliage.
A county seat called Jinxing was first established at the site in AD 318. This became the administrative seat of a commandery. Nanning was once the territory of the Baiyue people and became the capital of Jinxing Prefecture which was separated from Yulin Prefecture of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
In 589 the Jinxing commandery was dissolved, and the county was renamed Xuanhua. Under the Tang dynasty (618–907) the prefecture of Yong (邕州Yongzhou) was established there; it was garrisoned to control the non-Chinese districts in Guangxi and on the Yunnan–Guizhou provincial border. In the mid-9th century the Tang and the Yunnan state of Nanzhao fought over it, and after 861 it was briefly occupied by Nanzhao. It remained a frontier prefecture throughout the Song dynasty (960–1279), being the scene of a rebellion led by Nong Zhigao in 1052 and thereafter a garrison town.
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Nantong
Nantong (Chinese: 南通; pinyin: Nántōng; former names: Nan-t'ung, Nantung, Tongzhou, or Tungchow; Qihai dialect: [nie tʰoŋ]) is a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu province, People's Republic of China. Located on the northern bank of the Yangtze River, near the river mouth, Nantong is a vital river port bordering Yancheng to the north, Taizhou to the west, Suzhou and Shanghai to the south across the river, and the East China Sea to the east. The population is 7,282,835 at the 2010 census whom 1,994,708 live in the built up area made of 3 urban districts.
The prefecture-level city of Nantong administers 8 county-level divisions, including 3 districts and 3 county-level cities and 2 counties.
These are further divided into 146 township-level divisions.
Because the coast of the East China Sea is constantly moving eastward as the Yangtze River adds silt to its delta, the distance between Nantong and the seashore is getting farther than the one in ancient times. From the time of the Han dynasty through to the Tang dynasty, what is now called Nantong was a minor county subordinate to Yangzhou. By 958 AD a city of sufficient importance had developed for a new, independent prefecture called Tongzhou ("Opening Prefecture", possibly from its position near the mouth of the Yangtse) to be created. The increasing wealth of Yangzhou caused Tongzhou to be once again eclipsed as an administrative centre in 1368. When Tongzhou finally regained prefecture status in 1724, it was renamed Nantong ("Southern Tong") to avoid confusion with another Tongzhou, located near Beijing.
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Nilka County
The Nilka County is a county situated within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 10,121 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 150,000.
Coordinates: 43°47′00″N 82°23′54″E / 43.7833°N 82.3983°E / 43.7833; 82.3983
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Ningbo
Ningbo (Chinese: 宁波; pinyin: Níngbō (help·info); Ningbo dialect: Nyin-poh/Nyin-pou (help·info)) is a seaport city in the northeast of Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. Holding sub-provincial administrative status and separate state-planning status, as of the 2010 census, the municipality has a population of 7,605,700 inhabitants, 3,491,000 of whom reside in the urban area which comprises 6 districts. It lies south of the Hangzhou Bay, facing the East China Sea to the east. Ningbo borders Shaoxing to the west and Taizhou to the south, and is separated from Zhoushan by a narrow body of water.
The first character in the city's name (宁 or 寧) means "serene", while its second character (波) translates to "waves". Together, the name literally means "Serene Waves". The city is abbreviated Yǒng (甬), after the Yong Hill (甬山), a prominent coastal hill near the city, like the Yong River (甬江) that flows through Ningbo. The abbreviation Ning is used more commonly for Nanjing.
It was once named "明州" (Míngzhōu). The character Ming (明) was composed by two parts, representing two lakes inside the city wall, i.e., the Sun Lake (日湖) and the Moon Lake (月湖), but only Moon Lake remains.
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Osh
Osh (Kyrgyz: Ош) is the second largest city in Kyrgyzstan, located in the Fergana Valley in the south of the country and often referred to as the "capital of the south". The city is at least 3,000 years old, and has served as the administrative center of Osh Province since 1939. The city has an ethnically mixed population of about 220,000 (in 2003), comprising Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Russians, Tajiks, and other smaller ethnic groups.
Osh is a lively place, with the largest and most crowded outdoor market in all of Central Asia. The city's industrial base, established during the Soviet period, largely collapsed after the break-up of the Soviet Union and has started to revive only gradually. The proximity of the Uzbek border, which cuts through historically linked territories and settlements, deprives Osh of much of its former hinterland and presents a serious obstacle to trade and economic development. Daily flights link Osh - and hence the southern part of Kyrgyzstan - to Bishkek and the north, and the recent upgrading of the long and arduous road through the mountains to Bishkek has greatly improved communications.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (
i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Peyziwat County
Jiashi (Payzawat) County or Peyziwat County (Uyghur: پەيزاۋات ناھىيىسى, ULY: Peyzavat Nahiyesi, UPNY: Pəyzavat Nah̡iyisi?Chinese: 伽师县 pinyin: Gāshīxiàn) (also sometimes spelled as Faizabad or Fayzawat) is a county level administration of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of Kashgar Prefecture. It contains an area of 6,528 km². According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 320,000. The administrative center of Peyzawat County is a village of the same name.
Peyziwat County was established in July 1902. In 1981 there was a brief pro-independence rebellion in the county staged by Uyghur activists. In 1997 there were a series of deadly earthquakes in the county.
The region is also sometimes called "Faizabad" in historic literature.
Map of Payzawat at Google Maps
Coordinates: 39°29′18″N 76°42′45″E / 39.48833°N 76.7125°E / 39.48833; 76.7125
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Piqan County
Shanshan (Piqan) County (Chinese: 鄯善县; pinyin: Shànshàn Xiàn; Uyghur: پىچان ناھىيىسى, ULY: Pichan Nahiyisi, UPNY: Piqan Nah̡iyisi?) is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative jurisdiction of the Hami Prefecture. It contains an area of 39,548 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 210,000.
On January 6, 2009, five well-preserved mummies of ethnic Han men who lived during the Qing Dynasty were excavated at a construction site near the Flaming Mountains in the county .
Shanshan is served by China National Highway 312 and the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway.
Coordinates: 42°52′N 90°10′E / 42.867°N 90.167°E / 42.867; 90.167
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Pishan County
The Pishan (Guma) County (Uyghur: گۇما ناھىيىسى, ULY: Guma Nahiyisi, UPNY: Guma Nah̡iyisi?) is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Hotan Prefecture. It contains an area of 39,412 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 220,000. Pishan was the site of the 2011 Pishan hostage crisis.
Coordinates: 37°38′N 78°19′E / 37.633°N 78.317°E / 37.633; 78.317
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Poskam County
Zepu (Poskam) County is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Kashgar Prefecture. It contains an area of 985 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 180,000.
Poksam is served by China National Highway 315 and the Kashgar-Hotan Railway.
Coordinates: 38°11′44″N 77°16′20″E / 38.19556°N 77.27222°E / 38.19556; 77.27222
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Pudong
Pudong (Chinese: 浦东; pinyin: Pǔdōng, lit "Huangpu East Bank") is an area of Shanghai, China, located along the east side of the Huangpu River, across from the historic city center of Shanghai in Puxi. Formerly a little-developed agricultural area linked only by ferries, Pudong has grown rapidly since the 1990s and emerged as China's financial and commercial hub. It is principally administered as the Pudong New Area, a district of Shanghai.
Pudong is home to the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and the Shanghai Stock Exchange and many of Shanghai's best-known buildings, such as the Oriental Pearl Tower, the Jin Mao Building, the Shanghai World Financial Center. It is also the site of the future Shanghai Tower. These modern skyscrapers face directly across from Puxi's historic Bund, the remnant of Shanghai's former concessions.
Pudong refers to the land in the east of Huangpu River. Originally, the area was mainly farmland and countryside with some warehouses and wharfs near the shore. The parts closest to Puxi were administered by its districts, including Huangpu, Yangpu, and the former Nanshi District. The rest of the area was administered by Chuansha County.
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Qiemo County
Coordinates: 38°08′09″N 85°31′48″E / 38.13583°N 85.53°E / 38.13583; 85.53
The Qiemo (Qarqan) County (Chinese: 且末), also known as Cherchen County in the Uighur language, is a county under the administration of the Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Its area is 138,645 square kilometres (53,531 sq mi) and, according to the 2002 census, it has a population of 60,000. The county seat is at Qiemo Town.
"Qiemo 且末 = modern Cherchen or Charchan (Uighur: Qarqan). There has been some confusion about this name as Chavannes (1907), p. 156, and then Stein (1921a), Vol. I, 296 ff., gave an incorrect romanization for the first character (Chavannes, using the French EFEO romanization system, gave tsiu, and Stein used the Wade-Giles equivalent, chü). In fact, the character is correctly rendered k’ie in EFEO, ch’ieh in Wade-Giles and qie in pinyin. Nevertheless, there has never been any serious dispute about its identification with modern Cherchen."
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Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.
The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in contemporary Northeastern China. The Aisin Gioro leader, Nurhachi, who was originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, began unifying the Jurchen clans in the late sixteenth century. By 1635, Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji could claim they constituted a single and united Manchu people and began forcing the Ming out of Liaoning in southern Manchuria. In 1644, the Ming capital Beijing was sacked by a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell. When Li Zicheng moved against Ming general Wu Sangui, the latter made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Manchurian army. Under Prince Dorgon, they seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li Zicheng's short-lived Shun Dynasty. Complete pacification of China was accomplished around 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor.
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Qingdao
Qingdao (help·info) (Chinese: 青岛; pinyin: Qīngdǎo; Mandarin pronunciation: [tɕʰíŋtɑ̀ʊ̯]; German: Tsingtau) also known in the West by its postal map spelling Tsingtao, is a major city with a population of over 8.715 million (2010 census) in eastern Shandong province, Eastern China. Its built up area, made of 7 urban districts plus Jimo city, is home to about 4,346,000 inhabitants in 2010.
It borders Yantai to the northeast, Weifang to the west and Rizhao to the southwest. The character 青 (qīng) in Chinese means "green" or "lush", while the character 岛 (dǎo) means "island". Qingdao is administered at the sub-provincial level.
Lying across the Shandong Peninsula while looking out to the Yellow Sea, Qingdao is a major seaport, naval base, and industrial centre. It is also the site of the Tsingtao Brewery. The world's longest sea bridge, the Qingdao Haiwan Bridge, links the main urban area of Qingdao with Huangdao district, straddling the Jiaozhou Bay sea areas. In 2009, Qingdao was named China's most livable city.
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Qinggil County
Qinghe (Qinggil) County (Chinese: 青河县; Pinyin: Qīnghé Xiàn) is a county situated in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China and is under the administration of the Altay Prefecture. It has an area of 15,722 km² with a population of 60,000. The Postcode is 836200. Qinghe was the site of a meteorite impact in 1898 and a Mongolian-Chinese border clash in the spring of 1944.
Coordinates: 46°37′N 90°25′E / 46.617°N 90.417°E / 46.617; 90.417
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Qinhuangdao
Qinhuangdao is a port city in northeastern Hebei province of North China. It is about 300 km east of Beijing, on the Bohai Sea, the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea.
Its population during the 2010 census was 2,987,605, with 820,800 living in the built-up area of 3 urban counties.
In the 19th century, Qinhuangdao included the separate towns of Chinwangtao and Tangho. Both were stations along the Peking–Mukden Railway. The design and construction of the new harbour and port of Ching Wang Tao in the Gulf of Pechili was undertaken by the partnership of Sir John Wolfe-Barry and Lt Col Arthur John Barry at the turn of the 20th century.
Qinhuangdao sits on the northwest coast of the Bohai Sea and borders Tangshan to the southwest, Chengde to the northwest, and Liaoning province to the northeast. Its administrative area ranges in latitude 39° 24' to 40° 37' N and in longitude from 118° 33' to 119° 51' E, and has a total area of 7,812.4 square kilometres (3,016.4 sq mi).
Since the elevation of Tianjin to a provincial-level municipality, Qinhuangdao is the chief port of Hebei province. The Qin emperor Qin Shi Huang is said to have sought immortality on an island in the Haigang district, but did not find it.
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Qionghai
Qionghai (simplified Chinese: 琼海; traditional Chinese: 瓊海; pinyin: Qiónghǎi) is one of the 7 county-level cities of Hainan province, People's Republic of China. It is located in the east of the island at the mouth of the Wanquan River, 86 kilometres (53 mi) from the provincial capital of Haikou. It has an area of 1,692 square kilometres (653 sq mi) and in 2010, it had a population of 483,217.
The seat of government is at Jiaji (simplified Chinese: 嘉积; traditional Chinese: 嘉積; pinyin: Jiājī), previously Jiaji Town (simplified Chinese: 嘉积镇; traditional Chinese: 嘉積鎮; pinyin: Jiājī-zhèn), often now referred to simply as Qionghai. Bo'ao, seat of the Boao Forum for Asia, belongs to Qionghai city.
Qionghai has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am).Monsoonal influences are strong, with a relatively lengthy wet season and a pronounced dry season (January to March). Rainfall is heaviest and most frequent from August to October, when typhoons may strike, and is otherwise still common throughout the year, averaging an annual total of 2,060 millimetres (81 in). Humidity is consistently very high.
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Qiqihar
Qiqihar (simplified Chinese: 齐齐哈尔; traditional Chinese: 齊齊哈爾; pinyin: Qíqíhāěr; Manchu: Cicigar ᠴᡳᠴᡳᡤᠠᡵ; formerly Tsitsihar) is a major city in the Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China. The municipal area has 1,514,188 inhabitants, while the total population of the prefecture-level city is 5,367,003 at the 2010 census. These are mainly Han Chinese, though the city is also home to thirty-four minorities including Manchu, Daur, and Mongolians. Close to Qiqihar are numerous wetlands and the Zhalong Nature Reserve, famous in China for being home to numerous red-crowned cranes.
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Qira County
The Qira (Chira) County (Uyghur: چىرا ناھىيىسى, ULY: Chira Nahiyisi, UPNY: Qira Nah̡iyisi?) is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Hotan Prefecture. It contains an area of 31,590 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 130,000.
Coordinates: 37°02′N 80°53′E / 37.033°N 80.883°E / 37.033; 80.883
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Qitai County
Coordinates: 44°01′N 89°35′E / 44.017°N 89.583°E / 44.017; 89.583
The Qitai County (simplified Chinese: 奇台县; traditional Chinese: 奇台縣; pinyin: Qitai Xian; Uyghur: گۇچۇڭ ناھىيىسى, ULY: Guchung Nahiyisi, UPNY: Guqung Nah̡iyisi?), also known as Gucheng (古城), is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China and is under the administration of the Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 16,641 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 230,000. The town which acts as the administrative centre of the county is also called Qitai.
Located on one of the main routes of the Silk Road, the old Gucheng (often referred in the European writing of the past as "Ku Ch'eng-tze" etc., using Wade-Giles or Postal Romanization systems), was the western terminal for one of the caravan routes across the Gobi Desert. Owen Lattimore in The Desert Road to Turkestan leaves an account of his travel along this route in 1926-27.
"Under the special circumstances of the caravan trade, camel traffic usually overshoots Hami [“the most easterly point on the arterial cart roads of Chinese Turkestan”], going on all the way to Ku Ch’eng-tze. This is partly because the pastures near Ku Ch’eng-tze are more adequate to caravan needs, but still more because, transport being cheaper by camel than by cart, it is to the advantage of merchants to have their goods carried as far as possible by caravan."
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Ruoqiang County
Ruoqiang (Qarkilik) County (simplified Chinese: 若羌县; traditional Chinese: 若羌縣; pinyin: Ruòqiāng Xiàn, historically known as Charkliq, Chaqiliq, or Qakilik, Uyghur: چاقىلىق ناھىيىسى, ULY: Chaqiliq Nahiyisi) is a county of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in Western China and is under the administration of the Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 198,318 square kilometres (76,571 sq mi), making it the largest county-level division in China.[citation needed]
As of 2005, the county had a population of 31,877, with 18,957 (59.5%) of them having Han ethnicity, while Uyghurs numbered 11,761 (36.9%).
The county seat is in Ruoqiang Town. This is the location which less-detailed maps will label as "Ruoqiang". It is at an altitude of 848 metres (2,782 ft).
The Kingdom of Charklik was located in what is today Ruoqiang County.
The Charkhlik Revolt took place here in 1935 when Uyghurs revolted against the Hui-dominated Tunganistan, which was controlled by the 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army). The Uyghurs were defeated.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Pre-reform Russian orthography: Россійская Имперія, Modern Russian: Российская Империя, translit: Rossiyskaya Imperiya) was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the short-lived Russian Republic, which was succeeded by the Soviet Union. It was one of the largest empires in world history, surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires: at one point in 1866, it stretched from eastern Europe across Asia and into North America.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean and into North America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third largest population of the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. Like all empires, it represented a large disparity in economic, ethnic and religious positions. Its government, ruled by the Emperor, was the last absolute monarchy in Europe at the time of its demise.
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Samarkand
Coordinates: 39°39′15″N 66°57′35″E / 39.65417°N 66.95972°E / 39.65417; 66.95972
Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд; Persian: سمرقند; Uzbek: Samarqand; from Sogdian: "Stone Fort" or "Rock Town") is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane) and is the site of his mausoleum (the Gur-e Amir). The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. The Registan was the ancient center of the city.
In 2001, UNESCO added the city to its World Heritage List as Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures.
The city was known by an abbreviated name of Marakanda when Alexander the Great took it in 332BC. There are various theories of how Marakanda evolved into Samarkanda/Samarkan. One derives the name from the Old Persian asmara, "stone", "rock", and Sogdian kand, "fort", "town". Others less convincingly derive the name from the old Turkic "Semiz-Kent" meaning "Rich City".[citation needed]. Since the name Marakanda was already in existence 2300 years ago and long before anyone had heard of Turks in that region of Transoxiana, this version is likely a folk etymology.
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Sanya
Sanya (simplified Chinese: 三亚; traditional Chinese: 三亞; pinyin: Sānyà) is the southernmost city in the People's Republic of China and one of the two prefecture-level cities in Hainan Province. According to the 2010 Census, the population of Sanya is of 685,408 inhabitants, living in an area of 1,919.58 km². The city is renowned for its tropical climate and has emerged as a popular tourist destination, also serving as the training site of the Chinese national beach volleyball team. Sanya is home to small concentrations of Utsul people.
The ancient name of Sanya is Yazhou (崖州), which literally means "cliff prefecture". Its history can be dated back to the Qin Dynasty (221 – 206 BC). Since then, it has always been within the territory of the Chinese dynasties. Due to its remoteness, Sanya is sometimes called Tianya Haijiao (天涯海角), meaning "the end of the sky and ocean". Some prime ministers in various dynasties were exiled there and the Buddhist monk Jianzhen accidentally sailed there and used the place as one of his harbors for his missionary journey to Japan.
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Saybagh District
The Saybagh District (Pinyin: Shāyībākè Qū; Uyghur: سايباغ رايونى, ULY: Saybagh Rayoni, UPNY: Saybaƣ Rayoni?) is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative jurisdiction of the Ürümqi City. It contains an area of 422 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 440,000.
Coordinates: 43°48′N 87°35′E / 43.8°N 87.583°E / 43.8; 87.583
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Shaanxi
Shaanxi (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 陕西; traditional Chinese: 陝西; pinyin: Shǎnxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province. Shaanxi is the historical home, along with Gansu of the dialect of the Dungans, of the Hui people, who emigrated out of China to Central Asia.
By regular Hanyu Pinyin rules, if tone marks are not written, both Shaanxi and the neighbouring province of Shanxi, to the east of Shaanxi, should be spelled "Shanxi"; the difference is in tone: Shānxī (山西) and Shǎnxī (陕西). To make the difference clear without tonal marks, the spelling "Shaanxi" was contrived (following the romanization system of Yuen Ren Chao) for the province of Shǎnxī, while "Shanxi" is used for the province of Shānxī. Shaanxi is the official spelling on Chinese Government's official web portal. This makes "Shaanxi" the only name of Chinese provinces that has not been romanized according to pinyin rules.
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Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities of the PRC, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010. It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center and the busiest container port in the world.
Located in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.
Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to European recognition of its favorable port location and economic potential. The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the first opium war and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became the undisputed financial hub of the Asia Pacific in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined. In the 1990s, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city.
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Shantou
Shantou (simplified Chinese: 汕头; traditional Chinese: 汕頭; pinyin: Shàntóu; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sòaⁿ-thâu), also known as Swatow or Suátao, is a prefecture-level city on the eastern coast of Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, with a total population of 5,391,028 as of 2010 and an administrative area of 2,064 square kilometres (797 sq mi). With it and the immediately surrounding cities of Jieyang and Chaozhou, the metropolitan region – known as Chaoshan – covers an area of 10,404 square kilometres (4,017 sq mi), and had a permanent population of 13,937,897 at the end of 2010.
It is the fourth-largest most populated area in China, after Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing.
Shantou, a city significant in 19th-century Chinese history as one of the treaty ports established for Western trade and contact, was one of the original Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China established in the 1980s, but failed to blossom like other cities such as Shenzhen, Xiamen and Zhuhai. However, it remains as Eastern Guangdong's economic centre, and is home to Shantou University, a member of the “Project 211” group.
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Shawan County
Shawan (Sawen) County is a county situated in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Tacheng Prefecture. It has an area of 12,468 km² with a population of 200,000. The Postcode is 832100.
Coordinates: 44°21′N 85°37′E / 44.35°N 85.617°E / 44.35; 85.617
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Shenyang
Shenyang (Chinese: 沈阳; pinyin: Shěnyáng; Mandarin pronunciation: [ʂən˧˩jɑŋ˧˥]), or Mukden (
in Manchu), is the capital and largest city of Liaoning Province in Northeast China. Currently holding sub-provincial administrative status, the city was once known as Shengjing (盛京) or Fengtian Fu (奉天府). Shenyang was first used by the Manchu people as their capital in the 17th century and is today the biggest city in the Northeast.
Along with its nearby cities, Shenyang is an important industrial centre in China, and serves as the transportation and commercial hub of China's northeast–particularly with Japan, Russia, and Korea. A titan of heavy industry since the 1930s, the city has been diversifying its industry and now has a solid industrial foundation, a good land and air transport network, abundant natural resources, and a skilled workforce. Investment subsidies are granted to multinational corporations (MNCs) that set up offices or headquarters in Shenyang.
The sub-provincial city region includes the metropolitan area of Shenyang proper, Xinmin county-level city, and three counties.
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Shenzhen
Shenzhen (Mandarin pronunciation: [ʂə́ntʂə̂n]) is a major city in the south of Southern China's Guangdong Province, situated immediately north of Hong Kong. The area became China's first—and one of the most successful—Special Economic Zones (SEZs). It currently also holds sub-provincial administrative status, with powers slightly less than a province.
Shenzhen's modern cityscape is the result of the vibrant economy made possible by rapid foreign investment since the institution of the policy of "reform and opening" establishment of the SEZ in the late 1979, before which it was only a small village. Both Chinese and foreign nationals have invested enormous amount of money in the Shenzhen SEZ. More than US$30 billion in foreign investment has gone into both foreign-owned and joint ventures, at first mainly in manufacturing but more recently in the service industries as well. Shenzhen is now reputedly considered as one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.
Being southern mainland China's major financial centre, Shenzhen is home to the Shenzhen Stock Exchange as well as the headquarters of numerous high-tech companies. Shenzhen is also the third-busiest container port in China, after Shanghai and Hong Kong.
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Shihezi
Shihezi (Chinese: 石河子; pinyin: Shíhézǐ; Uyghur: شىخەنزە, ULY: Shihenze, UPNY: Xihənzə?) is a sub-prefecture-level city in northern Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
Shihezi is the second largest city in Xinjiang, after Ürümqi.
Its population is about 640,000 (2007), with the majority of the residents being Han Chinese and minorities making up 5.4% of the population.
Shihezi is located at the northern foothills of the middle part of the Tian Shan range approximately 136 kilometres (85 mi) from the regional capital of Ürümqi.
Although Shihezi is almost surrounded from east, west, and north by Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture (which also includes the city's eastern neighbor, the much older historically Hui town of Manas), it is not a part of it.
Located in an area further from the nearest seacoast than any other region on earth, Shihezi has a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), with very large temperature differences between summer and winter. Monthly average temperatures range from −15.3 °C (4.5 °F) in January to 25.3 °C (77.5 °F), and the annual mean temperature is 7.39 °C (45.3 °F). Precipitation is very low year-round, with an annual total of only 206 millimetres (8.11 in), compared to the annual evaporation rate, which is usually more than 1,000 millimetres (39 in).
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Shijiazhuang
Shijiazhuang (Chinese: 石家庄; pinyin: Shíjiāzhuāng) is the capital and largest city of North China's Hebei province. Administratively a prefecture-level city, it is about 280 kilometres (170 mi) south of Beijing. Shijiazhuang Prefecture contains the 5 districts of Shijiazhuang urban area, the Jingxing Mining District, five county-level cities, and twelve counties.
At the 2010 census, it has a total population of 10,163,788, with 2,604,930 in the urban area in 2010 and 3,833,606 in its built up area (metro) made of 5 urban districts plus Luquan city, Zhengding and Luancheng counties. Gaocheng county is about to be part of Shijiazhuang built up area while its urbanisation is still growing.
Shijiazhuang is a newly industrialised city. It experienced dramatic growth after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The population of the metropolitan area has more than quadrupled in only 30 years. It is a central hub of transportation routes. The city is home to a large garrison of military troops ready to protect Beijing if required. It has a number of PLA colleges and universities.
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Shufu County
The Shufu (Konaxeher) County (Uyghur: قەشقەر كونا شەھەر ناھىيىسى, ULY: Qeshqer Konasheher Nahiyisi, UPNY: Ⱪəxⱪər Konaxəⱨər Naⱨiyisi?) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Kashgar Prefecture. It contains an area of 3,513 km². According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 360,000.
Coordinates: 39°21′00″N 75°51′03″E / 39.35°N 75.85083°E / 39.35; 75.85083
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Shuimogou District
The Shuimogou District (Pinyin: Shǔimógōu Qū; Uyghur: شۇيموگۇ رايونى, ULY: Shuymogu Rayoni, UPNY: Xuymogu rayoni?) is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative jurisdiction of the Ürümqi City. It contains an area of 91 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 150,000.
Coordinates: 43°48′N 87°35′E / 43.8°N 87.583°E / 43.8; 87.583
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Shule County
Shule County is a county situated in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative jurisdiction of the Kashgar Prefecture. It is located to the South of Kashgar City. In Ancient times, the Shule area was once the home to a Xiyu oasis civilisation, the Shule Kingdom.
During the Western Han Dynasty period, the Kingdom of Shule's strength was regarded as not strong. In the 2nd century AD, the Kushan King Kaniska vigorously disseminated teachings of Buddhism into the Shule area.
By the middle of the 6th century AD, the area fell under the control of the Göktürks and from then on, tribute had to be presented to them each year.
In 658 AD, the army of the Tang Dynasty pacified King Ashina Tuwu of the Western Qaghans and the city of Shule was incorporated among the four Administrative-level Towns of Anxi; hence the city was then under the Anxi government's protection.
Shule is served by China National Highway 315 and the Kashgar-Hotan Railway.
Coordinates: 39°23′29″N 76°02′24″E / 39.39139°N 76.04°E / 39.39139; 76.04
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Suzhou
Suzhou (Chinese: 苏州; pinyin: Sūzhōu; Suzhou dialect: [səu tsøʏ]), previously transliterated as Su-chou, Suchow, and Soochow, is a major city located in the southeast of Jiangsu Province in Eastern China, located adjacent to Shanghai Municipality. The city is situated on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Taihu Lake and is a part of the Yangtze River Delta region. Administratively, Suzhou is a prefecture-level city with an urban population of over 4 million expanding to over 10 million in the administrative area.
Originally founded in 514 BCE, Suzhou has over 2,500 years of rich history, and relics of the past are abundant to this day. The city's canals, stone bridges, pagodas, and meticulously designed gardens have contributed to its status as one of the top tourist attractions in China. Since the Song Dynasty (960-1279), it has also been an important centre for China's silk industry. The classical gardens in Suzhou were added to the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1997 and 2000. Suzhou is often dubbed the "Venice of the East" or "Venice of China".
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Tacheng
Tacheng (Qoqek) or Chöchek is a county-level city (1994 est. pop. 56,400) and the capital of Tacheng Prefecture, in northern Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, China.
The city was sometimes called Tarbaghatay or Tarbagatai (Mongolian: 'having marmots') and was once known in European languages as Chuguchak (based on its name in Turkic languages). The current Uyghur name is Qöqäk Xäĥri.
It is located in the Dzungarian basin, some 10 km from the Kazakhstan border. Long a major center for trade with Central Asia, it is an agricultural hub. Its industries include food processing, textiles, and utilities.
The city suffered much destruction in 1865, during the fighting between the Qing forces and the Dungan and Uyghur rebels.
The Bakhtu border crossing into Kazakhstan is located 17 km from Tacheng. The checkpoint on the Kazakh side of the border is also known as Bakhty and is located 60 km from Makanchi in East Kazakhstan Province.
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Tacheng Prefecture
Tacheng (Tarbagatay) Prefecture is located in northern Xinjiang, China. It has an area of 98,824 km² and a population of 892,397 (2000). It is a part of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. The prefecture level city of Karamay forms a separate enclave in the middle of Tacheng.
Tacheng prefecture is divided into 2 county level cities, 4 counties, and 1 autonomous county.
Coordinates: 45°49′59″N 84°49′59″E / 45.833°N 84.833°E / 45.833; 84.833
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Taiyuan
Taiyuan (Chinese: 太原; pinyin: Tàiyuán [tʰâɪɥǎn]) is the capital and largest city of Shanxi province in North China. At the 2010 census, it had a total population of 4,201,591 inhabitants on 6959 km² whom 3,212,500 are urban on 1,460 km². The name of the city literally means "Great Plains", referring to the location where the Fen River leaves the mountains.
From around 859BC the area was held by the Rong people. In 662 they were driven out by the Beidi.
Taiyuan was an ancient capital, constructed by Zhaojianzi (simplified Chinese: 赵简子; traditional Chinese: 趙簡子) in 497 BC, named Jinyang (t 晉陽, s 晋阳). It served as the capital of Zhao. It was renamed Taiyuan following its conquest by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC. Under the later Han dynasty, it was the capital of Bing Province (Bingzhou). For a time in the 6th century, the city was a secondary capital of Eastern Wei and Northern Qi states, growing into a fairly large city and also becoming a center of Buddhism. A new city was built in AD 562, which was later linked to the old city during the Tang Dynasty in AD 733. From that time until the middle of the Tang dynasty (618–907), the construction of the cave temples at Tianlong Mountain just southwest of the city, continued. The dynastic founder of the Tang began his conquest of the empire with Taiyuan as a base and using the support of its local aristocracy. It was periodically designated as the Tang's northern capital and grew into a heavily fortified military base.
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Tajikistan
Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkɨstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Тоҷикистон [ˈtɔjikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Cumhuriyi Tocikiston; Persian: جمهوری تاجیکستان Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan; Russian: Республика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Gilgit Baltistan as well as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan are separated from Tajikistan by the narrow Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan in the south.
Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran. Once part of the Samanid Empire, Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains cover over 90% of this Central Asian republic.
After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton, aluminium and uranium has contributed greatly to this steady improvement.
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Tangshan
"唐山"redirects here. For an alternative name of China, see Names of China#Tang
Tangshan (Chinese: 唐山; pinyin: Tángshān shì) is a largely industrial prefecture-level city in Hebei province, People's Republic of China. It has become known for the 1976 Tangshan earthquake which measured 7.8 on the Richter scale and killed at least 255,000 residents. The city has since been rebuilt and has become a tourist attraction.
Tangshan's prefecture population was 7,577,284 at the 2010 census, with over 3 million in the 6 core districts.
Tangshan is named after Dacheng Mountain (which is also named Mountain Tang[Tangshan in Chinese]) in the middle of Tangshan city.
In 645 A.D., Li Shimin-emperor of Tang Dynasty and his army stationed at Dacheng Mountain on his way back from Korean Peninsula. Unfortunately, Caofei-his beloved concubine died here. In order to commemorate his Caofei, he named the mountain with the name of the state—Tang. Later, the name of the mountain became the name of the city.
Tangshan is a place with a long history, where there were ancient humans living as early as 4 million years ago. Tangshan was in the territory of Guzhu Kingdom (1600 B.C.) in the time of the Shang Dynasty; and then became a part of Yan Kingdom (one of the seven Warring States, 403 B.C--221 B.C.), and in the Han Dynasty was included to Youzhou . It was under the jurisdiction of Yongping Province and Zunhua State successively in the Qing Dynasty.
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Taraz
Taraz (Kazakh: Тараз / Taraz), is a city and a center of the Jambyl Province in Kazakhstan. It is located in the south of Kazakhstan, near the border with Kyrgyzstan, on the Talas River (Taraz River). It has a population of 330,100 (1999 census), up 9% from 1989, making it one of the fastest-growing cities in the country, after Astana and Türkistan.
Taraz was formerly known as Jambyl or Zhambyl (Kazakh: Жамбыл / Jambıl, until 1997), Dzhambul (Russian: Джамбул, until 1993), Mirzoyan (Russian: Мирзоян, until 1938), Aulie-Ata (Russian: Аулие-Ата, Kazakh: Әулие-Ата / Äwlïe-Ata, Chagatai: اولياه اتا, Persian: تراز, until 1936) and Talas (Талас, until 1856),
One of the oldest cities in Kazakhstan and in Transoxania, Taraz celebrated its official 2000 anniversary (recognized by UNESCO) in 2001, dating from a fortress built in the area by a Xiongnu Chanyu named Zhizhi and was a site of the Battle of Zhizhi in 36 BCE. The city was first recorded under the name "Talas" in 568 CE by Menander Protector, the medieval city of Talas was a major trade centre along the Silk Road. Talas was later described by Xuanzang, who passed Talas in 629 and later wrote: Traveling westward from the Thousand Springs 140 or 150 li, we come to the city of Daluosi. The city is 8 or 9 li in diameter; and was settled by Hu ("foreign, non-Oriental") merchants from various nations. The products and the climate are about the same as Suyab. The Talas alphabet, a variant of the Turkic "runiform" Orkhon script, is named for the town. Talas secured a place in history by virtue of the Battle of Talas (751 CE), which was fought between forces of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and those of the Arab Umayyad Caliphate. The battle took place somewhere along the Talas River in the Talas valley. One of its indirect outcomes was the introduction of paper to the west, via the Arab capture of Chinese paper makers.
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Tekes County
Tekes County is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 8,067 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 150,000.
The country center is known for being a planned community with a shape of a ba gua.
Coordinates: 43°12′49″N 81°50′14″E / 43.2137°N 81.8371°E / 43.2137; 81.8371
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Tian Shan
The Tian Shan (Chinese: 天山; pinyin: Tiān Shān; literally "celestial mountains"; Mongolian: Тэнгэр уул; Uyghur: تەڭرى تاغ, ULY: Tengri Tagh), also spelled Tien Shan, is a large system of mountain ranges located in Central Asia. The highest peak in the Tian Shan is Victory Peak (Jengish Chokusu), 7,439 metres (24,406 ft).
The Chinese name for Tian Shan may be derived from the Xiongnu language name qilian (祁连), which was described by Sima Qian in the Records of the Grand Historian as the homeland of the pre-Xiongnu peoples of the region, the Yuezhi, and has been said to refer to the Tian Shan rather than to the range 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) further east now known by this name. The nearby Tannu-Ola Mountains (Tuvan: Таңды-Уула Tangdy-Uula) bear the same name ("heaven/celestial mountains" or "god/spirit mountains").
Tian Shan lies to the north and west of the Taklamakan Desert and directly north of the Tarim Basin in the border region of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of western China. In the south it links up with the Pamir Mountains and to north and east it meets the Altai Mountains of Mongolia. It also extends into the Chinese province of Xinjiang and into the northern areas of Pakistan, where it joins the Hindu Kush.[citation needed]
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Tianjin
Tianjin (help·info) (Chinese: 天津; pinyin: Tiānjīn; Mandarin pronunciation: [tʰjɛ́ntɕín]; Tianjinese: /tʰiɛn˨˩tɕin˨˩/~[tʰjɛ̃̀ɦɪ̀ŋ]; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government. Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea.
As a dual-core city, Tianjin is divided into the old city and the Binhai New Area. Binhai New Area is a new growth pole in China, and it maintains an annual growth rate of nearly 30% of the GDP. As of the end of 2010, 285 Fortune Global 500 companies have established branch offices in Binhai. It is a base of China's advanced industry, financial reform, and innovation.
In terms of urban population, it is the sixth-largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area (Binhai New Area is not included) ranks fifth in the nation after Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou. Tianjin's urban area is located along the Hai River, which connects to the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers via the Grand Canal in Tianjin. Tianjin was once home to foreign concessions in the late Qing Dynasty and early Kuomintang (KMT) era. The municipality incorporates the coastal region of Tanggu, home to the Binhai New Area and the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA).
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Tianshan District
Tianshan District (Chinese: 天山区; pinyin: Tiānshān Qū; Uyghur: تڭرىتاغ رايونى, ULY: Tengritagh Rayoni, UPNY: Təngritaƣ Rayoni?) is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative jurisdiction of the Ürümqi City. It contains an area of 171 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 450,000.
Coordinates: 43°48′N 87°35′E / 43.8°N 87.583°E / 43.8; 87.583
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Tokkuztara County
Gongliu (Tokkuztara) (Chinese: 巩留县; Pinyin: Gǒngliú Xiàn) is a county situated within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 4,119 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 160,000.
There is one township and seven villages.
Coordinates: 43°28′00″N 82°08′56″E / 43.4666667°N 82.14889°E / 43.4666667; 82.14889
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Toksu County
Xinhe (Toksu) County or Toqsu County (Uyghur: توقسۇ ناھىيىسى, ULY: Toqsu Nahiyisi, UPNY: Tok̡su Nah̡iyisi?; Chinese: 新和县; pinyin: Xīnhé Xiàn) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, and is under the administration of the Aksu Prefecture. It contains an area of 5,821 km2. According the 2002 census, it has a population of 140,000.
Toksu is served by the Southern Xinjiang Railway.
Coordinates: 41°33′01″N 82°37′00″E / 41.55028°N 82.6166667°E / 41.55028; 82.6166667
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Toksun County
Toksun (Toqsun) County (Uyghur: پىتوقسۇن ناھىيىسى, ULY: Toqsun Nahiyisi, UPNY: Tok̡sun Nah̡iyisi?) is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and is under the administration of the Turpan Prefecture. It contains an area of 16,128 km2 (6,227 sq mi). According to the 2002 census[by whom?], it then had a population of 110,000. Its location in the bottom of the Turfan Pendi and an average rainfall of just 25 mm annually make it a very hot place during summertime. On July 31, 1964, the highest recorded temperature was 53.3 °C (127.9 °F), which is the highest reliable temperature, recorded during standard conditions anywhere in China.
The Battle of Toksun took place in this county in July 1933 when Khoja Niyas Hajji, a Uighur leader, defected with his forces to Governor Sheng Shicai. He advanced to Toksun via Dawan Ch'eng, where the Chinese Muslim forces of General Ma Shih-ming achieved victory over Niyas Hajji's forces.
Reportedly enslaved mentally disabled people worked at the Jiaersi Green Construction Material Chemical Factory.
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Toli County
Toli County is a county situated in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Tacheng Prefecture. It has an area of 19,982 km² with a population of 90,000. The Postcode is 834500.
Coordinates: 45°57′N 83°37′E / 45.95°N 83.617°E / 45.95; 83.617
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Toutunhe District
The Toutunhe District (Pinyin: Tóutúnhé Qū; Uyghur: تۇدۇڭخابا رايونى, ULY: Tudungxaba Rayoni, UPNY: Tudunghaba Rayoni?) is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative jurisdiction of the Ürümqi City. It contains an area of 276 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 130,000.
Coordinates: 43°48′N 87°35′E / 43.8°N 87.583°E / 43.8; 87.583
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Tumxuk
Tumxuk or Tumushuke (Chinese: 图木舒克, Pinyin: Túmùshūkè; Uyghur: تۇمشۇق, ULY: Tumshuq, UPNY: Tumxuk̡?; also known as Tumushuk, Tumshuq, etc.) is a sub-prefecture-level city in the northern part of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, in the People's Republic of China, it is located in western Xinjiang, surrounded by Kaxgar Prefecture.
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Turpan
Turpan (Uyghur: تۇرپان, ULY: Turpan; simplified Chinese: 吐鲁番; traditional Chinese: 吐魯番; pinyin: Tǔlǔfān), also known as Turfan or Tulufan, is an oasis county-level city in Turpan Prefecture, in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Its population was 254,900 at the end of 2003.
Turpan has long been the centre of a fertile oasis (with water provided by karez) and an important trade centre. It was historically located along the Silk Road's northern route, at which time it was adjacent to the kingdoms of Korla and Karashahr to the southwest and the town of Qarakhoja (Gaochang) to the southeast.
The peoples of the Kingdoms of Nearer and Further Jushi 車師 (the Turpan Oasis and the region to the north of the mountains near modern Jimasa), were closely related. It was originally one kingdom called Gushi 故師 (Wade-Giles: Ku-shih) which the Chinese conquered in 107 BCE. It was subdivided into two kingdoms by the Chinese in 60 BCE. During the Han era the city changed hands several times between the Xiongnu and the Han, interspersed with short periods of independence.
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Turpan Prefecture
Turpan Prefecture (simplified Chinese: 吐鲁番地区; traditional Chinese: 吐魯番地區; pinyin: Tulufán Dìqū; Uyghur: تۇرپان ۋىلايىتى, ULY: Turpan Wilayiti, UPNY: Turpan Vilayiti?), also known as Turfan Prefecture or Tulufan Prefecture, is located in the east of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. It has an area of 69,324 km² and a population of 570,000 (2003).
According to the 2000 Census, of its inhabitants, 70.01% are Uyghur, 23.3% are Han, 6.38% are Hui, with the remainder belonging to other ethnicities.
Turpan has a harsh, cold desert climate (Köppen BWk), with long and very hot summers, winters that are quite cold and moderately long, and brief spring and autumn in between. Annual precipitation is very low, amounting to only 15.7 millimetres (0.62 in). Monthly average temperatures range from −7.6 °C (18.3 °F) in January to 32.2 °C (90.0 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 14.4 °C (57.9 °F).
Extremes at Turpan City have ranged from −28.9 °C (−20 °F) to 48.1 °C (119 °F).
Turpan Prefecture directly controls 1 county-level city and 2 counties.
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Ulugqat County
Wuqia (Ulugqat) County or Ulugchat County (Uyghur: ئۇلۇغچات ناھىيىسى, ULY: Ulughchat Nahiyisi, UPNY: Uluƣqat Nah̡iyisi?; Kyrgyz: ۇلۇۇچات وودانى/Улуучат ооданы) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 18,758 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 40,000.
Coordinates: 39°43′4″N 75°15′20″E / 39.71778°N 75.25556°E / 39.71778; 75.25556
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Uqturpan County
Wushi (Uqturpan) County or Uchturpan County (Chinese: 乌什县; Pinyin: Wūshí Xiàn; Uyghur: ئۇچتۇرپان ناھىيىسى, ULY: Uchturpan Nahiyisi, UPNY: Uqturpan Nah̡iyisi?) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Aksu Prefecture. According to the 2002 census, it has an area of 9,012 km² with a population of 180,000.
Historically, Uchturpan is known for the anti-Qing uprising of the local Turkic (later "Uyghur") people there in 1776. During the turmoil, many fled, and the thousands who remained were killed by Sino-Manchu forces. Later, the area was repopulated by migrants from what is now Southern Xinjiang.
Coordinates: 41°12′50″N 79°13′23″E / 41.21389°N 79.22306°E / 41.21389; 79.22306
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Urho District
Urho District (Chinese: 乌尔禾区; pinyin: Wū'ěrhé Qū; Uyghur: ئورقۇ رايونى, ULY: Orqu Rayoni, UPNY: Ork̡u Rayoni?) is a district within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative jurisdiction of the Karamay City. It contains an area of 2,229 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 10,000.
Coordinates: 46°06′N 85°40′E / 46.1°N 85.667°E / 46.1; 85.667
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Wanning
Wanning (simplified Chinese: 万宁; traditional Chinese: 萬寧; pinyin: Wànníng) is a county-level city in the southeast of Hainan Province, China, with an estimated population of 65,871 (2006).
Wanning lies on the east of the island and administers many small towns. It was promoted from a county to a city on August 5, 1996.
The city of Wanning produces coffee, black pepper, rubber, rice, banana, sugarcane, and others.
Tourism plays a vital role in the city. Famous for its tropical scenery, Wanning lies approximately half an hour's drive from the beach, and has several five-star hotels.
Wanning is hot throughout the year. At times it can become cold with temperatures between 5 and 8 degrees Celsius.
Coordinates: 18°48′N 110°24′E / 18.8°N 110.4°E / 18.8; 110.4
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Wenchang
Wenchang (Chinese: 文昌) is a county-level city located in the north east of Hainan province, China. It was promoted from a county to a city on November 7, 1995, and had a population of 86,551 in 1999 (estimated 2006: 115,000). It is 63 km southeast of the capital, Haikou.
Wenchang is the source of most overseas Hainanese migrants, with the majority of Singapore's Hainanese population having ancestral roots in Wenchang. Wenchang Hainanese is considered to be the most prestige accent of the Hainanese language and is used by the provincial broadcasting media.
Tianmeidong, a village located in Wenchang, received international attention in 2007 when they changed their name to Tianweiban; officials were unsure how to type the final character of the new name on computers, causing various difficulties for villagers.
Postcode: 571300
Dialing code: 0898
Area: 2403 km2
The Wenchang Satellite Launch Center is located in Wenchang. This is China's fourth and southernmost space vehicle launch facility and because of its low latitude, the Wenchang Satellite Launch Center has been selected to launch China's space station. On 22 September 2007, CCTV officially announced the construction of an expanded Wenchang Satellite Launch Center has been approved by the State Council and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China after decades of postpone due to political concerns.
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Wenquan County
The Wenquan (Arixang) County or Arishang County (Uyghur: ئارىشاڭ ناھىيىسى, ULY: Arishang Nahiyisi, UPNY: Arixang Nah̡iyisi?) is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Börtala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 5,900 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 70,000.
Coordinates: 44°59′00″N 81°04′00″E / 44.9833333333°N 81.0666666667°E / 44.9833333333; 81.0666666667
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Wensu County
The Wensu (Onsu) County (Chinese: 温宿县, Uyghur: ئونسۇ ناھىيىسى, ULY: Onsu Nahiyisi, UPNY: Onsu Nah̡iyisi?) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Aksu Prefecture. It contains an area of 14,309 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 210,000.
Coordinates: 41°15′N 80°14′E / 41.25°N 80.233°E / 41.25; 80.233
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Wenzhou
Wenzhou (simplified Chinese: 温州; traditional Chinese: 溫州; pinyin: Wēnzhōu; formerly Yongjia, Yung-chia) is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. As of the 2010 census, about 3,039,500 live in the Wenzhou city proper; the area under its jurisdiction, which includes two satellite cities and six counties, had a population of 9,122,100. The prefectural area borders Lishui to the west, Taizhou to the north, and looks out to the East China Sea on its eastern coast.
Wenzhou was a prosperous foreign treaty port, which remains well-preserved today. It is situated in a mountainous region and, as a result, has been isolated for most of its history from the rest of the country, making the local culture and language very distinct not only from the rest of China but from neighbouring areas as well. It is also known for its emigrants who leave their native land for Europe and the United States, with a reputation for being entrepreneurs who start restaurants, retail and wholesale businesses in their adopted countries. People of Wenzhou origin make up a large number of ethnic Chinese residents of Italy, the Netherlands, France, and Africa.
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Wuhan
Wuhan (simplified Chinese: 武汉; traditional Chinese: 武漢; pinyin: Wǔhàn [wùxân] ( listen)) is the capital of Hubei province, People's Republic of China, and is the most populous city in Central China. It lies at the east of the Jianghan Plain, and the intersection of the middle reaches of the Yangtze and Han rivers. Arising out of the conglomeration of three districts, Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang, Wuhan is known as "the nine provinces' leading thoroughfare"; it is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and expressways passing through the city. Because of its key role in domestic transportation, Wuhan was sometimes referred to as the "Chicago of China." It is recognized as the political, economic, financial, cultural, educational and transportation center of central China. The city of Wuhan, first termed as such in 1927, has a population of 10,020,000 people (Census 2011), with about 6,434,373 residents in its urban area. In the 1920s, Wuhan was the national capital of a leftist Kuomintang (KMT) government led by Wang Jingwei in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek, as well as wartime capital in 1937.
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Wujiaqu
Wujiaqu (Chinese: 五家渠; pinyin: Wǔjiāqú, Uyghur: ۋۇجياچۈ, ULY: Wujyachü, UPNY: Vujyaqü?) is a sub-prefecture-level city in the northern part of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, in the People's Republic of China, north of Urumqi.
See also: Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
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Wusu
Wusu (Uyghur: ۋۇسۇ; simplified Chinese: 乌苏; traditional Chinese: 烏蘇; pinyin: Wūsū; also known as Usu; Kazakh: وسۋ) is a county-level city with more than 100,000 residents in Xinjiang. It is a part of Tacheng Prefecture of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. Wusu is a city, where oil-production is a major part of the economy. Wusu is an oasis in Dzungarian basin. Wusu is between the major cities of Bole and Shihezi in Northern Xinjiang and west of Urumqi and Kuitun, south of Karamay.
Wusu is served by China National Highway 312, the Northern Xinjiang and the Second Ürümqi-Jinghe Railways.
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Wuxi
Wuxi (simplified Chinese: 无锡; traditional Chinese: 無錫; pinyin: Wúxī; former spellings: Wu-shi, Wushi, or Wu-hsi; lit. "Without Tin"; Shanghai dialect: [ɦuɕiɪʔ]) is an old city in Jiangsu province, People's Republic of China. Split in half by Lake Tai, Wuxi borders Changzhou to the west and Suzhou to the east. The northern half looks across to Taizhou across the Yangtze River, while the southern half also borders the province of Zhejiang to the south. Wuxi earned its nickname "Pearl of Lake Tai" because it's built on the shore of Lake Tai in a scenic setting.[citation needed] Wuxi was also dubbed "little Shanghai" because of its close proximity to the city, rapid urbanization and booming economy.[citation needed] Wuxi also has a history of business people involved in modern Shanghai commerce since the early 20th century.
Although Wuxi means "No tin", scholars suggest the city name may come from "Wuxu" (吳墟), meaning ruins of the State of Wu, or a Baiyue word which may mean "god bird".
Wuxi was founded 3,000 years ago by two fugitive princes, Taibo and Zhongyong, of the Zhou from Central China, who intended to give their brother Jili (季歷) the throne. The two princes settled down in Meili (梅里), which is believed to be today's Meicun, Wuxi. (some historic records indicate a location somewhere in today's Suzhou). They helped developing local agriculture and waterways. The area soon flourished. After the death of Taibo, who had no heir, the emperor of Zhou enthroned a descendant of his family king of the State of Wu. The king named his kingdom "Gowu". Taibo's shrine was set up in today's Meicun and the original wood structure was destroyed during the wars over the course of history. However, it has been renovated several times and today's architecture dates mostly to the Qing dynasty. A stone carved with sayings by Confucius can still be seen in Taibo Shrine.
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Wuzhishan City
Wuzhishan (Chinese: 五指山市; pinyin: Wǔzhǐshān Shì) is a county-level city in the south-central part of Hainan, a province of the People's Republic of China. It was originally called Tongshi City (Chinese: 通什) and is located beside Wuzhi Shan, the mountain. The city's total area is 1129 square kilometres, and its population is 115,000 people. Its postal code is 572200, and its district number is 0898.
Coordinates: 18°46′23″N 109°31′26″E / 18.773°N 109.524°E / 18.773; 109.524
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Xayar County
The Shayar (Xayar) County (Chinese: 沙雅县; pinyin: Shāyǎ Xiàn; Uyghur: شايار ناھىيىسى, ULY: Shayar Nahiyisi, UPNY: Xayar Nah̡iyisi?) is a county in the East Turkistan Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Aqsu Prefecture. It contains an area of 31,868 km2. According to the 2004 census it has a population of 210,000. It is the site of a prison of unknown size which houses political prisoners such as the famous human rights lawyer Gao Zhisheng 高智晟.
Coordinates: 41°13′48″N 82°48′21″E / 41.23°N 82.80583°E / 41.23; 82.80583
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Xiamen
Xiamen (Mandarin pronunciation: [ɕjâmə̌n]), also known as Amoy /əˈmɔɪ/, is a major city on the southeast (Taiwan Strait) coast of the People's Republic of China. It is administered as a sub-provincial city of Fujian province with an area of 1575.16 km2 and population of 3.61 million. Its built up area is now bigger than the old urban island area and covers now all 6 districts of Xiamen (Huli, Siming, Jimei, Tong'an, Haicang and recently Xiang'an), for a total of 3,531,147 inhabitants. It borders Quanzhou to the north and Zhangzhou making with this city a unique built up area of more than 5 million people. The Jinmen (Kinmen) Islands administered by the Republic of China (Taiwan) are less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away.
Xiamen and the surrounding southern Fujian countryside are the ancestral home to large communities of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and Taiwan. The city was a treaty port in the 19th century and one of the four original Special Economic Zones opened to foreign investment and trade when China began economic reforms in the early 1980s. It is endowed with educational and cultural institutions supported by the overseas Chinese diaspora. In 2006, Xiamen was ranked as China's second 'most suitable city for living'.
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Xining
Xining (simplified Chinese: 西宁; traditional Chinese: 西寧; pinyin: Xīníng; Wade–Giles: hsi-ning; Tibetan: ཟི་ལིང་།; alternatively spelled Silung) is the capital of Qinghai province, People's Republic of China, and the largest city on the Tibetan Plateau. It has 2,208,708 inhabitants at the 2010 census whom 1,198,304 live in the built up area made of 4 urban districts.
Xining has a history of over 2100 years and was a chief commercial hub on the Hexi Corridor caravan route to Tibet, handling especially timber, wool and salt in ancient times. The trade along the Hexi Corridor was part of a larger trade corridor along the Northern Silk Road, whose use was intensified in the 1st century BC after efforts by the Han Dynasty to control this route.
Under the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) a county there called Linqiang controlled the local Qiang tribesmen. It was again a frontier county under the Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties; during the 7th and early 8th centuries it was a center of constant warfare with the Tuyuhun and (later) the Tibetan peoples. In 763, it was overrun by the Tibetans and while under Tibetan control was known to the Chinese as Qingtangcheng. Recovered by the Song dynasty in 1104, it received the name Xining (meaning "peace in the west") and has been the seat of a prefecture or superior prefecture under that name since that time. With the rise of Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism), which began in the 7th century, Xining became an important religious center; Qinghai's largest lamasery, a holy place to the Yellow Hat sect of Buddhists, was located at Kunbum, some 19 km to the southeast.
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Xinjiang
Xinjiang (XUAR) (Uyghur: شىنجاڭ, ULY: Shinjang; Mandarin pronunciation: [ɕíntɕjɑ́ŋ]; Chinese: 新疆; pinyin: Xīnjiāng; Wade–Giles: Hsin1-chiang1; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang) is an autonomous region (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2. Xinjiang borders Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, has abundant oil reserves and is China's largest natural gas-producing region.
It is home to a number of different ethnic groups including the Uyghur, Han, Kazakh, Hui, Kyrgyz, and Mongol. More than a dozen autonomous prefectures and counties for minorities are located in Xinjiang. Older English-language reference works often refer to the area as Chinese Turkestan, Sinkiang, and East Turkestan. Xinjiang is divided into the Dzungarian Basin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south by a mountain range. Only about 4.3% of Xinjiang's land area is fit for human habitation.
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Xuzhou
Xuzhou (Chinese: 徐州; pinyin: Xúzhōu), otherwise known as Pengcheng (Chinese: 彭城; pinyin: Péngchéng) in ancient times, is a major city in and the fourth largest prefecture-level city of Jiangsu province, People's Republic of China. It is known for its convenient location as a transportation hub in northwestern Jiangsu, as it has expressways and railway links connecting directly to the provinces of Henan and Shandong, the neighboring port city of Lianyungang, as well as the economic hub Shanghai.
Before the adoption of Hanyu Pinyin, the city's name was typically Romanized as Suchow, although also appearing as Hsu-chou,Hsuchow,[citation needed] and Hsüchow.[citation needed]
During the Xia and Shang Dynasties (c. 2200–1600 BC), Xuzhou lay in an area inhabited by the Dongyi or Huaiyi peoples who were constantly at war with the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The Xuzhou region was called Huaiyang[disambiguation needed
] during the Zhou Dynasty (1600 BC–256 BC) since the Huai River crosses the area. During the Spring and Autumn Period (771 BC–426 BC), Xuzhou was a collection of small farming/fishing villages and towns and formed part of the border region between the Zhou vassal States of Chu, Wu and Qu. Both the States of Pi and Peng lay within its borders. Xuzhou was at one time a capital of the State of Xu, a vassal state exterminated by the State of Wu in 512 BC. In turn, Wu was conquered by the State of Yue a few decades later. Chu gradually expanded its influence around Xuzhou after absorbing the nearby State of Cai in 447 BC followed by the conquest of the State of Yue in 334 BC. By the Warring States Period, it was firmly in the cultural and administrative sphere of Chu. The State of Chu moved to this area in 278 BC after the Qin army captured its old capital, Ying, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei.
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Yantai
Yantai (Chinese: 烟台; pinyin: Yāntái) is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Located on the southern coast of the Bohai Sea and the eastern coast of the Laizhou Bay, Yantai borders the cities of Qingdao and Weihai to the southwest and east respectively.
The largest fishing seaport in Shandong and a robust economic center today, Yantai used to be known to the West as Chefoo, a misnomer which refers, in Chinese, solely to Zhifu Island, which is historically governed by Yantai.
The contemporary name of Yantai came from the watchtowers constructed on Mount Qi in 1398, during the reign of the Hongwu Emperor, founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty (yan—smoke; tai—tower). The towers served to raise alarms against invasions of Japanese pirates.
The prefecture-level city of Yantai administers 12 county-level divisions, including 4 districts, 7 county-level cities, 1 county and one development zone.
These are further divided into 148 township-level divisions, including 94 towns, 6 townships and 48 subdistricts.
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Yarkant County
Shache (Yarkant) County or Yarkand County (lit. Cliff city; altitude 1,189 metres (3,901 ft), population 373,492 in 2003), is a county in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China, located on the southern rim of the Taklamakan desert in the Tarim Basin. It is one of 11 counties administered under Kashgar Prefecture. Yarkant, usually written Yarkand in English, was the seat of an ancient Buddhist kingdom on the southern branch of the Silk Road.
The fertile oasis is fed by the Yarkand River which flows north down from the Kunlun Mountains known historically as Congling mountains (lit. 'Onion Mountains' - from the abundance of wild onions found there). The oasis now covers 3,210 square kilometres (1,240 sq mi), but was likely far more extensive before the period of desiccation began to afflict the region from the 3rd century CE onwards.
Today, Yarkant is a predominantly Uyghur city. The irrigated oasis farmland produces cotton, wheat, corn, fruits (especially pomegranates, pears and apricots), and walnuts. Yak and sheep graze in the highlands. Mineral deposits include petroleum, natural gas, gold, copper, lead, bauxite, granite and coal.
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Yecheng
Coordinates: 37°53′6″N 77°24′47″E / 37.885°N 77.41306°E / 37.885; 77.41306
Yecheng, Karghilik or Karghalik, also known as Chokkuka, is a city in Xinjiang, China. It is 249 km by road northwest to Kashgar, and 249 km south to Mazar.
Yecheng is the name of both the oasis and the town, and is situated on the southern rim of the Taklamakan desert is about halfway between Pishan and Yarkand on the southern route around the Tarim Basin. It is about 50 km north of Kokyar, The rich loess terraces of the oasis are watered by the Tiznaf river and several smaller streams. They are joined to the north by a belt of cultivated land stretching about 40 km from the town of Yecheng to the Yarkand River.
During the Han Dynasty it was known as Xiye and also Piaosha or 'Drifting Sands'. It was noted for producing baicao (白草 literally "white grass") which gave a very poisonous substance used on arrow tips - probably the sap of Aconitium napellus, a plant of the poisonous Aconitum family known in English as monkshood or wolfsbane.
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Yengisar County
Yengisar County is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in northwestern China. It is under the administration of the Kashgar Prefecture. It contains an area of 3,373 km2. As of the 2002 census, it had a population of 230,000.
The county seat is the city of Yengisar. It contains a notable knife factory. Yengisar was also historically known as Yangi Hissar.
The Battle of Yangi Hissar took place there, In April 1934, Ma Zhancang led the Chinese Muslim 36th division to attack the Turkic muslim Uighur forces at Yangi Hissar, wiping out the entire Uighur force of 500, and killing the Emir Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra.
The city of Yengisar gave its name to a lizard species, Yangihissar gecko (Cyrtopodion elongatum), which occurs throughout eastern Central Asia, including Xinjiang and Gansu Province.[1]
Yengisar is served by China National Highway 315 and the Southern Xinjiang Railway.
Coordinates: 38°55′33″N 76°10′17″E / 38.92583°N 76.17139°E / 38.92583; 76.17139
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Yinchuan
Yinchuan is the capital of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China, and former capital of the Western Xia Empire of the Tanguts. It has an area of 4,467 km² and a total population of 1.99 million. Its built up area is home to 1,290,170 inhabitants spread on 3 urban districts. The name of the city literally means "silver river"; the character for "river" (川) is the same as that in Sichuan, but not as those in, for example, the Yellow River (黄河) or Yangtze River (长江).
Yinchuan originally was a xian (county) under the name of Fuping in the 1st century BC; its name was changed to Huaiyuan in the 6th century AD. After the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907, it was occupied by the Tangut Xi-Xia dynasty, of which it was the capital. After the destruction of the Xi-Xia dynasty by the Mongols in 1227, it came under the rule of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. Under the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties, it was a prefecture of Ningxia. In 1928, when the province of Ningxia was formed from parts of Gansu and Inner Mongolia, it became the capital city. In 1954, when Ningxia province was abolished, the city was put in Gansu province; but, with the establishment of the Ningxia Hui autonomous region in 1958, Yinchuan once again became the capital.
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Yining City
Yining (Gulja) (simplified Chinese: 伊宁; traditional Chinese: 伊寧; pinyin: Yīníng, alt. spelling: Ining), also known as Ghulja City (alt. spellings: Ĝulja, Kuldja and Kulja, (Uyghur: غۇلجا; Chinese: 固勒扎; pinyin: gùlèzhā; Kazakh: قۇلجا), as well as Ili or Yili, is a county-level city in western Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of northwestern China, and the capital of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. Historically, Yining is the succcessor to the ruined city of Almaliq in Huocheng County.
Its name variant Kulja was also a name of the Ili region in the past.
Administratively, the City of Yining is a county-level administrative unit. As of 2004, it occupied 629 km2 (243 sq mi), with the population of 430,000 people. The city is located at the elevation of about 640 metres (2,100 ft).
The land area and population of the City of Yining were smaller before 2004; the increase resulted from the transfer of two villages with some 100 km2 (39 sq mi) of land from the adjacent Yining County, which is a separate administrative unit from the City of Yining.
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Yining County
The Yining (Gulja) County (Chinese: 伊宁县; pinyin: Yīníng Xiàn) is a county within the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. The county seat is in the town of Jiliyuzi (吉里于孜, Jílǐyúzī).
Yining County does not include the adjacent City of Yining, which is a county-level administrative unit in its own right.
The county land area is 4486 km², with the population of 360,000 people as of 2004.
A larger area (around 4580 km²) and population (400,000) was reported for the county 2000; this decrease, and the corresponding increase of area and population for the City of Yining resulted from the transfer of the villages of Dadamutu (达达木图, Dádámùtú) and Panjin (潘津, Pānjīn), with 100.45 km² of land, from the County to the City in 2004.
The county was created in 1888, and was originally known as Ningyuan (宁远, Níngyuǎn) County. It received its present name in 1914.
In 1952, the City of Yining was separated from Yining County into a separate county-level administrative unit.
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Yiwu County
Yiwu (Aratürük) County (Uyghur: ئارا تۈرۈك ناھىيىسى, ULY: Ara Türük Nahiyisi, UPNY: Ara Türük Nah̡iyisi?; Chinese: 伊吾县; pinyin: Yīwú Xiàn) is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Hami Prefecture. It contains an area of 19,511 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 20,000.
The Yiwu County is located in the northeastern part of the prefecture, between the Qarliq Shan mountain range (along which it borders on Hami City) and the Mongolian border. Outside of the mountain range, most of the county is within the Gobi Desert.
Some of the county important populated places are located in the oases irrigated by the intermittent Yiwu River, which flows north from the mountains, eventually disappearing in the desert. These include, from south to north, Yiwu Town (伊吾镇, the county seat), Weizi Xia Township (苇子峡乡), and Laomao Hu Town (淖毛湖镇).
As of the 1920s, the area of today's Yiwu town was referred to as "Tuhulu" (吐葫芦), and that name is still retained by the Tuhulu Township (吐葫芦乡) adjacent to today's Yiwu town. At the time, it was the first place with an actual river and some agriculture that weary travellers from the east would reach after crossing several hundreds of kilometers of desert (since crossing Edsin Gol, a River in Inner Mongolia).
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Yopurga County
Yopurga County is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Kashgar Prefecture. It contains an area of 3,126 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 130,000.
Coordinates: 39°13′51″N 76°44′25″E / 39.23083°N 76.74028°E / 39.23083; 76.74028
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Yuli County
The Yuli (Lopnur) County(Simplified Chinese:尉犁县, Traditional Chinese:尉犁縣) is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 59,399 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 100,000.
Coordinates: 41°22′N 86°23′E / 41.367°N 86.383°E / 41.367; 86.383
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Yumin County
Yumin (Chaghantoqay) County is a county situated in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Tacheng Prefecture. It has an area of 6,090 km² with a population of 50,000. The Postcode is 834800.
Coordinates: 45°58′00″N 82°28′00″E / 45.9667°N 82.4667°E / 45.9667; 82.4667
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Zhanjiang
Zhanjiang (Chinese: 湛江), formerly known as Tsamkong, Tsankiang, Fort-Bayard, and Kwang-Chou-Wan, is a prefecture-level city at the southwestern end of Guangdong province of Southern China, facing the island of Hainan to the south.
Its population is 6,993,304 inhabitants at the 2010 census. 1,400,685 live in the built up area made of 4 urban districts (Chikan, Xiashan, Potou and Mazhang)
Zhanjiang has direct juridiction over 9 county-level divisions:
Zhanjiang is located to the southwest of the city of Guangzhou on an inlet of the South China Sea. It is located on the eastern coast of the Leizhou Peninsula. The dialect in downtown districts is Cantonese, while the people in most counties speak Hai'nan dialect (or Leizhou dialect as referred locally). The dialect in Lianjiang County is Hakka.
During the Qin Dynasty (221BC–206BC), the area of today's belonged to Xiang Shire and the central government of the Han Dynasty (206BC–220AD) set Xuwen County administering the whole Leizhou Peninsular. It was one of the earliest departure points on the Marine Silk Road. The population spiked during the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties.
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Zhaosu County
Zhaosu (Mongolküre) County (Todo Mongolian:
Moŋgolküree) is a county situated within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. It contains an area of 10,455 km2. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 150,000.
Coordinates: 43°07′22″N 81°04′33″E / 43.12278°N 81.07583°E / 43.12278; 81.07583
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Zhengzhou
Zhengzhou (Chinese: 郑州; pinyin: Zhèngzhōu; Mandarin pronunciation: [tʂɤ̂ŋtʂóu̯]; Postal map spelling: Chengchow), is the capital and largest city of Henan province in north-central China. A prefecture-level city, it also serves as the political, economic, technological, and educational centre of the province, as well as a major transportation hub for Central China. The city centre lies on the southern bank of the Yellow River, and is one of the Eight Great Ancient Capitals of China.
With 8,626,505 inhabitants according to the 2010 census and 3,980,250 in its built-up area (6 urban districts + 5 City + 1 County), the city is one of the main built up areas of Henan region. Zhengzhou is now a rapidly growing city.
The Shang Dynasty established Aodu (隞都) or Bodu (亳都) in Zhengzhou (see also: History of China). This pre-historical city had been long lost even before the time of the First Emperor of China. Since 1950 archaeological finds in a walled city in Eastern Zhengzhou known have provided evidence of Neolithic Shang Dynasty settlements in the area.[citation needed] Outside this city, in addition to remains of large public buildings, a complex of small settlements has been discovered. The site is generally identified with the Shang capital of Ao. It is preserved in the Shang Dynasty Ruins monument in Guanchen District. The Shang, who continually moved their capital due to frequent natural disasters, left Ao at around 13th century BC. The site, nevertheless, remained occupied; Zhou (post-1050 BC) tombs have also been discovered. Traditionally it is held that in the Western Zhou period (1111–771 BC) it became the fief of a family named Guan. From this derives the name borne by the county (xian) since the late 6th century BC — Guancheng (City of the Guan). The city first became the seat of a prefectural administration in AD 587, when it was named Guanzhou. In 605 it was first called Zhengzhou — a name by which it has been known virtually ever since.
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Zhuhai
Zhuhai (Chinese: 珠海) is a prefecture-level city on the southern coast of Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. Located in the Pearl River Delta, Zhuhai borders Jiangmen to the northwest, Zhongshan to the north, and Macau to the south. Zhuhai was one of the original Special Economic Zones established in the 1980s. Zhuhai is also one of China's premier tourist destinations, being called the Chinese Riviera.
The prefecture-level city of Zhuhai administers 3 county-level divisions and 3 special economic districts, all of which are districts.
Zhuhai borders the Macau Special Administrative Region (north and west), and 140 km southwest of Guangzhou. Its territory counts 146 islands and a coastline of 690 km.
The islands within the prefecture-level city of Zhuhai include a number of near-shore islands, often connected to the mainland by bridges or causeways (such as Hengqin, Qi'ao, or Yeli Islands), as well as some islands further away in the Pearl River estuary (such as the Nei Lingding Island) or the open South China Sea (the Wanshan Archipelago). Some of the latter are actually geographically closer to Hong Kong than to the Zhuhai mainland.
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Zibo
Zibo (Chinese: 淄博; pinyin: Zībó) is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the west, Laiwu and Tai'an to the southwest, Linyi to the south, Weifang to the east, Dongying to the northeast, and Binzhou the north.
Located in the middle part of Shandong Province, Zibo is an important transportation hub. Zibo governs 5 districts (Zhangdian, Zichuan, Boshan, Zhoucun and Linzi) and each of these districts has a distinct downtown area of their own. The T-shaped city has a total area of 5,938 square kilometers-three counties (Huantai, Gaoqing and Yiyuan) included ; the total population of the city is 4.53 million at the 2010 census, of which nearly 3 million are in the city proper.
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Ürümqi
Ürümqi ( /uːˈruːmtʃi/), formerly Tihwa, is the capital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, in the northwest of the country.
With a built up population of 2,744,280 as of 2010 census (5 urban districts plus Midong) and 2.3 in urban districts, Ürümqi, whose name means "beautiful pasture" in the Mongolian language of the Dzungar people, is the largest city in China's western interior. Since the 1990s Ürümqi has developed economically and now serves as a regional transport node and commercial centre.
Although Ürümqi is situated near the northern route of the Silk Road, it is likely to be a relatively young city. According to Chinese scholars, during the 22nd year of Emperor Taizong's reign in the Tang Dynasty, AD 648, the Tang government set up the town of Luntai in the ancient town seat of Urabo, 10 kilometers from the southern suburb of present-day Ürümqi. Ancient Luntai Town was a seat of local government, and collected taxes from the caravans along the northern route of the Silk Road.
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Ürümqi County
Ürümqi County (Uyghur: ئۈرۈمچى ناھىيىسى, ULY: Ürümchi Nahiyisi, UPNY: Ürümqi Nah̡iyisi?) is a county within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administrative jurisdiction of the Ürümqi City. It contains an area of 4,601 km² and according to the 2002 census has a population of 80,000.
Coordinates: 43°48′N 87°35′E / 43.8°N 87.583°E / 43.8; 87.583
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Adolf Schlagintweit
Adolf von Schlagintweit (9 January 1829 − 26 August 1857) was a German botanist and explorer of Central Asia. The standard author abbreviation A.Schlag. is used to indicate this individual as the author when citing a botanical name.
The second of five brothers in Munich, Adolf, with his brother Hermann, published a scientific study of the Alps in 1846–1848. They established their reputation with the Untersuchungen über die physikalische Geographie der Alpen (1850), and were afterwards joined by their brother Robert; the three jointly published Neue Untersuchungen über die physikalische Geographie und Geologie der Alpen in 1854.
In 1854, acting on the recommendation of Alexander von Humboldt, the East India Company commissioned Hermann, Adolf, and Robert to make scientific investigations in their territory and particularly to study the Earth's magnetic field. For the next three years, they travelled through the Deccan, then up into the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Kunlun mountains.
While Hermann and Robert returned from their travels in early 1857, Adolf remained for further exploration. Suspected of being a Chinese spy without benefit of a trial, he was beheaded in Kashgar by Wali Khan, the amir of Kashgar in August. The circumstances of his death were not known in Europe until 1859, when Chokan Valikhanov visited Kashgar disguised as a merchant, and successfully returned to the Russian Empire with the scientist's head.
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Alimqul
`Alimqul (also spelt Alimkul, Alim quli, Alim kuli) (ca. 1833 – 1865) was a warlord in the Kokand Khanate, and its de facto ruler from 1863 to 1865.
Alimqul was born in Buchun Bitkan near Kokand ca. 1833, into a family of a Kyrgyz-Kipchak beys. He studied in madrasahs in Andijan and Kokand, earning the title of mullah, and for a while he himself served as the biy of Qurghan Tepa, near Andijan.
In 1858, Alimqul helped Malla Beg (Malla Bek) overthrow his brother Khudayar Khan by bringing the Kyrgyz over to Malla Beg's side. Malla Beg, upon seizing the Kokandian khan's throne in November 1858, rewarded Alimqul with several successive promotions. In 1860, already governor of Marghilan, Alimqul was in charge of a large Kokandian force that defeated invaders from the Emirate of Bukhara.
Alimqul actively participated in the struggle for power that ensued after the death of Malla Beg in a February, 1862, coup. He soon succeeded in thwarting Bukhara's attempt to bring Khudayar Khan back to power. Not being of royal blood himself, Alimqul elevated Malla Beg's minor son, Sultan Sayyid Khan as a titulary khan, and ruled the country himself as the commander in chief of the military (Amir-i Lashkar).
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Bento de Góis
Bento de Góis (1562, Vila Franca do Campo, Azores, Portugal - 11 April 1607, Suzhou, Gansu, China), was a Portuguese Jesuit Brother, Missionary and explorer. His name is commonly given in English as Bento de Goes or Bento de Goës; in the past, it has also been Anglicized as Benedict Goës.
He is mainly remembered as the first known European to travel overland from India to China, via Afghanistan and the Pamirs. Inspired by controversies among the Jesuits as to whether the Cathay of Marco Polo's stories is the same country as China, his expedition conclusively proved that the two countries are one and the same, and, according to Henry Yule, made "Cathay... finally disappear from view, leaving China only in the mouths and minds of men".
Góis went to India as a soldier in the Portuguese army. In Goa he entered the Society of Jesus as a lay brother (in 1584), offering himself to work for the Mughal Mission. As such, in 1595, he accompanied Jerome Xavier and Manuel Pinheiro to Lahore. For the third time Emperor Akbar had requested that Jesuits be sent to his court. Goes returned to Goa in 1601. According to Matteo Ricci, these experiences allowed Góis to become fluent in Persian language, and a good knowledge of "Saracen" (i.e., Muslim) customs.
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Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (/ˈɡɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/ or /ˈdʒɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/,Mongol: [tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ] ( listen); 1162? – August 1227), born Temujin, was the founder and Great Khan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.
He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in Khwarezmia. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.
Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants went on to stretch the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asian countries, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia and the Middle East. Many of these invasions resulted in the large-scale slaughter of local populations, which have given Genghis Khan and his empire a fearsome reputation in local histories.
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Hotan
Hotan (Uyghur: خوتەن, ULY: Xoten, UPNY: Hotǝn?), or Hetian (Chinese: 和田; pinyin: Hétián, formerly: simplified Chinese: 和阗; traditional Chinese: 和闐; pinyin: Hétián), also often written Khotan, is the seat of the Hotan Prefecture in Xinjiang, China. It was previously known in Chinese as 于窴/於窴 (pinyin: Yú tián) and to 19th-century European explorers as Ilchi.
With a population of 114,000 (2006), Hotan is an oasis town lying in the Tarim Basin, just north of the Kunlun Mountains, which are crossed by the Sanju Pass, and the Hindu-tagh, and Ilchi passes. The town, located southeast of Yarkand and populated almost exclusively by Uyghurs, is a minor agricultural center. An important station on the southern branch of the historic Silk Road, Hotan has always depended on two strong rivers - the Karakash River and the Yurungkash River, the Black and White Jade rivers respectively - to provide the water needed to survive on the southwestern edge of the vast Taklamakan Desert. The Yurungkash still provides water and irrigation for the town and oasis.
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Hui people
The Hui people (Chinese: 回族; pinyin: Huízú, Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو / حواري) are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group in China. Hui people are found throughout the country, though they are concentrated mainly in the provinces of Ningxia, Qinghai, and Gansu. According to a 2000 census, China is home to approximately 9.8 million Hui people, the majority of whom are Chinese-speaking practitioners of Islam, though some practice other religions. Although many Hui people are ethnically similar to Han Chinese, the group has retained some Persian and Central Asian features, their ethnicity and culture having been shaped profoundly by their position along the Silk Road trading route.
In the People's Republic of China, the Hui people are one of 56 officially recognized ethnic groups. Under this definition, the Hui people are defined to include all historically Muslim communities in People's Republic of China that are not included in China's other ethnic groups. Since China's Muslims speaking various Turkic, Mongolic, or Iranian languages are all included into those other groups (e.g., Uyghurs, Dongxiang, or Tajiks) the "officially recognized" Hui ethnic group consists predominantly of Chinese speakers. In fact, the "Hui nationality" is unique among China's officially recognized ethnic minorities in that it does not have any particular non-Chinese language associated with it.
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Jahangir Khoja
Jahanghir Khoja,Jāhangīr Khwāja, or Jihangir Khoja (Uyghur: جهانگیر خوجا, Chinese: 張格爾; pinyin: Zhānggé'ěr) was a member of the influential East Turkestan Āfāqī khoja clan, who managed to wrest Kashgaria from the Qing Empire's power for a few years in the 1820s.
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Kashgar
Kashgar or Kashi is an oasis city with approximately 350,000 residents in the western part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Kashgar is the administrative centre of Kashgar Prefecture which has an area of 162,000 km² and a population of approximately 3.5 million.
The city covers an area of 15 km². The altitude averages 1,289 m/4,282 ft. above sea level. The city is located in the western extremity of China, near the border with Tajikistan.
The modern Chinese name is 喀什 (Kāshí), a shortened form of the longer and less-frequently used (simplified Chinese: 喀什噶尔; traditional Chinese: 喀什噶爾; pinyin: Kāshígé’ěr). Ptolemy (AD 90-168), in his Geography, Chapter 15.3A, refers to Kashgar as “Kasia”. The name is Middle Iranic in its origin, meaning "Kush Mountains" (from gar/ghar, "mountain", and Kush/Kâsh, being the same as the ethnonym of the Kushan Empire and the Hindukush mountains in the neighboring Afghanistan.
An early Chinese name was 疏勒 (now Shule County), variously romanized as Su-leh, Sulei, Shule, Shu-le', She-le, Shu-lo or Sha-le, which perhaps represents either an original Solek or Sorak.[citation needed]
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Kucha
Kucha or Kuche (also: Kuçar, Kuchar) Uyghur (كۇچار), Chinese Simplified: 库车; Traditional: 庫車; pinyin Kùchē; also romanized as Qiuzi, Qiuci, Chiu-tzu, Kiu-che, Kuei-tzu from the traditional Chinese forms 屈支 屈茨; 龜玆; 龟兹, 丘玆, also Po (bai in pinyin?); Sanskrit: Kucina, Standard Tibetan: Kutsahiyui was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the northern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin and south of the Muzat River. (The area lies in present day Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, China; Kuqa City itself is the county seat of that prefecture's Kuqa County). Its population was given as 74,632 in 1990.
According to the Book of Han, Kucha was the largest of the 'Thirty-six kingdoms of the Western Regions,' with a population of 81,317, including 21,076 persons able to bear arms. During the periods of Tang domination during the Early Middle Ages, the city of Kucha was usually one of the 'Four Garrisons' of An-hsi (Anxi) the 'Pacified West'., typically the capital of it. During periods of Tibetan domination it was usually at least semi-independent. It fell under Uighur domination and became an important center of the later Uighur Kingdom after the Kirghiz destruction of the Uighur steppe empire in 840.
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Kyrgyz people
The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic people living primarily in Kyrgyzstan.
There are several etymological theories on the ethnonym "Kyrgyz."
The word "Kyrgyz" is derived from the Turkic word "forty", with -Iz being an old plural suffix, referring to a collection of forty tribes.
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Ma Fuyuan
Ma Fuyuan (simplified Chinese: 马福元; traditional Chinese: 馬福元; pinyin: Mǎ Fúyuán; Wade–Giles: Ma Fu-yüan) was a Chinese Muslim general of the 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army), who served under Generals Ma Zhongying and Ma Hushan. He was present with Ma Zhongying, Ma Shih-ming, Ma Shih-lu, and Ma Ho-ying during a meeting with Yulbars Khan. He fought against Uighur and Kirghiz rebels, of the First East Turkestan Republic, and against the pro soviet uighur Khoja Niyaz at Aksu, driving Khoja Niyaz to Kashgar. He and General Ma Zhancang destroyed the First East Turkestan Republic after defeating uighur and Kirghiz fighters at the Battle of Kashgar (1934). Battle of Yarkand, and Battle of Yangi Hissar Several British citizens at the British consulate were killed by the 36th division. After entering Kashgar, he publicly proclaimed his alleigance to the Republic of China government in Nanjing, and announced that Ma Shaowu was reappointed as the Taoyin of Kashgar.
马福元宣布：“喀什前道尹马绍武应马占仓和马福元之请，代表中国当局负最高军事和民政监督之职”
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Ma Shaowu
Ma Shaowu (1874–1937) was a Hui born in Yunnan, in Qing dynasty China. He was a member of the Xinjiang clique during the Republic of China.
Ma Yuanzhang wrote a couplet in honour of Ma Shaowu that emphasises the role of tombbuilder for which he was best known within the Jahriyya order. The couplet was written on the occasion of the death anniversary of Ma Mingxin’s wife in whose honour the most important of the tombs was built, on the 1st of the first lunar month, 1918; the first line of the couplet makes a play on the middle character shao 绍 of Ma Shaowu 马绍武。 The founding ancestor refers to Ma Mingxin, while the ‘departed sage’ probably refers to Ma Yuanzhang’s father Ma Shenglin. The word translated here as ‘worthy descendant’ is also a lineage term for fourth generation direct descendant, for Ma Shaowu was a fourth generation direct descendant of Ma Mingxin.
Ma Yuanzhang was related to the leader of the Dungan revolt, Ma Hualong, which made him related to Ma Shaowu.
Ten thousand li to pay his respects at the isolated tomb and satisfy the wish of the founding ancestor,
Those that satisfy the wishes of their ancestors are truly filial.
In the home province he built up the embankment in honour of the departed sage,
Not only by showing respect for the departed but in his countenance he is a true worthy descendant.
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Ma Zhancang
Ma Zhancang(simplified Chinese: 马占仓; traditional Chinese: 馬占倉; pinyin: Mǎ Zhàncāng; Wade–Giles: Ma Chan-ts'ang) was a Chinese muslim general of the 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army), who served under Generals Ma Zhongying and Ma Hushan. At the Battle of Kashgar (1933), he repulsed an attack of Uighurs led by the Syrian Arab Tawfiq Bay, wounding Tawfiq. He fought against Uighur and Kirghiz rebels, and destroyed the First East Turkestan Republic after defeating uighur and kirghiz fighters at Kashgar, Yarkand, and Yangi Hissar in 1934. He killed the uighur leaders Timur Beg, Abdullah Bughra, and Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra. .
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Ma Zhongying
Ma Zhongying, also Ma Chung-ying (simplified Chinese: 马仲英; traditional Chinese: 馬仲英; pinyin: Mǎ Zhòngyīng; Wade–Giles: Ma Chung-ying) (c. 1910 - 1936?) was a Hui Chinese Muslim warlord during the Warlord era of China. Ma Zhongying's birth name was Ma Buying (simplified Chinese: 马步英; traditional Chinese: 馬步英; pinyin: Mǎ Bùyīng; Wade–Giles: Ma Pu-ying). Zhongying was a warlord of Gansu province in China during the 1930s. He allied himself with the Kuomintang, which gave his soldiers an official designation, the 36th Division, with Zhongying as its commander. He was ordered to overthrow Jin Shuren, the governor of Xinjiang. After several victories over Provincial and White Russian forces, Ma Chung-ying attempted to expand his territory into southern Xinjiang by launching campaigns from his power base in Gansu, but was eventually stalled by Xinjiang warlord Sheng Shicai in 1934.
Ma Zhongying joined the Muslim militia in 1924 when he was 14 years old.
Ma Zhongying seized Hezhou, and vanquished his great-uncle Ma Lin's army which was sent to recapture the city from Ma Zhongying. Ma Zhongying's commander, his uncle Ma Ku-chang, discharged Ma Zhongying for disobeying orders because he did not order Hezhou to be captured.
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Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung listen (help·info), and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976), was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution. He was the architect and founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949, and held authoritarian control over the nation until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism–Leninism, along with his military strategies and brand of policies, are collectively known as Maoism.
Mao rose to power by commanding the Long March, forming a Second United Front with Kuomintang (KMT) during the Second Sino-Japanese War to repel a Japanese invasion, and leading the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War. After solidifying the reunification of China through his Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, Mao enacted sweeping land reform, by using violence and terror to overthrow the feudal landlords before seizing their large estates and dividing the land into people's communes. During the years when Mao was China’s 'Great Helmsman', a range of positive changes came to China. These included promoting the status of women, improving popular literacy, doubling the school population, providing universal housing, abolishing unemployment and inflation, increasing health care access, and dramatically raising life expectancy. In addition, China's population almost doubled during the period of Mao's leadership (from around 550 to over 900 million). As a result, Mao is still officially held in high regard by many in China as a great political strategist, military mastermind, and savior of the nation. Maoists further promote his role as a theorist, statesman, poet, and visionary, while anti-revisionists continue to defend most of his policies.
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Marco Polo
Marco Polo (i/ˈmɑrkoʊ ˈpoʊloʊ/; Italian pronunciation: [ˈmarko ˈpɔːlo]; c. 1254 – January 9, 1324) was a Venetian merchant traveler from the Venetian Republic whose travels are recorded in Il Milione, a book which did much to introduce Europeans to Central Asia and China. He learned about trading whilst his father and uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo, travelled through Asia and apparently met Kublai Khan. In 1269, they returned to Venice to meet Marco for the first time. The three of them embarked on an epic journey to Asia, returning after 24 years to find Venice at war with Genoa; Marco was imprisoned, and dictated his stories to a cellmate. He was released in 1299, became a wealthy merchant, married and had three children. He died in 1324, and was buried in San Lorenzo.
Their pioneering journey inspired Christopher Columbus and others. Marco Polo's other legacies include Venice Marco Polo Airport, the Marco Polo sheep, and several books and films. He also had an influence on European cartography, leading to the introduction of the Fra Mauro map.
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Nicolas Trigault
Nicolas Trigault (1577–1628) was a Flemish Jesuit, and a missionary to China. He was also known by his latinised name Trigautius or Trigaultius, and his Chinese name Jīn Nígé (金尼閣).
Born in Douai (then part of the Spanish Netherlands, now part of France), he became a Jesuit in 1594. Trigault left Europe to do missionary work in Asia around 1610, eventually arriving at Nanjing, China in 1611. He was later brought by the Chinese Catholic Li Zhizao to his hometown of Hangzhou where he worked as one of the first missionaries ever to reach that city and was eventually to die there in 1629.
In late 1612 Trigault was appointed by the China Mission's Superior, Niccolo Longobardi as the China Mission's procurator (recruitment and PR representative) in Europe. He sailed from Macau on February 9, 1613, and arrived to Rome on October 11, 1614, by the way of India, Persian Gulf, and Egypt. His tasks involved reporting on the mission's progress to Pope Paul V, successfully negotiating with the Jesuit Order's General Claudio Acquaviva the independence of the China Mission from the Japan Misson, and traveling around Europe to raise money and publicize the work of the Jesuit missions.Peter Paul Rubens did a portrait of Trigault when the latter stopped there in 1617 (at right).
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Oirats
Oirats (Mongolian: Ойрад, Oirad; in the past, also Eleuths) are the westernmost group of the Mongols who unified several tribes origin whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of western Mongolia. Although the Oirats originated in the eastern parts of Central Asia, the most prominent group today is located in the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal subject of the Russian Federation, where they are called Kalmyks. The Kalmyks migrated from Dzungaria to the southeastern European part of the Russian Federation in the early XVII century.
Historically, the Oirats were composed of four major tribes: Dzungar (Choros or Ööled), Torghut, Dörbet, and Khoshut. The minor tribes include: Khoid, Bayid, Myangad, Zakhchin, Baatud, Barga and Darkhad.
In the 17th century, Zaya Pandita, a Gelug monk of the Khoshut tribe, devised a new writing system called Todo Bichig (clear script) for use by the Oirat people. This system was developed on the basis of the older Mongolian script, but had a more developed system of diacritics to exclude misreading, and reflected some lexic and grammar differences of the Oirat language from Mongolian.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy ( /ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), was a Greek-Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. This theory, proposed by Theodore Meliteniotes, could be correct, but it is late (ca. 1360) and unsupported. There is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest (in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, "Mathematical Treatise"). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika (Ἀποτελεσματικά), more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (Τετράβιβλος "Four books"), and in Latin as the Quadripartitum (or four books) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
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Sultan Said Khan
Sultan Said Khan ruled the state of Yarkand (mamlakati Yarkand) in Uyghurstan/Eastern Turkestan from September, 1514, to July, 1533. He was born in 1487 in Moghulistan and was a direct descendant of the first Moghul Khan, Tughlugh Timur, who had founded the state of Moghulistan in 1348 (and ruled until 1363). The moghuls were turkicized Mongols who converted to Islam.
Some English sources refer to this ruler as Abusaid.
When the Chagatai ulus, which embraced both East and West Turkestan, collapsed, the result was the creation of two different states: Maverannahr in West Turkestan, with its capital at Samarkand, where Timur the Great came to power in 1370, and Moghulistan, with its capital at Almalik, near the present-day town of Gulja, in the Ili valley. Moghulistan embraced settled lands in Eastern Turkestan as well as nomad lands north of Tangri Tagh. The settled lands were known at the time as Manglai Sobe or Mangalai Suyah, which translates as Shiny Land, or Advanced Land Which Faced the Sun. These lands included west and central Tarim oasis-cities, such as Khotan, Yarkand, Yangihisar, Kashgar, Aksu, and Uch Turpan; and hardly involved eastern Tangri Tagh oasis-cities, such as Kucha, Karashahr, Turpan and Kumul, where a local Uyghur administration and buddhist population still existed. The nomadic areas comprised the present Kyrghyzstan and part of Kazakhstan, including Jettisu, the area of seven rivers.
wn.com/Sultan_Said_Khan -
Tajiks of Xinjiang
Tajiks (Sariquli Tajik: [tudʒik], Tujik; Chinese: 塔吉克族; pinyin: Tǎjíkè Zú), are an ethnic group that lives in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China. They are one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by the government of China.
During the Tang dynasty, the members of the ethnic group were referred to as "Cina-deva-gotra" (from Sanskrit; Chinese transcription: 至那提婆瞿呾羅, 支那提婆瞿怛羅, or 脂那提婆瞿怛羅). The name literally means "descendant of Han and the sun-god" (漢日天种 or 日漢天种).
The name originates from a story about the Persian (波利剌斯) emperor seeking a Chinese princess' hand in marriage, followed by the bride-to-be's unexpected pregnancy in a mountainous and bandit-infested area en route to Persia.
During the Qing dynasty, the Tajiks were administered by a system of Begs like the rest of Xinjiang.
The Tajiks of Xinjiang practiced slavery, selling some of their own as a punishment. Submissive slaves were given wives and settled with the Tajiks. They were considered property and could be sold anytime. Their slaves came from numerous sources, enslaving Sunni captives such as Kirghiz in retaliation for Kirghiz slave raids, or from Kunjud, Gilgit, Chitral. The Tajiks also sold some slaves to Bukhara. The Sunnis called them Rafidites and did not consider them Muslim.
wn.com/Tajiks_of_Xinjiang -
Tawfiq Bay
Tawfiq Bay, or Sayyid Ahmad Tawfiq Bay Sharif Efendi (Tevfik Pasha), (Arabic: سيد احمد توفيق باي شريف أفندي) was a Syrian Arab traveler who had been in the service of King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia, eventually traveling to Xinjiang, Republic of China, in 1932. He was deported by the Chinese Muslim Daotai Ma Shaowu. On August 26 he arrived at Kashgar oases. He joined the Uighur and Kirghiz Turkic Muslim fighters of the First East Turkestan Republic, who were fighting against the Chinese Muslim forces of the 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army), who were loyal to the Republic of China government. Tawfiq was a Pan Islamist.
The Turkic armies were led by Osman Ali, Abdullah Bughra, Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra, and Muhammad Amin Bughra. Tawfiq Bay was given command of an army of Turkic fighters.
The Chinese Muslim General Ma Zhancang beat off the Turkic Muslims led by Tawfiq and Osman with ease at Kashgar New City, and inflicted severe casualties on the Turkic troops. On September 26, 1933, Tawfiq Bay led an assault against the Chinese Muslims in Kashgar New City. Ma Zhancang's troops repulsed the attack, inflicting heavy casualties, and Tawfiq Bay was severely wounded in the stomach, and retired from fighting.
wn.com/Tawfiq_Bay -
Timur
Timur (Turkish: Demir "iron", Persian: تمور Timūr, Chagatai: Temür "iron"; 8 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Tamerlane (from Persian: تيمور لنگ, Timūr-i Lang, Aksak Timur "Timur the Lame" in Turkish), was a Turkic, who conquered West, South and Central Asia, and the founder of the Timurid dynasty. He was the grandfather of Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-grandfather of Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire, which ruled South Asia for centuries.
Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan. Unlike his predecessors Timur was also a devout Muslim and referred to himself as the Sword of Islam. His armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and multicultural. During his lifetime Timur would emerge as the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world after defeating the formidable Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire and the declining Sultanate of Delhi; Timur had also decisively defeated the Knights Hospitaler at Smyrna and since then referred to himself as a Ghazi. By the end of his reign Timur had also gained complete suzerainty over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, Golden Horde and even the Yuan Khanate.
wn.com/Timur -
Timur Beg
Timur Beg (Uyghur: تیمور بیگ), or Timur Sijan (division general) was a Uighur rebel military leader in Xinjiang in 1933. He was involved in the 1933 Battle of Kashgar and participated before in Turpan Rebellion (1932). He associated with the Turkic nationalist Young Kashgar Party and appointed himself as 'Timur Shah'. He and other Uighurs like the Bughra brothers wanted to secede from China. In August 1933 his troops were attacked by the Chinese Muslim 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) under General Ma Zhancang. Timur was shot and beheaded and his head was put on a pike, to be displayed at the Idgah mosque in Kashgar.
wn.com/Timur_Beg -
Turpan
Turpan (Uyghur: تۇرپان, ULY: Turpan; simplified Chinese: 吐鲁番; traditional Chinese: 吐魯番; pinyin: Tǔlǔfān), also known as Turfan or Tulufan, is an oasis county-level city in Turpan Prefecture, in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Its population was 254,900 at the end of 2003.
Turpan has long been the centre of a fertile oasis (with water provided by karez) and an important trade centre. It was historically located along the Silk Road's northern route, at which time it was adjacent to the kingdoms of Korla and Karashahr to the southwest and the town of Qarakhoja (Gaochang) to the southeast.
The peoples of the Kingdoms of Nearer and Further Jushi 車師 (the Turpan Oasis and the region to the north of the mountains near modern Jimasa), were closely related. It was originally one kingdom called Gushi 故師 (Wade-Giles: Ku-shih) which the Chinese conquered in 107 BCE. It was subdivided into two kingdoms by the Chinese in 60 BCE. During the Han era the city changed hands several times between the Xiongnu and the Han, interspersed with short periods of independence.
wn.com/Turpan -
Uyghur people
The Uyghurs (Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر, ULY: Uyghur; [ʔʊjˈʁʊː]; simplified Chinese: 维吾尔; traditional Chinese: 維吾爾; pinyin: Wéiwú'ěr) are a Turkic ethnic group living in Eastern and Central Asia. Today, Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China. An estimated 80% of Xinjiang's Uyghurs live in the southwestern portion of the region, the Tarim Basin.
The largest community of Uyghurs outside Xinjiang in China is in Taoyuan County, in south-central Hunan province. Outside of China, significant diasporic communities of Uyghurs exist in the Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. Smaller communities are found in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Turkey.
Uyghur is often pronounced /ˈwiːɡər/ by English speakers, though the most acceptable English pronunciation is ooy-goor. Several alternate romanizations also appear: Uighur, Uygur and Uigur. The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region provincial government recommends that the generic ethnonym [ʔʊjˈʁʊː], adopted in the early 20th century for this Turkic people, be transcribed as "Uyghur".
wn.com/Uyghur_people -
Wusun
The Wūsūn (Chinese: 烏孫; literally "Grandchildren of The Crow") were a nomadic steppe people who, according to the Chinese histories, originally lived in western Gansu in northwest China near the Yuezhi people. After being defeated by the Xiongnu (circa 176 BCE) they fled to the region of the Ili river and (lake) Issyk Kul where they remained for at least five centuries and formed a powerful force.
They are mentioned in Chinese historical sources in 436 CE, when a Chinese envoy was sent to their country and the Wusun reciprocated.
Wusun is a modern pronunciation of the Chinese Characters '烏孫'. Originally, Wusun probably sounded more like Asman (*ah-sman < *asman, or *o-sən, *uo-sen or ?ah-swē depending on the authors) suggesting that they may have been the Asii of Geographica.
Around 107 BCE a Han princess married to the Usun Hunmo composed a song that called the Wusun country a Sky (Tian) country, and in China the Wusun horses (Usun ma) were called heavenly horses (Tian ma). Ptolemy (VI, 14, 177 CE) knew an Asman tribe, located east of the Volga River.
wn.com/Wusun -
Xiongnu
The Xiongnu (Chinese: 匈奴; pinyin: Xiōngnú; Wade–Giles: Hsiung-nu; Middle Chinese Guangyun: [xi̯woŋ˥˩nu˩]) were ancient nomadic-based people that formed a state or confederation north of the agriculture-based empire of the Han Dynasty. Most of the information on the Xiongnu comes from Chinese sources. What little is known of their titles and names comes from Chinese transliterations of their language.
The identity of the ethnic core of Xiongnu has been a subject of varied hypotheses, because only a few words, mainly titles and personal names, were preserved in the Chinese sources. Proposals by scholars include Turkic, Mongolic, Iranian,Yeniseian,Tocharian, and Uralic. The name Xiongnu may be cognate to the name Huns, but the evidence for this is controversial.
Chinese sources from the 3rd century BC report them as having created an empire under Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209 BC. This empire stretched beyond the borders of modern-day Mongolia. After defeating the previously dominant Yuezhi in the 2nd century BC, Xiongnu became a dominant power on the steppes of eastern Asia. They were active in southern Siberia, Mongolia, western Manchuria, and the Chinese provinces of Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Xinjiang. Relations between early Chinese dynasties and the Xiongnu were complex, with repeated periods of military conflict and intrigue alternating with exchanges of tribute, trade, and marriage treaties.
wn.com/Xiongnu -
Yarkant County
Shache (Yarkant) County or Yarkand County (lit. Cliff city; altitude 1,189 metres (3,901 ft), population 373,492 in 2003), is a county in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China, located on the southern rim of the Taklamakan desert in the Tarim Basin. It is one of 11 counties administered under Kashgar Prefecture. Yarkant, usually written Yarkand in English, was the seat of an ancient Buddhist kingdom on the southern branch of the Silk Road.
The fertile oasis is fed by the Yarkand River which flows north down from the Kunlun Mountains known historically as Congling mountains (lit. 'Onion Mountains' - from the abundance of wild onions found there). The oasis now covers 3,210 square kilometres (1,240 sq mi), but was likely far more extensive before the period of desiccation began to afflict the region from the 3rd century CE onwards.
Today, Yarkant is a predominantly Uyghur city. The irrigated oasis farmland produces cotton, wheat, corn, fruits (especially pomegranates, pears and apricots), and walnuts. Yak and sheep graze in the highlands. Mineral deposits include petroleum, natural gas, gold, copper, lead, bauxite, granite and coal.
wn.com/Yarkant_County -
Yuezhi
The Yuezhi, or Rouzhi (Chinese: 月氏; pinyin: Yuèzhī or Ròuzhī; Old Chinese: Tokwar), were an ancient Central Asian people. They are believed by most scholars to have been an Indo-European people and may have been the same as or closely related to the Tocharians (Τοχάριοι) of Classical sources. They were originally settled in the arid grasslands of the eastern Tarim Basin area, in what is today Xinjiang and western Gansu, in China, before they migrated to Transoxiana, Bactria and then northern South Asia, where they may have had a part in forming the Kushan Empire.
Since the character yuè (月) can stand for the character ròu (肉) in pictograms, it may not mean "moon" here. The character seems to have derived originally from ròu, "meat", as a character component. However, if the form Yuezhi (月氏) is accepted, the name translates literally as "moon clan", from yuè (月), "moon" and shì (氏), "clan" or "race". According to the Kangxi Dictionary, the name came from that of a country beyond China's borders.
wn.com/Yuezhi -
Zuo Zongtang
Zuo Zongtang (Chinese: 左宗棠; pinyin: Zuǒ Zōngtáng, pronounced [tswɔ̀ tsʊ́ŋtʰɑ̌ŋ]; Courtesy name: Chinese: 季高; pinyin: Jìgāo) (November 10, 1812 - September 5, 1885), spelled Tso Tsung-t'ang in Wade-Giles and known simply as General Tso in the West, was a Chinese statesman and military leader in the late Qing Dynasty.
He was born in Wenjialong, north of Changsha in Hunan province. He served in China's northwestern regions, quelling the Dungan revolt and various other disturbances. He served with distinction during the Qing Empire's civil war against the Taiping Rebellion, in which it is estimated 20 million people died.
Zuo Zongtang was born on November 10, 1812, into a poor family in Xiangyin County, Hunan.
Zuo's career got an inauspicious start when, as a young man, he failed the official court exams seven times (ca. 1822-1835). He decided to abandon his plans to become a civil servant and returned to his home by the Xiang River in Hunan to farm silkworms, read, and drink tea. It was during this period that he first directed his attention to the study of Western sciences and political economy.
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KASHGAR: PEARL OF THE SILK ROAD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:59
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
Demo of the controversial new documentary about the reconstruction of the ancient city of Kashgar in Xinjiang, China. The Chinese government is in a race against time to reinforce this historic adobe town before the next major earthquake destroys it, causing the loss of thousands of lives and the peaceful Uyghur Muslims who live there. Filmed in High Definition on the Canon T2i DSLR camera. More info at www.kashgarfilm.com Full length version now available youtu.be
http://wn.com/KASHGAR_PEARL_OF_THE_SILK_ROAD
Demo of the controversial new documentary about the reconstruction of the ancient city of Kashgar in Xinjiang, China. The Chinese government is in a race against time to reinforce this historic adobe town before the next major earthquake destroys it, causing the loss of thousands of lives and the peaceful Uyghur Muslims who live there. Filmed in High Definition on the Canon T2i DSLR camera. More info at www.kashgarfilm.com Full length version now available youtu.be
Changing Kashgar - China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
Kashgar is located in Western China, and has been at a crossroad of civilizations for centuries. Once a thriving town along the Silk Road, it is changing quickly today, now that the Chinese government has initiated several plans to incorporate the area into the so called 'develop the West' program. The original population of Xinjiang, the Uyghur people, are under continuous pressure from growing Chinese influence, and see their traditional Muslim society being eroded rapidly. Old quarters are being destroyed, and make way for new, but hastily built apartment blocks. Uyghurs are under increasing scrutiny by the local and central government, and also face unfair competition on the job market from the many Han Chinese that now live in cities like Kashgar. At the same time, many Uyghurs manage to hold on to their traditional lifestyles, and some parts of town look the same as they did 100 years ago. I traveled to Kashgar in 2005, and got the chance to visit the town again in 2010, this time bringing a video camera. This clip gives an insight of the structural visible changes that are happening to the city, but it also shows what daily life in Kashgar is like today. This video contains only a part of the entire story, and I encourage you to read up on Kashgar's history and current situation. For this video I used traditional Uyghur music and stock free audio to support the images.
http://wn.com/Changing_Kashgar_China
Kashgar is located in Western China, and has been at a crossroad of civilizations for centuries. Once a thriving town along the Silk Road, it is changing quickly today, now that the Chinese government has initiated several plans to incorporate the area into the so called 'develop the West' program. The original population of Xinjiang, the Uyghur people, are under continuous pressure from growing Chinese influence, and see their traditional Muslim society being eroded rapidly. Old quarters are being destroyed, and make way for new, but hastily built apartment blocks. Uyghurs are under increasing scrutiny by the local and central government, and also face unfair competition on the job market from the many Han Chinese that now live in cities like Kashgar. At the same time, many Uyghurs manage to hold on to their traditional lifestyles, and some parts of town look the same as they did 100 years ago. I traveled to Kashgar in 2005, and got the chance to visit the town again in 2010, this time bringing a video camera. This clip gives an insight of the structural visible changes that are happening to the city, but it also shows what daily life in Kashgar is like today. This video contains only a part of the entire story, and I encourage you to read up on Kashgar's history and current situation. For this video I used traditional Uyghur music and stock free audio to support the images.
- published: 11 Aug 2011
- views: 11884
- author: stefhoffer
CNTV Rediscovering China: Old City of Kashgar, Xinjiang.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:18
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
CNTV's documentary on the old city of Kashgar, Xinjiang.
http://wn.com/CNTV_Rediscovering_China_Old_City_of_Kashgar,_Xinjiang
CNTV's documentary on the old city of Kashgar, Xinjiang.
- published: 08 Sep 2011
- views: 4781
- author: nelsonsim
Silk Road Series:Kashgar in Xinjiang
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:25
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
Kashgar plays an important role in the history of the Silk Road, and its unique culture endows the city with many historical sites, including the Abakh Khoja Tomb, Idgar Mosque, Kashgar Old Town, Sunday Bazzar, Ancient Art Street, and the Stone City. Kashgar is China's Muslim center. Muslim features are visible throughout the city. www.chinahighlights.com
http://wn.com/Silk_Road_SeriesKashgar_in_Xinjiang
Kashgar plays an important role in the history of the Silk Road, and its unique culture endows the city with many historical sites, including the Abakh Khoja Tomb, Idgar Mosque, Kashgar Old Town, Sunday Bazzar, Ancient Art Street, and the Stone City. Kashgar is China's Muslim center. Muslim features are visible throughout the city. www.chinahighlights.com
- published: 23 Jul 2012
- views: 1689
- author: chinahighlights
CHING HE HUANG & KEN HOM Exploring China: A Culinary Adventure: Episode 3 - Yunnan & Kashgar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:03
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
CHING HE HUANG & KEN HOM Exploring China: A Culinary Adventure: Episode 3 - Yunnan & Kashgar www.amazon.co.uk www.chinghehuang.com twitter.com www.facebook.com www.typhoonhousewares.com Ken and Ching cook their way across China to create a definitive, modern classic of a cookbook on the world's most popular cuisine.Ken and Ching have transformed the way we cook and eat Chinese food. In this exciting new book and TV series, they journey through China on a culinary and cultural odyssey to find the old, the new and the unexpected. Ken and Ching leave the heaving megacities far behind to embark on an intrepid journey across China's vast western frontier where few travellers dare to venture. From the tropical jungles of Yunnan to the deeply divided Muslim city of Kashgar in China's wild west, their journey takes them deep into the culture and cuisines of the country's ethnic minority groups who make up almost 10 percent of the population. This is a China known to few, where communites and their traditions are surviving in the grip of a burgeoning superpower. China's emergence as one of the world's most influential cultures has ignited our interest in this enigmatic country, but Ken and Ching also have their own quests to explore. They arrive in Beijing to explore the influences of the West on traditional Imperial cuisine and talk to cutting-edge chefs about their take on Peking Duck. They cook with local familes, en route to discover the influence of Buddhism on vegetarian ...
http://wn.com/CHING_HE_HUANG_KEN_HOM_Exploring_China_A_Culinary_Adventure_Episode_3_Yunnan_Kashgar
CHING HE HUANG & KEN HOM Exploring China: A Culinary Adventure: Episode 3 - Yunnan & Kashgar www.amazon.co.uk www.chinghehuang.com twitter.com www.facebook.com www.typhoonhousewares.com Ken and Ching cook their way across China to create a definitive, modern classic of a cookbook on the world's most popular cuisine.Ken and Ching have transformed the way we cook and eat Chinese food. In this exciting new book and TV series, they journey through China on a culinary and cultural odyssey to find the old, the new and the unexpected. Ken and Ching leave the heaving megacities far behind to embark on an intrepid journey across China's vast western frontier where few travellers dare to venture. From the tropical jungles of Yunnan to the deeply divided Muslim city of Kashgar in China's wild west, their journey takes them deep into the culture and cuisines of the country's ethnic minority groups who make up almost 10 percent of the population. This is a China known to few, where communites and their traditions are surviving in the grip of a burgeoning superpower. China's emergence as one of the world's most influential cultures has ignited our interest in this enigmatic country, but Ken and Ching also have their own quests to explore. They arrive in Beijing to explore the influences of the West on traditional Imperial cuisine and talk to cutting-edge chefs about their take on Peking Duck. They cook with local familes, en route to discover the influence of Buddhism on vegetarian ...
- published: 21 Aug 2012
- views: 11735
- author: NEIHUFLYER
Episode 199: Kashgar, The Original Kashgar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:53
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
Kashgar started as a tiny little town then expanded into the city it is today, we entered the shambling old town of the original Kashgar in search of a scent of the past. click here for traveling pictures: s94.photobucket.com
http://wn.com/Episode_199_Kashgar,_The_Original_Kashgar
Kashgar started as a tiny little town then expanded into the city it is today, we entered the shambling old town of the original Kashgar in search of a scent of the past. click here for traveling pictures: s94.photobucket.com
- published: 03 Feb 2012
- views: 810
- author: LostInMyBackPack
Galaxy Channel - Kashgar Viloyati [喀什地區]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
Tropica - Today's best new emerging artists www.facebook.com Song: Kashgar Viloyati [喀什地區] Artist: Galaxy Channel Support the Artist: soundcloud.com Download the track: soundcloud.com Artwork by Mitya Kuznetsov www.flickr.com No copyright infringement intended. This is a non-profit channel. This content is provided by the artists under the creative commons license.
http://wn.com/Galaxy_Channel_Kashgar_Viloyati_喀什地區_
Tropica - Today's best new emerging artists www.facebook.com Song: Kashgar Viloyati [喀什地區] Artist: Galaxy Channel Support the Artist: soundcloud.com Download the track: soundcloud.com Artwork by Mitya Kuznetsov www.flickr.com No copyright infringement intended. This is a non-profit channel. This content is provided by the artists under the creative commons license.
- published: 08 Jan 2013
- author: tropicavintage
Uyghur Muslim in Kashgar of East Turkistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
2011-yilidiki bir heiyt namizidin korunushler www.pidaiy.biz
http://wn.com/Uyghur_Muslim_in_Kashgar_of_East_Turkistan
2011-yilidiki bir heiyt namizidin korunushler www.pidaiy.biz
- published: 07 Mar 2012
- views: 6619
- author: Pidaiy A
Silk Road Xinjiang - The Antique Shop of Kashgar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Hidden in the winding alleyways of Kashgar's old city lies a shop filled with antiques from across the vast region of Xinjiang. In narrow alley made of earth and brick, past a series of wooden doors in what remains of Kashgar's old city, Ghina Abla runs a small antique shop. It's crammed full with treasure, the fruits of 31 years of labor searching through the vast region of Xinjiang for clues about the past.
http://wn.com/Silk_Road_Xinjiang_The_Antique_Shop_of_Kashgar
Hidden in the winding alleyways of Kashgar's old city lies a shop filled with antiques from across the vast region of Xinjiang. In narrow alley made of earth and brick, past a series of wooden doors in what remains of Kashgar's old city, Ghina Abla runs a small antique shop. It's crammed full with treasure, the fruits of 31 years of labor searching through the vast region of Xinjiang for clues about the past.
- published: 09 Oct 2012
- views: 81
- author: CRI English
WarRock Update Video 9# - Kashgar ,Dragon Weapons ,Shoutout & Gamescom 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
Hello WarRock Troopers, Last week was really busy for me because I was preparing for Gamescom 2012 ( Nexon Booth - Shadow Company the Mercenary War Beta ) But I always got time for a update video! So the first update Nexon europe has releashed is the Battle Group map Kashgar. Its a huge map but you have enough space to move forward to the enemy spawns! The second update is the dragon package. In the dragon package are the following weapons: the SPAS-12 Dragon, SR25 Dragon , Stinger Dragon and the G36C Drum Dragon. There is also a login event you receive every day a Item, Costume or Weapon. You receive all these things for only 3 days. You have also the opportunity to collect the word Kashgar and to win a micro uzi ( 3 days ) So I was at Gamescom 2012 and I enjoyed my time at the Nexon Booth I wanna thank Nexon for the great time they gave me on Gamescom and I hope they invite me to their booth next year! I also think that Shadow Company the mercenary war will be the new WarRock. Soundtrack : Kris - Typisch tsiis WarRock Social Networks Patch 22 august: forum.nexoneu.com More of my Gamescom 2012 adventure: www.youtube.com WarRock Global Website: en.warrock.nexoneu.com WarRockCommunity.de: forum.warrockcommunity.de WarRock Global Forum: forum.nexoneu.com WarRock Global Facebook: www.facebook.com WarRock Global YouTube: www.youtube.com WarRock Global Twitter: twitter.com Social Networks WarRock Global Extra labels WarRock Interview with nxfallenlux fallen admin warrock ...
http://wn.com/WarRock_Update_Video_9_Kashgar_,Dragon_Weapons_,Shoutout_Gamescom_2012
Hello WarRock Troopers, Last week was really busy for me because I was preparing for Gamescom 2012 ( Nexon Booth - Shadow Company the Mercenary War Beta ) But I always got time for a update video! So the first update Nexon europe has releashed is the Battle Group map Kashgar. Its a huge map but you have enough space to move forward to the enemy spawns! The second update is the dragon package. In the dragon package are the following weapons: the SPAS-12 Dragon, SR25 Dragon , Stinger Dragon and the G36C Drum Dragon. There is also a login event you receive every day a Item, Costume or Weapon. You receive all these things for only 3 days. You have also the opportunity to collect the word Kashgar and to win a micro uzi ( 3 days ) So I was at Gamescom 2012 and I enjoyed my time at the Nexon Booth I wanna thank Nexon for the great time they gave me on Gamescom and I hope they invite me to their booth next year! I also think that Shadow Company the mercenary war will be the new WarRock. Soundtrack : Kris - Typisch tsiis WarRock Social Networks Patch 22 august: forum.nexoneu.com More of my Gamescom 2012 adventure: www.youtube.com WarRock Global Website: en.warrock.nexoneu.com WarRockCommunity.de: forum.warrockcommunity.de WarRock Global Forum: forum.nexoneu.com WarRock Global Facebook: www.facebook.com WarRock Global YouTube: www.youtube.com WarRock Global Twitter: twitter.com Social Networks WarRock Global Extra labels WarRock Interview with nxfallenlux fallen admin warrock ...
- published: 22 Aug 2012
- views: 3285
- author: nathie944
Kashgar Sunday Livestock Market
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
The Kashgar Livestock Market, held every Sunday, is one of the most spectacular places to watch live trading as it was once intended. People, mostly from Uyghur origin, come to trade horses, cows, donkeys, sheep, and many more animals, providing for a unique atmosphere. I visited the market in 2005, and came back in 2010 with a video camera. This clip shows some of the entourage. The music that I used falls under the Creative Commons license. The song is called 'La Fuite' from the album 'Marieva's Project', and was downloaded from Jamendo.
http://wn.com/Kashgar_Sunday_Livestock_Market
The Kashgar Livestock Market, held every Sunday, is one of the most spectacular places to watch live trading as it was once intended. People, mostly from Uyghur origin, come to trade horses, cows, donkeys, sheep, and many more animals, providing for a unique atmosphere. I visited the market in 2005, and came back in 2010 with a video camera. This clip shows some of the entourage. The music that I used falls under the Creative Commons license. The song is called 'La Fuite' from the album 'Marieva's Project', and was downloaded from Jamendo.
- published: 29 Jan 2012
- views: 1780
- author: stefhoffer
Kashgar's Dancers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 04 Jul 2012
The Kashgar Song and Dance Troupe performs traditional dances for audiences in the Xinjiang region, and around China. Dancers with the Kashgar Song and Dance Troupe rehearse a dance.
http://wn.com/Kashgar's_Dancers
The Kashgar Song and Dance Troupe performs traditional dances for audiences in the Xinjiang region, and around China. Dancers with the Kashgar Song and Dance Troupe rehearse a dance.
- published: 04 Jul 2012
- views: 173
- author: CRI English
China: Approching Hotan from Kashgar 中国バス旅行 カシュガルからホータンへ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
From my trip to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in June 2012. Hotan is an oasis town lying in the Tarim Basin, just north of the Kunlun Mountains. 2012年6月中国新疆ウイグル自治区へ旅行から。カシュガルからホータン（和田）までバスで8時間。
http://wn.com/China_Approching_Hotan_from_Kashgar_中国バス旅行_カシュガルからホータンへ
From my trip to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in June 2012. Hotan is an oasis town lying in the Tarim Basin, just north of the Kunlun Mountains. 2012年6月中国新疆ウイグル自治区へ旅行から。カシュガルからホータン（和田）までバスで8時間。
- published: 09 Jul 2012
- views: 385
- author: chojiro22
Episode 197: Kashgar, the music, the craft and the people
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:54
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
We continue to roam the street of Kashgar and look for interesting things. there are a lot of craftsman and artists. despite our western preconception of Muslim/Middle eastern culture, the people of Kashgar are actually very bright and cheerful, and care about their appearances A LOT, I've noticed there are tons of barber shops, dentists and vanity product shops (lots of make up for the ladies) even when most of the time the ladies are covered up head to toe. click here for traveling pictures: s94.photobucket.com
http://wn.com/Episode_197_Kashgar,_the_music,_the_craft_and_the_people
We continue to roam the street of Kashgar and look for interesting things. there are a lot of craftsman and artists. despite our western preconception of Muslim/Middle eastern culture, the people of Kashgar are actually very bright and cheerful, and care about their appearances A LOT, I've noticed there are tons of barber shops, dentists and vanity product shops (lots of make up for the ladies) even when most of the time the ladies are covered up head to toe. click here for traveling pictures: s94.photobucket.com
- published: 03 Feb 2012
- views: 368
- author: LostInMyBackPack
Kashgar - East Turkistan Oriental (so-called Xinjiang China)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:37
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
Kashgar - East Turkistan Oriental ( so-called Xinjiang China )
http://wn.com/Kashgar_East_Turkistan_Oriental_so-called_Xinjiang_China
Kashgar - East Turkistan Oriental ( so-called Xinjiang China )
- published: 03 Oct 2012
- views: 466
- author: saveuyghurs
China destroying Uyghur Muslim Identity in Kashgar in East Turkistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
It is caught in the middle of a battle between the terrorist Chinese Government, who is destroying it for the sake of development , money ,safety and want to destroy Uyghur Muslim indentity for their future's wick plan that ( in future there is no more Muslim in China !!!) Remark : The Terrorist Chinese always proclaim that Xinjiang is a historical part of China. for these reason the terrorist Chinese goverment destroying, stealing and demolishing Uyghur Muslim's land, indentities, cultures and other things under name of development, safety and economic interesting. We reject your proclamation that East Turkistan ( Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomy Region of China ) is Chinese territory. East Turkistan is always Muslim land,it is belongs to our Uyghur Muslim brothers and sisters. Insha Allah we shall overcome you terrorist China.
http://wn.com/China_destroying_Uyghur_Muslim_Identity_in_Kashgar_in_East_Turkistan
It is caught in the middle of a battle between the terrorist Chinese Government, who is destroying it for the sake of development , money ,safety and want to destroy Uyghur Muslim indentity for their future's wick plan that ( in future there is no more Muslim in China !!!) Remark : The Terrorist Chinese always proclaim that Xinjiang is a historical part of China. for these reason the terrorist Chinese goverment destroying, stealing and demolishing Uyghur Muslim's land, indentities, cultures and other things under name of development, safety and economic interesting. We reject your proclamation that East Turkistan ( Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomy Region of China ) is Chinese territory. East Turkistan is always Muslim land,it is belongs to our Uyghur Muslim brothers and sisters. Insha Allah we shall overcome you terrorist China.
- published: 15 Feb 2012
- views: 11565
- author: Alturkestan
China: Yogurt with Shaved Ice in Kashgar, Xinjiang Uyghur Region カシュガルのかき氷屋
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
From my trip to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in June 2012. 2012年6月中国新疆ウイグル自治区へ旅行から
http://wn.com/China_Yogurt_with_Shaved_Ice_in_Kashgar,_Xinjiang_Uyghur_Region_カシュガルのかき氷屋
From my trip to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in June 2012. 2012年6月中国新疆ウイグル自治区へ旅行から
- published: 04 Jul 2012
- views: 551
- author: chojiro22
Impromptu Children's Concert in Kashgar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Updated: 25 Apr 2012
A Ctrip team member caught this cute sight while strolling through Kashgar. bit.ly
http://wn.com/Impromptu_Children's_Concert_in_Kashgar
A Ctrip team member caught this cute sight while strolling through Kashgar. bit.ly
- published: 25 Apr 2012
- views: 140
- author: CtripEnglish
Chine - Kashgar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:21
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Kashgar Aout 2012 Une ville mythique au carrefour des routes de la Soie
http://wn.com/Chine_Kashgar
Kashgar Aout 2012 Une ville mythique au carrefour des routes de la Soie
- published: 08 Nov 2012
- views: 157
- author: pavdb092
Chaina: City of Kashgar, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region1 カシュガルの街1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Updated: 05 Jul 2012
From my trip to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in June 2012. 2012年6月中国新疆ウイグル自治区へ旅行から
http://wn.com/Chaina_City_of_Kashgar,_Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region1_カシュガルの街1
From my trip to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in June 2012. 2012年6月中国新疆ウイグル自治区へ旅行から
- published: 01 Jul 2012
- views: 863
- author: chojiro22
Journeys Into Islamic China, Kashgar - Huda TV Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:20
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Journeys_Into_Islamic_China,_Kashgar_Huda_TV_Documentary
Kashgar streets
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 08 Jul 2012
Kashgar Old Town streets
http://wn.com/Kashgar_streets
TLW 204 "Tough kid at the Kashgar livestock market"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
This goes on every sunday. Note the tough kid. 活畜交易市场.
http://wn.com/TLW_204_Tough_kid_at_the_Kashgar_livestock_market
This goes on every sunday. Note the tough kid. 活畜交易市场.
- published: 08 Nov 2012
- views: 330
- author: Christoph Rehage
photo: AP / Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
08 Jan 2013
MOSCOW, January 8 (RIA Novosti) – At least 17 billion Earth-size planets may inhabit the Milky Way galaxy, SPACE.com reported citing a new study by US astronomers ... That translates to a minimum of 17 billion planets as there are about 100 billion stars in the Milky Way ... Over a hundred of candidates have been confirmed as planets so far, NASA said....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
06 Jan 2013
ISLAMABAD - The Pakistani military is accusing forces from neighboring India of crossing the boundary between the two sides' forces in Kashmir and attacking a Pakistani border post, killing a soldier. The military's public relations office said in a statement Sunday that another Pakistani soldier was critically wounded in the incident early Sunday. They said troops are still exchanging gunfire in the area ... All rights reserved ... Parker ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
photo: UN / Evan Schneider
06 Jan 2013
LONDON -- They have barely 3,000 inhabitants and far more sheep than people. They are more than 8,700 miles from London. For much of the year, they are bitterly cold and wind-swept, with only open sea and ice between them and Antarctica ... But the Falkland Islands, the focus of a short war between Britain and Argentina in 1982, have been in the headlines again recently ... Their arguments suggest what has long been evident ... Ms ... Mr ... Cameron said....(size: 5.1Kb)
photo: US Army / Sgt. Christopher Bonebrake
07 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When Congress granted President Lyndon B. Johnson absolute powers to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression," Congress could have also included "all necessary vanities." The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which greatly escalated a foreign imperial war in Vietnam, added fuel to the bonfires of vanity....(size: 5.2Kb)
photo: AP / New South Wales Rural Fire Service
08 Jan 2013
SYDNEY - Firefighters battled scores of wildfires raging across southeast Australia on Tuesday with officials evacuating national parks and warning that blistering temperatures and high winds had led to "catastrophic" fire conditions in some areas. Enlarge. A charred vehicle sits near the remains of a destroyed home following a wildfire near Dunalley, east of the Tasmanian capital of Hobart, Australia, Saturday, Jan. 5, 2013 ... Editorial ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
noodls
03 Jan 2013
(Source. Amnesty International). The reported death of a celebrated Uighur writer in a Chinese prison is an indictment of freedom of expression, and exposes harsh prison conditions in China, Amnesty International has said ... Yasin was arrested in 2004 after the publication of 'Wild Pigeon' in a Kashgar literary journal, and was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment following an unfair trial ... He published three volumes of poetry ... (noodl....(size: 3.2Kb)
noodls
03 Jan 2013
(Source. Amnesty International). The reported death of a celebrated Uighur writer in a Chinese prison, if confirmed, would be an indictment on freedom of expression, and expose harsh prison conditions in China, Amnesty International said today ... Yasin was arrested in 2004 after the publication of 'Wild Pigeon' in a Kashgar literary journal, and was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment following an unfair trial ... distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 3.2Kb)
Irish Times
03 Jan 2013
DIANA GLEADHILL. ‘Did your mother not tell you never, ever get into a car with a strange man?” I asked Elise. We had wandered into a stableyard where we found some quite nice-looking horses ... When we finished the trip, delightedly, we crossed the Kunjerab Pass, which at over 15,000ft is the highest paved road in the world, and slid downhill into the China’s Xinjiang Province and Kashgar, the capital ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)
New Straits/Business Times
03 Jan 2013
Starwood Hotels & Resorts’ self-contained largest hotel worldwide is almost like a small city, writes Shuib Taib. THE energy is pulsating. And I can feel it with every step. I am in Macau for the opening of the newest and biggest Sheraton in the world ... The lobby is no ordinary hotel lobby either ... THE GAMBLER ... ... Pillarless Kashgar Grand Ballroom, six junior ballrooms, three outdoor swimming pools, Shine Spa, Sheraton Fitness and Kid’s Zone....(size: 6.3Kb)
noodls
02 Jan 2013
(Source. Amnesty International). The reported death of a celebrated Uighur writer in a Chinese prison is an indictment on freedom of expression, and exposes harsh prison conditions in China, Amnesty International said today ... Yasin was arrested in 2004 after the publication of 'Wild Pigeon' in a Kashgar literary journal, and was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment following an unfair trial ... He published three volumes of poetry ... (noodl....(size: 3.2Kb)
China: Writer's death in prison is shameful indictment of Chinese government (Amnesty International)
noodls02 Jan 2013
(Source. Amnesty International). Posted. 02 January 2013 ... Although author Nurmemet Yasin's death was reported only a few days ago, he apparently died sometime in 2011 in Shaya prison in western China's Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region ... Yasin was arrested in 2004 after the publication of 'Wild Pigeon' in a Kashgar literary journal, and was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment following an unfair trial ... He published three volumes of poetry....(size: 3.3Kb)
The Times of India
27 Dec 2012
READ MORE Western Province.urumqi.Old Town.landscape.Kashgar. Kashgar, the other face of China ... Not exactly the prospect I had in mind when I booked my flight from Urumqi to Kashgar in China's remote western province of Xinjiang ... The flight to Kashgar had been postponed to an indefinite time due to strong winds ... It was a relief when the ground crew finally announced that the first flight to Kashgar would take off at 2 pm....(size: 7.8Kb)
noodls
23 Dec 2012
(Source. The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China). -- European and U.S ... Hu Maoyuan, chairman of SAIC Motor Corp ... Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Xinjiang reached 396 million U.S ... The two special zones of Kashgar and Korgas set up at the end of 2011 provide favorable policies ranging from tax exemptions, subsidized electricity and transportation, to low-interest loans for infrastructure. distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 4.9Kb)
CNTV
22 Dec 2012
URUMQI, Dec. 21 (Xinhua) -- European and U.S. businesses led the inflow in 2012 of foreign capital into northwest China's Xinjiang, eyeing its abundant resources and proximity to central Asia, industry observers say ... The two special zones of Kashgar and Korgas set up at the end of 2011 provide favorable policies ranging from tax exemptions, subsidized electricity and transportation, to low-interest loans for infrastructure ... Xinhua ... ties ... ....(size: 8.6Kb)
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
21 Dec 2012
Today, Hartford Books Examiner will be giving away two $25 gift certificates to Bank Square Books coupled with a copy of The Independent Bookstore. Why It Matters. For your chance to win, simply email HBE at HartfordBooksExaminer@aol.com by 11.59 PM EST tonight (12/21/12) and include “Giveaway” in the subject line. Winners will be selected at random and notified by email ... *** ... While R.J ... Lady Cyclist’s Guide To Kashgar by Suzanne Joinson ... ....(size: 5.6Kb)
The Examiner
15 Dec 2012
Filed under "Better Late Than Never," here's your weekend blockade schedule. This post is coming to you just before the noon hour, which is when the majority of the blockades get started, so you shouldn't miss too much. Besides, there's a heck of a lot going on ... Join the fun and earn you some pieces of eight!. Standard reminders. Schedule is given in Pirate Time, or U.S. Pacific ... (14) ... Defender ... Smash ... 11.00 AM - Kashgar Island, Emerald Ocean....(size: 5.6Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
11 Dec 2012
Passengers and air crew subdued six people who tried to hijack a flight minutes after it took off from the remote desert city of Hotan, a heavily ethnic Uighur area that had been hit by recent bouts of violence ... The government blamed the incidents in Kashgar and Hotan - both in the majority Uighur southern part of Xinjiang - on Muslim hardliners who want to establish an independent state called East Turkestan ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
06 Dec 2012
Available on Amazon Today ... In their book The Middle Kingdom Ride, available on Amazon, Colin and Ryan take us with them as they travel through the diverse and extraordinary landscapes of China, from its border with North Korea, to the ancient Muslim city of Kashgar, across the vast empty spaces of the Mongolian grasslands, over the mountains and into the monasteries of Tibet. Colin and Ryan Pyle are brothers from Toronto, Canada ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
For other uses, see Kashgar Prefecture.
| Kashgar قەشقەر |
|
|---|---|
| — County-level city — | |
| 喀什市 | |
 |
|
 Kashgar
|
|
Kashgar
|
|
| Coordinates: 39°28′N 75°59′E / 39.467°N 75.983°E / 39.467; 75.983 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Autonomous Region | Xinjiang |
| Area | |
| • Total | 555 km2 (214 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,270 m (4,170 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
| • Total | 400,225 |
| • Density | 720/km2 (1,900/sq mi) |
| Time zone | GMT+6 [2] |
| Postal code | 844000 |
| Area code(s) | 0998 |
| Website | http://www.xjks.gov.cn/ |
| Kashgar | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||
| Chinese | 喀什 | ||||||||||
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| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 喀什噶爾 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 喀什噶尔 | ||||||||||
|
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| Uyghur name | |||||||||||
| Uyghur |
قەشقەر
|
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|
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| Hindi name | |||||||||||
| Hindi | कशगार | ||||||||||
| Persian name | |||||||||||
| Persian | کاشغر | ||||||||||
Kashgar or Kashi is an oasis city with approximately 350,000 residents in the western part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Kashgar is the administrative centre of Kashgar Prefecture which has an area of 162,000 km² and a population of approximately 3.5 million.[1]
The city covers an area of 15 km². The altitude averages 1,289 m/4,282 ft. above sea level. The city is located in the western extremity of China, near the border with Tajikistan.
Contents
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Name[link]
The modern Chinese name is 喀什 (Kāshí), a shortened form of the longer and less-frequently used (simplified Chinese: 喀什噶尔; traditional Chinese: 喀什噶爾; pinyin: Kāshígé’ěr). Ptolemy (AD 90-168), in his Geography, Chapter 15.3A, refers to Kashgar as “Kasia”.[2] The name is Middle Iranic in its origin, meaning "Kush Mountains" (from gar/ghar, "mountain", and Kush/Kâsh, being the same as the ethnonym of the Kushan Empire and the Hindukush mountains in the neighboring Afghanistan.
An early Chinese name was 疏勒 (now Shule County), variously romanized as Su-leh, Sulei, Shule, Shu-le', She-le, Shu-lo or Sha-le, which perhaps represents either an original Solek or Sorak.[citation needed]
Alternate historical Romanizations for "Kashgar" include Cascar[3][4] and Cashgar.[5]
Variant names include the approved name Shule,[6] the Uyghur: يېڭىشەھەر[7], the official transcriptions of the Uyghur K̂äxk̂är or Kaxgar[8], as well as Jangi-schahr,[9] Kashgar Yangi Shahr,[10] K’o-shih-ka-erh,[11] K’o-shih-ka-erh-hsin-ch’eng,[12] Ko-shih-ka-erh-hui-ch’eng,[13] K’o-shih-ko-erh-hsin-ch’eng,[14] New Kashgar,[15] Sheleh,[16] Shuleh,[17] Shulen,[18] Shu-lo,[19] Su-lo,[20] Su-lo-chen,[21] Su-lo-hsien,[22] Yangi-shaar,[23] Yangi-shahr,[24] Yangishar,[25] Yéngisheher,[26] Yengixəh̨ər[27] and Еңишәһәр.[28]
History[link]
Han Dynasty[link]
_of_Kashgar,_73_CE.jpg)
The earliest mention of Kashgar occurs when the Chinese Han Dynasty envoy traveled the Northern Silk Road to explore lands to the west.[29]
Another early mention of Kashgar is during the Former Han (also known as the Western Han Dynasty), when in 76 BC the Chinese conquered the Xiongnu, Yutian (Khotan), Sulei (Kashgar), and a group of states in the Tarim basin almost up to the foot of the Tian Shan mountains.
Ptolemy speaks of Scythia beyond the Imaus, which is in a “Kasia Regio”, probably exhibiting the name from which Kashgar and Kashgaria (often applied to the district) are formed.[30] The country’s people practised Zoroastrianism and Buddhism before the coming of Islam.
In the Hanshu (Book of the Former Han), which covers the period between 125 BC and 23 AD, it is recorded that there were 1,510 households, 18,647 people and 2,000 persons able to bear arms. By the time covered by the Hou Hanshu (roughly 25 to 170), it had grown to 21,000 households and had 3,000 men able to bear arms.
The Hou Hanshu (Book of the Later Han), provides a wealth of detail on developments in the region:
- "In the period of Emperor Wu [140-87 BC], the Western Regions1 were under the control of the Interior [China]. They numbered thirty-six kingdoms. The Imperial Government established a Colonel [in charge of] Envoys there to direct and protect these countries. Emperor Xuan [73-49 BC] changed this title [in 59 BC] to Protector-General.
- Emperor Yuan [40-33 BC] installed two Wuji Colonels to take charge of the agricultural garrisons on the frontiers of the king of Nearer Jushi [Turpan].
- During the time of Emperor Ai [6 BC-AD 1] and Emperor Ping [AD 1-5], the principalities of the Western Regions split up and formed fifty-five kingdoms. Wang Mang, after he usurped the Throne [in AD 9], demoted and changed their kings and marquises. Following this, the Western Regions became resentful, and rebelled. They, therefore, broke off all relations with the Interior [China] and, all together, submitted to the Xiongnu again.
- The Xiongnu collected oppressively heavy taxes and the kingdoms were not able to support their demands. In the middle of the Jianwu period [AD 25-56], they each [Shanshan and Yarkand in 38, and 18 kingdoms in 45], sent envoys to ask if they could submit to the Interior [China], and to express their desire for a Protector-General. Emperor Guangwu, decided that because the Empire was not yet settled [after a long period of civil war], he had no time for outside affairs, and [therefore] finally refused his consent [in AD 45].
- In the meantime, the Xiongnu became weaker. The king of Suoju [Yarkand], named Xian, wiped out several kingdoms. After Xian’s death [c. AD 62], they began to attack and fight each other. Xiao Yuan [Tura], Jingjue [Cadota], Ronglu [Niya], and Qiemo [Cherchen] were annexed by Shanshan [the Lop Nur region]. Qule [south of Keriya] and Pishan [modern Pishan or Guma] were conquered and fully occupied by Yutian [Khotan]. Yuli [Fukang], Danhuan, Guhu [Dawan Cheng], and Wutanzili were destroyed by Jushi [Turpan and Jimasa]. Later these kingdoms were re-established.
- During the Yongping period [AD 58-75], the Northern Xiongnu forced several countries to help them plunder the commanderies and districts of Hexi. The gates of the towns stayed shut in broad daylight."[31]
And, more particularly in reference to Kashgar itself, is the following record:
"In the sixteenth Yongping year of Emperor Ming 73, Jian, the king of Qiuci (Kucha), attacked and killed Cheng, the king of Shule (Kashgar). Then he appointed the Qiuci (Kucha) Marquis of the Left, Douti, King of Shule (Kashgar). In winter 73, the Han sent the Major Ban Chao who captured and bound Douti. He appointed Zhong, the son of the elder brother of Cheng, to be king of Shule (Kashgar). Zhong later rebelled. (Ban) Chao attacked and beheaded him."[32]
The Kushans[link]
The Hou Hanshu also gives the only extant historical record of Yuezhi or Kushan involvement in the Kashgar oasis:
"During the Yuanchu period (114-120) in the reign of Emperor, the king of Shule (Kashgar), exiled his maternal uncle Chenpan to the Yuezhi (Kushans) for some offence. The king of the Yuezhi became very fond of him. Later, Anguo died without leaving a son. His mother directed the government of the kingdom. She agreed with the people of the country to put Yifu (lit. “posthumous child”), who was the son of a full younger brother of Chenpan on the throne as king of Shule (Kashgar). Chenpan heard of this and appealed to the Yuezhi (Kushan) king, saying:
The Yuezhi (Kushans) then sent soldiers to escort him back to Shule (Kashgar). The people had previously respected and been fond of Chenpan. Besides, they dreaded the Yuezhi (Kushans). They immediately took the seal and ribbon from Yifu and went to Chenpan, and made him king. Yifu was given the title of Marquis of the town of Pangao [90 li, or 37 km, from Shule]. Then Suoju (Yarkand) continued to resist Yutian (Khotan), and put themselves under Shule (Kashgar). Thus Shule (Kashgar), became powerful and a rival to Qiuci (Kucha) and Yutian (Khotan)."[32]
- "Anguo had no son. His relative (Yifu) is weak. If one wants to put on the throne a member of (Anguo’s) mother’s family, I am Yifu’s paternal uncle, it is I who should be king."
However, it was not very long before the Chinese began to reassert their authority in the region:
“In the second Yongjian year (127), during Emperor Shun’s reign, Chenpan sent an envoy to respectfully present offerings. The Emperor bestowed on Chenpan the title of Great Commandant-in-Chief for the Han. Chenxun, who was the son of his elder brother, was appointed Temporary Major of the Kingdom. In the fifth year (130), Chenpan sent his son to serve the Emperor and, along with envoys from Dayuan (Ferghana) and Suoju (Yarkand), brought tribute and offerings.”[32]
From an earlier part of the same text comes the following addition:
- “In the first Yangjia year (132), Xu You sent the king of Shule (Kashgar), Chenpan, who with 20,000 men, attacked and defeated Yutian (Khotan). He beheaded several hundred people, and released his soldiers to plunder freely. He replaced the king [of Jumi] by installing Chengguo from the family of [the previous king] Xing, and then he returned.”[33]
Then the first passage continues:
“In the second Yangjia year (133), Chenpan again made offerings (including) a lion and zebu cattle. Then, during Emperor Ling’s reign, in the first Jianning year [168], the king of Shule (Kashgar) and Commandant-in-Chief for the Han (i.e. presumably Chenpan), was shot while hunting by the youngest of his paternal uncles, Hede. Hede named himself king. In the third year (170), Meng Tuo, the Inspector of Liangzhou, sent the Provincial Officer Ren She, commanding five hundred soldiers from Dunhuang, with the Wuji Major Cao Kuan, and Chief Clerk of the Western Regions, Zhang Yan, brought troops from Yanqi (Karashahr), Qiuci (Kucha), and the Nearer and Further States of Jushi (Turpan and Jimasa), altogether numbering more than 30,000, to punish Shule (Kashgar). They attacked the town of Zhenzhong [Arach – near Maralbashi] but, having stayed for more than forty days without being able to subdue it, they withdrew. Following this, the kings of Shule (Kashgar) killed one another repeatedly while the Imperial Government was unable to prevent it.”[34]
Three Kingdoms to the Sui[link]
These centuries are marked by the general silence on Kashgar and the Tarim Basin in general.
The Weilüe, composed in the second third of the 3rd century, mentions a number of states as dependencies of Kashgar: the kingdom of Zhenzhong (Arach?), the kingdom of Suoju (Yarkand), the kingdom of Jieshi, the kingdom of Qusha, the kingdom of Xiye (Khargalik), the kingdom of Yinai (Tashkurghan), the kingdom of Manli (modern Karasul), the kingdom of Yire (Mazar – also known as Tágh Nák and Tokanak), the kingdom of Yuling, the kingdom of Juandu (‘Tax Control’ – near modern Irkeshtam), the kingdom of Xiuxiu (‘Excellent Rest Stop’ – near Karakavak), and the kingdom of Qin.
However, much of the information on the Western Regions contained in the Weilüe seems to have ended roughly about (170), near the end of Han power. So, we can’t be sure that this is a reference to the state of affairs during the Cao Wei (220-265), or whether it refers to the situation before the civil war during the Later Han when China lost touch with most foreign countries and came to be divided into three separate kingdoms.
The Sanguozhi, ch. 30 says that after the beginning of the Wei Dynasty (220) the states of the Western Regions did not arrive as before, except for the larger ones such as Kucha, Khotan, Kangju, Wusun, Kashgar, Yuezhi, Shanshan and Turpan, who are said to have come to present tribute every year, as in Han times.
In 270, four states from the Western Regions were said to have presented tribute: Karashahr, Turpan, Shanshan, and Kucha. Some wooden documents from Niya seem to indicate that contacts were also maintained with Kashgar and Khotan also had contact about this time.
In 422, according to the Songshu, ch. 98, the king of Shanshan, Bilong, came to the court and "the thirty-six states in the Western Regions" all swore their allegiance and presented tribute. It must be assumed that these 36 states included Kashgar.
The "Songji" of the Zizhi Tongjian records that in the 5th month of 435, nine states: Kucha, Kashgar, Wusun, Yueban, Tashkurghan, Shanshan, Karashahr, Turpan and Sute all came to the Wei court.
In 439, according to the Weishu, ch. 4A, Shanshan, Kashgar and Karashahr sent envoys to present tribute.
According to the Weishu, ch. 102, Chapter on the Western Regions, the kingdoms of Kucha, Kashgar, Wusun, Yueban, Tashkurghan, Shanshan, Karashahr, Turpan and Sute all began sending envoys to present tribute in the Taiyuan reign period (435-440).
In 453 Kashgar sent envoys to present tribute (Weishu, ch. 5), and again in 455.
An embassy sent during the reign of Wencheng Di (452-466) from the king of Kashgar presented a supposed sacred relic of the Buddha; a dress which was incombustible.
In 507 Kashgar, is said to have sent envoys in both the 9th and 10th months (Weishu, ch. 8).
In 512, Kashgar sent envoys in the 1st and 5th months. (Weishu, ch. 8).
Early in the 6th century Kashgar is included among the many territories controlled by the Yeda or Hephthalite Huns, but their empire collapsed at the onslaught of the Western Turks between 563 and 567 who then probably gained control over Kashgar and most of the states in the Tarim Basin.
The Tang Dynasty[link]
The opening of the Tang Dynasty, in 618, saw the beginning of a prolonged struggle between China and the Western Turks for control of the Tarim Basin.
In 635 the Tang Annals report an embassy from the king of Kashgar. In 639 there was a second embassy bringing products of Kashgar as a token of submission.
Xuan Zang passed through Kashgar (which he refers to as Ka-sha) in 644 on his return journey from India to China. The Buddhist religion, then beginning to decay in India, was active in Kashgar. Xuan Zang records that they flattened their babies heads, were ill-favoured[clarification needed], tattooed their bodies and had green eyes. He said they had abundant crops, fruits and flowers, wove fine woollen stuffs and rugs, their writing had been copied from India but their language was different from that of other countries. The inhabitants were sincere believers in Buddhism and there were some hundreds of monasteries with more than 10,000 followers, all members of the Sarvastivadin School.
Contemporaneously, Nestorian Christians were establishing bishoprics at Herat, Merv and Samarkand, whence they subsequently proceeded to Kashgar, and finally to China proper itself.
In 646, when the Turkic Kagan asked for the hand of a Chinese princess, the Emperor claimed Kucha, Khotan, Kashgar, Karashahr and Sarikol as a marriage gift, but this was not to happen.
In a series of campaigns between 652 and 658, with the help of the Uyghurs, the Chinese finally defeated the Western Turk tribes and took control of all their domains, including the Tarim Basin kingdoms.
In 662 a rebellion broke out in the Western Regions and a Chinese army sent to control it was badly defeated by the Tibetans south of Kashgar.
After another defeat of the Chinese forces in 670, the Tibetans gained control of the whole region and completely subjugated Kashgar in 676-8 and retained possession of it until 692, when China regained control of all their former territories, and retained it for the next fifty years.
In 722 Kashgar sent 4,000 troops to assist the Chinese to force the "Tibetans out of "Little Bolu" or Gilgit.
In 728, the king of Kashgar was awarded a brevet by the Chinese emperor.
In 739, the Tangshu relates that the governor of the Chinese garrison in Kashgar, with the help of Ferghana, was interfering in the affairs of the Turgash tribes as far as Talas.
In 751 the Chinese were defeated by an Arab army in Talas; a blow from which they never fully recovered.[clarification needed] The Tibetans cut all communication between China and the West in 766.
Soon after the Chinese pilgrim monk Wukong passed through Kashgar in 753. He again reached Kashgar on his return trip from India in 786 and mentions a Chinese deputy governor as well as the local king.
The Arab Caliphate[link]
In the 8th century came the Arab rule from the west, and Kashgar and Turkestan lent assistance to the reigning queen of Bokhara, to enable her to repel the enemy[who?]. But although the Muslim religion from the very commencement sustained checks, it nevertheless made its weight felt upon the independent states of Turkestan to the north and east, and thus acquired a steadily growing influence. It was not, however, till the 10th century that Islam was established at Kashgar, under the Kara-Khanid Khanate.
The Karakhanids[link]
Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan converted to Islam in the 10th century and captured Kashgar. The Kara-Khanid Khanate in Kashgar lasted until the 12th century when it was conquered by the Kara-Khitans.[35]
The Uyghurs[link]
The Uyghurs employed an alphabet based upon the Syriac and borrowed from the Nestorian, but after converting to Islam widely used also an Arabic script. They spoke a dialect of Turkic claimed to be preserved in the Kudatku Bilik, a moral treatise composed in 1065.
The Mongols[link]
The Kara-Khanid Khanate was destroyed by an invasion of the Kara-Khitai, another Turkic tribe pressing westwards from the Chinese frontier, who in their turn were swept away in 1219 by Genghis Khan. On his death, and during the rule of the Chagatai Khans, who also converted to Islam, Islamic tradition began to reassert its ascendancy.
Marco Polo visited the city, which he calls Cascar, about 1273-4 and recorded the presence of numerous Nestorian Christians, who had their own churches.
In 1389–1390 Timur ravaged Kashgar, Andijan and the intervening country. Kashgar endured a troubled time, and in 1514, on the invasion of the Khan Sultan Said, was destroyed by Mirza Ababakar, who with the aid of ten thousand men built a new fort with massive defences higher up on the banks of the Tuman river. The dynasty of the Jagatai Khans collapsed in 1572 with the division of the country among rival factions; soon after, two powerful Khoja factions, the White and Black Mountaineers (Ak Taghliq or Afaqi, and Kara Taghliq or Ishaqi), arose whose differences and war-making gestures, with the intermittent episode of the Oirats of Dzungaria, make up much of recorded history in Kashgar until 1759.
Qing Dynasty Reconquest[link]
In 1759, a Qing army from Ili (Kulja) invaded Xinjiang and consolidated their authority by settling other ethnics emigrants in the vicinity of a Manchu garrison.
The Qing had thoughts of pushing their conquests towards Transoxiana and Samarkand, the chiefs of which sent to ask assistance of the Afghan king Ahmed Shah Abdali. This monarch dispatched an ambassador to Beijing to demand the restitution of the Muslim states of Central Asia, but the representative was not well received, and Ahmed Shah was too busy fighting off the Sikhs to attempt to enforce his demands by arms.
The Qing continued to hold Kashgar with occasional interruptions from Muslim-centered groups. One of the most serious of these occurred in 1827, when the city was taken by Jahanghir Khoja; Chang-lung, however, the Qing general of Ili, regained possession of Kashgar and the other rebellious cities in 1828. When Jahangir Khoja, with the support of Tajiks, Kirghiz, and White Mountain fighters seized Kashgar in 1826 he captured several hundred Chinese merchants, who were taken to Kokand. Tajiks bought two Chinese slaves from Shaanxi, they enslaved for a year before being returned by the Tajik Beg Ku-bu-te to China.[36] All Chinese captured, both merchants and the 300 soldiers Janhangir captured in Kashgar had their queues cut off when brought to Kokand and Central Asia as prisoners.[37][38] It was reported that many of the Chinese captives became slaves, accounts of Chinese slaves in Central Asia increased.[39][40]
The queues were removed from Chinese prisoners and they were then sold or given to various owners, one of them, Nian, ended up as a slave to Prince Batur Khan of Bukhara, Omar Khan ended up possessing Liu Qifeng and Wu Erqi, the others, Zhu, Tian Li, and Ma Tianxi ended up in various owners but plotted an escape.[41] The Russians record an incident where they rescued these Chinese merchants who escaped, after they were sold by Jahangir's Army in Central Asia, and sent them back to China.[42]
The Kokand Khanate raided Kashgar several times. A revolt in 1829 under Mahommed Ali Khan and Yusuf, brother of Jahanghir resulted in the concession of several important trade privileges to the Muslims of the district of Alty Shahr (the “six cities”), as it was then called.
The area then enjoyed relative calm until 1846 under the rule of Zahir-ud-din, the local Uyghur governor, but in that year a new Khoja revolt under Kath Tora led to his accession to rulership of the city as an authoritarian ruler. His reign, however, was brief, for at the end of seventy-five days, on the approach of the Chinese, he fled back to Khokand amid the jeers of the inhabitants. The last of the Khoja revolts (1857) was of about equal duration, and took place under Wali-Khan, who murdered the famous traveler Adolf Schlagintweit.
The 1862 revolt by Chinese Hui[link]
The great Dungan revolt (1862–1877), or insurrection various Muslim ethnic groups, which broke out in 1862 in Gansu, spread rapidly to Dzungaria and through the line of towns in the Tarim Basin.
The Tungani troops in Yarkand rose, and in August 1864 massacred some seven thousand Chinese and their Manchu commander, while the inhabitants of Kashgar, rising in their turn against their masters, invoked the aid of Sadik Beg, a Kyrgyz chief, who was reinforced by Buzurg Khan, the heir of Jahanghir, and his general Yakub Beg (surnamed the Atalik Ghazi), these being dispatched at Sadik’s request by the ruler of Khokand to raise what troops they could to aid his Muslim friends in Kashgar.
Sadik Beg soon repented of having asked for a Khoja, and eventually marched against Kashgar, which by this time had succumbed to Buzurg Khan and Yakub Beg, but was defeated and driven back to Khokand. Buzurg Khan delivered himself up to indolence and debauchery, but Yakub Beg, with singular energy and perseverance, made himself master of Yangi Shahr, Yangi-Hissar, Yarkand and other towns, and eventually became sole master of the country, Buzurg Khan proving himself totally unfit for the post of ruler.
With the overthrow of Chinese rule in 1865 by Yakub Beg (1820–1877), the manufacturing industries of Kashgar are supposed to have declined.
Yaqub Beg entered into relations and signed treaties with the Russian Empire and Great Britain, but when he tried to get their support against China, he failed.
Kashgar and the other cities of the Tarim Basin remained under Yakub Beg’s rule until May 1877, when he died at Korla and Kashgaria was reconquered by the forces of the Qing general Zuo Zongtang.
First East Turkestan Republic[link]
Kashgar was the scene of continual battles from 1933–1934. Ma Shaowu, a Chinese Muslim, was the Tao-yin of Kashgar, and he fought against Uyghur rebels. He was joined by another Chinese Muslim general, Ma Zhancang.
Battle of Kashgar (1933)[link]
Uighur and Kirghiz forces, led by the Bughra brothers and Tawfiq Bay, attempted to take the New City of Kashgar from Chinese Muslim troops under General Ma Zhancang. They were defeated.
Tawfiq Bey, a Syrian Arab traveler, who held the title Sayyid ( descendent of prophet Muhammed) and arrived at Kashgar on August 26, 1933, was shot in the stomach by the Chinese Muslim troops in September. Previously Ma Zhancang arranged to have the Uighur leader Timur Beg killed and beheaded on August 9, 1933, displaying his head outside of Id Kah Mosque.
Han chinese troops commanded by Brigadier Yang were absorbed into Ma Zhancang's army. A number of Han chinese officers were spotted wearing the green uniforms of Ma Zhancang's unit of the 36th division, presumably they had converted to Islam.[43]
Battle of Kashgar (1934)[link]
36th division General Ma Fuyuan led a Chinese Muslim army to storm Kashgar on February 6, 1934, and attacked the Uighur and Kirghiz rebels of the First East Turkestan Republic. He freed another 36th division general, Ma Zhancang, who was trapped with his Chinese Muslim and Han chinese troops in Kashgar New City by the Uighurs and Kirghizs since May 22, 1933. In January, 1934, Ma Zhancang's Chinese Muslim troops repulsed six Uighur attacks, launched by Khoja Niyaz, who arrived at the city on January 13, 1934, inflicting massive casualties on the Uighur forces.[44] From 2,000 to 8,000 Uighur civilians in Kashgar Old City were massacred by Tungans in February, 1934, in revenge for the Kizil massacre, after retreating of Uighur forces from the city to Yengi Hisar. The chinese Muslim and 36th division Chief General Ma Zhongying, who arrived at Kashgar on April 7, 1934, gave a speech at Idgah mosque in April, reminding the Uighurs to be loyal to the Republic of China government at Nanjing. Several British citizens at the British consulate were killed by the 36th division.[45][46][47][48]
People's Republic of China[link]
In 2008, two Uyghur men carried out a vehicular, IED and knife attack against police officers. In 2009, development of Kashgar's old town accelerated after the revelations of the deadly role of faulty architecture during the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Many of the old houses in the old town were built without regulation, and as a result, officials found them to be overcrowded and non-compliant with fire and earthquake codes. When the plan started, 42% of the city's residents lived in the old town.[49] With compensation, residents of faulty buildings are being counseled to move to newer, safer buildings that will replace the historic structures in the $448 million plan, including high-rise apartments, plazas, and reproductions of ancient Islamic architecture. The European Parliament issued a resolution in 2011 calling for "culture-sensitive methods of renovation."[50] The International Scientific Committee on Earthen Architectural Heritage (ISCEAH) has expressed concern over the demolition and reconstruction of historic buildings. ISCEAH has, additionally, urged the implementation of techniques utilized elsewhere in the world to address earthquake vulnerability. [51] In 2011, a spate of violence over two days killed dozens of people. By May 2012 two-thirds of the old city had been demolished, fulfilling "political as well as economic goals."[52]
Climate[link]
Kashgar features a desert climate (Köppen BWk) with hot summers and cold winters, with large temperature differences between those two seasons: The average high in January and July is 0.3 °C (32.5 °F) and 32.1 °C (90 °F). Spring is long and arrives quickly, while fall is somewhat short. The mean annual temperature is 11.9 °C (53.4 °F). Kashgar is one of the driest cities on the planet, averaging only 64 millimetres (2.52 in) of precipitation per year. The city’s wettest month, July, only sees on average 9.1 millimetres (0.36 in) of rain. Because of the extremely arid conditions, snowfall is rare, despite the cold winters. Records have been as low as −24.4 °C (−12 °F) in January and up to 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) in July. The frost-free period averages 215 days.
| Climate data for Kashgar | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) |
5.1 (41.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
22.2 (72.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
30.2 (86.4) |
32.1 (89.8) |
30.7 (87.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
10.6 (51.1) |
1.9 (35.4) |
18.3 (64.9) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −10.2 (13.6) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
1.7 (35.1) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.9 (55.2) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
4.7 (40.5) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
5.5 (41.9) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 2.1 (0.083) |
5.7 (0.224) |
6.7 (0.264) |
5.2 (0.205) |
8.5 (0.335) |
7.7 (0.303) |
9.1 (0.358) |
7.9 (0.311) |
5.3 (0.209) |
2.5 (0.098) |
1.6 (0.063) |
1.7 (0.067) |
64.0 (2.52) |
| % humidity | 67 | 58 | 48 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 43 | 49 | 53 | 56 | 61 | 70 | 52.0 |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 1.1 | .6 | 1.7 | 27.9 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 154.9 | 160.1 | 184.5 | 213.7 | 255.6 | 304.3 | 312.2 | 287.5 | 259.4 | 239.9 | 196.2 | 158.0 | 2,726.3 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[53] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
Kashgar is home to an important Muslim community (Uyghurs). Compared to Ürümqi, Xinjiang’s largest city, Kashgar is less industrial and has fewer Han residents.
Economics and society[link]
The city has a very important Sunday market. Thousands of farmers from the surrounding fertile lands come into the city to sell a wide variety of fruit and vegetables. Kashgar’s livestock market is also very lively. Silk and carpets made in Hotan are sold at bazaars, as well as local crafts, such as copper teapots and wooden jewellery boxes.
In order to boost the economy in Kashgar region, the government classified the area a Special Economic Zone, the sixth one in China, in May 2010.[54]
Mahmud al-Kashgari (Turkish: Kaşgarlı Mahmut) (Mahmut from Kashgar) wrote the first Turkic–Arabic Exemplary Dictionary called Divan-ı Lugat-it Türk[citation needed]
The movie The Kite Runner was filmed in Kashgar. Kashgar and the surrounding countryside stood in for Kabul and Afghanistan, since filming in Afghanistan was not possible due to safety and security reasons.
Sights[link]
Kashgar’s Old City has been called "the best-preserved example of a traditional Islamic city to be found anywhere in Central Asia", although the city is becoming more developed.[55] At present, it is estimated to attract more than one million tourist visitors annually.[56]
- The huge Id Kah Mosque, the largest mosque in China, is located in the heart of the city.
- An 18-m (59 ft) high statue of former Chinese leader Mao Zedong in Kashgar is one of the few large-scale statues of Mao remaining in China.
- The tomb of Abakh Khoja in Kashgar is considered the holiest Muslim site in Xinjiang. Built in the 17th century, the tiled mausoleum 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of the city centre also contains the tombs of five generations of his family. Abakh was a powerful ruler, controlling Khotan, Yarkand, Korla, Kucha and Aksu as well as Kashgar. Among some Uyghur Muslims, he was considered a prophet, second only to Mohammed in importance.
-
Kashgar minaret at night
-
The tomb of Abakh Khoja
-
Mosque next to the tomb of Abakh Khoja.
-
Mao statue in the city square of Kashgar.
Transportation[link]
Air[link]
The Kashgar Airport has routine flights to Urumqi and Islamabad, Pakistan.[57]
Rail[link]
Kashgar has the westernmost railway station in China.[58] It is connected to the rest of China's rail network via the Southern Xinjiang Railway, which was built in December 1999. In December 2010, the 488-km Kashgar-Hotan Railway opened to freight traffic. It connects Kashgar with cities in the southern Tarim Basin including Shache (Yarkand), Yecheng (Kargilik) and Hotan. Passenger train service on this line is expected to begin by June 2011.
The investigation work of a further extension of the railway line to Pakistan has already begun. In November 2009, Pakistan and China agreed to set up a joint venture to do a feasibility study of the proposed rail link via the Khunjerab Pass.[59]
Proposals for a rail connection to Osh in Kyrgyzstan have also been discussed at various levels since at least 1996.[60]
In 2012, a proposed standard gauge railway from Kashi via Tajikistan and Arghanistan to Iran and beyond has been proposed. [61]
Road[link]
The Karakorum highway (KKH) links Islamabad, Pakistan with Kashgar over the Khunjerab Pass. Bus routes exist for passenger travel south into Pakistan. Kyrgyzstan is also accessible from Kashgar, via the Torugart Pass and Irkeshtam Pass; as of summer 2007, daily bus service connects Kashgar with Bishkek’s Western Bus Terminal.[62] Kashgar is also located on China National Highways G314 and G315.
International relations[link]
Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in China
Twin towns – Sister cities[link]
Kashgar is twinned with:
Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan from May 2009
See also[link]
Footnotes[link]
- ^ [1] accessed 24 December 2008.
- ^ "The Triple System of Orography in Ptolemy’s Xinjiang." Étienne de la Vaissière. Exegisti monumenta : Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams. Edited by Werner Sundermann, Almut Hintze and François de Blois, p. 530. Harrowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden.
- ^ E.g., René Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, ISBN 0-8135-1304-9, p. 360.
- ^ "Cascar" is the spelling used in most accounts of the travels of Bento de Góis, starting with the main primary source: Trigault, Nicolas S. J. "China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Mathew Ricci: 1583–1610". English translation by Louis J. Gallagher, S.J. (New York: Random House, Inc. 1953). Cascar (Kashgar) is discussed extensively in, Book Five, Chapter 11, "Cathay and China: The Extraordinary Odyssey of a Jesuit Lay Brother" and Chapter 12, "Cathay and China Proved to Be Identical."(pp. 499–521 in 1953 edition). The full Latin text of the original work, De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas, is available on Google Books.
- ^ Cashgar
- ^ "Shule: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2678786&fid=1205&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "يېڭىشەھەر: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=10259160&fid=1173&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ Guójiā cèhuìjú dìmíng yánjiūsuǒ 国家测绘局地名研究所: Zhōngguó dìmínglù 中国地名录 (Gazetteer of China; Beijing, Zhōngguó dìtú chūbǎnshè 中国地图出版社 1997); ISBN 7-5031-1718-4, p. 117.
- ^ "Jangi-schahr: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2643065&fid=1042&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Kashgar Yangi Shahr: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2646880&fid=1173&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "K’o-shih-ka-erh: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2647990&fid=1140&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "K’o-shih-ka-erh-hsin-ch’eng: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2647992&fid=1075&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Ko-shih-ka-erh-hui-ch’eng: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2647993&fid=1270&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "K’o-shih-ko-erh-hsin-ch’eng: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2647994&fid=1238&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "New Kashgar: China". Geographical Names. http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2663669&fid=1205&c=chinaa. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Sheleh: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2675330&fid=1205&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Shuleh: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2678787&fid=1205&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Shulen: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2678796&fid=1270&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Shu-lo: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2678802&fid=1238&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Su-lo: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2680710&fid=1205&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Su-lo-chen: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2680711&fid=1042&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Su-lo-hsien: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2680715&fid=1140&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Yangi-shaar: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2699864&fid=1238&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Yangi-shahr: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2699866&fid=1107&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Yangishar: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2699868&fid=1238&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Yéngisheher: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=10259162&fid=1205&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Yengixəh̨ər: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=10259161&fid=1205&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ "Еңишәһәр: China". Geographical Names. http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=10259163&fid=1075&c=china. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- ^ Silk Road, North China, C. Michael Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
- ^ "The Triple System of Orography in Ptolemy's Xinjiang", pp. 530–531. Étienne de la Vaissière.(2009) Exegisti monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams. Eds W. Sundermann, A. Hintze and F. de Blois Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden. ISBN 978-3-447-05937-4
- ^ Hill (2009), p. 3.
- ^ a b c Hill (2009), p. 43.
- ^ Hill (2009), p. 15.
- ^ Hill (2009), pp. 43, 45.
- ^ Golden, Peter. B. (1990), "The Karakhanids and Early Islam", in Sinor, Denis, The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, pp. 357, ISBN 0 521 2,4304 1
- ^ James A. Millward (1998). Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864. Stanford University Press. p. 298. ISBN 0-8047-2933-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA298&dq=shanxi+merchants+slaves+tajik&hl=en&ei=YFMITfuMBoX6lwffx5yYAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ James A. Millward (1998). Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864. Stanford University Press. p. 205. ISBN 0-8047-2933-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA204&dq=queue+jahangir&hl=en&ei=01cITZ3YHcP6lwe0ksmMAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=prisoners%20cut%20the%20queues&f=false. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ James A. Millward (1998). Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864. Stanford University Press. p. 305. ISBN 0-8047-2933-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA305&dq=queue,+cut++jahangir&hl=en&ei=SFgITbH8LML_lgekzYGLAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=queue%2C%20cut%20%20jahangir&f=false. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ Laura Newby (2005). The Empire and the Khanate: a political history of Qing relations with Khoqand c. 1760–1860. BRILL. p. 97. ISBN 90-04-14550-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=KTmO416hNQ8C&pg=PA97&dq=khoqand+chinese+slaves&hl=en&ei=6ZUbTdzrKcH-8Aabz7HFDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ John King Fairbank (1978). The Cambridge History of China: Late Chʻing, 1800–1911, pt. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 371. http://books.google.com/books?ei=3KMbTf7fMIL48AbjqcTVCw&ct=result&id=4eBtAAAAIAAJ&dq=kokand+slaves+chinese&q=kokandis+made+slaves+of+all+the+%27Chinese%27+whom+they+took+prisoner%2C+and+the+khan+. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ James A. Millward (1998). Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864. Stanford University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-8047-2933-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA168&dq=.+Zhu,+Tian,+Li,+and+Ma+were+indentured+to+Andijani+Muslims%3B+Li+was+resold+to+a+man+named+Sandeman+in+Tashkent+but+somehow+managed+to+plan+an+escape+with+Zhu,+Tian,+and+Ma+russians&hl=en&ei=uWkITbTgJsL_lgf_6fDAAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=russians%20ma%20tashkent&f=false. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ James A. Millward (1998). Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864. Stanford University Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-8047-2933-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&dq=han+enslaved+begs+turkestani&q=enslaved+in+central+asia#v=onepage&q=enslaved%20in%20central%20asia%20russians&f=false. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 288. ISBN 0-521-25514-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA95&dq=tawfiq+bey+warlords+and+muslims&hl=en&ei=9HYrTKjMIMb_lgfIuKyrBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=brigadier%20yang%20ma%20daughter&f=false. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ AP (1 February 1934). "REPULSE REBELS AFTER SIX DAYS". Spokane Daily Chronicle. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=H34SAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7vQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4906,16349&dq=tungan&hl=en.
- ^ AP (17 March 1934). "TUNGAN RAIDERS MASSACRE 2,000". The Miami News. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rlEtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RNUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2598,5980247&dq=tungan&hl=en.
- ^ Associated Press Cable (17 March 1934). "TUNGANS SACK KASHGAR CITY, SLAYING 2,000". The Montreal Gazette. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vy0rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EZkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6105,2241969&dq=tungan&hl=en.
- ^ The Associated Press (17 March 1934). "British Officials and 2,000 Natives Slain At Kashgar, on Western Border of China". The New YorkTimes. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0915F73A59167A93C5A81788D85F408385F9.
- ^ AP (17 March 1934). "2000 Killed In Massacre". San Jose News. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PyYiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_6MFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4719,6427362&dq=tungan&hl=en.
- ^ Fan, Maureen (March 24, 2009). "An Ancient Culture, Bulldozed Away". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/23/AR2009032302935.html.
- ^ http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=P7-RC-2011-0168&language=EN
- ^ ICOMOS-ISCEAH (2009). "Heritage in the Aftermath of the Sichuan Earthquake". In Christoph Machat, Michael Petzet and John Ziesemer (Eds.), "Heritage at Risk: ICOMOS World Report 2008–2010 on Monuments and Sites in Danger". http://www.international.icomos.org/risk/world_report/2008-2010/H@R_2008-2010_final.pdf. Berlin: hendrik Bäßler verlag, 2010.
- ^ Nick Holdstock, "Razing Kashgar," LRB blog, London Review of Books, 25 May 2012.
- ^ "中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）" (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. July 2011. http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
- ^ http://english.cntv.cn/program/china24/20100707/100546.shtml
- ^ George Michell, in the 2008 book Kashgar: Oasis City on China’s Old Silk Road, quoted by Michael Wines in the New York Times, May 27, 2009. ("To Protect an Ancient City, China Moves to Raze It")
- ^ Michael Wines, To Protect an Ancient City, China Moves to Raze It, New York Times, May 27, 2009
- ^ Xinjiang Airport Authority
- ^ Issue 21 – Analysis – Fear and Loathing split Xinjiang’s would-be Las Vegas
- ^ http://www.fallingrain.com/world/CH/13/Kashi.html
- ^ Kyrgyzstan Daily Digest
- ^ Railway Gazette International May 2012, p76
- ^ Bus schedule posted in Bishkek’s Western Bus Terminal-correct September 2007
References[link]
- Boulger, Demetrius Charles The Life of Yakoob Beg, Athalik Ghazi and Badaulet, Ameer of Kashgar (London: W.H. Allen & Co.) 1878
- Gordon, T. E. 1876. The Roof of the World: Being the Narrative of a Journey over the high plateau of Tibet to the Russian Frontier and the Oxus sources on Pamir. Edinburgh. Edmonston and Douglas. Reprint: Ch’eng Wen Publishing Company. Taipei. 1971.
- Hill, John E. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
- Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation. [3]
- Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
- Kim, Hodong Holy war in China. The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877 (Stanford University Press) 2004
- Puri, B. N. Buddhism in Central Asia, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, 1987. (2000 reprint).
- Shaw, Robert. 1871. Visits to High Tartary, Yarkand and Kashgar. Reprint with introduction by Peter Hopkirk, Oxford University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-19-583830-0.
- Stein, Aurel M. 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford. [4]
- Stein, Aurel M. 1921. Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980. [5]
- Tamm, Eric Enno. The Horse That Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road and the Rise of Modern China. Vancouver: Doulgas & McIntyre, 2010. See also http://horsethatleaps.com/chapter-6/
- Yu, Taishan. 2004. A History of the Relationships between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 131 March, 2004. Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kashgar |
- Kashgar travel guide from Wikitravel
- Interactive Maps and Slide Shows comparing Old and New Kashgar
- Explore Kashgar's Old Town on Global Heritage Network (GHN)
- Kashgar City government website
- Photos of Kashgar Kashgar Pamir Youth Hostel
- Photos of Kashi dheera.net
- Kashgar berclo.net
- T. Digby, Nests of the Great Game spies Shanghai Star, 9 May 2002.
- Images and travel impressions along the Silk Road – Kashgar
Coordinates: 39°28′N 75°59′E / 39.467°N 75.983°E / 39.467; 75.983
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Born | 28 November 1978 Taipei, Taiwan |
|---|---|
| Cooking style | Chinese cuisine, Taiwanese cuisine, British Chinese Cuisine |
| Education | Queen Mary, University of London, Bocconi Business School |
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Television show(s)
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| Official website | |
| http://www.chinghehuang.com | |
Ching-He Huang (Chinese: 黃瀞億) (born 28 November 1978) is a Taiwanese-born British food writer, food entrepreneur and TV chef who has appeared in a variety of television cooking shows. Ching has starred in three popular TV series and is the author of five best-selling cookbooks. She has developed a range of Ching-branded Woks, tableware, Chinese cooking and preparation utensils marketed by Typhoon Housewares, as well as branded exotic mushrooms grown in the UK and available through Tesco.
File:Logo ching.jpg
Ching He Huang brand Logo
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born in Taipei, Taiwan, Huang spent most of her early childhood in South Africa before her parents moved to London, England when she was 11 years old. Educated at Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London and Bocconi Business School in Milan, Huang graduated with a first class economics degree[1][2] and set up her own food businesses, Fuge Ltd[3] and TZU.[4][5][6]
Cooking[link]
Ching often reinvents favourite Chinese dishes, and cooks them in a style often different from most conventional Chinese restaurants in the UK. Her aim is to use fresh and simple ingredients.
Broadcasting career[link]
Ching is also known for her cookery programmes, her first being Ching's Kitchen, which was first shown on UKTV Food in 2005. Other television appearances followed including Daily Cooks, Saturday Cooks and Great Food Live. Huang has also appeared on BBC Saturday Kitchen with James Martin, UK Food Market Kitchen as well as guest appearances on Ready Steady Cook, Cooking the Books and cooked live for Melanie Sykes on Grand Designs Live. She also appears as a regular guest on Sky Television food show Taste, hosted by Beverly Turner.[7]
The Chinese Food Made Easy television series has been licensed into The Cooking Channel (USA), New Zealand, Germany, Iceland, Poland, Australia and Belgium and has been picked up by BBC’s Lifestyle channel for all its Asian feeds, including China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and Korea.[8]
In 2010, Huang fronted a new thirteen part cookery series on Five. The series Chinese Food in Minutes was based on Huang’s title of the same name, published by HarperCollins in September 2009. It included a branded microsite with video, recipes, episode guides and competitions, plus additional exclusive content websites.[9]
In 2011 her 13-episode series Easy Chinese San Francisco by Ching He Huang debuted on the Cooking Channel.
Publications[link]
In 2006 she published her first recipe book, China Modern, which contained a variety of Chinese influenced recipes.
In 2008, she published a second recipe book to accompany a 6-part peak time television series Chinese Food Made Easy,[10] commissioned and shown by BBC Two and BBC HD.[11] Chinese Food Made Easy aired in June 2008 and was an instant success, attracting millions of viewers.[12] Her book, also called Chinese Food Made Easy,[13] was published alongside the series and was a number 1 bestseller for six weeks.
Ching's third book, Ching's Chinese Food in Minutes, was published on 3 September 2009.[14]
Huang's three books published by Harper Collins, including her most recent work, have sold 250,000 copies in the U.K. and are now available in 20 to 25 countries around the world.[15]
Other writing[link]
Huang has also written for several food magazines such as Olive,[16] BBC Good Food and Delicious.[17]
Awards[link]
Chinese Food Made Easy won the award for Second Best Chinese cuisine book in the world at the Gourmand World Cookbook Awards 2009.[18]
Chinese Food Made Easy 2011 NAMIC Vision Awards Winner-Lifestyle Category [19]
Chinese Food in Minutes won the award for 3rd Best Chinese cuisine book in the world at the Gourmand World Cookbook Awards 2010. [20]
Personal life[link]
Ching lives with her partner, actor Jamie Cho, who is half Chinese, in Cricklewood, North London.[21]
She is also an avid supporter of Traditional Chinese Medicine. On 5 October 2010, she signed an online petition against the impending European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products, adding the comment: "This is absurd! I grew up using herbal medicine. More money into research and let the people decide."
Legacy of Taste[link]
In 2009–11 Ching He Huang teamed up with China's number one selling beer, Tsingtao, to "find the best Chinese dining experience in the UK". Members of the public were invited to nominate their favourite Chinese restaurant. A panel of experts led by Ching then had the role of judging which restaurant among the many nominations would be crowned. The restaurant that wins the Legacy of Taste title is awarded a trophy and framed certificate for display in their restaurant, with awards presented by Ching at a ceremony in London.[22]
Published works[link]
China Modern (Kyle Cathie, 2006) ISBN 978-1-85626-673-4
Chinese Food Made Easy (HarperCollins, 2008) ISBN 978-0-00-726498-8
Ching's Chinese Food in Minutes (HarperCollins, 2009) ISBN 978-0-00-726500-8
Ching's Chinese Food Made Easy Paperback (HarperCollins, April 2011) ISBN 978-0-00-726499-5
Ching’s Fast Food (HarperCollins, April 2011) ISBN 978-0-00-742627-0
Ching's Everyday Easy Chinese (William Morrow Cookbooks, October 4, 2011) ISBN 978-0-06-207749-3
Ken Hom & Ching in China (BBC Books 7 Jun 2012) ISBN 978-1-84990-498-8
References[link]
- ^ Biography: Ching He Huang's Official Website
- ^ UKTV Food: Chefs: Ching He-Huang
- ^ Welcome To Fuge Ltd: Fuge Ltd
- ^ Official TZU UK Ltd Website
- ^ I WOK TO LIVE mirror.co.uk
- ^ Taiwanese chef cooks up a storm on British TV Taiwan Today
- ^ Food guru finds fame in London Taipei Times
- ^ Chinese Food Made Easy Lion Television Production Information
- ^ Five gets saucy with Huang thebookseller.com
- ^ Official Harper Collins UK Website
- ^ BBC HD Teaser
- ^ Interviews: Ching-He Huang Radio 86
- ^ Mostly Food Journal
- ^ Official Harper Collins UK Website
- ^ Focus Taiwan/Taiwan-born TV chef keeping Chinese cooking in spotlight in UK
- ^ Olive - Meal of fortune iVillage
- ^ Ching He Huang at Delicious magazine
- ^ Gourmand World Cookbook Awards
- ^ NAMIC Vision Awards Winners Gallery
- ^ Gourmand World Cookbook Awards 2010
- ^ Be a wok star Manchester Evening News
- ^ Legacy of Taste Legacy of Taste/Tsingtao Beer UK
External links[link]
- Official Website
- Official Chinese Food In Minutes Website
- CHING HE HUANG IMAGE SPACE
- Chinese Food Made Easy BBC Two Website
- Ching He Huang at Timesonline
- Ching He Huang at Telegraph.co.uk
- Ching-He Huang Celebrity Angels
- Chinese food made easy Website
- Ching He Huang Queen Mary University-Biogs
- Ching He Huang Profile at VisibleChinese
- Yum Yum Asia » Ching He Huang
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Huang, Ching-He |
| Alternative names | 黃瀞億 |
| Short description | Taiwanese chef, food writer and food entrepreneur |
| Date of birth | 28 November 1978 |
| Place of birth | Taiwan |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ching_He_Huang
Related pages:
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ching_He_Huang
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2009) |
| File:KenHom with champagne wiki.jpg Ken Hom |
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| Born | (1949-05-03) May 3, 1949 (age 63) Tucson, Arizona, United States of America |
|---|---|
| Cooking style | Chinese |
| Education | University of California, Berkeley University of Aix-en-Provence |
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Current restaurant(s)
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Television show(s)
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Ken Hom OBE (born May 3, 1949 in Tucson, Arizona, United States) with ancestry from Taishan, Guangdong is a notable Chinese American chef, author and British television-show presenter. In 2009 he was awarded by HM Queen Elizabeth II with an honourary OBE for ‘services to culinary arts’.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Hom was born in Tucson, Arizona, and raised in Chicago, Illinois, by his widowed mother, after his father died when Hom was eight months old.[1] He first learned cooking at the age of eleven when he worked in his uncle's Chinese restaurant.[2] He went to California to study History of Art at the University of California, Berkeley.
During this time he taught Italian cooking lessons at weekends to supplement his college fees. This led him on to teach Chinese cookery classes. In 1977 he was invited to join San Francisco's new California Culinary Academy as an instructor.
TV career[link]
In 1982, after a 2 year global search, the BBC auditioned him for a Chinese cookery series. The resulting TV series named Ken Hom's Chinese Cookery was a huge success and the companion book became one of the best-selling cookbooks ever published by BBC Books, selling more than 1.5 million copies. Today after numerous printing it still remains in print.
He has since appeared in a number of prime time BBC TV series that have sold throughout the world. His latest series for KBS, a five hour documentary on the history of noodle, sold in 23 countries and won the prestigious Peabody award in 2010.
Business interests[link]
Since 1986 Hom has had a base in Paris. In 1997 he settled permanently in south west France in a restored 13th century tower in Lot. Hom has also spent more time in his adopted home of Thailand since 2003.
Hom is an author of more than 20 cookbooks. Alongside his best known work on Chinese cuisine, his works also include topics on Cambodian, Malaysian, Thai, Singaporean, and Vietnamese cooking. He has worked as a consultant for hotels and restaurants and cooked personally for presidents, celebrities and royalty.
In additional, he is also well known for the Ken Hom wok which has sold over 7 million in 62 countries throughout the world. Hom’s range of ready cooked meals has sold over 60 million units. He has also developed an array of cooking sauces, ready cooked noodles and rice. However, these are available only in the UK.
Despite semi-retirement, he travels extensively worldwide and divides his time between France and Bangkok where he supervises his restaurant Maison Chin. He continues to make occasional radio and television appearances worldwide, as well as working for a number of charities.
On 12 September 2007, Hom received an honorary doctorate from Oxford Brookes University, England in recognition of his "outstanding success within the international food world".
In 2010, Hom was diagnosed with prostate cancer and has been receiving proton radiation therapy in Japan. It has been successfully treated and he is now an ambassador for Prostate Cancer Charity, building awareness for early testing and treatment.
Television[link]
- Ken Hom’s Chinese Cookery (1984)
- Hot Chefs (1992)
- Ken Hom’s Hot Wok (1996)
- Ken Hom’s Travels with a Wok (1998)
- Foolproof Chinese Cookery (2000)
- Take on the Takeaway (2007)
- Noodle Road (KBS) (2008)
Books[link]
- Hom, Ken (6 January 2011). My Kitchen Table - Ken Hom: 100 Quick Stir-Fry Recipes. BBC Books. ISBN 978-1-84990-147-5.
- Hom, Ken (27 January 2011). Complete Chinese Cookbook. BBC Books. ISBN 978-1-84990-082-9.
References[link]
- ^ Burros, M (1998-06-17). "The World Beckons, and One More Chinese Chef Leaves America". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9403E7D9123DF934A25755C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
- ^ Anstead, Mark (2002-08-03). "How the wok ethic paid off". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2002/aug/03/features.jobsmoney1. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
- Davies, H (2006-12-03). "Hom and away". The Times. http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/overseas/article654320.ece. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- Frith Powell, H (2004-09-19). "French dressing". The Times. http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/overseas/article484813.ece. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- "Chef biogs: Ken Hom". Food. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/chef_biogs/g.shtml#ken_hom. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- Fletcher, S (2001-10-14). "Desert island dish". The Guardian. http://lifeandhealth.guardian.co.uk/food/story/0,,1613487,00.html. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- Clark, A (2001-04-14). "Wok coup". The Guardian. http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,473166,00.html. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- Crace, J (2000-11-26). "My inspiration". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/guardianeducation/story/0,,373092,00.html. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- Millar, S (1999-03-16). "TV chef attacks Britain's mass-produced diet and urges conversion to 'nutritious' oriental food culture". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,315916,00.html. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- McCurrach, I (2007-04-08). "Tasting places: Ken Hom on the countries he savours most". The Independent on Sunday. http://www.independent.co.uk/living/food_and_drink/features/article2433007.ece. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- "Ken Hom To Be Awarded With Honorary Doctorate". Food and Drink. Easier. 2007-09-07. http://www.easier.com/view/Lifestyle/Food_and_Drink/Events/article-138249.html. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- Sheldrick, G (2007-09-09). "Honorary survivor". Oxford Mail. http://www.oxfordmail.net/display.var.1675480.0.honorary_survivor.php. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- "Past winners of the Andre Simon Memorial Fund Awards". Andre Simon Memorial Fund. Easier. 2007-09-07. http://andresimon.co.uk/past.html. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- Nacheva, V (2001-05-17). "Woking up funds for charities". Sofia News. http://www.sofiaecho.com/article/woking-up-funds-for-charities/id_1834/catid_67. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
External links[link]
- KenHom.com
- Ken Hom on the My Kitchen Table website
- Ken Hom's Library at Oxford Brookes University contains all the books that he used throughout his career, with an emphasis on Asian cookery, including Chinese, Korean, Thai and Japanese, as well as memorabilia to do with his television shows and consulting work, including menus, invitations, photographs and artifacts.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hom, Ken |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1949-05-03 |
| Place of birth | Tucson, Arizona, United States of America |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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Wiki Summary
Kashgar or Kashi is an oasis city with approximately 350,000 residents in the western part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Kashgar is the administrative centre of Kashgar Prefecture which has an area of 162,000 km² and a population of approximately 3.5 million.
The city covers an area of 15 km². The altitude averages 1,289 m/4,282 ft. above sea level. The city is located in the western extremity of China, near the border with Tajikistan.
The modern Chinese name is 喀什 (Kāshí), a shortened form of the longer and less-frequently used (simplified Chinese: 喀什噶尔; traditional Chinese: 喀什噶爾; pinyin: Kāshígé’ěr). Ptolemy (AD 90-168), in his Geography, Chapter 15.3A, refers to Kashgar as “Kasia”. The name is Middle Iranic in its origin, meaning "Kush Mountains" (from gar/ghar, "mountain", and Kush/Kâsh, being the same as the ethnonym of the Kushan Empire and the Hindukush mountains in the neighboring Afghanistan.
An early Chinese name was 疏勒 (now Shule County), variously romanized as Su-leh, Sulei, Shule, Shu-le', She-le, Shu-lo or Sha-le, which perhaps represents either an original Solek or Sorak.[citation needed]
