- published: 08 Nov 2010
- views: 34611
- author: SirGrowalott
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- Alcalde
- Alonzo de Ojeda
- Amazon River
- Anthony Horowitz
- Atacames
- Atahualpa
- August von Kotzebue
- Aymara language
- Battle of Abancay
- Battle of Añaquito
- Battle of Cajamarca
- Battle of Chupas
- Battle of Chuquinga
- Battle of Cuzco
- Battle of Huarina
- Battle of Maraycalla
- Battle of Puná
- Battle of Vilcabamba
- Battle of Vilcaconga
- Caribbean
- Cartagena, Spain
- Castilla de Oro
- Christopher Columbus
- Coffin
- Colombia
- Colonel
- Conquistador
- Crazy Horse
- Crown of Castile
- Crown of Castille
- Cusco
- Cuzco
- Diego Almagro
- Diego Almagro II
- Diego de Almagro
- Ecuador
- El Dorado
- Emeralds
- Equator
- Evil Star (novel)
- Exhumation
- Extremadura
- Family name
- Felipillo
- Forensic scientist
- Francisco de Montejo
- Francisco Pizarro
- Garrote
- Gonzalo Pizarro
- HarperCollins
- Hernando de Luque
- Hernando Pizarro
- Hernán Cortés
- History Bites
- Huáscar
- Illegitimate
- Inca
- Incan Empire
- Infantry
- Inter caetera
- Isabel Allende
- Isabella of Portugal
- Isthmus of Panama
- Italian Wars
- James T. Kirk
- Jared Diamond
- Jauja
- Jesus
- Juan de Betanzos
- Juan de Oñate
- Juan Ponce de León
- La Gomera
- La Malinche
- Lead
- Lima
- Lima Cathedral
- Lima City Walls
- Lima, Peru
- Llama
- Manco Inca Yupanqui
- Mantaro Valley
- Marquess
- Mestizo
- Mexico
- Navarre
- Nicaragua
- Pacific Ocean
- Page (servant)
- Panama
- Panama City
- Parody
- Pascual de Andagoya
- Pedrarias Dávila
- Pedro Arias de Avila
- Pedro de Alvarado
- Pedro de los Ríos
- Pedro de Valdivia
- Pedro Pizarro
- Peru
- Peter Shaffer
- Piura
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- Portal Biography
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- Power of Five
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- Quispe Sisa
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- Rímac District
- Rímac River
- San Miguel de Piura
- Santa Marta
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- Siege of Cuzco
- Silver
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- Spain
- Spanish Empire
- Spanish Florida
- The Ransom Room
- Toledo, Spain
- Trujillo, Peru
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- Wikipedia Persondata
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- William H. Prescott
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Atacames
Atacames is a beach town located on Ecuador's Northern Pacific coast. It is located in the province of Esmeraldas, approximately 30 kilometers away from the capital of that province, which is also called Esmeraldas. In 2005 Atacames's population was 11,251 inhabitants. Atacames has one of the lowest rates of poverty in the province of Esmeraldas (68% in 2005). Click here for a map of Atacames.
During Francisco Pizarro's second conquest in 1526, he landed at Atacames. There he was unable to conquer or invade the land due to the resistance that he found in the local people who were at that time under the Incas.
In the centuries after Spanish conquest, some slave ships came from Africa. In 1553 a ship carrying slaves from Panama to Peru was stranded on Esmeralda, and the 25 slaves on board managed to escape from their captors. [1] In the following years more escaped slaves, along with the descendants of the former slaves, developed some of the lands along the coast. Although there were also other people groups present in Atacames in the 16th century, today Afro-Ecuadoreans make up a large portion of the population in Atacames.
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Battle of Abancay
The Battle of Abancay was a battle that took place during the Spanish conquest of Peru.
After emerging as the victor both in the siege of Cuzco and from initial disputes between the Pizarro brothers with allies and the Almagristas under Diego de Almagro, who had seized the former Inca capital upon rescuing Hernando Pizarro and Gonzalo Pizarro from emerging defeat, imprisoning them both.
Unable to break the siege on his own, and having lost his youngest brother, Pizarro gathered a new army from Spanish settlers traveling to New Castile to find further wealth. The expedition force, commanded by Alonso de Alvarado, was completely defeated by Almagrist forces.
Alvarado was captured during the battle but managed to escape with Gonzalo Pizarro when Marshal Almagro left the main force with Hernando under his control. Hernando was later released as well with the condition that he would return to Spain within six weeks to ensure Francisco would not interfere in Almagro's future reign in Peru. This proved to be a mistake as the Pizarro brothers and Alvarado raised another army and faced Almagro yet again in a struggle for power at Las Salinas.
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Battle of Cajamarca
The Battle of Cajamarca was a surprise attack on the Inca royal entourage orchestrated by Francisco Pizarro. Sprung on the evening of November 16, 1532, in the great plaza of Cajamarca, the ambush achieved the goal of capturing the Inca, Atahualpa, and claimed the lives of thousands of his followers.
The confrontation at Cajamarca was the culmination of a months-long struggle involving espionage, subterfuge, and diplomacy between Pizarro and the Inca via their respective envoys. Atahualpa had received the invaders from a position of immense strength. Encamped along the heights of Cajamarca with legions of battle-tested troops fresh from their victories in the civil war against his half-brother Huascar, the Inca felt they had little to fear from Pizarro's tiny army, however exotic its dress and weaponry. In a calculated show of goodwill, Atahualpa had lured the adventurers deep into the heart of his mountain empire where any potential threat could be met with a show of force. Pizarro and his men arrived on November 15.[citation needed]
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Caribbean
The Caribbean (pronounced /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ or /kəˈrɪbiən/) is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north. From the peninsula of Florida on the mainland of the United States, the islands stretch 1,200 miles (1,900 km) southeastward, then 500 miles (800 km) south, then west along the north coast of Venezuela on the South American mainland.
Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 7,000 islands, islets, reefs, and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea.
The Caribbean islands are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping, which consists of the Greater Antilles on the north, the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), as well as the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands (the Lucayan Archipelago, which does not border the Caribbean Sea). Due to its proximity to the equator, the sun rises from 3am EST to 5am EST.[citation needed]
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Colombia
Colombia (
/kəˈlʌmbiə/ kə-LUM-biə, or /kəˈlɒmbiə/ kə-LOM-biə), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia has maritime borders with Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Colombia is the 26th largest country by area and the fourth largest in South America after Brazil, Argentina and Peru. With over 46 million people, Colombia is the 27th largest country in the world by population and has the second largest population of any Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico. Colombia is a middle power, with the fourth largest economy in Latin America, and the third largest in South America. Colombia is famous for the production of coffee, flowers, emeralds, coal, and oil. All of these products make up the primary sector of economy.
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Crown of Castile
The Crown of Castile was a medieval and modern state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then King Ferdinand III of Castile to the vacant Leonese throne. It continued to exist as a separate entity after the personal union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs in 1469 and wasn't formally abolished until the unification policies of Philip V of Spain in the early 18th century. During its existence, the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the Philippines were also considered part of the Crown of Castile.
The Kingdom of León arose out of the Kingdom of Asturias. The Kingdom of Castile appeared initially as a county of the Kingdom of León. From the second half of the 10th century to the first half of the 11th century it changed hands between León and the Kingdom of Navarre. In the 11th century it became a kingdom in its own right.
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Cusco
Cusco (
/ˈkuːzkoʊ/), often spelled Cuzco (Spanish: Cuzco, IPA: [ˈkuθko] or [ˈkusko]; Quechua: Qusqu or Qosqo, IPA: [ˈqɔsqɔ]), is a city in southeastern Peru, near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of the Cusco Region as well as the Cuzco Province. In 2007, the city had a population of 358,935 which was triple the figure of 20 years ago. Located on the eastern end of the Knot of Cuzco, its elevation is around 3,400 m (11,200 ft).
Cusco was the site of the historic capital of the Inca Empire and was declared a World Heritage Site in 1983 by UNESCO. It is a major tourist destination and receives almost 2 million visitors a year. It is designated as the Historical Capital of Peru by the Constitution of Peru.
The aboriginal name of this city was Qusqu. Although it was used in Quechua, its origin has been found in the Aymara language. The word itself originated in the phrase qusqu wanka ('Rock of the owl'), attending to the foundational myth of the Ayar Siblings. According to this legend, Ayar Auca (Ayar Awqa) got wings and flew to the site of the future city and transformed into a rock to mark the possession of the land by his ayllu ('linage').
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Ecuador
Ecuador (
i/ˈɛkwədɔr/ E-kwə-dawr), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador [reˈpuβlika ðel ekwaˈðor], which literally translates to the "Republic of the Equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, (along with Chile), that do not have a border with Brazil. The country also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland.
The main spoken language in Ecuador is Spanish. Ecuador straddles the equator, from which it takes its name, and has an area of 275,830 km2 (106,500 sq mi). Its capital city is Quito, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the 1970s for having the best preserved and least altered historic center in Latin America. The country's largest city is Guayaquil. The historic center of Cuenca, the third largest city in the country, was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999, for being an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish style colonial city in the Americas. Ecuador is also home—despite its size—to a great variety of species, many of them endemic, like those of the Galápagos islands. This species diversity makes Ecuador one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
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Extremadura
Extremadura (English /ˌɛkstrɨməˈdʊrə/; Spanish: [e(k)stɾemaˈðuɾa]; Extremaduran: Estremaura [estɾemaˈuɾa]) is an autonomous community of western Spain whose capital city is Mérida. Its component provinces are Cáceres and Badajoz. It is bordered by Portugal to the west. To the north it borders Castile and León (provinces of Salamanca and Ávila); to the south, it borders Andalusia (provinces of Huelva, Seville, and Córdoba); and to the east, it borders Castile–La Mancha (provinces of Toledo and Ciudad Real)
It is an important area for wildlife, particularly with the major reserve at Monfragüe, which was designated a National Park in 2007, and the project of the International Tagus River Natural Park (Terreno Natural Río Tajo Internacional). The government of Extremadura is called Junta de Extremadura. Extremadura is known because many of the conquerors of the New World were born there. Francisco Pizarro and Hernán Cortes were second cousins and both were born in Extremadura. Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire and Cortes conquered Mexico. Many other conquistadors were born in Extremadura.
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Isthmus of Panama
The Isthmus of Panama, also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien, is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America. It contains the country of Panama and the Panama Canal. Like many isthmuses, it is a location of great strategic value.
The Isthmus was formed some three million years ago during the Pliocene epoch. This major geological event separated the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and caused the creation of the Gulf Stream.
Vasco Núñez de Balboa heard of the South Sea from the natives while sailing along the Caribbean coast. On 25 September 1513 he saw the Pacific. In 1519 the town of Panamá was founded near a small indigenous settlement on the Pacific coast. After the discovery of Peru it developed into an important port of trade and became an administrative centre. 1671 the Welsh pirate Henry Morgan crossed the Isthmus of Panamá coming from the Caribbean and destroyed the city. Afterwards the town was relocated some kilometers to the west at a small peninsula. The ruins of the old town Panamá la Vieja are preserved, and were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.
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Jauja
Jauja (Quechua: Xauxa) is a city and capital of Jauja Province in Peru. It is situated in the fertile Mantaro Valley, 45 kilometres (28 mi) to the northwest of Huancayo (the capital of Junín Region), at an altitude of 3,400 metres (11,200 ft). Its population according to the 2007 census was 16,424.
Jauja, which flourished for a short time, was once the capital of Spanish Peru, prior to the founding of Lima as the new capital. It forms the popular expression pais de jauja, which literally means "country of Jauja", but figuratively means “never never land of milk and honey”. The town, with a laid back ambiance and salubrious climate, has narrow streets with houses painted blue. Laguna de Paca lake is close to the city.
An important Xauxa Indian town was located in the vicinity before the Incas. During the Inca Empire, the town of "Hatun Xauxa" was established. Today the ruins of this settlement can be seen on a hill, approximately 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) southeast of the town. Oral tradition mentions that the Inca ordered the mutilation of men's and women's hands in Jauja and that this occurred in the Pampa de Maquinhuayo, 5 miles (8.0 km) south of present day Jauja.
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La Gomera
La Gomera (pronounced: [la ɣoˈmeɾa]) is one of Spain's Canary Islands, located in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa. In area, it is the second-smallest of the seven main islands of this group.
La Gomera is part of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. It is divided into six municipalities:
The island government (cabildo insular) is located in the capital, San Sebastián.
The island is of volcanic origin and roughly circular; it is about 22 km (14 mi) in diameter and rises to 1487 m (nearly 5000 feet) at the island's highest peak, Garajonay. Its shape is rather like an orange that has been cut in half and then split into segments, which has left deep ravines or barrancos between them. These barrancos, in turn, are covered by the laurisilva - or laurel rain forest.
The upper reaches of this densely wooded region are almost permanently shrouded in clouds and mist, and as a result are covered in lush and diverse vegetation: they form the protected environment of Spain's Garajonay National Park, which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986. The slopes are criss-crossed by paths that present varying levels of difficulty to visitors, and stunning views to seasoned hikers.
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Lima
Lima is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central part of the country, on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area. With a population approaching 9 million, Lima is the fifth largest city in Latin America, behind Mexico City, São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. Lima is home to one of the largest financial hubs in Latin America. It has been defined as a beta world city by GaWC international ranking.
Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as la Ciudad de los Reyes, or "the City of Kings". It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. Following the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru. Today, around one-third of the Peruvian population lives in the metropolitan area.
Lima is home to one of the oldest higher learning institutions in the New World. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551 during Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.
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Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] (
listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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Navarre
Navarre (English /nəˈvɑr/; Spanish: Navarra; Basque: Nafarroa), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre (Spanish: Comunidad Foral de Navarra [komuniˈðað foˈɾal de naˈβara]; Basque: Nafarroako Foru Erkidegoa [nafaroako foɾu erkidegoa]), is an autonomous community in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Country, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Aquitaine in France. The capital is the city of Pamplona (or Iruña in Basque).
During the time of the Roman Empire, the territory of the province was inhabited by the Vascones, a pre-Roman tribe who populated the southern slopes of the Pyrenees. In the northern, mountaineous areas the Vascones escaped large-scale Roman settlement but not so in the flatter areas to the south which were amenable to large-scale Roman farming.
The area was never fully subjugated either by the Visigoths or by the Moors. In AD 778, the Basques defeated a Frankish army in the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. Two generations later, in 824, the chieftain Iñigo Arista was chosen King of Pamplona, laying a foundation for the later Kingdom of Navarre. That kingdom reached its zenith during the reign of Sancho III of Navarre and covered the area of the present-day Navarre, Basque country, and La Rioja, together with parts of modern Cantabria, Castile and León, and Aragon.
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua (i/ˌnɪkəˈrɑːɡwə/ nik-ə-RAH-gwə), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: República de Nicaragua [reˈpuβlika ðe nikaˈɾaɣwa] ( listen)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The country is situated between 11 and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere, which places it entirely within the tropics. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's physical geography divides it into three major zones: Pacific lowlands; wet, cooler central highlands; and the Caribbean lowlands. On the Pacific side of the country are the two largest fresh water lakes in Central America—Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua. Surrounding these lakes and extending to their northwest along the rift valley of the Gulf of Fonseca are fertile lowland plains, with soil highly enriched by ash from nearby volcanoes of the central highlands. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot.
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Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
At 165.2 million square kilometres (64.1 million square miles) in area, this largest division of the World Ocean – and, in turn, the hydrosphere – covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined. The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific. The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft).
The eastern Pacific Ocean was first sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century. Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and named it Mar del Sur (South Sea). The ocean's current name was given by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish expedition of world circumnavigation in 1521, who encountered favourable winds as he reached the ocean and called it Mar Pacifico in Portuguese, meaning "peaceful sea".
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Panama
Panama (i/ˈpænəmɑː/ PAN-ə-mah; Spanish: Panamá), officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá [reˈpuβlika ðe panaˈma]), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City. Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela, named the Republic of Gran Colombia.When Gran Colombia the dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada remained joined. Nueva Granada later became the Republic of Colombia.
With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the Panama Canal to be built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama by the end of the century.
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Panama City
Panama City (Spanish: Ciudad de Panamá) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Panama. It has a population of 880,691, with a total metro population of 1,272,672, and it is located at the Pacific entrance of the Panama Canal, in the province of Panama. The city is the political and administrative center of the country, and a hub for international banking and commerce. It is considered a Beta World City.
With an average GDP per capita of $11,700, Panama has been among the top five places for retirement in the world, according to International Living magazine.[citation needed] Panama City has a dense skyline of mostly highrise buildings, and it is surrounded by a large belt of tropical rainforest. Panama's Tocumen International Airport, the largest and busiest airport in Central America, offers daily flights to major international destinations.
Panama City was chosen to be the American Capital of Culture for 2003 (jointly, with Curitiba, Brazil).[citation needed]
Panama was founded on August 15, 1519 by Spanish conquistador Pedro Arias Dávila. The city was the starting point of expeditions that conquered the Inca Empire in Peru. It was a stopover point of one of the most important trade routes in the history of the American continent leading to the fairs of Nombre de Dios and Portobelo, where most of the gold and silver that Spain took from the Americas passed through. The city was destroyed by a devastating fire, when the pirate Henry Morgan sacked it on January 28, 1671. It was rebuilt and formally established on January 21, 1673 in a peninsula located 8 km from the original settlement. The place where the previously devastated city was located is still in ruins, and has become a tourist attraction known as "Panama Viejo".
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Peru
Perui/pəˈruː/ (Spanish: Perú; Quechua: Perú;Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu] ( listen)), is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures, spanning from the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.
Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes Mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a high Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 31%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.
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Piura
Piura is a city in northwestern Peru. It is the capital of the Piura Region and the Piura Province. The population is 377,496.
It was here that Spanish Conqueror Francisco Pizarro founded the third Spanish city in South America and first in Peru, San Miguel de Piura, in July 1532. Piura declared its independence on 4 January 1821.
Like most of northern Peru, the territory of Piura has been inhabited by their autochthonous group of natives called tallanes and yungas. These lived without an organization or single leader to rule until the Muchik culture eventually took control, and the mixture of these evolved into the Vicús culture. Centuries later, Piura came under the rule of Tupac Inca Yupanqui for at least 40 years, and before the Spanish arrived.
With the arrival of the Spanish in 1532, the current mestizo and creole cultures of Piura were born. This mestizo culture includes influences from Spanish Extremadura and Andalucia, African influence due to the arrival of slaves from Madagascar (Malgache slaves), the Chinese coolies that migrated from Canton to work the rice fields and replace the slaves; and also Roma Gypsies who came as pirates looking for pearls or incognito as Spanish horsemen.
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Rímac District
Rímac is a district in the Lima Province, Peru. It lies directly to the north of downtown Lima, to which it is connected by six bridges over the Rímac River. The district also borders the Independencia, San Martín de Porres, and San Juan de Lurigancho districts. Vestiges of Lima's colonial heyday remain today in an area of the Rímac district known as the Historic centre of Lima, which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. Downtown Rímac District has, like its southern counterpart, its eastern and western sides divided by Jirón Trujillo, which connects to Lima District's Jirón de la Unión through the Puente de Piedra, the oldest bridge in the whole city. Rímac's East side features the Plaza de Acho, the most famous bullfighting arena in South America and one of the most well known in the world.
Looking directly from Puente Ricardo Palma on downtown Lima district's East side can be seen a large building with the logo of Cristal beer, one of two famous Peruvian brands. This was the main brewery until the Backus company moved operations to Ate in the 1990s.
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Rímac River
The Rímac River is located in western Peru and is the most important source of potable water for the Lima and Callao Metropolitan Area.
The river is part of the Pacific watershed and has a length of 160 km. The river begins in the highlands of the Huarochirí Province in the Lima Region and its mouth is located in Callao, near Jorge Chávez International Airport.
The name Rímac is from the Quechua word rimaq, meaning "talking", leading to it being nicknamed El Río Hablador ("The Talking River").
Coordinates: 11°56′50″S 76°42′29″W / 11.94730°S 76.70792°W / -11.94730; -76.70792
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Santa Marta
Santa Marta is the capital city of the Colombian department of Magdalena in the Caribbean Region. It was founded in July 29, 1525 by the Spanish conqueror Rodrigo de Bastidas, which makes it the oldest remaining city in Colombia (Santa María la Antigua del Darién was founded earlier, but abandoned soon after). Located between the Santa Marta Mountains and the Caribbean Sea, the city is a popular tourist destination due to its history, colonial architecture, beaches and nearby nature reserves.
Simón Bolívar died at an estate named Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino on the outskirts of Santa Marta on December 17, 1830. The city has been affected to some extent by the Colombian Armed Conflict.
Prior to the Arrival of Spanish explorers, the area where Santa Marta lies was inhabited by Amerindians from the Tairona culture, and its subsequent families: Arhuacos and Koguis, among others.
The city was founded on July 29, 1525 by Spanish conqueror Rodrigo de Bastidas, accompanied by some two hundred of his men and a few Amerindians. He named the city after the Catholic day for Saint Martha, which in Spain was celebrated with festivities. However, many historians argue that he named it after the Spanish city of Santa Marta de Astorgas, which he had visited. With its foundation, the Spanish colonization also started the conquering of lands from this region, and the set up of administrative functions for the colony, including a maritime port and the construction of defenses to prevent pirate raids.
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Seville
Seville ( /səˈvɪl/; Spanish: Sevilla, IPA: [seˈβiʎa], locally: [seˈβiʝa]; see also different names) is the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and of the province of Seville, Spain. It is situated on the plain of the River Guadalquivir, with an average elevation of 7 metres (23 ft) above sea level. The inhabitants of the city are known as sevillanos (feminine form: sevillanas) or hispalenses, following the Roman name of the city, Hispalis.
Seville is the fourth largest city of Spain with a municipal population of about 703 thousand as of 2011, and a metropolitan population (including satellite towns) of about 1.5 million, making it the 31st most populous municipality in the European Union. Its old town is the largest in Spain (covering almost four square kilometers), and is one of the three largest in Europe along with Venice and Genoa. The Seville harbor, located about 80 km from the Atlantic Ocean, is the only river port in Spain.
The University of Seville was founded in 1505. Recently ranked the third university in Spain (and 190th in the world), it currently has over 50,000 students.[citation needed]
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire (Spanish: Imperio Español) comprised territories and colonies administered by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania. It originated during the Age of Exploration and was one of the first global empires. At the time of Habsburgs, Spain reached the peak of its political and economic power when it became the foremost global power. Its establishment in the 15th century ushered in the modern global era and five centuries of European dominance of global affairs. Spain's territorial reach beyond Europe spanned six centuries, from the first voyages to the Americas in 1492 until the independence of its last African colonies in the 1970s.
After the War of the Castilian Succession (1475–1479), Spain had emerged with a personally unified monarchy, with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs or los Reyes Catolicos between the Queen of Castile and the King of Aragon: the internal and foreign policy was coordinated although the rule was separate. In 1492, the Spanish monarchs completed the Reconquista with the incorporation of Granada to the Kingdom of Castile. That same year Christopher Columbus commanded the first Spanish exploratory voyage west across the Atlantic Ocean, leading to the Discovery of America and Europe's eventual colonial engagement in the New World. The Americas thereby became the focus of Spanish exploration and colonization.
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Tumbes Region
Tumbes is a coastal region in northwestern Peru and southwestern Ecuador. Due to the region's location near the Equator it has a warm climate, with beaches that are considered among the finest in Peru. Despite its small area, the region contains a wide variety of ecosystems.
The name "Tumbes" originates from either Tumpis, a group of native peoples from the area, the word tumbos, a species of Passiflora that used to abound in the area, or the name of the Tumba cacique, whose son founded and populated the area.
The Tumbes Region is bordered by the Ecuadorian provinces of El Oro and Loja on the east; Peru's Piura Region on the south; and by the Pacific Ocean on the north and west.
Morphologically, four zones can be defined in the region: the delta of the Tumbes and Zarumilla rivers; an alluvial plain north of the Tumbes River, with dry, low-depth ravines; ancient terraces that have been strongly eroded in the Máncora area; and the Amotape mountain range in the east and south, ending at El Barco Mountain. The delta of the Tumbes river is shallow, and when the tide is low, little sandy keys show up, which get covered by mangrove vegetation. Despite its small area— it is the second-smallest region in Peru— Tumbes has a great variety of ecosystems: mangroves, dry forests, the only coastal tropical forests in Peru, and a rich and warm sea. Around 50% of the region's territory is covered by three protected natural areas: the Manglares de Tumbes National Sanctuary (which is part of the Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes mangroves), the Cerros de Amotape National Park and the Tumbes Reserved Zone.
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Anthony Horowitz
Anthony Horowitz (born 5 April 1955) is an English novelist and screenwriter. He has written many children's novels, including The Power of Five, Alex Rider and The Diamond Brothers series and has written over fifty books. He has also written extensively for television, adapting many of Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot novels for the ITV series. He is the creator and writer of the ITV series Foyle's War, Midsomer Murders and Collision.
Anthony Horowitz was born in 1955 in Middlesex, into a wealthy French Jewish family, and in his early years lived an upper-class lifestyle. As an overweight and unhappy child, Horowitz enjoyed reading books from his father's library. At the age of eight, Horowitz was sent to the boarding school Orley Farm in Harrow, Middlesex. There, he entertained his peers by telling them the stories he had read. Horowitz described his time in the school as "a brutal experience", recalling that he was often beaten by the headmaster.
Horowitz's father acted as a "fixer" for prime minister Harold Wilson. Facing bankruptcy, he moved his assets into Swiss numbered bank accounts. He died from cancer when his son Anthony was 22, and the family was never able to track down the missing money despite years of trying. Horowitz adored his mother, who introduced him to Frankenstein and Dracula. She also gave him a human skull for his 13th birthday. Horowitz said in an interview that it reminds him to get to the end of each story since he will soon look like the skull. From the age of eight, Horowitz knew he wanted to be a writer, realising "the only time when I'm totally happy is when I'm writing". He graduated from the University of York with a BA in English literature in 1977.
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Atahualpa
Atahualpa, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa, or Atawallpa (March 20, 1497 – August 29, 1533), was the last Sapa Inca or sovereign emperor of the Tahuantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire, prior to the Spanish conquest of the Incan Empire. Atahualpa became emperor upon defeating his older half-brother Huáscar in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac, from an infectious disease which may have been smallpox.
During the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spaniard Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa and used him to control the Inca empire. Eventually, the Spanish executed Atahualpa, ending the Inca Empire (although several successors claimed the title of Sapa Inca ("unique Inca") and led a resistance against the invading Spaniards). After Atahualpa died, the Incan Empire began to erode.
When questioned by his Spanish captors in the Cajamarca prison about his origins, Atahualpa personally declared that he was the son of the Inca Huayna Capac from Tomebamba (Ecuador), and his mother was the Quito princess Paccha Duchicela, from Caranqui(Ecuador). The union was a politically expedient one, as the southern Ecuadorian Andes had been conquered by Huayna Capac's father, Túpac Inca Yupanqui some years earlier and Huayna Capac had recently conquered the northern Ecuadorian Andes, which Paccha Duchicela royal family had some influence.
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August von Kotzebue
August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue (German pronunciation: [ˈaʊɡʊst fɔn ˈkɔtsəbu]; 3 May 1761 – 23 March 1819) was a German dramatist and author who also worked as a Generalkonsul in Russia.
One of Kotzebue's books was burned during the Wartburg festival in 1817. He was murdered in 1819 by Karl Ludwig Sand, a militant member of the Burschenschaften. The murder of Kotzebue gave Metternich the pretext to issue the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, which dissolved the Burschenschaften, cracked down on the liberal press, and seriously restricted academic freedom in the states of the German Confederation.
Kotzebue was born in Weimar, to a respected merchant family, and was educated at Wilhelm-Ernst-Gymnasium in Weimar, where his uncle, the writer and critic Johann Karl August Musäus was among his teachers. In 1776, the young Kotzebue acted alongside Goethe in the latter’s play Die Geschwister, which premiered in Weimar. In 1777, aged sixteen, he enrolled in the University of Jena to study legal science. He continued his studies at Duisburg, graduating in 1780, and initially practiced as a lawyer in Weimar.
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Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (before 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements in the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of what became known as the "New World".
In the context of emerging western imperialism and economic competition between European kingdoms seeking wealth through the establishment of trade routes and colonies, Columbus's speculative proposal to reach the East Indies by sailing westward received the support of the Spanish crown, which saw in it a promise, however remote, of gaining the upper hand over rival powers in the contest for the lucrative spice trade with Asia. During his first voyage in 1492, instead of reaching Japan as he had intended, Columbus landed in the Bahamas archipelago, at a locale he named San Salvador. Over the course of three more voyages, Columbus visited the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Central America, claiming them for the Spanish Empire.
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Conquistador
Conquistadors ( /kɒn.ˈkiːstədɔrz/; Spanish and Portuguese: Conquistadores, Spanish: [koŋkistaˈðoɾes], Portuguese: [kõkiʃtaˈðoɾɨʃ]; "Conquerors") were soldiers, explorers, and adventurers at the service of the Spanish or Portuguese Empires. They sailed beyond Europe, conquering territory and opening trade routes. They colonized much of the world for Spain and Portugal in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries.
The name derived from the Reconquista (711–1492), the reconquest of the territory of the Iberian Peninsula that was controlled by Muslims (the state called Al-Andalus). In 1492 Castile expanded its exploratory activities, using Portuguese navigators.[citation needed] Portugal had previously established a marine route to Japan via the southern coast of Africa, with numerous coastal enclaves along the route. Following the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492, expeditions led by conquistadors brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 16th century.
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Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse (Lakota: Tȟašúŋke Witkó (in Standard Lakota Orthography), literally "His-Horse-Is-Crazy" or "His-Horse-Is-Spirited"; ca. 1840 – September 5, 1877) was a Native American war leader of the Oglala Lakota. He took up arms against the U.S. Federal government to fight against encroachments on the territories and way of life of the Lakota people, including leading a war party at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876.
After surrendering to U.S. troops under General Crook in 1877, Crazy Horse was fatally wounded by a military guard while allegedly resisting imprisonment at Camp Robinson in present-day Nebraska. He ranks among the most notable and iconic of Native American tribal members and has been honored by the U.S. Postal Service with a 13¢ Great Americans series postage stamp.
Sources differ on the precise year of Crazy Horse's birth, but they agree he was born between 1840 and 1845. According to a close friend, he and Crazy Horse "were both born in the same year at the same season of the year", which census records and other interviews place at about 1845.Encouraging Bear, an Oglala medicine man and spiritual adviser to the Oglala war leader, reported that Crazy Horse was born "in the year in which the band to which he belonged, the Oglala, stole One Hundred Horses, and in the fall of the year", a reference to the annual Lakota calendar or winter count. Among the Oglala winter counts, the stealing of 100 horses is noted by Cloud Shield, and possibly by American Horse and Red Horse owner, as equivalent to the year 1840-41. Oral history accounts from relatives on the Cheyenne River Reservation place his birth in the spring of 1840. On the evening of his son's death, the elder Crazy Horse told Lieutenant H. R. Lemly that his son "would soon have been thirty-seven, having been born on the South Cheyenne river in the fall of 1840".
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Diego de Almagro
Diego de Almagro, (c. 1475 – July 8, 1538), also known as El Adelantado and El Viejo (The Elder), was a Spanish conquistador and a companion and later rival of Francisco Pizarro. He participated in the Spanish conquest of Peru and is credited as the first European discoverer of Chile.
Almagro lost his left eye battling with coastal natives in the New World. In 1525 he joined the Pizarro brothers and Hernándo de Luque at Panama for the conquest of Peru.
Diego de Almagro was born in the Spanish city signified by his last name, being the illegitimate son of Juan de Montenegro and Elvira Gutiérrez. Almagro's parents had promised each other to get married, but ended their relationship before fulfilling this promise. By the time of their break up, Elvira was pregnant, leading her family members to conceal her pregnancy until she gave birth to Diego in 1479. To save Elvira's honor, her family kept her infant and took him to the near village of Bolaños, and Diego was later transferred to Aldea del Rey under the tutelage of Sancha López del Peral.
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Felipillo
Felipillo (or Felipe) was a native Peruvian who accompanied Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro on their various expeditions to Peru as a translator.
Born on the Island of Puná, Felipillo learned Quechua in Tumbes from natives who spoke it as a second language. Felipillo learned basic Spanish from Pizarro's soldiers and was later taken back to Panama by Pizarro.
On his return to Peru, Felipillo continued serving as a translator for the Spanish as the conquest of the country carried its course, although historians agree that the interpreting provided by Felipillo was far from faithful or even helpful for the Spanish. After Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca Atahualpa during the Battle of Cajamarca in 1532, Felipillo was the main translator for Pizarro and Atahualpa during their first meeting. Since Felipillo belonged to a rival tribe and was having an affair with one of Atahualpa's concubines, he deliberately translated Pizarro's messages in an inaccurate manner to the Inca king, which led Atahualpa to speak in unflattering terms about Catholic doctrine, the Bible, and the whole Spanish presence in his land.
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Francisco de Montejo
Francisco de Montejo y Alvarez (c. 1479 in Salamanca – c. 1553 in Spain) was a Spanish conquistador in Mexico and Central America.
Francisco de Montejo was born in Salamanca, Spain, in 1479 to Juan de Montejo and Catalina Alvarez de Tejeda. He left Spain in 1514, and arrived in Cuba in time to join Grijalva's expedition along the coast of Yucatán and the Gulf of Mexico. There he had the rank of Captain, and command of 4 ships. On his return to Cuba, he joined with Hernan Cortes and as part of that expedition, helped found the city of La Rica Villa de la Vera Cruz (today Veracruz) in Mexico. Cortes then sent him as an envoy back to Spain in 1519 to report on the expedition. While in Spain Montejo married Beatriz de Herrera.
In December 1526 the Spanish King, Carlos I, issued a royal decree naming Montejo Adelantado and Capitan General of Yucatán. He returned to Yucatán in 1528, and attempted to conquer it along the east coast (Tulum, Chetumal) but was driven back by the ferocity of the resistance of the Maya living along this coast. In 1530 he decided to try conquering Yucatán from the west, and began by pacifying what is today the modern Mexican state of Tabasco. From 1531–1535 he tried unsuccessfully to conquer western Yucatán, with some successes but in 1535 his forces were driven from Yucatán. In 1533, Montejo received a royal decree giving him permission to conquer Puerto Caballos and Naco in Honduras. This put him in conflict with Pedro de Alvarado, who had received a similar decree in 1532. This only became an issue after Alvarado declared he had conquered and pacified the province of Honduras in 1536. Alvarado continued as Governor of Honduras until 1540, although he was recalled to Spain in 1537.
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Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro González (c. 1471 or 1476 – 26 June 1541) was born in Trujillo, Spain, the illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro, an infantry colonel, and Francisca González, a woman of poor means. His exact birth date is uncertain, but is believed to be sometime in the 1470s, probably 1471. Scant attention was paid to his education and he grew up illiterate. He was a distant cousin of Hernán Cortés. On 10 November 1509, Pizarro sailed from Spain to the New World with Alonzo de Ojeda on an expedition to Urabí. He sailed to Cartagena and joined the fleet of Martin Fernández de Encíso, and, in 1513, accompanied Balboa to the Pacific. In 1514, he found a supporter in Pedrarias Dávila, the Governor of Castilla de Oro, and was rewarded for his role in the arrest of Balboa with the positions of mayor and magistrate in Panama City, serving from 1519 to 1523.
Reports of Peru's riches and Cortés's success in Mexico tantalized Pizarro and he undertook two expeditions to conquer the Incan Empire in 1524 and in 1526. Both failed as a result of native hostilities, bad weather, and lack of provisions. Pedro de los Ríos, the Governor of Panama, made an effort to recall Pizarro, but the conquistador resisted and remained in the south. In April 1528, he reached northern Peru and found the natives rich with precious metals. This discovery gave Pizarro the motivation to plan a third expedition to conquer Peru, and he returned to Panama to make arrangements, but the Governor refused to grant permission for the project. Pizarro returned to Spain to appeal directly to King Charles I. His plea was successful, and he received not only a license for the proposed expedition but considerable authority over any lands conquered during the venture. He was joined by family and friends, and the expedition left Panama in 1530.
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Gonzalo Pizarro
Gonzalo Pizarro y Alonso (1502 – April 10, 1548) was a Spanish conquistador and younger paternal half-brother of Francisco Pizarro, the conqueror of the Inca Empire. Bastard son of Captain Gonzalo Pizarro y Rodríguez de Aguilar (senior) (1446–1522) who as colonel of infantry served in the Italian campaigns under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, and in Navarre, with some distinction, and María Alonso, from Trujillo. He was the half brother of Francisco and Hernándo Pizarro and the full brother of Juan Pizarro.
Born in Trujillo, Spain, Gonzalo Pizarro accompanied his eldest brother, Francisco Pizarro, in his third expedition for the conquest of Peru in 1532. Gonzalo was also the brother of Hernando Pizarro and Juan Pizarro. A lieutenant of his brother Francisco during the conquest, Gonzalo Pizarro was one of the most corrupt, brutal and ruthless conquistadors of the New World, being far less restrained towards the natives and the Inca than his older brothers.
After Inca emperor Atahualpa was captured in the Battle of Cajamarca and later executed on July 26, 1533, the Pizarro brothers and their followers marched towards the Inca capital of Cuzco to complete the conquest, capturing the city on November 15 after a brief battle with the Inca forces under Quizquiz holding it after previously defeating the central government and massacring the nobility of Cuzco. Some sources suggest the Spaniards were well received after vanquishing the northern forces having occupied the capital for nineteen months, but that fact is highly uncertain.
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Hernando de Luque
Hernando de Luque was a Spanish priest who travelled to the New World in the 16th century. He arrived in 1514 with the expedition of Pedrarias Dávila to Panama, where he met Francisco Pizarro. Luque financed a joint expedition by Pizarro and Diego de Almagro to Peru in 1526. After the successful conquest of the Inca territory, he was eventually named Bishop of Tumbes and "Protector of the Indians" in 1529.
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Hernando Pizarro
Hernando Pizarro y de Vargas (born between 1478 and 1508, died 1578 or 1608) was a Spanish conquistador and one of the Pizarro brothers who ruled over Peru. He ultimately died in Spain of severely extended age, contrary to his brothers who all suffered a violent fate.
Hernando was born in Trujillo, (Extremadura), Spain, son of Captain Gonzalo Pizarro y Rodríguez de Aguilar (senior) (1446–1522) - who as colonel of infantry served in the Italian campaigns under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, and in Navarre, with some distinction - and wife Isabel de Vargas.
As one of the Pizarro brothers, he was related to Francisco, Juan, and Gonzalo Pizarro. He had two full sisters, Inés Pizarro y de Vargas, who married but did not have children with Francisco's only legitimate son, and Isabel Pizarro y de Vargas, married to Gonzalo de Tapia. Through his father, he was second cousins to Hernán Cortés.
Unlike his other brothers, he was born in wedlock, and he was educated and gained influence in the Spanish court. In 1530 Hernando departed for the New World with his half-brother, Francisco Pizarro, and accompanied him during his conquests in Peru. In 1533 Hernando was sent back to advance the Pizarro interests against Francisco's uneasy partner, Diego de Almagro, as Hernando had the best connections in the Spanish court. When he returned to Peru, he ruled with his other half-brothers (Juan and Gonzalo Pizarro) over the prized Inca capital of Cuzco. Governing with an iron fist, he helped with the eventual suppression of Inca uprisings led by Manco Cápac.
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Hernán Cortés
Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro, 1st Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca (Spanish pronunciation: [erˈnaŋ korˈtes de monˈroj i piˈθaro]; 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Born in Medellín, Spain, to a family of lesser nobility, Cortés chose to pursue a livelihood in the New World. He went to Hispaniola and later to Cuba, where he received an encomienda and, for a short time, became alcalde (magistrate) of the second Spanish town founded on the island. In 1519, he was elected captain of the third expedition to the mainland, an expedition which he partly funded. His enmity with the Governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, resulted in the recall of the expedition at the last moment, an order which Cortés ignored. Arriving on the continent, Cortés executed a successful strategy of allying with some indigenous peoples against others. He also used a native woman, Doña Marina, as an interpreter; she would later bear Cortés a son. When the Governor of Cuba sent emissaries to arrest Cortés, he fought them and won, using the extra troops as reinforcements. Cortés wrote letters directly to the king asking to be acknowledged for his successes instead of punished for mutiny. After he overthrew the Aztec Empire, Cortés was awarded the title of Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca, while the more prestigious title of Viceroy was given to a high-ranking nobleman, Antonio de Mendoza. In 1541 Cortés returned to Spain, where he died peacefully but embittered, six years later.
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Huáscar
Huáscar Inca (Quechua: Waskar Inka, of uncertain meaning, said to be related to his birthplace Huascarpata; 1503–1532) was Sapa Inca of the Inca empire from 1527 to 1532 AD, succeeding his father Huayna Capac and brother Ninan Cuyochi, both of whom died of smallpox while campaigning near Quito.
After the conquest, the Spanish put forth the idea that Huayna Capac may have intended Huáscar to be the Emperor, and his half-brother Atahualpa to be the governor of the Quito province. Then Huayna Capac and his initial heir Ninan Cuyochi died prematurely without naming a successor. Without a clear line of succession, a war broke out between Huáscar and his brother Atahualpa.
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Isabel Allende
Isabel Allende Llona (born in Lima, Peru, on 2 August 1942) is a Chilean American writer. Allende, whose works sometimes contain aspects of the "magic realist" tradition, is famous for novels such as The House of the Spirits (La casa de los espíritus, 1982) and City of the Beasts (La ciudad de las bestias, 2002), which have been commercially successful. Allende has been called "the world's most widely read Spanish-language author". In 2004, Allende was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and in 2010, she received Chile's National Literature Prize.
Allende's novels are often based upon her personal experience and pay homage to the lives of women, while weaving together elements of myth and realism. She has lectured and toured many American colleges to teach literature. Fluent in English as a second language, Allende was granted American citizenship in 2003, having lived in California with her American husband since 1989.
Allende was born in Lima, Peru, the daughter of Francisca Llona Barros and Tomás Allende, who was at the time the Chilean ambassador to Peru. Her father was a first cousin of Salvador Allende, President of Chile from 1970 to 1973; so Salvador is her first cousin once removed. Many sources cite Allende as being Salvador Allende's niece (without specifying that the relationship is that Tomas and Salvador are cousins); the confusion stems from Allende herself often referring to Salvador as her "'uncle" (tío) in her private life and public interviews. This is because in Spanish a "first cousin once removed" is translated as "second degree uncle" (tío en segundo grado).
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Isabella of Portugal
Isabella of Portugal (24 October 1503 – 1 May 1539) was Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Germany, Spain, Naples and Sicily and Duchess of Burgundy as the spouse of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. She was the daughter of Manuel I of Portugal and Maria of Aragon. She served as regent of Spain during the absence of her spouse for long periods.
Isabella was the second child and eldest daughter of King Manuel I of Portugal and his second spouse, Infanta Maria of Castile and Aragon. She was named after her maternal grandmother, Isabella I of Castile, and her aunt Isabella, Princess of Asturias, who had been her father's first spouse.
Through her father, she was a granddaughter of Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu (the second son of King Edward of Portugal and brother of King Afonso V of Portugal) and Infanta Beatrice, the daughter of Infante John, Lord of Reguengos (brother of King Edward). Through her mother she was a granddaughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon.
Isabella was second-in-line to the throne until the birth of her brother Louis in 1505. However, as the oldest daughter of Manuel I of Portugal, she was a rather attractive party. She married her first cousin, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, the son of Joanna of Castile and Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy, who as Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Archduke of the Habsburg dominions, titular Duke of Burgundy, and ruler of the Netherlands and the Spanish empire in the Americas and the Mediterranean and Italy was one of the most powerful men of his time.
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Italian Wars
The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Italian Wars or the Great Wars of Italy and sometimes as the Habsburg–Valois Wars or the Renaissance Wars, were a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, most of the major states of Western Europe (France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, and Scotland) as well as the Ottoman Empire. Originally arising from dynastic disputes over the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Naples, the wars rapidly became a general struggle for power and territory among their various participants, and were marked with an increasing number of alliances, counter-alliances, and betrayals.
Following the Wars in Lombardy between Venice and Milan, which ended in 1454, Northern Italy had been largely at peace during the reigns of Cosimo de' Medici and Lorenzo de' Medici in Florence, with the notable exception of the War of Ferrara in 1482-1484.
Spain had promised not to interfere with France's adventures in Italy in return for Roussillon and Cerdagne, which were ceded to Spain under the Treaty of Barcelona of 1492.
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Jared Diamond
Jared Mason Diamond (born September 10, 1937) is an American scientist and author best known for his popular science books The Third Chimpanzee, Guns, Germs, and Steel, and Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Originally trained in physiology, Diamond's work is known for drawing from a variety of fields, and he is currently Professor of Geography at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Diamond was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to a Bessarabian Jewish family. His father Louis K. Diamond was a physician and his mother Flora Kaplan a teacher, musician, and linguist. He attended the Roxbury Latin School and earned an A.B. from Harvard College in 1958 and a Ph.D. in physiology and membrane biophysics from the University of Cambridge in 1961.
After graduating from Cambridge, Diamond returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow until 1965, and, in 1968, became Professor of Physiology at UCLA Medical School. While in his twenties, he developed a second, parallel, career in ornithology and ecology, specialising in New Guinea and nearby islands. Then in his fifties, Diamond developed a third career in environmental history and became Professor of Geography at UCLA, his current position. He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1999 and an honorary doctorate by Westfield State University in 2009.
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Jesus
Jesus ( /ˈdʒiːzəs/; Greek: Ἰησοῦς; 7–2 BC/BCE to 30–36 AD/CE), also referred to as Jesus Christ or simply Christ, is the central figure of Christianity and most Christian denominations venerate him as God the Son incarnated. In Islam, Jesus (in Arabic: عيسى in Islamic usage, commonly transliterated as Isa) is considered one of God's important prophets.
Most modern historians agree that Jesus existed and was a Jewish teacher from Galilee in Roman Judaea, who was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on the orders of the Roman Prefect, Pontius Pilate. Scholars have offered competing descriptions and portraits of Jesus, which at times share a number of overlapping attributes, such as a rabbi, a charismatic healer, the leader of an apocalyptic movement, a self-described Messiah, a sage and philosopher, or a social reformer who preached of the "Kingdom of God" as a means for personal and egalitarian social transformation. Scholars have correlated the New Testament accounts with non-Christian historical records to arrive at an estimated chronology of Jesus' life.
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Juan de Oñate
Don Juan de Oñate y Salazar (1550–1626) was a Spanish explorer, colonial governor of the New Spain province of New Mexico, and founder of various settlements in the present day Southwest of the United States.
Oñate was born in the New Spain city of Zacatecas to Spanish-Basque colonists and silver mine owners. His father was the conquistador/silver baron Cristóbal de Oñate, and his mother Doña Catalina Salazar y de la Cadena. His Cadena ancestor fought in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, and was the first to break the line of defense protecting Mohammad Ben Yacub. The family was granted a coat of arms, and thereafter were known as the Cadenas. (Ref. La Calle de Cadena en Mexico," pps. 1—46, Guillermo Porras Munoz). Juan de Oñate married Isabel de Tolosa Cortés de Moctezuma, granddaughter of Hernán Cortés, the conqueror of the Aztec Triple Alliance, and great granddaughter of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma Xocoyotzin.
In 1595 he was ordered by King Philip II to colonize the northern frontier of New Spain. His stated objective was to spread Roman Catholicism and establish new missions. He began the expedition in 1598, fording the Rio Grande, or Río del Norte, at the present-day El Paso, in late April. On April 30, 1598, he claimed all of New Mexico beyond the river for Spain.
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Juan Ponce de León
Juan Ponce de León (/ˈpɒns də ˈliən/Spanish pronunciation: [ˈponθe ðe leˈon]; 1474 – July 1521) was a Spanish explorer. He became the first Governor of Puerto Rico by appointment of the Spanish crown. He led the first European expedition to Florida, which he named. He is associated with the legend of the Fountain of Youth, reputed to be in Florida.
Juan Ponce de León was born in the village of Santervás de Campos in the northern part of what is now the Spanish province of Valladolid. Although early historians placed his birth in 1475, more recent evidence shows he was likely born in 1474. The surname 'Ponce de León' is of Basque origin, and dates from the XI century. He was descended from Ponce Vélaz, a nobleman from León, who was the son of Vela Gutiérrez and Sancha de Cabrera. Vela Gutiérrez was the great-grandson of Vermudo Nuñez, fifth child of Nuño Vela, count of Álava, who was descended from the kings of Vasconia.
The identity of his parents is unknown, but he appears to have been a member of a distinguished and influential noble family. His relatives included Rodrigo Ponce de León, Marquis of Cádiz, a celebrated figure in the Moorish wars.
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Manco Inca Yupanqui
Manco Inca Yupanqui (1516–1544) (Manqu Inka Yupanki in Quechua) was one of the Incas of Vilcabamba. He was also known as "Manco II" and "Manco Cápac II" ("Manqu Qhapaq II"). Born in 1516, he was one of the sons of Huayna Cápac and came from a lower class of the nobility.
Túpac Huallpa, a puppet ruler crowned by conquistador Francisco Pizarro, died in 1533. Manco Inca then approached Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro in Cajamarca to negotiate a pact, to rule the Inca peoples and Peru since all of the royal nobles were dead. The conquistadors agreed, and in 1534 Manco was crowned the ruler of the Inca in Cuzco by Francisco Pizarro, and allowed to rule his people. He did not realize that he too was being used by Pizarro as a puppet ruler for the Spanish conquistadors, who planned to conquer his country and its people.
At first, Manco cooperated with the Spanish, befriending them and offering them gold treasures and women as gifts. However, when Pizarro and de Almagro left Cuzco to explore the northern and southern parts of Peru, he left his younger brothers Gonzalo Pizarro, Juan Pizarro and Hernando Pizarro as garrisons in the city of Cuzco.
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Pascual de Andagoya
Pascual de Andagoya (1495-1548) was a Spanish Basque conquistador. He was born in the village of Andagoya, in the valley of Cuartango (Álava), in Spain.
As often happened at the time, Andagoya left as an explorer of the New World at a very young age of 19, on April 11, 1514, under the command of Pedro Arias de Ávila. The expedition left carrying an army of over 2,000 in 22 ships, with the objective of colonizing Central America.
The career of Andagoya commenced in Panama, whose capital he founded in 1519 with 400 settlers. Later he moved south towards the Colombian coast, until he reached San Juan, where he took charge as governor. This was when he learned of the existence of the Inca Empire, in the distant territory called "Birú", or "Pirú". In 1522 he attempted a conquest, but it ended in miserable failure.
With his health deteriorating, he returned to Panama and spread word of his discoveries, in particular the existence of a land of enormous riches of gold and silver, namely, Peru. In 1524 Francisco Pizarro, in association with the soldier Diego de Almagro and the priest Hernando de Luque, mounted an expedition.
wn.com/Pascual_de_Andagoya -
Pedro de Alvarado
Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras (Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain, ca. 1485 or ca. 1495 – Guadalajara, New Spain, 4 July 1541) was a Spanish conquistador and governor of Guatemala. He participated in the conquest of Cuba, in Juan de Grijalva's exploration of the coasts of Yucatan and the Gulf of Mexico, and in the conquest of Mexico led by Hernan Cortes. He is considered the conquistador of most of Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras). Although renowned for his skill as a soldier, Alvarado is known also for the cruelty of his treatment of native populations, and mass murders committed in the subjugation of the native peoples of Mexico. Historiography portrays that indigenous people, both Nahuatl-speakers and speakers of other languages, called him Tonatiuh, meaning "sun" in the Nahuatl language. Yet he was also called "Red Sun" in Nahuatl, which allows a variety of interpretations. Whether this epithet refers to Don Alvarado's red hair, some esoteric quality attributed to him, or both, is disputed.
wn.com/Pedro_de_Alvarado -
Pedro de los Ríos
Fray Pedro de los Ríos (died 1563–1565) was a Domician missionary in Mexico in the mid-16th century. Little is known about him, but he contributed to the creation of the manuscripts now known as the Codex Telleriano-Remensis and Codex Vaticanus A, which describe Aztec culture and history. The Codex Vaticanus A is also known as the Codex Ríos, after Pedro de los Ríos.
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Pedro de Valdivia
Pedro Gutiérrez de Valdivia or Valdiva (ca. 1500 – December 25, 1553) was a Spanish conquistador and the first royal governor of Chile. After serving with the Spanish army in Italy and Flanders, he was sent to South America in 1534, where he served as lieutenant under Francisco Pizarro in Peru, acting as his second in command. In 1540 he led an expedition of 150 Spaniards into Chile, where he defeated a large force of Indians and founded Santiago in 1541. He extended Spanish rule south to the Bío-Bío River in 1546, fought again in Peru (1546 – 48), and returned to Chile as governor in 1549. He began to conquer Chile south of the Bío-Bío and founded Concepción in 1550. He was captured and killed in a campaign against the Araucanian Indians. The city of Valdivia in Chile is named after him.
Pedro de Valdivia is believed to have been born in the district of Castuera (some say Villanueva de la Serena) in Extremadura,Spain around 1500 (some sources put his date of birth as early as 1497 or as late as 1505) to an impoverished hidalgo family. In 1520 he joined the Spanish army of Charles I and fought in Flanders in 1521 and Italy between 1522 and 1525, participating in the battle of Pavia as part of the troops of the Marquis of Pescara. He reached America in 1535, spent an uneventful year in Venezuela, and then moved on to Peru in 1537.
wn.com/Pedro_de_Valdivia -
Pedro Pizarro
Pedro Pizarro (c. 1515 – c. 1602) was a Spanish chronicler and conquistador. He took part in most events of the Spanish conquest of Peru and wrote an extensive chronicle of them under the title Relación del descubrimiento y conquista de los reinos del Perú ("Relation of the discovery and conquest of the kingdoms of Peru"), which he finished in 1571.
Pedro Pizarro was born around 1515 in the Spanish city of Toledo. Through his father he was first cousin of Francisco Pizarro and his half-brothers: Gonzalo Pizarro, Hernando Pizarro, Juan Pizarro and Martín de Alcántara. When Francisco left Spain for his third expedition to Peru he was joined by his brothers and his cousin Pedro. They sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on February 1530 and arrived at Tumbes in what is now Peru on January 1531. Pedro initially served as page to his cousin Francisco but from about 1533 he was in active military service as a cavalryman. As such he took part in most of the chief events of the conquest of the Inca empire, mainly during the campaigns against Manco Inca.
wn.com/Pedro_Pizarro -
Peter Shaffer
Sir Peter Levin Shaffer (born 15 May 1926) is an English playwright and screenwriter of numerous award-winning plays, several of which have been filmed.
Shaffer was born to a Jewish family in Blackpool, the son of Reka (née Fredman) and Jack Shaffer, an estate agent. He is the twin brother of fellow playwright, Anthony Shaffer.
He was educated at St Paul's School (London) and subsequently he gained a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, to study history. Shaffer was a Bevin Boy coal miner during WW2 and took a number of jobs including bookstore clerk, and assistant at the New York Public Library, before discovering his dramatic talents.
Shaffer's first play, The Salt Land (1954), was presented on the BBC. Encouraged by this success, Shaffer continued to write and established his reputation as a playwright in 1958 with the production of Five Finger Exercise which opened in London under the direction of John Gielgud and won the Evening Standard Drama Award. When Five Finger Exercise moved to New York in 1959, it was equally well received and landed Shaffer the New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Foreign Play.
wn.com/Peter_Shaffer -
Pánfilo de Narváez
Pánfilo de Narváez (1478–1528) was a Spanish conqueror and soldier in the Americas. He is most remembered as the leader of two expeditions, one to Mexico in 1520 to oppose Hernán Cortés, and the disastrous Narváez expedition to Florida in 1527.
Pánfilo de Narváez was born in Castile (in either Cuéllar or Valladolid) in 1478. He was a relative of Diego Velazquez de Cuellar, the first Spanish governor of Cuba. His nephew was Antonio Velazquez de Narváez.
Narváez took part in the Spanish conquest of Jamaica in 1509. In 1511 he went to Cuba to participate in the conquest of that island under the command of Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar. He led expeditions to the eastern end of the island in the company of Bartolomé de las Casas and Juan de Grijalva. As reported by de las Casas, who was an eyewitness, Narváez presided over the infamous massacre of Caonao, where Spanish troopers put to the sword a village full of Indians who had come to meet them with offerings of food. Following the massacre, Narváez asked de las Casas, "What do you think about what our Spaniards have done?" to which de las Casas replied, "I send both you and them to the Devil!"
wn.com/Pánfilo_de_Narváez -
Quispe Sisa
Quispe Sisa (ca. 1518 – 1559) was the daughter of the Inca ruler Huayna Capac and the curaca Contarhucho. She was baptized as Inés Huaylas Yupanqui when she was given in marriage at a young age to Francisco Pizarro by her brother Atahualpa. In 1534, she gave birth to Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui and Gonzalo Pizarro the following year. During the siege of Lima, led by Manco Inca Yupanqui, Quispe Sisa sent several runners with messages to her mother in Huaylas asking for help. Her mother Contarhucho sent in On September 12, 1536 an army to help Pizarro defend Lima.
wn.com/Quispe_Sisa -
Repartimiento
The Repartimiento (Spanish pronunciation: [repartiˈmjento]) was a colonial forced labor system imposed upon the indigenous population of Spanish America and the Philippines. In concept it was similar to other tribute-labor systems, such as the mita of the Inca Empire or the corvée of Ancien Régime France: the natives were forced to do low-paid or unpaid labor for a certain number of weeks or months each year on Spanish-owned farms, mines, workshops (obrajes), and public projects. With the New Laws of 1542 was instated to substitute the encomienda system that had come to be seen as abusive and promoting unethical behavior. The repartimiento was not slavery, in that the worker is not owned outright—being free in various respects other than in the dispensation of his or her labor—and the work was intermittent. It however, created slavery-like conditions in certain areas, most notoriously in silver mines of 16th century Peru. In the first decades of the colonization of the Caribbean the word was used for the institution that became the encomienda, which can cause confusion.
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Ron Pardo
Ron Pardo is a Canadian actor, voice artist and impressionist, known for playing a wide variety of characters on the television show History Bites.
He was raised in Pardoville, Ontario (named for his ancestors), a small farming hamlet near Chatham and went to school in nearby Blenheim. He later studied radio and television at Ryerson University in Toronto, followed by working on-air and as a copywriter at CFCO Radio in Chatham. Pardo later attended the University of Western Ontario in London to study education, and worked as a teacher for a few years in Cambridge, Ontario.
He realized early on that he had a talent for mimicry, first of cartoon characters and later of celebrities. In 1993 he decided to see if he could make a career of comedy and in 1995 he resigned his teaching position, having won Yuk Yuk's Search for Canada's Funniest New Comic Award.
In 1997 Pardo came to the attention of former Frantic Rick Green, who hired Ron to perform his characters for the pilot of Rick's new show History Bites. Pardo starred on the show for five seasons, receiving a Gemini Award nomination in 2000.
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Sitting Bull
Sitting Bull (Lakota: Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake in Standard Lakota Orthography, also nicknamed Slon-he or "Slow"; c. 1831 – December 15, 1890) was a Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux holy man who led his people as a tribal chief during years of resistance to United States government policies. Born near the Grand River in Dakota Territory, he was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him and prevent him from supporting the Ghost Dance movement.
He had a premonition of defeating the cavalry, which motivated his Native American people to a major victory at the Battle of the Little Bighorn against Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer and the 7th Cavalry on June 25, 1876. Months after the battle, Sitting Bull and his group left the United States to Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan, where he remained until 1881, at which time he surrendered to U.S. forces. A small remnant of his band under Chief Waŋblí Ǧí decided to stay at Wood Mountain. After his return to the United States, he briefly toured as a performer in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, earning $50 a week.
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Túpac Huallpa
Túpac Huallpa (or Huallpa Túpac) (died October 1533), original name Auqui Huallpa Túpac, was a puppet Inca Emperor of the conquistadors in 1533, during the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire led by Francisco Pizarro.
Túpac Huallpa was a younger brother of Atahualpa and Huáscar. After Atahualpa's execution on July 26, 1533, the Spaniards appointed Túpac Huallpa as a puppet ruler and ensured he was crowned with great recognition and ceremony. All this was done to convince the Inca people that they were still being ruled by an Inca. Túpac Huallpa and his people may not have understood that the Spaniards were using him to take control of Peru and steal the gold treasures of his country.
Túpac died of smallpox in Jauja in 1533 soon after he was crowned the Inca Emperor by Francisco Pizarro. He was succeeded by another brother, a member of a lower nobility class, named Manco Inca Yupanqui.
Túpac Huallpa was the father of four children:
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Wikipedia Persondata
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William Shatner
William Alan Shatner (born March 22, 1931) is a Canadian actor, musician, recording artist, author and film director. He gained worldwide fame and became a cultural icon for his portrayal of James T. Kirk, captain of the USS Enterprise, in the science fiction television series Star Trek from 1966 to 1969, Star Trek: The Animated Series from 1973 to 1974, and in seven of the subsequent Star Trek feature films from 1979 to 1994. He has written a series of books chronicling his experiences playing Captain Kirk and being a part of Star Trek, and has co-written several novels set in the Star Trek universe. He has also authored a series of science fiction novels called TekWar that were adapted for television.
Shatner also played the eponymous veteran police sergeant in T. J. Hooker from 1982 to 1986. Afterwards, he hosted the reality-based television series, Rescue 911 from 1989 to 1996, which won a People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Dramatic Series. He has since worked as a musician, author, producer, director and celebrity pitchman. From 2004 to 2008 he starred as attorney Denny Crane in the television dramas The Practice and its spin-off Boston Legal for which he won two Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award.
wn.com/William_Shatner
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Francisco Pizarro - The Most Evil Men And Women In History (part 1 of 2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:00
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) Francisco Pizarro was one of the European explorers who went to South America to colonize it and had natives murdered so he could plunder their gold and silver. Pizarro and his men arrived at Cajamarca (in 1533), where they captured Atahuallpa, the 13th and last emperor of the Incas. Atahuallpa had just won a civil war against his half-brother (Huscar), and had executed Huscar and his family. Atahuallpa had invited Pizarro to a celebratory feast, thinking that the Spanish were not much of a threat. Pizarro ambushed Atahuallpa and killed thousands of his men. Atahuallpa offered a huge ransom for his own release, but Pizarro took the treasure and had Atahuallpa strangled on August 29, 1533; this was the end of the Incan empire. After looting and generally destroying the Incan capital of Cusco, Pizarro founded Lima. Pizarro was assassinated in Lima, Peru, in 1541, by followers of Pedro de Almagro (Cortes' captain) who wanted to seize Lima for its riches
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro_The_Most_Evil_Men_And_Women_In_History_part_1_of_2
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) Francisco Pizarro was one of the European explorers who went to South America to colonize it and had natives murdered so he could plunder their gold and silver. Pizarro and his men arrived at Cajamarca (in 1533), where they captured Atahuallpa, the 13th and last emperor of the Incas. Atahuallpa had just won a civil war against his half-brother (Huscar), and had executed Huscar and his family. Atahuallpa had invited Pizarro to a celebratory feast, thinking that the Spanish were not much of a threat. Pizarro ambushed Atahuallpa and killed thousands of his men. Atahuallpa offered a huge ransom for his own release, but Pizarro took the treasure and had Atahuallpa strangled on August 29, 1533; this was the end of the Incan empire. After looting and generally destroying the Incan capital of Cusco, Pizarro founded Lima. Pizarro was assassinated in Lima, Peru, in 1541, by followers of Pedro de Almagro (Cortes' captain) who wanted to seize Lima for its riches
Horrible Histories-Pizarro-HD 1080p
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Conquistadores have always been one of my favorite historical subjects.
http://wn.com/Horrible_Histories-Pizarro-HD_1080p
Conquistadores have always been one of my favorite historical subjects.
- published: 21 May 2011
- views: 74442
- author: Lieblingsfachful
Francisco Pizzaro Biography
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Francisco Pizarro Biography c. 1471 or 1476 - 1541 Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire. Pizarro founded the modern day capital of Peru. All content is either in the public domain or licensed pursuant to a Creative Commons Attribution License creativecommons.org Attribution: cloudbiography.com
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizzaro_Biography
Francisco Pizarro Biography c. 1471 or 1476 - 1541 Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire. Pizarro founded the modern day capital of Peru. All content is either in the public domain or licensed pursuant to a Creative Commons Attribution License creativecommons.org Attribution: cloudbiography.com
- published: 03 Oct 2012
- views: 736
- author: TheCloudBiography
Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
our podcast - clips from assignment discovery, pictures from a multitude of sources, and music from Battle for Wesnoth (open source game). Original script, with Ryan doing the voice.
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro
our podcast - clips from assignment discovery, pictures from a multitude of sources, and music from Battle for Wesnoth (open source game). Original script, with Ryan doing the voice.
- published: 18 Dec 2008
- views: 9138
- author: ISIRC10
THE MOST EVIL MEN IN HISTORY - EPISODE: FRANCISCO PIZARRO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:22
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
The video is NOT MINE! It's only uploaded for viewer enjoyment! Please LIKE, SUBSCRIBE and comment as well! :) Follow me on twitter: loklou777 The link for twitter: twitter.com Follow me on tumblr: loklou777 The link for tumblr: loklou777.tumblr.com Instagram, etc is the same username! :)
http://wn.com/THE_MOST_EVIL_MEN_IN_HISTORY_EPISODE_FRANCISCO_PIZARRO
The video is NOT MINE! It's only uploaded for viewer enjoyment! Please LIKE, SUBSCRIBE and comment as well! :) Follow me on twitter: loklou777 The link for twitter: twitter.com Follow me on tumblr: loklou777 The link for tumblr: loklou777.tumblr.com Instagram, etc is the same username! :)
- published: 05 Jul 2012
- views: 2213
- author: loklou777
Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Francisco Pizarro González, 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c. 1471 or 1476 - 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru. Pizarro was born in Trujillo, Extremadura, modern Spain. Sources differ in the birth year they assign to him: 1471, 14751478, or unknown. He was an illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro Rodríguez de Aguilar (senior) (1446-1522) who as colonel of infantry served in the Italian campaigns under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, and in Navarre, with some distinction. His mother was Francisca González Mateos, a woman of slender means from Trujillo, daughter of Juan Mateos, of the family called Los Roperos, and wife María Alonso, labradores pecheros from Trujillo. His mother married late in life and had a son Francisco Martín de Alcántara, married to Inés Muñoz, who from the beginning was at the Conquest of Perú, where he then lived, always at his brother's side, who held him always as one of his most trusted men.[1] Through his father, Francisco was second cousin to Hernán Cortés, the famed conquistador of Mexico.
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro González, 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c. 1471 or 1476 - 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru. Pizarro was born in Trujillo, Extremadura, modern Spain. Sources differ in the birth year they assign to him: 1471, 14751478, or unknown. He was an illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro Rodríguez de Aguilar (senior) (1446-1522) who as colonel of infantry served in the Italian campaigns under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, and in Navarre, with some distinction. His mother was Francisca González Mateos, a woman of slender means from Trujillo, daughter of Juan Mateos, of the family called Los Roperos, and wife María Alonso, labradores pecheros from Trujillo. His mother married late in life and had a son Francisco Martín de Alcántara, married to Inés Muñoz, who from the beginning was at the Conquest of Perú, where he then lived, always at his brother's side, who held him always as one of his most trusted men.[1] Through his father, Francisco was second cousin to Hernán Cortés, the famed conquistador of Mexico.
- published: 09 Dec 2009
- views: 3471
- author: iLikeRandomVids
Biografías resumidas: Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Conquistador del Perú Francisco Pizarro González nació en 1476, en Trujillo de Extremadura, España. Sus padres fueron el hidalgo Gonzalo Pizarro, apodado "El Largo", y la campesina Francisca González.
http://wn.com/Biografías_resumidas_Francisco_Pizarro
Conquistador del Perú Francisco Pizarro González nació en 1476, en Trujillo de Extremadura, España. Sus padres fueron el hidalgo Gonzalo Pizarro, apodado "El Largo", y la campesina Francisca González.
- published: 01 Feb 2011
- views: 7998
- author: tercioss
Francisco Pizarro - The Most Evil Men And Women In History (part 2 of 2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:22
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) Francisco Pizarro was one of the European explorers who went to South America to colonize it and had natives murdered so he could plunder their gold and silver. Pizarro and his men arrived at Cajamarca (in 1533), where they captured Atahuallpa, the 13th and last emperor of the Incas. Atahuallpa had just won a civil war against his half-brother (Huscar), and had executed Huscar and his family. Atahuallpa had invited Pizarro to a celebratory feast, thinking that the Spanish were not much of a threat. Pizarro ambushed Atahuallpa and killed thousands of his men. Atahuallpa offered a huge ransom for his own release, but Pizarro took the treasure and had Atahuallpa strangled on August 29, 1533; this was the end of the Incan empire. After looting and generally destroying the Incan capital of Cusco, Pizarro founded Lima. Pizarro was assassinated in Lima, Peru, in 1541, by followers of Pedro de Almagro (Cortes' captain) who wanted to seize Lima for its riches.
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro_The_Most_Evil_Men_And_Women_In_History_part_2_of_2
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) Francisco Pizarro was one of the European explorers who went to South America to colonize it and had natives murdered so he could plunder their gold and silver. Pizarro and his men arrived at Cajamarca (in 1533), where they captured Atahuallpa, the 13th and last emperor of the Incas. Atahuallpa had just won a civil war against his half-brother (Huscar), and had executed Huscar and his family. Atahuallpa had invited Pizarro to a celebratory feast, thinking that the Spanish were not much of a threat. Pizarro ambushed Atahuallpa and killed thousands of his men. Atahuallpa offered a huge ransom for his own release, but Pizarro took the treasure and had Atahuallpa strangled on August 29, 1533; this was the end of the Incan empire. After looting and generally destroying the Incan capital of Cusco, Pizarro founded Lima. Pizarro was assassinated in Lima, Peru, in 1541, by followers of Pedro de Almagro (Cortes' captain) who wanted to seize Lima for its riches.
- published: 08 Nov 2010
- views: 10845
- author: SirGrowalott
Francisco Pizarro: E True Historical Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 06 Dec 2011
My First Project
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro_E_True_Historical_Story
Pizarro y Los INCAS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:27
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
Toda la recreación de la conquista: desde la llegada de los españoles al Perú hasta la muerte de francisco Pizarro, en un excelente documental de colección "PIZARRO y los INCAS". Este documental es dirgido por esthepan koester, narrado por sam graham y ha sdo transmitido por discovery channel.
http://wn.com/Pizarro_y_Los_INCAS
Toda la recreación de la conquista: desde la llegada de los españoles al Perú hasta la muerte de francisco Pizarro, en un excelente documental de colección "PIZARRO y los INCAS". Este documental es dirgido por esthepan koester, narrado por sam graham y ha sdo transmitido por discovery channel.
- published: 26 Apr 2012
- views: 9731
- author: jesusguzmangallardo
Konquistadoren - Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:16
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Konquistadoren_Francisco_Pizarro
La Dieta de Francisco Pizarro ¿Que comìa Pizarro, el conquistador del imperio Inka?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:41
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
La Dieta de Francisco Pizarro ¿Que comìa Pizarro, el conquistador del imperio Inka? Teresita Daroca nos presenta un interesante estudio sobre el règimen dietario de Don Francisco Pizarro, realizado por el PAIBHFP a cargo del Arqueòlogo Raúl Greenwich.
http://wn.com/La_Dieta_de_Francisco_Pizarro_¿Que_comìa_Pizarro,_el_conquistador_del_imperio_Inka?
La Dieta de Francisco Pizarro ¿Que comìa Pizarro, el conquistador del imperio Inka? Teresita Daroca nos presenta un interesante estudio sobre el règimen dietario de Don Francisco Pizarro, realizado por el PAIBHFP a cargo del Arqueòlogo Raúl Greenwich.
- published: 01 Feb 2012
- views: 557
- author: ER GC
SFM timelapse - Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:37
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Subreddit! www.reddit.com 1920 x 1080 image: i.imgur.com Here's a timelapse of me creating the requested scene of Francisco Pizarro. You can make your own requests too. A comment is enough. I can't promise I can make everything! Remember, most Misc items don't work properly. If you enjoyed this movie, thumbs up and subscribe! It helps me out! // All music used is Royalty-free. Made by Kevin MacLeod: incompetech.com Licence stuff: Song 1: Cephalopod Cephalopod Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 creativecommons.org Song 2: Rocket Rocket Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 creativecommons.org \\
http://wn.com/SFM_timelapse_Francisco_Pizarro
Subreddit! www.reddit.com 1920 x 1080 image: i.imgur.com Here's a timelapse of me creating the requested scene of Francisco Pizarro. You can make your own requests too. A comment is enough. I can't promise I can make everything! Remember, most Misc items don't work properly. If you enjoyed this movie, thumbs up and subscribe! It helps me out! // All music used is Royalty-free. Made by Kevin MacLeod: incompetech.com Licence stuff: Song 1: Cephalopod Cephalopod Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 creativecommons.org Song 2: Rocket Rocket Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 creativecommons.org \\
- published: 22 Oct 2012
- views: 347
- author: SFMwithPaul
FRANCISCO PIZARRO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:57
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
La vida de Francisco Pizarro, uno de los conquistadores más grandes de todos los tiempos, es un puro asombro. Hijo bastardo de un hidalgo de Trujillo, cuidador de puercos en su adolescencia, soldado de fortuna en los Tercios de Italia, acomete en la madurez de su vida la ingente empresa de conquistar el Imperio de los incas, el más extenso de toda la historia de la humanidad, puesto que se extendía desde el Ecuador hasta la Patagonia. Los incas, oriundos del lago Titicaca, habían conseguido tan vasto imperio gracias a su férrea organización militar, ya ella se enfrenta el antiguo porquerizo de Trujillo con un ejército de tan sólo ciento sesenta y ocho soldados.
http://wn.com/FRANCISCO_PIZARRO
La vida de Francisco Pizarro, uno de los conquistadores más grandes de todos los tiempos, es un puro asombro. Hijo bastardo de un hidalgo de Trujillo, cuidador de puercos en su adolescencia, soldado de fortuna en los Tercios de Italia, acomete en la madurez de su vida la ingente empresa de conquistar el Imperio de los incas, el más extenso de toda la historia de la humanidad, puesto que se extendía desde el Ecuador hasta la Patagonia. Los incas, oriundos del lago Titicaca, habían conseguido tan vasto imperio gracias a su férrea organización militar, ya ella se enfrenta el antiguo porquerizo de Trujillo con un ejército de tan sólo ciento sesenta y ocho soldados.
- published: 29 Jan 2008
- views: 31343
- author: Pirataraul
1541. Perú: Muere Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:10
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
En 1541, a los 65 años de edad era asesinado el conquistador español, Francisco Pizarro, a 8 años de efectuada la ocupación del Tahuantinsuyu, el Imperio Inca. Tras derrotar y someter a los Incas, Pizarro y su antiguo socio, Diego de Almagro, se enemistaron por el control de ese inmenso y rico territorio. En 1537, Almagro hizo prisioneros a los hermanos de Pizarro, Hernando y Gonzalo, lo que provocó un enfrentamiento en el que venció Pizarro, mientras que Almagro fue condenado y ejecutado en 1538. 3 años después, el hijo de éste, acompañado de 14 hombres, cobró venganza, asaltando la Casa de Gobierno de Lima, donde Pizarro residía y atacándolo hasta darle muerte.
http://wn.com/1541_Perú_Muere_Francisco_Pizarro
En 1541, a los 65 años de edad era asesinado el conquistador español, Francisco Pizarro, a 8 años de efectuada la ocupación del Tahuantinsuyu, el Imperio Inca. Tras derrotar y someter a los Incas, Pizarro y su antiguo socio, Diego de Almagro, se enemistaron por el control de ese inmenso y rico territorio. En 1537, Almagro hizo prisioneros a los hermanos de Pizarro, Hernando y Gonzalo, lo que provocó un enfrentamiento en el que venció Pizarro, mientras que Almagro fue condenado y ejecutado en 1538. 3 años después, el hijo de éste, acompañado de 14 hombres, cobró venganza, asaltando la Casa de Gobierno de Lima, donde Pizarro residía y atacándolo hasta darle muerte.
- published: 26 Jun 2009
- views: 5133
- author: puebloalzao3
Francisco Pizarro homenaje
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Francisco Pizarro González, Marqués de los Atabillos (Trujillo, 16 de marzo de 1476 - Lima, 26 de junio de 1541) fue un explorador y conquistador español conocido por haberse enfrentado al Imperio Inca logrando la conquista de dicho imperio cuya centro de gobierno estaba ubicado en el actual territorio peruano.
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro_homenaje
Francisco Pizarro González, Marqués de los Atabillos (Trujillo, 16 de marzo de 1476 - Lima, 26 de junio de 1541) fue un explorador y conquistador español conocido por haberse enfrentado al Imperio Inca logrando la conquista de dicho imperio cuya centro de gobierno estaba ubicado en el actual territorio peruano.
- published: 09 Jan 2008
- views: 13618
- author: tercioss
History Revealed: The Remains of Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:29
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Ash Kosiewicz joins Raul Greenwich of the Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF) at a special photo shoot of the remains of Francisco Pizarro, the conqueror of the Incas, at the National Cathedral in Lima.
http://wn.com/History_Revealed_The_Remains_of_Francisco_Pizarro
Ash Kosiewicz joins Raul Greenwich of the Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF) at a special photo shoot of the remains of Francisco Pizarro, the conqueror of the Incas, at the National Cathedral in Lima.
- published: 22 Jun 2008
- views: 3417
- author: epafperu19
DOKU: Pizarro - Das Blut des Sonnengottes -- Sphinx - Terra X
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:11
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
Pizarro - Das Blut des Sonnengottes ZDF-Sphinx Dokumentation 2000 - Gesamtlänge 42 Minuten Im Jahr 1532 besiegt der spanische Hauptmann Francisco Pizarro mit nur 180 Mann das mächtige Heer der Inka. Das "Blut des Sonnengottes", das sagenhafte Gold der Inka fällt in seine Hände und füllt bald die Schatztruhen der spanischen Krone. Wie konnte Francisco Pizarro mit so wenigen Männern ein ganzes Reich erobern? War es pures Glück, waren es die Gewehre und Kanonen oder glaubten die Inkas an die Ankunft von weissen Göttern?
http://wn.com/DOKU_Pizarro_Das_Blut_des_Sonnengottes_-_Sphinx_Terra_X
Pizarro - Das Blut des Sonnengottes ZDF-Sphinx Dokumentation 2000 - Gesamtlänge 42 Minuten Im Jahr 1532 besiegt der spanische Hauptmann Francisco Pizarro mit nur 180 Mann das mächtige Heer der Inka. Das "Blut des Sonnengottes", das sagenhafte Gold der Inka fällt in seine Hände und füllt bald die Schatztruhen der spanischen Krone. Wie konnte Francisco Pizarro mit so wenigen Männern ein ganzes Reich erobern? War es pures Glück, waren es die Gewehre und Kanonen oder glaubten die Inkas an die Ankunft von weissen Göttern?
- published: 26 Feb 2012
- views: 9752
- author: historyfan222
Gonzalo Nunez y Erick Osores: bronca de Juan Flores vs. Francisco Pizarro _19 Agosto 2012_
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Gonzalo_Nunez_y_Erick_Osores_bronca_de_Juan_Flores_vs_Francisco_Pizarro_19_Agosto_2012_
Pizarro erobert das Inkareich (1532)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:51
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
Francisco Pizarro González (* 1476 oder 1478 in Trujillo, Extremadura; † 26. Juni 1541 in Ciudad de los Reyes, dem heutigen Lima) war ein spanischer Conquistador, der das Reich der Inka eroberte. Pizarro unternahm mit seinen drei Halbbrüdern und wechselnden Begleitern mehrere Erkundungsfahrten nach Mittel- und Südamerika, auf denen er vor allem nach Gold und Reichtümern suchte.
http://wn.com/Pizarro_erobert_das_Inkareich_1532
Francisco Pizarro González (* 1476 oder 1478 in Trujillo, Extremadura; † 26. Juni 1541 in Ciudad de los Reyes, dem heutigen Lima) war ein spanischer Conquistador, der das Reich der Inka eroberte. Pizarro unternahm mit seinen drei Halbbrüdern und wechselnden Begleitern mehrere Erkundungsfahrten nach Mittel- und Südamerika, auf denen er vor allem nach Gold und Reichtümern suchte.
- published: 27 Dec 2008
- views: 6683
- author: MetallGER
HH - Francisco Pizarro (Castellano)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Horrible Histories Tv Series. Just for fun not profit intended. Conceptos. -.Conquista del Perú (1532-1533) -.Imperio Inca. -.Francisco Pizarro. -.Pedro de Candía. -.Cápac (Líder Inca)
http://wn.com/HH_Francisco_Pizarro_Castellano
Horrible Histories Tv Series. Just for fun not profit intended. Conceptos. -.Conquista del Perú (1532-1533) -.Imperio Inca. -.Francisco Pizarro. -.Pedro de Candía. -.Cápac (Líder Inca)
- published: 07 Feb 2012
- views: 1016
- author: Tejedor83
PERU' -LIMA - CATEDRAL (part II)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:45
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Lima Cathedral is an immense baroque cathedral originally built in 1564. In addition to its fine baroque art, it is best known for being designed by Francisco Pizarro (who conquered the Incas and founded Lima) and for containing his tomb. The layout for this immense structure was dictated by Francisco Pizarro himself, and his basic vision has survived despite extensive rebuilds after earthquakes in 1746 and 1940. The first church on the site was completed in 1625. Pizarro's tomb. Daniel Lobo. Because of changing tastes, the main altar was replaced around 1800 with one in a neoclassical style. At about the same time the towers that flank the entrance were added. The interior of Lima cathedral is attractive, with a delicate vaulted ceiling and a checkerboard floor. It is embellished with some impressive baroque furnishings, the most notable of which are the intricately carved choir stalls. But perhaps the highlight of a visit to the cathedral is the colorfully mosaiced chapel containing the tomb of Francisco Pizarro (1475-1541), Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Inca Empire and founder of the city of Lima. There is also a small museum of religious art and artifacts.
http://wn.com/PERU'_-LIMA_CATEDRAL_part_II
Lima Cathedral is an immense baroque cathedral originally built in 1564. In addition to its fine baroque art, it is best known for being designed by Francisco Pizarro (who conquered the Incas and founded Lima) and for containing his tomb. The layout for this immense structure was dictated by Francisco Pizarro himself, and his basic vision has survived despite extensive rebuilds after earthquakes in 1746 and 1940. The first church on the site was completed in 1625. Pizarro's tomb. Daniel Lobo. Because of changing tastes, the main altar was replaced around 1800 with one in a neoclassical style. At about the same time the towers that flank the entrance were added. The interior of Lima cathedral is attractive, with a delicate vaulted ceiling and a checkerboard floor. It is embellished with some impressive baroque furnishings, the most notable of which are the intricately carved choir stalls. But perhaps the highlight of a visit to the cathedral is the colorfully mosaiced chapel containing the tomb of Francisco Pizarro (1475-1541), Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Inca Empire and founder of the city of Lima. There is also a small museum of religious art and artifacts.
- published: 02 Dec 2007
- views: 891
- author: dilanjagger
Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:12
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
ZDF -- Film von Stephan Koester (2002) - Auf der Suche nach einem sagenhaften Goldschatz eroberte im 16. Jahrhundert eine Handvoll spanischer Soldaten das mächtigste Reich des alten Amerika. Für Gold und Ruhm überzogen die Spanier das Land mit Tod und Zerstörung. Francisco Pizarro war ihr Anführer. Wie gelang es der kleinen Söldnertruppe von 180 Mann, das mächtige Inka-Reich zu stürzen? Am 16. November 1532 besiegt der spanische Hauptmann Francisco Pizarro mit nur 180 Mann den großen Inka-Fürsten Atahualpa mit seiner Gefolgschaft von über 30.000 Kriegern in der Festung Cajamarca im heutigen Peru. Mehr als 7.000 Inkas werden brutal niedergemetzelt, die anderen fliehen in Panik. Playlist -- Zeitalter der Entdeckungen: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro
ZDF -- Film von Stephan Koester (2002) - Auf der Suche nach einem sagenhaften Goldschatz eroberte im 16. Jahrhundert eine Handvoll spanischer Soldaten das mächtigste Reich des alten Amerika. Für Gold und Ruhm überzogen die Spanier das Land mit Tod und Zerstörung. Francisco Pizarro war ihr Anführer. Wie gelang es der kleinen Söldnertruppe von 180 Mann, das mächtige Inka-Reich zu stürzen? Am 16. November 1532 besiegt der spanische Hauptmann Francisco Pizarro mit nur 180 Mann den großen Inka-Fürsten Atahualpa mit seiner Gefolgschaft von über 30.000 Kriegern in der Festung Cajamarca im heutigen Peru. Mehr als 7.000 Inkas werden brutal niedergemetzelt, die anderen fliehen in Panik. Playlist -- Zeitalter der Entdeckungen: www.youtube.com
- published: 05 Oct 2012
- views: 692
- author: DokuPlazaHistory
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Francisco Pizarro - The Most Evil Men And Women In History (part 1 of 2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:00
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) Francisco Pizarro was one of the European explorers who went to South America to colonize it and had natives murdered so he could plunder their gold and silver. Pizarro and his men arrived at Cajamarca (in 1533), where they captured Atahuallpa, the 13th and last emperor of the Incas. Atahuallpa had just won a civil war against his half-brother (Huscar), and had executed Huscar and his family. Atahuallpa had invited Pizarro to a celebratory feast, thinking that the Spanish were not much of a threat. Pizarro ambushed Atahuallpa and killed thousands of his men. Atahuallpa offered a huge ransom for his own release, but Pizarro took the treasure and had Atahuallpa strangled on August 29, 1533; this was the end of the Incan empire. After looting and generally destroying the Incan capital of Cusco, Pizarro founded Lima. Pizarro was assassinated in Lima, Peru, in 1541, by followers of Pedro de Almagro (Cortes' captain) who wanted to seize Lima for its riches
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro_The_Most_Evil_Men_And_Women_In_History_part_1_of_2
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) Francisco Pizarro was one of the European explorers who went to South America to colonize it and had natives murdered so he could plunder their gold and silver. Pizarro and his men arrived at Cajamarca (in 1533), where they captured Atahuallpa, the 13th and last emperor of the Incas. Atahuallpa had just won a civil war against his half-brother (Huscar), and had executed Huscar and his family. Atahuallpa had invited Pizarro to a celebratory feast, thinking that the Spanish were not much of a threat. Pizarro ambushed Atahuallpa and killed thousands of his men. Atahuallpa offered a huge ransom for his own release, but Pizarro took the treasure and had Atahuallpa strangled on August 29, 1533; this was the end of the Incan empire. After looting and generally destroying the Incan capital of Cusco, Pizarro founded Lima. Pizarro was assassinated in Lima, Peru, in 1541, by followers of Pedro de Almagro (Cortes' captain) who wanted to seize Lima for its riches
- published: 08 Nov 2010
- views: 33811
- author: SirGrowalott
Horrible Histories-Pizarro-HD 1080p
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Conquistadores have always been one of my favorite historical subjects.
http://wn.com/Horrible_Histories-Pizarro-HD_1080p
Conquistadores have always been one of my favorite historical subjects.
- published: 21 May 2011
- views: 73239
- author: Lieblingsfachful
Francisco Pizzaro Biography
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Francisco Pizarro Biography c. 1471 or 1476 - 1541 Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire. Pizarro founded the modern day capital of Peru. All content is either in the public domain or licensed pursuant to a Creative Commons Attribution License creativecommons.org Attribution: cloudbiography.com
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizzaro_Biography
Francisco Pizarro Biography c. 1471 or 1476 - 1541 Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire. Pizarro founded the modern day capital of Peru. All content is either in the public domain or licensed pursuant to a Creative Commons Attribution License creativecommons.org Attribution: cloudbiography.com
- published: 03 Oct 2012
- views: 604
- author: TheCloudBiography
Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
our podcast - clips from assignment discovery, pictures from a multitude of sources, and music from Battle for Wesnoth (open source game). Original script, with Ryan doing the voice.
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro
our podcast - clips from assignment discovery, pictures from a multitude of sources, and music from Battle for Wesnoth (open source game). Original script, with Ryan doing the voice.
- published: 18 Dec 2008
- views: 8995
- author: ISIRC10
Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:48
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
Francisco Pizarro
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Francisco Pizarro González, 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c. 1471 or 1476 - 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru. Pizarro was born in Trujillo, Extremadura, modern Spain. Sources differ in the birth year they assign to him: 1471, 14751478, or unknown. He was an illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro Rodríguez de Aguilar (senior) (1446-1522) who as colonel of infantry served in the Italian campaigns under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, and in Navarre, with some distinction. His mother was Francisca González Mateos, a woman of slender means from Trujillo, daughter of Juan Mateos, of the family called Los Roperos, and wife María Alonso, labradores pecheros from Trujillo. His mother married late in life and had a son Francisco Martín de Alcántara, married to Inés Muñoz, who from the beginning was at the Conquest of Perú, where he then lived, always at his brother's side, who held him always as one of his most trusted men.[1] Through his father, Francisco was second cousin to Hernán Cortés, the famed conquistador of Mexico.
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro González, 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c. 1471 or 1476 - 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru. Pizarro was born in Trujillo, Extremadura, modern Spain. Sources differ in the birth year they assign to him: 1471, 14751478, or unknown. He was an illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro Rodríguez de Aguilar (senior) (1446-1522) who as colonel of infantry served in the Italian campaigns under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, and in Navarre, with some distinction. His mother was Francisca González Mateos, a woman of slender means from Trujillo, daughter of Juan Mateos, of the family called Los Roperos, and wife María Alonso, labradores pecheros from Trujillo. His mother married late in life and had a son Francisco Martín de Alcántara, married to Inés Muñoz, who from the beginning was at the Conquest of Perú, where he then lived, always at his brother's side, who held him always as one of his most trusted men.[1] Through his father, Francisco was second cousin to Hernán Cortés, the famed conquistador of Mexico.
- published: 09 Dec 2009
- views: 3432
- author: iLikeRandomVids
THE MOST EVIL MEN IN HISTORY - EPISODE: FRANCISCO PIZARRO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:22
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
The video is NOT MINE! It's only uploaded for viewer enjoyment! Please LIKE, SUBSCRIBE and comment as well! :) Follow me on twitter: loklou777 The link for twitter: twitter.com Follow me on tumblr: loklou777 The link for tumblr: loklou777.tumblr.com Instagram, etc is the same username! :)
http://wn.com/THE_MOST_EVIL_MEN_IN_HISTORY_EPISODE_FRANCISCO_PIZARRO
The video is NOT MINE! It's only uploaded for viewer enjoyment! Please LIKE, SUBSCRIBE and comment as well! :) Follow me on twitter: loklou777 The link for twitter: twitter.com Follow me on tumblr: loklou777 The link for tumblr: loklou777.tumblr.com Instagram, etc is the same username! :)
- published: 05 Jul 2012
- views: 1488
- author: loklou777
Biografías resumidas: Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Conquistador del Perú Francisco Pizarro González nació en 1476, en Trujillo de Extremadura, España. Sus padres fueron el hidalgo Gonzalo Pizarro, apodado "El Largo", y la campesina Francisca González.
http://wn.com/Biografías_resumidas_Francisco_Pizarro
Conquistador del Perú Francisco Pizarro González nació en 1476, en Trujillo de Extremadura, España. Sus padres fueron el hidalgo Gonzalo Pizarro, apodado "El Largo", y la campesina Francisca González.
- published: 01 Feb 2011
- views: 7900
- author: tercioss
Francisco Pizarro - The Most Evil Men And Women In History (part 2 of 2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:22
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) Francisco Pizarro was one of the European explorers who went to South America to colonize it and had natives murdered so he could plunder their gold and silver. Pizarro and his men arrived at Cajamarca (in 1533), where they captured Atahuallpa, the 13th and last emperor of the Incas. Atahuallpa had just won a civil war against his half-brother (Huscar), and had executed Huscar and his family. Atahuallpa had invited Pizarro to a celebratory feast, thinking that the Spanish were not much of a threat. Pizarro ambushed Atahuallpa and killed thousands of his men. Atahuallpa offered a huge ransom for his own release, but Pizarro took the treasure and had Atahuallpa strangled on August 29, 1533; this was the end of the Incan empire. After looting and generally destroying the Incan capital of Cusco, Pizarro founded Lima. Pizarro was assassinated in Lima, Peru, in 1541, by followers of Pedro de Almagro (Cortes' captain) who wanted to seize Lima for its riches.
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro_The_Most_Evil_Men_And_Women_In_History_part_2_of_2
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) Francisco Pizarro was one of the European explorers who went to South America to colonize it and had natives murdered so he could plunder their gold and silver. Pizarro and his men arrived at Cajamarca (in 1533), where they captured Atahuallpa, the 13th and last emperor of the Incas. Atahuallpa had just won a civil war against his half-brother (Huscar), and had executed Huscar and his family. Atahuallpa had invited Pizarro to a celebratory feast, thinking that the Spanish were not much of a threat. Pizarro ambushed Atahuallpa and killed thousands of his men. Atahuallpa offered a huge ransom for his own release, but Pizarro took the treasure and had Atahuallpa strangled on August 29, 1533; this was the end of the Incan empire. After looting and generally destroying the Incan capital of Cusco, Pizarro founded Lima. Pizarro was assassinated in Lima, Peru, in 1541, by followers of Pedro de Almagro (Cortes' captain) who wanted to seize Lima for its riches.
- published: 08 Nov 2010
- views: 10624
- author: SirGrowalott
La Dieta de Francisco Pizarro ¿Que comìa Pizarro, el conquistador del imperio Inka?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:41
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
La Dieta de Francisco Pizarro ¿Que comìa Pizarro, el conquistador del imperio Inka? Teresita Daroca nos presenta un interesante estudio sobre el règimen dietario de Don Francisco Pizarro, realizado por el PAIBHFP a cargo del Arqueòlogo Raúl Greenwich.
http://wn.com/La_Dieta_de_Francisco_Pizarro_¿Que_comìa_Pizarro,_el_conquistador_del_imperio_Inka?
La Dieta de Francisco Pizarro ¿Que comìa Pizarro, el conquistador del imperio Inka? Teresita Daroca nos presenta un interesante estudio sobre el règimen dietario de Don Francisco Pizarro, realizado por el PAIBHFP a cargo del Arqueòlogo Raúl Greenwich.
- published: 01 Feb 2012
- views: 536
- author: ER GC
Pizarro y Los INCAS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:27
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Toda la recreación de la conquista: desde la llegada de los españoles al Perú hasta la muerte de francisco Pizarro, en un excelente documental de colección "PIZARRO y los INCAS". Este documental es dirgido por esthepan koester, narrado por sam graham y ha sdo transmitido por discovery channel.
http://wn.com/Pizarro_y_Los_INCAS
Toda la recreación de la conquista: desde la llegada de los españoles al Perú hasta la muerte de francisco Pizarro, en un excelente documental de colección "PIZARRO y los INCAS". Este documental es dirgido por esthepan koester, narrado por sam graham y ha sdo transmitido por discovery channel.
- published: 26 Apr 2012
- views: 8732
- author: jesusguzmangallardo
Konquistadoren - Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:16
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Konquistadoren_Francisco_Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro: E True Historical Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 06 Dec 2011
My First Project
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro_E_True_Historical_Story
SFM timelapse - Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:37
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Subreddit! www.reddit.com 1920 x 1080 image: i.imgur.com Here's a timelapse of me creating the requested scene of Francisco Pizarro. You can make your own requests too. A comment is enough. I can't promise I can make everything! Remember, most Misc items don't work properly. If you enjoyed this movie, thumbs up and subscribe! It helps me out! // All music used is Royalty-free. Made by Kevin MacLeod: incompetech.com Licence stuff: Song 1: Cephalopod Cephalopod Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 creativecommons.org Song 2: Rocket Rocket Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 creativecommons.org \\
http://wn.com/SFM_timelapse_Francisco_Pizarro
Subreddit! www.reddit.com 1920 x 1080 image: i.imgur.com Here's a timelapse of me creating the requested scene of Francisco Pizarro. You can make your own requests too. A comment is enough. I can't promise I can make everything! Remember, most Misc items don't work properly. If you enjoyed this movie, thumbs up and subscribe! It helps me out! // All music used is Royalty-free. Made by Kevin MacLeod: incompetech.com Licence stuff: Song 1: Cephalopod Cephalopod Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 creativecommons.org Song 2: Rocket Rocket Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 creativecommons.org \\
- published: 22 Oct 2012
- views: 344
- author: SFMwithPaul
Gonzalo Nunez y Erick Osores: bronca de Juan Flores vs. Francisco Pizarro _19 Agosto 2012_
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Gonzalo_Nunez_y_Erick_Osores_bronca_de_Juan_Flores_vs_Francisco_Pizarro_19_Agosto_2012_
1541. Perú: Muere Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:10
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
En 1541, a los 65 años de edad era asesinado el conquistador español, Francisco Pizarro, a 8 años de efectuada la ocupación del Tahuantinsuyu, el Imperio Inca. Tras derrotar y someter a los Incas, Pizarro y su antiguo socio, Diego de Almagro, se enemistaron por el control de ese inmenso y rico territorio. En 1537, Almagro hizo prisioneros a los hermanos de Pizarro, Hernando y Gonzalo, lo que provocó un enfrentamiento en el que venció Pizarro, mientras que Almagro fue condenado y ejecutado en 1538. 3 años después, el hijo de éste, acompañado de 14 hombres, cobró venganza, asaltando la Casa de Gobierno de Lima, donde Pizarro residía y atacándolo hasta darle muerte.
http://wn.com/1541_Perú_Muere_Francisco_Pizarro
En 1541, a los 65 años de edad era asesinado el conquistador español, Francisco Pizarro, a 8 años de efectuada la ocupación del Tahuantinsuyu, el Imperio Inca. Tras derrotar y someter a los Incas, Pizarro y su antiguo socio, Diego de Almagro, se enemistaron por el control de ese inmenso y rico territorio. En 1537, Almagro hizo prisioneros a los hermanos de Pizarro, Hernando y Gonzalo, lo que provocó un enfrentamiento en el que venció Pizarro, mientras que Almagro fue condenado y ejecutado en 1538. 3 años después, el hijo de éste, acompañado de 14 hombres, cobró venganza, asaltando la Casa de Gobierno de Lima, donde Pizarro residía y atacándolo hasta darle muerte.
- published: 26 Jun 2009
- views: 5095
- author: puebloalzao3
DOKU: Pizarro - Das Blut des Sonnengottes -- Sphinx - Terra X
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:11
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Pizarro - Das Blut des Sonnengottes ZDF-Sphinx Dokumentation 2000 - Gesamtlänge 42 Minuten Im Jahr 1532 besiegt der spanische Hauptmann Francisco Pizarro mit nur 180 Mann das mächtige Heer der Inka. Das "Blut des Sonnengottes", das sagenhafte Gold der Inka fällt in seine Hände und füllt bald die Schatztruhen der spanischen Krone. Wie konnte Francisco Pizarro mit so wenigen Männern ein ganzes Reich erobern? War es pures Glück, waren es die Gewehre und Kanonen oder glaubten die Inkas an die Ankunft von weissen Göttern?
http://wn.com/DOKU_Pizarro_Das_Blut_des_Sonnengottes_-_Sphinx_Terra_X
Pizarro - Das Blut des Sonnengottes ZDF-Sphinx Dokumentation 2000 - Gesamtlänge 42 Minuten Im Jahr 1532 besiegt der spanische Hauptmann Francisco Pizarro mit nur 180 Mann das mächtige Heer der Inka. Das "Blut des Sonnengottes", das sagenhafte Gold der Inka fällt in seine Hände und füllt bald die Schatztruhen der spanischen Krone. Wie konnte Francisco Pizarro mit so wenigen Männern ein ganzes Reich erobern? War es pures Glück, waren es die Gewehre und Kanonen oder glaubten die Inkas an die Ankunft von weissen Göttern?
- published: 26 Feb 2012
- views: 8999
- author: historyfan222
Francisco Pizarro: A Spanish Conquistador
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 04 May 2012
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro_A_Spanish_Conquistador
History Revealed: The Remains of Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:29
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Ash Kosiewicz joins Raul Greenwich of the Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF) at a special photo shoot of the remains of Francisco Pizarro, the conqueror of the Incas, at the National Cathedral in Lima.
http://wn.com/History_Revealed_The_Remains_of_Francisco_Pizarro
Ash Kosiewicz joins Raul Greenwich of the Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF) at a special photo shoot of the remains of Francisco Pizarro, the conqueror of the Incas, at the National Cathedral in Lima.
- published: 22 Jun 2008
- views: 3397
- author: epafperu19
las expediciones de Francisco Pizarro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Para realizar su empresa de invasión a un imperio rico en oro tuvo que aliarse con otros españoles experimentados en aventuras como es el caso de Almagro y de un financista como es el caso de Gaspar de Espinoza a través de su testaferro Hernando de Luque.
http://wn.com/las_expediciones_de_Francisco_Pizarro
Para realizar su empresa de invasión a un imperio rico en oro tuvo que aliarse con otros españoles experimentados en aventuras como es el caso de Almagro y de un financista como es el caso de Gaspar de Espinoza a través de su testaferro Hernando de Luque.
- published: 23 Apr 2012
- views: 722
- author: Leiner Cardenas Fernandez
Francisco Pizarro homenaje
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Francisco Pizarro González, Marqués de los Atabillos (Trujillo, 16 de marzo de 1476 - Lima, 26 de junio de 1541) fue un explorador y conquistador español conocido por haberse enfrentado al Imperio Inca logrando la conquista de dicho imperio cuya centro de gobierno estaba ubicado en el actual territorio peruano.
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro_homenaje
Francisco Pizarro González, Marqués de los Atabillos (Trujillo, 16 de marzo de 1476 - Lima, 26 de junio de 1541) fue un explorador y conquistador español conocido por haberse enfrentado al Imperio Inca logrando la conquista de dicho imperio cuya centro de gobierno estaba ubicado en el actual territorio peruano.
- published: 09 Jan 2008
- views: 13588
- author: tercioss
FRANCISCO PIZARRO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:57
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
La vida de Francisco Pizarro, uno de los conquistadores más grandes de todos los tiempos, es un puro asombro. Hijo bastardo de un hidalgo de Trujillo, cuidador de puercos en su adolescencia, soldado de fortuna en los Tercios de Italia, acomete en la madurez de su vida la ingente empresa de conquistar el Imperio de los incas, el más extenso de toda la historia de la humanidad, puesto que se extendía desde el Ecuador hasta la Patagonia. Los incas, oriundos del lago Titicaca, habían conseguido tan vasto imperio gracias a su férrea organización militar, ya ella se enfrenta el antiguo porquerizo de Trujillo con un ejército de tan sólo ciento sesenta y ocho soldados.
http://wn.com/FRANCISCO_PIZARRO
La vida de Francisco Pizarro, uno de los conquistadores más grandes de todos los tiempos, es un puro asombro. Hijo bastardo de un hidalgo de Trujillo, cuidador de puercos en su adolescencia, soldado de fortuna en los Tercios de Italia, acomete en la madurez de su vida la ingente empresa de conquistar el Imperio de los incas, el más extenso de toda la historia de la humanidad, puesto que se extendía desde el Ecuador hasta la Patagonia. Los incas, oriundos del lago Titicaca, habían conseguido tan vasto imperio gracias a su férrea organización militar, ya ella se enfrenta el antiguo porquerizo de Trujillo con un ejército de tan sólo ciento sesenta y ocho soldados.
- published: 29 Jan 2008
- views: 31287
- author: Pirataraul
HH - Francisco Pizarro (Castellano)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Horrible Histories Tv Series. Just for fun not profit intended. Conceptos. -.Conquista del Perú (1532-1533) -.Imperio Inca. -.Francisco Pizarro. -.Pedro de Candía. -.Cápac (Líder Inca)
http://wn.com/HH_Francisco_Pizarro_Castellano
Horrible Histories Tv Series. Just for fun not profit intended. Conceptos. -.Conquista del Perú (1532-1533) -.Imperio Inca. -.Francisco Pizarro. -.Pedro de Candía. -.Cápac (Líder Inca)
- published: 07 Feb 2012
- views: 975
- author: Tejedor83
13:00
Francisco Pizarro - The Most Evil Men And Women In History (part 1 of 2)
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) Francisco Pizarro was one of the European explorers who went...
published: 08 Nov 2010
author: SirGrowalott
Francisco Pizarro - The Most Evil Men And Women In History (part 1 of 2)
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) Francisco Pizarro was one of the European explorers who went to South America to colonize it and had natives murdered so he could plunder their gold and silver. Pizarro and his men arrived at Cajamarca (in 1533), where they captured Atahuallpa, the 13th and last emperor of the Incas. Atahuallpa had just won a civil war against his half-brother (Huscar), and had executed Huscar and his family. Atahuallpa had invited Pizarro to a celebratory feast, thinking that the Spanish were not much of a threat. Pizarro ambushed Atahuallpa and killed thousands of his men. Atahuallpa offered a huge ransom for his own release, but Pizarro took the treasure and had Atahuallpa strangled on August 29, 1533; this was the end of the Incan empire. After looting and generally destroying the Incan capital of Cusco, Pizarro founded Lima. Pizarro was assassinated in Lima, Peru, in 1541, by followers of Pedro de Almagro (Cortes' captain) who wanted to seize Lima for its riches
- published: 08 Nov 2010
- views: 33811
- author: SirGrowalott
3:09
Horrible Histories-Pizarro-HD 1080p
Conquistadores have always been one of my favorite historical subjects....
published: 21 May 2011
author: Lieblingsfachful
Horrible Histories-Pizarro-HD 1080p
Conquistadores have always been one of my favorite historical subjects.
- published: 21 May 2011
- views: 73239
- author: Lieblingsfachful
1:58
Francisco Pizzaro Biography
Francisco Pizarro Biography c. 1471 or 1476 - 1541 Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquis...
published: 03 Oct 2012
author: TheCloudBiography
Francisco Pizzaro Biography
Francisco Pizarro Biography c. 1471 or 1476 - 1541 Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire. Pizarro founded the modern day capital of Peru. All content is either in the public domain or licensed pursuant to a Creative Commons Attribution License creativecommons.org Attribution: cloudbiography.com
- published: 03 Oct 2012
- views: 604
- author: TheCloudBiography
2:15
Francisco Pizarro
our podcast - clips from assignment discovery, pictures from a multitude of sources, and m...
published: 18 Dec 2008
author: ISIRC10
Francisco Pizarro
our podcast - clips from assignment discovery, pictures from a multitude of sources, and music from Battle for Wesnoth (open source game). Original script, with Ryan doing the voice.
- published: 18 Dec 2008
- views: 8995
- author: ISIRC10
1:19
Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro González, 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c. 1471 or 1476 - 26 June 1541) ...
published: 09 Dec 2009
author: iLikeRandomVids
Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro González, 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c. 1471 or 1476 - 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru. Pizarro was born in Trujillo, Extremadura, modern Spain. Sources differ in the birth year they assign to him: 1471, 14751478, or unknown. He was an illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro Rodríguez de Aguilar (senior) (1446-1522) who as colonel of infantry served in the Italian campaigns under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, and in Navarre, with some distinction. His mother was Francisca González Mateos, a woman of slender means from Trujillo, daughter of Juan Mateos, of the family called Los Roperos, and wife María Alonso, labradores pecheros from Trujillo. His mother married late in life and had a son Francisco Martín de Alcántara, married to Inés Muñoz, who from the beginning was at the Conquest of Perú, where he then lived, always at his brother's side, who held him always as one of his most trusted men.[1] Through his father, Francisco was second cousin to Hernán Cortés, the famed conquistador of Mexico.
- published: 09 Dec 2009
- views: 3432
- author: iLikeRandomVids
23:22
THE MOST EVIL MEN IN HISTORY - EPISODE: FRANCISCO PIZARRO
The video is NOT MINE! It's only uploaded for viewer enjoyment! Please LIKE, SUBSCRIBE and...
published: 05 Jul 2012
author: loklou777
THE MOST EVIL MEN IN HISTORY - EPISODE: FRANCISCO PIZARRO
The video is NOT MINE! It's only uploaded for viewer enjoyment! Please LIKE, SUBSCRIBE and comment as well! :) Follow me on twitter: loklou777 The link for twitter: twitter.com Follow me on tumblr: loklou777 The link for tumblr: loklou777.tumblr.com Instagram, etc is the same username! :)
- published: 05 Jul 2012
- views: 1488
- author: loklou777
1:54
Biografías resumidas: Francisco Pizarro
Conquistador del Perú Francisco Pizarro González nació en 1476, en Trujillo de Extremadura...
published: 01 Feb 2011
author: tercioss
Biografías resumidas: Francisco Pizarro
Conquistador del Perú Francisco Pizarro González nació en 1476, en Trujillo de Extremadura, España. Sus padres fueron el hidalgo Gonzalo Pizarro, apodado "El Largo", y la campesina Francisca González.
- published: 01 Feb 2011
- views: 7900
- author: tercioss
10:22
Francisco Pizarro - The Most Evil Men And Women In History (part 2 of 2)
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) Francisco Pizarro was one of the European explorers who went...
published: 08 Nov 2010
author: SirGrowalott
Francisco Pizarro - The Most Evil Men And Women In History (part 2 of 2)
Francisco Pizarro (1476-1541) Francisco Pizarro was one of the European explorers who went to South America to colonize it and had natives murdered so he could plunder their gold and silver. Pizarro and his men arrived at Cajamarca (in 1533), where they captured Atahuallpa, the 13th and last emperor of the Incas. Atahuallpa had just won a civil war against his half-brother (Huscar), and had executed Huscar and his family. Atahuallpa had invited Pizarro to a celebratory feast, thinking that the Spanish were not much of a threat. Pizarro ambushed Atahuallpa and killed thousands of his men. Atahuallpa offered a huge ransom for his own release, but Pizarro took the treasure and had Atahuallpa strangled on August 29, 1533; this was the end of the Incan empire. After looting and generally destroying the Incan capital of Cusco, Pizarro founded Lima. Pizarro was assassinated in Lima, Peru, in 1541, by followers of Pedro de Almagro (Cortes' captain) who wanted to seize Lima for its riches.
- published: 08 Nov 2010
- views: 10624
- author: SirGrowalott
5:41
La Dieta de Francisco Pizarro ¿Que comìa Pizarro, el conquistador del imperio Inka?
La Dieta de Francisco Pizarro ¿Que comìa Pizarro, el conquistador del imperio Inka? Teresi...
published: 01 Feb 2012
author: ER GC
La Dieta de Francisco Pizarro ¿Que comìa Pizarro, el conquistador del imperio Inka?
La Dieta de Francisco Pizarro ¿Que comìa Pizarro, el conquistador del imperio Inka? Teresita Daroca nos presenta un interesante estudio sobre el règimen dietario de Don Francisco Pizarro, realizado por el PAIBHFP a cargo del Arqueòlogo Raúl Greenwich.
- published: 01 Feb 2012
- views: 536
- author: ER GC
46:27
Pizarro y Los INCAS
Toda la recreación de la conquista: desde la llegada de los españoles al Perú hasta la mue...
published: 26 Apr 2012
author: jesusguzmangallardo
Pizarro y Los INCAS
Toda la recreación de la conquista: desde la llegada de los españoles al Perú hasta la muerte de francisco Pizarro, en un excelente documental de colección "PIZARRO y los INCAS". Este documental es dirgido por esthepan koester, narrado por sam graham y ha sdo transmitido por discovery channel.
- published: 26 Apr 2012
- views: 8732
- author: jesusguzmangallardo
50:16
Konquistadoren - Francisco Pizarro
...
published: 05 Oct 2012
author: DokuPlazaHistory
Konquistadoren - Francisco Pizarro
- published: 05 Oct 2012
- views: 944
- author: DokuPlazaHistory
4:00
Francisco Pizarro: E True Historical Story
My First Project...
published: 22 Dec 2009
author: phoebea123
Francisco Pizarro: E True Historical Story
My First Project
- published: 22 Dec 2009
- views: 2090
- author: phoebea123
5:37
SFM timelapse - Francisco Pizarro
Subreddit! www.reddit.com 1920 x 1080 image: i.imgur.com Here's a timelapse of me creating...
published: 22 Oct 2012
author: SFMwithPaul
SFM timelapse - Francisco Pizarro
Subreddit! www.reddit.com 1920 x 1080 image: i.imgur.com Here's a timelapse of me creating the requested scene of Francisco Pizarro. You can make your own requests too. A comment is enough. I can't promise I can make everything! Remember, most Misc items don't work properly. If you enjoyed this movie, thumbs up and subscribe! It helps me out! // All music used is Royalty-free. Made by Kevin MacLeod: incompetech.com Licence stuff: Song 1: Cephalopod Cephalopod Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 creativecommons.org Song 2: Rocket Rocket Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 creativecommons.org \\
- published: 22 Oct 2012
- views: 344
- author: SFMwithPaul
Vimeo results:
31:09
Cortometraje miguel © 2011 (Video Oficial)
Sinopsis: Miguel 25 años, quien vive solo con su padre de 70 años tras a abrupta muerte de...
published: 02 Jul 2011
author: alberto rodriguez gonzalez
Cortometraje miguel © 2011 (Video Oficial)
Sinopsis: Miguel 25 años, quien vive solo con su padre de 70 años tras a abrupta muerte de su madre, ejerce la prostitución para ayudar en los gastos de su hogar, Miguel lleva una extraña y fuera de lo común relación con su padre, quien a toda costa intenta ocultar al resto la condición sexual de su hijo por un miedo que lo viene siguiendo por años.
Ficha técnica y artística:
Ficha Artística:
Consuelo Holzapfel, Sthepanie Fox, Darcy la Divina, Kaderyn Herber, Eduardo Vasquez, Nelly Marambio.
Ficha Técnica:
Dirección: José Retamal
Producción: Alberto Rodríguez / Pía Fluxa
Guión: José Retamal
Dirección de Fotografía: Ronal Sepulveda
Cámara: Francisco Parra
Asistente de Fotografía: Nicolas Pizarro
Fotografía Fija: Mariana Castillo
Dirección de Arte: Estibaliz Uzabeaga Maquillaje: Maikol Leiva
Post Producción: Alberto Rodríguez
Transporte: Constanza Huidobro
2:35
Francisco Pizarro
Sierra and Amanda's explorer paper slide video on Francisco Pizarro....
published: 14 Nov 2010
author: Karen McMillan
Francisco Pizarro
Sierra and Amanda's explorer paper slide video on Francisco Pizarro.
1:44
Francisco Pizarro - Historical Video Montage
Class 704
Soundview Academy for Culture and Scholarship...
published: 24 Dec 2011
author: Bodega Film School
Francisco Pizarro - Historical Video Montage
Class 704
Soundview Academy for Culture and Scholarship
2:24
HUELLAS SIN TIEMPO: Francisco Pizarro
published: 14 May 2012
author: Juan Zacarías
HUELLAS SIN TIEMPO: Francisco Pizarro
Youtube results:
3:48
Gonzalo Nunez y Erick Osores: bronca de Juan Flores vs. Francisco Pizarro _19 Agosto 2012_
...
published: 21 Aug 2012
author: DANTEsanz2010
Gonzalo Nunez y Erick Osores: bronca de Juan Flores vs. Francisco Pizarro _19 Agosto 2012_
- published: 21 Aug 2012
- views: 5372
- author: DANTEsanz2010
8:10
1541. Perú: Muere Francisco Pizarro
En 1541, a los 65 años de edad era asesinado el conquistador español, Francisco Pizarro, a...
published: 26 Jun 2009
author: puebloalzao3
1541. Perú: Muere Francisco Pizarro
En 1541, a los 65 años de edad era asesinado el conquistador español, Francisco Pizarro, a 8 años de efectuada la ocupación del Tahuantinsuyu, el Imperio Inca. Tras derrotar y someter a los Incas, Pizarro y su antiguo socio, Diego de Almagro, se enemistaron por el control de ese inmenso y rico territorio. En 1537, Almagro hizo prisioneros a los hermanos de Pizarro, Hernando y Gonzalo, lo que provocó un enfrentamiento en el que venció Pizarro, mientras que Almagro fue condenado y ejecutado en 1538. 3 años después, el hijo de éste, acompañado de 14 hombres, cobró venganza, asaltando la Casa de Gobierno de Lima, donde Pizarro residía y atacándolo hasta darle muerte.
- published: 26 Jun 2009
- views: 5095
- author: puebloalzao3
42:11
DOKU: Pizarro - Das Blut des Sonnengottes -- Sphinx - Terra X
Pizarro - Das Blut des Sonnengottes ZDF-Sphinx Dokumentation 2000 - Gesamtlänge 42 Minuten...
published: 26 Feb 2012
author: historyfan222
DOKU: Pizarro - Das Blut des Sonnengottes -- Sphinx - Terra X
Pizarro - Das Blut des Sonnengottes ZDF-Sphinx Dokumentation 2000 - Gesamtlänge 42 Minuten Im Jahr 1532 besiegt der spanische Hauptmann Francisco Pizarro mit nur 180 Mann das mächtige Heer der Inka. Das "Blut des Sonnengottes", das sagenhafte Gold der Inka fällt in seine Hände und füllt bald die Schatztruhen der spanischen Krone. Wie konnte Francisco Pizarro mit so wenigen Männern ein ganzes Reich erobern? War es pures Glück, waren es die Gewehre und Kanonen oder glaubten die Inkas an die Ankunft von weissen Göttern?
- published: 26 Feb 2012
- views: 8999
- author: historyfan222
photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon
25 Jan 2013
Republicans wanted nothing more than to summon Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to Capitol Hill and grill her about the tragic fiasco in Benghazi. Sadly for them, they got their wish. Clinton’s smooth and confident performance at Wednesday’s Senate and House committee hearings was fun to watch. When her would-be inquisitors asked serious questions, she gave serious answers. But when Sen ... Fat chance ... Benghazi ... Perhaps not ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: AP / Hossam Ali
26 Jan 2013
An Egyptian court has handed down 21 death sentences in connection with the deadly riot last year at a football stadium in Port Said located along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The defendants sentenced on Saturday are mostly members of the "Ultras," die-hard football fans who support Port Said's al-Masry squad ... Al-Masry fans stormed the pitch after their team won, throwing stones, bottles and fireworks at al-Ahly supporters....(size: 17.2Kb)
photo: UN / Iason Foounten
27 Jan 2013
Libya's upheaval the past two years helped lead to the conflict in Mali, and now Mali's war threatens to wash back and further hike Libya's instability. Fears are growing that post-Moammar Khadafy Libya is becoming an incubator of turmoil, with an overflow of weapons and Islamic jihadi militants operating freely, ready for battlefields at home or abroad ... Already, Libya's turmoil echoes around the region and in the Middle East ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
photo: US Army / Edward N. Johnson
25 Jan 2013
By Charles Armstrong, Special to CNN. Editor’s note. Charles Armstrong is the director of the Center for Korean Research at Columbia University. The views expressed are his own. Anyone who has followed North Korean affairs for the last several years (or the last two decades) could have predicted North Korea’s defiant response to the U.N ... sanctions not by giving up missiles and nukes, but ratcheting up the rhetoric ... More from GPS ... Post by ... ... ....(size: 15.8Kb)
noodls
23 Jan 2013
(Source. UNSW - The University of New South Wales). The prospect of people settling away from Earth has been a topic for dreamers and visionaries for some time ... Hernán Cortés' conquest of Mexico and Francisco Pizarro's of the Inca empire were partially about land they were annexing for Spain, but more important was the gold and other riches that could be extracted from that land ... It can be used in fusion reactors ... distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 5.7Kb)
BBC News
14 Jan 2013
AD800 Muisca culture begins to flourish in modern-day central Colombia, one of many cultures to develop exceptional gold working traditions in South America 1532 Francisco Pizarro arrives in Peru to start the first of three attempts to conquer the Inca and colonise South America recovering large quantities of gold as he does 1537 Jimenez de Quesada ......(size: 10.0Kb)
The Daily Tribune
07 Jan 2013
Harvard professor of government James Robinson ascribed the failure of nations to what he called “extractive institutions” founded on elitism and greed ... He gave a lecture on Institutions and Economic Development at AIM last Dec ... The AIM lecturer believes that Hernando Cortes, Francisco Pizarro and Pedro de Ayolas did not set up forced labor and repressive regimes because they were “ignorant” of their implications ... (To be continued). ....(size: 6.9Kb)
The Examiner
02 Jan 2013
Most people simply went out their daily business of succumbing to Malaria, Consumption, Smallpox, Parroticitis, Gangrene, Yellow Fever, and Scurvy and were completely unaware, for example, that Francisco Pizarro, after doing a mighty fine job of wiping out the entire Incan Empire, ran out of luck and was assassinated by followers of one of his captains ... All names of African countries will be thrown into a blender and redistributed ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
Sacramento Bee
21 Dec 2012
If you are still reading this by day's end, then clearly you have survived another overhyped prediction of apocalypse. Sorry, no gnashing of teeth. No celestial cataclysm. No dogs and cats living together ... The second was a group of conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and his brothers. The Spanish were vastly outnumbered ... That was year the queen of Spain gave Pizarro permission to conquer an entire civilization ... All rights reserved....(size: 2.8Kb)
The Independent
30 Nov 2012
In the Andean city of Cusco, the beating heart of Peru’s tourist boom, religious values rule. On the Plaza des Armas stands a stupendous cathedral rich in gold-leaf altars and biblical art. In a tiny square behind it, Palacio Nazarenas and El Monasterio, the convent and the monastery, both built shortly after Francisco Pizarro tricked and killed Atahualpa in 1533, in his eyes a necessary prelude to claiming the Inca empire for Spain....(size: 4.2Kb)
Wall Street Journal
27 Nov 2012
By WILLARD SPIEGELMAN. Philadelphia. Today's plutocrats collect art, often big art. Millions of dollars are commonplace for works by Picasso, Pollock, Rothko, Warhol, the usual suspects ... Times change ... Enlarge Image ... letters of Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro; the first books printed in this hemisphere, in Mexico (1543) and Peru (1584); and the Bay Psalm Book, the first book printed in the American colonies (Cambridge, 1661) ... ....(size: 7.2Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
22 Nov 2012
So, let me get this straight ... Say, Pete, here's a shotgun. You see that barrel of fish over there? Have at it, bub. Aw, heck, who am I kidding? Munch is just jealous, is all ... El Burro Comedor is at 1108 Federal St., North Side; 412-904-3451 and http.//pgne.ws/fknul ... Or so the legend goes ... The point is, Munch has no idea what Francisco Pizarro would make of these California-style street-food staples, but Munch liked them just fine ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
09 Nov 2012
Today is Friday, November 16, the 321st day of 2012. There are 45 days left in the year. Highlights in history on this date.. 1532 - In Peru, Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro takes Inca emperor Atahuallpa prisoner at a feast in his honor and slaughters thousands of his followers. 1632 - King Gustavus II of Sweden, 'the Lion of the North', is killed while defeating Holy Roman Empire troops at the Battle of Luetzen, now in Germany ... W ... ....(size: 6.5Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
06 Nov 2012
Francisco Pizarro was born here, the illegitimate son of a Castilian soldier ... Francisco Pizarro wasn't Trujillo's only conquistador. His three half-brothers were all born here, and followed him to the New World, as did their neighbour Francisco de Orellana, the first European to map the Amazon ... Francisco was murdered in South America (serves him right), still searching for El Dorado, and Trujillo sank back into obscurity....(size: 9.3Kb)
Chicago Sun-Times
13 Oct 2012
Updated. October 12, 2012 6.33PM. Al Pacino says he’d like to do a play in Chicago. Or so he told Chicago Sun-Times gossip columnist Bill Zwecker on Thursday ... That would be “The Royal Hunt of the Sun,” a 1964 play by Peter Shaffer, in which Pacino would play the world-weary conquistador Francisco Pizarro, a man who struggles with his conscience — more Michael Corleone than Tony Montana ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
05 Oct 2012
... re-enact the ritual of planting the flag to claim a new land; understand why horses were such an important part of the explorers’ victories; and hear stories of the greatest explorers such as Hernán Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, Juan de Oñate and the first European to set foot on Texas land, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca....(size: 9.0Kb)
Sydney Morning Herald
21 Sep 2012
The Incas believed Cusco's breathless beauty made it the centre of the universe. Lance Richardson is inclined to agree ... Cusco was the centre of the universe. After Francisco Pizarro and his brothers began their conquest here in 1526, the Incan palaces and temples were cannibalised to build grand Catholic churches; Quechua-speaking Cusco assumed a Spanish mien....(size: 1.7Kb)
"Pizarro" redirects here. For other uses, see Pizarro (disambiguation).
This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is Pizarro and the second or maternal family name is Gonzalez.
| Marquess Francisco Pizarro |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Governor of New Castile | |
| In office 26 July 1529 – 26 Jun 1541 |
|
| Monarch | Charles V |
| Succeeded by | Cristóbal Vaca de Castro |
| Captain General of New Castile | |
| In office 26 July 1529 – 26 Jun 1541 |
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1471 or 1476 Trujillo, Crown of Castile |
| Died | 26 June 1541 (aged 65–70) Lima, New Castile |
| Spouse(s) | Inés Huaylas Yupanqui |
| Children | Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Spain |
| Years of service | 1496–1541 |
| Battles/wars | Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire |
Francisco Pizarro González (c. 1471 or 1476 – 26 June 1541) was born in Trujillo, Spain, the illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro, an infantry colonel, and Francisca González, a woman of poor means. His exact birth date is uncertain, but is believed to be sometime in the 1470s, probably 1471. Scant attention was paid to his education and he grew up illiterate.[1] He was a distant cousin of Hernán Cortés. On 10 November 1509, Pizarro sailed from Spain to the New World with Alonzo de Ojeda on an expedition to Urabí. He sailed to Cartagena and joined the fleet of Martin Fernández de Encíso, and, in 1513, accompanied Balboa to the Pacific.[1] In 1514, he found a supporter in Pedrarias Dávila, the Governor of Castilla de Oro, and was rewarded for his role in the arrest of Balboa with the positions of mayor and magistrate in Panama City, serving from 1519 to 1523.
Reports of Peru's riches and Cortés's success in Mexico tantalized Pizarro and he undertook two expeditions to conquer the Incan Empire in 1524 and in 1526. Both failed as a result of native hostilities, bad weather, and lack of provisions. Pedro de los Ríos, the Governor of Panama, made an effort to recall Pizarro, but the conquistador resisted and remained in the south. In April 1528, he reached northern Peru and found the natives rich with precious metals. This discovery gave Pizarro the motivation to plan a third expedition to conquer Peru, and he returned to Panama to make arrangements, but the Governor refused to grant permission for the project. Pizarro returned to Spain to appeal directly to King Charles I. His plea was successful, and he received not only a license for the proposed expedition but considerable authority over any lands conquered during the venture. He was joined by family and friends, and the expedition left Panama in 1530.
When hostile natives along the coast threatened the expedition, Pizarro moved inland and founded the first Spanish settlement in Peru, San Miguel de Piura. Inca Atahualpa however refused to tolerate a Spanish presence in his lands, and was captured by Pizarro during the Battle of Cajamarca on 16 November 1532. A ransom for the Emperor's release was demanded and Atahualpa filled a room with gold, but Pizarro charged him with various crimes and executed Atahualpa on 26 July 1533, much to the opposition of his associates who thought the conquistador was overstepping his authority. The same year, Pizarro entered the Incan capital of Cuzco, and the conquest of Peru was complete. In January 1535, Pizarro founded the city of Lima, a project he considered his greatest achievement. Quarrels between Pizarro and his longtime comrade-in-arms Diego Almagro culminated in the Battle of Las Salinas. Almagro was captured and executed, and, on 26 June 1541, his embittered son assassinated Pizarro in Lima. The conqueror of Peru was laid to rest in the Lima Cathedral.
When historians compare Pizarro's and Cortés's conquests of Peru and Mexico, they usually give the palm to Pizarro because he led fewer men, faced larger armies, and was far from Spanish outposts in the Caribbean which could have supplied men, arms, and provisions. After Pizarro's death, his family built a palace commemorating the conquistador on the Plaza Major in Trujillo, but modern Peruvians look askance at Pizarro, considering him the force behind the destruction of their indigenous culture, language, and religion. He has become the subject of art and sculpture, works of nonfiction, the 2006 Isabel Allende novel, Inés of My Soul (Inés del alma mía), and two significant dramas: Pizarro (1799) by Richard Brinsley Sheridan and The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1964) by Peter Shaffer.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Pizarro was born in Trujillo, in modern day Extremadura, Spain. His birth year is uncertain, but is placed sometime in the 1470s, possibly 1471. He was the illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro Rodríguez de Aguilar (1446–1522) and Francisca González Mateos, a poor woman of Trujillo. His father was a colonel of infantry who served in Navarre and in the Italian campaigns under Cordoba. His mother married late in life and had a son Francisco Martín de Alcántara, who was at the conquest of Peru with his half-brother from its inception.[2] Through his father, Francisco was a second cousin once removed to Hernán Cortés.[3] Little attention was paid to Francisco's edcuation and he grew up illiterate.[1] On 10 November 1509, Pizarro sailed from Spain to the New World with Alonzo de Ojeda on an expedition to Urabí. He sailed to Cartagena and joined the fleet of Martin Fernández de Encíso, and, in 1513.[1]
Panama[link]
In 1513, Pizarro accompanied Vasco Núñez de Balboa in his crossing of the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific coast. The following year, in 1514, Pedrarias Dávila became the newly appointed governor of Castilla de Oro and succeeded Balboa. During the next five years, Pizarro became a close associate of Dávila and the governor assigned him a repartimiento of natives and cattle. When Dávila decided to get rid of Balboa out of distrust, he instructed Pizarro to personally arrest him and bring him to stand trial. Balboa was beheaded in January 1519. For his loyalty to Dávila, Pizarro was rewarded with the positions of mayor (Alcalde) and magistrate of the then recently founded Panama City from 1519 to 1523.
Expeditions to South America[link]
The first attempt to explore western South America was undertaken in 1522 by Pascual de Andagoya. The native South Americans he encountered told him about a gold-rich territory called Virú, which was on a river called Pirú (later corrupted to Perú) and from which they came. These reports were related by the Spanish-Inca mestizo writer Garcilaso de la Vega in his famous Comentarios Reales de los Incas (1609).
Andagoya eventually established contact with several Native American curacas (chiefs), some of whom he later claimed were sorcerers and witches. Having reached as far as the San Juan River (part of the present boundary between Ecuador and Colombia), Andagoya fell very ill and decided to return. Back in Panama, he spread the news and stories about "Pirú" – a great land to the south rich with gold (the legendary El Dorado). These revelations, along with the accounts of success of Hernán Cortés in Mexico years before, caught the immediate attention of Pizarro, prompting a new series of expeditions to the south in search of the riches of the Incan Empire.
In 1524, while still in Panama, Pizarro formed a partnership with a priest, Hernando de Luque, and a soldier, Diego de Almagro, to explore and conquer the South. Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque later renewed their compact more explicitly, agreeing to conquer and divide equally among themselves the opulent empire they hoped to discover. While historians agree their accord was strictly oral (no written document exists to prove otherwise), they are known to have dubbed their enterprise the "Empresa del Levante" and determined that Pizarro would command the expedition, Almagro would provide the military and food supplies, and Luque would be in charge of finances and any additional provisions they might need.
First expedition (1524)[link]
On 13 September 1524, the first of three expeditions left from Panama for the conquest of Peru with about 80 men and 40 horses. Diego de Almagro was left behind because he was to recruit men, gather additional supplies, and join Pizarro later. The Governor of Panama, Pedro Arias Dávila, at first approved in principle of exploring South America. Pizarro's first expedition, however, turned out to be a failure as his conquistadors, sailing down the Pacific coast, reached no farther than Colombia before succumbing to such hardships as bad weather, lack of food, and skirmishes with hostile natives, one of which caused Almagro to lose an eye by arrow-shot. Moreover, the place names the Spanish bestowed along their route, including Puerto deseado (desired port), Puerto del hambre (port of hunger), and Puerto quemado (burned port), only confirm their straits. Fearing subsequent hostile encounters like the one the expedition endured at the Battle of Punta Quemada, Pizarro chose to end his tentative first expedition and return to Panama.
Second expedition (1526)[link]
Two years after the first very unsuccessful expedition, Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque started the arrangements for a second expedition with permission from Pedrarias Dávila. The Governor, who himself was preparing an expedition north to Nicaragua, was reluctant to permit another expedition, having lost confidence in the outcome of Pizarro's expeditions. The three associates, however, eventually won his trust and he acquiesced. Also by this time, a new governor was to arrive and succeed Pedrarias Dávila. This was Pedro de los Ríos, who took charge of the post in July 1526 and had manifested his initial approval of Pizarro's expeditions (he would later join him several years later in Peru).
In August 1526, after all preparations were ready, Pizarro left Panama with two ships with 160 men and several horses, reaching as far as the Colombian San Juan River. Soon after arriving the party separated, with Pizarro staying to explore the new and often perilous territory off the swampy Colombian coasts, while the expedition's second-in-command, Almagro, was sent back to Panama for reinforcements. Pizarro's Piloto Mayor (main pilot), Bartolomé Ruiz, continued sailing south and, after crossing the equator, found and captured a balsa (raft) of natives from Tumbes who were supervising the area. To everyone's surprise, these carried a load of textiles, ceramic objects, and some much-desired pieces of gold, silver, and emeralds, making Ruiz's findings the central focus of this second expedition which only served to pique the conquistadors' interests for more gold and land. Some of the natives were also taken aboard Ruiz's ship to serve later as interpreters.
He then set sail north for the San Juan river, arriving to find Pizarro and his men exhausted from the serious difficulties they had faced exploring the new territory. Soon Almagro also sailed into the port with his vessel laden with supplies, and a considerable reinforcement of at least eighty recruited men who had arrived at Panama from Spain with the same expeditionary spirit. The findings and excellent news from Ruiz along with Almagro's new reinforcements cheered Pizarro and his tired followers. They then decided to sail back to the territory already explored by Ruiz and, after a difficult voyage due to strong winds and currents, reached Atacames in the Ecuadorian coast. Here they found a very large native population recently brought under Inca rule. Unfortunately for the conquistadors, the warlike spirit of the people they had just encountered seemed so defiant and dangerous in numbers that the Spanish decided not to enter the land.
The Famous Thirteen[link]
After much wrangling between Pizarro and Almagro, it was decided that Pizarro would stay at a safer place, the Isla de Gallo, near the coast, while Almagro would return yet again to Panama with Luque for more reinforcements – this time with proof of the gold they had just found and the news of the discovery of an obvious wealthy land they had just explored. The new governor of Panama, Pedro de los Ríos, had learned of the mishaps of Pizarro's expeditions and the deaths of various settlers who had gone with him. Fearing an unsuccessful outcome, he outright rejected Almagro's application for a third expedition in 1527.
In addition, he ordered two ships commanded by Juan Tafur to be sent immediately with the intention of bringing Pizarro and everyone back to Panama. The leader of the expedition had no intention of returning, and when Tafur arrived at the now famous Isla de Gallo, Pizarro drew a line in the sand, saying: "There lies Peru with its riches; Here, Panama and its poverty. Choose, each man, what best becomes a brave Castilian."
Only thirteen men decided to stay with Pizarro and later became known as "The Famous Thirteen" (Los trece de la fama), while the rest of the expeditioners left back with Tafur aboard his ships. Ruiz also left in one of the ships with the intention of joining Almagro and Luque in their efforts to gather more reinforcements and eventually return to aid Pizarro. Soon after the ships left, the 13 men and Pizarro constructed a crude boat and left nine miles (14 km) north for La Isla Gorgona, where they would remain for seven months before the arrival of new provisions.
Back in Panama, Pedro de los Ríos (after much convincing by Luque) had finally acquiesced to the requests for another ship, but only to bring Pizarro back within six months and completely abandon the expedition. Both Almagro and Luque quickly grasped the opportunity and left Panama (this time without new recruits) for La Isla Gorgona to once again join Pizarro. On meeting with Pizarro, the associates decided to continue sailing south on the recommendations of Ruiz's Indian interpreters. By April 1528, they finally reached the northwestern Peruvian Tumbes Region. Tumbes became the territory of the first fruits of success the Spanish had so long desired, as they were received with a warm welcome of hospitality and provisions from the Tumpis, the local inhabitants. On subsequent days two of Pizarro's men reconnoitered the territory and both, on separate accounts, reported back the incredible riches of the land, including the decorations of silver and gold around the chief's residence and the hospitable attentions which they were received with by everyone. The Spanish also saw, for the first time, the Peruvian Llama which Pizarro called the "little camels". The natives also began calling the Spanish the "Children of the Sun" due to their fair complexion and brilliant armor. Pizarro, meanwhile, continued receiving the same accounts of a powerful monarch who ruled over the land they were exploring. These events only served as evidence to convince the expedition of the wealth and power displayed at Tumbes as an example of the riches the Peruvian territory had awaiting to conquer. The conquistadors decided to return to Panama to prepare the final expedition of conquest with more recruits and provisions. Before leaving, however, Pizarro and his followers sailed south not so far along the coast to see if anything of interest could be found. Historian William H. Prescott recounts that after passing through territories they named such as Cabo Blanco, port of Payta, Sechura, Punta de Aguja, Santa Cruz, and Trujillo (founded by Almagro years later), they finally reached for the first time the ninth degree of the southern latitude in South America. On their return towards Panama, Pizarro briefly stopped at Tumbes, where two of his men had decided to stay to learn the customs and language of the natives. Pizarro was also offered a native or two himself, one of which was later baptized as Felipillo and served as an important interpreter, the equivalent of Cortés' La Malinche of Mexico. Their final stop was at La Isla Gorgona, where two of his ill men (one had died) had stayed before. After at least eighteen months away, Pizarro and his followers anchored off the coasts of Panama to prepare for the final expedition.
Capitulación de Toledo[link]
When the new governor of Panama, Pedro de los Ríos, had refused to allow for a third expedition to the south, the associates resolved for Pizarro to leave for Spain and appeal to the sovereign in person. Pizarro sailed from Panama for Spain in the spring of 1528, reaching Seville in early summer. King Charles I, who was at Toledo, had an interview with Pizarro and heard of his expeditions in South America, a territory the conquistador described as very rich in gold and silver which he and his followers had bravely explored "to extend the empire of Castile." The King, who was soon to leave for Italy, was impressed at the accounts of Pizarro and promised to give his support for the conquest of Peru. It would be Queen Isabel, however, who, in the absence of the King, would sign the Capitulación de Toledo,[4] a license document which authorized Francisco Pizarro to proceed with the conquest of Peru. Pizarro was officially named the Governor, Captain General, and the "Adelantado" of the New Castile for the distance of 200 leagues along the newly discovered coast, and invested with all the authority and prerogatives, his associates being left in wholly secondary positions (a fact which later incensed Almagro and would lead to eventual discords with Pizarro). One of the conditions of the grant was that within six months Pizarro should raise a sufficiently equipped force of two hundred and fifty men, of whom one hundred might be drawn from the colonies.
This gave Pizarro time to leave for his native Trujillo and convince his brother Hernando Pizarro and other close friends to join him on his third expedition. Along with him also came Francisco de Orellana, who would later discover and explore the entire length of the Amazon River. Two more of his brothers, Juan Pizarro and Gonzalo Pizarro, would later decide to also join him as well as his cousin Pedro Pizarro who served as his page. When the expedition was ready and left the following year, it numbered three ships, one hundred and eighty men, and twenty-seven horses.
Since Pizarro could not meet the number of men the Capitulación had required, he sailed clandestinely from the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda for the Canary Island of La Gomera in January 1530. He was there to be joined by his brother Hernando and the remaining men in two vessels that would sail back to Panama. Pizarro's third and final expedition left Panama for Peru on 27 December 1530.
Conquest of Peru (1532)[link]
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In 1532 Pizarro once again landed in the coasts near Ecuador, where some gold, silver, and emeralds were procured and then dispatched to Almagro, who had stayed in Panama to gather more recruits. Though Pizarro's main objective was then to set sail and dock at Tumbes like his previous expedition, he was forced to confront the Punian natives in the Battle of Puná, leaving three Spaniards dead and 400 dead or wounded Punians. Soon after, Hernando de Soto, another conquistador that had joined the expedition, arrived to aid Pizarro and with him sailed towards Tumbes, only to find the place deserted and destroyed. Their two fellow conquistadors expected they had disappeared or died under murky circumstances. The chiefs explained the fierce tribes of Punians had attacked them and ransacked the place.
File:Pizarro in Lima.JPG
Pizarro and his followers in Lima in 1535
As Tumbes no longer afforded the safe accommodations Pizarro sought, he decided to lead an excursion into the interior of the land and established the first Spanish settlement in Peru (third in South America after Santa Marta, Colombia in 1526), calling it San Miguel de Piura in July 1532. The first repartimiento in Peru was established here. After these events, Hernando de Soto was dispatched to explore the new lands and, after various days away, returned with an envoy from the Inca himself and a few presents with an invitation for a meeting with the Spaniards.
Following the defeat of his brother, Huáscar, Atahualpa had been resting in the Sierra of northern Peru, near Cajamarca, in the nearby thermal baths known today as the Baños del Inca (Incan Baths). After marching for almost two months towards Cajamarca, Pizarro and his force of just 106 foot-soldiers and 62 horsemen arrived and initiated proceedings for a meeting with Atahualpa. Pizarro sent Hernando de Soto, friar Vicente de Valverde and native interpreter Felipillo to approach Atahualpa at Cajamarca's central plaza. Atahualpa, however, refused the Spanish presence in his land by saying he would "be no man's tributary." His complacency, because there were fewer than 200 Spanish as opposed to his 80,000 soldiers sealed his fate and that of the Incan empire.
Atahualpa's refusal led Pizarro and his force to attack the Incan army in what became the Battle of Cajamarca on 16 November 1532. The Spanish were successful and Pizarro executed Atahualpa's 12-man honor guard and took the Inca captive at the so-called ransom room. Despite fulfilling his promise of filling one room (22 feet (7 m) by 17 feet (5 m))[5] with gold and two with silver, Atahualpa was convicted of killing his brother and plotting against Pizarro and his forces, and was executed by garrote on 26 July 1533. Pizarro wished to find a reason for executing Atahualpa without angering the people he was attempting to subdue. Pizarro's brother Hernando and de Soto opposed Atahualpa's execution, considering it an injustice. They objected to the evidence as wholly insufficient and were of the opinion that Pizzaro had no competence to sentence a sovereign prince in his own dominions.[6] King Charles wrote to Pizarro: "We have been displeased by the death of Atahualpa, since he was a monarch, and particularly as it was done in the name of justice."
A year later, Pizarro invaded Cuzco with indigenous troops and with it sealed the conquest of Peru. It is argued by some historians that the growing resistance from the new Inca, Manco Inca Yupanqui, prolonged the conquest. Manco Inca Yupanqui was the brother of the puppet ruler, Túpac Huallpa.
During the exploration of Cuzco, Pizarro was impressed and through his officers wrote back to King Charles I of Spain, saying:
"This city is the greatest and the finest ever seen in this country or anywhere in the Indies... We can assure your Majesty that it is so beautiful and has such fine buildings that it would be remarkable even in Spain."
After the Spanish had sealed the conquest of Peru by taking Cuzco in 1533, Jauja in the fertile Mantaro Valley was established as Peru's provisional capital in April 1534. But it was too far up in the mountains and far from the sea to serve as the Spanish capital of Peru. Pizarro thus founded the city of Lima in Peru's central coast on 18 January 1535, a foundation that he considered as one of the most important things he had created in life.
After the final effort of the Inca to recover Cuzco had been defeated by Almagro, a dispute occurred between him and Pizarro respecting the limits of their jurisdiction; both claimed the city of Cuzco. The king of Spain had awarded the Governorate of New Toledo to Almagro and the Governorate of New Castile to Pizarro. The dispute had originated from a disagreement on how to interpret the limit between both governorates. This led to confrontations between the Pizarro brothers and Almagro, who was eventually defeated during the Battle of Las Salinas (1538) and executed. Almagro's son, also named Diego and known as "El Mozo", was later stripped of his lands and left bankrupt by Pizarro.
Atahualpa's wife, ten year old Cuxirimay Ocllo Yupanqui, was with Atahualpa's army in Cajamarca and had stayed with him while he was imprisoned. Following his execution she was taken to Cuzco and given the name Dona Angelina. By 1538 it was known she was Pizarro's mistress, having borne him two sons, Juan and Francisco.[7]
Pizarro's death[link]
In Lima, Peru on 26 June 1541 "a group of twenty heavily armed supporters of Diego Almagro II stormed Pizarro's palace, assassinated him, and then forced the terrified city council to appoint young Almagro as the new governor of Peru", according to Burkholder and Johnson.[8] "Most of Pizarro's guests fled, but a few fought the intruders, numbered variously between seven and 25. While Pizarro struggled to buckle on his breastplate, his defenders, including his half-brother Alcántara, were killed. For his part Pizarro killed two attackers and ran through a third. While trying to pull out his sword, he was stabbed in the throat, then fell to the floor where he was stabbed many times."[9] Pizarro (who now was maybe as old as 70 years, and at least 62), collapsed on the floor, alone, painted a cross in his own blood and cried for Jesus Christ. He reportedly cried: Come my faithful sword, companion of all my deeds.[citation needed] He died moments after. Diego de Almagro the younger was caught and executed the following year after losing the battle of Chupas.
Pizarro's remains were briefly interred in the cathedral courtyard; at some later time his head and body were separated and buried in separate boxes underneath the floor of the cathedral. In 1892, in preparation for the anniversary of Columbus' discovery of the Americas, a body believed to be that of Pizarro was exhumed and put on display in a glass coffin. However, in 1977 men working on the cathedral's foundation discovered a lead box in a sealed niche, which bore the inscription "Here is the head of Don Francisco Pizarro Demarkes, Don Francisco Pizarro who discovered Peru and presented it to the crown of Castile." A team of forensic scientists from the United States, led by Dr. William Maples, was invited to examine the two bodies, and they soon determined that the body which had been honored in the glass case for nearly a century had been incorrectly identified. The skull within the lead box not only bore the marks of multiple sword blows, but the features bore a remarkable resemblance to portraits made of the man in life.[10][11]
Personal[link]
Pizarro had three sons and one daughter. A son whose name and mother are unknown died in 1544. He had two children by an Indian girl named Inés Huaillas Yupanqui: Gonzalo who was legitimized in 1537 and died when he was fourteen, and a daughter, Francisca, who was legitimized by imperial decree on 10 October 1537. Another son, Francisco, was sired upon a relative of Atahuallpa's but was never legitimized, and died shortly after his arrival in Spain.[1]
Legacy[link]
_01.jpg)
By his marriage to N de Trujillo, Pizarro had a son also named Francisco, who married his relative Inés Pizarro, without issue. After Pizarro's death, Inés Yupanqui, whom he took as a mistress, favourite sister of Atahualpa, who had been given to Francisco in marriage by her brother, married a Spanish cavalier named Ampuero and left for Spain, taking her daughter who would later be legitimized by imperial decree. Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui eventually married her uncle Hernando Pizarro in Spain, on 10 October 1537; a third son of Pizarro who was never legitimized, Francisco, by Dona Angelina, a wife of Atahualpa that he had taken as a mistress, died shortly after reaching Spain.[12]
Historians have often compared Pizarro and Cortés' conquests in North and South America as very similar in style and career. Pizarro, however, faced the Incas with a smaller army and fewer resources than Cortés at a much greater distance from the Spanish Caribbean outposts that could easily support him, which has led some to rank Pizarro slightly ahead of Cortés in their battles for conquest. Based on sheer numbers alone, Pizarro's military victory was one of the most improbable in recorded history. For example, Pizarro had fewer soldiers than George Armstrong Custer did at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, while the Incas commanded forty times as many soldiers as Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull did.
Though Pizarro is well known in Peru for being the leader behind the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, a growing number of Peruvians regard him negatively. By taking advantage of the natives, Pizarro ruled Peru for almost a decade and initiated the decline of Inca culture. The Incas’ polytheistic religion was replaced by Christianity and both Quechua and Aymara — the main Inca languages — were reduced to a marginal role in society for centuries, while Spanish became the official language of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Chile. The cities of the Inca Empire were transformed into Spanish, Catholic cities. Pizarro is also vilified for having ordered Atahualpa's death despite his paid ransom of filling a room with gold and two with silver which was later split among all his closest Spanish associates after a fifth share had been set aside for the king.
Sculptures[link]
In the early 1930s, sculptor Ramsey MacDonald created three copies of an anonymous European foot soldier resembling a conquistador with a helmet, wielding a sword and riding a horse. The first copy was offered to Mexico to represent Hernán Cortés, though it was rejected. Since the Spanish conquerors had the same appearance with helmet and beard, the statue was taken to Lima in 1934. One other copy of the statue resides in Wisconsin. The mounted statue of Pizarro in the Plaza Major in Trujillo, Spain was created by Charles Rumsey, an American sculptor. It was presented to the city by his widow in 1926.
In 2003, after years of lobbying by indigenous and mixed-raced majority requesting for the equestrian statue of Pizarro to be removed, the mayor of Lima, Luis Castañeda Lossio, approved the transfer of the statue to another location: an adjacent square to the country's Government Palace. Since 2004, however, Pizarro's statue has been placed in a rehabilitated park surrounded by the recently restored 17th century pre-Hispanic murals in the Rímac District. The statue faces the Rímac River and the Government Palace.
The Palace of the conquest[link]
After their return from Peru and notoriously rich, the Pizarro family erected a plateresque-style palace on the corner of the Plaza Mayor in Trujillo, Spain. It was said to have been constructed on the orders of Pizarros daughter, Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui. It became an instant recognizable symbol of the plaza.
The opulent palace is structured in four stands, giving it the significance of the coat of arms of the Pizarro family, which is situated at one of its corner balconies displaying its iconographic content. At one of its sides it displays Francisco Pizarro and, at the other, his wife, the Inca princess Inés Huaylas, along with their daughter Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui and her husband Hernando Pizarro. The building's decor includes plateresque ornaments and balustrades.
In popular culture[link]
- Pizarro is the title and subject of a dramatic tragedy by Richard Brinsley Sheridan, presented in 1799.[13] Sheridan based his work on the German tragedy by August von Kotzebue, Die Spanier in Peru.
- Francisco Pizarro is depicted as a villain in the 1980s animated series The Mysterious Cities of Gold. In it, Pizarro is a ruthless conqueror of the Incas who values gold above all else.
- Ron Pardo portrays Francisco Pizarro in an episode of History Bites as a parody of actor William Shatner's portrayal of James T. Kirk, captain of the starship Enterprise in the 1960s television series Star Trek.
- Francisco Pizarro is the main character in Peter Schaffer's play The Royal Hunt of the Sun.
- Pizarro is a character in the novel Inés of My Soul (Inés del alma mía) by Isabel Allende (HarperCollins, 2006).
- In Jared Diamond's Pulitzer Prize winning book, Guns, Germs, and Steel, the Battle of Cajamarca is used to introduce Diamond's theory: Eurasian hegemony stems from environmental factors alone.
- In the book Evil Star from the Power of Five series by Anthony Horowitz, a historian claims a monk travelled with Pizarro to Peru and discovered an alternate creation story recorded by the Incas.
- Analog Science Fiction and Fact, in Anthology 4, "Analog's Lighter Side", featured a story, "Despoilers of the Golden Empire", which recast the conquest of Peru as a sci-fi story.
| Government offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Position founded |
Governor of New Castile 1528–1541 |
Succeeded by Cristóbal Vaca de Castro |
Ancestry[link]
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Works of Pizarro[link]
- Francisco Pizarro. "Cartas del Marqués Don Francisco Pizarro (1533-1541)". www.bloknot.info (A.Skromnitsky). http://kuprienko.info/cartas-del-marques-don-francisco-pizarro-1533-1541/. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
- Francisco Pizarro. "Cédula de encomienda de Francisco Pizarro a Diego Maldonado, Cuzco, 15 de abril de 1539". www.bloknot.info (A.Skromnitsky). http://kuprienko.info/cedula-de-encomienda-de-francisco-pizarro-a-diego-maldonado-cuzco-15-de-abril-de-1539/. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
Footnotes[link]
- ^ a b c d e "Francisco Pizarro". The Catholic Encyclopedia. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12140a.htm. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ "Pizarro". Euskalnet.net. http://www.euskalnet.net/laviana/gen_hispanas/pizarro.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
- ^ Machado, J. T. Montalvão, Dos Pizarros de Espanha aos de Portugal e Brasil, Author's Edition, 1st Edition, Lisbon, 1970.
- ^ college.hmco.com
- ^ Francisco Pizarro, Catholic Encyclopedia.
- ^ fullbooks.com
- ^ Juan de Betanzos Narratives of the Incas ed. Dana Buchanan, tr. Roland Hamilton University of Texas Press, 1996 Pg 265 ISBN 0-292-75559-7 Following Pizarro's assassination Dona Angelina married the interpreter Juan de Betanzos.
- ^ Burkholder, Mark A., Johnson, Lyman L. Colonial Latin America. Oxford University Press, USA, 5th edition (23 October 2003). p59 (ISBN 0-19-515685-4)
- ^ "Exploring the Inca Heartland: Pizarro's Family and His Head", Archaeology, Archaeological Institute of America. 1 September 1999.
- ^ Maples, WR; Gatliff, BP; Ludeña, H; Benfer, R; Goza, W (1989). "The death and mortal remains of Francisco Pizarro". Journal of forensic sciences 34 (4): 1021–36. PMID 2668443.
- ^ Maxey, R. "The Misplaced Conquistador-Francisco Pizarro."
- ^ Prescott, William. History of the Conquest of Peru, chapter 28.
- ^ The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature: Volume 2; Volumes 1660-1800. Books.google.co.uk. 1971-07-30. ISBN 978-0-521-07934-1. http://books.google.com/?id=5-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1968-IA399&lpg=PA1968-IA399&dq=pizarro+tls+tragedy+1799+sheridan+-wikipedia#v=onepage&q=pizarro%20tls%20tragedy%201799%20sheridan%20-wikipedia&f=false. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
References[link]
- ""Cajamarca o la Leyenda Negra, a Tragedy for the Theater in Spanish by Santiago Sevilla in Liceus El Portal de las Humanidades, Liceus.com
- Pizarro, a tragedy, by Richard Brinsley Sheridan, in Google books
- Conquest of the Incas, John Hemming, 1973. ISBN 0-15-602826-3
- Francisco Pizarro and the Conquést of the Inca by Gina DeAngelis, 2000. ISBN 0-613-32584-2
- The Discovery and Conquest of Peru by William H. Prescott ISBN 0-7607-6137-X
External links[link]
"Francisco Pizarro". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. - "Pizarro, Francisco". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
- PBS Special: Conquistadors — Pizarro and the conquest of the Incas
- Francisco Pizarro, a Head of His Time
- The Conquest of the Incas by Pizarro - UC Press
- The European Voyages of Exploration
- Works by or about Francisco Pizarro in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- "Francisco Pizarro", February 1992, National Geographic
- Relacion de los primeros descubrimientos de Francisco Pizarro y Diego de Almagro, 1526 In Spanish. BlokNOT (A. Skromnitsky). 2009-10-09. Colleccion de documentos ineditos para la historia de Espana. Tomo V. — Madrid, 1844
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pizarro, Francisco |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Spanish conquistador |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | Trujillo, Crown of Castille |
| Date of death | 26 June 1541 |
| Place of death | Lima, Peru |
http://wn.com/Francisco_Pizarro
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Juan Flores | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1834 |
| Died | February 14, 1857 Los Angeles |
| Cause of death | Hanging |
| Known for | 19th century Californio bandit |
Juan Flores (c. 1834 – February 14, 1857) was a 19th century Californio bandit who, with Pancho Daniel, led an outlaw gang known as "las Manillas" (the Handcuffs) and later as the Flores Daniel Gang, throughout Southern California during 1856-1857. Although regarded by historians as a thief and outlaw, Flores was considered among Mexican-Americans as a folk hero akin to Jesse James and who was thought of as a defender against vigilante movements in the years following the American settlement of California and its incorporation into the United States. However, the activities of Flores and other insurrectos such as Salomon Pico and Joaquín Murrieta against American and foreign-born settlers not only created long-lasting suspicion and hostility towards Mexican-Americans but also divided the traditional Spanish class structures of the Californios and the poorer peasants as well.[1]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born to a prominent family, according to Horace Bell, "Juan Flores was a dark complexioned fellow of medium height slim, lithe and graceful, a most beautiful figure in the fandango or on horseback, and about twenty-two years old. There was nothing peculiar about Juan except his tiger-like walk—always seeming to be in the very act of springing upon his prey. His eyes, neither black, grey, nor blue, greatly resembling those of the owl—always moving, watchful and wary, and the most cruel and vindictive-looking eyes that were ever set in human head."[2]
Flores was first arrested in 1855 for horse stealing and imprisoned in San Quentin. However, he soon escaped in October 1856 as part of a breakout that seized a brig tied up at the prison wharf that the convicts sailed across the bay and escaped into Contra Costa County[3] (although other sources claim he served his prison term [4]). Flores joined forces with Pancho Daniel and a dozen or so ranch hands, miners and other Angelinos such as Anastasio García, Jesus Espinosa, Andrés Fontes, Chino Varelas, Faustino García, Juan Cartabo and "One-eyed" Piguinino among others. During the next two years, Daniel, Flores and their "los Manilas" gained a following among the Mexican-American population in the San Luis Obispo- and San Juan Capistrano-areas with his numbers growing to over fifty men. One of the largest gangs in the state, "los Manilas" terrorized the area for the next two years primarily stealing horses and cattle but also committing armed robbery, murder and conducting raids against towns and homesteads in the area. Due in part to attention by newspapers, opposition to what became known as the "Flores Revolution" began to take form by public officials and law enforcement as well as upper-class Californios such as Andrés Pico, José Antonio Andres Sepúlveda and Tomas Avila Sanchez all of whom later participated in the capture of Flores.[5]
Raid on San Juan Capistrano[link]
In late-December 1856 or early-January 1857, Flores attempted to pursue and rob a wagon traveling from Los Angeles to San Juan Capistrano. Missing the wagon somewhere on the road, Flores instead led a group of outlaws on a raid against San Juan Capistrano looting the shop of a local Russian-Polish merchant Michael Krazewski. Wounding a store assistant, they carried nearly all the goods in the store on two horses promising to return to the town. The next day, Flores made another raid on the town in which German shopkeeper George Pflugardt was murdered and several stores were looted.[6][7] They had been after an informant who had previously testified against him for horse stealing years earlier and, when the man was able to escape before their arrival, they proceeded to loot the town and spent the night "in drunken revelry" until leaving sometime around 2:00 am. When authorities in Los Angeles were alerted of the incident, they dispatched Sheriff James R. Barton and a posse of six well-armed men and set out to apprehend Flores.
Death of Sheriff Barton[link]
After leaving San Juan Capistrano, Flores was visiting a female companion "Chola" Martina Burruel in the Burruel Adobe outside the town. During his stay, Sheriff Barton was killed along with his constables William H. Little and Charles R. Baker while traveling down the road to San Juan Capistrano. Only 12 miles south of San Joaquín Ranch, Barton and his posse were on their way to apprehend Flores for George Pflugardt's murder when they were ambushed at Barranco de los Alisos and killed by Flores and members of his gang. The surviving members of Barton's posse who managed to escape the ambush and pursuit by the gang, fled back to Los Angeles.[8]
Capture and death[link]
Barton's death caused a backlash against outlaw violence in the region as members of Flores' gang were hunted down and captured by authorities with a Los Angeles posse that included 51 American merchants and Californio ranchers, Manuel Cota the Temecula leader of 43 Luiseño scouts, the Monte Rangers former Texas Rangers and members of the vigilante gang the "El Monte Boys", and posses from San Bernardino and San Diego. A large group of the gang were discovered by the Luiseño scouts in their hideout in the Sierra de Santiago.[9] A posse led by the Californios Andrés Pico and Tomas Avila Sanchez, surrounded and apprehended them, however Pancho Daniel and Flores himself managed to escape northward through the mountains. The Monte Rangers moving to cut off escapees, captured Flores and Pancho Daniel after a shootout, but they managed to free themselves and escape that night.[10]
Numbers ranging from fifty to seventy Mexican-Americans were arrested on having connections with Flores [11] and between February 1857 and November 1858, eleven others suspected of being members of the Flores gang were lynched, most by the "El Monte Boys". According to historian John Boessenecker, only four of these men were confirmed as members of the gang.
After eleven days on the run, Flores was brought in by a 120-man posse led by Andrés Pico. with "practically every man, woman and child present in the pueblo" numbering an estimated 3,000 people, Flores was tried for murder and hanged near the top of Fort Hill in what would later be present-day downtown Los Angeles on February 14, 1857;[12][13] Addressing the crowd from the scaffold, he stated "he bore no malice, was dying justly, and that he hoped that those he had wronged would forgive him". When his execution was carried out, his noose being too short, Flores instead died from suffocation instead of having his neck broken as intended.[14]
Legacy[link]
Pancho Daniel would later be hanged on November 30, 1858. The last surviving member of the Juan Flores gang, Andrés Fontes, was believed to have instigated the events leading to the shooting death of Barton and his party due to a personal disagreement with Sheriff Barton. Fontes was reportedly killed in Baja California by its military frontier governor Feliciano Ruiz de Esparza along with Salomon Pico and 13 other California bandits.[15]
Flores Peak, part of Santiago Canyon located in Orange County, was named after the outlaw leader to commemorate the capture of much of the Flores gang [16] although Flores himself escaped.[17][18]
References[link]
- ^ MacLean, Angus. Legends of the California Bandidos. Fresno: Pioneer Publishing, 1977. (pg. 55-57) ISBN 0-914330-09-8
- ^ Horace Bell, Reminiscences of a ranger: or, early times in Southern California, Yarnell, Caystile & Mathes, Printers, 1881, Chapter XXXII p.382
- ^ Bell, Reminiscences of a Ranger pp.382-384
- ^ Acuña, Rodolfo. Occupied America: A History of Chicanos. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. pg. 123, ISBN 0-06-040163-X
- ^ Hill, Kathleen and Gerald. Santa Barbara and the Central Coast: California's Riviera. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press, 2004. (pg. 239) ISBN 0-7627-2810-8
- ^ Pourade, Richard F. The Silver Dons: The History of San Diego, A Planned Series on the Historic Birthplace of California. San Diego: Union-Tribune Publishing Company, 1963. (pg. 209)
- ^ Hallan-Gibson, Pamela; Don Tryon and Mary Ellen Tryon. San Juan Capistrano. Charlestown: Arcadia Publishing, 2005. (pg. 43) ISBN 0-7385-3044-1
- ^ Bancroft, Hubert H. History of California. Vol. VII. History of California, 1860-1890. San Francisco: The History Company Publishers, 1890. XXIV vols. (pg. 204)
- ^ Chris Enss, Outlaw Tales of California: True Stories of the Golden State's Most Infamous Crooks, Culprits, and Cutthroats, Globe Pequot, 2008, pp.67.
- ^ Leonard Pitt, The decline of the Californios: a social history of the Spanish-speaking Californians, 1846-1890, University of California Press, 1998, Pg.167-174
- ^ Lavender, David Sievert. California: Land of New Beginnings. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987. (pg. 252) ISBN 0-8032-7924-8
- ^ Chacón, Justin Akers and Mike Davis. No One Is Illegal: Fighting Violence and State Repression on the U.S.-Mexico Border. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2006. (pg. 23–24) ISBN 1-931859-35-3
- ^ Monroy, Douglas. Thrown Among Strangers: The Making of Mexican Culture in Frontier. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California, 1990. (pg. 214–215) ISBN 0-520-08275-3
- ^ Starr, Kevin. Inventing the Dream: California Through the Progressive Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. (pg. 19-20) ISBN 0-19-504234-4
- ^ Hayes, Benjamin and Marjorie Tisdale Wolcott. Pioneer Notes from the Diaries of Judge Benjamin Hayes, 1849-1875. New York: Arno Press, 1976. (pg. 160) ISBN 0-405-09506-6
- ^ Gudde, Erwin Gustav. California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California, 1998. (pg. 133) ISBN 0-520-24217-3
- ^ Drury, Aubrey. California, An Intimate Guide. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1935. (pg. 63)
- ^ Hoover, Mildred Brooke and Douglas E. Kyle. Historic Spots in California. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2002. (pg. 270) ISBN 0-8047-4483-1
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Flores, Juan |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1834 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | February 14, 1857 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles |
http://wn.com/Juan_Flores
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Flores
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
