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Screenwriters or scriptwriters or scenario writers are writers who practise the craft of screenwriting, writing screenplays on which mass media such as films, television programs, comics or video games are based.

Profession[link]

Screenwriting is a freelance profession. No education is required to become a professional screenwriter but good storytelling abilities are required. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers. Most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation (spec), meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. When such a script is sold, it is called a spec script. What separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not work for free often, an amateur will often work for free and are considered writers "in training". Spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the film industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure, and gritty persistence to achieve success.

Screenwriting in the film industry[link]

Every screenplay and teleplay begins with an idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced.^[1] The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project, the writing assignment exclusively becomes his or hers.^[1] These are referred to as "exclusive" assignments or "pitched" assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, often do not have to worry about competing for assignments and are often more successful. When word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as "open" assignments. Open assignments are more competitive. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an open assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment.

Script doctoring[link]

Many screenwriters also work as full or part time "script doctors", attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak.

Script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece; in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Script doctoring companies, also known as script consultancies, are also often used by directors, production companies and individual screenwriters. These usually do not offer full re-writes, but are used when a production company or an individual requires feedback on whether or not a script is marketable, how it can be improved, and whether or not it holds any potential for development. Many up and coming screenwriters also "ghost write" projects and allow more established screenwriters to take public credit for the project.

Development process of a project[link]

After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with an industry-based representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer, or a entertainment executive. These partnerships will often pitch their project to investors or others in a position to further a project. Once the script is sold the writer only has the rights that were agreed with the purchaser.^[1] A screenwriter becomes credible once their work is recognized, giving the writer the opportunity to earn a higher income.^[1]

Production involvement[link]

Screenwriters are rarely involved in the development of a film. Sometimes they come on as advisors, or if they are established, as a producer. Some screenwriters also direct. Although many scripts are sold each year, many do not make it into production because the amount of scripts that are purchased every year outnumber the amount of professional directors that are working in the film and TV industry. When a screenwriter finishes a project and sells it to a film studio, production company, TV network, or producer, he or she often has to continue networking, mainly with directors or executives, and push to have their projects "chosen" and turned into films or TV shows. If interest in a script begins to fade, a project can go dead.

Video game writing[link]

Video game writing is also considered to be a form of screenwriting. Some film and television writers also work in this industry.

Union[link]

Most professional screenwriters in the U.S. are unionized and are represented by organizations such as the Writers Guild of America. Although membership in the WGA is recommended, it is not required of a screenwriter to join. The WGA is the final arbiter on awarding writing credit for projects under its jurisdiction.

See also[link]

• Screenwriter's salary
• Screenplay
• Playwright
• Script (comics)
• WGA screenwriting credit system
• List of screenwriting software
• First look deal
• Television crew
• Film crew

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Ferguson, Brooks (17). "Creativity and integrity: Marketing the "in development" screenplay". Psychology and Marketing 26 (5): 428. DOI:10.1002/mar.20281. 

Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, a Spanish writer, depicted with the tools of the trade.

A writer is a person who produces literature or nonfiction, such as novels, short stories, plays, screenplays, poetry, essays, articles, or other literary art. Skilled writers are able to use language to portray ideas and images.

A writer's output sometimes contributes to the cultural content of a society, and a society may value his or her work as art.

Broadly, a writer is anyone who writes, especially one who writes professionally. The term writer is customarily used as a synonym of author, although the latter term has a somewhat broader meaning.^[1]

See also[link]

	Writing portal
	Literature portal

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Writers

David Seltzer
David Seltzer during the 2007 Writers Guild of America strike.
Born	1940 (age 71–72) Highland Park, Illinois
Occupation	Screenwriter Producer Director
Years active	1966–present

David Seltzer (born 1940) is an American screenwriter, producer and director, perhaps best known for writing The Omen (1976), and Bird on a Wire (1990). As writer/director, Seltzer's credits include the 1986 teen tragi-comedy Lucas starring Corey Haim, Charlie Sheen and Winona Ryder, the 1988 comedy Punchline starring Sally Field and Tom Hanks, and 1992's Shining Through starring Melanie Griffith and Michael Douglas.

Writing credits[link]

Seltzer was uncredited for his contributions to the 1971 musical film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. The author of the original book, Roald Dahl, is credited as sole screenwriter; however it has been revealed that Seltzer rewrote 30 percent of Dahl's script, adding such elements as the "Slugworth subplot", music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions (including Pure Imagination, and The Candy Man Can), and the ending dialogue for the movie.^[1]

Seltzer's writing credits include the screenplays for The Omen, Prophecy, Six Weeks, My Giant, Dragonfly and Bird on a Wire, starring Mel Gibson and Goldie Hawn. He wrote and directed Lucas (1986), Punchline (1988) and Shining Through (1992).

Seltzer is reported to be writing an "Untitled Earthquake Project" for Hollywood director/producer J.J. Abrams, the plot of which is closely guarded, though it has been confirmed that the film is not a remake of 1974's disaster film Earthquake. ^[2] Seltzer is also reportedly working on a UK remake of Alfred Hitchcock's Strangers on a Train, from the novel by Patricia Highsmith.^[3]

TV appearances[link]

Seltzer was featured in The Dialogue interview series. In a 90 minute interview with producer Mike DeLuca, Seltzer explained why he feels writing is like love-making, why there is no such thing as fiction, and why you don't win arguments with movie stars.

Sources[link]

External links[link]

• The Dialogue: Learn from the Masters Interview
• David Seltzer at the Internet Movie Database

Tom Hardy
Hardy in July 2010
Born	Edward Thomas Hardy (1977-09-15) 15 September 1977 (age 34) Hammersmith, London, UK
Nationality	British
Years active	2001–present
Height	5'9" (1.78 m)
Spouse	Sarah Ward (1999-2004) (divorced)
Partner	Charlotte Riley (2011-present); (engaged)

Edward Thomas "Tom" Hardy (born 15 September 1977) is a British actor and screenwriter. He is known for his roles in Star Trek: Nemesis, RocknRolla, Bronson, Inception, Warrior, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, This Means War, and the television movie Stuart: A Life Backwards, for which he received a nomination for the BAFTA Best Actor. He also played Freddie Jackson in Martina Cole's The Take, a television movie based on her novel of the same name. He will portray the primary villain Bane in the upcoming Batman film, The Dark Knight Rises.

Early years[link]

Hardy, an only child, was born in Hammersmith, and brought up in East Sheen, London.^[1] His mother, Anne (née Barrett), is an artist and painter whose family was Irish Catholic. His father, Edward "Chips" Hardy, is an advertisement, comedy and novel writer.^[2][3] Hardy studied at two private schools, Reed's School and Tower House School, then at Richmond Drama School, and subsequently at the Drama Centre London. He began his debut in war dramas, winning the part of United States Army Private John Janovec in the award-winning HBO and BBC miniseries Band of Brothers. He made his feature film debut in Ridley Scott's 2001 war thriller Black Hawk Down.

Career[link]

In 1998, Hardy won "The Big Breakfast's Find Me a Supermodel" competition at age 21 (and with it a brief contract with Models One).

Tom joined Drama Centre London in September 1998 and was taken out early to work on Band of Brothers (2001).

In 2003, Hardy appeared in the film dot the i, sharing the bill with Gael García Bernal. He then travelled to North Africa for Simon: An English Legionnaire, a story of the French Foreign Legion. In the same year, he gained some heavy international exposure as the Reman Praetor Shinzon, a clone of USS Enterprise Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) in Star Trek Nemesis. He returned to England to feature in the 2003 thriller LD 50 Lethal Dose.

Hardy was awarded the 2003 London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Outstanding Newcomer for his performances in Blood and In Arabia We'd All Be Kings performed at the Royal Court Theatre and Hampstead Theatre. He was also nominated for a 2004 Laurence Olivier Award for Most Promising Newcomer of 2003 in a Society of London Theatre Affiliate for his performance in the aforementioned production of In Arabia We'd All Be Kings.

Hardy appeared in the 2005 BBC miniseries The Virgin Queen as Robert Dudley, a childhood friend of Elizabeth I. The miniseries portrays them as having a platonic, though highly romantic, affair throughout her reign over England during the 16th century. Hardy featured in the Richard Fell adaptation of the 1960s sci-fi series A for Andromeda, on BBC Four.

In 2007, he appeared in the BBC Two drama based on a true story – Stuart: A Life Backwards. He played the lead role of Stuart Shorter, a homeless man who had been subjected to years of abuse and whose death was possibly suicide. In September 2008, he appeared in director Guy Ritchie's London gangster film, RocknRolla. He played the role of gay gangster Handsome Bob, one of the members of the criminal gang the Wild Bunch, led by One Two (Gerard Butler), on whom Bob has a crush. Hardy will reprise the role in Ritchie's sequel The Real RocknRolla.

In early 2009, Hardy starred in the film Bronson, about the real-life prisoner Charles Bronson, who has spent most of his adult life in solitary confinement. For the film, he put on three stone (19 kg/42 pounds) of muscle.^[4]

In June 2009, Hardy starred in the Martina Cole written 4-part TV drama The Take on Sky One as a drugs and alcohol fuelled gangster. The role gained him a Best Actor nomination at the 2009 Crime Thriller Awards.^[5]

In August 2009, he appeared in Wuthering Heights, playing the part of Heathcliff, the classic love character who falls in love with his childhood friend Cathy (played by Charlotte Riley), "the love that destroyed everything it touched". It was even suggested by tabloid paper The Sun that he began a relationship with Charlotte Riley shortly after finishing work on The Take, and that he left his partner of two years and mother of his infant son to be with Riley. Riley has disputed this rumour in interviews.^[6]

In early 2010, Hardy starred in The Long Red Road at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago.^[7] The play was written by Brett C. Leonard and directed by Philip Seymour Hoffman. Hardy won some good reviews for his portrayal of Sam, an alcoholic trying to drink away his past.^[8][9]

In 2010, he starred as Eames in Christopher Nolan's science fiction thriller Inception for which he won a BAFTA Rising Star award.

In June 2010, Hardy announced on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross that he will play the title role in a new version of Mad Max.^[10] Hardy replaced Michael Fassbender in the 2011 adaptation of Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, also featuring Gary Oldman and Colin Firth,^[11] the second film by director Tomas Alfredson, released on 5 September 2011 at the 68th edition of the Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica in Venice. He will play a bootlegger in John Hillcoat's Lawless.^[12] He will play the chemically enhanced villain Bane in The Dark Knight Rises which is the final film in the Christopher Nolan saga and is set for release in 2012.^[13]

Hardy starred as one of the two the main protagonists in the film Warrior, with Nick Nolte portraying his father, a washed up, alcoholic, former wrestler that trains him to fight in a mixed martial arts tournament against his brother, portrayed by Joel Edgerton. It was released on 9 September 2011 by Lionsgate Films.

Hardy also starred in This Means War, a 2012 American film directed by McG. The film also has co-stars, Reese Witherspoon and Chris Pine. Hardy portrays one of the two main protagonists, Tuck Henson who is vying for affection from Lauren Scott whilst facing some competition from his best friend and fellow CIA agent, FDR Foster.

Hardy stated in January 2012 that he had begun watching gangster films for Warner Bros. in preparation for his role as Al Capone in director David Yates' Cicero trilogy, which is expected to begin filming in 2013.^[14]

In March 2012, Hardy signed a first-look deal at Warner Bros., a little more than a year after he came on board to portray the villain Bane in the studio's "The Dark Knight Rises". Hardy's deal was signed on the heels of Warner inking a two-year, first-look deal with Bradley Cooper for his 22 & Indiana Pictures production company.^[15]

In March 2012 in Ireland, on RTE program Craig Doyle Live, Gareth Thomas announced that Tom Hardy is in talks to play him in a film of his life.

Personal life[link]

Hardy married Sarah Ward in 1999; they divorced in 2004. He has a son, Louis Thomas Hardy (born 8 April 2008), with ex-girlfriend Rachael Speed.^[16] In July 2010, Hardy proposed to actress Charlotte Riley, after a year of dating.^[17]

Hardy battled alcoholism and a crack cocaine addiction in his early-to mid-twenties. He entered a rehab clinic and has been sober and clean since 2003.^[18]

Filmography[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Dempster, S (22 September 2007). "Tom Hardy tastes the hard life". The Times (UK). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article2484313.ece. Retrieved 3 October 2007. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tom Hardy

• Tom Hardy at the Internet Movie Database
• Tom Hardy at AllRovi
• Tom Hardy at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
• Tom Hardy as Freddie Jackson
• Tom Hardy as Bane

Sir Ronald Harwood CBE (born 9 November 1934) is an author, playwright and screenwriter. He is most noted for his plays for the British stage as well as the screenplays for The Dresser (for which he was nominated for an Oscar) and The Pianist, for which he won the 2003 Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. He was nominated for the Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar for The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007).

Early life and career[link]

Harwood was born Ronald Horwitz in Cape Town, South Africa, the son of Isobel (née Pepper) and Isaac Horwitz.^[1] Harwood moved from Cape Town to London in 1951 to pursue a career in the theatre. He changed his name from Horwitz after an English master told him it was too foreign and too Jewish for a stage actor.^[2] After training for the stage at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, he joined the Shakespeare Company of Sir Donald Wolfit. From 1953 to 1958, Harwood was Sir Donald's personal dresser. He would later draw on this experience when he wrote the stage play, The Dresser, and the biography, Sir Donald Wolfit CBE: His life and work in the Unfashionable Theatre. In 1959, after leaving the Wolfit company. he joined the 59 Theatre Company for a season at the Lyric Hammersmith.

In 1960, Harwood began a career as a writer and published his first novel, All the Same Shadows in 1961, the screenplay, Private Potter in 1962, and the produced stage play, March Hares in 1964. Harwood continued at a prolific pace penning more than 21 stage plays, and 10 books. He also created more than 16 screen plays, but seldom wrote original material directly for the screen, usually acting as an adapter, sometimes of his own work (notably The Dresser).

One of the recurring themes in Harwood's work is his fascination for the stage, its performing artists and artisans as displayed in The Dresser, his plays, After the Lions (about Sarah Bernhardt), Another Time (a semi-autobiographical piece about a gifted South African pianist), Quartet (about ageing opera singers) and his non-fiction book All the World's a Stage, a general history of theatre.

Harwood also has a strong interest in the Nazi period, especially the situation of individuals who either voluntarily collaborated with the Nazis or, alternatively, who faced strong pressure to do so and had, in each case, to work out their own personal combination of resistance, deception and compromise. His work focusing on this period includes the films Operation Daybreak (covering the assassination by the Czechoslovakian Resistance of Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich), The Statement (a fictionalized account of the post-War life-on-the-run of French collaborator Paul Touvier), The Pianist (an adaptation of the autobiography of the Jewish-Polish musician Władysław Szpilman covering his survival during the Nazi occupation of Poland), the play later adapted to film Taking Sides (focused on the post-War "de-Nazification" investigation of the German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler), the play Collaboration (about the composer Richard Strauss and his partnership with the Jewish writer Stefan Zweig), and the play An English Tragedy (dealing with the British fascist John Amery).^[3][4]

Harwood also wrote the screenplay for the films, The Browning Version (1994) with Albert Finney, Being Julia (2004) with Annette Bening and Jeremy Irons, and Roman Polanski's version of Oliver Twist (2005) with Ben Kingsley.

He won an Academy Award for the script of The Pianist, having already been nominated for The Dresser in 1983. Harwood received his third Oscar nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay in 2007 for his adaptation of the memoir by Jean-Dominique Bauby, The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, for which he also won a BAFTA and the Prix Jacques Prevert Du Scenario, 2008, for Best Adaptation. In 2008. Harwood was awarded the Humanitas Award in recognition of The Diving Bell and the Butterfly.

Recognition[link]

Harwood was president of the English PEN Club from 1989 to 1993, and of International PEN from 1993 to 1997. He was Chairman of the Royal Society of Literature (2001 to 2004) and is President of the Royal Literary Fund (2005). He was made Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1974, Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters (1996) and Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1999. In 2003 he was elected a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in the Department of Language and Literature. He was made Doctor of Letters, Keele University (2002),^[5] Doctor Honoris Causa, National Academy for Theatre & Film Arts, Sofia (2007), Honorary Fellow, Central School of Speech and Drama (2007) and Honorary Fellow, University of Chichester (2009). Harwood was knighted in the 2010 Birthday Honours.^[6][7] He has been the Chairman of the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford since 2008.

Personal life[link]

He attended the Seapoint Boys’ High School in that area of Cape Town. He moved to England in 1951. In 1959, he married Natasha Riehle.^[8] The actor Sir Antony Sher is his cousin. On the 12th of June 2010, he received a knighthood for services to theatre. He is the brother of South African dance critic Eve Borland.^[9]

Bibliography[link]

Stage plays[link]

• March Hares (Liverpool, 1964)
• Country Matters (69 Theatre Company, Manchester, 1969)
• The Good Companions (musical by André Previn and Johnny Mercer), libretto (Her Majesty's Theatre, 1974)
• The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold, adapted from Evelyn Waugh's novel (Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester and the Round House, London, 1977,
• A Family (Manchester and the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, 1978)
• The Dresser (The Royal Exchange Manchester and Queen's Theatre, 1980; Duke of York's Theatre, 2005)^[10]
• After the Lions (Manchester, 1982)
• Tramway Road (Lyric Hammersmith,1984)
• The Deliberate Death of a Polish Priest (Almeida Theatre, 1985)
• Interpreters (Queen's Theatre, 1985)
• J J Farr (Theatre Royal, Bath and Phoenix Theatre, 1987)
• Ivanov, translation of Chekhov's play (Strand Theatre,1989)
• Another Time (Bath and Wyndham's Theatre,1989)
• Reflected Glory (Darlington and Vaudeville Theatre, 1992)
• Poison Pen, about the death of composer Peter Warlock (Manchester, 1993))
• Taking Sides, about the conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler (Minerva Theatre, Chichester,1995 and 2008; Duchess Theatre, 2009)
• The Handyman (Minerva Theatre, Chichester, 1996)
• Quartet (Albery Theatre, 1999)
• Goodbye Kiss/Guests, double bill about the South African diaspora (Orange Tree Theatre, 2000)
• Mahler's Conversion (Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford and Aldwych Theatre, 2001)
• See U Next Tuesday, adaptation of Francis Veber's Diner de Cons (Gate Theatre, Dublin, 2002 and Albery Theatre, 2003)
• An English Tragedy, based on the true story of the British fascist John Amery (Palace Theatre Watford, 2008)
• Collaboration, based on the relationship between the composer Richard Strauss and the writer Stefan Zweig (Minerva Theatre, Chichester, 2008; Duchess Theatre, 2009)

Screenplays[link]

• Private Potter (1962)
• A High Wind in Jamaica (1965)
• Diamonds for Breakfast (1968)
• Eyewitness (1970)
• One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1971)
• Operation Daybreak (1975)
• The Dresser (1983) (also producer)
• The Doctor and the Devils (1985) (from a script by Dylan Thomas)
• The Browning Version (1994)
• Cry, the Beloved Country (1995)
• Taking Sides (2001)
• The Pianist (2002)
• The Statement (2003)
• Being Julia (2004)
• Oliver Twist (2005)
• Love in the Time of Cholera (2007)
• The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007)
• Australia (2008)

Books and published works[link]

• All the Same Shadows (novel) Cape (1961)
• George Washington September Sir! (novel) Avon (1961)
• The Guilt Merchants (novel) Cape (1963)
• The Girl in Melanie Klein (novel) Secker & Warburg (1969)
• Sir Donald Wolfit: His Life and Work in the Unfashionable Theatre (biography) Secker & Warburg (1971) ISBN 0-436-19121-0)
• Articles of Faith (novel - Winifred Holtby Prize) Secker & Warburg (1973) ISBN 0-436-19122-9
• The Genoa Ferry (novel) Secker & Warburg (1976) ISBN 0-436-19123-7
• César and Augusta (novel about the composer César Franck) Secker & Warburg (1978) ISBN 0-436-19119-9
• One. Interior. Day. Adventures in the Film Trade, Secker & Warburg (1978) ISBN 0-436-19124-5
• New Stories 3: An Arts Council Anthology (with Francis King) Hutchinson (1978) ISBN 0-09-133271-0
• The Dresser (play) Grove Press (1981) ISBN 0-394-17936-6
• A Night at the Theatre (editor), Methuen (1982) ISBN 0-413-49950-2
• The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold (play) Amber Lane (1983) ISBN 0-906399-42-4
• After the Lions (play) Amber Lane (1983) ISBN 0-906399-41-6
• All the World's a Stage (theatre history), Secker & Warburg (1984) ISBN 0-436-19132-6
• The Ages of Gielgud, an Actor at Eighty, Hodder & Stoughton (1984) ISBN 0-340-34828-3
• Tramway Road (play) Amber Lane (1984) ISBN 0-906399-58-0
• The Deliberate Death of a Polish Priest (play) Amber Lane (1985) ISBN 0-906399-63-7
• Interpreters (play) Amber Lane (1986) ISBN 0-906399-67-X
• Mandela (a Channel Four book), Boxtree (1987) ISBN 1-85283-204-5
• Dear Alec: Guinness at 75 (editor), Hodder & Stoughton (1989) ISBN 0-340-49954-0
• Another Time (play) Amber Lane (1989) ISBN 0-906399-98-X
• Reflected Glory (play) Faber (1992) ISBN 0-571-16463-3
• The Collected Plays of Ronald Harwood, Faber (1993) ISBN 0-571-17001-3
• The Faber Book of the Theatre (editor) Faber (1994) ISBN 0-571-16481-1
• Harwood Plays: Two (Contemporary Classics), Faber (1995) ISBN 90-01-87742-7
• The Handyman (play) Faber (1997) ISBN 0-571-19041-3
• Quartet/Equally Divided (plays) Faber (1999) ISBN 0-571-20092-3)
• Mahler's Conversion (play) Faber (2001) ISBN 978-0-571-21231-6
• The Pianist/Taking Sides (screenplays) Faber (2003) ISBN 0-571-21281-6
• An English Tragedy (play) Faber (2006) ISBN 0-571-23328-7
• Ronald Harwood's Adaptations: From Other Works Into Films, Guerilla Books (2007) ISBN 978-0-9554943-0-7

See also[link]

• List of Jews from Sub-Saharan Africa
• List of British Jews
• List of South Africans

Further reading[link]

• Who's Who in the Theatre 17th edition, Gale (1981) ISBN 0-8103-0235-7
• HaIliwell's Who's Who in the Movies, 4th edition, HarperCollins (2006) ISBN 0-00-716957-4
• Theatre Record and its annual Indexes
• The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English, Oxford (1996) ISBN 0-19-212271-1

References[link]

External links[link]

• http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-magazine/features/22859/in-praise-of-the-patriotic-playwright.thtml
• Ronald Harwood at the Internet Movie Database
• Ronald Harwood at the Internet Broadway Database
• AUSTRALIA: a baz luhrmann film
• Sir Ronald Harwood: Screenwriting Lecture part of the BAFTA Screenwriters on Screenwriting series.