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China
China (
i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (simplified Chinese: 汉朝; traditional Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Han Ch'ao; IPA: [xân tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]) (206 BCE – 220 CE) was an imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and Chinese characters are referred to as "Han characters".
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Han dynasty
The Han Dynasty (simplified Chinese: 汉朝; traditional Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Han Ch'ao; IPA: [xân tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]) (206 BCE – 220 CE) was an imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and Chinese characters are referred to as "Han characters".
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Ming dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun Dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy and a standing army of one million troops. Although private maritime trade and official tribute missions from China had taken place in previous dynasties, the tributary fleet under the Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He in the 15th century far surpassed all others in size. There were enormous construction projects, including the restoration of the Grand Canal and the Great Wall and the establishment of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century. Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million.
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Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun Dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy and a standing army of one million troops. Although private maritime trade and official tribute missions from China had taken place in previous dynasties, the tributary fleet under the Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He in the 15th century far surpassed all others in size. There were enormous construction projects, including the restoration of the Grand Canal and the Great Wall and the establishment of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century. Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million.
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Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.
The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in contemporary Northeastern China. The Aisin Gioro leader, Nurhachi, who was originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, began unifying the Jurchen clans in the late sixteenth century. By 1635, Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji could claim they constituted a single and united Manchu people and began forcing the Ming out of Liaoning in southern Manchuria. In 1644, the Ming capital Beijing was sacked by a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell. When Li Zicheng moved against Ming general Wu Sangui, the latter made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Manchurian army. Under Prince Dorgon, they seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li Zicheng's short-lived Shun Dynasty. Complete pacification of China was accomplished around 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor.
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Qufu
Qufu (Chinese: 曲阜; pinyin: Qūfù; Wade–Giles: Ch'ü1-fu4) is a city in southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is located at 35° 36′ northern latitude and 117° 02′ east, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) south of the provincial capital Jinan and 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of the prefecture seat at Jining. Qufu has an urban population of about 60,000, the entire administrative region has about 650,000 inhabitants.
Qufu is the hometown of Confucius, who is traditionally believed to have been born at the nearby Mount Ni. The city contains numerous historic palaces, temples and cemeteries. The three most famous cultural sites of the city, collectively known as San Kong (三孔), i.e. "The Three Confucian [sites]", are the Temple of Confucius (Chinese: 孔庙; pinyin: Kǒngmiào), the Cemetery of Confucius (Chinese: 孔林; pinyin: Kǒnglín), and the Kong Family Mansion (Chinese: 孔府; pinyin: Kǒngfǔ). Together, these three sites have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994.
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Shandong
Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E / 36.4°N 118.4°E / 36.4; 118.4
Shandong (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 山东; traditional Chinese: 山東; pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade–Giles: Shan1-tung1) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and one of the world's sites with the longest history of continuous religious worship. The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius, and was later established as the center of Confucianism. Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient as well as modern north-south and east-west trading routes have helped to establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship that began in the late 19th century, Shandong has emerged as one of the most populous (95,793,065 inhabitants at the 2010 Census) and most affluent provinces in the People's Republic of China (GDP of 3.94 trillion CNY in 2010).
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Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: 元朝, p Yuán Cháo; Mongolian: Их Юань улс) was the branch of Mongol Borjigin dynasty established by Kublai Khan. Although the Mongols had ruled northern China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style. His realm – the Great Yuan Empire (t 大元帝國, s 大元帝国, p Dà Yuán Dìguó) – was by this point isolated from the other khanates and controlled only most of present-day China and its surrounding areas including modern Mongolia. It was the first non-Han dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368, after which its remnants in Mongolia were known as the Northern Yuan.
The Yuan is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and as an imperial Chinese dynasty. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan Dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven, following the Song Dynasty and preceding the Ming Dynasty. Although the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu.
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7853 Confucius
7853 Confucius (2086 T-2) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on September 29, 1973 by Cornelis Johannes van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory.
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Adam Smith
Adam Smith (baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790 [OS: 5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790]) was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Principles Which Lead and Direct Philosophical Enquiries, Illustrated by the History of Astronomy, prior to 1758, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759, and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. It earned him an enormous reputation and would become one of the most influential works ever published. Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of economics today. In 2009, Smith was named among the 'Greatest Scots' of all time, in a vote run by Scottish television channel STV.
Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and at Balliol College in the University of Oxford, where he was one of the first students to benefit from scholarships set up by his fellow Glaswegian John Snell. After graduating, he delivered a successful series of public lectures at Edinburgh, leading him to collaborate with David Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow teaching moral philosophy, and during this time he wrote and published The Theory of Moral Sentiments. In his later life, he took a tutoring position that allowed him to travel throughout Europe, where he met other intellectual leaders of his day. Smith then returned home and spent the next ten years writing The Wealth of Nations, publishing it in 1776. He died in 1790 at the age of 67.
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Alain Badiou
Alain Badiou (French pronunciation: [alɛ̃ badju] (listen) (help·info); born 17 January 1937 in Rabat, Morocco) is a French philosopher, professor at European Graduate School, formerly chair of Philosophy at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS).
Badiou has written about the concepts of being, truth and the subject in a way that, he claims, is neither postmodern nor simply a repetition of modernity. Politically, Badiou is committed to the far left, and to the communist tradition.
Slavoj Žižek has written of Badiou that he is "a figure like Plato or Hegel walk[ing] here among us".
Badiou was a student at the Lycée Louis-Le-Grand and then the Ecole Normale Supérieure (1957–1961). He taught at the lycée in Reims from 1963 where he became a close friend of fellow playwright (and philosopher) François Regnault, and published a couple of novels before moving to the University of Paris VIII (Vincennes-Saint Denis) in 1969. Badiou was politically active very early on, and was one of the founding members of the Unified Socialist Party (PSU). The PSU was particularly active in the struggle for the decolonization of Algeria. He wrote his first novel, Almagestes, in 1964. In 1967 he joined a study group organized by Louis Althusser, became increasingly influenced by Jacques Lacan and became a member of the editorial board of Cahiers pour l’Analyse. By then he "already had a solid grounding in mathematics and logic (along with Lacanian theory)", and his own two contributions to the pages of Cahiers "anticipate many of the distinctive concerns of his later philosophy".
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Alasdair MacIntyre
Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre (born 1929) is a Scottishphilosopher primarily known for his contribution to moral and political philosophy but known also for his work in history of philosophy and theology. He is Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Contemporary Aristotelian Studies in Ethics and Politics (CASEP) at London Metropolitan University, and an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame.
Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre was born 12 January 1929 in Glasgow, to John and Emily (Chalmers) MacIntyre. He was educated at Queen Mary College, London, and has a Master of Arts from the University of Manchester and from the University of Oxford. He began his teaching career in 1951 at Manchester University. He taught at the University of Leeds, the University of Essex and the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, before moving to the USA in around 1969. MacIntyre has been something of an intellectual nomad, having taught at many universities in the US. He has held the following positions:
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Albert Camus
Albert Camus (French pronunciation: [albɛʁ kamy] (
listen); 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French author, journalist, and philosopher. His views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as absurdism. He wrote in his essay "The Rebel" that his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism while still delving deeply into individual freedom.
Although often cited as a proponent of existentialism, the philosophy with which Camus was associated during his own lifetime, he rejected this particular label. In an interview in 1945, Camus rejected any ideological associations: "No, I am not an existentialist. Sartre and I are always surprised to see our names linked..."
In 1949, Camus founded the Group for International Liaisons within the Revolutionary Union Movement, which was opposed to some tendencies of the Surrealist movement of André Breton.
Camus was awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize for Literature "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times". He was the second-youngest recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, after Rudyard Kipling, and the first African-born writer to receive the award. He is the shortest-lived of any Nobel literature laureate to date, having died in an automobile accident just over two years after receiving the award.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ancient Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.
Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics. In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic. In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church. His ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today. Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues (Cicero described his literary style as "a river of gold"), it is thought that the majority of his writings are now lost and only about one-third of the original works have survived.
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Arthur Schopenhauer
Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher known for his pessimism and philosophical clarity. At age 25, he published his doctoral dissertation, On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, which examined the four separate manifestations of reason in the phenomenal world.
Schopenhauer's most influential work, The World as Will and Representation, claimed that the world is fundamentally what humans recognize in themselves as their will. His analysis of will led him to the conclusion that emotional, physical, and sexual desires can never be fully satisfied. The corollary of this is an ultimately painful human condition. Consequently, he considered that a lifestyle of negating desires, similar to the ascetic teachings of Vedanta, Buddhism and the Church Fathers of early Christianity, was the only way to attain liberation.
Schopenhauer's metaphysical analysis of will, his views on human motivation and desire, and his aphoristic writing style influenced many well-known thinkers, including Friedrich Nietzsche,Richard Wagner, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Albert Einstein,Sigmund Freud, Otto Rank, Carl Jung, Joseph Campbell, Leo Tolstoy, Thomas Mann, and Jorge Luis Borges.
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Arthur Waley
Arthur David Waley CH, CBE (Chinese: 衛利; pinyin: Wèilì, 19 August 1889 – 27 June 1966) was an English orientalist and sinologist.
Waley was born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England, as Arthur David Schloss, son of the economist David Frederick Schloss. Of Jewish heritage, he changed his surname to his paternal grandmother's maiden name, Waley, in 1914, as one of many English men and women who changed German surnames to more English-sounding names during WWI. Educated at Rugby School, he entered King's College, at the University of Cambridge in 1907, where he studied Classics, and was awarded a bachelor's degree in 1910.
Waley was appointed Assistant Keeper of Oriental Prints and Manuscripts at the British Museum in 1913. During this time he taught himself Chinese and Japanese, partly to help catalogue the paintings in the Museum's collection. He quit in 1929 to devote himself fully to his literary and cultural interests, though he continued to lecture in the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. In 1918, he met Beryl de Zoete, a dance critic and writer; they lived together until her death in 1962. In 1966, Arthur Waley married Alison Robinson, whom he had first met in 1929. They lived in Highgate in London, and she became a familiar figure in later years, living beyond the age of 100.
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Auguste Comte
Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte (19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857), better known as Auguste Comte [oɡyst kɔ̃t], was a French philosopher. He was a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism. He may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.
Strongly influenced by the Utopian socialist Henri Saint-Simon, Comte developed the positive philosophy in an attempt to remedy the social malaise of the French revolution, calling for a new social doctrine based on the sciences. Comte was a major influence on 19th century thought, impacting the work of social thinkers such as Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill, and George Eliot. His concept of sociologie and social evolutionism, though now outdated, set the tone for early social theorists and anthropologists such as Harriet Martineau and Herbert Spencer, evolving into Modern academic sociology presented by Émile Durkheim as practical and objective social research.
Comte's social theories culminated in the "religion of humanity", which was influential to the development of religious humanist and Secular Humanist organizations in the 19th century. Comte likewise coined the word "altruism".
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Augustine of Hippo
Augustine of Hippo ( /ɒˈɡʌstɨn/ or /ˈɔːɡəstɪn/;Latin: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; November 13, 354 – August 28, 430), also known as Augustine, St. Augustine, St. Austin,St. Augoustinos, Blessed Augustine, or St. Augustine the Blessed, was Bishop of Hippo Regius (present-day Annaba, Algeria). He was a Latin philosopher and theologian from Roman Africa. His writings were very influential in the development of Western Christianity.
According to his contemporary, Jerome, Augustine "established anew the ancient Faith." In his early years he was heavily influenced by Manichaeism and afterward by the Neo-Platonism of Plotinus. After his conversion to Christianity and baptism in AD 387, Augustine developed his own approach to philosophy and theology, accommodating a variety of methods and different perspectives. He believed that the grace of Christ was indispensable to human freedom, and he framed the concepts of original sin and just war.
When the Western Roman Empire was starting to disintegrate, Augustine developed the concept of the Catholic Church as a spiritual City of God (in a book of the same name), distinct from the material Earthly City. His thoughts profoundly influenced the medieval worldview. Augustine's City of God was closely identified with the Church, the community that worshipped God.
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Averroes
ʾAbū l-Walīd Muḥammad bin ʾAḥmad bin Rušd (Arabic: أبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد), better known just as Ibn Rushd (Arabic: ابن رشد), and in European literature as Averroes ( /əˈvɛroʊ.iːz/; April 14, 1126 – December 10, 1198), was an Andalusian Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and celestial mechanics. He was born in Córdoba, Al Andalus, modern-day Spain, and died in Marrakesh, Morocco. His school of philosophy is known as Averroism.
Ibn Rushd was a defender of Aristotelian philosophy against claims from the influential Islamic theologian Ghazali who attacked philosophy so it would not become an affront to the teachings of Islam.
Averroes' name is also seen as Averroës, Averroès or Averrhoës, indicating that the "o" and the "e" form separate syllables. Averroes is a Latinisation of a Hebrew transcription of the Arab name Ibn Rushd.
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Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand ( /ˈaɪn ˈrænd/; born Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum, February 2 [O.S. January 20] 1905 – March 6, 1982) was a Russian-American novelist, philosopher, playwright, and screenwriter. She is known for her two best-selling novels The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged and for developing a philosophical system she called Objectivism.
Born and educated in Russia, Rand moved to the United States in 1926. She worked as a screenwriter in Hollywood and had a play produced on Broadway in 1935–1936. After two initially unsuccessful early novels, she achieved fame with her 1943 novel The Fountainhead. In 1957, she published her best-known work, the philosophical novel Atlas Shrugged. Afterward she turned to nonfiction to promote her philosophy, publishing her own magazines and releasing several collections of essays until her death in 1982.
Rand advocated reason as the only means of acquiring knowledge and rejected all forms of faith and religion. She supported rational and ethical egoism, and rejected ethical altruism. In politics, she condemned the initiation of force as immoral and opposed all forms of collectivism and statism, instead supporting laissez-faire capitalism, which she believed was the only social system that protected individual rights. She promoted romantic realism in art. She was sharply critical of the philosophers and philosophical traditions known to her besides Aristotle.
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Baruch Spinoza
Baruch Spinoza and later Benedict de Spinoza (24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677) was a Dutch philosopher. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death. By laying the groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment[citation needed] and modern biblical criticism, he came to be considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy. His magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes's mind–body dualism, has earned him recognition as one of Western philosophy's most important contributors. In the Ethics, "Spinoza wrote the last indisputable Latin masterpiece, and one in which the refined conceptions of medieval philosophy are finally turned against themselves and destroyed entirely." Philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said of all contemporary philosophers, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all."
Spinoza's name in different languages is Hebrew: ברוך שפינוזה Baruch Spinoza, Portuguese: Benedito or Bento de Espinosa and Latin: Benedictus de Spinoza; in all these languages, the given name means "the Blessed". Spinoza was raised in the Portuguese Jewish community in Amsterdam. He developed highly controversial ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of the Divine. The Jewish religious authorities issued a cherem (Hebrew: חרם, a kind of ban, shunning, ostracism, expulsion, or excommunication) against him, effectively excluding him from Jewish society at age 23. His books were also later put on the Catholic Church's Index of Forbidden Books.
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Benjamin Lee Whorf
Benjamin Lee Whorf (April 24, 1897 in Winthrop, Massachusetts – July 26, 1941) was an American linguist. Whorf is widely known for his ideas about linguistic relativity, the hypothesis that language influences thought. An important theme in many of his publications, he has been credited as one of the fathers of this approach, often referred to as the "Sapir–Whorf hypothesis", named after him and his mentor Edward Sapir. Originally educated as a chemical engineer, he took up an interest in linguistics, studying with Sapir at Yale University. In the last ten years of his life he dedicated his spare time to linguistic studies, doing field work on Native American languages in the United States and Mexico. He managed to become one of the most influential linguists of his time, even while still working as a fire inspector for the Hartford Fire Insurance Company. He wrote a grammar of the Hopi language, studies of Nahuatl dialects, Maya hieroglyphic writing, and the first attempt at a reconstruction of Uto-Aztecan. He also published many articles in the most prestigious linguistic journals, many of them dealing with the ways in which he saw that different linguistic systems affected the thought systems and habitual behaviour of language users.
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Bernard Williams
Sir Bernard Arthur Owen Williams (21 September 1929 – 10 June 2003) was an English moral philosopher, described by The Times as the most brilliant and most important British moral philosopher of his time. His publications include Problems of the Self (1973), Moral Luck (1981), Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (1985), and Truth and Truthfulness (2002). He was knighted in 1999.
As Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cambridge and Deutsch Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, Williams became known internationally for his attempt to reorient the study of moral philosophy to history and culture, politics and psychology, and in particular to the Greeks. Described as an analytic philosopher with the soul of a humanist, he saw himself as a synthesist, drawing together ideas from fields that seemed increasingly unable to communicate with one another. He rejected scientism, and scientific or evolutionary reductionism, calling "morally unimaginative" reductionists "the people I really do dislike." For Williams, complexity was irreducible, beautiful, and meaningful.
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Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had never been any of these in any profound sense. He was born in Monmouthshire, into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in Britain.
Russell led the British "revolt against idealism" in the early 20th century. He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege and his friend Ludwig Wittgenstein, and is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians. He co-authored, with A. N. Whitehead, Principia Mathematica, an attempt to ground mathematics on logic. His philosophical essay "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy." His work has had a considerable influence on logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics, computer science (see type theory and type system), and philosophy, especially philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics.
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Cai Wenji
Cai Wenji (years of birth and death unknown), also known as Cai Yan, was a Han Dynasty poet and composer. She was the daughter of Cai Yong, also a musician. Her style name was originally Zhaoji, but it was changed to Wenji during the Jin Dynasty to avoid a naming conflict with Sima Zhao.
She spent part of her life as a prisoner of the Xiongnu people, until Cao Cao paid a heavy sum to redeem her in 207.
Cai Wenji was born shortly before 178 in Yu Prefecture (圉縣), Chenliu Commandery (陳留), in what is now Qi County, Kaifeng, Henan. Cai Wenji was married at the age of fifteen to a Wei Zhongdao (衛仲道) in 192, who died shortly after without any offspring. In 195, the chaos after Chancellor Dong Zhuo's death brought Xiongnu nomads into the Chinese capital and Cai Wenji was taken as prisoner to the northerlands. During her captivity, she became the wife of the Xiongnu chieftain Liu Bao (the "Wise King of the Left"), and bore him two sons. It was not until twelve years later that Cao Cao, the new Chancellor of Han, ransomed her in the name of her father. When Cai Wenji returned to her homeland, she left her children behind at the frontier. The reason Cao Cao needed her back, was that she was the only one remaining of her clan and he needed her to placate the spirits of her ancestors.
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Cai Yong
Cai Yong (132–192) was a Chinese scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was well-versed in calligraphy, music, mathematics and astronomy. One of his daughters was the famous Cai Wenji.
Cai Yan was born into a substantial local family in Chenliu (陳留, modern Qi County, Kaifeng, Henan), which had a reputation of not having their territory divided for three generations. When his father Cai Leng died, Cai Yong lived with his uncle Cai Zhi while taking great care for his own mother for her last three years. When she died, Cai Yong became known for his arrangement of his mother's tomb. After that, Cai Yong studied composition, mathematics, astronomy, pitch-pipes, and music under Hu Guang (胡廣), one of the highest ranking officials in the Han court.
In the early 160s Cai Yong was recommended to the Emperor Huan by the senior eunuchs for his skill with the drums and the guqin. On his way to the capital, Cai Yong feigned illness to return home to study in seclusion. Ten years later in the early 170s, Cai Yong went to serve Qiao Xuan as a clerk, and Qiao Xuan greatly admired his abilities. Afterwards, Cai Yong served as a county magistrate and then a Consultant in the capital, in charge of editing and collating the text in the library. Known for his literary skills, he was constantly commissioned to write eulogies, memorial inscriptions, and the like.
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Carl Schmitt
Carl Schmitt (July 11, 1888 – April 7, 1985) was a German jurist, philosopher, political theorist, and professor of law.
Schmitt published several essays, influential in the 20th century and beyond, on the mentalities that surround the effective wielding of political power. His ideas have attracted the attention of numerous philosophers and political theorists, including Walter Benjamin, Leo Strauss, Jacques Derrida, Étienne Balibar, Hannah Arendt, Giorgio Agamben, Antonio Negri, Gianfranco Miglio, Paolo Virno, Slavoj Žižek, Alain Badiou, Jacob Taubes, Gillian Rose, Chantal Mouffe, Eric Voegelin, Reinhart Koselleck, Álvaro d'Ors, and Paul Gottfried. Much of his work, especially from the Weimar period, remains both influential and controversial today.
Schmitt, whose father was a minor businessman, was the son of Roman Catholic parents from the German Eifel region who settled in Plettenberg, Westphalia. He studied law in Berlin, Munich and Strasbourg and took his graduation and state exams in the then-German Strasbourg in 1915. He volunteered for the army in 1916. The same year, he earned his habilitation in Strasbourg. He taught at various business schools and universities - in Munich, Greifswald, Bonn, Berlin, and Cologne.
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Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( /ˈsɪsɨroʊ/; Classical Latin: [ˈkɪkɛroː]; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC; sometimes anglicized as Tully), was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, orator, political theorist, Roman consul and constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.
He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary (with neologisms such as humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and essentia) distinguishing himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher.
Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance. According to Polish historian Tadeusz Zieliński, "Renaissance was above all things a revival of Cicero, and only after him and through him of the rest of Classical antiquity." The peak of Cicero's authority and prestige came during the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, and his impact on leading Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, David Hume, and Montesquieu was substantial. His works rank among the most influential in European culture, and today still constitute one of the most important bodies of primary material for the writing and revision of Roman history, especially the last days of the Roman Republic.
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Confucius
Confucius (551–479 BC) was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history.
The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, and sincerity. His followers competed successfully with many other schools during the Hundred Schools of Thought era only to be suppressed in favor of the Legalists during the Qin Dynasty. Following the victory of Han over Chu after the collapse of Qin, Confucius's thoughts received official sanction and were further developed into a system known as Confucianism.
Confucius is traditionally credited with having authored or edited many of the Chinese classic texts including all of the Five Classics, but modern scholars are cautious of attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself. Aphorisms concerning his teachings were compiled in the Analects, but only many years after his death.
Confucius's principles had a basis in common Chinese tradition and belief. He championed strong family loyalty, ancestor worship, respect of elders by their children (and in traditional interpretations of husbands by their wives), and family as a basis for ideal government. He espoused the well-known principle "Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself", an early version of the Golden Rule.
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David Hume
David Hume (7 May [O.S. 26 April] 1711 – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and scepticism. He was one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George Berkeley, and a handful of others as a British Empiricist.
Beginning with his A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), Hume strove to create a total naturalistic "science of man" that examined the psychological basis of human nature. In stark opposition to the rationalists who preceded him, most notably Descartes, he concluded that desire rather than reason governed human behaviour, saying: "Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions." A prominent figure in the sceptical philosophical tradition and a strong empiricist, he argued against the existence of innate ideas, concluding instead that humans have knowledge only of things they directly experience. Thus he divides perceptions between strong and lively "impressions" or direct sensations and fainter "ideas", which are copied from impressions. He developed the position that mental behaviour is governed by "custom"; our use of induction, for example, is justified only by our idea of the "constant conjunction" of causes and effects. Without direct impressions of a metaphysical "self", he concluded that humans have no actual conception of the self, only of a bundle of sensations associated with the self.
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Derek Parfit
Derek Parfit (born December 11, 1942; China) is a British philosopher who specializes in problems of personal identity, rationality and ethics, and the relations between them. His 1984 book Reasons and Persons (described by Alan Ryan in The Sunday Times as "something close to a work of genius") has been very influential. His most recent book, On What Matters (2011), has already been widely discussed, having circulated in draft form for many years. He has worked at Oxford for the whole of his academic career, and is presently an Emeritus Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. He is also a Visiting Professor of Philosophy at New York University, Harvard University, and Rutgers University. He is married to the philosopher Janet Radcliffe Richards.
Derek Parfit was born in Chengdu, China to Norman and Jessie Parfit (née Browne), both medical doctors who had moved to Western China in order to teach preventive medicine in missionary hospitals. The family returned to the United Kingdom about a year after Parfit was born, settling in Oxford. Parfit was sent to Eton. He later read Modern History at the University of Oxford, graduating in 1964. In 1965-66 he was Harkness Fellow at Columbia University and Harvard University. He abandoned historical studies for philosophy during the time he held the fellowship. He then returned to Oxford, spending many decades as a fellow of All Souls College.
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Duke of Zhou
The Duke of Zhou (Chinese: 周公, Zhōu Gōng), personal name Dan (Chinese: 旦), was a Zhou dynasty nobleman who played a major role in consolidating the state established by his elder brother King Wu. He acted as regent for King Wu's heir King Cheng and successfully suppressed a number of rebellions, placating the Shang nobility with titles and positions. He is also known in Chinese as Dan, Duke of Zhou (周公旦, Zhōu Gōng Dàn, Wade Chou Kung Tan), Shu Dan (叔旦), and Zhou Dan.
In Chinese legend, he is a culture hero credited with writing the I Ching and the Book of Poetry, establishing the Rites of Zhou, and creating the yayue of Chinese classical music.
In 2004, Chinese archaeologists reported that they may have found the tomb complex of the Duke of Zhou in Qishan County, Shaanxi.[citation needed]
Dan was the fourth son of King Wen of Zhou. His eldest brother Boyi Kao predeceased their father and the second eldest defeated the Shang at Muye around 1046 BC, ascending the throne as King Wu, first of the Zhou dynasty. He distributed many fiefs to his relatives and followers and Dan received the territory of Zhou near present-day Luoyang.
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Edmund Burke
Edmund Burke PC (12 January [NS] 1729– 9 July 1797) was an Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist and philosopher who, after moving to England, served for many years in the House of Commons of Great Britain as a member of the Whig party.
He is mainly remembered for his support of the cause of the American Revolutionaries, and for his later opposition to the French Revolution. The latter led to his becoming the leading figure within the conservative faction of the Whig party, which he dubbed the "Old Whigs", in opposition to the pro–French Revolution "New Whigs", led by Charles James Fox.
Burke was praised by both conservatives and liberals in the 19th century.[citation needed] Since the 20th century, he has generally been viewed as the philosophical founder of modern Conservatism, as well as a representative of classical liberalism.
Burke was born in Dublin, Ireland, to a prosperous solicitor father (Richard; d. 1761) of the Church of Ireland. It is unclear if this is the same Richard Burke who converted from Catholicism. His mother Mary (c. 1702–1770), whose maiden name was Nagle, was a Roman Catholic and came from an impoverished but genteel County Cork family. The Burke dynasty descended from an Anglo-Norman surnamed de Burgh (Latinised as de Burgo) who arrived in Ireland in 1185 following the Norman invasion of Ireland by Henry II of England in 1171.)
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Edward Sapir
Edward Sapir (/səˈpɪər/; 1884–1939) was an American anthropologist-linguist, widely considered to be one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics.
Born in German Pomerania, his parents emigrated to America when Sapir was a child. He studied Germanic linguistics at Columbia, where he came under the influence of Franz Boas who inspired him to work on Native American languages. While finishing his PhD he went to California to work with Alfred Kroeber documenting the indigenous languages there. He was employed by the Geological Survey of Canada for fifteen years, where he came into his own as one of the most influential and important linguists in North America. He was offered a professorship at the University of Chicago, and stayed for several years continuing to work for the professionalization of the discipline of linguistics. By the end of his life he was Professor of Anthropology at Yale, where he never really fit in. Among his many students were the linguists Mary Haas and Morris Swadesh, and anthropologists such as Fred Eggan and Hortense Powdermaker.
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Emperor Wu of Han
Emperor Wu of Han (simplified Chinese: 汉武帝; traditional Chinese: 漢武帝; pinyin: Hàn Wǔdì; Wade–Giles: Han Wu-ti; 156–87 BC), personal name Liu Che (劉徹), was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty of China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under his reign, as well as the strong and centralized Confucian state he organized. He is cited in Chinese history as the greatest emperor of the Han dynasty and one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history. Emperor Wu's effective governance made the Han Dynasty one of the most powerful nations in the world.
As a military campaigner, Emperor Wu led Han China through its greatest expansion—at its height, the Empire's borders spanned from modern Kyrgyzstan in the west, to Korea in the east, and to northern Vietnam in the south. Emperor Wu successfully repelled the nomadic Xiongnu from systematically raiding northern China and dispatched his envoy Zhang Qian in 139 BC to seek an alliance with the Yuezhi of modern Uzbekistan. This resulted in further missions to Central Asia. Although historical records do not describe him as a follower of Buddhism, exchanges probably occurred as a consequence of these embassies, and there are suggestions that he received Buddhist statues from central Asia, as depicted in Mogao Caves murals.
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Ezra Pound
Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an American expatriate poet, critic and a major figure of the early modernist movement. His contribution to poetry began with his promotion of Imagism, a movement that derived its technique from classical Chinese and Japanese poetry, stressing clarity, precision and economy of language. His best-known works include Ripostes (1912), Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920), and his unfinished 120-section epic, The Cantos (1917–1969).
Working in London in the early 20th century as foreign editor of several American literary magazines, Pound helped to discover and shape the work of contemporaries such as T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Robert Frost, and Ernest Hemingway. He was responsible for the publication in 1915 of Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," and for the serialization from 1918 of Joyce's Ulysses. Hemingway wrote of him in 1925: "He defends [his friends] when they are attacked, he gets them into magazines and out of jail. ... He writes articles about them. He introduces them to wealthy women. He gets publishers to take their books. He sits up all night with them when they claim to be dying ... he advances them hospital expenses and dissuades them from suicide."
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Franz Boas
Franz Boas (/ˈfrɑːnz ˈboʊ.æz/; July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology" and "the Father of Modern Anthropology." Like many such pioneers, he trained in other disciplines; he received his doctorate in physics, and did post-doctoral work in geography. He applied the scientific method to the study of human cultures and societies; previously this discipline was based on the formulation of grand theories around anecdotal knowledge.
Boas once summed up his approach to anthropology and folklore by saying: "In the course of time I became convinced that a materialistic point of view, for a physicist a very real one, was untenable. This gave me a new point of view and I recognized the importance of studying the interaction between the organic and inorganic, above all the relation between the life of a people and their physical environment."
Franz Uri Boas was born in Minden, Westphalia. Although his grandparents were observant Jews, his parents embraced Enlightenment values, including their assimilation into modern German society. Boas’s parents were educated, well-to-do, and liberal; they did not like dogma of any kind. Due to this, Boas was granted the independence to think for himself and pursue his own interests. Early in life he displayed a penchant for both nature and natural sciences. Boas vocally opposed anti-Semitism and refused to convert to Christianity, he did not identify himself as a Jew; indeed, according to his biographer, "He was an 'ethnic' German, preserving and promoting German culture and values in America." In an autobiographical sketch, Boas wrote:
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François Quesnay
François Quesnay (French pronunciation: [fʀɑ̃ˈswa kɛˈnɛ]; June 4, 1694 – December 16, 1774) was a French economist of the Physiocratic school. He is known for publishing the "Tableau économique" (Economic Table) in 1758, which provided the foundations of the ideas of the Physiocrats. This was perhaps the first work to attempt to describe the workings of the economy in an analytical way, and as such can be viewed as one of the first important contributions to economic thought.
Quesnay was born at Méré near Versailles, the son of an advocate and small landed proprietor. Apprenticed at the age of sixteen to a surgeon, he soon went to Paris, studied medicine and surgery there, and, having qualified as a master-surgeon, settled down to practice at Mantes. In 1737 he was appointed perpetual secretary of the academy of surgery founded by François Gigot de la Peyronie, and became surgeon in ordinary to the king. In 1744 he graduated as a doctor of medicine; he became physician in ordinary to the king, and afterwards his first consulting physician, and was installed in the Palace of Versailles. His apartments were on the entresol, whence the Réunions de l'entresol[clarification needed] received their name. Louis XV esteemed Quesnay highly, and used to call him his thinker; when he ennobled him he gave him for arms three flowers of the pansy (derived from pensée, in French meaning thought), with the Latin motto Propter cogitationem mentis.
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Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche ( /ˈniːtʃə/;German pronunciation: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtsʃə]; October 15, 1844 – August 25, 1900) was a German philosopher, poet, cultural critic and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.
Nietzsche's influence remains substantial within and beyond philosophy, notably in existentialism, nihilism and postmodernism. His style and radical questioning of the value and objectivity of truth have resulted in much commentary and interpretation, mostly in the continental tradition. His key ideas include the death of God, the Übermensch, the eternal recurrence, the Apollonian and Dionysian dichotomy, perspectivism and the will to power. Central to his philosophy is the idea of "life-affirmation", which involves an honest questioning of all doctrines that drain life's expansive energies, however socially prevalent and radical those views might be.
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Fritz Mauthner
Fritz Mauthner (22 November 1849 – 29 June 1923) was a journalist and philosopher from Horschitz, Bohemia.
He became editor of the Berliner Tageblatt in 1895, but is best known for his Beiträge zu einer Kritik der Sprache (Contributions to a Critique of Language), published in three parts in 1901 and 1902. Ludwig Wittgenstein took several of his ideas from Mauthner, and acknowledges him in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1922).
Mauthner died in Meersburg.
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Gautama Buddha
Gautama Buddha or Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम बुद्ध; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher from the Indian subcontinent, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. The word Buddha is a title for the first awakened being in an era. In most Buddhist traditions, Siddhartha Gautama is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (P. sammāsambuddha, S. samyaksaṃbuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one" or "the enlightened one." Gautama Buddha may also be referred to as Śākyamuni (Sanskrit: शाक्यमुनि "Sage of the Śākyas"). The Buddha found a Middle Way that ameliorated the extreme asceticism found in the Sramana religions.
The time of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians dated his lifetime as c. 563 BCE to 483 BCE, but more recent opinion dates his death to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to some, between 411 and 400 BCE. UNESCO lists Lumbini, Nepal, as a world heritage site and birthplace of Gautama Buddha. There are also claims about birth place of Gautama Buddha to be Kapileswara, Orissa or Kapilavastu at Piprahwa, Uttar Pradesh He later taught throughout regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Kośala.
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George Santayana
George Santayana (born Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás in Madrid, December 16, 1863; died September 26, 1952, in Rome) was a philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist. A lifelong Spanish citizen, Santayana was raised and educated in the United States and identified himself as an American, although he always kept a validated Spanish passport. He wrote in English and is generally considered an American man of letters. At the age of forty-eight, Santayana left his position at Harvard and returned to Europe permanently, never to return to the United States. His last will was to be buried in the Spanish Pantheon of the Cimitero Monumentale del Verano in Rome.
Santayana is known for the sayings, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it", and "[O]nly the dead have seen the end of war." The latter sentence is often (for example, at the start of the film Blackhawk Down) falsely attributed to Plato; the former appears in Reason in Common Sense, the first volume of Santayana's five-volume Life of Reason. (In the 1905 Charles Scribner's Sons edition, it is found on page 284.) Santayana is broadly included among the pragmatists with Harvard University colleagues William James and Josiah Royce. He said that he stood in philosophy "exactly where [he stood] in daily life."
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Gilbert Ryle
Gilbert Ryle (19 August 1900, Brighton – 6 October 1976, Oxford), was a British philosopher, a representative of the generation of British ordinary language philosophers that shared Wittgenstein's approach to philosophical problems, and is principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase "the ghost in the machine". Some of his ideas in the philosophy of mind have been referred to as "behaviourist." Ryle's best known book is The Concept of Mind (1949), in which he writes that the "general trend of this book will undoubtedly, and harmlessly, be stigmatised as 'behaviourist'." Ryle, having engaged in detailed study of the key works of Bernard Bolzano, Franz Brentano, Alexius Meinong, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger, himself suggested instead that the book "could be described as a sustained essay in phenomenology, if you are at home with that label."
Ryle was born in Brighton, England in 1900 and grew up in an environment of learning. His father was a Brighton doctor, a generalist who had interests in philosophy and astronomy, and passed on to his children an impressive library. Ryle was educated at Brighton College, and in 1919, he went up to Queen's College at Oxford, initially to study Classics but was quickly drawn to Philosophy. He would graduate with first class honours in 1924 and was appointed to a lectureship in Philosophy at Christ Church, Oxford. A year later, he was to become a tutor. Ryle remained at Christ Church until World War II.
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Giovanni Gentile
Giovanni Gentile (Italian pronunciation: [dʒoˈvanni dʒenˈtiːle]; May 30, 1875 – April 15, 1944) was an Italian neo-Hegelian Idealist philosopher, a peer of Benedetto Croce. He described himself as 'the philosopher of Fascism', and ghostwrote A Doctrine of Fascism (1932) for Benito Mussolini. He also devised his own system of philosophy, Actual Idealism.
Giovanni Gentile was born in Castelvetrano, Sicily. He was inspired by Italian intellectuals such as Mazzini, Rosmini, Gioberti, and Spaventa from whom he borrowed the idea of autoctisi, “self-construction”, but also was strongly influenced by the German idealist and materialist schools of thought — namely Karl Marx, Hegel, and Fichte with whom he shared the ideal of creating a Wissenschaftslehre, theory for a structure of knowledge that makes no assumptions. Friedrich Nietzsche, too, influenced him, as seen in an analogy between Nietzsche's Übermensch and Gentile's Uomo Fascista.
He won the fierce competition and became one of the four exceptional students of the mythic Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, where he enrolled at the Faculty of Humanities.
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Gong Yi
Gong Yi (龔一) is a guqin master from Shanghai, presently one of the instrument's leading figures. Born in Nanjing, he trained first under several local players (incl. Liu Shaochun and Xia Yifeng) before proceeding to the Shanghai Conservatory where he absorbed a range of styles from such prominent masters as Zhang Ziqian, Xu Lisun, Gu Meigeng, and Wei Zhongle. Gong Yi has had, since the 1950s, a varied career performing, teaching, composing, and researching under the auspices of several institutions and ensembles, most notably the Shanghai Chinese Orchestra of which he was director and sole guqin player. In guqin circles he is particularly noted for his efforts toward integration of the instrument into the conservatory mainstream.
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Gottlob Frege
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925, pronounced [ˈɡɔtloːp ˈfreːɡə ]) was a German mathematician, logician and philosopher. He is considered to be one of the founders of modern logic and made major contributions to the foundations of mathematics. He is generally considered to be the father of analytic philosophy, for his writings on the philosophy of language and mathematics. While he was mainly ignored by the intellectual world when he published his writings, Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) introduced his work to later generations of logicians and philosophers.
Frege was born in 1848 in Wismar, in the state of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (the modern German federal state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). His father Carl (Karl) Alexander Frege (3 August 1809 – 30 November 1866) was the co-founder and headmaster of a girls' high school until his death. After Carl's death, the school was led by Frege's mother Auguste Wilhelmine Sophie Frege (née Bialloblotzky, 12 January 1815 – 14 October 1898).
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Guan Pinghu
Guan Pinghu (管平湖) (1897–1967), was a leading player of the guqin (古琴), a Chinese 7-string bridgeless zither. Born in Suzhou, Jiangsu, Guan came from an artistic family, and started to learn the guqin from his father, Guan Nianci. After the death of his father when he was thirteen, Guan continued with his father’s friend Ye Shimeng and Zhang Xiangtao. He also studied with the leading players of three different schools; Yang Zongji (1865–1933), the leading player in Beijing, the Daoist Qin Heming, and the Buddhist monk Wucheng.
Before 1949, Guan did some teaching at the Yenching University, but had most of his meager income from selling paintings and repairing old musical instruments and furniture.
In 1952, he became a teacher and assistant researcher at the Zhongyang Yinyue Xueyuan (Central Conservatory of Music) and a leading force at the Beijing Guqin Yanjiuhui (Beijing Guqin Research Institute), both in Beijing. He also recreated and performed many pieces, including Guangling San (《广凌散》), Youlan (《碣石調幽蘭》- Secluded Orchid), and Hujia Shiba Pai (《胡笳十八拍》 - Eighteen Pieces for Barbarian Pipes), that only existed as notation through a process known as dapu (打谱) [1]. These pieces have become part of the core repertory of guqin music. Though he trained few prominent students, Guan's numerous recordings–notable for their austerity, subtlety, and bold presentation–have exerted wide and continuing influence.
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Gustav Bergmann
Gustav Bergmann (May 4, 1906, Vienna – April 21, 1987, Iowa City) was a philosopher born in Vienna, Austria. He studied at the University of Vienna and was a member of the Vienna Circle. In the United States, he was a professor of philosophy and psychology at the University of Iowa.
Bergmann earned his Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Vienna in 1928. While studying for his doctorate, he was invited to join the Vienna Circle, a group of philosophers, mathematicians, scientists, and others committed to a scientific worldview under the name of logical positivism. In 1930-31, he worked with Albert Einstein in Berlin. Unable as a Jew to find academic employment, Bergmann obtained a law degree from the University of Vienna in 1935, and practiced corporation law until he and his family fled to the United States in 1938. Settling at the University of Iowa in Iowa City in 1939, Bergmann eventually became professor of both philosophy and psychology.
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Guy Debord
Guy Ernest Debord (December 28, 1931 – November 30, 1994) was a French Marxist theorist, writer, filmmaker, member of the Letterist International, founder of a Letterist faction, and founding member of the Situationist International (SI). He was also briefly a member of Socialisme ou Barbarie.
Guy Debord was born in Paris in 1931. Guy's father, Martial, was a pharmacist who died due to illness when Guy was young. Guy's mother, Paulette Rossi, sent Guy to live with his grandmother in her family villa in Italy. During World War II, the Rossis left the villa and began to travel from town to town. As a result, Guy attended high school in Cannes, where he began his interest in film and vandalism. As a young man, Debord actively opposed the French war in Algeria and joined in demonstrations in Paris against it.
Debord joined the Letterist International when he was 19. The Letterists were led dictatorially by Isidore Isou until a widely agreed upon schism ended Isou's authority. This schism birthed several factions of Letterists, one of which was decidedly led by Debord upon Gil Wolman's unequivocal recommendation. In the 1960s, Debord led the Situationist International group, which influenced the Paris Uprising of 1968. Some consider his book The Society of the Spectacle (1967) to be a catalyst for the uprising.
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Henri Bergson
Henri-Louis Bergson (French pronunciation: [bɛʁksɔn] 18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a major French philosopher, influential especially in the first half of the 20th century. Bergson convinced many thinkers that immediate experience and intuition are more significant than rationalism and science for understanding reality.
He was awarded the 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented".
Bergson was born in the Rue Lamartine in Paris, not far from the Palais Garnier (the old Paris opera house) in 1859 (the year in which France emerged as a victor in the Second Italian War of Independence, and in the month before the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species). His father, the pianist Michał Bergson, was of a Polish Jewish family background (originally bearing the name Bereksohn). His mother, Katherine Levison, daughter of a Yorkshire doctor, was from an English and Irish Jewish background. The Bereksohns were a famous[citation needed] Jewish entrepreneurial family of Polish descent. Henri Bergson's great-great-grandfather, Szmul Jakubowicz Sonnenberg, called Zbytkower, was a prominent banker and a protégé of Stanisław August Poniatowski, King of Poland from 1764 to 1795.
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Henry David Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.
Thoreau's books, articles, essays, journals, and poetry total over 20 volumes. Among his lasting contributions were his writings on natural history and philosophy, where he anticipated the methods and findings of ecology and environmental history, two sources of modern day environmentalism. His literary style interweaves close natural observation, personal experience, pointed rhetoric, symbolic meanings, and historical lore, while displaying a poetic sensibility, philosophical austerity, and "Yankee" love of practical detail. He was also deeply interested in the idea of survival in the face of hostile elements, historical change, and natural decay; at the same time he advocated abandoning waste and illusion in order to discover life's true essential needs.
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Henry Sidgwick
Henry Sidgwick (31 May 1838 – 28 August 1900) was an English utilitarian philosopher and economist. He was one of the founders and first president of the Society for Psychical Research, a member of the Metaphysical Society, and promoted the higher education of women. His work in economics has also had a lasting influence.
He was born at Skipton in Yorkshire, where his father, the Reverend W. Sidgwick (d. 1841), was headmaster of the local grammar school, Ermysted's Grammar School. Henry himself was educated at Rugby (where his cousin, subsequently his brother-in-law, Edward White Benson – later Archbishop of Canterbury – was a master), and at Trinity College, Cambridge. While at Trinity, Sidgwick became a member of the Cambridge Apostles. In 1859 he was senior classic, 33rd wrangler, chancellor's medallist and Craven scholar. In the same year he was elected to a fellowship at Trinity, and soon afterwards became a lecturer in classics there, a post he held for ten years.
In 1869, he exchanged his lectureship for one in moral philosophy, a subject to which he had been turning his attention. In the same year, deciding that he could no longer in good conscience declare himself a member of the Church of England, he resigned his fellowship. He retained his lectureship, and in 1881 was elected an honorary fellow. In 1874 he published The Methods of Ethics (6th ed. 1901, containing emendations written just before his death), by common consent a major work, which made his reputation outside the university. John Rawls called it the "first truly academic work in moral theory, modern in both method and spirit."
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Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era.
Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies. He was "an enthusiastic exponent of evolution" and even "wrote about evolution before Darwin did." As a polymath, he contributed to a wide range of subjects, including ethics, religion, anthropology, economics, political theory, philosophy, biology, sociology, and psychology. During his lifetime he achieved tremendous authority, mainly in English-speaking academia. "The only other English philosopher to have achieved anything like such widespread popularity was Bertrand Russell, and that was in the 20th century." Spencer was "the single most famous European intellectual in the closing decades of the nineteenth century" but his influence declined sharply after 1900; "Who now reads Spencer?" asked Talcott Parsons in 1937.
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Hongwu Emperor
The Hongwu Emperor (Chinese: 洪武帝; Wade–Giles: Hung-wu Ti; 21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), known variably by his given name Zhu Yuanzhang (Chinese: 朱元璋; Wade–Giles: Chu Yuan-chang) and by his temple name Taizu of Ming (Chinese: 明太祖; literally "Great Ancestor of Ming"), was the founder and first emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China. His era name, Hongwu, means "vastly martial".
In the middle of the 14th century, with famine, plagues and peasant revolts sweeping across China, Zhu became a leader of an army that conquered China, ending the Yuan Dynasty and forcing the Mongols to retreat to the Mongolian steppes. With his seizure of the Yuan capital (present-day Beijing), he claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming Dynasty in 1368.
Zhu Yuanzhang was born in a poor peasant family in a village in Zhongli (鍾離, present day Fengyang, Anhui). His father was Zhu Shizhen (朱世珍, original name Zhu Wusi 朱五四) and his mother was Chen Erniang. He had seven older siblings, several of whom were "given away" by his parents, as they did not have enough food to support the family. When he was 16, the Yellow River broke its banks and flooded the lands where his family lived. Subsequently, a plague killed his family, except one brother.
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Hugo Grotius
Hugo Grotius (10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Huig de Groot, Hugo Grocio or Hugo de Groot, was a jurist in the Dutch Republic. With Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili he laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law. He was also a philosopher, theologian, Christian apologist, playwright, and poet.
Grotius's influence on international law is paramount, and is acknowledged by, for instance, the American Society of International Law, which since 1999 holds an annual series of Grotius Lectures. Additionally, his contributions to Arminian theology provided the seeds for later Arminian-based movements, such as Methodism and Pentecostalism and he is acknowledged as a significant figure in the Arminianism-Calvinism debate.
Born in Delft during the Dutch Revolt, Hugo was the first child of Jan de Groot and Alida van Overschie. His father was a man of learning, once having studied with the eminent Justus Lipsius at Leiden, as well as of political distinction, and he groomed his son from an early age in a traditional humanist and Aristotelian education. A prodigious learner, Hugo entered the University of Leiden when he was just eleven years old. There he studied with some of the most acclaimed intellectuals in northern Europe, including Franciscus Junius, Joseph Justus Scaliger, and Rudolph Snellius. At age sixteen he published his first book: a scholarly edition of the late antique author Martianus Capella's work on the seven liberal arts, Martiani Minei Felicis Capellæ Carthaginiensis viri proconsularis Satyricon, in quo De nuptiis Philologiæ & Mercurij libri duo, & De septem artibus liberalibus libri singulares. Omnes, & emendati, & Notis, siue Februis Hug. Grotii illustrati.
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Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name, Arabic: أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي , Abū Zayd ‘Abdu r-Raḥmān bin Muḥammad bin Khaldūn Al-Ḥaḍrami, May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH – March 19, 1406 AD/808 AH) was a Muslim historiographer and historian who is often viewed as one of the forerunners of modern historiography,sociology and economics.
He is best known for his Muqaddimah (known as Prolegomenon in English), which was discovered, evaluated and fully appreciated first by 19th century European scholarship, although it has also had considerable influence on 17th-century Ottoman historians like Ḥajjī Khalīfa and Mustafa Naima who relied on his theories to analyze the growth and decline of the Ottoman empire. Later in the 19th century, Western scholars recognized him as one of the greatest philosophers to come out of the Muslim world.
Ibn Khaldun's life is relatively well-documented, as he wrote an autobiography (التعريف بابن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا; Al-Taʻrīf bi Ibn-Khaldūn wa Riħlatuhu Gharbān wa Sharqān) in which numerous documents regarding his life are quoted word-for-word. However, the autobiography has little to say about his private life, so little is known about his family background. Generally known as "Ibn Khaldūn" after a remote ancestor, he was born in Tunis in AD 1332 (732 A.H.) into an upper-class Andalusian family, the Banū Khaldūn. His family, which held many high offices in Andalusia, had emigrated to Tunisia after the fall of Seville to Reconquista forces around the middle of the 13th century. Under the Tunisian Hafsid dynasty some of his family held political office; Ibn Khaldūn's father and grandfather however withdrew from political life and joined a mystical order. His brother, Yahya Ibn Khaldun, was also a historian who wrote a book on the Abdalwadid dynasty, and who was assassinated by a rival for being the official historiographer of the court.
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (German pronunciation: [ɪˈmaːnu̯eːl ˈkant]; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher from Königsberg (today Kaliningrad of Russia), who researched, lectured, and wrote on philosophy and anthropology during the Enlightenment at the end of the 18th century. At the time, there were major successes and advances in the sciences (for example, Isaac Newton, Carl Friedrich Gauss, and Robert Boyle) applying reason and logic.
Kant’s major work, the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1781), aimed to unite reason with experience to move beyond what he took to be failures of traditional philosophy and metaphysics. He hoped to end an age of speculation where objects outside experience were used to support what he saw as futile theories, while opposing the skepticism of thinkers such as Descartes, Berkeley and Hume.
He stated:
Kant proposed a ‘Copernican Revolution’ in reverse, saying that:
Kant published other important works on ethics, religion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, and history. These included the Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, 1788) and the Metaphysics of Morals (Die Metaphysik der Sitten, 1797), which dealt with ethics. And the Critique of Judgment (Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790), which looks at aesthetics and teleology. He aimed to resolve disputes between empirical and rationalist approaches. The former asserted that all knowledge comes through experience; the latter maintained that reason and innate ideas were prior. Kant argued that experience is purely subjective without first being processed by pure reason. He also said that using reason without applying it to experience only leads to theoretical illusions. The free and proper exercise of reason by the individual was both a theme of the Enlightenment, and of Kant's approaches to the various problems of philosophy.
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Isaiah Berlin
Sir Isaiah Berlin OM, FBA (6 June 1909 – 5 November 1997) was a British social and political theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas of Russian-Jewish origin, thought by many to be the dominant scholar of his generation. He excelled as an essayist, conversationalist and raconteur; and as a brilliant lecturer who improvised, rapidly and spontaneously, richly allusive and coherently structured material. He translated works by Ivan Turgenev from Russian into English and, during the war, worked for the British Diplomatic Service. In its obituary of the scholar, The Independent stated that "Isaiah Berlin was often described, especially in his old age, by means of superlatives: the world's greatest talker, the century's most inspired reader, one of the finest minds of our time ... there is no doubt that he showed in more than one direction the unexpectedly large possibilities open to us at the top end of the range of human potential".
In 1932, at the age of 23, he was elected to a prize fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford. From 1957 to 1967, he was Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at the University of Oxford. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1963 to 1964. In 1966, he played a crucial role in founding Wolfson College, Oxford, and became its first President. He was knighted in 1957, and was awarded the Order of Merit in 1971. He was President of the British Academy from 1974 to 1978. He also received the 1979 Jerusalem Prize for his writings on individual freedom. The annual Isaiah Berlin Lectures are held at the Hampstead Synagogue and both Wolfson College and the British Academy each summer. Berlin's work on liberal theory and on value pluralism has had a lasting influence.
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Jacques Derrida
Jacques Derrida ( /ʒɑːk ˈdɛrɨdə/; French pronunciation: [ʒak dɛʁida]; July 15, 1930 – October 9, 2004) was a French philosopher, born in French Algeria. He developed the critical theory known as deconstruction and his work has been labeled as post-structuralism and associated with postmodern philosophy.
His more than 40 published books, together with essays and public speaking, has had a significant impact upon the humanities, particularly on Anthropology, Sociology, Semiotics, Jurisprudence, Literary Theory and Cultural Studies in general. His influence in the academe in Continental Europe, South America and all countries where continental philosophy is predominant, is enormous; becoming crucial in debates around Ontology, Epistemology (especially concerning Social Sciences), Ethics, Esthetics, Hermeneutics and Philosophy of Language.
His work also influenced architecture (in the form of deconstructivism), music and plastic arts. and art critics. Particularly in his later writings, he frequently addressed ethical and political themes, and his work influenced various activist and other political movements.
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Jacques Maritain
Jacques Maritain (18 November 1882 – 28 April 1973) was a French Catholic philosopher. Raised as a Protestant, he converted to Catholicism in 1906. An author of more than 60 books, he helped to revive St. Thomas Aquinas for modern times and is a prominent drafter of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Pope Paul VI presented his "Message to Men of Thought and of Science" at the close of Vatican II to Maritain, his long-time friend and mentor. Maritain's interest and works spanned many aspects of philosophy, including aesthetics, political theory, the philosophy of science, metaphysics, education, liturgy and ecclesiology.
Maritain was born in Paris, the son of Paul Maritain, who was a lawyer, and his wife Geneviève Favre, the daughter of Jules Favre, and was reared in a liberal Protestant milieu. He was sent to the Lycée Henri-IV. Later, he attended the Sorbonne, studying the natural sciences; chemistry, biology and physics.
At the Sorbonne, he met Raïssa Oumançoff, a Russian Jewish émigré. They married in 1904. A noted poet and mystic, she participated as his intellectual partner in his search for truth. Raissa's sister, Vera Oumançoff, lived with Jacques and Raissa for almost all their married life.
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James Legge
James Legge (Chinese: 理雅各; December 20, 1815 – November 29, 1897) was a noted Scottish sinologist, a Scottish Congregationalist, representative of the London Missionary Society in Malacca and Hong Kong (1840–1873), and first professor of Chinese at Oxford University (1876–1897). In association with Max Müller he prepared the monumental Sacred Books of the East series, published in 50 volumes between 1879 and 1891.
James Legge was born at Huntly, Aberdeenshire, and educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and then Kings College, Aberdeen. After studying at the Highbury Theological College, London, he went in 1839 as a missionary to China, but remained at Malacca three years, in charge of the Anglo-Chinese College there. The College was subsequently moved to Hong Kong, where Legge lived for nearly thirty years. A Chinese Christian, Keuh Agong accompanied Legge when he moved in 1844. He returned home to Huntly, Aberdeenshire, in 1846–7, taking with him three Chinese students. Legge and the students were received by Queen Victoria before his return to Hong Kong.
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Jean Baudrillard
Jean Baudrillard (27 July 1929 – 6 March 2007) (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ bodʁijaʁ]) was a French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist, political commentator, and photographer. His work is frequently associated with postmodernism and specifically post-structuralism.
Baudrillard was born in Reims, northeastern France, on July 27, 1929. He told interviewers that his grandparents were peasants and his parents were civil servants. During his high school studies at the Reims Lycée, he came into contact with pataphysics (via the philosophy professor Emmanuel Peillet), which is said to be crucial for understanding Baudrillard's later thought. He became the first of his family to attend university when he moved to Paris to attend Sorbonne University. There he studied German language and literature, which led to him to begin teaching the subject at several different lycées, both Parisian and provincial, from 1960 until 1966. While teaching, Baudrillard began to publish reviews of literature and translated the works of such authors as Peter Weiss, Bertolt Brecht, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Wilhelm Emil Mühlmann.
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Jeremy Bentham
Jeremy Bentham ( /ˈbɛnθəm/; 15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English author, jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He became a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law, and a political radical whose ideas influenced the development of welfarism. He is best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism and animal rights, and the idea of the panopticon.
His position included arguments in favour of individual and economic freedom, usury, the separation of church and state, freedom of expression, equal rights for women, the right to divorce, and the decriminalising of homosexual acts. He argued for the abolition of slavery and the death penalty and for the abolition of physical punishment, including that of children. Although strongly in favour of the extension of individual legal rights, he opposed the idea of natural law and natural rights, calling them "nonsense upon stilts."
He has come to be considered the founding figure of modern utilitarianism, through his own work and that of his students. These included his secretary and collaborator on the utilitarian school of philosophy, James Mill; James Mill's son John Stuart Mill; John Austin, legal philosopher; and several political leaders, including Robert Owen, a founder of modern socialism. He has been described as the "spiritual founder" of University College London (UCL), though he played little direct part in its foundation.
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John Locke
John Locke FRS ( /ˈlɒk/; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704), widely known as the Father of Classical Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work had a great impact upon the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.
Locke's theory of mind is often cited as the origin of modern conceptions of identity and the self, figuring prominently in the work of later philosophers such as Hume, Rousseau and Kant. Locke was the first to define the self through a continuity of consciousness. He postulated that the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa. Contrary to pre-existing Cartesian philosophy, he maintained that we are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience derived from sense perception.
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John Rawls
John Bordley Rawls (February 21, 1921 - November 24, 2002) was an American philosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy. He held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard University.
His magnum opus, A Theory of Justice (1971), was hailed at the time of its publication as "the most important work in moral philosophy since the end of World War II," and is now regarded as "one of the primary texts in political philosophy." His work in political philosophy, dubbed Rawlsianism, takes as its starting point the argument that "most reasonable principles of justice are those everyone would accept and agree to from a fair position." Rawls employs a number of thought experiments — including the famous veil of ignorance — to determine what constitutes a fair agreement in which "everyone is impartially situated as equals," in order to determine principles of social justice. He is one of the major thinkers in the tradition of liberal political philosophy.[citation needed] English philosopher Jonathan Wolff argues that "while there might be a dispute about the second most important political philosopher of the 20th century, there could be no dispute about the most important: John Rawls. His student Samuel Freeman says that Rawls’s work will be recognized 'for centuries to come.'"
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John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill, FRSE (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher, political economist and civil servant. He was an influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy. He has been called "the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century". Mill's conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. He was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham. Hoping to remedy the problems found in an inductive approach to science, such as confirmation bias, he clearly set forth the premises of falsification as the key component in the scientific method. Mill was also a Member of Parliament and an important figure in liberal political philosophy.
John Stuart Mill was born on Rodney Street in the Pentonville area of London, the eldest son of the Scottish philosopher, historian and economist James Mill, and Harriet Burrow. John Stuart was educated by his father, with the advice and assistance of Jeremy Bentham and Francis Place. He was given an extremely rigorous upbringing, and was deliberately shielded from association with children his own age other than his siblings. His father, a follower of Bentham and an adherent of associationism, had as his explicit aim to create a genius intellect that would carry on the cause of utilitarianism and its implementation after he and Bentham had died.
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Jonathan Clements
Jonathan Clements (born 9 July 1971) is a British author and scriptwriter. His non-fiction works include biographies of Confucius, Koxinga and Qin Shi Huangdi (the First Emperor of China), as well as monthly opinion columns for Neo magazine. He is also the co-author of encyclopedias of anime and Japanese television dramas.
Clements speaks both Chinese and Japanese, and many of his works relate to East Asia. He wrote his 1995 Master's degree at the University of Stirling on manga and anime exports, predicting the rise of several trends in the international industry including back-to-front printing, direct American investment in anime, and the proliferation of attempts to substitute non-Japanese products. Subsequently he translated over 70 anime and manga works for British distributors, and worked as a voice director and actor.
He served two years at Titan Books in London as the editor of Manga Max magazine, an experience he would later fictionalise as the Judge Dredd adventure Trapped on Titan. In 2000, he received the Japan Festival Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Understanding of Japanese Culture, specifically for his work on Manga Max magazine.
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Josiah Royce
Josiah Royce (November 20, 1855 – September 14, 1916) was an American objective idealist philosopher.
Royce, born in Grass Valley, California, grew up in pioneer California very soon after the California Gold Rush. He received the B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley (at that time located in Oakland) in 1875 where he also accepted an instructorship teaching English composition, literature, and rhetoric. After some time in Germany, where he came to admire Hermann Lotze, the new Johns Hopkins University awarded him in 1878 one of its first four doctorates, in philosophy. He taught a course on the history of German thought, which was “one of his chief interests” because he was able to give consideration to the philosophy of history (Pomeroy, 6). He then taught philosophy, first at the University of California, Berkeley, then at Harvard from 1882 until his death, thanks to the good offices of William James, who was at once Royce's friend and philosophical antagonist.
Royce stands out starkly in the philosophical crowd because he was the only major American philosopher who spent a significant period of his life studying and writing history, specifically of the American West, “As one of the four giants in American philosophy of his time […] Royce overshadowed himself as historian, in both reputation and output” (Pomeroy, 2). During his first three years at Harvard, Royce taught many different subjects such as English composition, forensics, psychology and philosophy for other professors. He finally received a position as a professor in 1892. During this time he suffered a breakdown and took a semester off during which he did most of his historical writing (Pomeroy, 3).
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Jürgen Habermas
Jürgen Habermas ( /ˈjɜrɡən/ or /ˈjʊərɡən ˈhɑːbərmɑːs/;German: [ˈjʏʁɡən ˈhaːbɐmaːs]; born June 18, 1929) is a German sociologist, geographer and philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. He is perhaps best known for his theory on the concepts of 'communicative rationality' and the 'public sphere'. His work focuses on the foundations of social theory and epistemology, the analysis of advanced capitalistic societies and democracy, the rule of law in a critical social-evolutionary context, and contemporary politics, particularly German politics. Habermas's theoretical system is devoted to revealing the possibility of reason, emancipation, and rational-critical communication latent in modern institutions and in the human capacity to deliberate and pursue rational interests. Habermas is known for his work on the concept of modernity, particularly with respect to the discussions of "rationalization" originally set forth by Max Weber. While influenced by American pragmatism, action theory, and even poststructuralism, many of the central tenets of Habermas' thought remain broadly Marxist in nature. Global polls identified him as one of the leading intellectuals of the present day.
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Karl Barth
Karl Barth ((1886-05-10)May 10, 1886 – December 10, 1968(1968-12-10)) (pronounced "Bart") was a Swiss Reformed theologian whom many scholars hold to be among the most important thinkers of the 20th century; Pope Pius XII described him as the most important theologian since Thomas Aquinas. Beginning with his experience as a pastor, he rejected his training in the predominant liberal theology typical of 19th-century European Protestantism.
Instead he embarked on a new theological path initially called dialectical theology, due to its stress on the paradoxical nature of divine truth (e.g., God's relationship to humanity embodies both grace and judgment). Other critics have referred to Barth as the father of neo-orthodoxy — a term emphatically rejected by Barth himself. The most accurate description of his work might be "a theology of the Word." Barth's theological thought emphasized the sovereignty of God, particularly through his interpretation of the Calvinistic doctrine of election.
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Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of social science and the socialist political movement. He published various books during his lifetime, with the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Capital (1867–1894); some of his works were co-written with his friend and fellow German revolutionary socialist, Friedrich Engels.
Born into a wealthy middle class family in Trier, formerly in Prussian Rhineland now called Rhineland-Palatinate, Marx studied at both the University of Bonn and the University of Berlin, where he became interested in the philosophical ideas of the Young Hegelians. In 1836, he became engaged to Jenny von Westphalen, marrying her in 1843. After his studies, he wrote for a radical newspaper in Cologne, and began to work out his theory of dialectical materialism. Moving to Paris in 1843, he began writing for other radical newspapers. He met Engels in Paris, and the two men worked together on a series of books. Exiled to Brussels, he became a leading figure of the Communist League, before moving back to Cologne, where he founded his own newspaper. In 1849 he was exiled again and moved to London together with his wife and children. In London, where the family was reduced to poverty, Marx continued writing and formulating his theories about the nature of society and how he believed it could be improved, and also campaigned for socialism—he became a significant figure in the International Workingmen's Association.
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Karl Popper
Sir Karl Raimund Popper, CH FRSFBA (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austro-Britishphilosopher and professor at the London School of Economics. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the 20th century; he also wrote extensively on social and political philosophy.
Popper is known for his attempt to repudiate the classical observationalist/inductivist form of scientific method in favour of empirical falsification. He is also known for his opposition to the classical justificationist account of knowledge which he replaced with critical rationalism, "the first non justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy". In political discourse, he is known for his vigorous defence of liberal democracy and the principles of social criticism that he came to believe made a flourishing "open society" possible.
Karl Popper was born in Vienna (then in Austria-Hungary) in 1902, to upper middle-class parents. All of Karl Popper's grandparents were Jewish, but the Popper family converted to Lutheranism before Karl was born. Karl's father Simon Siegmund Carl Popper was a lawyer from Bohemia, and mother Jenny Schiff was of Silesian and Hungarian descent. After establishing themselves in Vienna, the Poppers made a rapid social climb in Viennese society: Simon Siegmund Carl became a legal partner[clarification needed] of Vienna's liberal mayor Raimond Grübl and, after his death in 1898, took over the firm (Karl received his middle name from the mayor).
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Laozi
Laozi (Chinese: 老子; pinyin: Lǎozi; Wade–Giles: Lao Tzu; also romanized as Lao Tse, Lao Tu, Lao-Tsu, Laotze, Laosi, Laocius, and other variations) was a philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching (often simply referred to as Laozi). His association with the Tao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of philosophical Taoism (pronounced as "Daoism"). He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of Taoist philosophy, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or "One of the Three Pure Ones".
According to Chinese traditions, Laozi lived in the 6th century BCE. Historians variously contend that Laozi is a synthesis of multiple historical figures, that he is a mythical figure, or that he actually lived in the 5th–4th century BCE, concurrent with the Hundred Schools of Thought and Warring States Period.
A central figure in Chinese culture, both nobility and common people claim Laozi in their lineage. He was honored as an ancestor of the Tang imperial family, and was granted the title Taishang xuanyuan huangdi, meaning "Supreme Mysterious and Primordial Emperor". Throughout history, Laozi's work has been embraced by various anti-authoritarian movements.
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Leo Strauss
Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973) was a German-American political philosopher and classicist who specialized in classical political philosophy. He was born in Germany to Jewish parents and later emigrated to the United States. He spent most of his career as a professor of political science at the University of Chicago, where he taught several generations of students and published fifteen books.
Originally trained in the Neo-Kantian tradition with Ernst Cassirer and immersed in the work of the phenomenologists Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, Strauss later focused his research on the Greek texts of Plato and Aristotle, retracing their interpretation through medieval Islamic and Jewish philosophy, and encouraged application of their ideas to contemporary political theory.
Leo Strauss was born in the small town of Kirchhain in Hessen-Nassau, a province of the Kingdom of Prussia (part of the German Empire), on September 20, 1899, to Hugo Strauss and Jennie Strauss, née David. According to Allan Bloom's 1974 obituary in Political Theory, Strauss "was raised as an Orthodox Jew," but the family does not appear to have completely embraced Orthodox practice. Strauss himself noted that he came from a "conservative, even orthodox Jewish home," but one which knew little about Judaism except strict adherence to ceremonial laws. His father and uncle operated a farm supply and livestock business that they inherited from their father, Meyer (1835–1919), a leading member of the local Jewish community.
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Leonard Bloomfield
Leonard Bloomfield (April 1, 1887 – April 18, 1949) was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s. His influential textbook Language, published in 1933, presented a comprehensive description of American structural linguistics. He made significant contributions to Indo-European historical linguistics, the description of Austronesian languages, and description of languages of the Algonquian family.
Bloomfield's approach to linguistics was characterized by its emphasis on the scientific basis of linguistics, adherence to behaviorism especially in his later work, and emphasis on formal procedures for the analysis of linguistic data. The influence of Bloomfieldian structural linguistics declined in the late 1950s and 1960s as the theory of Generative Grammar developed by Noam Chomsky came to predominate.
Bloomfield was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 1, 1887. His father Sigmund Bloomfield immigrated to the United States as a child in 1868; the original family name Blumenfeld was changed to Bloomfield after their arrival in the United States. In 1896 his family moved to Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin, where he attended elementary school, but returned to Chicago for secondary school. His uncle Maurice Bloomfield was a prominent linguist at Johns Hopkins University, and his aunt Fannie Bloomfield Zeisler was a well-known concert pianist.
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Lev Vygotsky
Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky (Russian: Лев Семёнович Вы́готский or Выго́тский, born Лев Симхович Выгодский (Lev Simkhovich Vygodsky), November 17 [O.S. November 5] 1896 – June 11, 1934) was a Soviet psychologist, the founder of cultural-historical psychology, and the leader of the Vygotsky Circle. In the early 1920s, his birth name was changed from Vygodskii (with "d") into Vygotskii (with middle "t").
Lev Vygotsky was born in Orsha, Byelorussia, in the Russian Empire (present-day Belarus) into a nonreligious Jewish family. He was raised in the city of Gomel, where he obtained both public and private education. He was influenced by his cousin, David Vygodsky. Vygotsky was eventually admitted to the Moscow State University through a “Jewish Lottery” to meet a three percent Jewish student quota for entry in Moscow and Saint Petersberg universities. There he studied law, but his thirst for knowledge pushed him to enroll in the “unofficial” “Shanyavskii People’s University”. Upon graduation in 1917, Vygotsky returned to Gomel to teach, “a profession he was now able to practice due to the abolition of the anti-Semitic legislation after the October Socialist Revolution”, and publish "copies of great literary works".
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Li Xiangting
Prof. Li Xiangting (Chinese: 李祥霆; pinyin: Lǐ Xiángtíng) is considered one of the master players of the guqin. He was born in Liaoyuan, Jilin in 1940. At an early point he became interested in the guqin and studied under Zha Fuxi. He entered the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing, China in 1958, graduated in 1963 and would later serve as a leading professor there. He is a primary inheritor of the styles and repertoires of Wu Jinglüe and Guan Pinghu and has played a central role in the continuing professionalization and popularization of the guqin.
Not only did he study qin from Zha Fuxi, be also studied Chinese painting under Pu Xuezhai (溥雪齋) and Pan Su (潘素). In 1958, he gained entry into the Central Conservatory of Music to study guqin under Wu Jinglüe (吳景略). He graduated in 1963, began teaching, and has since taught many of the important performers of the next generation of guqin players. In 1989, he accepted a fellowship to Cambridge University, London, to research guqin improvisation, and lectured on guqin and xiao as a visiting fellow at the Music Department of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London 倫敦大學亞非學院. He returned to China in 1994 and resumed teaching at the Central Conservatory of Music. Currently, he is a Professor at the Central Conservatory of Music, President of the China Guqin Committee 中國琴會, Vice-President of the Beijing Guqin Research Association 北京古琴研究會, a member of the Oriental Artists' Association 英國東方美術家協會, a committee member of the China Musicians' Association 中國音樂家協會民族音樂委員會, executive member of the International Cultural Exchange Center of China 中國國際文法交流中心, senior advisor to the North America Guqin Association 北美琴社, advisor to the Hezhan Qin Society of Taipei 臺北和真琴社 and to the Guqin Society of Gaoxiong City 高雄琴社, and artistic advisor to the London Youlan Qin Society 倫敦幽蘭琴社.
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Lin Youren
Lin Youren (林友仁) is a noted player of the Chinese musical instrument guqin. He famous for his unaffected playing style. Lin also taught guqin at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music, but has since retired.
Lin was born in 1938 in Shanghai, China, but was brought up in nearby Nanjing. Early on in his musical development, Lin studied with Liu Shaochun (1901–71). He enterd the Shanghai Conservatory of Music in 1958 to study the guqin. He was influenced by the playing styles of Liu Jingshao, Gu Meigeng, Shen Caonong, and Wei Zhongle in particular. He graduated in 1963 and stayed at the Conservatory and began research on guqin history and Chinese music.
Lin has given guqin recitals in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, France, the UK and the US.
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Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. He was professor in philosophy at the University of Cambridge from 1939 until 1947. In his lifetime, he published just one book review, one article, a children's dictionary, and the 75-page Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921). In 1999, his posthumously published Philosophical Investigations (1953) was ranked as the most important book of 20th-century philosophy, standing out as "...the one crossover masterpiece in twentieth-century philosophy, appealing across diverse specializations and philosophical orientations".Bertrand Russell described him as "the most perfect example I have ever known of genius as traditionally conceived, passionate, profound, intense, and dominating".
Born in Vienna into one of Europe's wealthiest families, he gave away his entire inheritance. Three of his brothers committed suicide, with Ludwig contemplating it too. He left academia several times: serving as an officer on the frontline during World War I, where he was decorated a number of times for his courage; teaching in schools in remote Austrian villages, where he encountered controversy for hitting children when they made mistakes in mathematics; and working during World War II as a hospital porter in London, where he told patients not to take the drugs they were prescribed, and where no-one knew he was one of the world's most famous philosophers. He described philosophy, however, as "the only work that gives me real satisfaction."
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Marsilius of Padua
Marsilius of Padua (Italian Marsilio or Marsiglio da Padova; circa 1275 – circa 1342) was an Italian scholar, trained in medicine who practiced a variety of professions. He was also an important 14th century political figure. His political treatise Defensor pacis is seen by some authorities as the most revolutionary political treatise written in the later Middle Ages.
Marsillius was born in Padua, an important Italian city, circa 1275. He initially trained in medicine, but was employed in various professions, including that of a soldier. He went to the University of Paris in 1311. The reputation which he had gained in what were then called the physical sciences soon caused him to be raised to the position of rector of the university for the first term of the year 1313.
Marsilius wrote Defensor pacis in 1324. This treatise was created in the context of a power struggle between Pope John XXII and Louis of Bavaria (or Ludwig of Bavaria), the elected candidate for Holy Roman Emperor. Louis' policies in the Italian peninsula, where the Empire had important territories, threatened papal territorial sovereignty. In 1323 Louis had sent an army to Italy to protect Milan against the powerful Kingdom of Naples. Naples, along with France, was a powerful ally of John XXII. John excommunicated Louis and demanded that he relinquish his claim to the imperial crown. Louis responded to John XXII with fresh provocations.[citation needed]
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Matteo Ricci
Matteo Ricci, SJ (October 6, 1552 – May 11, 1610; simplified Chinese: 利玛窦; traditional Chinese: 利瑪竇; pinyin: Lì Mǎdòu; courtesy name: 西泰 Xītài) was an Italian Jesuit priest, and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China Mission, as it existed in the 17th–18th centuries. His current title is Servant of God.
Matteo Ricci was born in 1552 in Macerata, part of the Papal States, and today a city in the Italian region of Marche. Ricci started learning theology and law in a Roman Jesuit school. He entered the order in 1571, and in 1577 he applied for a missionary expedition to India. His journey began in March 1578 in Lisbon, Portugal. He arrived in Goa, a Portuguese Colony, in September 1578. Four years later, he was dispatched to China.
In August 1582, Ricci arrived at Macau, a Portuguese trading post on the South China Sea. At the time, Christian missionary activity in China was almost completely limited to Macau, where some of the local Chinese people had converted to Christianity and lived in the Portuguese manner. No Christian missionary had attempted seriously to learn the Chinese language until 1579 (three years before Ricci's arrival), when Michele Ruggieri was invited from Portuguese India expressly to study Chinese, by Alessandro Valignano, founder of St. Paul Jesuit College (Macau), and to prepare for the Jesuits' mission from Macau into Mainland China.
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Mencius
Mencius (Chinese: 孟子; pinyin: Mèng Zǐ; Wade–Giles: Meng Tzu; Zhuyin Fuhao: ㄇㄥˋ ㄗˇ, most accepted dates: 372 – 289 BCE; other possible dates: 385 – 303/302 BCE) was a Chinese philosopher who was arguably the most famous Confucian after Confucius himself.
Mencius, also known by his birth name Meng Ke or Ko, was born in the State of Zou, now forming the territory of the county-level city of Zoucheng (originally Zouxian), Shandong province, only thirty kilometres (eighteen miles) south of Qufu, Confucius' birthplace.
He was an itinerant Chinese philosopher and sage, and one of the principal interpreters of Confucianism. Supposedly, he was a pupil of Confucius' grandson, Zisi. Like Confucius, according to legend, he travelled China for forty years to offer advice to rulers for reform. During the Warring States Period (403–221 BCE), Mencius served as an official and scholar at the Jixia Academy in the State of Qi (1046 BCE to 221 BCE) from 319 to 312 BCE. He expressed his filial devotion when he took an absence of three years from his official duties for Qi to mourn his mother's death. Disappointed at his failure to effect changes in his contemporary world, he retired from public life.
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Michael Oakeshott
Michael Joseph Oakeshott (11 December 1901 – 19 December 1990) was an English philosopher and political theorist who wrote about philosophy of history, philosophy of religion, aesthetics, and philosophy of law. He is widely regarded as one of the most important conservative thinkers of the 20th century, although he has sometimes been characterized as a liberal thinker.
His father, Joseph Oakeshott, was a civil servant and a leading member of the Fabian Society. George Bernard Shaw was a friend. Michael Oakeshott attended St. George's School, Harpenden from 1912 to 1920. He enjoyed his schooldays, and the Headmaster Cecil Grant later became a friend.[citation needed]
In 1920 he went to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge to read history, obtaining his MA, and subsequently became a Fellow. While at Cambridge, he admired the British Idealist philosopher, J. M. E. McTaggart, and the medieval historian Zachary Nugent Brooke. The historian Herbert Butterfield was a contemporary and fellow member of the Junior Historians society.[citation needed]
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Michael Walzer
Michael Walzer (pronounced /ˈwɔːlzər/; March 3, 1935) is a prominent American political philosopher and public intellectual. A professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, he is co-editor of Dissent, an intellectual magazine that he has been affiliated with since his years as an undergraduate at Brandeis University. He has written books and essays on a wide range of topics, including just and unjust wars, nationalism, ethnicity, economic justice, social criticism, radicalism, tolerance, and political obligation and is a contributing editor to The New Republic. To date, he has written 27 books and published over 300 articles, essays, and book reviews in Dissent, The New Republic, The New York Review of Books, The New Yorker, The New York Times, "Harpers," and many philosophical and political science journals.
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Michel Foucault
Michel Foucault (French pronunciation: [miʃɛl fuko]), born Paul-Michel Foucault (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984) was a French philosopher, social theorist and historian of ideas. He held a chair at the Collège de France with the title "History of Systems of Thought," and lectured at the University at Buffalo and the University of California, Berkeley.
Foucault is best known for his critical studies of social institutions, most notably psychiatry, social anthropology of medicine, the human sciences and the prison system, as well as for his work on the history of human sexuality. His writings on power, knowledge, and discourse have been widely influential in academic circles.
In the 1960s, he was associated with structuralism, a theoretical movement in social anthropology from which he later distanced himself. He also rejected the poststructuralist and postmodernist labels later attributed to him, preferring to classify his thought as a critical history of modernity rooted in Immanuel Kant. His project was particularly influenced by Nietzsche, his "genealogy of knowledge" being a direct allusion to Nietzsche's "genealogy of morality". In a late interview he definitively stated: "I am a Nietzschean."
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Michele Ruggieri
Michele Ruggieri (1543, Spinazzola, Bari, Italy -11 May 1607, Salerno, Italy; Chinese: 羅明堅; pinyin: Luó Míngjiān) was an Italian Jesuit priest. One of the founding fathers of the Jesuit China missions, and a co-author of the first Portuguese-Chinese dictionary, he can be described as the first European sinologist.
Before entering the Society of Jesus (27 October 1572, in Rome) Ruggieri had obtained, in Naples, a doctorate in utroque iure, that is: in civil and canon law. After completing the Jesuit usual spiritual and intellectual formation Ruggieri left for Lisbon, the gateway of all missionaries to the Far-East. In Lisbon, while waiting for the ship to take him to Goa, he was ordained priest (March 1578).
Soon after ordination (1578) Ruggieri left the shores of Europe with a group of 12 missionaries, among whom Rudolph Acquaviva and Matteo Ricci. Arrived in India (September 1578), he promptly started to study the language used on the Malabar coast and in 6 months reached such proficiency that he could hear confession. It is probably this gift for language that made him an ideal choice for the beginning of the Chinese mission.
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Milovan Đilas
Milovan Đilas (pronounced [mîlɔʋan dʑîlaːs], Serbian Cyrillic: Милован Ђилас; June 4, 1911, Podbišće (Mojkovac) – April 20, 1995, Belgrade) was a YugoslavCommunist politician, theorist and author from Montenegro. He was a key figure in the Partisan movement during World War II, as in the post-war government. A self-identified Democratic Socialist, Đilas became one of the best-known and prominent dissidents in Yugoslavia and the whole Eastern Bloc.
Born in Polje village (Kolašin municipality) in the Kingdom of Montenegro, he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia as a Belgrade University student in 1932. He was a political prisoner from 1933 to 1936. In 1938 he was elected to the Central Committee of the Communist Party and became a member of its Politburo in 1940.
In April 1941, as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and their allies defeated the Royal Yugoslav army and dismembered the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Đilas helped Josip Broz Tito found the Partisan resistance, and was a guerilla commander during the war. Following Germany's attack on the Soviet Union on June 22 (Operation Barbarossa), the Communist Party of Yugoslavia's (KPJ) Central Committee decided that conditions had been created for armed struggle and on July 4 passed the resolution to begin the uprising.
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Mozi
Mozi (Chinese: 墨子; pinyin: Mòzǐ; Wade–Giles: Mo Tzu, Lat. as Micius, ca. 470 BC – ca. 391 BC), original name Mo Di (墨翟), was a Chinese philosopher during the Hundred Schools of Thought period (early Warring States Period). Born in Tengzhou, Shandong Province, China, he founded the school of Mohism, and argued strongly against Confucianism and Daoism. During the Warring States Period, Mohism was actively developed and practiced in many states, but fell out of favour when the legalist Qin Dynasty came to power. During that period, many Mohist classics were ruined when Qin Shi Huang carried out the burning of books and burying of scholars. The importance of Mohism further declined when Confucianism became the dominant school of thought during the Han Dynasty, until mostly disappearing by the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. Mozi is known by children throughout Chinese culture by way of the Thousand Character Classic, which records that he was saddened when he saw dyeing of pure white silk, which embodied his conception of austerity (simplicity, chastity).
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Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (Italian pronunciation: [nikkoˌlɔ makjaˈvɛlli], 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian historian, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. A founder of modern political science, he was a diplomat, political philosopher, playwright, and a civil servant of the Florentine Republic. He also wrote comedies, carnival songs, and poetry. His personal correspondence is renowned in the Italian language. He was Secretary to the Second Chancery of the Republic of Florence from 1498 to 1512, when the Medici were out of power. He wrote his masterpiece, The Prince after the Medici had recovered power and he no longer held a position of responsibility in Florence, and is respectively interpreted by many as a satire of these powers.
Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy, the first son and third child of attorney, Bernardo di Niccolò Machiavelli, and his wife, Bartolomea di Stefano Nelli. The Machiavelli family are believed to be descended from the old marquesses of Tuscany and to have produced thirteen Florentine Gonfalonieres of Justice, one of the offices of a group of nine citizens selected by drawing lots every two months, who formed the government, or Signoria. Machiavelli, like many people of Florence, was however not a full citizen of Florence, due to the nature of Florentine citizenship in that time, even under the republican regime.
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Nicolas Malebranche
Nicolas Malebranche French pronunciation: [nikɔˈlɑ malˈbrɑ̃ʃ]; (6 August 1638 – 13 October 1715) was a French Oratorian and rationalist philosopher. In his works, he sought to synthesize the thought of St. Augustine and Descartes, in order to demonstrate the active role of God in every aspect of the world. Malebranche is best known for his doctrines of Vision in God and Occasionalism. Known by many as "The Occasional Philosopher" a term coined by David Hume, Malebranche's sworn adversary.
Nicolas Malebranche was born in Paris in 1638, the youngest child of Nicolas Malebranche, secretary to King Louis XIII of France, and Catherine de Lauzon, sister of a Jean de Lauson, Governor of New France. Because of a malformed spine, Malebranche received his elementary education from a private tutor. He left home at the age of sixteen to pursue a course of philosophy at the Collège de la Marche, and subsequently to study theology at the Collège de Sorbonne, both colleges from the University of Paris. He eventually left the Sorbonne, having rejected scholasticism, and entered the Oratory in 1660. There, he devoted himself to ecclesiastical history, linguistics, the Bible, and the works of Saint Augustine. Malebranche was ordained a priest in 1664.
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Noam Chomsky
Avram Noam Chomsky (/ˈnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski/; born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher,cognitive scientist, historian, and activist. He is an Institute Professor and Professor (Emeritus) in the Department of Linguistics & Philosophy at MIT, where he has worked for over 50 years. Chomsky has been described as the "father of modern linguistics" and a major figure of analytic philosophy. His work has influenced fields such as computer science, mathematics, and psychology.
Ideologically identifying with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism, Chomsky is known for his critiques of U.S. foreign policy and contemporary capitalism, and he has been described as a prominent cultural figure. His media criticism has included Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (1988), co-written with Edward S. Herman, an analysis articulating the propaganda model theory for examining the media.
According to the Arts and Humanities Citation Index in 1992, Chomsky was cited as a source more often than any other living scholar from 1980 to 1992, and was the eighth most cited source overall. Chomsky is the author of over 100 books. He is credited as the creator or co-creator of the Chomsky hierarchy, the universal grammar theory, and the Chomsky–Schützenberger theorem.
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Paul Grice
Herbert Paul Grice (March 13, 1913, Birmingham, England – August 28, 1988, Berkeley, California), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British-educated philosopher of language, who spent the final two decades of his career in the United States.
Born and raised in Harborne (now a suburb of Birmingham), in the United Kingdom, he was educated at Clifton College and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. After a brief period teaching at Rossall School, he went back to Oxford where he taught until 1967. In that year, he moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. He returned to the UK in 1979 to give the John Locke lectures on Aspects of Reason. He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words (1989).
He was married and had two children. He and his wife lived in an old Spanish style house in the Berkeley Hills.[citation needed]
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Paul Ricœur
Paul Ricœur (27 February 1913 – 20 May 2005) was a French philosopher best known for combining phenomenological description with hermeneutic interpretation. As such his thought is situated within the same tradition as other major hermeneutic phenomenologists, Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer.
Ricœur was born in Valence, Drôme, France to a devout Protestant family, making him a member of a religious minority in Catholic France.
Ricœur's father died in a 1915 World War I battle when Ricœur was only two years old. He was raised by his paternal grandparents and an aunt in Rennes, France, with a small stipend afforded to him as a war orphan. Ricœur, whose penchant for study was fueled by his family's Protestant emphasis on Bible study, was bookish and intellectually precocious. Ricœur received his bachelor's degree' in 1933 from the University of Rennes and began studying philosophy at the Sorbonne in 1934, where he was influenced by Gabriel Marcel. In 1935, he was awarded the second-highest agrégation mark in the nation for philosophy, presaging a bright future.
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Paul Tillich
Paul Johannes Tillich (August 20, 1886 – October 22, 1965) was a German-American theologian and Christian existentialist philosopher. Tillich was one of the most influential Protestant theologians of the 20th century. Among the general public, he is best known for his works The Courage to Be (1952) and Dynamics of Faith (1957), which introduced issues of theology and modern culture to a general readership. Theologically, he is best known for his major three-volume work Systematic Theology (1951–63), in which he developed his "method of correlation": an approach of exploring the symbols of Christian revelation as answers to the problems of human existence raised by contemporary existential philosophical analysis.
Tillich was born on August 20, 1886, in the small village of Starzeddel Silesia which was then part of Germany. He was the oldest of three children, with two sisters: Johanna (b. 1888, d. 1920) and Elisabeth (b. 1893). Tillich’s Prussian father Johannes Tillich was a conservative Lutheran pastor of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces; his mother Mathilde Dürselen was from the Rhineland and was more liberal. When Tillich was four, his father became superintendent of a diocese in Schönfliess, a town of three thousand, where Tillich began elementary school. In 1898, Tillich was sent to Königsberg Chojna to begin gymnasium. At Königsberg, he lived in a boarding house and experienced loneliness that he sought to overcome by reading the Bible. Simultaneously, however, he was exposed to humanistic ideas at school.
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Peter Singer
Peter Albert David Singer (born 6 July 1946) is an Australian philosopher who is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University and Laureate Professor at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at the University of Melbourne. He specialises in applied ethics and approaches ethical issues from a secular, preference utilitarian perspective.
He has served, on two occasions, as chair of philosophy at Monash University, where he founded its Centre for Human Bioethics. In 1996, he unsuccessfully stood as a Greens candidate for the Australian Senate. In 2004, he was recognised as the Australian Humanist of the Year by the Council of Australian Humanist Societies. He has been voted one of Australia's ten most influential public intellectuals. Singer serves on the Advisory Board of Incentives for Global Health, the NGO formed to develop the Health Impact Fund proposal.
Outside academic circles, Singer is best known for his book Animal Liberation, widely regarded as the touchstone of the animal liberation movement. Not all members of the animal liberation movement share this view, and Singer himself has said the media overstates his status. His views on that and other issues in bioethics have attracted attention and a degree of controversy.
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Philippa Foot
Philippa Ruth Foot (née Bosanquet; 3 October 1920 – 3 October 2010) was a British philosopher, most notable for her works in ethics. She was one of the founders of contemporary virtue ethics. Her later career marked a significant change in view from her work in the 1950s and 1960s, and may be seen as an attempt to modernize Aristotelian ethical theory, to show that it is adaptable to a contemporary world view, and thus, that it could compete with such popular theories as modern deontological and utilitarian ethics. Some of her work was crucial in the re-emergence of normative ethics within analytic philosophy, especially her critique of consequentialism. A familiar example is the continuing discussion of an example of hers referred to as the trolley problem. Foot's approach was influenced by the later work of Wittgenstein, although she rarely dealt explicitly with materials treated by him.
Foot's works of the late 1950s were meta-ethical in character: that is, they pertained to the status of moral judgment and speech. The essays Moral Arguments and Moral Beliefs, in particular, were crucial in overturning the rule of non-cognitivism in analytic approaches to ethical theory in the preceding decades.
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Plato
Plato ( /ˈpleɪtoʊ/; Greek: Πλάτων, Plátōn, "broad"; 424/423 BC – 348/347 BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. In the words of A. N. Whitehead:
The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars have doubtfully extracted from his writings. I allude to the wealth of general ideas scattered through them.
Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics.
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Prospero Intorcetta
Prospero Intorcetta (1626, Piazza Armerina – 1696) was a Jesuit who was active in China in the 17th century. He reached China in 1659, together with the French Jesuit Philippe Couplet, and worked in the Jiangnan region.
Intorcetta studied Chinese philosophy, and published in 1662 his notes related to the study of the Four books, entitled The meaning of Chinese wisdom as explained by Fr. Ignacio da Costa, Portuguese, of the Society of Jesus, and made public by Fr. Prospero Intorcetta, Sicilian, of the same society. In 1667, he also published Sinarum scientia politico-moralis, and in 1687 Confucius Sinarum philosophus together with Philippe Couplet.
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Qin Shi Huang
Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇) (259 BC – 210 BC), personal name Ying Zheng (嬴政), was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 246 BC to 221 BC during the Warring States Period. He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BC. He ruled until his death in 210 BC at the age of 49.
Calling himself the First Emperor (Chinese: 始皇帝) after China's unification, Qin Shi Huang is a pivotal figure in Chinese history, ushering nearly two millennia of imperial rule. After unifying China, he and his chief advisor Li Si passed a series of major economic and political reforms. He undertook gigantic projects, including building and unifying various sections of the Great Wall of China, the now famous city-sized mausoleum guarded by a life-sized Terracotta Army, and a massive national road system, all at the expense of numerous lives. To ensure stability, Qin Shi Huang outlawed and burned many books and buried some scholars alive.
From the beginning of the Zhou dynasty in 1045 BC to the time of the First Emperor, rulers of the Chinese states were titled Wang (Chinese: 王), a term that originally meant "big man" but later came to mean "chief" or "king". Following his defeat of the last of the Warring States in 221 BC, King Zheng of Qin became de facto ruler of all China. To celebrate this achievement and consolidate his power base, King Zheng created a new title calling himself the First Sovereign Emperor of Qin (Chinese: 秦始皇帝; pinyin: Qín Shǐ Huángdì; Wade–Giles: Ch'in Shih Huang-ti), often shortened to Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: 秦始皇; pinyin: Qín Shǐ Huáng; Wade–Giles: Ch'in Shih-Huang).
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Rabindranath Tagore
Rabindranath Tagore (Bengali: রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর; 7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali polymath who reshaped his region's literature and music. Author of Gitanjali and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse", he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. In translation his poetry was viewed as spiritual and mercurial; his seemingly mesmeric personality, flowing hair, and other-worldly dress earned him a prophet-like reputation in the West. His "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely unknown outside Bengal. Tagore introduced new prose and verse forms and the use of colloquial language into Bengali literature, thereby freeing it from traditional models based on classical Sanskrit. He was highly influential in introducing the best of Indian culture to the West and vice versa, and he is generally regarded as the outstanding creative artist of modern India.
A Pirali Brahmin from Calcutta, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old. At age sixteen, he released his first substantial poems under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by literary authorities as long-lost classics. He graduated to his first short stories and dramas—and the aegis of his birth name—by 1877. As a humanist, universalist internationalist, and strident anti-nationalist he denounced the Raj and advocated independence from Britain. As an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy endures also in the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University.
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Robert Nozick
Robert Nozick (November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American political philosopher, most prominent in the 1970s and 1980s. He was a professor at Harvard University. He is best known for his book Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), a libertarian answer to John Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971). His other work involved decision theory and epistemology.
Nozick was born in Brooklyn, the son of a Jewish entrepreneur from the Russian shtetl who had been born with the name of Cohen. Nozick was married to the poet Gjertrud Schnackenberg. He died in 2002 after a prolonged struggle with stomach cancer. He is interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Nozick was educated at Columbia (A.B. 1959, summa cum laude), where he studied with Sidney Morgenbesser, and later at Princeton (Ph.D. 1963), and Oxford as a Fulbright Scholar (1963-1964).
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Ruan Ji
Ruan Ji (Chinese: 阮籍; pinyin: Ruǎn Jí; Wade–Giles: Juan Chi; 210–263) was a poet and musician who lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He was one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. The guqin melody, Jiukuang (酒狂 "Drunken Ecstasy", or "Wine Mad") is believed to have been composed by him.
Ruan Ji's father was Ruan Yu, one of the famed Seven Scholars of Jian'an who were promoted by the Cao clan in the Jian'an poetry era. The Ruan family were loyal to the Cao Wei, as opposed to the Sima family, however their moral convictions and willingness to speak out generally outmatched their actual military or political power. It is fair to say that Ruan Ji was born into peril, his time period being the Period of Disunity. Ruan Ji was poetically part of both the poetry of the Jian'an period and the beginning of the Six Dynasties poetry developments. He would embrace the poetic side of what the times offered him, and even managed to avoid many political dangers, turmoils, and snares of his time. The safety of Ruan Ji during his life seems to have been underwritten by his willingness to be labeled a drunk and an eccentric.
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Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was an influential German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism.
Carnap was born to a west German family that had been humble until his parents' generation. He began his formal education at the Barmen Gymnasium. From 1910 to 1914, he attended the University of Jena, intending to write a thesis in physics. But he also studied carefully Kant's Critique of Pure Reason during a course taught by Bruno Bauch, and was one of very few students to attend Gottlob Frege's courses in mathematical logic. After serving in the German army during World War I for three years, he was given permission to study physics at the University of Berlin, 1917–18, where Albert Einstein was a newly appointed professor. Carnap then attended the University of Jena, where he wrote a thesis defining an axiomatic theory of space and time. The physics department said it was too philosophical, and Bruno Bauch of the philosophy department said it was pure physics. Carnap then wrote another thesis, with Bauch's supervision, on the theory of space in a more orthodox Kantian style, and published as Der Raum (Space) in a supplemental issue of Kant-Studien (1922). In it he makes the clear distinction between formal, physical and perceptual (e.g., visual) spaces.
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Russell Kirk
Russell Kirk (October 19, 1918 – April 29, 1994) was an American political theorist, moralist, historian, social critic, literary critic, and fiction author known for his influence on 20th century American conservatism. His 1953 book, The Conservative Mind, gave shape to the amorphous post–World War II conservative movement. It traced the development of conservative thought in the Anglo-American tradition, giving special importance to the ideas of Edmund Burke. Kirk was also considered the chief proponent of traditionalist conservatism.
Russell Kirk was born in Plymouth, Michigan. He was the son of Russell Andrew Kirk, a railroad engineer, and Marjorie Pierce Kirk. Kirk obtained his B.A. at Michigan State University and a M.A. at Duke University. During World War II, he served in the American armed forces and corresponded with libertarian writer, Isabel Paterson, who helped to shape his early political thought. After the war, he attended the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. In 1953, he became the only American to be awarded the degree of Doctor of Letters by that university.
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Saul Kripke
Saul Aaron Kripke (born November 13, 1940) is an American philosopher and logician. He is a professor emeritus at Princeton and teaches as a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center. Since the 1960s Kripke has been a central figure in a number of fields related to mathematical logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, metaphysics, epistemology, and set theory. Much of his work remains unpublished or exists only as tape-recordings and privately circulated manuscripts. Kripke was the recipient of the 2001 Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy. A recent poll conducted among philosophers ranked Kripke among the top ten most important philosophers of the past 200 years.
Kripke has made influential and original contributions to logic, especially modal logic, since he was a teenager. Unusual for a professional philosopher, his only degree is an undergraduate degree from Harvard, in mathematics. His work has profoundly influenced analytic philosophy, with his principal contribution being a semantics for modal logic, involving possible worlds as described in a system now called Kripke semantics. Another of his most important contributions is his argument that necessity is a 'metaphysical' notion, which should be separated from the epistemic notion of a priori, and that there are necessary a posteriori truths, such as "Water is H2O." He has also contributed an original reading of Wittgenstein, referred to as "Kripkenstein." His most famous work is Naming and Necessity (1980).
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Slavoj Žižek
Slavoj Žižek (pronounced [ˈslavoj ˈʒiʒɛk]; born 21 March 1949) is a Slovenian philosopher and cultural critic working in the traditions of Hegelianism, Marxism and Lacanian psychoanalysis. He has made contributions to political theory, film theory and theoretical psychoanalysis.
Žižek is a senior researcher at the Institute of Sociology University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, and a professor at the European Graduate School. He has been a visiting professor at, among others, the University of Chicago, Columbia University, London Consortium, Princeton University, New York University, The New School, the University of Minnesota, the University of California, Irvine and the University of Michigan. He is currently the International Director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities at Birkbeck, University of London and president of the Society for Theoretical Psychoanalysis, Ljubljana.
Žižek uses examples from popular culture to explain the theory of Jacques Lacan and uses Lacanian psychoanalysis, Hegelian philosophy and Marxist economic criticism to interpret and speak extensively on immediately current social phenomena, including the current ongoing global financial crisis. In a 2008 interview with Amy Goodman on the New York City radio show Democracy Now! he described himself as a "communist in a qualified sense" and in another appearance on the show in October 2009 he described himself as a "radical leftist".
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Society
A society, or a human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members. In the social sciences, a larger society often evinces stratification and/or dominance patterns in subgroups.
Insofar as it is collaborative, a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise be possible on an individual basis; both individual and social (common) benefits can thus be distinguished, or in many cases found to overlap.
A society can also consist of like-minded people governed by their own norms and values within a dominant, larger society. This is sometimes referred to as a subculture, a term used extensively within criminology.
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Sri Aurobindo
Sri Aurobindo (Bengali: শ্রী অরবিন্দ Sri Ôrobindo) (15 August 1872 – 5 December 1950), born Aurobindo Ghosh or Ghose (Bengali: অরবিন্দ ঘোষ Ôrobindo Ghosh), was an Indian nationalist, freedom fighter, philosopher, yogi, guru, and poet. He joined the Indian movement for freedom from British rule and for a duration became one of its most important leaders, before developing his own vision of human progress and spiritual evolution.
The central theme of Aurobindo's vision was the evolution of human life into life divine. He wrote: "Man is a transitional being. He is not final. The step from man to superman is the next approaching achievement in the earth evolution. It is inevitable because it is at once the intention of the inner spirit and the logic of nature's process."
Aurobindo's writings synthesized Eastern and Western philosophy, religion, literature, and psychology. Aurobindo was the first Indian to create a major literary corpus in English.His works include philosophy; poetry; translations of and commentaries on the Vedas, Upanishads, and the Gita; plays; literary, social, political, and historical criticism; devotional works; spiritual journals and three volumes of letters. His principal philosophical writings are The Life Divine and The Synthesis of Yoga, while his principal poetic work is Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol.
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Søren Kierkegaard
Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (/ˈsɔrən ˈkɪərkəɡɑrd/ or /ˈkɪərkəɡɔr/; Danish: [ˈsɶːɐn ˈkiɐ̯ɡəɡɒːˀ] ( listen)) (5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish philosopher, theologian and religious author. He was a critic of idealist intellectuals and philosophers of his time, such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel. He was also critical of the state and practice of Christianity, primarily that of the Church of Denmark. He is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher.
Much of his philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives as a "single individual", giving priority to concrete human reality over abstract thinking, and highlighting the importance of personal choice and commitment.
His theological work focuses on Christian ethics, on the institution of the Church, and on the differences between purely objective proofs of Christianity. He wrote of the individual's subjective relationship to Jesus Christ, the God-Man, which came through faith. Much of his work deals with the art of Christian love.
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Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas, O.P. ( /əˈkwaɪnəs/ ə-KWY-nəs; 1225 – 7 March 1274), also Thomas of Aquin or Aquino, was an Italian Dominican priest of the Roman Catholic Church, and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism, known as Doctor Angelicus ([the] Angelic Doctor), Doctor Communis, or Doctor Universalis. "Aquinas" is not a surname, but is a Latin demonym for a resident of Aquino, his place of birth. He was the foremost classical proponent of natural theology, and the father of Thomism. His influence on Western thought is considerable, and much of modern philosophy was conceived as a reaction against, or as an agreement with, his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory.
Thomas is held in the Catholic Church to be the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood. The works for which he is best-known are the Summa Theologica and the Summa Contra Gentiles. As one of the 33 Doctors of the Church, he is considered the Church's greatest theologian and philosopher. Pope Benedict XV declared: "This (Dominican) Order ... acquired new luster when the Church declared the teaching of Thomas to be her own and that Doctor, honored with the special praises of the Pontiffs, the master and patron of Catholic schools."
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Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679), in some older texts Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury, was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy. His 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory.
Hobbes was a champion of absolutism for the sovereign but he also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid.
He was one of the founders of modern political philosophy. His understanding of humans as being matter and motion, obeying the same physical laws as other matter and motion, remains influential; and his account of human nature as self-interested cooperation, and of political communities as being based upon a "social contract" remains one of the major topics of political philosophy.
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Thomas Nagel
Thomas Nagel (born July 4, 1937) is an American philosopher, currently University Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University, where he has taught since 1980. His main areas of philosophical interest are philosophy of mind, political philosophy and ethics. He is well known for his critique of reductionist accounts of the mind in his essay "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?" (1974), and for his contributions to deontological and liberal moral and political theory in The Possibility of Altruism (1970) and subsequent writings.
Nagel was born July 4, 1937, in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia) to a Jewish family. He received a BA from Cornell University in 1958, a BPhil from the University of Oxford in 1960, and a PhD from Harvard University in 1963 under the supervision of John Rawls. Before settling in New York, Nagel taught briefly at the University of California, Berkeley (from 1963 to 1966) and at Princeton University (from 1966 to 1980), where he trained many well-known philosophers including Susan Wolf, Shelly Kagan, and Samuel Scheffler, who is now his colleague at NYU. In 2006, he was made a member of the American Philosophical Society.
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Wikipedia Persondata
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Wilhelm von Humboldt
Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand Freiherr von Humboldt (22 June 1767 – 8 April 1835) was a Prussian philosopher, government functionary, diplomat, and founder of the University of Berlin, which was named after him (and his brother, naturalist Alexander von Humboldt) in 1949. He is especially remembered as a linguist who made important contributions to the philosophy of language and to the theory and practice of education. In particular, he is widely recognized as having been the architect of the Prussian education system which was used as a model for education systems in countries such as the United States and Japan.
Humboldt was born in Potsdam, Margraviate of Brandenburg, and died in Tegel, Province of Brandenburg. His younger brother, Alexander von Humboldt, was equally famous, as a geographer.
Humboldt was a philosopher and wrote On the Limits of State Action in 1791-2 (though it was not published until 1850, after Humboldt's death), one of the boldest defences of the liberties of the Enlightenment. It influenced John Stuart Mill's essay On Liberty through which von Humboldt's ideas became known in the English-speaking world. Humboldt outlined an early version of what Mill would later call the "harm principle".
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Wu Daozi
Wu Daozi (or Wu Tao-tzu) (simplified Chinese: 吴道子; traditional Chinese: 吳道子; pinyin: Wú Dàozǐ; Wade–Giles: Wu Tao-tzu) (680–740) was a Chinese artist of the Tang Dynasty, famous for initiating new myths in his artwork.
Wu Daozi is considered to be the greatest Chinese painter in the Tang Dynasty. He is also considered by many Chinese to be the greatest Chinese painter of all time. Sadly, many of his works, mostly murals, have been destroyed.
The Eighty-Seven Celestials is considered to be one of the only authentic works remaining. The Presentation of Buddha was purchased from a German lady by another famous Chinese artist, only to end up in the hands of the Japanese. After extensive research and dating, it has been revealed that the work had been produced in the Song Dynasty. Many speculate that this is a reproduction of the original.
Many of his murals were created on temple walls. Since he was extremely famous, many monks asked him to create their temples walls. However, many of these murals were destroyed, along with the temples.
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Wu Jinglüe
Wu Jinglüe (吳景略) (February 5, 1907 – August 16, 1987) is considered one of the most important guqin players of the 20th century and was also an active researcher and teacher. He was born in the town of Xitangshi, Changshu County, near Suzhou in Jiangsu, China, and died in Beijing.
Wu served as a professor at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing, and played a prominent role in raising the guqin to professional standards as a concert instrument. His boldly passionate but also lyrically refined style was widely syncretic and incorporated influences from various qin schools as well as folk and Western music. The two most distinguished players to transmit his style and repertoire are Li Xiangting and Wu Wenguang, currently the leading guqin figures in Beijing's conservatories; Wu's broader influence extends much more widely.
Wu styled himself an inheritor of the Yushan school of qin play influential during the Ming dynasty, but this association draws from his place of birth and his artistic aspirations rather than any unbroken lineage or firm stylistic affinity. His contemporary tradition is sometimes called Wu school, Yushan school, or Yushan Wu school.
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Wu Zhaoji
Wu Zhaoji (吳兆基) also known as Xiangquan, was born in Hunan in 1908, China. At the age of 4, his family moved to Suzhou, where he lived the rest of his life until his death in 1997. Raised in a musical family, he learned the guqin from his father, and in 1921 became a student of Wu Jinyang. From a young age, he enjoyed sports and martial arts. In 1928 he began studying the Yang Style of Tai-chi with Chen Weiming. One year later, he became a student of Li Shangyuan, who is a student of Hao Weizeng a descendent of the Wu (Martial) Style Taichi family. After many years of study he created his own style of tai-chi based on Daoism.
Wu Zhaoji is popularly revered as an archetypal "literatus" qin player; his smooth, detached, intellectual, yet vigorous style made him one of the most highly-regarded amateur players in the late 20th century. The "Wu" school of qin playing currently centered in Suzhou takes him as a leading figure; noted players to transmit his style include Wang Duo and Yuan Jung-ping.
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Zeng Chengwei
Zeng Chengwei (曾成偉) is a Chinese musician of the guqin, born in the Sichuan province of China. He is a sixth-generation transmitter (counting from Zhang Kongshan) of the Shu school of qin music, having studied with his maternal grandfather, Yu Shaoze. Zeng is also a gifted maker of the instrument.
Zeng's style is fluid and yet restrained, focusing on simplicity and roundness. His melodies are often meditative and removed. Very little ornamentation is used or used sparingly to add to the flavour of the pieces he plays. On the other hand, his rendition of Liu Shui is very vigorous and intensive, unlike modern renditions as he imitates the sound of full bodied water churning.
Zeng has many years of experience as a qin maker. The instruments he makes are notable for their ease of playing and consistency. The strings are close to the surface yet there is no buzzing (this is caused mostly by strings vibrating against the surface). The slope towards the bridge is steeper than general qins and the instrument is louds. The tone is sweeter and more rounded.
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Zha Fuxi
Zha Fuxi (Chinese: 查阜西, 1895–1976) was a leading player and scholar of the guqin. Born in Jiangxi, he started learning guqin in his childhood. In 1936, he co-founded the Jinyu Society Qin Society (今虞琴社) which later became one of the major national musical organizations for the guqin.
Apart from his profession on guqin, he worked for the civil aviation company and was active in the labour movement. After the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, he was a vice-chairman of the National Musical Association, president of the Beijing Guqin Society, and a department head at the Central Institute of (Folk) Music.
Few recordings of his qin performance have been published, though more remain in private and institutional circulation. His playing style was unaffected but serious and elegant; he specialized in qin songs (accompanying himself vocally) and contributed several noteworthy dapu reconstructions, as well as earning the nickname "Zha Xiaoxiang" for his mastery of the piece Xiao Xiang Shui Yun.
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Zhang Ziqian
Zhang Ziqian (simplified Chinese: 张子谦; traditional Chinese: 張子謙, 1899-1991), a famous seven-string zither qin players, was born in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, The People's Republic of China. He studied the guqin with a guqin master Suo Shaotao at the age of thirteenth. In the 1930s, Zhang moved to Shanghai and worked as an accountant at a salt factory. In Shanghai, he met Zha Fuxi and Peng Zhiqing who were active qin players then. They frequently played the guqin together and Zhang’s playing skills were greatly influenced by them. In 1936, Zhang, Zha, Peng and other masters founded Jin Yu Qin She (Qin Society of Contemporary Yu Region), a qin society. In 1956, Zhang became a guqin performer by being appointed as a member of the state-run Shanghai Minzu Yuetuan (Shanghai National Music Ensemble); and a guqin teacher at the Shanghai Conservatory of Music in 1960.
As a professional guqin performer of the Guanling School, one of the qin schools, Zhang skillfully transcribed guqin pieces from ancient manuscripts with the Guanling style and his distinctive interpretations, e.g. rhythmic variations. His famous pieces includes Longxiang Cao (Soaring Dragon), Pingsha Luoyan (Geese Descending on the Sandbank), and Meihua Sannong (Three Variations of Plum Blossom). His rendition of Longxiang Cao is considered one of his best interpretations and thus he is also known as Zhang Longxiang (張龍翔).
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Zhu Quan
Zhu Quan (朱权 / 朱權), The Prince of Ning (宁王), (1378 – 1448) was the 17th son of Ming Emperor Hongwu Zhu Yuanzhang; a military commander, historian and playwright, a great tea connoisseur and a qin player.
Pseudonyms: Mr. Dan Qiu, Da Ming Qi Shi, The Odd Scholar of Great Ming, the Emaciated Immortal (臞仙).
Zhu Quan was a military commander, famous for his masterly art of war. In his later years, he retired completely from politics. A great lover of books, he funded the publishing of many rare books. Prince Ning himself wrote many books on history and drama, including The Secret History of the Han and Tang Dynasties and Eloping Xianru. His most famous book was Cha Pu (茶谱, "Tea manual") in 1440. He is also the ancestor of the famous Chinese painter Zhu Da.
Zhu Quan is an important person in the guqin world, for his compiling of the important Shenqi Mipu (神奇秘譜, Mysterious and Marvellous Tablatures) of 1425, the earliest known collection of qin scores.
wn.com/Zhu_Quan -
Zhu Xi
Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi (Chinese: 朱熹, October 18, 1130, Youxi, Fujian Province, China – April 23, 1200, China) was a Song Dynasty Confucian scholar who became the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. His contribution to Chinese philosophy included his assigning special significance to the Analects of Confucius, the Mencius, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean (the Four Books), his emphasis on the investigation of things (gewu), and the synthesis of all fundamental Confucian concepts.
wn.com/Zhu_Xi -
Zhuangzi
Zhuangzi (simplified Chinese: 庄子; traditional Chinese: 莊子; pinyin: Zhuāng Zǐ; Wade–Giles: Chuang Tzŭ) was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th century BCE during the Warring States Period, a period corresponding to the philosophical summit of Chinese thought — the Hundred Schools of Thought, and is credited with writing—in part or in whole—a work known by his name, the Zhuangzi. His name Zhuangzi (English "Master Zhuang", with Zi being an honorific) is sometimes spelled Zhuang Tze, Zhuang Zhou, Chuang Tsu, Chuang Tzu, Chouang-Dsi, Chuang Tse, or Chuangtze.
The only account of the life of Zhuangzi is a brief sketch in chapter 63 of Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, where he is described as a minor official from the town of Meng (in modern Anhui) in the state of Song, living in the time of King Hui of Liang and King Xuan of Qi (late 4th century BCE). Sima Qian writes:
The validity of his existence has been questioned by some, including himself (See below) and Russell Kirkland, who writes:
wn.com/Zhuangzi -
Zisi
Zisi (Chinese: 子思; pinyin: Zǐsī; Wade–Giles: Tzu-ssu; ca. 481–402 BCE), born Kong Ji (孔伋), was a Chinese philosopher. Zisi, who was the only grandson of Confucius, supposedly taught Mencius and wrote the Doctrine of the Mean. He is honorifically called Zisizi (子思子, "Master Zisi").
Where his grandfather began to distinguish between true and supposed knowledge, Zisi proceeded upon meditations on the relativity in human knowledge of the universe. He attempted to analyze as many types of action as possible, and believed that wise people who are conscious of their moral and intellectual duties can copy the reality of the universe into themselves.
On par with Mengzi, Zi Si is attacked by Xunzi in his famous "Against Twelve Masters" chapter. The target of Xunzi's attack is the Wuxing teaching. Extant version of the book of the same name is ascribed to Zi Si.
wn.com/Zisi -
Émile Durkheim
David Émile Durkheim (French pronunciation: [emil dyʁˈkɛm], [dyʁˈkajm]) (April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) was a French sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline and, with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology.
Much of Durkheim's work was concerned with how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity; an era in which traditional social and religious ties are no longer assumed, and in which new social institutions have come into being. His first major sociological work was The Division of Labor in Society (1893). In 1895, he published his Rules of the Sociological Method and set up the first European department of sociology, becoming France's first professor of sociology. In 1898, he established the journal L'Année Sociologique. Durkheim's seminal monograph, Suicide (1897), a study of suicide rates amongst Catholic and Protestant populations, pioneered modern social research and served to distinguish social science from psychology and political philosophy. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912), presented a theory of religion, comparing the social and cultural lives of aboriginal and modern societies.
wn.com/Émile_Durkheim
Famous quotes by Confucius:
"It is better to play than do nothing"
"When it is obvious that the goals cannot be reached, don't adjust the goals, adjust the action steps."
"Wheresoever you go, go with all your heart"
"I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand."
"He who learns but does not think, is lost! He who thinks but does not learn is in great danger."
"It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop."
"Life is really simple, but we insist on making it complicated."
"Learn as though you would never be able to master it; Hold it as though you would be in fear of losing it"
"I want you to be everything that's you, deep at the center of your being."
"What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others."
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Intro
- It's Got to Be Funky, Part 1
- It's Got to Be Funky, Part 2
- Back to the Basix (feat. Sheelahroc)
- Transmission From Deep South
- Selectaversion
- Take It From Me (feat. Sarah Brown)
- Start to Move (feat. Michela Carnevale)
- I Got Something
- Round the Bays, Part 1 (feat. Daneja)
- Round the Bays, Part 2 (feat. Stickyfingaz)
- Ease on Back
- Creation Iration
- Lavinia's Dub
- A Drive Out East (feat. Charmed 1)
- Immortal Lion
- Glimpses
- Spyvibez
- Groove Antiques
- Free the People
- Rain or Shine
- Maceo (remix)
- Deep and Thoughtful
- Large Portions
- We Shall Find Peace
- Intersect
- Roll Call
- Harsh Planet
- Urban Infinity
- Me, Myself and Irie
- Shanti Riddum
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Confucius | Motion Picture In Full HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 124:54
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
The life story of the highly-influential Chinese philosopher, Confucius.
http://wn.com/Confucius_|_Motion_Picture_In_Full_HD
The life story of the highly-influential Chinese philosopher, Confucius.
Confucius Words of Wisdom part 1 (Biography)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Biography of Confucius.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Words_of_Wisdom_part_1_Biography
Biography | Confucius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:47
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Biography_|_Confucius
The Wisdom of Confucius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Confucius (Chinese: 孔子; pinyin: Kǒng zǐ; Wade-Giles: K'ung-tzu, or Chinese: 孔夫子; pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ; Wade-Giles: K'ung-fu-tzu), literally "Master Kong," (traditionally September 28, 551 BCE -- 479 BCE was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese thought and life. His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE -- 220 CE). Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家). It was introduced to Europe by the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as "Confucius."
http://wn.com/The_Wisdom_of_Confucius
Confucius (Chinese: 孔子; pinyin: Kǒng zǐ; Wade-Giles: K'ung-tzu, or Chinese: 孔夫子; pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ; Wade-Giles: K'ung-fu-tzu), literally "Master Kong," (traditionally September 28, 551 BCE -- 479 BCE was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese thought and life. His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE -- 220 CE). Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家). It was introduced to Europe by the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as "Confucius."
- published: 30 May 2010
- views: 35607
- author: wileystudios
2000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius: World History #7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:12
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
2000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius: Crash Course World History #7 In which John introduces you to quite a lot of Chinese history by discussing the complicated relationship between the Confucian scholars who wrote Chinese history and the emperors (and empress) who made it. Included is a brief introduction to all the dynasties in Chinese history and an introduction to Confucius and the Confucian emphasis on filial piety, the role the mandate of heaven played in organizing China, and how China became the first modern state. Follow us! @thecrashcourse @realjohngreen @raoulmeyer @crashcoursestan @saysdanica @thoughtbubbler Like us! www.facebook.com Follow us again! thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
http://wn.com/2000_Years_of_Chinese_History!_The_Mandate_of_Heaven_and_Confucius_World_History_7
2000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius: Crash Course World History #7 In which John introduces you to quite a lot of Chinese history by discussing the complicated relationship between the Confucian scholars who wrote Chinese history and the emperors (and empress) who made it. Included is a brief introduction to all the dynasties in Chinese history and an introduction to Confucius and the Confucian emphasis on filial piety, the role the mandate of heaven played in organizing China, and how China became the first modern state. Follow us! @thecrashcourse @realjohngreen @raoulmeyer @crashcoursestan @saysdanica @thoughtbubbler Like us! www.facebook.com Follow us again! thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 472590
- author: crashcourse
Confucius Special Quotes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Confucius Quotes I've learned to enjoy and its important to our world today and the next.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Special_Quotes
Confucius Quotes I've learned to enjoy and its important to our world today and the next.
- published: 05 Mar 2010
- views: 42913
- author: SecretPagoda
Confucious - Trailer HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
The movie follows the life of the highly-influential Chinese philosopher, Confucius (Chow Yun-Fat). It follows his long journey around small kingdoms in northern China preaching his beliefs, and his 72 disciples.
http://wn.com/Confucious_Trailer_HD
The movie follows the life of the highly-influential Chinese philosopher, Confucius (Chow Yun-Fat). It follows his long journey around small kingdoms in northern China preaching his beliefs, and his 72 disciples.
- published: 12 Dec 2009
- views: 41009
- author: GlobalTrailers
Discovering China - Confucius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Today, we are going to be starting off this first episode talking about Confucius. And if you are talking about notable figures in Chinese history, Confucius is a great place to start—because he really is the philosopher who defined Chinese society for the past two thousand years. Confucius is thought to have lived from 551 to 479 BC, during the so-called 'Spring and Autumn Period,' when China's Zhou Dynasty was slowly splitting up. This era later turned into the 'Warring States Period,' before China was unified again in around 200 BC. Confucius was born in the state of Lu. This is the modern day Shandong province. Now, at the time when Confucius was born, China was kind of like Medieval Europe. Different states were competing with each other for power. Confucius saw morality deteriorating and the aristocracy turning their back on the traditions of the Zhou Dynasty that Confucius viewed as a kind of Golden Age. Confucius felt he had a mission to return China to its former glory, to return to the 'Way' or Dao. Today, the Dao refers to China's traditional culture of self-cultivation and emphasis on the way of virtue. Confucius felt people in his age had lost true respect for the established rituals and norms of society. They merely carried out the formalities—without really understanding the true essence. To use the words of the time, "The world lacked the Dao." Thus Confucius started his mission of educating the populace. Confucius taught his disciples to become Gentlemen ...
http://wn.com/Discovering_China_Confucius
Today, we are going to be starting off this first episode talking about Confucius. And if you are talking about notable figures in Chinese history, Confucius is a great place to start—because he really is the philosopher who defined Chinese society for the past two thousand years. Confucius is thought to have lived from 551 to 479 BC, during the so-called 'Spring and Autumn Period,' when China's Zhou Dynasty was slowly splitting up. This era later turned into the 'Warring States Period,' before China was unified again in around 200 BC. Confucius was born in the state of Lu. This is the modern day Shandong province. Now, at the time when Confucius was born, China was kind of like Medieval Europe. Different states were competing with each other for power. Confucius saw morality deteriorating and the aristocracy turning their back on the traditions of the Zhou Dynasty that Confucius viewed as a kind of Golden Age. Confucius felt he had a mission to return China to its former glory, to return to the 'Way' or Dao. Today, the Dao refers to China's traditional culture of self-cultivation and emphasis on the way of virtue. Confucius felt people in his age had lost true respect for the established rituals and norms of society. They merely carried out the formalities—without really understanding the true essence. To use the words of the time, "The world lacked the Dao." Thus Confucius started his mission of educating the populace. Confucius taught his disciples to become Gentlemen ...
- published: 06 Jul 2012
- views: 4647
- author: NTDTV
Confucius Pt. 1 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:57
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
By Cale Klein through Professor Rev. Dr. James Kenneth Powell, opensourcebuddhism.org This is a nice overview of the thought and life of Confucius. His intention comes out very clearly in this work replete with a number of images of Confucius and a nice cloud background. Quite a number of quotes emerge depicting the core of his thought: social life, pleasure and work and ritual make up the good life. So opposite Laozi, also discussed, Confucius sees the Dao in human rather than strictly natural terms. Klein notes the striving toward the gentleman ideal, the need to cultivate moral examples for governance and thus, create an inner moral sense among the people. I thought we might have benefited from seeing more images, say of maps in China relevant to the discussion, perhaps some other Confucian notables. The music is very appropriately Chinese and the narration is excellent with the exception of mispronouncing Dao as Tayo. Also, no image sources! Oops! Still, production quality is very good as is the intellectual content it illustrates. Grade A work.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Pt_1_of_2
By Cale Klein through Professor Rev. Dr. James Kenneth Powell, opensourcebuddhism.org This is a nice overview of the thought and life of Confucius. His intention comes out very clearly in this work replete with a number of images of Confucius and a nice cloud background. Quite a number of quotes emerge depicting the core of his thought: social life, pleasure and work and ritual make up the good life. So opposite Laozi, also discussed, Confucius sees the Dao in human rather than strictly natural terms. Klein notes the striving toward the gentleman ideal, the need to cultivate moral examples for governance and thus, create an inner moral sense among the people. I thought we might have benefited from seeing more images, say of maps in China relevant to the discussion, perhaps some other Confucian notables. The music is very appropriately Chinese and the narration is excellent with the exception of mispronouncing Dao as Tayo. Also, no image sources! Oops! Still, production quality is very good as is the intellectual content it illustrates. Grade A work.
- published: 05 Jul 2009
- views: 39577
- author: JAMES K POWELL II
Confucius:An Ancient Chinese Teacher & Great Sage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:25
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Enlightening Entertainment - Episode 379, Confucius: An Ancient Chinese Teacher & Great Sage, Air date: September 28, 2007 (EE - 20070928)
http://wn.com/ConfuciusAn_Ancient_Chinese_Teacher_Great_Sage
Enlightening Entertainment - Episode 379, Confucius: An Ancient Chinese Teacher & Great Sage, Air date: September 28, 2007 (EE - 20070928)
- published: 29 Oct 2007
- views: 26615
- author: SMTV Uploads
Confucius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
This edition of Mr. Zoller's social studies podcasts covers the teachings of Confucius.
http://wn.com/Confucius
This edition of Mr. Zoller's social studies podcasts covers the teachings of Confucius.
- published: 15 Sep 2009
- views: 21772
- author: MrZoller
Confucius - Words of Wisdom 1 of 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:46
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
Confucius had a hard life, and he had intimate knowledge of the sufferings of his people. He lived in an era that saw constant warfare between competing warlords and the casting of shadows upon the impressive Chinese civilization that came before. Confucius wanted above all else to change Chinese society of his time and to rescue his nation and her people from the suffering and misery that stalked the land at that time. He was the son of an elderly great warrior and his concubine, and he apparently inherited the unbecoming looks of his father. After his father's death, he and his mother were rejected by the family, but great poverty did not stop Confucius from constantly seeking to learn and grow. In time, he started a school and welcomed students of all means, from the sons of leaders to the sons of penniless workers, teaching the importance of hard work, education for all, and a disregard for class and wealth in the measure of a man. He dreamed of finding a leader who would take him on as his advisor and, in this manner, bring about the great changes to society which he sought. For a time, he served as the governor of his home province and, for a few short years, put his teachings into practice with much success. He attracted enemies, though, and soon found himself wandering the countryside in exile. He kept seeking a leader who could save China, but Confucius' truth did not appeal to those capable of instituting change in society. He died thinking his great mission was ...
http://wn.com/Confucius_Words_of_Wisdom_1_of_5
Confucius had a hard life, and he had intimate knowledge of the sufferings of his people. He lived in an era that saw constant warfare between competing warlords and the casting of shadows upon the impressive Chinese civilization that came before. Confucius wanted above all else to change Chinese society of his time and to rescue his nation and her people from the suffering and misery that stalked the land at that time. He was the son of an elderly great warrior and his concubine, and he apparently inherited the unbecoming looks of his father. After his father's death, he and his mother were rejected by the family, but great poverty did not stop Confucius from constantly seeking to learn and grow. In time, he started a school and welcomed students of all means, from the sons of leaders to the sons of penniless workers, teaching the importance of hard work, education for all, and a disregard for class and wealth in the measure of a man. He dreamed of finding a leader who would take him on as his advisor and, in this manner, bring about the great changes to society which he sought. For a time, he served as the governor of his home province and, for a few short years, put his teachings into practice with much success. He attracted enemies, though, and soon found himself wandering the countryside in exile. He kept seeking a leader who could save China, but Confucius' truth did not appeal to those capable of instituting change in society. He died thinking his great mission was ...
- published: 19 Sep 2011
- views: 3289
- author: TheRoninNeo
Confucius Temple - Beijing China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
A guide to the Confucius temple in Beijing. It was established in 478 BC, one year after Confucius's death, at the order of the Duke Ai of the State of Lu, who commanded that the Confucian residence should be used to worship and offer sacrifice to Confucius. The temple was expanded repeatedly over a period of more than 2000 years until it became the huge complex currently standing.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Temple_Beijing_China
A guide to the Confucius temple in Beijing. It was established in 478 BC, one year after Confucius's death, at the order of the Duke Ai of the State of Lu, who commanded that the Confucian residence should be used to worship and offer sacrifice to Confucius. The temple was expanded repeatedly over a period of more than 2000 years until it became the huge complex currently standing.
- published: 02 Jul 2009
- views: 8241
- author: monumentaladventure
Noisecontrollers - Confucius - Fusion 057-5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Preview of Noisecontrollers - Confucius. To be released on the Surge of Power EP on Fusion Records. Planned October 2009. And yes.. I see I made a spelling error in the video name. But I don't have time to do it all over, so just don't nag about it and enjoy! :)
http://wn.com/Noisecontrollers_Confucius_Fusion_057-5
Preview of Noisecontrollers - Confucius. To be released on the Surge of Power EP on Fusion Records. Planned October 2009. And yes.. I see I made a spelling error in the video name. But I don't have time to do it all over, so just don't nag about it and enjoy! :)
- published: 11 Sep 2009
- views: 206786
- author: fusionofsoundnl
The Confucius Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Meet confucius where he will take you on a tour of his beliefs... sort of
http://wn.com/The_Confucius_Song
Meet confucius where he will take you on a tour of his beliefs... sort of
- published: 29 Nov 2010
- views: 16279
- author: ChrisJerFerTV
Miss Panama 2009 - Confucius invented the confusion
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:24
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
What a stupid ass this young girl
http://wn.com/Miss_Panama_2009_Confucius_invented_the_confusion
Audiosurf | Noisecontrollers - Confucius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:24
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Great song, awful ride x)
http://wn.com/Audiosurf_|_Noisecontrollers_Confucius
Confucius Say...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
The Legendary comedian Redd Foxx tells some Confucius jokes.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Say
The Legendary comedian Redd Foxx tells some Confucius jokes.
- published: 09 Jul 2009
- views: 119718
- author: bulldog1447
Confucius 2010 Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Yes the trailer for the movie based off of the chinese thinker Kongfuzi or... well read the movie title to find out the other name.
http://wn.com/Confucius_2010_Trailer
Yes the trailer for the movie based off of the chinese thinker Kongfuzi or... well read the movie title to find out the other name.
- published: 20 Jan 2010
- views: 47744
- author: ingloriouswill
5 relationships of confucianism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
the relationships
http://wn.com/5_relationships_of_confucianism
Miss Panama Confucius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
For more visit www.omgdaily.com and http
http://wn.com/Miss_Panama_Confucius
Noisecontrollers - Confucius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:23
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Enjoy :)
http://wn.com/Noisecontrollers_Confucius
Temple of Confucius, Qufu, Shangdong, China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:05
- Updated: 22 Jun 2012
Temples to Confucius were built as a landmark for all of China. Among them, the Temple in Qufu is the most famous and the largest.
http://wn.com/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu,_Shangdong,_China
Temples to Confucius were built as a landmark for all of China. Among them, the Temple in Qufu is the most famous and the largest.
- published: 01 Jul 2008
- views: 4094
- author: tianji4517
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Confucius Words of Wisdom part 1 (Biography)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Biography of Confucius.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Words_of_Wisdom_part_1_Biography
Confucius Words of Wisdom part 2 (Biography)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Biography of Confucius.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Words_of_Wisdom_part_2_Biography
Confucius Words of Wisdom part 3 (Biography)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Biography of Confucius.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Words_of_Wisdom_part_3_Biography
Confucius Words of Wisdom part 4 (Biography)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Biography of Confucius.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Words_of_Wisdom_part_4_Biography
Confucius Words of Wisdom part 5 (Biography)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Biography of Confucius.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Words_of_Wisdom_part_5_Biography
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The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 1/6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
http://wn.com/The_Pacific_Century_Big_Business_and_the_Ghost_of_Confucius_1_6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 2092
- author: Ghani Raines
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 2/6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
http://wn.com/The_Pacific_Century_Big_Business_and_the_Ghost_of_Confucius_2_6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 1285
- author: Ghani Raines
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 3/6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
http://wn.com/The_Pacific_Century_Big_Business_and_the_Ghost_of_Confucius_3_6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 1090
- author: Ghani Raines
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 4/6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
http://wn.com/The_Pacific_Century_Big_Business_and_the_Ghost_of_Confucius_4_6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 888
- author: Ghani Raines
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 5/6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
http://wn.com/The_Pacific_Century_Big_Business_and_the_Ghost_of_Confucius_5_6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 916
- author: Ghani Raines
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 6/6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:42
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
http://wn.com/The_Pacific_Century_Big_Business_and_the_Ghost_of_Confucius_6_6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 775
- author: Ghani Raines
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3D Dialogue: Revival of Confucianism in China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:46
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Jesse Hirsh host of 3D Dialogue interviews Professor Daniel A Bell from Tsinghua University in Beijing regarding the revivial of Confucianism in China.
http://wn.com/3D_Dialogue_Revival_of_Confucianism_in_China
Jesse Hirsh host of 3D Dialogue interviews Professor Daniel A Bell from Tsinghua University in Beijing regarding the revivial of Confucianism in China.
- published: 20 Dec 2007
- views: 7056
- author: Jesse Hirsh
Confucius Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:24
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/Confucius_Interview
Confucius interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:04
- Updated: 16 May 2011
The Cal state student interview a UCLA student about the Confucius institution.
http://wn.com/Confucius_interview
The Cal state student interview a UCLA student about the Confucius institution.
- published: 05 May 2011
- views: 16
- author: whereverlove
Interview of 6/21/2009 Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音(Part 1 of 3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:32
- Updated: 18 Sep 2011
Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音非物質文化遺產古琴詩樂舞雅集6/21/2009 The North American Guqin Association (NAGA) presented a multi-disciplinary stage performance Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert on June 21, 2009 at the Milpitas Community Center. This exciting production featured various programs integrating guqin music with poetry recitation, dance, martial arts, Chinese Choengsam show and natural object music. The concert was NAGAs largest production of the year, which involved over 50 performers and production staffs. It featured many famous artists and combined resources of several organizations and performance groups. The 300-seat venue was filled to its capacity. The audience also had a rare chance to listen to qin music played on an antique qin from the late Song Dynasty (approximately 900 years ago). The featured guqin artist was Wang Fei, the founder and director of NAGA. She was joined by famous artists Diana Weiping Ding, Xiaopei He Gelb and Cheryl Leonard. More about Wang Fei's video and guqin music, please visit www.guqin.org
http://wn.com/Interview_of_6_21_2009_Guqin_Concert_高山流水覓知音Part_1_of_3
Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音非物質文化遺產古琴詩樂舞雅集6/21/2009 The North American Guqin Association (NAGA) presented a multi-disciplinary stage performance Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert on June 21, 2009 at the Milpitas Community Center. This exciting production featured various programs integrating guqin music with poetry recitation, dance, martial arts, Chinese Choengsam show and natural object music. The concert was NAGAs largest production of the year, which involved over 50 performers and production staffs. It featured many famous artists and combined resources of several organizations and performance groups. The 300-seat venue was filled to its capacity. The audience also had a rare chance to listen to qin music played on an antique qin from the late Song Dynasty (approximately 900 years ago). The featured guqin artist was Wang Fei, the founder and director of NAGA. She was joined by famous artists Diana Weiping Ding, Xiaopei He Gelb and Cheryl Leonard. More about Wang Fei's video and guqin music, please visit www.guqin.org
- published: 26 Jun 2009
- views: 1633
- author: chineseculture
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 1 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Words_of_Wisdom_part_1_of_5_Du_Weiming_Wei-ming_Tu_Harvard_University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
- published: 16 Feb 2010
- views: 57760
- author: harvardmr40
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 2 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Words_of_Wisdom_part_2_of_5_Du_Weiming_Wei-ming_Tu_Harvard_University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
- published: 16 Feb 2010
- views: 21647
- author: harvardmr40
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 3 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Words_of_Wisdom_part_3_of_5_Du_Weiming_Wei-ming_Tu_Harvard_University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
- published: 16 Feb 2010
- views: 18998
- author: harvardmr40
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 4 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Words_of_Wisdom_part_4_of_5_Du_Weiming_Wei-ming_Tu_Harvard_University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
- published: 16 Feb 2010
- views: 15558
- author: harvardmr40
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 5 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:27
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Words_of_Wisdom_part_5_of_5_Du_Weiming_Wei-ming_Tu_Harvard_University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
- published: 16 Feb 2010
- views: 13900
- author: harvardmr40
Interview of 6/21/2009 Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音(Part 2 of 3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:11
- Updated: 25 Aug 2010
Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音非物質文化遺產古琴詩樂舞雅集6/21/2009 The North American Guqin Association (NAGA) presented a multi-disciplinary stage performance Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert on June 21, 2009 at the Milpitas Community Center. This exciting production featured various programs integrating guqin music with poetry recitation, dance, martial arts, Chinese Choengsam show and natural object music. The concert was NAGAs largest production of the year, which involved over 50 performers and production staffs. It featured many famous artists and combined resources of several organizations and performance groups. The 300-seat venue was filled to its capacity. The audience also had a rare chance to listen to qin music played on an antique qin from the late Song Dynasty (approximately 900 years ago). The featured guqin artist was Wang Fei, the founder and director of NAGA. She was joined by famous artists Diana Weiping Ding, Xiaopei He Gelb and Cheryl Leonard. More about Wang Fei's video and guqin music, please visit www.guqin.org
http://wn.com/Interview_of_6_21_2009_Guqin_Concert_高山流水覓知音Part_2_of_3
Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音非物質文化遺產古琴詩樂舞雅集6/21/2009 The North American Guqin Association (NAGA) presented a multi-disciplinary stage performance Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert on June 21, 2009 at the Milpitas Community Center. This exciting production featured various programs integrating guqin music with poetry recitation, dance, martial arts, Chinese Choengsam show and natural object music. The concert was NAGAs largest production of the year, which involved over 50 performers and production staffs. It featured many famous artists and combined resources of several organizations and performance groups. The 300-seat venue was filled to its capacity. The audience also had a rare chance to listen to qin music played on an antique qin from the late Song Dynasty (approximately 900 years ago). The featured guqin artist was Wang Fei, the founder and director of NAGA. She was joined by famous artists Diana Weiping Ding, Xiaopei He Gelb and Cheryl Leonard. More about Wang Fei's video and guqin music, please visit www.guqin.org
- published: 26 Jun 2009
- views: 675
- author: chineseculture
Interview of 6/21/2009 Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音(Part 3 of 3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音非物質文化遺產古琴詩樂舞雅集6/21/2009 The North American Guqin Association (NAGA) presented a multi-disciplinary stage performance Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert on June 21, 2009 at the Milpitas Community Center. This exciting production featured various programs integrating guqin music with poetry recitation, dance, martial arts, Chinese Choengsam show and natural object music. The concert was NAGAs largest production of the year, which involved over 50 performers and production staffs. It featured many famous artists and combined resources of several organizations and performance groups. The 300-seat venue was filled to its capacity. The audience also had a rare chance to listen to qin music played on an antique qin from the late Song Dynasty (approximately 900 years ago). The featured guqin artist was Wang Fei, the founder and director of NAGA. She was joined by famous artists Diana Weiping Ding, Xiaopei He Gelb and Cheryl Leonard. More about Wang Fei's video and guqin music, please visit www.guqin.org
http://wn.com/Interview_of_6_21_2009_Guqin_Concert_高山流水覓知音Part_3_of_3
Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音非物質文化遺產古琴詩樂舞雅集6/21/2009 The North American Guqin Association (NAGA) presented a multi-disciplinary stage performance Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert on June 21, 2009 at the Milpitas Community Center. This exciting production featured various programs integrating guqin music with poetry recitation, dance, martial arts, Chinese Choengsam show and natural object music. The concert was NAGAs largest production of the year, which involved over 50 performers and production staffs. It featured many famous artists and combined resources of several organizations and performance groups. The 300-seat venue was filled to its capacity. The audience also had a rare chance to listen to qin music played on an antique qin from the late Song Dynasty (approximately 900 years ago). The featured guqin artist was Wang Fei, the founder and director of NAGA. She was joined by famous artists Diana Weiping Ding, Xiaopei He Gelb and Cheryl Leonard. More about Wang Fei's video and guqin music, please visit www.guqin.org
- published: 26 Jun 2009
- views: 839
- author: chineseculture
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 1 of 3 Harvard
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:43
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 1 of 3 Bill Moyers interviews Tu Wei-ming who discusses the relevance of Confucian philosophy to our times and the recent student movement in China. Tu Wei-ming suggests that the humanism of Confucius can help us sort out some of the ethical problems of today.
http://wn.com/A_World_of_Ideas_with_Bill_Moyers_Tu_Wei-ming_A_Confucian_Life_in_America_part_1_of_3_Harvard
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 1 of 3 Bill Moyers interviews Tu Wei-ming who discusses the relevance of Confucian philosophy to our times and the recent student movement in China. Tu Wei-ming suggests that the humanism of Confucius can help us sort out some of the ethical problems of today.
- published: 30 Jan 2010
- views: 6136
- author: harvardmr40
Kantipur Aaja-Confucius Institute(KU),Nepal (August 01, 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:28
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
Interview taken to the student of Confucius Institute of Kathmandu University (located at Balkumari,Lalitpur,Nepal) by Kantipur Aaja on 1st August 2012.
http://wn.com/Kantipur_Aaja-Confucius_InstituteKU,Nepal_August_01,_2012
Interview taken to the student of Confucius Institute of Kathmandu University (located at Balkumari,Lalitpur,Nepal) by Kantipur Aaja on 1st August 2012.
- published: 02 Aug 2012
- views: 4748
- author: rabison shakya
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 2 of 3 Harvard
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 2 of 3 Bill Moyers interviews Tu Wei-ming who discusses the relevance of Confucian philosophy to our times and the recent student movement in China. Tu Wei-ming suggests that the humanism of Confucius can help us sort out some of the ethical problems of today.
http://wn.com/A_World_of_Ideas_with_Bill_Moyers_Tu_Wei-ming_A_Confucian_Life_in_America_part_2_of_3_Harvard
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 2 of 3 Bill Moyers interviews Tu Wei-ming who discusses the relevance of Confucian philosophy to our times and the recent student movement in China. Tu Wei-ming suggests that the humanism of Confucius can help us sort out some of the ethical problems of today.
- published: 30 Jan 2010
- views: 2848
- author: harvardmr40
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 3 of 3 Harvard
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:25
- Updated: 01 Jun 2012
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 3 of 3 Bill Moyers interviews Tu Wei-ming who discusses the relevance of Confucian philosophy to our times and the recent student movement in China. Tu Wei-ming suggests that the humanism of Confucius can help us sort out some of the ethical problems of today.
http://wn.com/A_World_of_Ideas_with_Bill_Moyers_Tu_Wei-ming_A_Confucian_Life_in_America_part_3_of_3_Harvard
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 3 of 3 Bill Moyers interviews Tu Wei-ming who discusses the relevance of Confucian philosophy to our times and the recent student movement in China. Tu Wei-ming suggests that the humanism of Confucius can help us sort out some of the ethical problems of today.
- published: 30 Jan 2010
- views: 2194
- author: harvardmr40
Wild Beasts Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:04
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
This is the audio from an interview I (Scott) conducted with Hayden Thorpe of Wild Beasts during my time at Newcastle Student Radio. There is also a short story attached to this interview. Essentially, I went down to the venue (The Cluny, Newcastle) to conduct the interview, dictaphone in hand. Unbeknown to me, the Dictaphone decided to give up the ghost on route to the interview. Mercifully, and very kindly, Hayden used his mobile phone to record our interview and passed on the audio. The humming noise in the background is a fridge that we couldn't get to turn off. I forget the exact date this interview was conducted, think it was earlier this year (2010). It must be stressed just how lovely it was of Hayden Thorpe to bail me out; not many stars of the music industry would help a (then) novice interviewer out in a time of journalistic need. In our most fleeting meeting he proved himself to be a thoroughly pleasant person, refreshingly devoid of the usual ego or notions of superiority which can so often be found in musical performers. Wild Beasts are definitely a band you should support, if not for the reasons stated above, but simply because their music is very good, and probably unlike anything you have ever heard before. Here are relevant links: Wild Beasts Myspace: www.myspace.com Wild Beasts Twitter: @wildbeasts NSR Live (Newcastle Student Radio) -- Broadcasting UK term time 10am -10pm: www.unionsociety.co.uk (or) www.nsrlive.co.uk Also feel free to subscribe to this ...
http://wn.com/Wild_Beasts_Interview
This is the audio from an interview I (Scott) conducted with Hayden Thorpe of Wild Beasts during my time at Newcastle Student Radio. There is also a short story attached to this interview. Essentially, I went down to the venue (The Cluny, Newcastle) to conduct the interview, dictaphone in hand. Unbeknown to me, the Dictaphone decided to give up the ghost on route to the interview. Mercifully, and very kindly, Hayden used his mobile phone to record our interview and passed on the audio. The humming noise in the background is a fridge that we couldn't get to turn off. I forget the exact date this interview was conducted, think it was earlier this year (2010). It must be stressed just how lovely it was of Hayden Thorpe to bail me out; not many stars of the music industry would help a (then) novice interviewer out in a time of journalistic need. In our most fleeting meeting he proved himself to be a thoroughly pleasant person, refreshingly devoid of the usual ego or notions of superiority which can so often be found in musical performers. Wild Beasts are definitely a band you should support, if not for the reasons stated above, but simply because their music is very good, and probably unlike anything you have ever heard before. Here are relevant links: Wild Beasts Myspace: www.myspace.com Wild Beasts Twitter: @wildbeasts NSR Live (Newcastle Student Radio) -- Broadcasting UK term time 10am -10pm: www.unionsociety.co.uk (or) www.nsrlive.co.uk Also feel free to subscribe to this ...
- published: 14 Sep 2010
- views: 238
- author: Iamconfuciusmusic
Guqin Concert Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage 古琴北美琴社
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:16
- Updated: 13 Feb 2011
The North American Guqin Association (NAGA) presented a multi-disciplinary stage performance Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert on June 21, 2009 at the Milpitas Community Center. This exciting production featured various programs integrating guqin music with poetry recitation, dance, martial arts, Chinese Choengsam show and natural object music. The concert was NAGAs largest production of the year, which involved over 50 performers and production staffs. It featured many famous artists and combined resources of several organizations and performance groups. The 300-seat venue was filled to its capacity. The audience also had a rare chance to listen to qin music played on an antique qin from the late Song Dynasty (approximately 900 years ago). Please see photo album by Wesley Zhang at: bayareachinese.smugmug.com Our show is featured in several media. Please check out the online version of those news coverage. * TV interview with Diana Ding * Tri City Voice(local English newspaper) * World Journal (local Chinese newspaper)(5/29) * World Journal (local Chinese newspaper)(6/22) * Singtao Daily(local Chinese newspaper)(5/29) * Singtao Daily(local Chinese newspaper)(6/22) Classic guqin pieces were performed by Wang Fei in collaboration with artists who were also Zhi Yin of guqin music. The audience was transported back to the age of sages when qin music and poetry were an integral part of a scholars education - through narration and recitation by Diana ...
http://wn.com/Guqin_Concert_Music_of_Confucius_Chinese_Cultural_Heritage_古琴北美琴社
The North American Guqin Association (NAGA) presented a multi-disciplinary stage performance Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert on June 21, 2009 at the Milpitas Community Center. This exciting production featured various programs integrating guqin music with poetry recitation, dance, martial arts, Chinese Choengsam show and natural object music. The concert was NAGAs largest production of the year, which involved over 50 performers and production staffs. It featured many famous artists and combined resources of several organizations and performance groups. The 300-seat venue was filled to its capacity. The audience also had a rare chance to listen to qin music played on an antique qin from the late Song Dynasty (approximately 900 years ago). Please see photo album by Wesley Zhang at: bayareachinese.smugmug.com Our show is featured in several media. Please check out the online version of those news coverage. * TV interview with Diana Ding * Tri City Voice(local English newspaper) * World Journal (local Chinese newspaper)(5/29) * World Journal (local Chinese newspaper)(6/22) * Singtao Daily(local Chinese newspaper)(5/29) * Singtao Daily(local Chinese newspaper)(6/22) Classic guqin pieces were performed by Wang Fei in collaboration with artists who were also Zhi Yin of guqin music. The audience was transported back to the age of sages when qin music and poetry were an integral part of a scholars education - through narration and recitation by Diana ...
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 12197
- author: chineseculture
Kung Fu Kids China Trip - Interviews at West Green Primary School
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 01 Sep 2011
www.KungFuSchools Children from the Crawley Kung Fu School went to China to study Wu Shu & experience a little of what China has to offer. Before they went they were interviewed at their school, along with the headmaster and their teacher.
http://wn.com/Kung_Fu_Kids_China_Trip_Interviews_at_West_Green_Primary_School
www.KungFuSchools Children from the Crawley Kung Fu School went to China to study Wu Shu & experience a little of what China has to offer. Before they went they were interviewed at their school, along with the headmaster and their teacher.
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 314
- author: ConfuciusIclassroom
Confucius & Lao Tzu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
In this scene Confucius speaks to Lao Tzu and the old master give a precious advice to the younger one. In one minute, the essence of daoism and confucianism. From the movie Confucius (2010) direct by Mei Hu, with Yun-Fat Chow
http://wn.com/Confucius_Lao_Tzu
In this scene Confucius speaks to Lao Tzu and the old master give a precious advice to the younger one. In one minute, the essence of daoism and confucianism. From the movie Confucius (2010) direct by Mei Hu, with Yun-Fat Chow
- published: 13 Feb 2012
- views: 1918
- author: Zeruhur
A conversation with Judith McClure
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:43
- Updated: 28 Nov 2011
A conversation with Judith McClure Interviewed by Natascha Gentz Confucius Institute 2009
http://wn.com/A_conversation_with_Judith_McClure
A conversation with Judith McClure Interviewed by Natascha Gentz Confucius Institute 2009
- published: 08 Dec 2010
- views: 296
- author: ConfuciusScotland
Interview with Dr. Madeline K. Spring
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Updated: 21 May 2010
Interview with Madeline Spring, the director of the Confucius Institute at Arizona State University
http://wn.com/Interview_with_Dr_Madeline_K_Spring
Interview with Madeline Spring, the director of the Confucius Institute at Arizona State University
- published: 22 Jun 2009
- views: 320
- author: CIatASU
Confucianism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 10 Oct 2011
This is an interview with Mr. Chen (the chinese I and II teacher at Pulaski Academy) about his cultrual ties with Confucian ideology. We used this for our history day project in 2008 about confucius.
http://wn.com/Confucianism
This is an interview with Mr. Chen (the chinese I and II teacher at Pulaski Academy) about his cultrual ties with Confucian ideology. We used this for our history day project in 2008 about confucius.
- published: 13 Dec 2009
- views: 242
- author: spongebobLOVER3000
Young Americans in China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:52
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
This short video provides interviews with young Americans who have lived six months or more in China as students, teachers, and entrepreneurs. The purpose is to provide a variety of candid perspectives for young Americans who are considering work or study in China.
http://wn.com/Young_Americans_in_China
This short video provides interviews with young Americans who have lived six months or more in China as students, teachers, and entrepreneurs. The purpose is to provide a variety of candid perspectives for young Americans who are considering work or study in China.
- published: 21 Dec 2011
- views: 4918
- author: WayneStateUniversity
Vimeo results:
4:29
Confucius
This edition of Mr. Zoller's social studies podcasts examines the Chinese philosopher Conf...
published: 03 Oct 2011
author: James Zoller
Confucius
This edition of Mr. Zoller's social studies podcasts examines the Chinese philosopher Confucius.
10:02
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 1/6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still ...
published: 31 Mar 2011
author: Ghani Raines
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 1/6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 2092
- author: Ghani Raines
10:01
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 2/6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still ...
published: 31 Mar 2011
author: Ghani Raines
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 2/6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 1285
- author: Ghani Raines
10:01
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 3/6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still ...
published: 31 Mar 2011
author: Ghani Raines
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 3/6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 1090
- author: Ghani Raines
10:02
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 4/6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still ...
published: 31 Mar 2011
author: Ghani Raines
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 4/6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 888
- author: Ghani Raines
10:01
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 5/6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still ...
published: 31 Mar 2011
author: Ghani Raines
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 5/6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 916
- author: Ghani Raines
7:42
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 6/6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still ...
published: 31 Mar 2011
author: Ghani Raines
The Pacific Century: Big Business and the Ghost of Confucius 6/6
A rather old documentary made in 1992. Though it does have some serious flaws it is still more informative than they do today. You could really see the fears, anxieties and aspirations of America and Asia, indeed change a lot since then, yet little has changed.
For more info, visit Pacific Basin Institute here: http://www.pomona.edu/pbi/pacificcentury/
if you own this video, and do not wish it to be on youtube, just IM me. and I'll take it off.
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 775
- author: Ghani Raines
Vimeo results:
4:29
Confucius
This edition of Mr. Zoller's social studies podcasts examines the Chinese philosopher Conf...
published: 03 Oct 2011
author: James Zoller
Confucius
This edition of Mr. Zoller's social studies podcasts examines the Chinese philosopher Confucius.
15:46
3D Dialogue: Revival of Confucianism in China
Jesse Hirsh host of 3D Dialogue interviews Professor Daniel A Bell from Tsinghua Universit...
published: 20 Dec 2007
author: Jesse Hirsh
3D Dialogue: Revival of Confucianism in China
Jesse Hirsh host of 3D Dialogue interviews Professor Daniel A Bell from Tsinghua University in Beijing regarding the revivial of Confucianism in China.
- published: 20 Dec 2007
- views: 7056
- author: Jesse Hirsh
5:24
Confucius Interview
...
published: 27 Sep 2012
author: Maddy Hill
Confucius Interview
- published: 27 Sep 2012
- views: 15
- author: Maddy Hill
7:04
Confucius interview
The Cal state student interview a UCLA student about the Confucius institution....
published: 05 May 2011
author: whereverlove
Confucius interview
The Cal state student interview a UCLA student about the Confucius institution.
- published: 05 May 2011
- views: 16
- author: whereverlove
9:32
Interview of 6/21/2009 Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音(Part 1 of 3)
Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音非物質文化遺產古琴詩樂舞雅集6/21/200...
published: 26 Jun 2009
author: chineseculture
Interview of 6/21/2009 Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音(Part 1 of 3)
Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音非物質文化遺產古琴詩樂舞雅集6/21/2009 The North American Guqin Association (NAGA) presented a multi-disciplinary stage performance Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert on June 21, 2009 at the Milpitas Community Center. This exciting production featured various programs integrating guqin music with poetry recitation, dance, martial arts, Chinese Choengsam show and natural object music. The concert was NAGAs largest production of the year, which involved over 50 performers and production staffs. It featured many famous artists and combined resources of several organizations and performance groups. The 300-seat venue was filled to its capacity. The audience also had a rare chance to listen to qin music played on an antique qin from the late Song Dynasty (approximately 900 years ago). The featured guqin artist was Wang Fei, the founder and director of NAGA. She was joined by famous artists Diana Weiping Ding, Xiaopei He Gelb and Cheryl Leonard. More about Wang Fei's video and guqin music, please visit www.guqin.org
- published: 26 Jun 2009
- views: 1633
- author: chineseculture
9:55
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 1 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred...
published: 16 Feb 2010
author: harvardmr40
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 1 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
- published: 16 Feb 2010
- views: 57760
- author: harvardmr40
9:56
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 2 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred...
published: 16 Feb 2010
author: harvardmr40
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 2 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
- published: 16 Feb 2010
- views: 21647
- author: harvardmr40
9:55
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 3 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred...
published: 16 Feb 2010
author: harvardmr40
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 3 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
- published: 16 Feb 2010
- views: 18998
- author: harvardmr40
9:55
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 4 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred...
published: 16 Feb 2010
author: harvardmr40
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 4 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
- published: 16 Feb 2010
- views: 15558
- author: harvardmr40
5:27
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 5 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred...
published: 16 Feb 2010
author: harvardmr40
Confucius - Words of Wisdom part 5 of 5 Du Weiming Wei-ming Tu Harvard University
In an age of intrigue and vice, he was a voice of morality and virtue. Twenty-five hundred years after his death, he is revered as one of the greatest teachers in history, even credited as galvanizing East Asia's current "economic miracle." Confucius's name is synonymous with ageless wisdom. BIOGRAPHY® journeys back into China's troubled feudal era to uncover his dramatic story, from his childhood poverty and long road to enlightenment to his years as a celebrated teacher. Leading scholars reveal why his message of "five virtues" was not always accepted by the period's leaders and interviews with a direct descendant provide a personal glimpse into Confucius's legend. CONFUCIUS: WORDS OF WISDOM explores the life and legacy of the ancient sage whose timeless message remains deeply influential to this day.
- published: 16 Feb 2010
- views: 13900
- author: harvardmr40
9:11
Interview of 6/21/2009 Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音(Part 2 of 3)
Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音非物質文化遺產古琴詩樂舞雅集6/21/200...
published: 26 Jun 2009
author: chineseculture
Interview of 6/21/2009 Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音(Part 2 of 3)
Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音非物質文化遺產古琴詩樂舞雅集6/21/2009 The North American Guqin Association (NAGA) presented a multi-disciplinary stage performance Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert on June 21, 2009 at the Milpitas Community Center. This exciting production featured various programs integrating guqin music with poetry recitation, dance, martial arts, Chinese Choengsam show and natural object music. The concert was NAGAs largest production of the year, which involved over 50 performers and production staffs. It featured many famous artists and combined resources of several organizations and performance groups. The 300-seat venue was filled to its capacity. The audience also had a rare chance to listen to qin music played on an antique qin from the late Song Dynasty (approximately 900 years ago). The featured guqin artist was Wang Fei, the founder and director of NAGA. She was joined by famous artists Diana Weiping Ding, Xiaopei He Gelb and Cheryl Leonard. More about Wang Fei's video and guqin music, please visit www.guqin.org
- published: 26 Jun 2009
- views: 675
- author: chineseculture
3:25
Interview of 6/21/2009 Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音(Part 3 of 3)
Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音非物質文化遺產古琴詩樂舞雅集6/21/200...
published: 26 Jun 2009
author: chineseculture
Interview of 6/21/2009 Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音(Part 3 of 3)
Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert 高山流水覓知音非物質文化遺產古琴詩樂舞雅集6/21/2009 The North American Guqin Association (NAGA) presented a multi-disciplinary stage performance Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert on June 21, 2009 at the Milpitas Community Center. This exciting production featured various programs integrating guqin music with poetry recitation, dance, martial arts, Chinese Choengsam show and natural object music. The concert was NAGAs largest production of the year, which involved over 50 performers and production staffs. It featured many famous artists and combined resources of several organizations and performance groups. The 300-seat venue was filled to its capacity. The audience also had a rare chance to listen to qin music played on an antique qin from the late Song Dynasty (approximately 900 years ago). The featured guqin artist was Wang Fei, the founder and director of NAGA. She was joined by famous artists Diana Weiping Ding, Xiaopei He Gelb and Cheryl Leonard. More about Wang Fei's video and guqin music, please visit www.guqin.org
- published: 26 Jun 2009
- views: 839
- author: chineseculture
9:43
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 1 of 3 Harvard
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 1 of 3 Bi...
published: 30 Jan 2010
author: harvardmr40
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 1 of 3 Harvard
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 1 of 3 Bill Moyers interviews Tu Wei-ming who discusses the relevance of Confucian philosophy to our times and the recent student movement in China. Tu Wei-ming suggests that the humanism of Confucius can help us sort out some of the ethical problems of today.
- published: 30 Jan 2010
- views: 6136
- author: harvardmr40
6:28
Kantipur Aaja-Confucius Institute(KU),Nepal (August 01, 2012)
Interview taken to the student of Confucius Institute of Kathmandu University (located at ...
published: 02 Aug 2012
author: rabison shakya
Kantipur Aaja-Confucius Institute(KU),Nepal (August 01, 2012)
Interview taken to the student of Confucius Institute of Kathmandu University (located at Balkumari,Lalitpur,Nepal) by Kantipur Aaja on 1st August 2012.
- published: 02 Aug 2012
- views: 4748
- author: rabison shakya
9:56
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 2 of 3 Harvard
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 2 of 3 Bi...
published: 30 Jan 2010
author: harvardmr40
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 2 of 3 Harvard
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 2 of 3 Bill Moyers interviews Tu Wei-ming who discusses the relevance of Confucian philosophy to our times and the recent student movement in China. Tu Wei-ming suggests that the humanism of Confucius can help us sort out some of the ethical problems of today.
- published: 30 Jan 2010
- views: 2848
- author: harvardmr40
Vimeo results:
4:29
Confucius
This edition of Mr. Zoller's social studies podcasts examines the Chinese philosopher Conf...
published: 03 Oct 2011
author: James Zoller
Confucius
This edition of Mr. Zoller's social studies podcasts examines the Chinese philosopher Confucius.
Youtube results:
8:25
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 3 of 3 Harvard
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 3 of 3 Bi...
published: 30 Jan 2010
author: harvardmr40
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 3 of 3 Harvard
A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers - Tu Wei-ming A Confucian Life in America part 3 of 3 Bill Moyers interviews Tu Wei-ming who discusses the relevance of Confucian philosophy to our times and the recent student movement in China. Tu Wei-ming suggests that the humanism of Confucius can help us sort out some of the ethical problems of today.
- published: 30 Jan 2010
- views: 2194
- author: harvardmr40
13:04
Wild Beasts Interview
This is the audio from an interview I (Scott) conducted with Hayden Thorpe of Wild Beasts ...
published: 14 Sep 2010
author: Iamconfuciusmusic
Wild Beasts Interview
This is the audio from an interview I (Scott) conducted with Hayden Thorpe of Wild Beasts during my time at Newcastle Student Radio. There is also a short story attached to this interview. Essentially, I went down to the venue (The Cluny, Newcastle) to conduct the interview, dictaphone in hand. Unbeknown to me, the Dictaphone decided to give up the ghost on route to the interview. Mercifully, and very kindly, Hayden used his mobile phone to record our interview and passed on the audio. The humming noise in the background is a fridge that we couldn't get to turn off. I forget the exact date this interview was conducted, think it was earlier this year (2010). It must be stressed just how lovely it was of Hayden Thorpe to bail me out; not many stars of the music industry would help a (then) novice interviewer out in a time of journalistic need. In our most fleeting meeting he proved himself to be a thoroughly pleasant person, refreshingly devoid of the usual ego or notions of superiority which can so often be found in musical performers. Wild Beasts are definitely a band you should support, if not for the reasons stated above, but simply because their music is very good, and probably unlike anything you have ever heard before. Here are relevant links: Wild Beasts Myspace: www.myspace.com Wild Beasts Twitter: @wildbeasts NSR Live (Newcastle Student Radio) -- Broadcasting UK term time 10am -10pm: www.unionsociety.co.uk (or) www.nsrlive.co.uk Also feel free to subscribe to this ...
- published: 14 Sep 2010
- views: 238
- author: Iamconfuciusmusic
7:16
Guqin Concert Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage 古琴北美琴社
The North American Guqin Association (NAGA) presented a multi-disciplinary stage performan...
published: 14 Dec 2009
author: chineseculture
Guqin Concert Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage 古琴北美琴社
The North American Guqin Association (NAGA) presented a multi-disciplinary stage performance Music of Confucius - Chinese Cultural Heritage Guqin Concert on June 21, 2009 at the Milpitas Community Center. This exciting production featured various programs integrating guqin music with poetry recitation, dance, martial arts, Chinese Choengsam show and natural object music. The concert was NAGAs largest production of the year, which involved over 50 performers and production staffs. It featured many famous artists and combined resources of several organizations and performance groups. The 300-seat venue was filled to its capacity. The audience also had a rare chance to listen to qin music played on an antique qin from the late Song Dynasty (approximately 900 years ago). Please see photo album by Wesley Zhang at: bayareachinese.smugmug.com Our show is featured in several media. Please check out the online version of those news coverage. * TV interview with Diana Ding * Tri City Voice(local English newspaper) * World Journal (local Chinese newspaper)(5/29) * World Journal (local Chinese newspaper)(6/22) * Singtao Daily(local Chinese newspaper)(5/29) * Singtao Daily(local Chinese newspaper)(6/22) Classic guqin pieces were performed by Wang Fei in collaboration with artists who were also Zhi Yin of guqin music. The audience was transported back to the age of sages when qin music and poetry were an integral part of a scholars education - through narration and recitation by Diana ...
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 12197
- author: chineseculture
2:15
Kung Fu Kids China Trip - Interviews at West Green Primary School
www.KungFuSchools Children from the Crawley Kung Fu School went to China to study Wu Shu &...
published: 31 Aug 2011
author: ConfuciusIclassroom
Kung Fu Kids China Trip - Interviews at West Green Primary School
www.KungFuSchools Children from the Crawley Kung Fu School went to China to study Wu Shu & experience a little of what China has to offer. Before they went they were interviewed at their school, along with the headmaster and their teacher.
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 314
- author: ConfuciusIclassroom
photo: AP / Ronald Mendes-Agencia RBS
27 Jan 2013
Tweet. Police say at least 232 people have died in a fire that swept through a crowded nightclub in southern Brazil. Around 117 others were injured after the blaze broke out while a band was performing at the Kiss club in the southern city of Santa Maria at about 2am (local time). Police earlier said more than 245 people had died in the fire. It is thought pyrotechnics being used for the concert may have caused the blaze ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: US DoD / U.S. Army Staff Sgt Sun L. Vega, Joint Staff
27 Jan 2013
TEL AVIV – Now that he has secured his second term, President Barack Obama has already secretly pledged to the Palestinians he will press Israel into a new round of so-called land-for-peace negotiations, a top Palestinian Authority negotiator told WND. The negotiator said top members of the Obama administration told the Palestinians the U.S....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Hossam Ali
26 Jan 2013
An Egyptian court has handed down 21 death sentences in connection with the deadly riot last year at a football stadium in Port Said located along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The defendants sentenced on Saturday are mostly members of the "Ultras," die-hard football fans who support Port Said's al-Masry squad ... Al-Masry fans stormed the pitch after their team won, throwing stones, bottles and fireworks at al-Ahly supporters....(size: 17.2Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
28 Jan 2013
Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy on Sunday declared a state of emergency and a nightime curfew for one month in three restive cities after days of deadly violence. Mr. Morsy, facing his worst crisis since taking office in June, said the measures would take effect on Sunday night in the cities of Port Said, Suez and Ismailia ... Keywords....(size: 1.7Kb)
Huffington Post
28 Jan 2013
From AccuWeather's Molly Cochran.. In order to get an accurate snow measurement, measure the depth of the snow. Taking a measurement of snow from the first snowflake or since your last measurement, is the "new snowfall measurement." ... Consistency is the main goal of getting an accurate "snow measurement." ... Also on HuffPost ... 3 ... This general view from the Confucius Temple in Jingshan Park shows snowfall in Beijing early on December 14, 2012 ... ....(size: 14.1Kb)
New Straits/Business Times
27 Jan 2013
ROPHET Muhammad advised that if you are riding a camel or a donkey alone, offer someone a lift. The act of sharing to ease the burden of others who are in dire need was highlighted at a recent wakaf conference ... The Analects, or Lunyu of Confucius remind us that "of neighbourhoods, benevolence is the most beautiful" ... Confucius asserted that nurturing our hearts is the fountain head of benevolence, sharing and charity ... 1 / 1. ....(size: 3.9Kb)
Lexington Herald-Leader
27 Jan 2013
George Headley had the money and talent to create his own little world of art ... The designer, collector and socialite died in 1985 ... They will be auctioned Feb ... It also has formed several other partnerships, such as with the Confucius Institute at the University of Kentucky, and is seeking more relationships to broaden its range of exhibits and public appeal, said Christine Huskisson, a board member who teaches museum studies at UK ... Email....(size: 5.5Kb)
Sydney Morning Herald
25 Jan 2013
Click to play video. Return to video Video settings. Please Log in to update your video settings. Video will begin in 5 seconds. Don't play Play now. More video Recommended. Click to play video. The terrible toll of AIDS in remote Papua Click to play video ... End of combat ban will improve culture ... Advertisement ....(size: 2.5Kb)
China Daily
25 Jan 2013
Even after two years of huffing and puffing up the steep slopes of classical texts such as the Analects of Confucius and Mencius, Alitto, then a graduate student majoring in Chinese history at the University of Chicago, couldn't use the language to order food at Chinese restaurants, and couldn't even say ni hao, or hello, accurately....(size: 5.6Kb)
noodls
25 Jan 2013
Even after two years of huffing and puffing up the steep slopes of classical texts such as the Analects of Confucius and Mencius, Alitto, then a graduate student majoring in Chinese history at the University of Chicago, couldn't use the language to order food at Chinese restaurants, and couldn't even say ni hao, or hello, accurately....(size: 6.8Kb)
noodls
25 Jan 2013
(Source. College of William and Mary) Teresa Longo to receive Thomas Jefferson Award. Ask Dean for Educational Policy Teresa Longo about her devotion to William & Mary, and she will humbly tell you that she is by no means an exception to the rule ... 8 ... Longo played a significant role in the creation of postdoctoral positions in the Global Studies program and the establishment of the W&M; Confucius Institute ... Andrews ... But it's not about me....(size: 7.2Kb)
Huffington Post
25 Jan 2013
An overturned fire engine rests alongside Tennessee Highway Patrol Trooper Michael Slagle's cruiser after the vehicles slid off an icy road Friday, Jan. 25, 2013, in Knoxville, Tenn. (AP Photo/The Knoxville News Sentinel, Michael Patrick). CHARLOTTE, N.C ... Also on HuffPost. Loading Slideshow ... VIKTOR DRACHEV/AFP/Getty Images ... 3 ... This general view from the Confucius Temple in Jingshan Park shows snowfall in Beijing early on December 14, 2012 ... ....(size: 14.0Kb)
South China Morning Post
24 Jan 2013
Cuisine from Qufu is relatively obscure in China and it might not be known at all if not for the fact that the city, in southwest Shandong province, was the home of Confucius ... The qualities that make the cuisine stand out are richness and delicacy, and it was the Kong family - Confucius is known as Kong Zi in Chinese - who helped it to develop....(size: 3.5Kb)
noodls
24 Jan 2013
(Source. Dutch Royal House). 24 januari 2013. Singapore, 24 January 2013. Mr President,. It gives me great pleasure to be your guest here today. The dynamism of Singapore leaves no-one untouched. We have been able to experience this on many occasions ... 'One who is unwilling to take on a burden does not know what duty means.' These wise words of Confucius have been a recurring theme throughout the history of modern Singapore ... (noodl....(size: 4.2Kb)
Huffington Post
24 Jan 2013
Anthony Cavallo uses hay to insulate his trailer in preparation for a cold night, Wednesday, Jan. 23, 2013, in Union Beach, N.J. Cavallo had to buy the trailer out of pocket and place it next to his home damaged by Superstorm Sandy because he is yet to receive storm aid ... (AP Photo/Julio Cortez) ... "That's pretty cold." ... ___ ... 3 ... This general view from the Confucius Temple in Jingshan Park shows snowfall in Beijing early on December 14, 2012 ... ....(size: 17.7Kb)
Huffington Post
24 Jan 2013
From Accuweather's Alex Sosnowski.. Around the start of 2013, meteorologists at AccuWeather.com noticed that a change in temperature high the atmosphere over the North Pole was occurring and projected an arctic outbreak in North America during the middle of January. The phenomenon is known as sudden stratospheric warming ... 3 ... This general view from the Confucius Temple in Jingshan Park shows snowfall in Beijing early on December 14, 2012....(size: 18.1Kb)
Asia Times
23 Jan 2013
By John Feffer. The oldest Chinatown in the world is not in New York or San Francisco or even Yokohama ... Similarly, China boasts of its three Confucius Institutes in the Philippines where Filipinos can learn Mandarin and appreciate the many facets of Chinese culture. Since 2011, Chinoy TV has also spread the Confucius Institute message to all the Filipinos who can't physically attend the cultural events ... After a set of. ... ....(size: 12.2Kb)
For other uses, see Confucius (disambiguation).
 A portrait of Confucius by the Tang Dynasty artist Wu Daozi (680–740) |
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| Born | 551 BC Zou, Lu state |
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| Died | 479 BC Lu state |
| Era | Ancient philosophy |
| Region | Chinese philosophy |
| School | Founder of Confucianism |
| Main interests | Moral philosophy, Social philosophy, Ethics |
| Notable ideas | Confucianism |
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Influenced by
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Influenced
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Confucius (551–479 BC)[1] was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history.
The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, and sincerity. His followers competed successfully with many other schools during the Hundred Schools of Thought era only to be suppressed in favor of the Legalists during the Qin Dynasty. Following the victory of Han over Chu after the collapse of Qin, Confucius's thoughts received official sanction and were further developed into a system known as Confucianism.
Confucius is traditionally credited with having authored or edited many of the Chinese classic texts including all of the Five Classics, but modern scholars are cautious of attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself. Aphorisms concerning his teachings were compiled in the Analects, but only many years after his death.
Confucius's principles had a basis in common Chinese tradition and belief. He championed strong family loyalty, ancestor worship, respect of elders by their children (and in traditional interpretations of husbands by their wives), and family as a basis for ideal government. He espoused the well-known principle "Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself", an early version of the Golden Rule.
Contents |
Names[link]
Confucius' family and personal name respectively was Kong Qiu (孔丘).[2] His courtesy name was Zhongni (仲尼).[2] Following an Old Chinese reconstruction, his family and personal name respectively may have been Kʰˤoŋʔ Kʷʰə, while his courtesy name may have been Truŋsnˤərs.[3] In Chinese, he is most often known as Kongzi (孔子, literally "Master Kong").[4][5] He is also known by the honorific Kong Fuzi (孔夫子, literally "Master Kong").[5] In the Wade–Giles system of romanization, the honorific name is rendered as K'ung Fu-tzu. The latinized name Confucius is derived from Kong Fuzi, which was first coined by 16th-century Jesuit missionaries to China, most probably by Matteo Ricci.[5]
Within the Analects, he is principally referred to simply as Master (子). In 1 AD, Confucius was given his first posthumous name, namely the Laudably Declarable Lord Ni (褒成宣尼公). In 1530, he was declared the Extremely Sage Departed Teacher (至圣先师). He is also known separately as the Great Sage (至圣), First Teacher (先师), and Model Teacher for Ten Thousand Ages (万世师表).
Background[link]
According to tradition, three generation before Confucius' time, his ancestors had migrated from the Song state to the Lu state.[6] Confucius was said to have been a descendant of the Shang kings or priests through the Dukes of Song.[7][8][9]
Personal life[link]
Early life[link]
It is generally thought that Confucius was born in 551 BC.[10] His birthplace was in Zou, Lu state (near present-day Qufu, Shandong Province).[10][11] His father Kong He (孔纥), also known as Shuliang He (叔梁紇), was an officer in the Lu military. Kong He died when Confucius was three years old. As a child, Confucius was raised by his mother in poverty. He married a young girl named Qi Guan (亓官) at age 19. A year later, the young couple were blessed with their first child, Kong Li (孔鯉}. Confucius's social ascendancy linked him to the growing class of shi (士), a class intermediate between the aristocracy and the common people. Confucius is reported to have worked as a shepherd, cowherd, clerk, and a book-keeper. When his mother died, Confucius (aged 23) is reported to have mourned for three years as was the ritual.
Political career[link]
The Lu state was headed by a ruling ducal house.[12] Under the duke were three aristocratic families, whose heads bore the title of viscount and held hereditary positions in the Lu bureacracy.[13] The Ji family held the position "Minister over the Masses", who was also the "Prime Minister"; the Meng family held the position "Minister of Works"; and the Shu family held the position "Minister of War".[13] In the winter of 505 BC, Yang Hu—a retainer of the Ji family—rose up in rebellion and seized power from the Ji family.[13] However, by the summer of 501 BC, the three hereditary families had succeeded in expelling Yang Hu from Lu.[13] By then, Confucius had build up a considerable reputation through his teachings, while the families came to see the value of proper conduct and righteousness, so they could achieve loyalty to a legitimate government.[14] Thus, that year (501 BC), Confucius came to be appointed to the minor position of governor of a town.[14] Eventually, he rose to the position of Minister of Crime.[14]
Confucius desired to return the authority of the state to the duke by dismanteling the fortifiations of the city-strongholds belonging to the three families.[15] This way, he could establish a centralized government.[15] However, Confucius relied solely on diplomacy as he had no military authority himself.[15] In 500 BC, Hou Fan—the governor of Hou—revolted against his against his lord of the Shu family.[15] Although the Meng and Shu families unsuccesfully besieged Hou, a loyalist official rose up with the people of Hou and forced Hou Fan to flee to the Qi state.[15] The situation may have been in favor for Confucius as this likely made it possible for Confucius and his disciples to convince the aristocratic families to dismantle the fortifications of their cities.[15] Eventually, after a year and a half, Confucius and his disciples succeeded in convincing the Shu family to raze the walls of Hou, the Ji family in razing the walls of Bi, and the Meng family in razing the walls of Cheng.[15] First, the Shu family led an army towards their city Hou and tore down its walls in 498 BC.[15] Soon thereafter, Gongshan Furao[a]—a retainer of the Ji family—revolted and took control of the forces at Bi.[16][17] Immediatly, he launched an attack and entered the capital Lu.[15]
Earlier, Gongshan had approached Confucius to join him, which Confucius considered at first.[16] Even though he disapproved the use of a violent revolution, the Ji family dominated the Lu state by force for generations and had exiled the previous duke.[16] Although he wanted the opportunity to put his principles in practice, Confucius gave up on this idea in the end.[16] Creel (1949) states that, unlike the rebel Yang Hu before him, Gongshan may have sought to destroy the three hereditary families and restore the power of the duke.[18] However, Dubs (1946) states that he was instigated by Viscount Ji Huanzi to invade the Lu capital in an attempt to avoid dismanteling the Bi fortified walls.[17] Whatever the situation may have been, Gongshan was considered an upright man who continued to defend the state of Lu, even after he was forced to flee.[18][19] According to Dubs (1946), the attackers retreated after realizing that they would have to become rebels against the state and against their own lord.[20] If so, according to Dubs (1946), this incident resulted that the Bi officials inadvertently revolted against their own lord through Confucius' doing, thus forcing Viscount Ji Huanzi's hand in having to dismantle the walls of Bi (as it could have harbored such rebels) or confess to instigating the event by going against proper conduct and righteousness as an official.[20] He further states that the incident brought to light Confucius' foresight, practical political ability, and insight into human character.[20]
During the ordeal, Zhong You (仲由) had managed to keep the duke and the three viscounts together at the court.[19] Zhong You was one of the disciples of Confucius and was arranged the position of govenor at the Ji familiy by Confucius.[21] When Confucius heard of the raid, he requested from Viscount Ji Huanzi if the duke and his court could retreat to a stronghold on his palace grounds.[20] Thereafter, the heads of the three families and the duke retreated to the Ji's palace complex and and ascended the Wuzi Terrace.[22] Confucius ordered two officers to lead an assault against the rebels.[22] Atleast one of the two grandees was a retainer of the Ji family, although according to Dubs (1946) probally both were, but they were unable to refuse the orders while in the presense of the duke, viscounts, and court.[20] The rebels were followed in pursuit and defeated in Gu.[22] Immediately after this revolt was stricken down, the Ji family razed the Bi city walls to the ground.[22]
When it was time to dismantle the city walls of the Meng family, the governor was reluctant to have his city walls torn down and convinced the head of the Meng family not to do so.[22] The Zuo Zhuan recalls that the governor advised against razing the walls to the ground as he said that it made Cheng vulnerable to the Qi state and cause the destruction of the Meng family.[23] Even though Viscount Meng Yizi gave his word not to interfere with an attempt, he went back on his earlier promise to dismantle the walls.[23] Later in 498 BC, Duke Ding personally went with an army to lay siege to Cheng in an attempt to raze its walls to the ground, but he did not succeed.[24] Thus, Confucius could not achieve the idealistic reform that he wanted and restore the legitimate rule of the duke, returning to the period of the Duke of Zhou.[25] As a result of his unusual degree of success, Confucius made powerful enemies within the state, especially with Viscount Ji Huanzi.[26] According to accounts in the Zuo Zhuan and Shiji, Confucius departed his homeland in 497 BC after his support to the failed attempt of dismantling the fortified city walls of the powerful Ji, Meng, and Shu families.[27] He left the state of Lu without resigning, remaining in self-exile and unable to return as long as Viscount Ji Huanzi was alive.[26]
Exile[link]
The Shiji states that the neighboring Qi state was worried that Lu was becoming too powerful while Confucius was involved in the government of the Lu state. Qi decided to sabotage Lu's reforms by sending 100 good horses and 80 beautiful dancing girls to the Duke of Lu.[who?] The Duke indulged himself in pleasure and did not attend to official duties for three days. Confucius was deeply disappointed and resolved to leave Lu and seek better opportunities, yet to leave at once would expose the misbehavior of the Duke and therefore bring public humiliation to the ruler Confucius was serving. Confucius therefore waited for the Duke to make a lesser mistake. Soon after, the Duke neglected to send to Confucius a portion of the sacrificial meat that was his due according to custom, and Confucius seized upon this pretext to leave both his post and the Lu state.
After Confucius's resignation, he began a long journey or set of journeys around the small kingdoms of northeast and central China, traditionally including the states of Wei, Song, Chen, and Cai. At the courts of these states, he expounded his political beliefs but did not see them implemented.
Return home[link]
According to the Zuo Zhuan, Confucius returned home when he was 68. The Analects depict him spending his last years teaching 72 or 77 disciples and transmitting the old wisdom via a set of texts called the Five Classics.
Philosophy[link]
Main article: Confucianism
Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, arguments continue over whether it is a religion. Confucianism discusses elements of the afterlife and views concerning Heaven, but it is relatively unconcerned with some spiritual matters often considered essential to religious thought, such as the nature of souls.
In the Analects, Confucius presents himself as a "transmitter who invented nothing". He puts the greatest emphasis on the importance of study, and it is the Chinese character for study (学) that opens the text. Far from trying to build a systematic or formalist theory, he wanted his disciples to master and internalize the old classics, so that their deep thought and thorough study would allow them to relate the moral problems of the present to past political events (as recorded in the Annals) or the past expressions of commoners' feelings and noblemen's reflections (as in the poems of the Book of Odes.
Ethics[link]
One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. His moral teachings emphasized self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules. Confucian ethics may be considered a type of virtue ethics. His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument and ethical ideals and methods are conveyed more indirectly, through allusion, innuendo, and even tautology. His teachings require examination and context in order to be understood. A good example is found in this famous anecdote:
By not asking about the horses, Confucius demonstrates that the sage values human beings over property; readers are led to reflect on whether their response would follow Confucius's and to pursue self-improvement if it would not have. Confucius, as an exemplar of human excellence, serves as the ultimate model, rather than a deity or a universally true set of abstract principles. For these reasons, according to many commentators, Confucius's teachings may be considered a Chinese example of humanism.
One of his most famous teachings[dubious – discuss][citation needed] was a variant of the Golden Rule sometimes called the "Silver Rule"[citation needed] owing to its negative form:
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- 己所不欲，勿施於人。
- "What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others."
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- 子貢問曰：“有一言而可以終身行之者乎”？子曰：“其恕乎！己所不欲、勿施於人。”
- Zi Gong [a disciple] asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?"
The Master replied: "How about 'reciprocity'! Never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself."-
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- Analects XV.24, tr. David Hinton
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Although the above rules are in some way universal, Confucius would be called an ethical particularist because of how he interprets these rules. Confucius believes that there is a duty to family and friends before there is a duty to community. Therefore, in different situations Confucius would counsel a person to do different things.[28]
Often overlooked in Confucian ethics are the virtues to the self: sincerity and the cultivation of knowledge. Virtuous action towards others begins with virtuous and sincere thought, which begins with knowledge. A virtuous disposition without knowledge is susceptible to corruption and virtuous action without sincerity is not true righteousness. Cultivating knowledge and sincerity is also important for one's own sake; the superior person loves learning for the sake of learning and righteousness for the sake of righteousness.
The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in Lǐ (禮) is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, social and political institutions, and the etiquette of daily behavior. It was believed by some that lǐ originated from the heavens, but Confucius stressed the development of lǐ through the actions of sage leaders in human history. His discussions of lǐ seem to redefine the term to refer to all actions committed by a person to build the ideal society, rather than those simply conforming with canonical standards of ceremony.
In the early Confucian tradition, lǐ was doing the proper thing at the proper time, balancing between maintaining existing norms to perpetuate an ethical social fabric, and violating them in order to accomplish ethical good. Training in the lǐ of past sages cultivates in people virtues that include ethical judgment about when lǐ must be adapted in light of situational contexts.
In Confucianism, the concept of li is closely related to yì (義), which is based upon the idea of reciprocity. Yì can be translated as righteousness, though it may simply mean what is ethically best to do in a certain context. The term contrasts with action done out of self-interest. While pursuing one's own self-interest is not necessarily bad, one would be a better, more righteous person if one's life was based upon following a path designed to enhance the greater good. Thus an outcome of yì is doing the right thing for the right reason.
Just as action according to Lǐ should be adapted to conform to the aspiration of adhering to yì, so yì is linked to the core value of rén (仁).Rén consists of 5 basic virtues: seriousness, generosity, sincerity, diligence and kindness.[29] Rén is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one's responsibilities toward others, most often translated as "benevolence" or "humaneness"; translator Arthur Waley calls it "Goodness" (with a capital G), and other translations that have been put forth include "authoritativeness" and "selflessness." Confucius's moral system was based upon empathy and understanding others, rather than divinely ordained rules. To develop one's spontaneous responses of rén so that these could guide action intuitively was even better than living by the rules of yì. Confucius asserts that virtue is a means between extremes. For example, the properly generous person gives the right amount—not too much and not too little.[29]
Politics[link]
Confucius' political thought is based upon his ethical thought. He argues that the best government is one that rules through "rites" (lǐ) and people's natural morality, rather than by using bribery and coercion. He explained that this is one of the most important analects: "If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of the shame, and moreover will become good." (Translated by James Legge) in the Great Learning (大學). This "sense of shame" is an internalisation of duty, where the punishment precedes the evil action, instead of following it in the form of laws as in Legalism.
Confucius looked nostalgically upon earlier days, and urged the Chinese, particularly those with political power, to model themselves on earlier examples. In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the Mandate of Heaven (天命) that could unify the "world" (天下, "all under Heaven") and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times, Confucius is often considered a great proponent of conservatism, but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state, whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merits instead of lineage.These would be rulers devoted to their people, striving for personal and social perfection, and such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules.
While he supported the idea of government by an all-powerful sage, ruling as an Emperor, his ideas contained a number of elements to limit the power of rulers. He argued for according language with truth, and honesty was of paramount importance. Even in facial expression, truth must always be represented. Confucius believed that if a ruler were to lead correctly, by action, that orders would be deemed unnecessary in that others will follow the proper actions of their ruler. In discussing the relationship between a king and his subject (or a father and his son), he underlined the need to give due respect to superiors. This demanded that the inferior must give advice to his superior if the superior was considered to be taking the course of action that was wrong. Confucius believed in ruling by example, if you lead correctly, orders are unnecessary and useless.
Disciples[link]
Main article: Disciples of Confucius
There is not much known of Confucius' disciples and a little over half of them had their surnames recorded in the Zuo Zhuan.[30] The Analects records 22 names that are most likely Confucius' disciples, while the Mencius records 24 names, although it is quite certain that there have been many more disciples whose name were not recorded.[30] Most of Confucius' disciples were from the Lu state, while others were from neighboring states.[30] For example, Zigong was from the Wey state and Sima Niu was from the Song state.[30] Confucius' favorite disciple was Yan Hui, most probably one of the most impoverished one of them all.[30] Sima Niu, in contrast to Yan Hui, was from a hereditarily noble family hailing from the Song state.[30] Under Confucius' teachings, the disciples became well-learned in the principles and methods of government.[31] He often engaged in discussion and debate with his students and gave high importance to their studies in history, poetry, and ritual.[31] Confucius advocated loyalty to principle rather than to individual in which reform was to be achieved by persuasion rather than violence.[31] Even though Confucius denounced them for their practices, the aristocracy was likely attracted to the idea of having trustworthy officials who were studied in morals as the circumstances of the time made it desirable.[31] In fact, the disciple Zilu even died defending his ruler in Wei.[31]
Yang Hu, who was a subordinate of the Ji family, had dominated the Lu government from 505 to 502 and even attempted a coup, which narrowly failed.[31] As a likely consequence, it was after that that the first disciples of Confucius were appointed to government positions.[31] Few of Confucius' disciples went on to attain official positions of some importance, some of which were arranged by Confucius.[32] By the time Confucius was 50 years old, the Ji family had consolidated their power in the Lu state over the ruling ducal house.[33] Even though the Ji family had practices that Confucius disagreed and disapproved, they nonetheless gave Confucius' disciples many opportunities for employment.[33] Confucius continued to remind his disciples to stay true to their principles and renounced those who did not, while being openly critical of the Ji family.[34]
Legacy[link]
Confucius's teachings were later turned into an elaborate set of rules and practices by his numerous disciples and followers, who organized his teachings into the Analects. Confucius' disciples and his only grandson, Zisi, continued his philosophical school after his death. These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its dogma.
Two of Confucius's most famous later followers emphasized radically different aspects of his teachings. In the centuries after his death, Mencius (孟子) and Xun Zi (荀子) both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. Mencius (4th century BC) articulated the innate goodness in human beings as a source of the ethical intuitions that guide people towards rén, yì, and lǐ, while Xun Zi (3rd century BC) underscored the realistic and materialistic aspects of Confucian thought, stressing that morality was inculcated in society through tradition and in individuals through training. In time, their writings, together with the Analects and other core texts came to constitute the philosophical corpus of Confucianism.
This realignment in Confucian thought was parallel to the development of Legalism, which saw filial piety as self-interest and not a useful tool for a ruler to create an effective state. A disagreement between these two political philosophies came to a head in 223 BC when the Qin state conquered all of China. Li Ssu, Prime Minister of the Qin Dynasty convinced Qin Shi Huang to abandon the Confucians' recommendation of awarding fiefs akin to the Zhou Dynasty before them which he saw as counter to the Legalist idea of centralizing the state around the ruler. When the Confucian advisers pressed their point, Li Ssu had many Confucian scholars killed and their books burned—considered a huge blow to the philosophy and Chinese scholarship.
Under the succeeding Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, Confucian ideas gained even more widespread prominence. Under Wudi, the works of Confucius were made the official imperial philosophy and required reading for civil service examinations in 140 BC which was continued nearly unbroken until the end of the 19th Century. As Moism lost support by the time of the Han, the main philosophical contenders were Legalism, which Confucian thought somewhat absorbed, the teachings of Lao-tzu, whose focus on more mystic ideas kept it from direct conflict with Confucianism, and the new Buddhist religion, which gained acceptance during the Southern and Northern Dynasties era. Both Confucian ideas and Confucian-trained officials were relied upon in the Ming Dynasty and even the Yuan Dynasty, although Kublai Khan distrusted handing over provincial control.
During the Song Dynasty, the scholar Zhu Xi (AD 1130–1200) added ideas from Daoism and Buddhism into Confucianism. In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant. Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different, and call his way of thinking Neo-Confucianism. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam until the 19th century.
The works of Confucius were translated into European languages through the agency of Jesuit scholars stationed in China.[b] Matteo Ricci started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and father Prospero Intorcetta published the life and works of Confucius into Latin in 1687.[35] It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Western civilization.[35][36]
In the modern era Confucian movements, such as New Confucianism, still exist but during the Cultural Revolution, Confucianism was frequently attacked by leading figures in the Communist Party of China. This was partially a continuation of the condemnations of Confucianism by intellectuals and activists in the early 20th Century as a cause of the ethnocentric close-mindedness and refusal of the Qing Dynasty to modernize that led to the tragedies that befell China in the 19th Century.
Confucius's works are studied by scholars in many other Asian countries, particularly those in the Sinosphere, such as Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Many of those countries still hold the traditional memorial ceremony every year.
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community believes Confucius was a Divine Prophet of God, as was Lao-Tzu and other eminent Chinese personages.[37]
In modern times, Asteroid 7853, "Confucius", was named after the Chinese thinker.
Visual portraits[link]
No contemporary painting or sculpture of Confucius survives, and it was only during the Han Dynasty that he was portrayed visually. Carvings often depict his legendary meeting with Laozi. Since that time there have been many portraits of Confucius as the ideal philosopher.
In former times, it was customary to have a portrait in Confucius Temples; however, during the reign of Hongwu Emperor (Taizu) of the Ming dynasty it was decided that the only proper portrait of Confucius should be in the temple in his hometown, Qufu. In other temples, Confucius is represented by a memorial tablet. In 2006, the China Confucius Foundation commissioned a standard portrait of Confucius based on the Tang dynasty portrait by Wu Daozi.
Death and legacy[link]
Burdened by the loss of both his son and his favorite disciples, he died at the age of 71 or 72. Confucius was buried in Kong Lin cemetery which lies in the historical part of Qufu. The original tomb erected there in memory of Confucius on the bank of the Sishui River had the shape of an axe. In addition, it has a raised brick platform at the front of the memorial for offerings such as sandalwood incense and fruit.
Memorials of Confucius[link]
Soon after Confucius' death, Qufu, his hometown became a place of devotion and remembrance. It is still a major destination for cultural tourism, and many people visit his grave and the surrounding temples. In pan-China cultures, there are many temples where representations of the Buddha, Laozi and Confucius are found together. There are also many temples dedicated to him, which have been used for Confucianist ceremonies.
The Chinese have a tradition of holding spectacular memorial ceremonies of Confucius (祭孔) every year, using ceremonies that supposedly derived from Zhou Li (周禮) as recorded by Confucius, on the date of Confucius' birth. This tradition was interrupted for several decades in mainland China, where the official stance of the Communist Party and the State was that Confucius and Confucianism represented reactionary feudalist beliefs which held that the subservience of the people to the aristocracy is a part of the natural order. All such ceremonies and rites were therefore banned. Only after the 1990s did the ceremony resume. As it is now considered a veneration of Chinese history and tradition, even Communist Party members may be found in attendance.
In Taiwan, where the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) strongly promoted Confucian beliefs in ethics and behavior, the tradition of the memorial ceremony of Confucius (祭孔) is supported by the government and has continued without interruption. While not a national holiday, it does appear on all printed calendars, much as Father's Day does in the West.
Descendants[link]
Confucius' descendants were repeatedly identified and honored by successive imperial governments with titles of nobility and official posts. They were honored with the rank of a marquis thirty-five times since Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, and they were promoted to the rank of duke forty-two times from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang first bestowed the title of "Duke Wenxuan" on Kong Suizhi of the 35th generation. In 1055, Emperor Renzong of Song first bestowed the title of "Duke Yansheng" on Kong Zongyuan of the 46th generation.
Despite repeated dynastic change in China, the title of Duke Yansheng was bestowed upon successive generations of descendants until it was abolished by the Nationalist Government in 1935. The last holder of the title, Kung Te-cheng of the 77th generation, was appointed Sacrificial Official to Confucius. Kung Te-cheng died in October 2008, and his son, Kung Wei-yi, the 78th lineal descendant, had died in 1989. Kung Te-cheng's grandson, Kung Tsui-chang, the 79th lineal descendant, was born in 1975; his great-grandson, Kung Yu-jen, the 80th lineal descendant, was born in Taipei on January 1, 2006. Te-cheng's sister, Kong Demao, lives in mainland China and has written a book about her experiences growing up at the family estate in Qufu. Another sister, Kong Deqi, died as a young woman.[38]
Confucius's family, the Kongs, has the longest recorded extant pedigree in the world today. The father-to-son family tree, now in its 83rd generation,[39] has been recorded since the death of Confucius. According to the Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee, he has 2 million known and registered descendants, and there are an estimated 3 million in all.[40] Of these, several tens of thousands live outside of China.[40] In the 14th century, a Kong descendant went to Korea, where an estimated 34,000 descendants of Confucius live today.[40] One of the main lineages fled from the Kong ancestral home in Qufu during the Chinese Civil War in the 1940s, and eventually settled in Taiwan.[38]
Because of the huge interest in the Confucius family tree, there was a project in China to test the DNA of known family members.[41] Among other things, this would allow scientists to identify a common Y chromosome in male descendants of Confucius. If the descent were truly unbroken, father-to-son, since Confucius's lifetime, the males in the family would all have the same Y chromosome as their direct male ancestor, with slight mutations due to the passage of time.[42] However, in 2009, the family authorities decided not to agree to DNA testing.[43] Bryan Sykes, professor of genetics at Oxford University, understands this decision: "The Confucius family tree has an enormous cultural significance," he said. "It's not just a scientific question."[43] The DNA testing was originally proposed to add new members, many of whose family record books were lost during 20th-century upheavals, to the Confucian family tree.[44]
The fifth and most recent edition of the Confucius genealogy was printed by the Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee (CGCC).[45][46] It was unveiled in a ceremony at Qufu on September 24, 2009.[45][46] Women are now included for the first time.[47]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Gongshan Furao is also known as Gongshan Buniu.
- ^ The first was Michele Ruggieri who had returned from China to Italy in 1588, and carried on translating in Latin Chinese classics, while residing in Salerno.
References[link]
- ^ Riegel 2012, online.
- ^ a b Chin 2007, 2.
- ^ Based on Baxter & Sagart 2011, pdf.
- ^ Rainey 2010, 1.
- ^ a b c Phan 2012, 170
- ^ Creel 1949, 26.
- ^ Yao 1997, 29.
- ^ Yao 2000, 23.
- ^ Rainey 2010, 66.
- ^ a b Creel 1949, 25.
- ^ Rainey 2010, 16.
- ^ Dubs 1946, 274–275.
- ^ a b c d Dubs 1946, 275.
- ^ a b c Dubs 1946, 275–276.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Dubs 1946, 277.
- ^ a b c d Creel 1949, 35–36.
- ^ a b Dubs 1946, 277–278.
- ^ a b Creel 1949, 35.
- ^ a b Dubs 1946, 278.
- ^ a b c d e Dubs 1946, 279.
- ^ Dubs 1946, 278–279.
- ^ a b c d e Chin 2007, 30.
- ^ a b Dubs 1946, 279.
- ^ Dubs 1946, 280.
- ^ Dubs 1946, 280–281.
- ^ a b Dubs 1946, 281.
- ^ Riegel 1986, 13.
- ^ Bonevac & Phillips 2009.[page needed]
- ^ a b Bonevac & Phillips 2009, 40.
- ^ a b c d e f Creel 1949, 30.
- ^ a b c d e f g Creel 1949, 32.
- ^ Creel 1949, 31.
- ^ a b Creel 1949, 33.
- ^ Creel 1949, 32–33.
- ^ a b Parker 1977, 25.
- ^ Hobson 2004, 194–195.
- ^ Ahmad ???, online.
- ^ a b Kong, Ke & Roberts 1988.[page needed]
- ^ China Economic Net 2009, online.
- ^ a b c Yan 2008, online.
- ^ Ministry of Commerce of the PRC 2006, online.
- ^ China Internet Information Center 2006, online.
- ^ a b Qiu 2008, online.
- ^ Bandao 2007, online.
- ^ a b China Daily 2009, online.
- ^ a b Zhou 2008, online.
- ^ China Daily 2007, online.
Bibliography[link]
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- Hard copy
- Bonevac, Daniel; Phillips, Stephen (2009). Introduction to world philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515231-9.
- Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1949). Confucius: The man and the myth. New York: John Day Company.
- Dubs, Homer H. (1946). "The political career of Confucius". Journal of the American Oriental Society 66 (4). JSTOR 596405.
- Hobson, John M. (2004). The Eastern origins of Western civilisation (Reprinted ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54724-5.
- Chin, Ann-ping (2007). The authentic Confucius: A life of thought and politics. New York: Scribner. ISBN 9780743246187.
- Kong, Demao; Ke, Lan; Roberts, Rosemary (1988). The house of Confucius (Translated ed.). London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-41279-4.
- Parker, John (1977). Windows into China: The Jesuits and their books, 1580-1730. Boston: Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston. ISBN 0-89073-050-4.
- Phan, Peter C. (2012). "Catholicism and Confucianism: An intercultural and interreligious dialogue". Catholicism and interreligious dialogue. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-982787-9.
- Rainey, Lee Dian (2010). Confucius & Confucianism: The essentials. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405188418.
- Riegel, Jeffrey K. (1986). "Poetry and the legend of Confucius's exile". Journal of the American Oriental Society 106 (1). JSTOR 602359.
- Yao, Xinzhong (1997). Confucianism and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jen and Agape. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1898723761. http://books.google.com/books?id=BN47m0BHtLkC.
- Yao, Xinzhong (2000). An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521644305. http://books.google.com/books?id=tAE2OJ9bPG0C.
- Online
- Ahmad, Mirza Tahir (???). "Confucianism". Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. http://www.alislam.org/library/books/revelation/part_2_section_3.html. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (20 February 2011). "Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese reconstruction". http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207.
- "Confucius descendents say DNA testing plan lacks wisdom". Bandao. 21 August 2007. http://eng.bandao.cn/newsdetail.asp?id=4644.
- "Confucius family tree to record female kin". China Daily. 2 February 2007. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-02/02/content_800011.htm.
- "Confucius' Family Tree Recorded biggest". China Daily. 24 September 2009. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-09/24/content_8733256.htm.
- "Confucius family tree revision ends with 2 mln descendants". China Economic Net. 4 January 2009. http://en.ce.cn/National/culture/200901/04/t20090104_17866318.shtml.
- "DNA Testing Adopted to Identify Confucius Descendants". China Internet Information Center. 19 June 2006. http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/171840.htm.
- "DNA test to clear up Confucius confusion". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 18 June 2006. http://ye2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chinanews/200606/20060602462372.html.
- Riegel, Jeffrey (2012). "Confucius". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/confucius/.
- Qiu, Jane (13 August 2008). "Inheriting Confucius". Seed Magazine. http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/inheriting_confucius/.
- Yan, Liang (16 February 2008). "Updated Confucius family tree has two million members". Xinhua. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/16/content_7616027.htm.
- Zhou, Jing (31 October 2008). "New Confucius Genealogy out next year". China Internet Information Center. http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029.htm.
Further reading[link]
- Clements, Jonathan (2008). Confucius: A Biography. Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-4775-6.
- Confucius (1997). Lun yu, (in English The Analects of Confucius). Translation and notes by Simon Leys. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04019-4.
- Confucius (2003). Confucius: Analects—With Selections from Traditional Commentaries. Translated by E. Slingerland. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. (Original work published c. 551–479 BC) ISBN 0-87220-635-1.
- Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1949). Confucius and the Chinese Way. New York: Harper.
- Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1953). Chinese Thought from Confucius to Mao Tse-tung. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). "Confucianism: An Overview". In Encyclopedia of Religion (Vol. C, pp 1890–1905). Detroit: MacMillan Reference USA.
- Dawson, Raymond (1982). Confucius. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-287536-1.
- Fingarette, Hebert (1998). Confucius : the secular as sacred. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press. ISBN 1-57766-010-2.
- Mengzi (2006). Mengzi. Translation by B.W. Van Norden. In Philip J. Ivanhoe & B.W. Van Norden, Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. ISBN 0-87220-780-3.
- Ssu-ma Ch'ien (1974). Records of the Historian. Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang, trans. Hong Kong: Commercial Press.
- Van Norden, B.W., ed. (2001). Confucius and the Analects: New Essays. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513396-X.
External links[link]
 |
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (December 2010) |
- Confucius on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
- Multilingual web site on Confucius and the Analects
- Confucius entry by Jeffrey Riegel in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Works by Confucius at Project Gutenberg
- Confucian Analects (Project Gutenberg release of James Legge's Translation)
- Biography of Confucius and His Influence on China
- French translation by Edouard Chavannes of Sima Qian's biography of Confucius (see pp.283-435) in the Records of the Grand Historian
- Familiar Discourses (Jia yu,家語), containing traditions about Confucius' early life
- New modern and detailed TV series about Confucius made by CCTV
- Core philosophical passages in the Analects of Confucius.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Kong Qiu |
| Alternative names | Confucius |
| Short description | Politician, teacher, editor, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period |
| Date of birth | 551 BC |
| Place of birth | Qufu, Lu state |
| Date of death | 479 BC |
| Place of death | Qufu, Lu state |
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