Ska

Monday, 11 February 2013

This is Ska! (1/4) 1964 Jimmy Cliff/Prince Buster/Toots & The Maytals and more...

Pannonia Allstars Ska Orchestra - Hello Gagarin

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Argentina
Argentina ⁱ/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.

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Australia
Australia ( /əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.

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Caribbean
The Caribbean (pronounced /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ or /kəˈrɪbiən/) is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north. From the peninsula of Florida on the mainland of the United States, the islands stretch 1,200 miles (1,900 km) southeastward, then 500 miles (800 km) south, then west along the north coast of Venezuela on the South American mainland.
Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 7,000 islands, islets, reefs, and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea.
The Caribbean islands are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping, which consists of the Greater Antilles on the north, the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), as well as the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands (the Lucayan Archipelago, which does not border the Caribbean Sea). Due to its proximity to the equator, the sun rises from 3am EST to 5am EST.^{[citation needed]}

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Chicago
Chicago (ⁱ/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008^[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.

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Connecticut
Connecticut (ⁱ/kəˈnɛtɨkət/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and the state of New York to the west and the south (with which it shares a water boundary in Long Island Sound).
Connecticut is named for the Connecticut River, the major U.S. river that approximately bisects the state. Its capital city is Hartford. Much of southern and western Connecticut (along with the majority of the state's population) is part of the New York metropolitan area; three of Connecticut's eight counties are statistically included in the New York City combined statistical area, the same area is widely referred to as the Tri-State area. Connecticut's center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, which is also located within the Tri-State area.
Connecticut is the 3rd least extensive, the 29th most populous, and 4th most densely populated of the 50 United States. Called the Constitution State, Nutmeg State, and "The Land of Steady Habits", Connecticut was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States.

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Coventry
Coventry (ⁱ/ˈkɒvəntri/) is a city and metropolitan borough in the county of West Midlands in England. Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom. It is also the second largest city in the English Midlands, after Birmingham, with a population of 300,848, although Stoke-on-Trent, Leicester and Nottingham have larger urban areas. The population of Coventry had risen to 315,800 as of 2010, according to the Office of National Statistics.
Historically within Warwickshire, Coventry is situated 95 miles (153 km) northwest of central London and 19 miles (31 km) east-southeast of Birmingham, and is further from the coast than any other city in Britain. Although harbouring a population of almost a third of a million inhabitants, Coventry is not amongst the English Core Cities Group due to its proximity to Birmingham.
Coventry was the world's first twin city when it formed a twinning relationship with the Russian city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) during World War II. The relationship developed through ordinary people in Coventry who wanted to show their support for the Soviet Red Army during the Battle of Stalingrad. The city is now also twinned with Dresden, Lidice and 23 other cities around the world.

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England
England ⁱ/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.

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Germany
Germany (ⁱ/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km² and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.

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Jamaica
Coordinates: 18°10′57″N 77°19′18″W / 18.1823878°N 77.3217773°W / 18.1823878; -77.3217773
Jamaica (ⁱ/dʒəˈmeɪkə/), officially the Commonwealth of Jamaica, is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres (145 mi) in length, up to 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width, and 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola, the island harbouring the nation-states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno name for the island was Xaymaca, meaning the "Land of Wood and Water" or the "Land of Springs".
Once a Spanish possession known as Santiago, it became an English colony in 1655 under the name "Jamaica". It achieved full independence from Britain on August 6, 1962. With 2.8 million people, it is the third most populous anglophone country in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. It remains a Commonwealth realm in concert with the Monarchy of Jamaica holding ultimate executive power, where Queen Elizabeth II is the current head of state and Queen of Jamaica.Kingston is the country's largest city and the capital.

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Los Angeles
Los Angeles (ⁱ/lɒs ˈændʒələs/ loss-AN-jə-ləs; Spanish: [los ˈaŋxeles], which is written Los Ángeles; British pronounciation /lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/ loss-AN-jə-leez) with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621, is the most populous city in the state of California, and the second most populous in the United States, after New York City. It has an area of 468.67 square miles (1,213.8 km²), and is located in Southern California. Often known by its initials L.A., the city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area and Greater Los Angeles Area region, which contain 12,828,837 and nearly 18 million people respectively as of 2010, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world and the second largest in the United States. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States, while the entire Los Angeles area itself has been recognized as the most diverse of the nation's largest cities. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos".

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Mexico
Mexico (ⁱ/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.

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Montreal
Montreal (ⁱ/ˌmʌntriːˈɒl/;French: Montréal; pronounced [mɔ̃ʁeal] ( listen)) is a city in Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest city in Canada and the fifteenth largest in North America. Originally called Ville-Marie, or "City of Mary", the city takes its present name from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill located in the heart of the city, or Mont Réal as it was spelled in Middle French (Mont Royal in present French). The city is located on the Island of Montreal, which took its name from the same source as the city, and a few much smaller peripheral islands, the largest of which is Île Bizard.
As of May 10, 2011, Statistics Canada identifies Montreal's Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) (land area 4,259 square kilometres (1,644 sq mi)) as Canada's second most populous with an estimated metropolitan area population of 3,824,221 and a population of 1,886,481 in the urban agglomeration of Montreal, which includes all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal. The city of Montreal proper had a population of 1,649,519.

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New Orleans
New Orleans ( /nuː ˈɔrliənz/ or /ˈnuː ɔrˈliːnz/, locally /nuː ˈɔrlənz/ or /ˈnɔrlənz/; French: La Nouvelle-Orléans [la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃] ( listen)) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city proper was 343,829 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. The New Orleans metropolitan area (New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner Metropolitan Statistical Area) had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a larger trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,214,932.
The city is named after Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France, and is well known for its distinct French Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music (particularly as the birthplace of jazz), and its annual celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is often referred to as the "most unique" in America.

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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] ( listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.

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New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. The city is referred to as New York City or The City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part. As a global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.
Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county. The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km²), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. The New York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km²), and is also part of the most populous combined statistical area in the United States, containing 22.1 million people as of the 2010 Census.

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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.

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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.

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Uruguay
Uruguay ⁱ/ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, sometimes the Eastern Republic of Uruguay; (Spanish: República Oriental del Uruguay pronounced: [re̞ˈpuβ̞lika o̞ɾje̞n̪ˈt̪al̪ d̪e̞l uɾuˈɰwai̯]) is a country in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to 3.3 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European ancestry.
Except for the recent union of Timoteo Domínguez Island and Argentina's Martín García Island, Uruguay's only land border is with Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to the north. To the west lies the Uruguay River and the estuary of the Río de la Plata to the southwest. To the southeast lies the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean. With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), Uruguay is the second-smallest nation in South America by area, after Suriname.
Colonia del Sacramento, one of the oldest European settlements in the country, was founded by the Portuguese in 1680. Montevideo was founded by the Spanish in the early 18th century as a military stronghold. Uruguay won its independence in 1811–28 following a three-way struggle between the claims of Spain, Argentina and Brazil. It is a constitutional democracy, with a president who is both the head of state and the head of government.

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Venezuela
Venezuela (ⁱ/ˌvɛnɨˈzweɪlə/ VEN-ə-ZWAY-lə), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela [repuˈβlika βoliβaˈɾjana ðe βeneˈswela]), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its northern coastline of roughly 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around 916,445 square kilometres (353,841 sq mi) with an estimated population of 29,105,632. Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.

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Allniters
The Allniters were an Australian ska pop band based in Sydney during 1980–1987. Original line-up was Ted Ayers on sax, Dave Bebb on drums, Stuart Crysell on guitar, Martin Fabok on guitar, Peter Hill-Travis on vocals, Graham Hood on bass guitar, Brett Pattinson on vocals and Mark Taylor on keyboards. Numerous changes occurred in band members with Fabok, Hill-Travis and Pattinson common to almost all line-ups.
In 1983, The Allniters performed a ska-style cover of Bobby Bloom's hit "Montego Bay", which peaked at #16 on the Australian singles charts. They followed with an album D-D-D-Dance, which contained the slower and more mainstream "Love and Affection" single, both album and single received wide airplay on radio stations around Australia and were top 40 hits. More singles followed but Allniters separated for six months during 1985 and then continued on until July 1987 before disbanding more permanently. They briefly reformed in 1999 to tour and then record,Another Fine Mess was released before they disbanded once more, they reformed yet again during 2004 but no new material was released.

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Bob Dylan
Bob Dylan ( /ˈdɪlən/), born Robert Allen Zimmerman on May 24, 1941, is an American singer-songwriter, musician and artist. He has been an influential figure in popular music and culture for five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when he was an informal chronicler and a seemingly reluctant figurehead of social unrest. A number of Dylan's early songs, such as "Blowin' in the Wind" and "The Times They Are a-Changin'", became anthems for the US civil rights and anti-war movements. Leaving his initial base in the culture of folk music behind, Dylan's six-minute single "Like a Rolling Stone" has been described as radically altering the parameters of popular music in 1965. However, his recordings employing electric instruments attracted denunciation and criticism from others in the folk movement.
Dylan's lyrics incorporated a variety of political, social, philosophical, and literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed hugely to the then burgeoning counterculture. Initially inspired by the songs of Woody Guthrie,Robert Johnson, and Hank Williams, as well as the music and performance styles of Buddy Holly and Little Richard, Dylan has both amplified and personalized musical genres. His recording career, spanning fifty years, has explored numerous distinct traditions in American song—from folk, blues and country to gospel, rock and roll, and rockabilly to English, Scottish, and Irish folk music, embracing even jazz and swing.

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Bob Marley
Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley, OM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician. He was the rhythm guitarist and lead singer for the ska, rocksteady and reggae band Bob Marley & The Wailers (1963–1981). Marley remains the most widely known and revered performer of reggae music, and is credited with helping spread both Jamaican music and the Rastafari movement to a worldwide audience.
Marley's music was heavily influenced by the social issues of his homeland, and he is considered to have given voice to the specific political and cultural nexus of Jamaica. His best-known hits include "I Shot the Sheriff", "No Woman, No Cry", "Could You Be Loved", "Stir It Up", "Get Up Stand Up", "Jamming", "Redemption Song", "One Love" and, "Three Little Birds", as well as the posthumous releases "Buffalo Soldier" and "Iron Lion Zion". The compilation album Legend (1984), released three years after his death, is reggae's best-selling album, going ten times Platinum which is also known as one Diamond in the U.S., and selling 25 million copies worldwide.

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Byron Lee
Byron Lee OD, OJ (born Byron Aloysius St. Elmo Lee, 27 June 1935, Christiana, Manchester, Jamaica, died 4 November 2008, Kingston, Jamaica) was a musician, record producer, and entrepreneur, best known for his work as leader of Byron Lee and the Dragonaires.
Lee was born in Christiana in Manchester Parish to an Afro-Jamaican mother and a Chinese father (a language teacher) originally from Kowloon, Hong Kong. His mother was from Auchtembeddie, where mento and junkanoo were popular musical forms, and his family actively upheld the cultural and musical traditions of their African ancestors. The family moved to the Mountain View Gardens area of Kingston when Lee was around 8 or 9. He learned to play piano at a convent school in Mandeville, but put music on hold when he became a member of the Jamaican national football team. He taught himself to play bass on a homemade instrument, and around 1950, along with his friend Carl Brady, he formed the first incarnation of the Dragonaires, named after the college football team that they played for, at that time concentrating on mento. The band turned professional in 1956 and went on to become one of Jamaica's leading ska bands, continuing since and taking in other genres such as calypso, Soca, and Mas.

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Coxsone Dodd
Clement Seymour "Sir Coxsone" Dodd, CD (Kingston, Jamaica, January 26, 1932 – May 5, 2004) was a Jamaican record producer who was influential in the development of ska and reggae in the 1950s, 1960s and beyond. He received his nickname "Coxsone" at school: because of his teenage talent as a cricketer, his friends compared him to Alec Coxon, a member of the 1940s Yorkshire County Cricket Club team.
Dodd used to play records to the customers in his parents' shop. During a spell in the American South he became familiar with the rhythm and blues music popular there at the time. In 1954, back in Jamaica, he set up the Downbeat Sound System, being the owner of an amplifier, a turntable, and some US records, which he would import from New Orleans and Miami. With the success of his sound system, and in a competitive environment, Dodd would make trips through the US looking for new tunes to attract the Jamaican public. Dodd opened five different sound systems, each playing every night. To run his sound systems, Dodd appointed people such as Lee "Scratch" Perry, who was Dodd's right hand man during his early career, U-Roy and Prince Buster.

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Dance Hall Crashers
Dance Hall Crashers (often abbreviated to DHC) is an American ska punk band formed in 1989 in Berkeley, California.
The original incarnation of the Dance Hall Crashers (named after the Alton Ellis song "Dance Crasher") was formed in 1989 by Matt Freeman and Tim Armstrong, formerly of the seminal Bay Area ska-punk band Operation Ivy, after both musicians expressed an interest in starting a band rooted in more traditional ska and rocksteady than what they had been playing with Operation Ivy. The first line-up featured Armstrong on vocals and Freeman on bass guitar, as well as drummer Erik Larsen (whom they specifically lured away from a rocksteady band called "The Liquidators"). The band also featured keyboardist Joey Schaaf, vocalist Andrew Champion and guitarist Grant McIntire.
The band experimented with various songs and styles until they played their first show at 924 Gilman Street in Berkeley in 1989. Shortly after their debut, however, Freeman and Armstrong left to pursue other interests, mainly another punk-based ska project called Downfall.

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Derrick Morgan
Derrick Morgan (born 27 March 1940, Mocho, Clarendon Parish, Jamaica) is a musical artist popular in the 1960s and 1970s. He worked with Desmond Dekker, Bob Marley, and Jimmy Cliff in the rhythm and blues and ska genres, and he also performed rocksteady and skinhead reggae.
In 1957 Morgan entered the Vere Johns Opportunity Hour, a talent show held at the Palace Theatre in Kingston. He won with rousing impressions of Little Richard, and shortly after that, was recruited to perform around the island with the popular Jamaican comedy team, Bim and Bam. In 1959 Morgan entered the recording studio for the first time. Duke Reid, the acclaimed sound system boss, was looking for talent to record for his Treasure Isle record label. Morgan cut two popular shuffle-boogie sides "Lover Boy", a.k.a. "S-Corner Rock", and "Oh My". Soon after, Morgan cut the bolero tinged boogie, "Fat Man", which also became a hit. He also found time to record for Coxsone Dodd.
In 1960 Morgan became the only artist ever to fill the places from one to seven on the Jamaican pop chart simultaneously. Among those hits were "Don't Call Me Daddy", "In My Heart", "Be Still", and "Meekly Wait and Murmur Not". But it was the following year that Morgan released the biggest hit of his career, the Leslie Kong production of "You Don't Know", later retitled "Housewives’ Choice" by a local DJ. The song featured a bouncing ska riddim, along with a duet by Morgan and Millicent "Patsy" Todd.

wn.com/Derrick_Morgan
Duke Reid
Treasure Isle re-directs here. For the game, see Treasure Isle (Zynga game).
Arthur "Duke" Reid, CD (1915 – 1975) was a Jamaican record producer, DJ and label owner.
He ran one of the most popular sound systems of the 1950s called Duke Reid's the Trojan after the British-made trucks used to transport the equipment. In the 1960s, Reid founded record label Treasure Isle, named after his liquor store, that produced ska and rocksteady music. He was still active in the early 1970s, working with toaster U-Roy. He died in early 1975 after having suffered from a severe illness for the last year.
Reid was born in Portland, Jamaica. After serving ten years as a Jamaican Police officer, Reid left the force to help his wife Lucille run the family business, The Treasure Isle Grocery and Liquor Store.
He made his way into the music industry first as a sound system (outdoor mobile discothèque) owner, promoter and disc jockey. He quickly overtook Tom the Great Sebastian and his sound system as the most popular sound system in Jamaica. Soon he was also sponsor and presenter of a radio show, Treasure Isle Time. A jazz and blues man at heart, Reid chose "My Mother's Eyes" by Tab Smith as his theme tune. Other favourites of his included Fats Domino, a noticeable influence on the early Reid sound.

wn.com/Duke_Reid
Edward Seaga

Edward Philip George Seaga ( /siˈɑːɡə/) ON PC (born 28 May 1930) was the fifth Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1980 to 1989 and Leader of the Jamaica Labour Party from 1974 to 2005. He served as leader of the opposition from 1974 to 1980 and again from 1989 until January 2005. His retirement from political life marked the end of Jamaica's founding generation in active politics; he was the last serving politician to have entered public life before independence.
Seaga also played a major role in the development of the Jamaican music industry, as a record producer and record company owner.
The Most Honourable Edward Philip George Seaga, O.N. P.C., LL.D. (Hon.), former Prime Minister, 1980–89, Chancellor, University of Technology, Distinguished Fellow of the University of the West Indies, was born on May 28, 1930, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Jamaican parents of Lebanese and Scottish descent, the late Philip George Seaga and Erna (née Maxwell). His parents later returned to Jamaica when Edward was only three months old, and baptised their son in Kingston's Anglican Parish Church on December 5, 1930. Erna was the daughter of Elizabeth Campbell (maiden name), daughter of John Zungaroo Campbell (East Indian descent)and Elizabeth Heron (Scottish).

wn.com/Edward_Seaga
Ernest Ranglin
Ernest Ranglin O.D. (born 19 June 1932, Manchester, Jamaica) is a Jamaican guitarist and composer. Best known for his session work at the famed Studio One, Ranglin helped give birth to the ska genre in the late 1950s. Some^[who?] credit Ranglin with the invention of the core style of guitar play (sometimes known as "scratching") found in nearly all ska music.
Ranglin played on many classic Jamaican recordings, performing with artists such as Theophilus Beckford, Jimmy Cliff, Monty Alexander, Prince Buster, The Skatalites, Bob Marley and Eric Dean's Orchestra. He has also explored other styles of music, notably blending jazz, mento and reggae.
As a child, Ranglin had two uncles who played guitar and ukulele. After watching them play, he practiced on their instruments, and stood in for one of them when they failed to turn up for a recording session, impressing his other uncle so much that he was given the instrument for his seventh birthday. He built his own guitar using a sardine can and wires, before progressing to a real one. He moved with his family to Kingston, where he was educated at Providence, Kingston Senior School, and Bodin College. While still in his teens, he began performing live, locally and in the Bahamas, often with the young Monty Alexander. Charlie Christian was an early influence. Aged 15, he joined the Val Bennett band, and went on to play with the Eric Deans band and Count Boysie. By the early 1950s, Ranglin had become a proficient jazz guitarist and toured overseas.

wn.com/Ernest_Ranglin
Fats Domino
Antoine Dominique "Fats" Domino Jr. (born February 26, 1928) is an American R&B and rock and roll pianist and singer-songwriter. He was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. Domino was French Creole and Creole was his first language. Domino was delivered at home by his midwife grandmother who was born into enslavement in 1857. Like most families in the Lower Ninth Ward, Domino's family were new arrivals from the sugar and cotton plantations. His father was a well known violinist, and Domino was inspired to play himself. He eventually learned from his Uncle, jazz guitarist Harrison Verrett. Fats released five Gold (million selling) records before 1955. Domino also had 35 Top 40 American Hits and has a music style based on traditional R&B ensembles or Bass, Piano, Electric Guitar, Drums, and Saxophone.
Domino first attracted national attention with "The Fat Man" in 1949 on Imperial Records. This song is an early rock and roll record, featuring a rolling piano and Domino doing "wah-wah" vocalizing over a strong back beat. "The Fat Man" sold one million copies by 1953. Fats Domino released a series of hit songs with producer and co-writer Dave Bartholomew, saxophonists Herbert Hardesty and Alvin "Red" Tyler and drummer Earl Palmer. Other notable and long-standing musicians in Domino's band were saxophonists Reggie Houston, Lee Allen, and Fred Kemp, Domino's trusted bandleader. Domino finally crossed into the pop mainstream with "Ain't That A Shame" (1955), which hit the Top Ten, though Pat Boone characteristically hit #1 with a milder cover of the song that received wider radio airplay in a racially-segregated era. Domino eventually had 37 Top 40 singles.

wn.com/Fats_Domino
Ian McFarlane
Ian McFarlane (born 1959) is an Australian music journalist and author of The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop.
McFarlane started as a freelance music journalist in 1984 writing for Juke, The Edge and From the Vault. During the late 1980s - early 1990s he was a writer with Sydney music magazine Hot Metal and from 1992–1994 worked for Roadrunner Records (Australia). During 1993–1996, McFarlane wrote and edited the fanzines Freedom Train, on Australian progressive rock in the 1970s, and Prehistoric Sounds, on Australian indie rock from the 1970s and 1980s.
McFarlane wrote The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop in December 1999, it is described in Australian Music Guide as "The most exhaustive and wide-ranging encyclopedia of Australian music from the 1950s onwards". At the time he was also a writer for The Australian, he works for Raven Records, a reissue specialist label, and writes liner notes for Aztec music releases.

wn.com/Ian_McFarlane
Jackie Mittoo
Jackie Mittoo (3 March 1948 — 16 December 1990) was a Jamaican keyboardist, songwriter and musical director. He was a founding member of The Skatalites and was a mentor to many younger performers, primarily through his work as musical director for the Studio One record label.
He was born Donat Roy Mittoo in Browns Town, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, and began learning to play the piano when he was four under the tutelage of his grandmother.
In the 1960s he was a member of The Skatalites, The Rivals, The Sheiks, The Soul Brothers, The Soul Vendors and Sound Dimension. Among Mittoo's contributions in the mid to late 1960s were "Darker Shade of Black" (the basis for Frankie Paul's "Pass the Tu Sheng Peng"), Freddie McGregor's "Bobby Babylon", Alton Ellis' "I'm Still in Love with You", The Cables' rocksteady anthem "Baby Why" and Marcia Griffiths' first hit, "Feel Like Jumping". He played for Lloyd "Matador" Daley in 1968 and 1969.
He emigrated to Toronto, Canada at the end of the 1960s. There he recorded three albums, Wishbone (Summus), Reggae Magic (CTL) and Let's Put It All Together (CTL). He also set up the Stine-Jac record label, as well as running a record store.

wn.com/Jackie_Mittoo
Jerry Dammers
Jeremy David Hounsell "Jerry" Dammers (born 22 May 1955) is a British musician who is a founder, keyboard player and primary songwriter of the Coventry, England based ska revival band The Specials, The Special A.K.A. and The Spatial AKA Orchestra.
Dammers was born in Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, South India, the son of a clergyman who went on to become Dean of Bristol Cathedral, he attended King Henry VIII School, Coventry.
Dammers was a Mod in the 1960s, then became a hippie, before becoming a skinhead. He had been a member of The Cissy Stone Soul Band, and studied art at Coventry's Lanchester Polytechnic (now Coventry University), where he met Horace Panter.
He contributed to the founding of 2 Tone Records, which helped develop the 1970s/1980s ska revival. He became an anti-Apartheid campaigner, helping to create Artists Against Apartheid in the U.S., and writing the song "Free Nelson Mandela" about the jailed African National Congress leader in South Africa. In 1985, in the wake of the Band Aid single, he organized the recording and release of the "Starvation" single, a version of The Pioneers' 1969 song, in aid of famine relief in Africa, featuring members of The Special AKA, UB40, Madness, The Pioneers, and The Beat. In early 1986, he took part Red Wedge tour that also featured The Style Council, The Communards, Junior Giscombe, Lorna Gee and other special guests. He also introduced Simple Minds to producer Tony Hollingsworth and they became the first major act to agree to perform at Hollingsworth's Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert, which was broadcast worldwide from London's Wembley Stadium, on 11 June 1988. That same year, he briefly played with the re-formed Madness on their single "I Pronounce You" and its attendant album, The Madness.

wn.com/Jerry_Dammers
Jimmy Cliff
Jimmy Cliff, OM (born James Chambers on 1 April 1948) is a Jamaican musician, singer and actor. He is the only currently living musician to hold the Order of Merit, the highest honour that can be granted by the Jamaican government for achievement in the arts and sciences.
Cliff is best known among mainstream audiences for songs such as "Sitting in Limbo", "You Can Get It If You Really Want" and "Many Rivers to Cross" from the soundtrack to The Harder They Come, which helped popularize reggae across the world; and his covers of Cat Stevens' "Wild World" and Johnny Nash's "I Can See Clearly Now" from the film Cool Runnings. Outside of the reggae world, he is probably best known for his film appearance in The Harder They Come. Cliff was one of five performers inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010.
Jimmy Cliff was born in Somerton District, St. James, Jamaica. He began writing songs while still at primary school in St. James, listening to a neighbour's sound system. In 1962 his father took him to Kingston to go to Kingston Technical school, where he ended up sharing his cousin's one rented room in East Kingston.

wn.com/Jimmy_Cliff
Louis Jordan
Louis Thomas Jordan (July 8, 1908 – February 4, 1975) was a pioneering American jazz, blues and rhythm & blues musician, songwriter and bandleader who enjoyed his greatest popularity from the late 1930s to the early 1950s. Known as "The King of the Jukebox", Jordan was highly popular with both black and white audiences in the later years of the swing era. In 2004, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked him #59 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
Jordan was one of the most successful African-American musicians of the 20th century, ranking fifth in the list of the all-time most successful black recording artists according to Billboard magazine's chart methodology. Though comprehensive sales figures are not available, he scored at least four million-selling hits during his career. Jordan regularly topped the R&B "race" charts, and was one of the first black recording artists to achieve a significant "crossover" in popularity into the mainstream (predominantly white) American audience, scoring simultaneous Top Ten hits on the white pop charts on several occasions. After Duke Ellington and Count Basie, Louis Jordan was probably the most popular and successful African-American bandleader of his day.

wn.com/Louis_Jordan
Mark Foggo
Mark Foggo (b. October 30, 1950) is an English-born ska musician currently based in Antwerp, Belgium.
Beginning his music career in Amsterdam in 1979, Foggo became a prominent figure in Europe's post-2-Tone ska scene, most notably with his band Mark Foggo's Skasters, formed in 1987. Foggo's music, which he describes as "modern, bizarre, non-influenced, up tempo ska", is characterized by his observational and darkly comic lyricism, as well as his manic and boisterous stage personality.
Foggo's most recent studio album, Mad, was released in 2010 on V2 Records, and his band continues to tour Europe extensively. In addition, Foggo has also operated his own all-ska record label and booking agency Skanky'Lil Music since 1990, leading him to be called "the hardest working man in ska" and "a ska missionary" on a "never ending quest of playing and supporting ska music where ever he goes".
Born in Liverpool in 1950, Mark Foggo began playing music at age fourteen, inspired by British rhythm and blues groups such as The Animals, whose singer Eric Burdon Foggo cites as an influence. Several years later, Foggo moved to London in hopes of finding work as a guitarist, playing the London pub circuit with a number of different rhythm and blues and punk rock bands for most of the late 1970s.

wn.com/Mark_Foggo
Mike Park
Mike Park is a Korean American musician and progressive activist. His musical ventures include Skankin' Pickle for whom he both played the saxophone and sang, The Chinkees, The Bruce Lee Band, and most recently an acoustic solo project under his own name. After his time with Skankin' Pickle he went on to found Asian Man Records, a label which he has run out of his garage in California since 1996 with only help from his parents and friends. Asian Man Records supports mostly ska and punk bands. Park will support any band as long as it is "anti-racist, anti-sexist, and anti-prejudice".^{[citation needed]} Park has used Asian Man Records to release his own music, in addition to providing a start for smaller bands to allow them to grow, including Less Than Jake, Alkaline Trio, and The Lawrence Arms. In 1999 he formed the Plea for Peace Foundation an organization whose aim is "to promote the ideas of peace through the power of music", something which Park has been trying to do with his own bands and with the help of other groups.^{[citation needed]}

wn.com/Mike_Park
Neville Staple
Neville Eugenton Staple (born 11 April 1955) is a singer for the two-tone ska band, The Specials as well as his own combo, The Neville Staple Band. Along with Ranking Roger, he also sings in Special Beat.
Staple was born in Manchester, Jamaica. At the age of five, Neville left Jamaica to live in the English town of Rugby, Warwickshire but later moved to Coventry. He was initially active in the sound system scene forming his own crew called "Jah Baddis". Neville was a regular fixture at the Locarno ballroom in Coventry where he met its resident DJ, Pete Waterman. Pete was heavily involved in the seventies reggae scene before going on to become a major pop producer in the 1980s. Pete has written the foreword to Neville's biography - "Original Rude Boy" - and briefly managed The Specials.
Neville's first involvement with The Specials was when they were still called The Coventry Automatics. He initially joined as their roadie but at a gig supporting The Clash, Neville took to the stage and never looked back. For a while, The Specials were managed by The Clash's manager Bernard Rhodes of whom Neville used to toast "Bernie Rhodes knows don't argue" at the beginning of the Specials hit single "Gangsters".

wn.com/Neville_Staple
Prince Buster
Cecil Bustamente Campbell, O.D. (born 28 May 1938), usually known as Prince Buster, and also having the Muslim name Muhammed Yusef Ali, is a musician from Kingston, Jamaica. He is regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of ska and rocksteady music. The records he made on the Blue Beat label in the 1960s inspired many reggae and ska artists.
Campbell began his professional career as a singer in 1956; performing in Kingston nightclubs. He formed a succession of bands with several of his friends, none of which were successful.
Campbell's music career reached maturity with the growth of the sound system. Across Jamaica, music promoters drove vans filled with stereo equipment to stage mobile parties. The operators of the sound system would play the popular R&B dance records of the day and often they would have a vocalist called a toaster call out the dancers' names, chant in rhythm, and make light-hearted boasts. Deejay "toasting" was one of the precursors to the style of vocal delivery that eventually evolved into rap.

wn.com/Prince_Buster

This is Ska!

This is ska, the authentic style! Just learn these basic steps and be amaze all your frien...

published: 08 Jun 2008

author: Stijn Biemans

A Brief History Of Ska

a short documentary of the 3 waves of ska music...

published: 22 Aug 2006

author: mellowdeeska

This is Ska! (1/4) 1964 Jimmy Cliff/Prince Buster/Toots & The Maytals and more...

A programme from 1964 featuring the best in Jamaican ska, featuring Eric 'Monty' Morris, J...

published: 04 Apr 2010

author: jw31209

Jamaica Ska

Fishbone music video, from the 1987 film "Back To The Beach" (with Annette Funicello). Vis...

published: 04 Apr 2006

author: fishbonedotnet

Ska-P Cannabis

Legalización, una de las grandes de Ska-P...

published: 18 Jan 2006

author: Pahint

Polemic - Do Ska

Hodokvas Festival 2006...

published: 07 Dec 2006

author: Kix5

Pannonia Allstars Ska Orchestra - Hello Gagarin

www.paso.hu...

published: 29 Aug 2009

author: kjuw1n

Ska Jerk - Bob Marley & The Wailers

Bob Marley & The Wailers Another Dance (Rarities From Studio 1)...

published: 01 Jul 2009

author: askjdhagyouqgw

Skatalites - Ska Ska Ska

authentic ska feel the groove...

published: 28 Dec 2008

author: myopinions

Original Ska dance

www.facebook.com/spgska www.facebook.com/maxskaisland www.myspace.com/spgska for ska lover...

published: 03 Jun 2008

author: max skaisland

Reel Big Fish - Take on Me

Reel Big Fish Cover of Aha's Take on Me...

published: 11 May 2006

author: Maxime Lachance

SKA CUBANO-BABALU

www.facebook.com LES RECOMIENDO ESTE VIDEO LA ROLA ESTA MUY BUENA Y EN VIVO CHECA EL LINK ...

published: 11 Mar 2010

author: Azael Beiss

Akurat: Wiej Ska

This song is great!!...

published: 10 Mar 2007

author: lusitan318

Madness - One Step Beyond

Madness - One Step Beyond...

published: 25 Feb 2007

author: mokiat

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photo: AP / Ugarit News via AP video

This image taken from video obtained from Ugarit News on Thursday, Feb. 7, 2013, which has been authenticated based on its contents and other AP reporting, purports to show Syrian soldiers dancing to Usher's hit song "Yeah!"

Amid a Bloody War, Syrian Videos Show a Glimpse of Fun

The New York Times

09 Feb 2013

BEIRUT, Lebanon — The video has gone viral in recent days. Syrian government soldiers, in camouflage gear, carrying rocket-propelled grenades and brandishing rifles, mugging for the camera while dancing in a circle to Usher’s hit song “Yeah!”. Enlarge This Image. Ugarit News, via Associated Press. In a video posted online, Syrian soldiers chant and dance to Usher’s hit song “Yeah!”. Related. U.N ... Twitter List ... Raw ... ....(size: 8.2Kb)

photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb

File - Palestinian Salafis "al-Qaeda" burning U.S. and Israeli flags as they burn an image of U.S. President Barack Obama during a protest against what they said was a film being produced in the U.S. that was insulting to the Prophet Mohammad in Rafah in southern Gaza Strip on September 14, 2012.

Tide of Salafism threatens the Arab spring

Mail Guardian South Africa

10 Feb 2013

A protester holds a banner reading "Be careful Mr President Hollande, Tunisia is not Mali" at a demonstration in Tunis on February 9. (AP). More Coverage. Late last year, largely unnoticed in the West, Tunisia's president, Moncef Marzouki, gave an interview to Chatham House's The World Today ... "We didn't realise how dangerous and violent these Salafists could be ... They are a tiny minority within a tiny minority ... Threats ... ....(size: 13.5Kb)

photo: AP / Jerome Delay

A Malian soldier takes cover behind a truck during exchanges of fire with jihadists in Gao, northern Mali, Sunday, Feb. 10, 2013.

Militants Battle Malian and French Troops in Liberated Town

The New York Times

10 Feb 2013

DAKAR, Senegal — Gunfire rang out in the streets of the strategic city of Gao in northern Mali on Sunday, two weeks after French troops appeared to have chased radical Islamists out of the city, which is at the edge of the desert and is the largest population center in the north. Multimedia. Interactive Feature. Turmoil in the Sahara. Related. Mali War Shifts as Rebels Hide in High Sahara (February 10, 2013) ... Twitter List ... Mr ...   ... ....(size: 9.1Kb)

photo: AP / Elaine Thompson

A Boeing 777-367 (ER) Cathay Pacific jet is guided to a parking spot by a marshaller at Paine Field Tuesday, Feb. 5, 2013, in Everett, Wash.

Boeing 787 on test flight, 1st since grounding

Jakarta Post

10 Feb 2013

Boeing sent a 787 up on a test flight Saturday, the first since the new airliner was grounded three weeks ago because of a battery fire ... The plan was to spend two and a half hours in the air ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)

photo: AP / Marcio Jose Sanchez

Nigeria supporters root for their team as it plays Costa Rica during the FIFA U20 World Cup soccer tournament in Victoria, Canada, Sunday, July 1, 2007. Decked out in green-and-white striped toques and matching T-shirts, 90 members of the Nigeria Football Supporters' Club followed their men's youth team all the way from western Africa to Victoria for the tournament.

Burkina Faso v Nigeria - African Nations Cup final teams

FourFourTwo

10 Feb 2013

Top scorer Emenike fails to make final for Nigeria. Africa Cup of Nations 7 minutes ago. Burkina Faso v Nigeria - African Nations Cup final teams. Africa Cup of Nations 21 minutes ago. Blatter angry with UEFA over declaration on FIFA reforms. Rest of Europe 1 hours ago. Mali bank on Keita to deliver first World Cup place. Africa Cup of Nations 1 hours ago. Nigeria start favourites in African Nations Cup final ... Rest of Europe Yesterday, 22.28....(size: 6.8Kb)

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Dub Me Always Feat. Dubplate Pearl

Skiddle

11 Feb 2013

Pleased to welcome guest selector Dubplate Pearl for a special Valentines edition; a veteran of noted reggae nights Vinyl Meltdown at Albertines, Spin That Tune at the Honor Oak, Ska Lavin at the Troy Bar and the Reggae Shack at Islington Metal Works, Pearl is one of the most ......(size: 1.5Kb)

Tuesday Night @ 42s tickets

Skiddle

11 Feb 2013

42nd Street Nightclub, Manchester Tue 12th February 2013. The Only place to be on a Tuesday night in Manchester Manchester's finest djs have been playing at 42s for the last 20 years, Now every Tuesday night Chris. Date. Tuesday 12th February 2013. Venue. 42nd Street Nightclub ». Location. Manchester ». Doors. 10.00pm til 3.00am (last entry 1.00am). Short url ... Buy tickets for this event. ... All the best of Motown, Ska, Northern Soul ... 2....(size: 2.8Kb)

Chicago Craft Beer Calendar, February 11-13

The Examiner

11 Feb 2013

I am only covering the busy Monday through Wednesday, as it encompasses Fat Tuesday. My Valentine's Day events are covered at this link. Monday, Feb. 11. Horse Thief Hollow Grand Opening. Horse Thief Hollow Brewpub, 10426 S. Western Ave., Chicago 773-779-BREW ... Countryside Saloon, 2501 E ... 12 ... Sixpoint's 3 Beans • Ska/Oskar Blues collab oSKAr The G'Rauch • 3 Floyds Dreadnaught IPA • Solemn Oath's Kidnapped By Vikings • Lagunitas SUCKS! Ale ... 13 ... ....(size: 14.4Kb)

Revenge Of The Psychotronic Man, Hated Til Proven, Irrational Act, Fierce Morgan £FREE!

Skiddle

10 Feb 2013

West Street Live, Sheffield Sun 24th February 2013. Revenge Of The Psychotronic Man are a thrashy, 80s hc-ish, fast punk band from Manchester ... Date ... Fast, thrashy, hard-working streetpunk/ska headcases from Warrington ... Formed from the ashes of 'North Derbyshire Band of the Year' Kerplunk!, FM play an eclectic fusion of NoFX based so-cal punk with hints of modern hardcore and underground UK Ska ... Hardcore/Hardstyle, Metal, Punk, Rock, Ska ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)

Leaf Showcase! Rook & The Ravens + Fantasist + more

Skiddle

10 Feb 2013

Baker's Vaults, Stockport Fri 15th February 2013. Leaf Promotions present the very best of the Northwest's unsigned live bands absolutely free!!!. Date ... Venue ... Acoustic, Alternative, Blues, Folk, Funk, Indie, Metal, Punk, Reggae, Rhythm and Blues, Rock, Ska ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)

Making Tracks: Yiddish Twist Orchestra

Skiddle

10 Feb 2013

Rich Mix, London Tue 12th February 2013. Yiddish Twist Orchestra. Twisted retro roots from the East End pay homage to the genius beatnik founder of 50s and 60s sound wave music 'der shvitz'. Date. Tuesday 12th February 2013 ... Featuring Europes retro king Natty Bo on vocals (Ska Cubano), this all-star East End bands irresistible, bold and brassy musical fusions guarantee to have us all doing the Yiddish twist ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)

Looking back a great friendship

Jamaica Observer

10 Feb 2013

The Jamaica Observer celebrates its 20th anniversary this year. Its entertainment section looks back at 20 major events the newspaper covered during that period. Today, we reflect on Sly and Robbie's Friends which won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 1999 ... Other nominees were were Buju Banton's Inna Heights, Psychedelic Souls by the The Wailing Souls, and Toots & the Maytals' Ska Father ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)

the infinite collective

Skiddle

09 Feb 2013

A brilliant 8 piece Gypsy ska & Reggae band with a stonking horn section, enchanting vocals and devilish beats you simply won't be able to resist ... band' has evolved into an upbeat fusing of Ska, Funk, electronica, hip-hop, eastern folk and more... Electronic, Funk, Hip Hop, Reggae, Ska....(size: 1.6Kb)

Marley's birthday, first Reggae Wednesday, a good fit

The Gleaner

09 Feb 2013

Davina Henry, Staff Reporter. Bob Marley's 68th birthday was a fitting day to begin Reggae Wednesdays ... The Jamaica Symphony Orchestra, conducted by John Williams, had patrons rocking along to instrumental renditions of Bob Marley's Exodus and Redemption Song ... The era of ska was on show next and the Winston 'Sparrow' Martin-led Ska Rebirth was brilliant ... Sparrow also showcased his dancing ability and his ska moves across the stage ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)

Boogaloo

Skiddle

09 Feb 2013

HiFi Club, Leeds Sat 9th February 2013 ... Date. Saturday 9th February 2013. Venue. HiFi Club ». Location. Leeds ». Doors ... With a musical playlist of cross genre hopping beats including Latin Boogaloo, Jamaican Ska, Soul, Funk and other International oddness, Boogaloo has been entertaining crowds at The HiFi Club since its launch 12 years ago! ... 18 ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)

DC & Hookline Present... The Hit Ups + Skate Demo @ On Board Skate Park

Skiddle

09 Feb 2013

On Board Skatepark, Sheffield Sat 9th February 2013. London based 'Spooked-Out-Electronic-Party-Core-Rock & Roll' band, The Hit Ups, are touring the UK and we've got them in Sheff for a very special event indeed!. Date. Saturday 9th February 2013. Venue. On Board Skatepark ». Location. Sheffield ». Doors. 6.30pm til 10.00pm (last entry 9.30pm). Short url. http.//www.skiddle.com/events/11797242/ ... Indie, Punk, Rock, Ska....(size: 2.4Kb)

Blues updates: Backes looking for offense

STL Today

09 Feb 2013

The first skater on the ice this morning for the Blues' practice was captain David Backes. Ten minutes before the rest of the team trickled on, the center fired shot after shot into an empty net. Although Backes has led the Blues' roster in goals and led or shared the points lead the past two years, he's been a notoriously slow starter offensively ... *** ... Oshie ... "He helped me last season when I was traded (from Sibir) to SKA (in the KHL) ... 1....(size: 6.2Kb)

SKA project calls for SA proposals

Business Day

08 Feb 2013

SA ‘fortunate’ with SKA skills transfer In this article ... REQUESTS for proposals for the pre-construction phase of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio telescope will open next month, associate director for science and engineering at SKA SA Justin Jonas said on Thursday ... However, the project, initially expected to cost €1.5bn, would likely cost double that, said SKA South Africa director Bernie Fanaroff....(size: 2.6Kb)

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This article is about the music genre. For other uses, see SKA (disambiguation).

Ska
Stylistic origins	Jamaican mento and calypso; American jazz and rhythm and blues
Cultural origins	Late 1950s Jamaica
Typical instruments	Guitar, bass guitar, trumpet, trombone, saxophone, piano, drums, organ
Mainstream popularity	Highest in early 1960s; wide popularity in Jamaica & notable popularity in United Kingdom; notable revivals in 1970s/1980s UK and late-1990s North America
Derivative forms	Rocksteady, reggae
Fusion genres
2 Tone, ska punk, ska jazz, spouge
Regional scenes
Japan, Australia
Other topics
Third wave ska, list of ska musicians, rude boy, mod, skinhead, Suedehead, traditional skinhead

	The Wailers "One Love/People Get Ready" noicon "One Love/People Get Ready" by The Wailers. This is a Ska version of the famous Bob Marley song.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

Ska ( /ˈskɑː/, Jamaican [skjæ]) is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s, and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae.^[1] Ska combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and blues. It is characterized by a walking bass line accented with rhythms on the upbeat. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with British mods. Later it became popular with many skinheads.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Music historians typically divide the history of ska into three periods: the original Jamaican scene of the 1960s (First Wave), the English 2 Tone ska revival of the late 1970s (Second Wave) and the third wave ska movement, which started in the 1980s (Third Wave) and rose to popularity in the US in the 1990s.^[6]

1 Etymology
2 History
- 2.1 2 Tone
- 2.2 Third wave
  - 2.2.1 Europe, Australia, Asia and South America
  - 2.2.2 North America
3 See also
4 Footnotes
5 Further reading
6 External links

Etymology [link]

There are different theories about the origins of the word ska. Ernest Ranglin claimed that the term was coined by musicians to refer to the "skat! skat! skat!" scratching guitar strum.^[7] Another explanation is that at a recording session in 1959 produced by Coxsone Dodd, double bassist Cluett Johnson instructed guitarist Ranglin to "play like ska, ska, ska", although Ranglin has denied this, stating "Clue couldn't tell me what to play!"^[8] A further theory is that it derives from Johnson's word skavoovie, with which he was known to greet his friends.^[9] Jackie Mittoo insisted that the musicians themselves called the rhythm Staya Staya, and that it was Byron Lee who introduced the term 'ska'.^[10]

Guitar and piano making a ska sound, like 'ska, ska,' that's why we call it SKA. The sound of the guitar and the piano, that's why we give it the name ska.

—Derrick Morgan^[11]

Ernest Ranglin described the difference between the R&B and the ska beat is that the former goes "chink-ka" and the latter goes "ka-chink".^[11]

History [link]

After World War II, Jamaicans purchased radios in increasing numbers and were able to hear rhythm and blues music from Southern United States cities such as New Orleans by artists such as Fats Domino^[12] and Louis Jordan.^[13]

Music of Jamaica
General topics
Related articles
Genres
Kumina Niyabinghi Mento Ska Rocksteady Reggae Sound systems Lovers rock Dub Dancehall Dub poetry Toasting Raggamuffin Roots reggae Reggae fusion
Nationalistic and patriotic songs
National anthem	Jamaica, Land We Love
Regional music
Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Bonaire Cayman Islands Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe Haiti Louisiana Martinique Montserrat Panama Puerto Rico St Kitts and Nevis St Lucia St Vincent and Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Virgin Islands
v t e

File:Skank on Em64.png

Quarter note "skank" guitar rhythm^[14]

Play (help·info), named onomatopoetically for its sound.

File:Ska-Rock Steady on D and Em64.png

Eighth note skank rhythm^[15]

Play (help·info).

The stationing of American military forces during and after the war meant that Jamaicans could listen to military broadcasts of American music, and there was a constant influx of records from the US. To meet the demand for that music, entrepreneurs such as Prince Buster, Clement "Coxsone" Dodd, and Duke Reid formed sound systems. As jump blues and more traditional R&B began to ebb in popularity in the early 1960s, Jamaican artists began recording their own version of the genres.^[16] The style was of bars made up of four triplets but was characterized by a guitar chop on the off beat - known as an upstroke or skank - with horns taking the lead and often following the off beat skank and piano emphasizing the bass line and, again, playing the skank.^[1] Drums kept 4/4 time and the bass drum was accented on the 3rd beat of each 4-triplet phrase. The snare would play side stick and accent the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase.^[1] The upstroke sound can also be found in other Caribbean forms of music, such as mento and calypso.^[17]

One theory about the origin of ska is that Prince Buster created it during the inaugural recording session for his new record label Wild Bells.^[17] The session was financed by Duke Reid, who was supposed to get half of the songs to release. The guitar began emphasizing the second and fourth beats in the bar, giving rise to the new sound. The drums were taken from traditional Jamaican drumming and marching styles. To create the ska beat, Prince Buster essentially flipped the R&B shuffle beat, stressing the offbeats with the help of the guitar. Prince Buster has explicitly cited American rhythm & blues as the origin of ska, specifically Willis Jackson's song "Later for the Gator", "Oh Carolina", and "Hey Hey Mr. Berry".^[18]

The first ska recordings were created at facilities such as Studio One and WIRL Records in Kingston, Jamaica with producers such as Dodd, Reid, Prince Buster, and Edward Seaga.^[17] The ska sound coincided with the celebratory feelings surrounding Jamaica's independence from the UK in 1962; an event commemorated by songs such as Derrick Morgan's "Forward March" and The Skatalites' "Freedom Sound." Because the newly-independent Jamaica didn't ratify the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works until 1994 copyright was not an issue, which created a large number of cover songs and reinterpretations. Jamaican musicians such as The Skatalites often recorded instrumental ska versions of popular American and British music, such as Beatles songs, Motown and Atlantic soul hits, movie theme songs, or surf rock instrumentals. Bob Marley's band The Wailers covered the Beatles' "And I Love Her", and radically reinterpreted Bob Dylan's "Like a Rolling Stone".

Byron Lee & the Dragonaires performed ska with Prince Buster, Eric "Monty" Morris, and Jimmy Cliff at the 1964 New York World's Fair. As music changed in the United States, so did ska. In 1965 and 1966, when American soul music became slower and smoother, ska changed its sound accordingly and evolved into rocksteady.^[17]^[19] However, rocksteady's heyday was brief, peaking in 1967. By 1968, ska evolved again into reggae.

2 Tone [link]

Main article: 2 Tone

The 2 Tone genre, which began in the late 1970s in the areas in and around the city of Coventry in England, was a fusion of Jamaican ska rhythms and melodies with punk rock's more aggressive guitar chords and lyrics.^[19] Compared to 1960s ska, 2 Tone music had faster tempos, fuller instrumentation and a harder edge. The genre was named after 2 Tone Records, a record label founded by Jerry Dammers of The Specials. In many cases, the reworking of classic ska songs turned the originals into hits again in the United Kingdom.

The 2 Tone movement promoted racial unity at a time when racial tensions were high in the UK. There were many Specials songs that raised awareness of the issues of racism, fighting and friendship issues. Riots in British cities were a feature during the summer that The Specials song "Ghost Town" was a hit, although this work was in a slower, Reggae beat. Most of the 2 Tone bands had multiracial lineups, such as The Beat (known as English Beat in North America and the British Beat in Australia), The Specials, and The Selecter.^[1] Although only on the 2 Tone label for one single, Madness was one of the most effective bands at bringing the 2 Tone genre into the mainstream.

[edit] Third wave

Europe, Australia, Asia and South America [link]

By the late 1980s, ska had experienced a minor resurgence of popularity in Britain, propelled by bands such as The Burial, The Hotknives and Potato 5, and the re-emergence of the traditional skinhead subculture, ska music festivals, and ska-friendly record labels such as Unicorn Records.^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]

The early 1980s saw a massive international surge in ska's popularity, particularly in Europe. Germany proved to be one of the more notable countries, producing a large number of ska bands, record labels and festivals.^[21]^[25] Notable German ska bands included Skaos, Blechreiz and The Busters. Other prominent bands from Europe's late-1980s/early-1990s ska boom include Mr. Review and Mark Foggo's Skasters from Amsterdam, and Skarface from France.

The Australian ska scene flourished in the mid-1980s, following the musical precedents set by 2 Tone, and spearheaded by bands such as Strange Tenants and No Nonsense, both from Melbourne, and later The Porkers, from Newcastle.^[26] Some of the Australian ska revival bands found success on their national music charts, most notably Sydney's The Allniters, who had a #10 hit with a ska cover of "Montego Bay" in 1983.^[27]

Japan established its own ska and reggae scenes — the former colloquially referred to as J-ska — in the mid-1980s.^[28]^[29] The Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra, formed in 1985, have been one of the most commercially successful progenitors of Japanese ska.^[30]

South America's ska scene started developing in the mid-1980s. South American ska bands typically play traditional ska rhythms blended with strong influences from Latin music and rock en Español.^[31] The most prominent of these bands is Los Fabulosos Cadillacs from Argentina. Formed in 1985, the band has sold millions of records worldwide, scoring an international hit single with "El Matador" in 1994 and winning the 1998 Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock/Alternative album.^[32]. Other notable bands include: JAS (Peru); Los Auténticos Decadentes (Argentina); Panteón Rococó, Inspector (band) and Maldita Vecindad (Mexico); and No Te Va Gustar (Uruguay);and Desorden Público (Venezuela).

North America [link]

By the early 1980s, influenced by 2 Tone, ska bands began forming throughout the United States.^[19] The Uptones from Berkeley, California and The Toasters from New York City — both formed in 1981 — were among the first active ska bands in North America, both credited with laying the groundwork for American ska and establishing scenes in their respective regions.^[6]^[33]^[34]^[35] While many of the early American ska bands continued in the musical traditions set by 2 Tone and the mod revival, bands such as Fishbone, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones and Operation Ivy pioneered the American ska punk subgenre, a fusion of ska and punk rock which typically downplayed ska's R&B influence in favor of faster tempos and guitar distortion.^[19]^[36]

Two hotspots for the United States' burgeoning ska scenes were New York City and Orange County, California. In New York, Toasters frontman Robert "Bucket" Hingley formed independent label Moon Ska Records in 1983. The label quickly became the largest ska independent record label in the United States, distributing titles from east coast bands like The Slackers, The Scofflaws and The Pietasters.^[37] The Orange County ska scene was a breeding ground for ska punk and more contemporary pop-influenced ska music, personified by bands such as Reel Big Fish, No Doubt and Sublime.^[38] It was here that the term "third wave ska" was coined and popularized by Tazy Phyllips (host of the Ska Parade radio show) to describe the new wave of ska-influenced bands which were steadily gaining notoriety.^[39]^[40] The San Francisco Bay Area also contributed to ska's growing popularity, with Skankin' Pickle, Let's Go Bowling and the Dance Hall Crashers becoming known on the touring circuit.

The mid-1990s saw a considerable rise in ska music's underground popularity, marked by the formation of many ska-based record labels, booking organizations and indie zines. While Moon Ska was still the largest of the United States' ska labels, other notable labels included Jump Up Records of Chicago, which covered the thriving midwest scene, and Steady Beat Recordings of Los Angeles, which covered Southern California's traditional ska revival popularized by the band Hepcat. Stomp Records of Montreal was Canada's primary distributor of ska music, carrying titles from Canadian bands such as The Planet Smashers, The Kingpins and King Apparatus.^[41] Additionally, many punk and indie rock labels, such as Hellcat Records and Fueled by Ramen, broadened their scope to include both ska and ska punk bands. Asian Man Records (formerly Dill Records), founded by Skankin' Pickle's Mike Park in 1996, started out primarily releasing skapunk albums before branching out and releasing early albums by punk bands Alkaline Trio and The Lawrence Arms.^[42]

In 1993, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones signed with Mercury Records, becoming the first American ska band to find mainstream commercial success, with their 1994 album Question the Answers achieving gold record status and peaking at #138 on the Billboard 200.^[43] In 1995, punk band Rancid, featuring former members of Operation Ivy, released the ska single "Time Bomb" which reached #8 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks, becoming the first major ska hit of the 1990s and launching the genre into the public eye.^[44] Over the next few years, a string of notable ska and ska-influenced singles became hits on mainstream radio, including "Spiderwebs" by No Doubt, "Sell Out" by Reel Big Fish and "The Impression That I Get" by The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, all of whom would reach platinum status with each of their respective albums. By 1996, third wave ska was one of the most popular forms of alternative music in the United States.^[44]

By the late 1990s, mainstream interest in third wave ska bands waned as other music genres gained momentum.^[45] Moon Ska Records folded in 2000, but Moon Ska Europe, a licensed affiliate based in Europe, continued operating in the 2000s, and was later relaunched as Moon Ska World. In 2003, Hingley launched a new ska record label, Megalith Records.

Footnotes [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Ska". Encyclopædia Britannica. Hussey Dermot. pp. http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article–9118222.
^ Brown, Timothy S. (2004). "Subcultures, pop music and politics: skinheads and "Nazi rock" in England and Germany". Journal of Social History. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_1_38/ai_n6234788/pg_1.
^ "Smiling Smash: An Interview with Cathal Smyth, a.k.a Chas Smash, of Madness - Ska/Reggae - 08/16/99". Web.archive.org. 2001-02-19. http://web.archive.org/web/20010219175613/ska.about.com/musicperform/ska/library/1999/aa081699a.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
^ Marshall, George (1991). Spirit of '69 - A Skinhead Bible. Dunoon, Scotland: S.T. Publishing. ISBN 1-898927-10-3)
^ "Inspecter 7". Montrealmirror.com. 1998-01-14. http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/1998/011598/music1.html. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
^ ^a ^b Joel Selvin (2008-03-23). "Selvin, Joel, ''San Francisco Chronicle'', "A brief history of ska" Sunday, March 23, 2008". Sfgate.com. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/03/21/PKSPVIK17.DTL. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
^ White, Timothy (1983) "Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley", Corgi Books
^ Thompson, Dave (2002) "Reggae & Caribbean Music", Backbeat Books, ISBN 0-87930-655-6
^ Boot, Adrian & Salewicz, Chris (1995) "Bob Marley: Songs of Freedom", Bloomsbury
^ Clarke, Sebastien "Jah Music: the Evolution of the Popular Jamaican Song"
^ ^a ^b Augustyn, Heather (2010). Ska: An Oral History, p.16. ISBN 0-7864-6040-7.
^ Coleman, Rick (2006). Blue Monday: Fats Domino and the lost dawn of rock 'n' roll. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81491-9. http://books.google.com/?id=Galk1rd04GEC&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210.
^ Chen, Wayne (1998). Reggae Routes. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-56639-629-8. http://books.google.com/?id=felkD8CI97sC&pg=PA30.
^ Snyder, Jerry (1999). Jerry Snyder's Guitar School, p.28. ISBN 0-7390-0260-0.
^ Johnston, Richard (2004). How to Play Rhythm Guitar, p.72. ISBN 0-87930-811-7.
^ "Ska Revival" (Web). Genre Listing. Allmusic. 2007. http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d386. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Nidel, Richard O. (2005). World Music: The Basics. New York, New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. p. 282. ISBN 0-415-96800-3.
^ "Prince Buster & Determinations - They got to come". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKfOAMDCnPM&feature=related. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Moskowitz, David V. (2006). Caribbean Popular Music. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 270. ISBN 0-313-33158-8.
^ "Ska Party". Skinheadheaven.org.uk. http://www.skinheadheaven.org.uk/index.php/cuttings/49-ska-party-id-magazine-article-1988. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
^ ^a ^b Shafer, Steven (Summer 1998). "Unicorn Records and the new ska classics - the blueprint of ska today?". http://www.hpska.com/related/unicorn/ss_blueprint.pdf.
^ "Interview: Kevin Flowerdew of Do the Dog Records". fungalpunknature.co.uk. http://www.fungalpunknature.co.uk/FUNGALPUNK/Interviews/KevDotheDog2.html.
^ "Ska Explosion @ The Astoria in London on March 23, 1989". Marco on the Bass. October 9, 2008. http://marcoonthebass.blogspot.com/2008/10/ska-explosion-astoria-in-london-on.html.
^ "1986-1991 Ska Explosion!". hpska.com. http://www.hpska.com/related/unicorn/unicorn.html.
^ "Play It Upside Down". The Atlantic Times. January 2009. http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=1620.
^ "Ska'd for Life: Remembering the Sydney 80s ska scene". powerhousemuseum.com. February 2010. http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/the80sareback/index.php/2010/02/skad-for-life-remembering-the-sydney-80s-ska-scene/.
^ McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Encyclopedia entry for 'Allniters'". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-768-2. http://web.archive.org/web/20040803071404/www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=28.
^ Balford Henry (2004-04-26). "Jamaica Observer, "SKA - alive and kicking but outside Jamaica"". http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/html/20040325t180000-0500_57672_obs_ska___alive_and_kicking_but_outside_jamaica.asp.
^ Cahoon, Keith (May 21, 2005). "Rastaman Vibration - What's up with Japanese Reggae?". Nippop.com. http://nippop.com/features/Rastaman_Vibration___What_s_up_with_Japanese_Reggae%3F/.
^ "Nippop Profiles: Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra". http://nippop.com/artist/artist_id-41/artist_name-tokyo_ska_paradise_orchestra/.
^ "Latin Ska". 2-tone.de. http://www.2-tone.de/skaenglish/latinska.htm.
^ "Los Fabulosos Cadillacs - Biography". rockero.com. http://www.rockero.com/artists/los-fabulosos-cadillacs/biography/.
^ "The Toasters | AllMusic". Allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-toasters-p14516/biography.
^ Joel Selvin (2008-03-23). "Selvin, ''San Francisco Chronicle'', Sunday, March 23, 2008". Sfgate.com. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/03/21/PKARVJBJ3.DTL&type=music. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
^ Joel Selvin (2008-03-23). "Selvin, Joel, ''San Francisco Chronicle'', "Uptones Get Down," Sunday, March 23, 2008". Sfgate.com. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/03/21/PKARVJBJ3.DTL&hw=uptones&sn=001&sc=1000. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
^ "Ska-Punk | AllMusic". Allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/ska-punk-d4420.
^ "This Are Moon Ska, Vol. 2". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/this-are-moon-ska-vol-2-r794523/review.
^ Bose, Lilledeshan (September 16, 2010). "Ska's Not Dead". OC Weekly. http://www.ocweekly.com/2010-09-16/music/reel-big-fish-locally-grown-grove-of-anaheim/.
^ Layne, Anni. "The Ska Parade Is Coming To Town". Rolling Stone. May 9, 1998. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
^ Iavazzi, Jessica. "Can't Rain on This Parade". 944.com. http://www.944.com/articles/can-t-rain-on-this-parade-tazy-phyllipz-s-journey-of-college-radio-shows-and-launching-careers/.
^ "Union Label Group - Stomp Records". www.stomprecords.com. http://www.stomprecords.com/stomp/.
^ "About Asian Man Records". Punknews.org. http://www.punknews.org/labels/asianman.
^ "The Mighty Mighty Bosstones - Allmusic". Allmusic. http://allmusic.com/artist/the-mighty-mighty-bosstones-p13676/charts-awards.
^ ^a ^b "Allmusic - Third Wave Ska Revival". Allmusic. http://allmusic.com/explore/style/third-wave-ska-revival-d2773.
^ Gulla, Bob (2006). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History, Volume Six. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-313-32981-8.

External links [link]

Allmusic Section about third wave ska
Ska's Third Wave Article from Furious.com
SKAlovers.de Ska website for Germany, Austria and Switzerland
[1] Ska Website with news of Ska in Wales and UK
Ska Information & Fan Zine

v t e Ska

Mento · Calypso · Jazz · R&B · Rocksteady · Reggae · 2 Tone · Third wave ska · Ska jazz · Ska punk · Japanese ska · Australian ska · Christian ska · Music of Jamaica · Caribbean music genres · Caribbean music in the UK

Other topics	List of ska musicians · Rude boy · Mod · Skinhead · Trojan skinhead · Suedehead · Scooterboy · Culture of Jamaica · Dance Hall (venue) · Skank (dance) · Sound system (Jamaican) · Toasting · Jamaican record producers · Studio One · Trojan Records · Blue Beat Records · 2 Tone Records · Moon Ska Records · Asian Man Records ·

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Jimmy Cliff
Cliff performing in 1997.
Background information
Birth name	James Chambers
Born	(1948-04-01) 1 April 1948 (age 64) Somerton District, St. James, Jamaica
Genres	Ska, reggae
Occupations	Musician, singer, actor
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, piano, conga drums, keyboards
Years active	1962–present
Labels	Island, MCI, Columbia, Trojan, EMI, CBS^[1]
Website	Official site

Jimmy Cliff, OM (born James Chambers on 1 April 1948) is a Jamaican musician, singer and actor. He is the only currently living musician to hold the Order of Merit, the highest honour that can be granted by the Jamaican government for achievement in the arts and sciences.

Cliff is best known among mainstream audiences for songs such as "Sitting in Limbo", "You Can Get It If You Really Want" and "Many Rivers to Cross" from the soundtrack to The Harder They Come, which helped popularize reggae across the world;^[2] and his covers of Cat Stevens' "Wild World" and Johnny Nash's "I Can See Clearly Now" from the film Cool Runnings. Outside of the reggae world, he is probably best known for his film appearance in The Harder They Come. Cliff was one of five performers inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010.

1 Early life and career
2 The Harder They Come (1972) and subsequent career
3 Acting career
4 Awards and honors
5 Discography
- 5.1 Albums
- 5.2 Singles
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

Early life and career [link]

Jimmy Cliff was born in Somerton District, St. James, Jamaica.^[3] He began writing songs while still at primary school in St. James, listening to a neighbour's sound system. In 1962 his father took him to Kingston to go to Kingston Technical school, where he ended up sharing his cousin's one rented room in East Kingston.

Cliff sought out many producers while still going to school, trying to get his songs recorded without success. He also entered talent contests. "One night I was walking past a record store and restaurant as they were closing, pushed myself in and convinced one of them, Leslie Kong, to go into the recording business, starting with me," he writes in his own website biography.^[2] After two singles that failed to make much impression, his career took off when his "Hurricane Hattie" became a hit, while he was aged 14.^[4] It was produced by Kong, with whom Cliff remained until Kong's death from a heart attack in 1971.

Cliff's later local hit singles included "King of Kings", "Dearest Beverley", "Miss Jamaica", and "Pride and Passion". In 1964, Cliff was chosen as one of Jamaica's representatives at the World's Fair and he soon signed to Island Records and moved to the UK.^[4] Island Records initially (and unsuccessfully) tried to sell Cliff to the rock audience, but his career took off in the late 1960s.^[5] His international debut album was Hard Road to Travel. It received excellent reviews and included "Waterfall" (composed by Nirvana's Alex Spyropoulos and Patrick Campbell-Lyons), which became a hit in Brazil and won the International Song Festival.^[4]

"Waterfall" was followed in 1969 by "Wonderful World, Beautiful People" and "Vietnam" in 1970, both popular throughout most of the world. Bob Dylan called "Vietnam" the best protest song he had ever heard.^[2] Also during this period, Cliff released a cover of Cat Stevens' "Wild World" as a single, but it was not included on his Wonderful World, Beautiful People album.

[edit] The Harder They Come (1972) and subsequent career

In 1972, Cliff starred as Ivanhoe "Ivan" Martin in the classic reggae film, The Harder They Come, directed by Perry Henzell. As the film tells Martin's story, he is a young man without funds. Arriving in Kingston from the country, he tries to make it in the recording business, but without success. Eventually, he turns to a life of crime. The soundtrack album of the film was a huge success that sold well across the world, bringing reggae to an international audience for the first time. It remains the most significant film to have come out of Jamaica since independence. The film made its debut at London's Notting Hill Gaumont cinema on 1 September 1972.^[6]

After a series of albums, Cliff took a break and traveled to Africa, and subsequently converted to Islam, and took the new name: El Hadj Naïm Bachir ^[7] ^and ^[8]. He quickly returned to music, touring for several years before he recorded with Kool & the Gang for The Power and the Glory (1983). In 1984 Cliff appeared at the Pinkpop Festival in Landgraaf, Netherlands.

During the 1981 River Tour, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band added Cliff's previously little-known song "Trapped" to their live set; it achieved great prominence when included on 1985's We Are the World benefit album. The follow-up, Cliff Hanger (1985) won a Grammy Award for 'Best Reggae Album', though it was his last major success in the U.S. until 1993. Also in 1985 Cliff contributed to the song "Sun City," a protest song written and composed by Steven Van Zandt and recorded by Artists United Against Apartheid to convey opposition to the South African policy of apartheid.^[9] Cliff then provided backing vocals on The Rolling Stones' 1986 album, Dirty Work. In 1988, his song "Shelter of Your Love" was featured in the hit film Cocktail.

In 1991 Cliff appeared at the second Rock in Rio festival in the Estádio do Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He continued to sell well in Jamaica and, to a lesser extent, the UK, returning to the mainstream pop charts in the US and elsewhere (#1 in France) with a version of Johnny Nash's "I Can See Clearly Now" on the Cool Runnings film soundtrack in 1993. In 1995 Cliff released the single "Hakuna Matata," a collaboration with Lebo M, a song from the soundtrack of the film The Lion King.

In 2002, Cliff released the album Fantastic Plastic People in Europe, after first providing free downloads using p2p software. This album featured collaborations with Joe Strummer, Annie Lennox, and Sting as well as new songs that were very reminiscent of Cliff's original hits. In 2004 Cliff completely reworked the songs, dropping the traditional reggae in favour of an electronica sound, for inclusion in Black Magic. He also performed at the closing ceremony to the 2002 Commonwealth Games. In 2003 his song "You Can Get It If You Really Want" was included in the soundtrack to the film, Something's Gotta Give. Cliff appeared in July 2003 at the Paléo Festival in Nyon, Switzerland.

Cliff has also covered Solomon Linda's "Mbube", which has been re-recorded by The Tokens as "The Lion Sleeps Tonight". Cliff name checked the Welsh privateer, Henry Morgan, in his song "Oh, Jamaica". Joe Strummer recorded "Over The Border" with Cliff on the latter's album Black Magic.

In 2007 Cliff performed at the opening Hi World ceremony at Cricket's World Cup. His song "Many Rivers to Cross" references the White Cliffs Of Dover, England.

In the spring and summer of 2010, Cliff embarked on an extensive tour of the US and Canada.^[10]

Acting career [link]

In addition to providing the music for The Harder They Come, Cliff also had the film's starring role as the struggling reggae singer, Ivanhoe "Ivan" Martin, which was his acting debut.^[11]

Cliff also appeared as the Jamaican musician and revolutionary, Ernest Reed, in the 1986 comedy Club Paradise, co-starring with Robin Williams and Peter O'Toole,^[12] and contributed several songs to the soundtrack, including "Seven Day Weekend", which he sang with Elvis Costello.

Cliff appeared in the film Marked for Death^[13] in 1990, performing "John Crow" with the Jimmy Cliff Band.

Awards and honors [link]

The Jamaican government under P.J. Patterson honoured Cliff on 20 October 2003, by awarding him The Order of Merit, the nation's third-highest honour, in recognition of his contributions to the film and music of Jamaica.^[14] He and Mervyn Morris are the only currently living figures from the arts to hold this distinction and he is the only living musician to do so.

Cliff was also an inaugural member of the Independent Music Awards' judging panel to support independent artists.^[15] More recently, Cliff appeared on the Jazz World Stage at the Glastonbury Festival in 2008 and again at Glastonbury in 2011.

Cliff's recording of "You Can Get It If You Really Want" was used as a campaign anthem by the Sandinista National Liberation Front in the 1990 election in Nicaragua. It was also adopted by the British Conservative Party during their annual conference in October 2007. It is unclear whether Cliff endorsed either political party.

In September 2009, Cliff was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, following a campaign on his behalf by the American, Charles Earle.^[16] Cliff reacted to the news by saying, "This is good for Cliff, good for Jamaican music and good for my country." On December 15, 2009, Cliff was officially announced as an inductee and was inducted on March 15, 2010^[17] by Wyclef Jean.

Discography [link]

Albums [link]

Hard Road to Travel (January 1968)
Jimmy Cliff (December 1969) (aka Wonderful World, Beautiful People)
Goodbye Yesterday (1970)
Another Cycle (September 1971)
The Harder They Come (1972) #140 US
Unlimited (August 1973)
Struggling Man (June 1974)
House of Exile (December 1974)
Brave Warrior (1975)
Follow My Mind (November 1976) # 195 US
In Concert: The Best of Jimmy Cliff (1976)
Give Thankx (1978)
Oh Jamaica (1979)
I Am The Living (July 1980)
Give the People What They Want (September 1981, with the Compass Point All Stars)
Special (July 1982) #186 US
The Power and the Glory (October 1983)
Cliff Hanger (August 1985)
Club Paradise (1986)
Hanging Fire (March 1988)
Images (October 1989)
Save Our Planet Earth (October 1990)
Breakout (1992) #11 US World #60 R&B
Higher and Higher (May 1998)
Journey of Lifetime (1998)
Humanitarian (June 1999)
Fantastic Plastic People (2002)
Black Magic (2004) #11 Reggae
Sacred Fire (2012) #1 Reggae

^[18]

Singles [link]

"Wonderful World, Beautiful People" - 1969 - Trojan Records - #6 UK #25 U.S.
"Come Into My Life" #89 U.S.
"Viet Nam" - 1970 - Trojan - #46 UK
"Wild World" - 1970 - Island Records - #8 UK
"Reggae Night" - 1983
"I Can See Clearly Now" - 1993 - Columbia Records - #23 UK - #18 U.S #9 AC
"Hakuna Matata" - 1995 #26 AC^[19]

References [link]

^ "Jimmy Cliff: Biography". http://www.answers.com/topic/jimmy-cliff. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Larkin, Colin: The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae, 1998, Virgin Books, ISBN 0-7535-0242-9.
^ Thompson, Dave (2002). Reggae & Caribbean Music. Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-655-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Allmusic.com biography
^ Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter: Reggae: The Rough Guide, 1997, Rough Guides, ISBN 1-85828-247-0.
^ Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. pp. 242. CN 5585.
^ http://www.lastfm.fr/music/Jimmy+Cliff
^ http://www.purepeople.com/people/jimmy-cliff_p1302
^ Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. pp. 409. CN 5585.
^ Jimmycliff.com
^ IMDb.com database 1
^ IMDb.com database 2
^ IMDb.com database 3
^ "Jimmy Cliff Heads List Of 141 Persons To Receive National Honours," Jamaica Information Service, 16 October 2003
^ Independent Music Awards - Past Judges
^ Jimmy Cliff Still a Musical Rebel http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20090927/ent/ent7.html
^ "Congratulations to the 2010 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees!" Rockhall.com, 17 December 2009
^ Strong, Martin C. (2000). The Great Rock Discography (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Mojo Books. pp. 188–190. ISBN 1-84195-017-3.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 110. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.

External links [link]

Persondata
Name	Cliff, Jimmy
Alternative names	Chambers, James
Short description	Jamaican ska and reggae singer, musician, and actor
Date of birth	1 April 1948
Place of birth	Somerton District, Saint James Parish, Jamaica
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Jimmy_Cliff

http://it.wn.com/Jimmy Cliff

http://cs.wn.com/Jimmy Cliff

http://id.wn.com/Jimmy Cliff

http://es.wn.com/Jimmy Cliff

http://ru.wn.com/Джимми Клифф

http://nl.wn.com/Jimmy Cliff

http://pt.wn.com/Jimmy Cliff

http://pl.wn.com/Jimmy Cliff

http://fr.wn.com/Jimmy Cliff

http://de.wn.com/Jimmy Cliff

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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Prince Buster

Background information
Birth name	Cecil Bustamente Campbell
Born	(1938-05-28) 28 May 1938 (age 74) Kingston, Jamaica
Origin	Jamaica
Genres	Ska, rocksteady, reggae
Occupations	Musician, songwriter, producer
Labels	Blue Beat

Cecil Bustamente Campbell, O.D. (born 28 May 1938), usually known as Prince Buster, and also having the Muslim name Muhammed Yusef Ali, is a musician from Kingston, Jamaica. He is regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of ska and rocksteady music. The records he made on the Blue Beat label in the 1960s inspired many reggae and ska artists.

1 Biography
2 Album discography
3 UK hit singles
4 References

Biography [link]

Early life [link]

Campbell began his professional career as a singer in 1956; performing in Kingston nightclubs. He formed a succession of bands with several of his friends, none of which were successful.

Campbell's music career reached maturity with the growth of the sound system. Across Jamaica, music promoters drove vans filled with stereo equipment to stage mobile parties. The operators of the sound system would play the popular R&B dance records of the day and often they would have a vocalist called a toaster call out the dancers' names, chant in rhythm, and make light-hearted boasts. Deejay "toasting" was one of the precursors to the style of vocal delivery that eventually evolved into rap.

Eventually, Campbell was introduced to Clement Dodd, a musically-inclined businessman who operated one of Kingston's most popular sound systems. Interestingly, Campbell was not hired as a musician but as security; because of rivalries between fans devoted to a particular sound system, the parties sometimes could become quite rough, and Campbell had been a skillful amateur boxer as a teenager. It was in this line of work that he earned the nickname "The Prince", which along with his boyhood moniker "Buster" (from his middle name Bustamente), formed the name under which he would later become famous.

Artistic and producing career [link]

In 1960, Buster produced a record for the Folkes Brothers for the Wild Bells label, "Oh Carolina", under his nickname. Buster dubbed himself 'The Voice of the People', and gave a voice to those people with "Oh Carolina", which expressed black Jamaicans through a commercially successful medium.^[1] This record was Jamaica's first to involve an element of African music - the drumming in the record was provided by Count Ossie, the lead nyabinghi drummer from the rastafarian camp, Camp David, in the hills above Kingston. It was an instant hit in Jamaica, and Buster's early records, which were released in the UK by Blue Beat Records, contributed greatly to the developing sound of ska. Buster was soon recording his own compositions as well as producing records for others.

From 1963 to the end of the decade, Buster wrote and produced hundreds of songs for Blue Beat. Soon after his initial success, Buster was drawing international attention. He toured Britain extensively during this period, playing to sellout crowds, and appeared on commercial TV broadcaster Rediffusion London's Friday early-evening pop show Ready, Steady, Go! in 1964. While in England, Buster met World Heavyweight Champion boxer Muhammad Ali, a meeting that resulted in Buster joining the Nation of Islam, as well as Ali being mentioned in the song "Earthquake on Orange Street",^[2]^[3] which was subsequently referenced by the UK group Madness, who took their name from one of his songs, in their first single "The Prince". He went on to be a popular as a recorded and touring artist in Europe, and though none of his singles charted as highly in the United States, he went on a successful American tour in 1967 to support the little-known RCA Victor LP releaseThe Ten Commandments (From Man To Woman). Today, the album (catalog LSP-3792) is a highly-sought-after rarity among collectors of ska and foundation reggae.

Prince Buster had two hit singles in the UK: first, "Al Capone" (#18, 1967), and much later, with an updated version of "Whine And Grine", which was used on a television advertisement (#21, 1998).^[4] In 1972 Buster gained notoriety for the title track of his album Big Five, a raunched-up re-write of Brook Benton's "Rainy Night in Georgia" with explicit references to sex and drugs.

Besides being a pioneering musician, Buster, like Clement Dodd, was also very interested in business. He started a record shop in Kingston in the early 1960s which is still owned and operated by his family today. Later he founded a jukebox company. He also started the Prince Buster Records label, at first as an attempt to keep the Melodisc label viable,^[5] but today is used to reissue his music.

Post-recording life [link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2011)

The ska sound and rhythms were undergoing a change by the late 1960s, musicians were slowing the beat and introducing more subtle rhythmic pulses that audiences found less frantic and therefore easier to dance too. This new music was eventually called rocksteady, slower than ska and more influenced by gospel and soul. Rocksteady itself would eventually be replaced by reggae. In addition to the musical influence that ska and rocksteady exerted, many reggae lyrics expressed an Afrocentric, Marcus Garvey-inspired worldview, which had been present in some of Prince Buster's songs. Bob Marley, Toots Hibbert, and other reggae stars have acknowledged their debt. Buster also made a cameo appearance in the acclaimed international hit movie, The Harder They Come. However, reggae's Rastafarian orientation led the Muslim Prince to keep an arms distance away from the new music.^{[citation needed]} He turned toward more traditional tourist-based business ventures instead and gracefully exited the Jamaican music scene.

By the late 1970s, Buster was in serious financial trouble.^{[citation needed]} His business ventures were all posting losses or low profits, and the loans he had taken out to start them were catching up. Fortunately for him, ska was experiencing a revival in the United Kingdom, and the most prominent bands of the revival drew from his material. In 1979, the band Madness released their first record, a tribute to Buster called "The Prince", which urged ska fans to remember "the man who set the beat". The B-side to this record was a cover of the Prince Buster song "Madness" from which they took their name. Their second single was a cover of Buster's "One Step Beyond" which reached the Top 10. On their first album, The Specials covered "Too Hot" and drew heavily on "Judge Dread" in the song "Stupid Marriage", and "Al Capone" in the song "Gangsters". The Specials also included a cover of Buster's version of "Enjoy Yourself" on their second album. Not to be outdone, the The Beat included covers of the Buster originals "Rough Rider" and "Whine & Grine" on its first album. Interest in Buster soared during this time; he received royalties when his songs were covered by 2-Tone bands, and his old records were re-issued and sold well. Buster's songs continued to be popular sources for ska bands in the U.S., an example being The Toasters covering "Hard Man Fe Dead" in 1996. In 1989, Prince Buster recorded a 12" single with London based ska and blues band, The Trojans, which was released on Gaz's Rockin' Records in the UK. "Stack O Lee" was a limited edition and it sold out within weeks.

Prince Buster now lives in Miami, Florida. He has performed at several shows in the 21st century including: the 2002 Legends Of Ska festival in Toronto; Dedham, Massachusetts in 2002; the Sierra Nevada World Music Festival in 2003; the 2006 Boss Sounds Reggae Festival in Newcastle upon Tyne, the 40th Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland with the Delroy Williams Junction Band, and 2007's Rhythm Festival. During the last day of the 2008 Notting Hill Carnival, Prince Buster made an appearance on the Gaz's Rockin' Blues stage, alongside the Trojans.

Album discography [link]

I Feel the Spirit (1963)
Fly Flying Ska (1964)
It's Burke's Law (1965)
Pain In My Belly (1965)
Ska-Lip-Soul (1965)
What A Hard Man Fe Dead (1967)
Prince Buster On Tour (1967)
Judge Dread Rock Steady (1967)
Ten Commandments - RCA (1967)
Wreck A Pum Pum (1968)
Tutti Frutti - Melodisc (1968)
FABulous Greatest Hits - FAB (1968)
The Outlaw - Blue Beat (1969)
15 Oldies but Goodies - FAB
Big Five - Melodisc (1972)
The Message-Dub Wise - FAB/Melodisc (1972)
Dance Cleopatra Dance - Blue Elephant (1972)
Chi Chi Run - FAB (1973)
Sister Big Stuff - Melodisc (1976)
She Was A Rough Rider (1978)
Jamaica's Greatest - Melodisc
Subliminal Reaction - Subliminal Reacton
FABulous Greatest Hits - 1963-1981 - Sequel (1993)
The Original Golden Oldies Volume 1 (1998)
The Original Golden Oldies Volume 2 (1999)
The King of Ska (2002)
Prince of Peace: Prince Buster with Determinations Live in Japan (2003)

UK hit singles [link]

Date	Song title	UK Singles Chart peak^[4]	Weeks on chart
23 February 67	"Al Capone"	18	13
4 April 98	"Whine and Grine"	21	3

References [link]

^ Du Noyer, Paul (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (1st ed.). Fulham, London: Flame Tree Publishing. p. 351. ISBN 1-904041-96-5.
^ "Prince Buster presented with Order of Distinction". Friday, December 7, 2001. Accessed on October 21, 2007 [1]
^ Prince Buster on National Geographic. Accessed on October 21, 2007
^ ^a ^b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 439. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ http://www.georgwa.demon.co.uk/prince_buster.htm Accessed October 21, 2007

Persondata
Name	Prince Buster
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	May 28, 1938
Place of birth	Kingston, Jamaica
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Prince_Buster

http://ru.wn.com/Принц Бастер

http://fr.wn.com/Prince Buster

http://nl.wn.com/Prince Buster

http://pt.wn.com/Prince Buster

http://de.wn.com/Prince Buster

http://it.wn.com/Cecill Bustamente Campbell

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For the American comedian, see Bob Marley (comedian).

Bob Marley
Bob Marley performing in concert, circa 1980.
Background information
Birth name	Robert Nesta Marley
Also known as	Tuff Gong
Born	(1945-02-06)6 February 1945 Nine Mile, Saint Ann, Jamaica
Died	11 May 1981(1981-05-11) (aged 36) Miami, Florida, U.S.
Genres	Reggae, ska, rocksteady
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, musician
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, piano, saxophone, harmonica, percussion
Years active	1962–1981
Labels	Studio One, Upsetter, Tuff Gong
Associated acts	Bob Marley & The Wailers, Wailers Band, The Upsetters, I Threes
Website	bobmarley.com

Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley, OM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician. He was the rhythm guitarist and lead singer for the ska, rocksteady and reggae band Bob Marley & The Wailers (1963–1981). Marley remains the most widely known and revered performer of reggae music, and is credited with helping spread both Jamaican music and the Rastafari movement to a worldwide audience.^[1]

Marley's music was heavily influenced by the social issues of his homeland, and he is considered to have given voice to the specific political and cultural nexus of Jamaica.^[2] His best-known hits include "I Shot the Sheriff", "No Woman, No Cry", "Could You Be Loved", "Stir It Up", "Get Up Stand Up", "Jamming", "Redemption Song", "One Love" and, "Three Little Birds",^[3] as well as the posthumous releases "Buffalo Soldier" and "Iron Lion Zion". The compilation album Legend (1984), released three years after his death, is reggae's best-selling album, going ten times Platinum which is also known as one Diamond in the U.S.,^[4] and selling 25 million copies worldwide.^[5]^[6]

1 Early life and career
2 Bob Marley & The Wailers
- 2.1 1963–1974
- 2.2 1974–1981
3 Personal life
- 3.1 Religion
- 3.2 Family
4 Final years and death
5 Legacy
- 5.1 Film adaptations
6 Discography
7 Awards and honors
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links

Early life and career [link]

Bob Marley was born in the village of Nine Mile in Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica as Nesta Robert Marley.^[7] A Jamaican passport official would later swap his first and middle names.^[8] His father, Norval Sinclair Marley, was a white Jamaican of mixed and English descent whose family came from Sussex, England. Norval was a captain in the Royal Marines,^{[citation needed]} as well as a plantation overseer, when he married Cedella Booker, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old.^[9] Norval provided financial support for his wife and child, but seldom saw them, as he was often away on trips. In 1955, when Bob Marley was 10 years old, his father died of a heart attack at age 70.^[10] Marley faced questions about his own racial identity throughout his life. He once reflected:

I don't have prejudice against meself. My father was a white and my mother was black. Them call me half-caste or whatever. Me don't deh pon nobody's side. Me don't deh pon the black man's side nor the white man's side. Me deh pon God's side, the one who create me and cause me to come from black and white.^[11]

The Bob Marley House in Nine Mile is a home that he shared with his mother during his youth

Although Marley recognised his mixed ancestry, throughout his life and because of his beliefs, he self-identified as a black African, following the ideas of Pan-African leaders. Marley stated that his two biggest influences were the African-centered Marcus Garvey and Haile Selassie. A central theme in Bob Marley's message was the repatriation of black people to Zion, which in his view was Ethiopia, or more generally, Africa.^[12] In songs such as "Black Survivor", "Babylon System", and "Blackman Redemption", Marley sings about the struggles of blacks and Africans against oppression from the West or "Babylon".^[13]

Marley and his step brother Bunny Wailer (Bob's mother had a daughter with Bunny's father, younger sister to both of them) started to play music while he was still at school, which he left at the age of 14 to make music with Joe Higgs, a local singer and devout Rastafari. At a jam session with Higgs and Livingston, Marley met Peter McIntosh (later known as Peter Tosh), who had similar musical ambitions.^[14] In 1962, Marley recorded his first two singles, "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee", with local music producer Leslie Kong. These songs, released on the Beverley's label under the pseudonym of Bobby Martell,^[15] attracted little attention. The songs were later re-released on the box set Songs of Freedom, a posthumous collection of Marley's work. Marley was also known to use an Epiphone guitar for much of his career.

Bob Marley Epiphone guitar at his birthplace in Nine Mile, Jamaica.

Bob Marley & The Wailers [link]

Main article: Bob Marley & The Wailers

1963–1974 [link]

Marley in concert in 1980, Zurich, Switzerland

In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Cherry Smith formed a ska and rocksteady group, calling themselves "The Teenagers". They later changed their name to "The Wailing Rudeboys", then to "The Wailing Wailers", at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to "The Wailers". By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left The Wailers, leaving the core trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh.^[16]

In 1966, Marley married Rita Anderson, and moved near his mother's residence in Wilmington, Delaware in the United States for a short time, during which he worked as a DuPont lab assistant and on the assembly line at a Chrysler plant, under the alias Donald Marley.^[17]

Though raised in the Catholic tradition, Marley became captivated by Rastafarian beliefs in the 1960s, when away from his mother's influence.^[18] Formally converted to Rastafari after returning to Jamaica, Marley began to wear his trademark dreadlocks (see the religion section for more on Marley's religious views). After a conflict with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with Lee "Scratch" Perry and his studio band, The Upsetters. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider The Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would remain friends and work together again.

Bob Marley's flat in 1972 at 34 Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, London, his first UK address.^[19]^[20]

Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer re-cut some old tracks with JAD Records in Kingston and London in an attempt to commercialise The Wailers' sound. Bunny later asserted that these songs "should never be released on an album ... they were just demos for record companies to listen to". Also in 1968, Bob and Rita visited the Bronx to see Johnny Nash's songwriter Jimmy Norman.^[21] A three-day jam session with Norman and others, including Norman's co-writer Al Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing several of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions. This tape is, according to Reggae archivist Roger Steffens, rare in that it was influenced by pop rather than reggae, as part of an effort to break Marley into the American charts.^[21] According to an article in The New York Times, Marley experimented on the tape with different sounds, adopting a doo-wop style on "Stay With Me" and "the slow love song style of 1960's artists" on "Splish for My Splash".^[21] An artist yet to establish himself outside his native Jamaica, Marley lived in Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, London during 1972.^[19]^[20]

In 1972, the Wailers entered into an ill-fated deal with CBS Records and embarked on a tour with American soul singer Johnny Nash. Broke, the Wailers became stranded in London. Marley turned up at Island Records founder and producer Chris Blackwell's London office, and asked him to advance the cost of a new single. Since Jimmy Cliff, Island's top reggae star, had recently left the label, Blackwell was primed for a replacement. In Marley, Blackwell recognized the elements needed to snare the rock audience: "I was dealing with rock music, which was really rebel music. I felt that would really be the way to break Jamaican music. But you needed someone who could be that image. When Bob walked in he really was that image."^[22] Blackwell told Marley he wanted The Wailers to record a complete album (essentially unheard of at the time). When Marley told him it would take between £3,000 and £4,000, Blackwell trusted him with the greater sum. Despite their "rude boy" reputation, the Wailers returned to Kingston and honored the deal, delivering the album Catch A Fire.

Primarily recorded on eight-track at Harry J's in Kingston, Catch A Fire marked the first time a reggae band had access to a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock'n'roll peers.^[22] Blackwell desired to create "more of a drifting, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm",^[23] and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of the album, which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy sound of Jamaican music, and omitting two tracks.^[22]

The Wailers' first major label album, Catch a Fire was released worldwide in April 1973, packaged like a rock record with a unique Zippo lighter lift-top. Initially selling 14,000 units, it didn't make Marley a star, but received a positive critical reception.^[22] It was followed later that year by Burnin', which included the standout songs "Get Up, Stand Up", and "I Shot the Sheriff", which appealed to the ear of Eric Clapton. He recorded a cover of the track in 1974 which became a huge American hit, raising Marley's international profile.^[24] Many Jamaicans were not keen on the new "improved" reggae sound on Catch A Fire, but the Trenchtown style of Burnin' found fans across both reggae and rock audiences.^[22]

During this period, Blackwell gifted his Kingston residence and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known as Island House) to Marley. Housing Tuff Gong Studios, the property became not only Marley's office, but also his home.^[22]

The Wailers were scheduled to open 17 shows for the number one black act in the States, Sly and the Family Stone. After 4 shows, the band was fired because they were more popular than the acts they were opening for.^[25] The Wailers broke up in 1974 with each of the three main members pursuing solo careers. The reason for the breakup is shrouded in conjecture; some believe that there were disagreements amongst Bunny, Peter, and Bob concerning performances, while others claim that Bunny and Peter simply preferred solo work.

1974–1981 [link]

A crowd of people standing in water and listening to a band perform on stage.

Bob Marley & The Wailers live at Crystal Palace Park during the Uprising Tour

Despite the break-up, Marley continued recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers". His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on percussion. The "I Threes", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, "No Woman, No Cry", from the Natty Dread album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which spent four weeks on the Billboard Hot 100.^[26] On 3 December 1976, two days before "Smile Jamaica", a free concert organised by the Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Marley, his wife, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Marley's wife sustained serious injuries, but later made full recoveries. Bob Marley received minor wounds in the chest and arm.^[27] The shooting was thought to have been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was really a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled, two days after the attempt. When asked why, Marley responded, "The people who are trying to make this world worse aren’t taking a day off. How can I?" The members of the group Zap Pow, which had no radical religious or political beliefs, played as Bob Marley's backup band before a festival crowd of 80,000 while members of The Wailers were still missing or in hiding.^[28]^[29]

Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976, and after a month-long "recovery and writing" sojourn at the site of Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, arrived in England, where he spent two years in self-imposed exile. Whilst there he recorded the albums Exodus and Kaya. Exodus stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting in Vain", "Jamming", and "One Love" (a rendition of Curtis Mayfield's hit, "People Get Ready"). During his time in London, he was arrested and received a conviction for possession of a small quantity of cannabis.^[30] In 1978, Marley returned to Jamaica and performed at another political concert, the One Love Peace Concert, again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Michael Manley (leader of then-ruling People's National Party) and his political rival Edward Seaga (leader of the opposing Jamaica Labour Party), joined each other on stage and shook hands.^[31]

Under the name Bob Marley and the Wailers eleven albums were released, four live albums and seven studio albums. The releases included Babylon by Bus, a double live album with thirteen tracks, were released in 1978 and received critical acclaim. This album, and specifically the final track "Jamming" with the audience in a frenzy, captured the intensity of Marley's live performances.^[32]

"Marley wasn’t singing about how peace could come easily to the World but rather how hell on Earth comes too easily to too many. His songs were his memories; he had lived with the wretched, he had seen the downpressers and those whom they pressed down."

– Mikal Gilmore, Rolling Stone Magazine^[33]

Survival, a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Live", and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of Africans. His appearance at the Amandla Festival in Boston in July 1979 showed his strong opposition to South African apartheid, which he already had shown in his song "War" in 1976. In early 1980, he was invited to perform at the 17 April celebration of Zimbabwe's Independence Day. Uprising (1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is one of his most religious productions; it includes "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah".^[34] Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit "Buffalo Soldier" and new mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica.^[35]

Personal life [link]

Religion [link]

Rastafari movement
Main doctrines
Jah · Afrocentrism · Ital · Zion · Cannabis use
Central figures
Haile Selassie I · Jesus · Menen Asfaw · Marcus Garvey
Key scriptures
Bible · Kebra Nagast · The Promise Key · Holy Piby · My Life and Ethiopia's Progress · Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy
Branches and festivals
Mansions · in United States · Shashamane · Grounation Day · Reasoning
Notable individuals
Leonard Howell · Joseph Hibbert · Mortimer Planno · Vernon Carrington · Charles Edwards · Bob Marley · Peter Tosh
See also:
Vocabulary · Persecution · Dreadlocks · Reggae · Ethiopian Christianity · Index of Rastafari articles This box: view talk edit

Bob Marley was a member of the Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae. Bob Marley became an ardent proponent of Rastafari, taking their music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene. He once gave the following response, which was typical, to a question put to him during a recorded interview:

Interviewer: "Can you tell the people what it means being a Rastafarian?"
Bob: "I would say to the people, Be still, and know that His Imperial Majesty, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia is the Almighty. Now, the Bible seh so, Babylon newspaper seh so, and I and I the children seh so. Yunno? So I don't see how much more reveal our people want. Wha' dem want? a white God, well God come black. True true."^[36]

Observant of the Rastafari practice Ital, a diet that shuns meat, Marley was a vegetarian.^[37] According to his biographers, he affiliated with the Twelve Tribes Mansion. He was in the denomination known as "Tribe of Joseph", because he was born in February (each of the twelve sects being composed of members born in a different month). He signified this in his album liner notes, quoting the portion from Genesis that includes Jacob's blessing to his son Joseph. Marley was baptised by the Archbishop of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in Kingston, Jamaica, on 4 November 1980.^[38]^[39]

Family [link]

Bob Marley had a number of children: three with his wife Rita, two adopted from Rita's previous relationships, and several others with different women. The Bob Marley official website acknowledges eleven children.

Those listed on the official site are:

Sharon, born 23 November 1964, to Rita in previous relationship
Cedella born 23 August 1967, to Rita
David "Ziggy", born 17 October 1968, to Rita
Stephen, born 20 April 1972, to Rita
Robert "Robbie", born 16 May 1972, to Pat Williams
Rohan, born 19 May 1972, to Janet Hunt
Karen, born 1973 to Janet Bowen
Stephanie, born 17 August 1974; according to Cedella Booker she was the daughter of Rita and a man called Ital with whom Rita had an affair; nonetheless she was acknowledged as Bob's daughter
Julian, born 4 June 1975, to Lucy Pounder
Ky-Mani, born 26 February 1976, to Anita Belnavis
Damian, born 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare

Makeda was born on 30 May 1981, to Yvette Crichton, after Marley's death.^[40] Meredith Dixon's book lists her as Marley's child, but she is not listed as such on the Bob Marley official website.

Various websites, for example,^[41] also list Imani Carole, born 22 May 1963 to Cheryl Murray; but she does not appear on the official Bob Marley website.^[40]

Final years and death [link]

Marley performing in Dalymount Park in the late 1970s

In July 1977, Marley was found to have a type of malignant melanoma under the nail of one of his toes. Contrary to urban legend, this lesion was not primarily caused by an injury during a football match in that year, but was instead a symptom of the already existing cancer. Marley turned down doctors' advice to have his toe amputated, citing his religious beliefs.^[42] Despite his illness, he continued touring and was in the process of scheduling a world tour in 1980. The intention was for Inner Circle to be his opening act on the tour but after their lead singer Jacob Miller died in Jamaica in March 1980 after returning from a scouting mission in Brazil this was no longer mentioned.^[43]

The album Uprising was released in May 1980 (produced by Chris Blackwell), on which "Redemption Song" is particularly considered to be about Marley coming to terms with his mortality.^{[citation needed]} The band completed a major tour of Europe, where they played their biggest concert, to a hundred thousand people in Milan. After the tour Marley went to America, where he performed two shows at Madison Square Garden as part of the Uprising Tour.

The final concert of Bob Marley's career was held 23 September 1980 at the Stanley Theater (now called The Benedum Center For The Performing Arts) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The audio recording of that concert is now available on CD, vinyl, and digital music services.

Shortly after, Marley's health deteriorated and he became very ill; the cancer had spread throughout his body. The rest of the tour was cancelled and Marley sought treatment at the Bavarian clinic of Josef Issels, where he received a controversial type of cancer therapy (Issels treatment) partly based on avoidance of certain foods, drinks, and other substances. After fighting the cancer without success for eight months, Marley boarded a plane for his home in Jamaica.^[44]

While flying home from Germany to Jamaica, Marley's vital functions worsened. After landing in Miami, Florida, he was taken to the hospital for immediate medical attention. He died at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami (now University of Miami Hospital) on the morning of 11 May 1981, at the age of 36. The spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain caused his death. His final words to his son Ziggy were "Money can't buy life".^[45] Marley received a state funeral in Jamaica on 21 May 1981, which combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy and Rastafari tradition.^[46] He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace with his red Gibson Les Paul (some accounts say it was a Fender Stratocaster).^[47]

On 21 May 1981, Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivered the final funeral eulogy to Marley, declaring:

His voice was an omnipresent cry in our electronic world. His sharp features, majestic looks, and prancing style a vivid etching on the landscape of our minds. Bob Marley was never seen. He was an experience which left an indelible imprint with each encounter. Such a man cannot be erased from the mind. He is part of the collective consciousness of the nation.^[48]

Legacy [link]

Marley has remained popular for decades after his death—one of many memorials to him is this representation at Madame Tussaud Wax Museum in Amsterdam

Bob Marley was the Third World's first pop superstar. He was the man who introduced the world to the mystic power of reggae. He was a true rocker at heart, and as a songwriter, he brought the lyrical force of Bob Dylan, the personal charisma of John Lennon, and the essential vocal stylings of Smokey Robinson into one voice.

— Jann Wenner, at Marley’s 1994 posthumous introduction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame^[49]

In 1999 Time magazine chose Bob Marley & The Wailers' Exodus as the greatest album of the 20th century.^[50] In 2001, he was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and a feature-length documentary about his life, Rebel Music, won various awards at the Grammys. With contributions from Rita, The Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it also tells much of the story in his own words.^[51] A statue was inaugurated, next to the national stadium on Arthur Wint Drive in Kingston to commemorate him. In 2006, the State of New York renamed a portion of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn "Bob Marley Boulevard".^[52] In 2008, a statue of Marley was inaugurated in Banatski Sokolac, Serbia.^[53]

Internationally, Marley’s message also continues to reverberate amongst various indigenous communities. For instance, the Aboriginal people of Australia continue to burn a sacred flame to honor his memory in Sydney’s Victoria Park, while members of the Native American Hopi and Havasupai tribe revere his work.^[54] There are also many tributes to Bob Marley throughout India, including restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals.^[55]^[56]

Marley has also evolved into a global symbol, which has been endlessly merchandised through a variety of mediums. In light of this, author Dave Thompson in his book Reggae and Caribbean Music, laments what he perceives to be the commercialized pacification of Marley's more militant edge, stating:

Bob Marley ranks among both the most popular and the most misunderstood figures in modern culture ... That the machine has utterly emasculated Marley is beyond doubt. Gone from the public record is the ghetto kid who dreamed of Che Guevara and the Black Panthers, and pinned their posters up in the Wailers Soul Shack record store; who believed in freedom; and the fighting which it necessitated, and dressed the part on an early album sleeve; whose heroes were James Brown and Muhammad Ali; whose God was Ras Tafari and whose sacrament was marijuana. Instead, the Bob Marley who surveys his kingdom today is smiling benevolence, a shining sun, a waving palm tree, and a string of hits which tumble out of polite radio like candy from a gumball machine. Of course it has assured his immortality. But it has also demeaned him beyond recognition. Bob Marley was worth far more.^[57]

Film adaptations [link]

In February 2008, director Martin Scorsese announced his intention to produce a documentary movie on Marley. The film was set to be released on 6 February 2010, on what would have been Marley's 65th birthday.^[58] However, Scorsese dropped out due to scheduling problems. He was replaced by Jonathan Demme,^[59] who dropped out due to creative differences with producer Steve Bing during the beginning of editing. Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme^[60] and the film, Marley, was released on 20 April 2012.

In March 2008, The Weinstein Company announced its plans to produce a biopic of Bob Marley, based on the book No Woman No Cry: My Life With Bob Marley by Rita Marley. Rudy Langlais will produce the script by Lizzie Borden and Rita Marley will be executive producer.^[61]

Ex-girlfriend and filmmaker Esther Anderson, along with Gian Godoy, made the documentary Bob Marley: The Making of a Legend, which premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival in 2011.^[62]

Discography [link]

Main article: Bob Marley & The Wailers discography

The Wailing Wailers (1965)
The Best of The Wailers (1970)
Soul Rebels (1970)
Soul Revolution (1971)
Catch a Fire (1973)
Burnin' (1973)
Natty Dread (1974)
Rastaman Vibration (1976)
Exodus (1977)
Kaya (1978)
Survival (1979)
Uprising (1980)
Confrontation (1983)

Awards and honors [link]

A five pointed pink star inlaid in the sidewalk with Bob Marley written on it.

Marley's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

1976: Band of the Year (Rolling Stone).
June 1978: Awarded the Peace Medal of the Third World from the United Nations.^[54]
February 1981: Awarded Jamaica's third highest honour, the Jamaican Order of Merit.
March 1994: Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
1999: Album of the Century for Exodus by Time Magazine.
February 2001: A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

February 2001: Awarded Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
2004: Rolling Stone ranked him No.11 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.^[63]
"One Love" named song of the millennium by BBC.
Voted as one of the greatest lyricists of all time by a BBC poll.^[64]
2006: A blue plaque was unveiled at his first UK residence in Ridgmount Gardens, London, dedicated to him by Nubian Jak community trust and supported by Her Majesty's Foreign Office.^[65]
2010: "Catch a Fire" inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (Reggae Album).^[66]

References [link]

^ "2007 Pop Conference Bios/Abstracts". Experience Music Project and Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame. 2007. http://www.empsfm.org/education/index.asp?categoryID=26&ccID=127&xPopConfBioID=784&year=2007.
^ "Bob Marley". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/bob-marley. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
^ "Bob Marley". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006.
^ Miller, Doug (26 February 2007). "Concert Series: 'No Woman, No Cry'". web.BobMarley.com. http://web.bobmarley.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070226&contentid=3540. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
^ Newcomb, Peter (25 October 2004). "Top Earners for 2004". Forbes: p. 9. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2004/10/25/cx_2004deadcelebtears_9.html. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
^ "Rolling in the money". iAfrica. http://entertainment.iafrica.com/features/1051960.htm. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
^ Moskowitz 2007, p. 1
^ Moskowitz 2007, p. 9
^ Moskowitz 2007, p. 2
^ Moskowitz 2007, p. 4
^ Webley, Bishop Derek (10 May 2008). "One world, one love, one Bob Marley". Birmingham Post. http://www.birminghampost.net/comment/birmingham-columnists/more-columnists/2008/05/10/bishop-webley-one-world-one-love-one-bob-marley-65233-20891539/. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
^ "Religion and Ethics: Rastafari – Bob Marley". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/people/bobmarley.shtml.
^ Middleton 2000, pp. 181–198
^ Ankeny, Jason. "Bob Marley – Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p2907. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
^ "The Beverley Label and Leslie Kong: Music Business". bobmarley.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060621034903/http://www.bobmarley.com/life/musicbusiness/beverley.html.
^ "The Wailers'Biography". Vital Spot. http://www.vitalspot.com/TheWailers/Biography.html. Retrieved 1 October 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ White, Timothy (25 June 1981). "Bob Marley: 1945–1981". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6879720/bob_marley_19451981.
^ Moskowtz, David Vlado (2007). The Words and Music of Bob Marley. Westport, Connecticut. p. 16. ISBN 0-275-98935-6, ISBN 978-0-275-98935-4.
^ ^a ^b Bob Marley’s London home on the Music Pilgrimages website.
^ ^a ^b Muir, Hugh (27 October 2006). "Blue plaque marks flats that put Marley on road to fame". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/oct/27/musicnews.arts. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c McKinley, Jesse (19 December 2002). "Pre-reggae tape of Bob Marley is found and put on auction". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E2DD133DF93AA25751C1A9649C8B63. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hagerman, Brent (February 2005). "Chris Blackwell: Savvy Svengali". Exclaim.ca. http://exclaim.ca/Features/Timeline/chris_blackwell-savvy_svengalil. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
^ [Quoted in the liner notes to 2001 reissue of Catch a Fire, written by Richard Williams]
^ "I Shot the Sheriff". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. 9 December 2004. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6596288/i_shot_the_sheriff/print. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
^ "Bob Marley Biography". admin. 9 August 2010. http://bobmarleytshirts.net/bob-marley-biography/. Retrieved November 2010.
^ "Bob Marley Bio". niceup.com. http://www.niceup.com/bmbio.html. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
^ Moskowitz 2007, pp. 71–73
^ "The shooting of a Wailer". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. 13 January 1997. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6879667/the_shooting_of_a_wailer. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
^ Walker, Jeff (1980) on the cover of Zap Pow's LP Reggae Rules. Los Angeles: Rhino Records.
^ "A Timeline of Bob Marley's Career". Thirdfield.com. http://www.thirdfield.com/new/timeline.html. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
^ "One Love Peace Concert". Everything2.com. 24 May 2002. http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1307397. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
^ White, Timothy (28 December 1978). "Babylon by Bus review". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/301860. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
^ Henke 2006, p. 61
^ Morris, Chris (16 October 1980). "Uprising review". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/103460/review/6068123?utm_source=Rhapsody&utm_medium=CDreview. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
^ Schruers, Fred (1 September 1983). "Confrontation review". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/bobmarley/albums/album/232098/review/6067472/confrontation. Retrieved 3 October 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ Davis, Steven, Bob Marley: the biography (1983) p. 115
^ "Bob Marley". The International Vegetarian Union. http://www.ivu.org/people/music/marley.html. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
^ "The Ethiopian Orthodox Church & Bob Marley's Baptism And The Church". Jamaicans.com. http://www.jamaicans.com/culture/rasta/ethiopian_church.shtml.
^ "Bob Marley's Baptism in Ethiopian Orthodox Church". Rastafarispeaks.com. http://www.rastafarispeaks.com/cgi-bin/forum/archive1/config.pl?noframes;read=47421.
^ ^a ^b Dixon, Meredith. "Lovers and Children of the Natural Mystic: The Story of Bob Marley, Women and their Children". The Dread Library. http://debate.uvm.edu/dreadlibrary/dixon.html. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
^ "Bob Marley's Children". Chelsea's Entertainment Reviews. http://chelseasreviews.wordpress.com/2006/12/07/bob-marleys-children/. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
^ "A Death by Skin Cancer? The Bob Marley Story". The Tribune. 11 April 2011. http://www.tribune242.com/04122011_Bob-Marley_features_pg9. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
^ Slater, Russ (6 August 2010). "The Day Bob Marley Played Football in Brazil". Sounds and Colours. http://www.soundsandcolours.com/articles/brazil/the-day-bob-marley-played-football-in-brazil/. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
^ "His story: The life and legacy of Bob Marley". web.bobmarley.com. http://web.bobmarley.com/story/?storypage=7. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
^ "Why Did Bob Marley Die - What Did Bob Marley Die From". Worldmusic.about.com. http://worldmusic.about.com/od/genres/f/BobMarleyDeath.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
^ Moskowitz 2007, p. 116
^ "Bob Marley". Find a Grave. 1 January 2001. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1732. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
^ Henke 2006, p. 58
^ Henke 2006, p. 4
^ "The Best Of The Century". Time (Time Inc.). 31 December 1999. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,993039,00.html. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
^ "Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award for Bob Marley". Caribbian Today. 31 January 2001. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79143687.html. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
^ "Brooklyn Street Renamed Bob Marley Boulevard". NY1. 2 July 2006. http://ny1.com/1-all-boroughs-news-content/top_stories/?SecID=1000&ArID=60701. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
^ "n. Marinković, "Marli u Sokolcu"". Politika.rs. http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Drustvo/Marli-u-Sokolcu.lt.html. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
^ ^a ^b Henke 2006, p. 5
^ Singh, Sarina; Brown, Lindsay; Elliot, Mark; Harding, Paul; Hole, Abigail; Horton, Patrick (2009). Lonely Planet India. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet. p. 1061. ISBN 978-1-74179-151-8. http://books.google.com/?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA1061&dq=bob+marley+cafe+Mamallapuram+(Mahabalipuram)#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
^ "Bob Marley Cultural Fest 2010". Cochin Square. 4 May 2010. http://www.cochinsquare.com/bob-marley-cultural-fest-2010/. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
^ Reggae and Caribbean Music, by Dave Thompson, Hal Leonard Corporation, 2002, ISBN 0-87930-655-6, pp. 159
^ Winter Miller (17 February 2008). "Scorsese to make Marley documentary". Ireland On-Line. http://breakingnews.iol.ie/entertainment/story.asp?j=246581796&p=z4658z5xz. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
^ "Martin Scorsese Drops Out of Bob Marley Documentary". WorstPreviews.com. 22 May 2008. http://www.worstpreviews.com/headline.php?id=8737&count=25. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
^ Kevin Jagernauth (2 February 2011). "Kevin Macdonald Takes Over 'Marley' Doc From Jonathan Demme". indieWire. http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/kevin_macdonald_takes_over_marley_doc_from_jonathan_demme#. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
^ Miller, Winter (3 March 2008). "Weinstein Co. options Marley". Variety (Reed Business Information). http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117981772.html?categoryid=13&cs=1. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
^ http://local.stv.tv/edinburgh/news/20021-bob-marley-the-making-of-a-legend-at-eiff/
^ "The Immortals: The First Fifty". Rolling Stone Issue 946. Jann Wenner. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the_immortals_the_first_fifty.
^ "Who is the greatest lyricist of all time". BBC. 23 May 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1347071.stm.
^ "London honours legendary reggae artist Bob Marley with heritage plaque". AfricaUnite.org. http://africa-unite.org/site/content/view/63/54.
^ "Grammy Hall of Fame Awards Complete Listing". Grammy.com. http://www2.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Hall_Of_Fame/#c.

External links [link]

Biography portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bob Marley

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Bob Marley

Official website
Bob Marley at the Internet Movie Database
The Bob Marley Foundation
Online Home of the Marleys
Bob Marley at Rolling Stone
Marley Elected one of the Greatest Songwriters BBC News, 23 May 2001
Showcase: Bob Marley by James Estrin, The New York Times, 18 May 2009
Interview with Heather Marley in Bob Marley Magazine
Extensive discography

v t e Bob Marley & The Wailers

Bob Marley Junior Braithwaite Beverley Kelso Bunny Wailer Peter Tosh Cherry Smith Constantine "Vision" Walker Earl "Chinna" Smith Aston Barrett Joe Higgs Earl Lindo Carlton Barrett Al Anderson Alvin Patterson Junior Marvin Donald Kinsey Tyrone Downie I Threes

Studio albums	The Wailing Wailers (1965) Soul Rebels (1970) Soul Revolution (1971) The Best of The Wailers (1971) Catch a Fire (1973) Burnin' (1973) Natty Dread (1974) Rastaman Vibration (1976) Exodus (1977) Kaya (1978) Survival (1979) Uprising (1980) Confrontation (1983)

Live albums	Live! Babylon by Bus Talkin' Blues Live at the Roxy Live Forever

Compilations	Rasta Revolution African Herbsman Chances Are Interviews Legend Songs of Freedom Natural Mystic Rock to the Rock Chant Down Babylon One Love: The Very Best of Bob Marley & The Wailers Gold Keep On Skanking Africa Unite: The Singles Collection

Soundtracks	Marley

Songs	"Concrete Jungle" "Get Up, Stand Up" "No Woman, No Cry" "So Jah Seh" "Jah Live" "Johnny Was" "Roots, Rock, Reggae" "Positive Vibration" "Exodus" "Waiting in Vain" "Jamming" "Punky Reggae Party" "Three Little Birds" "One Love/People Get Ready" "Is This Love" "Satisfy My Soul" "Stir It Up" "So Much Trouble in the World" "Survival" "Zimbabwe" "Could You Be Loved" "Redemption Song" "Reggae on Broadway" "Natural Mystic" "Buffalo Soldier" "Iron Lion Zion" "Why Should I" "Keep on Moving" "Easy Skanking" "What Goes Around Comes Around" "Sun Is Shining" "Turn Your Lights Down Low" "Kinky Reggae" "Rainbow Country" "I Know a Place" "I Shot the Sheriff" "Slogans" "Africa Unite" "Stand Up Jamrock" "Mr Brown"

Tours	Catch a Fire Tour Burnin' Tour Natty Dread Tour Rastaman Vibration Tour Exodus Tour Kaya Tour Babylon by Bus Tour Survival Tour Uprising Tour

Related articles	Discography The Upsetters Upsetter Records Tuff Gong Bob Marley Museum Smile Jamaica Concert Tribute to the Legend: Bob Marley The Original Wailers The Wailers Band

Book:Bob Marley Portal:Music

Pan-Africanism

Proponents

Politicians	Nnamdi Azikiwe Amílcar Cabral Muammar Gaddafi Marcus Garvey David Comissiong Kenneth Kaunda Jomo Kenyatta Patrice Lumumba Thabo Mbeki Abdias do Nascimento Gamal Abdel Nasser Kwame Nkrumah Julius Nyerere John Nyathi Pokela Thomas Sankara Haile Selassie Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe Ahmed Sékou Touré I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson

Others	Marimba Ani Molefi Kete Asante Steve Biko Edward Wilmot Blyden John Henrik Clarke Cheikh Anta Diop W. E. B. Du Bois Frantz Fanon John G. Jackson Leonard Jeffries Yosef Ben-Jochannan Maulana Karenga Fela Kuti Bob Marley Malcolm X Zephania Mothopeng George Padmore Motsoko Pheko Runoko Rashidi Paul Robeson Walter Rodney Burning Spear Henry Sylvester-Williams Stokely Carmichael Omali Yeshitela

Concepts

Organizations

Authority control: LCCN: n81020153 | WorldCat

Cannabis portal

Persondata
Name	Marley, Bob
Alternative names	Marley, Robert Nesta
Short description	Singer, songwriter, guitarist
Date of birth	6 February 1945
Place of birth	Nine Miles, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica
Date of death	11 May 1981
Place of death	Miami, Florida, U.S.

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