- published: 07 Sep 2007
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Brno
Brno (Czech pronunciation: [ˈbr̩no] (
listen); German: Brünn; Latin: Bruna; Yiddish: ברין Brin) by population and area is the second largest city in the Czech Republic, the largest Moravian city, and the historical capital city of the Margraviate of Moravia. Brno is the administrative centre of the South Moravian Region where it forms a separate district Brno-City District. The city lies at the confluence of the Svitava and Svratka rivers and has about 400,000 residents, its greater metropolitan area is regularly home to more than 800,000 people while its larger urban zone had population about 730,000 in 2004.
Brno is the capital of judicial authority of the Czech republic because it is the seat of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Administrative Court, and the Supreme Prosecutor's Office. Beside that, the city is a significant administrative centre. It is the seat of a number of state authorities like Ombudsman, Office for the Protection of Competition and the Czech Agriculture and Food Inspection Authority. Brno is also an important centre of higher education, with 33 faculties of 13 institutes of higher learning and about 89,000 students. There is also a studio of Czech Television and the Czech Radio, in both cases by law. The city is also home to Brno Television, a small local television station.
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Coney Island
Coney Island is a peninsula and beach on the Atlantic Ocean in southern Brooklyn, New York, United States. The site was formerly an outer barrier island, but became partially connected to the mainland by landfill.
Coney Island is possibly best known as the site of amusement parks and a major resort that reached their peak during the first half of the 20th century. It declined in popularity after World War II and endured years of neglect. In recent years, the area has seen the opening of MCU Park and has become home to the minor league baseball team the Brooklyn Cyclones.
The neighborhood of the same name is a community of 60,000 people in the western part of the peninsula, with Sea Gate to its west, Brighton Beach and Manhattan Beach to its east, and Gravesend to the north.
Coney Island is the westernmost part of the barrier islands of Long Island, about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 0.5 miles (0.80 km) wide. Formerly it was an island, separated from the main part of Brooklyn by Coney Island Creek, which was partially tidal mudflats, but it has since been developed into a peninsula. There were plans early in the 20th century to dredge and straighten the creek as a ship canal, but they were abandoned, and the center of the creek was filled in for construction of the Belt Parkway before World War II. The western and eastern ends are now peninsulas.
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Franklin Institute
The Franklin Institute (named after the noted American scientist and statesman Benjamin Franklin) is a museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States, dating to 1824. The Institute also houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial.
On February 5, 1824, Samuel Vaughn Merrick and William H. Keating founded The Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts. The museum began in 1825 in its original building at 15 South 7th Street (now the site of the Atwater Kent Museum) and moved into its current home on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, near that parkway's intersection with 20th Street, over 100 years later, in 1934. Funds to build the new Institute and Memorial on the Parkway came from the Poor Richard Club, the City Board of Trust, the Benjamin Franklin Memorial, Inc., and The Franklin Institute. John T. Windrim's original design was a completely square building surrounding the Benjamin Franklin Statue, which had yet to be built. Despite the effects of the Great Depression, the Benjamin Franklin Memorial, Inc. raised $5 million between December 1929 and June 1930. Only two of the four wings envisioned by Windrim were built. The Franklin Institute was integrated in 1870, when Philadelphia teacher and activist Octavius Catto was admitted as a member.
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GE Building
The GE Building is an Art Deco skyscraper that forms the centerpiece of Rockefeller Center in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, USA. Known as the RCA Building until 1988, it is most famous for housing the headquarters of the television network NBC. At 850 feet (259 m) tall, the 70-story building is the 10th tallest building in New York City and the 33rd tallest in the United States. Some of the building's nicknames include The Slab and 30 Rock. The latter is derived from its address which is at 30 Rockefeller Plaza.
The building was completed in 1933 as part of the Rockefeller Center. The noted Art Deco architect Raymond Hood led a team of Rockefeller architects. It was named the RCA Building for its main tenant, the Radio Corporation of America, formed in 1919 by General Electric. It was the first building constructed with the elevators grouped in the central core. During construction, photographer Charles Clyde Ebbets took the famous photograph Lunchtime atop a Skyscraper on the 69th floor. National Broadcasting Company, also owned by General Electric, leased space in the building.
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Greater Sudbury
Greater Sudbury (2011 census population 160,274) is a city in Ontario, Canada. Originally named Sainte-Anne-des-Pins, Greater Sudbury was created in 2001 by merging the cities and towns of the former Regional Municipality of Sudbury, along with several previously unincorporated geographic townships. Once a world leader in nickel mining, Sudbury is now the major retail, economic, health and educational centre for Northeastern Ontario. Sudbury is also home to a large Franco-Ontarian population which influences its arts and culture.
It is the largest city in the Northern Ontario region by population, and the 24th largest metropolitan area in Canada. By land area, it is the largest city in Ontario, and the seventh largest municipality by area in Canada. Greater Sudbury is one of only five cities in Ontario that constitutes its own independent census divisions, and is not part of any district, county or regional municipality. It is also the only city in Ontario which has two official names; its name in French is Grand-Sudbury. Unlike designations such as Greater Toronto, the name "Greater Sudbury" refers to a single city, not a conurbation of independent municipalities. However, Sudbury is still the common name for the city in everyday usage.
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Holborn Viaduct
Holborn Viaduct is a bridge in London and the name of the street which crosses it (which forms part of the A40 road). It links Holborn, via Holborn Circus, with Newgate Street in the City of London, passing over Farringdon Street and the subterranean River Fleet.
It was built between 1863 and 1869, at a cost of over £2 million, and was the first flyover in central London. It spanned the steep-sided Holborn Hill and the River Fleet valley at a length of 1,400 ft, and 80 ft wide. City surveyor William Haywood was the architect and it was opened by Queen Victoria at the same time as Blackfriars Bridge.
Four statues on the parapets represent commerce and agriculture on the south side, both by sculptor Henry Bursill, and science and fine art on the north side, by the sculpture firm Farmer & Brindley. Staircases provide pedestrian access from the bridge to Farringdon Street below.
Nearby was Holborn Viaduct railway station, now replaced by the City Thameslink railway station at Ludgate Circus.
Coordinates: 51°31′01.91″N 0°06′18.25″W / 51.5171972°N 0.1050694°W / 51.5171972; -0.1050694
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Hotel Edison
Hotel Edison is a historic New York City hotel building constructed in 1931. Thomas Edison turned on the lights when it opened. It accommodated 1,000 guests on 26 floors and offered three restaurants. Herbert J. Krapp was the architect. It is located on 46th and 47th Street, west of Broadway. It contained the Edison Theatre from 1950 until 1991 when it was converted back into a ballroom.
In the early 1950s, "Glorious" Gloria Parker and her Orchestra hosted an evening broadcast on WOR from the Hotel Edison. Parker would open the show with the glass harp (or musical glasses) and feature the popular latin sound on her marimba with her orchestra.
Henry Jerome was a band leader at the hotel when he heard from Bill Randle about a trio. This led the signing of Dorsey Burnette, Johnny Burnett and Paul Burlison to a management contract. Jerome got Johnny a daytime job as an elevator operator at the hotel and moved the The Rock and Roll Trio in the hotel from the YMCA. He secured a contract for the trio with GAC (General Artist Corporation) and with the Coral division of Decca Records.
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Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States of America, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in four buildings in Washington, D.C., as well as the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and number of books. The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress, currently James H. Billington.
The Library of Congress was instituted for Congress in 1800, and was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century. After much of the original collection had been destroyed during the War of 1812, Thomas Jefferson sold 6,487 books, his entire personal collection, to the library in 1815. After a period of decline during the mid-19th century the Library of Congress began to grow rapidly in both size and importance after the American Civil War, culminating in the construction of a separate library building and the transference of all copyright deposit holdings to the Library. During the rapid expansion of the 20th century the Library of Congress assumed a preeminent public role, becoming a "library of last resort" and expanding its mission for the benefit of scholars and the American people.
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Llewellyn Park
Llewellyn Park is a 425-acre (1.7 km2) gated residential community of 175 homes within West Orange, New Jersey. Llewellyn Park does not have its own municipal government, but operates as part of the Township of West Orange. It is located just 12 miles (19 km) west of New York City.
The Ramble is a common area of 50 acres (200,000 m2) landscaped with streams and paths. Period gas lamps line the curving streets of the community. The Llewellyn Park Ladies Association is largely responsible for the beautification of the Park. Its activities include annual plantings; purchasing, and selecting appropriate sites for rustic architecture including gazebos and benches; and directing the Park's maintenance staff to care for the trees, shrubs and flowers.
A major function of the Ladies Association is its commitment to fostering a sense of community among Park residents by planning social activities for adults and children. These activities include a Halloween Party for the children and a Holiday Party for adults. Recently the Ladies Association has also sponsored a barn dance, an Easter egg hunt, a Victorian picnic, and a High Tea. Residents' professions and occupations range widely and include business persons, professionals, academics, and artists.
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Mahen Theatre
Coordinates: 49°11′47″N 16°36′47″E / 49.19639°N 16.61306°E / 49.19639; 16.61306 Mahen Theatre (Czech: Mahenovo divadlo) is a Czech theatre situated in the city of Brno. Mahen Theatre, built as German Deutsches Stadttheater in 1882, was one of the first public buildings in the world lit entirely by electric light. It was built in a combination of Neo-renaissance, Neo-baroque and Neoclassical architectural styles.
The city theatre Reduta in Brno burned down in 1870, and the city council decided to build a new theatre building within a short time period. Thanks to the efforts of then mayor Gustav Winterholler, the decision was taken to build a bigger and better theatre at the place of Obstplatz (today's Malinovský square). The commission was assigned to the renowned Vienna architectural studio Fellner and Helmer. The studio was specialized in projects of theatre buildings. Around 1880, their modern type of theatre building was considered as a model.
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Manhattan
Manhattan (/mænˈhætən/) is the most densely populated and the oldest of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the U.S. state of New York. The borough and county consist of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island, Wards Island, Governors Island, Liberty Island, part of Ellis Island,Mill Rock, and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill, a very small area on the mainland bordering the Bronx. The original city of New York began at the southern end of Manhattan, expanded northward, and then between 1874 and 1898, annexed land from surrounding counties.
The New York County is the most densely populated county in the United States, and one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a 2010 population of 1,585,873 living in a land area of 22.96 square miles (59.5 km2), or 69,464 residents per square mile (26,924/km²), more dense than any individual American city. It is also one of the wealthiest counties in the United States, with a 2005 per capita income above $100,000. Manhattan is the third-largest of New York's five boroughs in population, and its smallest borough in land area.
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Ontario
Ontario /ɒnˈtɛərioʊ/ is one of the provinces of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province or territory and fourth largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa.
Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west, Hudson Bay to the north, Quebec to the east, and to the south by the U.S. states of Minnesota, Michigan (portions to the west), New York (portions to the east), Ohio and Pennsylvania. All but a small part of Ontario's 2,700 km (1,677 mi) border with the United States follow inland waterways: from the west at Lake of the Woods, eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence River drainage system. These are the Rainy River, the Pigeon River, Lake Superior, the St. Mary's River, Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, the Niagara River, Lake Ontario, and along the St. Lawrence River from Kingston, Ontario to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall, Ontario.
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Pearl Street Station
Pearl Street Station was the first central power plant in the United States. It was located at 255-257 Pearl Street in Manhattan on a site measuring 50 by 100 feet, just south of Fulton Street. It began with one direct current generator, and it started generating electricity on September 4, 1882, serving an initial load of 400 lamps at 85 customers. By 1884, Pearl Street Station was serving 508 customers with 10,164 lamps. The station was built by the Edison Illuminating Company, which was headed by Thomas Edison. The station was originally powered by custom-made Porter-Allen high-speed steam engines designed to provide 175 horsepower at 700 rpm., but these proved to be unreliable with their sensitive governors. They were removed and replaced with new engines from Armington & Sims that proved to be much more suitable for Edison's dynamos.
The station burnt down in 1890, destroying all but one dynamo that is now kept in the Greenfield Village Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.
Coordinates: 40°42′28″N 74°00′17″W / 40.70778°N 74.00472°W / 40.70778; -74.00472
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Thomas Armat
Thomas J. Armat (25 October 1866 – September 30, 1948) was an American mechanic and inventor, a pioneer of cinema best known through the co-invention of the Edison Vitascope.
Armat studied at the Mechanics Institute in Richmond, Virginia and then in 1894 at the Bliss School of Electricity in Washington, D.C., where he met Charles Francis Jenkins. The two classmates teamed up to develop a movie projector using a new kind of intermittent motion mechanism, a "beater mechanism" similar to the one patented 1893 by Georges Demenÿ in France. It was one of the first projectors using what is known as the Latham loop (an extra loop of the film before the transport mechanism to reduce the tension on the film and avoid film breakage, developed independently at the same time by Woodville Latham and his sons). They made their first public projection using their invention, named Phantascope after an earlier model designed by Jenkins alone, in September 1895 at the Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta.
Following this success, the two co-inventors broke up over patent issues. Jenkins tried to claim sole inventorship, but was turned down and sold out to Armat, who subsequently joined and sold the patent to Thomas Edison, who marketed the machine as the 'Vitascope'. The projector was used in a public screening in New York City beginning April 23, 1896 and lasting more than a week.
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World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web, or the "Information Superhighway"), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.
Using concepts from his earlier hypertext systems like ENQUIRE, British engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now Director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web. At CERN, a European research organization near Geneva situated on Swiss and French soil, Berners-Lee and Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in 1990 to use hypertext "... to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will", and they publicly introduced the project in December.
In the May 1970 issue of Popular Science magazine Arthur C. Clarke was reported to have predicted that satellites would one day "bring the accumulated knowledge of the world to your fingertips" using a console that would combine the functionality of the Xerox, telephone, television and a small computer, allowing data transfer and video conferencing around the globe. Clarke also determined that geosyncronous orbit would be possible at the altitude of 22,000 miles, which is why that region is called the Clarke Belt.
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Wyoming
Wyoming (
i/waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/) is a state in the mountain region of the Western United States. Wyoming is the 10th most extensive, but the least populous and the 2nd least densely populated of the 50 States. The western two thirds of the state is covered mostly with the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. Cheyenne is the capital and the most populous city of Wyoming with a population of nearly 60,000 people within its city proper.
As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of Wyoming, Wyoming's borders are lines of latitude, 41°N and 45°N, and longitude, 104°3'W and 111°3'W (27° W and 34° W of the Washington Meridian), making the shape of the state a latitude-longitude quadrangle. Wyoming is one of only three states (along with Colorado and Utah) to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border deviates from the true latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a mile (.8 km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along the 45th parallel. Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the ninth largest state in the United States in total area, containing 97,818 square miles (253,350 km2) and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 miles (444 km); and from the east to the west border is 365 miles (587 km) at its south end and 342 miles (550 km) at the north end.
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742 Edisona
742 Edisona
742 Edisona is a minor planet orbiting the Sun.
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Alessandro Volta
Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Gerolamo Umberto Volta (18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italianphysicist known especially for the invention of the battery in the 1800s.
Volta was born in Como, Italy on 18 February 1745. In 1774, he became a physics professor at the Royal School in Como. A year later, he improved and popularized the electrophorus, a device that produced a static charge. His promotion of it was so extensive that he is often credited with its invention, even though a machine operating in the same principle was described in 1762 by Swedish professor Johan Wilcke.
In the years between 1776–78, Volta studied the chemistry of gases. He discovered methane after reading a paper by Benjamin Franklin on "flammable air" and carefully searched for it in Italy. In November, 1776, he found methane at Lake Maggiore, and by 1778 he managed to isolate methane. He devised experiments such as the ignition of methane by an electric spark in a closed vessel. Volta also studied what we now call electrical capacitance, developing separate means to study both electrical potential (V) and charge (Q), and discovering that for a given object, they are proportional. This may be called Volta's Law of capacitance, and likely for this work the unit of electrical potential has been named the volt.
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Alfred Vail
Alfred Lewis Vail (September 25, 1807 – January 18, 1859) was a machinist and inventor. Vail was central, with Samuel F. B. Morse, in developing and commercializing the telegraph between 1837 and 1844. Vail and Morse were the first two telegraph operators on Morse's first experimental line between Washington, DC, and Baltimore, and Vail took charge of building and managing several early telegraph lines between 1845 and 1848. He was also responsible for several technical innovations of Morse's system, particularly the sending key and improved recording registers and relay magnets. Vail left the telegraph industry in 1848 because he believed that the managers of Morse's lines did not fully value his contributions. His last assignment, superintendent of the Washington and New Orleans Telegraph Company, paid him only $900 a year, leading Vail to write to Morse, "I have made up my mind to leave the Telegraph to take care of itself, since it cannot take care of me. I shall, in a few months, leave Washington for New Jersey, ... and bid adieu to the subject of the Telegraph for some more profitable business."
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Andrea Jung
Andrea Jung (鍾彬嫻, pinyin: Zhōng Bīnxián) (born 1958) is a Canadian-American businessperson. She is the executive chairman and former CEO of Avon Products Inc..
Her mother is a Shanghai-born amateur pianist. Jung's father is a Hong Kong-born retired architect, formerly a partner at TRO Jung Brannen, who also taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Andrea Jung was raised in Wellesley, Massachusetts. Jung is a magna cum laude graduate of Princeton University and is fluent in Mandarin.
Jung was executive vice president of Neiman Marcus, where she handled issues regarding accessories, intimate women's apparel, cosmetics and children's wear. Before that, she was senior vice president, general merchandising manager, for I. Magnin. http://www.avoncompany.com/aboutavon/boardofdirectors/index.html&title=Board%20of%20Directors Jung joined Avon Products, Inc. in 1994 as the company's president in its product marketing group. She became president of global marketing in 1996 and executive vice president/president of global marketing and new business in 1997. Her responsibilities at that time centered primarily around market research, joint ventures and strategic planning. She then became president and chief operating officer, with responsibility for all business units of Avon worldwide. She has been on the company's board of directors since 1998. In November 1999, Jung was promoted to chairman of the board and chief executive officer.
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Bob Wright
Robert Charles "Bob" Wright (born 1943) is an American television businessman, having served as Chairman of NBC Universal. He graduated from Chaminade High School, the College of the Holy Cross and earned an LLB from the University of Virginia Law School.
He was named president and CEO of NBC in 1986 by new General Electric boss Jack Welch. In 2001, he became chairman and CEO. In May 2004, NBC's parent company, General Electric, acquired Vivendi Universal Entertainment to create NBC Universal; Wright, who orchestrated the deal, was named chairman and CEO of the new company. In February 2007, Wright, after 21 years, was succeeded by Jeff Zucker, who was named president and CEO of NBC Universal. Wright remained chairman of the media company until May 2007 and remained vice chairman of GE until May 2008.
Wright had one of the longest and most successful tenures of any media company chief executive. Under his leadership, NBC was transformed from a broadcast network into a global media powerhouse, with leadership in TV programming, station ownership, and television production. In 1986, Wright's first year at NBC, the network had revenues of $2.6 billion. By 2006, his last full year at the helm, company revenues had grown to $16.2 billion. During Wright's tenure, NBC was GE's most successful business, enjoying double-digit compounded annual growth in operating profit.
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Book Thomas Edison
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Charles Edison
Charles Edison (August 3, 1890 – July 31, 1969) was a son of Thomas Edison and Mina Miller. He was a businessman, who became Assistant and then United States Secretary of the Navy, and served as the 42nd Governor of New Jersey.
Born at his parents' home, Glenmont, in West Orange, New Jersey, he attended the Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut. In 1915-1916 he operated the one hundred seat "Little Thimble Theater" with Greenwich Village figure Guido Bruno. There they played the works of George Bernard Shaw and August Strindberg while Charles contributed verse to "Bruno's Weekly" under the pseudonym "Tom Sleeper". Late in 1915, he brought his players Ellis Island to perform for Chief Clerk Augustus Sherman and more than four hundred detained immigrants. These avant-garde activities came to a halt when his father put him to work. He married Carolyn Hawkins on March 27, 1918. They had no children. For a number of years Charles Edison ran Edison Records. Charles became president of his father's company Thomas A. Edison, Inc. in 1927, and ran it until it was sold in 1957, when it merged with the McGraw Electric Company to form the McGraw-Edison Electric Company. Edison was board chairman of the merged company until he retired in 1961.
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Charles Wheatstone
Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS (6 February 1802 – 19 October 1875), was an English scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era, including the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images), and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique). However, Wheatstone is best known for his contributions in the development of the Wheatstone bridge, originally invented by Samuel Hunter Christie, which is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance, and as a major figure in the development of telegraphy.
Charles Wheatstone was born in Barnwood Gloucester Gloucester. His father was a music-seller in the town, who moved to 128 Pall Mall, London, four years later, becoming a teacher of the flute. Charles, the second son, went to a village school, near Gloucester, and afterwards to several institutions in London. One of them was in Kennington, and kept by a Mrs. Castlemaine, who was astonished at his rapid progress. From another he ran away, but was captured at Windsor, not far from the theatre of his practical telegraph. As a boy he was very shy and sensitive, liking well to retire into an attic, without any other company than his own thoughts.
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Chichester Bell
Chichester A. Bell (1848–1924) was a chemist, cousin to Alexander Graham Bell, and instrumental in developing improved versions of the phonograph.
Chichester Bell was born in Dublin, Ireland in 1848 to David Charles Bell (1817–1903) and Ellen Adine Highland. David Bell was a brother of Alexander Melville Bell, the renowned elocutionist and scholar.
Prior to arriving in Washington, D.C., Chichester was Assistant Professor of Chemistry, University College London. In 1881 Chichester Bell began working with his famous cousin Alexander Graham Bell and their associate Charles Tainter on addressing the drawbacks to Thomas Edison's phonograph.
The three men created the Volta Laboratory Association to be the holder of their patents. Their successful development of the Graphophone led to the formation of the Volta Graphophone Company of Alexandria, Virginia in February 1886 by the principals, along with Chichester's brother, lawyer and banker, Charles B. Bell (born 1858). While living in Washington, D.C., Chichester Bell was one of the founding members of the Chemical Society of Washington.
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Clara Bow
Clara Gordon Bow (July 29, 1905 – September 27, 1965) was an American actress who rose to stardom in the silent film era of the 1920s. It was her appearance as a spunky shopgirl in the film It that brought her global fame and the nickname "The It Girl." Bow came to personify the roaring twenties and is described as its leading sex symbol. She appeared in 46 silent films and 11 talkies, including hits such as Mantrap (1926), It (1927) and Wings (1927). She was named first box-office draw in 1928 and 1929 and second box-office draw in 1927 and 1930. Her presence in a motion picture was said to have ensured investors, by odds of almost 2-to-1, a "safe return". In January 1929, at the apex of her stardom, she received more than 45,000 fan letters. After marrying actor Rex Bell in 1931, Bow ended her career in 1933 with the film Hoop-La, becoming a rancher in Nevada.
Clara Bow was born in 1905 in a slum tenement in Prospect Heights, Brooklyn, New York, where she was also raised. Bow was the third child; the first two, also daughters, born in 1903 and 1904, died in infancy. Her mother, Sarah Bow (née Gordon, 1880–1923), was told by a doctor not to become pregnant again for fear the next baby might die as well. Despite the doctor's warning, Sarah Bow became pregnant with Clara in the fall of 1904. In addition to the risky pregnancy, a heat wave besieged New York in July 1905 and temperatures peaked around 100°F; the infant mortality rate rose to 80%. "I don't suppose two people ever looked death in the face more clearly than my mother and I the morning I was born. We were both given up, but somehow we struggled back to life".
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Claude Chappe
Claude Chappe (December 25, 1763 – January 23, 1805) was a French inventor who in 1792 demonstrated a practical semaphore system that eventually spanned all of France. This was the first practical telecommunications system of the industrial age, making Chappe the first telecom mogul with his "mechanical internet."
Chappe was born in Brûlon, Sarthe, France, the grandson of a French baron. He was raised for church service, but lost his sinecure during the French Revolution. He was educated at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen.
He and his four unemployed brothers decided to develop a practical system of semaphore relay stations, a task proposed in antiquity, yet never realized.
Claude's brother, Ignace Chappe (1760–1829) was a member of the Legislative Assembly during the French Revolution. With his help, the Assembly supported a proposal to build a relay line from Paris to Lille (fifteen stations, about 120 miles), to carry dispatches from the war.
The Chappe brothers determined by experiment that the angles of a rod were easier to see than the presence or absence of panels. Their final design had two arms connected by a cross-arm. Each arm had seven positions, and the cross-arm had four more permitting a 196-combination code. The arms were from three to thirty feet long, black, and counterweighted, moved by only two handles. Lamps mounted on the arms proved unsatisfactory for night use. The relay towers were placed from 12 to 25 km (10 to 20 miles) apart. Each tower had a telescope pointing both up and down the relay line. Chappe first called his invention the "tachygraph", which means fast writer. A friend suggested a name meaning a far writer, telegraph.
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Edison Denisov
Edison Vasilievich Denisov (Russian: Эдисо́н Васи́льевич Дени́сов) (April 6, 1929, Tomsk, Russia — November 24, 1996, Paris, France) was a Russian composer of so called "Underground" — "Anti-Collectivist", "alternative" or "nonconformist" division in the Soviet music.
Denisov was born in Tomsk, Siberia into the family of a radio physicist, who gave him the very unusual first name Edison, in honour of the great American inventor. He studied mathematics before deciding to spend his life composing. This decision was enthusiastically supported by Dmitri Shostakovich, who gave him lessons in composition.
In 1951-56 Denisov studied at the Moscow Conservatory — composition with Vissarion Shebalin, orchestration with Nikolai Rakov, analysis with Viktor Zuckerman and piano with Vladimir Belov. In 1956-59 he composed the opera Ivan-Soldat (Soldier Ivan) in three acts based on Russian folk fairy tales.
He began his own study of scores, which were difficult to obtain in the USSR at that time, including music ranging from Mahler and Debussy to Boulez and Stockhausen. He wrote a series of articles giving a detailed analysis of different aspects of contemporary compositional techniques and at same time actively experimented as a composer, trying to find his own way.
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Elihu Thomson
Elihu Thomson (March 29, 1853 – March 13, 1937) was an English engineer and inventor who was instrumental in the founding of major electrical companies in the United States, the United Kingdom and France.
He was born in Manchester (England) on 29 March 1853, but his family moved to Philadelphia in 1858. Thomson attended Central High School in Philadelphia and graduated in 1870. Thomson took a teaching position at Central, and in 1876, at the age of twenty-three, held the Chair of Chemistry. In 1880, he left Central to pursue research in the emerging field of electrical engineering.
With Edwin J. Houston, a former teacher and later colleague of Thomson's at Central High School, Thomson founded the Thomson-Houston Electric Company. Notable inventions created by Thomson during this period include an arc-lighting system, an automatically regulated three-coil dynamo, a magnetic lightning arrester, and a local power transformer. In 1892 the Thomson-Houston Electric Company merged with the Edison General Electric Company to become the General Electric Company. The historian Thomas P. Hughes writes that Thomson "displayed methodological characteristics in the workshop and the laboratory as [an] inventor and in the business world as [an] entrepreneur. He also chose to solve problems in the rapidly expanding field of electric light and power." Thomson's name is further commemorated by the British Thomson-Houston Company (BTH), and the French companies Thomson and Alstom.
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Elisha Gray
Elisha Gray (August 2, 1835 – January 21, 1901) was an American electrical engineer who co-founded the Western Electric Manufacturing Company. Gray is best known for his development of a telephone prototype in 1876 in Highland Park, Illinois and is considered by some writers to be the true inventor of the variable resistance telephone, despite losing out to Alexander Graham Bell for the telephone patent.
Gray is also considered to be the father of the modern music synthesizer, and was granted over 70 patents for his inventions.
Born into a Quaker family in Barnesville, Ohio, Gray was brought up on a farm. He spent several years at Oberlin College where he experimented with electrical devices. Although Gray was not a graduate of Oberlin College, he taught electricity and science at Oberlin and built laboratory equipment for Oberlin science departments.
In 1862 while at Oberlin, Gray met and married Delia Minerva Shepard.
In 1865 Gray invented a self-adjusting telegraph relay that automatically adapted to varying insulation of the telegraph line.
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Emile Berliner
Emile Berliner or Emil Berliner (May 20, 1851 – August 3, 1929) was a German-born American inventor. He is best known for developing the disc record gramophone (phonograph in American English). He founded The Berliner Gramophone Company in 1895, The Gramophone Company in London, England, in 1897, Deutsche Grammophon in Hanover, Germany, in 1898 and Berliner Gram-o-phone Company of Canada in Montreal in 1899 (chartered in 1904).
Berliner was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1851 into a Jewish merchant family. He completed an apprenticeship to become a merchant, as was family tradition. While his real hobby was invention, he worked as an accountant to make ends meet. To avoid being drafted for the Franco-Prussian War, Berliner migrated to the United States of America in 1870 with a friend of his father's, in whose shop he worked in Washington, D.C.. He moved to New York and, living off temporary work, such as doing the paper route and cleaning bottles, he studied physics at night at the Cooper Union Institute. After some time working in a livery stable, he became interested in the new audio technology of the telephone and phonograph, and invented an improved telephone transmitter (one of the first type of microphones). The patent was acquired by the Bell Telephone Company, see The Telephone Cases. But on February 27, 1901 the United States Court of Appeal declared the patent void. Berliner subsequently moved to Boston in 1877 and worked for Bell Telephone until 1883, when he returned to Washington and established himself as a private researcher. Emile Berliner became a United States citizen in 1881.
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Francis Jehl
Francis Jehl (September 6, 1860 - February 11, 1941) was a laboratory assistant of Thomas Edison. Jehl studied chemistry at Cooper Union at night. After finishing school at the age of 18, he went to work for Edison at Menlo Park. In 1882, Jehl went to Europe to introduce the Edison light system in the various European countries. Jehl wrote a book titled Reminiscences of Menlo Park based on a diary of his experiences at the laboratory.
Before Jehl worked for Edison he worked for Grosvenor Lowrey, who was the chief counsel of Western Union Telegraph Company. When Jehl worked for Lowrey he was responsible for making multiple copies of a wide range of documents pertaining to Edison's electric pen. One of the other duties that came with Jehl's employment with Lowrey was overseeing the care of Bunsen cells which happened to occupy the current of the electric pen. This was particularly important.
In February 1879 Jehl began his employment with Edison at Menlo Park, a facility in New Jersey where Edison researched and developed his inventions that had only been around for two years when Jehl arrived. He was responsible for maintaining 50 or so bunsen cells on a variety of tables on the second floor of the laboratory. After the completion of Jehl's first assignment, Edison noticed Jehl's work ethic and he was so impressed that he gave Jehl a job to work more closely with him. Jehl worked on the electric light during the laboratory stage of development. Jehl was responsible for performing many experiments and tests; however, some of the most important were those that were related to the electric meter for the central stations. Edison had given Jehl specific instructions to keep him informed daily with the tests and experiments that he conducted and the results obtained. With the results that Edison received from Jehl, he was able to make informed decisions on how to create things, like the thermal regulator for the meter.
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George Westinghouse
George Westinghouse, Jr (October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914) was an American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railway air brake and was a pioneer of the electrical industry. Westinghouse was one of Thomas Edison's main rivals in the early implementation of the American electricity system. Westinghouse's system, which used alternating current based on the extensive research by Nikola Tesla, ultimately prevailed over Edison's insistence on direct current. In 1911, he received the AIEE's Edison Medal "For meritorious achievement in connection with the development of the alternating current system."
Westinghouse was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1980.
Westinghouse was born in Central Bridge, NY in 1846. He was the son of a machine shop owner and was talented at machinery and business. At the age of fifteen, as the Civil War broke out, he enlisted in the New York National Guard until his parents urged him to return home. Two years later in 1863, he persuaded his parents to allow him to re-enlist and joined the New York Cavalry. In December 1864 he resigned from the Army to join the Navy, serving as Acting Third Assistant Engineer on the USS Muscoota through the end of the war. In 1865 he returned to his family in Schenectady and enrolled at nearby Union College. However, he lost interest in the curriculum and dropped out in his first term there.
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Georges Méliès
Georges Méliès (English pronunciation: /mɛ.li.'ez/); (8 December 1861 – 21 January 1938), full name Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès, was a French illusionist and filmmaker famous for leading many technical and narrative developments in the earliest days of cinema. Méliès, a prolific innovator in the use of special effects, accidentally discovered the substitution stop trick in 1896, and was one of the first filmmakers to use multiple exposures, time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted color in his work. Because of his ability to seemingly manipulate and transform reality through cinematography, Méliès is sometimes referred to as the first "Cinemagician". Two of his most well-known films are A Trip to the Moon (1902) and The Impossible Voyage (1904). Both stories involve strange, surreal voyages, somewhat in the style of Jules Verne, and are considered among the most important early science fiction films, though their approach is closer to fantasy. Méliès was also an early pioneer of horror cinema, which can be traced back to his Le Manoir du diable (1896).
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Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi (Italian pronunciation: [ɡuʎˈʎɛːlmo marˈkoːni]; 25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor, known as the father of long distance radio transmission and for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system. Marconi is often credited as the inventor of radio, and indeed he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". Much of Marconi's work in radio transmission was built upon previous experimentation and the commercial exploitation of ideas by others such as Hertz, Maxwell, Faraday, Popov, Lodge, Fessenden, Stone, Bose, and Tesla. As an entrepreneur, businessman, and founder of the The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in 1897, Marconi succeeded in making a commercial success of radio by innovating and building on the work of previous experimenters and physicists. In 1924, he was ennobled as Marchese Marconi.
Marconi was born in Bologna on April 25, 1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi, an Italian landowner, and his Irish wife, Annie Jameson, daughter of Andrew Jameson of Daphne Castle in the County Wexford, Ireland and granddaughter of John Jameson, founder of whiskey distillers Jameson & Sons. Marconi was educated privately in Bologna in the lab of Augusto Righi, in Florence at the Istituto Cavallero and, later, in Livorno. As a child Marconi did not do well in school.Baptized as a Catholic, he was also a member of the Anglican Church, being married into it; however, he still received a Catholic annulment.
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Heinrich Göbel
Heinrich Göbel, later Henry Goebel (April 20, 1818 – December 4, 1893), born in Springe, Germany, was a precision mechanic. He emigrated in 1848 to New York City and lived there until his death. In 1865 he changed his nationality.
In 1893 the public in the USA and in Europe took notice of Henry Goebel. Magazines and newspapers reported that Henry Goebel had developed incandescent light bulbs comparable to those invented in the year 1879 by Thomas Alva Edison 25 years earlier. Henry Goebel did not apply for a patent.
In 1893 the Edison Electric Light Co. brought suit against three manufacturers of incandescent lamps for infringing Edison´s patent. The defense of these companies claimed the Edison patent was void because of the same invention of Henry Goebel 25 years earlier(Goebel-Defense).
Judges of four courts raised doubts; there was no clear and convincing proof for the claimed invention of Henry Goebel. A research work published in 2007 concluded that the Goebel-Defense was fraudulent.
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Henry Ford
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. Ford spent most of his life making headlines, good, bad, but never indifferent. Celebrated as both a technological genius and a folk hero, Ford was the creative force behind an industry of unprecedented size and wealth that in only a few decades permanently changed the economic and social character of the United States. He is credited with "Fordism": mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to systematically lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put dealerships throughout most of North America and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently.
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Humphry Davy
Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet FRS MRIA FGS (17 December 1778 – 29 May 1829) was a British chemist and inventor. He is probably best remembered today for his discoveries of several alkali and alkaline earth metals, as well as contributions to the discoveries of the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine. Berzelius called Davy's 1806 Bakerian Lecture On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity "one of the best memoirs which has ever enriched the theory of chemistry." This paper was central to any chemical affinity theory in the first half of the nineteenth century. In 1815 he invented the Davy lamp, which allowed miners to work safely in the presence of flammable gases.
Davy was born in Penzance in Cornwall, United Kingdom, on 17 December 1778. The parish register of Madron (the parish church) records ‘Humphry Davy, son of Robert Davy, baptized at Penzance, January 22nd, 1779.’ Robert Davy was a wood carver at Penzance, who pursued his art rather for amusement than profit. As the representative of an old family (monuments to his ancestors in Ludgvan Church date as far back as 1635), he became possessor of a modest patrimony. His wife, Grace Millet, came from an old but no longer wealthy family. Her parents died within a few hours of each other from malignant fever, whereupon Grace and her two sisters were adopted by John Tonkin, an eminent surgeon in Penzance. Robert Davy and his wife became the parents of five children — two boys, Humphry, the eldest, and John, and three girls.
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Jack Welch
John Francis "Jack" Welch, Jr. (born (1935-11-19)November 19, 1935) is an American chemical engineer, business executive, and author. He was Chairman and CEO of General Electric between 1981 and 2001. During his tenure at GE, the company's value rose 4000%. In 2006 Welch's net worth was estimated at $720 million. Welch is the founder of the Jack Welch Management Institute, an educational institution established in 2009.
Jack Welch was born in Peabody, Massachusetts to John, a Boston & Maine Railroad conductor, and Grace, a homemaker.
Welch attended Salem High School and then University of Massachusetts Amherst, graduating in 1957 with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering. He is a member of the Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity.
He received a M.S. and Ph.D at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1960.
Welch joined General Electric in 1960. He worked as a junior chemical engineer in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, at a salary of $10,500. While at GE, he blew off the roof of the factory, and was almost fired for doing so. In 1961, Welch planned to quit his job as junior engineer because he was dissatisfied with the raise offered to him and was unhappy with the bureaucracy he observed at GE. Welch was persuaded to remain at GE by Reuben Gutoff, an executive at the company, who promised him that he would help create the small company atmosphere Welch desired.
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James Bowman Lindsay
James Bowman Lindsay (8 September 1799 - 29 June 1862) was a Scottish inventor and author. He is credited with early developments in several fields, such as incandescent lighting and telegraphy.
James Bowman Lindsay was born in Cotton of West Hills, Carmyllie near Arbroath in Angus, Scotland, son of John Lindsay, farm worker, and Elizabeth Bowman. During his childhood he was trained as a handloom weaver. However at the same time he educated himself and his parents recognised their son's potential. As a result they saved enough money to be able to send him to St. Andrews University where he matriculated in 1821.[citation needed][not in citation given] As a student he soon made a name for himself in the fields of mathematics and physics and, after completing an additional course of studies in theology, he finally returned to Dundee in 1829 as Science and Mathematics Lecturer at the Watt Institution.
Among his technological innovations, which were not developed until long after his death, are the incandescent light bulb, submarine telegraphy and arc welding. Unfortunately, his claims are not well documented. In July 1835, Lindsay demonstrated a constant electric lamp at a public meeting in Dundee, Scotland. He stated that he could "read a book at a distance of one and a half feet". However, he did little to establish his claim or to develop the device.
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Johann Philipp Reis
Johann Philipp Reis (January 7, 1834 – January 14, 1874) was a self-taught German scientist and inventor. In 1861, he constructed the first make-and-break telephone, today called the Reis telephone.
Reis was born in Gelnhausen, Germany. Reis's mother died while he was an infant, and he was raised by his paternal grandmother, a well-read, intelligent woman. At the age of six Reis was sent to the common school of his home town of Gelnhausen. Here his talents attracted the notice of his instructors, who advised his father to extend his education at a higher college. His father died before Reis was ten years old. His grandmother and guardians placed him at Garnier's Institute, in Friedrichsdorf, where he showed a taste for languages, and acquired both French and English, as well as a stock of miscellaneous information from the library.
At the end of his fourteenth year, Reis was accepted to a Hassel Institute, at Frankfurt am Main, where he learned Latin and Italian. A love of science became apparent, and his guardians were recommended to send him to the Polytechnic School of Karlsruhe. His uncle wished him to become a merchant, and on March 1, 1850, Reis was apprenticed as a paints dealer in the establishment of J. F. Beyerbach, of Frankfurt, against his will. He told his uncle that he would learn the business chosen for him, but would continue his preferred studies as he could.
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John Logie Baird
John Logie Baird FRSE (13 August 1888 – 14 June 1946) was a Scottishengineer and inventor of the world's first practical, publicly demonstrated television system, and also the world's first fully electronic colour television tube. Although Baird's electromechanical system was eventually displaced by purely electronic systems (such as those of Vladimir Zworykin, Marconi-EMI and Philo Farnsworth), Baird's early successes demonstrating working television broadcasts and his colour and cinema television work earn him a prominent place in television's invention. In 2002, Logie Baird was ranked number 44 in the list of the "100 Greatest Britons" following a UK-wide vote. In 2006, Logie Baird was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history, having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. The "Baird" brand name was first owned by Thorn-EMI and was sold off to a small Chinese manufacturer when Thorn-EMI was dissolved.
Baird was born in [[Helensburgh], Argyll and Bute (then Dunbartonshire). He was educated at Larchfield Academy (now part of Lomond School) in Helensburgh; the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College (which later became the University of Strathclyde); and the University of Glasgow. His degree course was interrupted by World War I and he never returned to graduate.
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Joseph Swan
Sir Joseph Wilson Swan (31 October 1828 – 27 May 1914) was a British physicist and chemist, most famous for the invention of the incandescent light bulb before its independent invention by the American Thomas Edison.
Swan's first demonstration of the light bulb was at a lecture in Newcastle upon Tyne on 18 December 1878, but he did not receive a patent until 27 November 1880 (patent No. 4933) after improvement to the original lamp. His house (in Gateshead, England) was the first in the world to be lit by a lightbulb, and the world's first electric-light illumination in a public building was for a lecture by Swan in 1880. In 1881, the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London was lit by Swan incandescent lightbulbs, the first theatre and the first public building in the world to be lit entirely by electricity.
In 1904, Swan was knighted by King Edward VII, awarded the Royal Society's Hughes Medal, and was made an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical Society. He had already received the highest decoration in France, the Légion d'honneur, when he visited an international exhibition in Paris in 1881. The exhibition included exhibits of his inventions, and the city was lit with electric light, thanks to Swan's invention.
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Jules Grévy
François Paul Jules Grévy (French pronunciation: [ʒyl ɡʁevi]; 15 August 1807 – 9 September 1891) was a President of the French Third Republic and one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republicans faction. Given that his predecessors were monarchists who tried without success to restore the French monarchy, Grévy is seen as the first real republican President of France.
Born at Mont-sous-Vaudrey in the Jura mountains, he became an advocate in 1837, and, having steadily maintained republican principles under the Orléans monarchy, was elected by his native department to the Constituent Assembly of 1848. Foreseeing that Louis Bonaparte would be elected president by the people, he proposed to vest the chief authority in a president of the Council elected and removable by the Assembly, or in other words, to suppress the Presidency of the Republic. After the coup d'état this proposition gained Grévy a reputation for sagacity, and upon his return to public life in 1868 he took a prominent place in the republican party.
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Lee De Forest
Lee de Forest (August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American inventor with over 180 patents to his credit. De Forest invented the Audion, a vacuum tube that takes relatively weak electrical signals and amplifies them. De Forest is one of the fathers of the "electronic age", as the Audion helped to usher in the widespread use of electronics. He is also credited with one of the principal inventions that brought sound to motion pictures.
He was involved in several patent lawsuits and he spent a substantial part of his income from his inventions on the legal bills. He had four marriages and 25 companies, he was defrauded by business partners (as well as defrauding business partners himself), and he was once indicted for mail fraud, but was later acquitted.
He typically signed his name "Lee de Forest."
He was a charter member of the Institute of Radio Engineers, one of the two predecessors of the IEEE (the other was the American Institute of Electrical Engineers).
DeVry University was originally named DeForest Training School, after Lee De Forest, by its founder Dr. Herman A. DeVry, who was a friend and colleague of De Forest's.
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Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky (Russian: Лев Троцкий, pronounced [ˈlʲef ˈtrot͡skʲɪj] (
listen); 7 November [O.S. 26 October] 1879 – 21 August 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronshtein, was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founder and first leader of the Red Army.
Trotsky was initially a supporter of the Menshevik Internationalists faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He joined the Bolsheviks immediately prior to the 1917 October Revolution, and eventually became a leader within the Party. During the early days of the Soviet Union, he served first as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and later as the founder and commander of the Red Army as People's Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs. He was a major figure in the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War (1918–20). He was also among the first members of the Politburo.
After leading a failed struggle of the Left Opposition against the policies and rise of Joseph Stalin in the 1920s and the increasing role of bureaucracy in the Soviet Union, Trotsky was successively removed from power, expelled from the Communist Party, deported from the Soviet Union and assassinated on Stalin's orders. An early advocate of Red Army intervention against European fascism, Trotsky also opposed Stalin's non-aggression pact with Adolf Hitler in the late 1930s.
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Mary Pickford
Mary Pickford (April 8, 1892 - May 29, 1979) was a Canadian-American motion picture actress, co-founder of the film studio United Artists and one of the original 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Known as "America's Sweetheart," "Little Mary" and "The girl with the curls," she was one of the Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood and a significant figure in the development of film acting.
Because her international fame was triggered by moving images, she is a watershed figure in the history of modern celebrity and, as one of silent film's most important performers and producers, her contract demands were central to shaping the Hollywood industry. In consideration of her contributions to American cinema, the American Film Institute named Pickford 24th among the greatest female stars of all time.
Mary Pickford was born Gladys Marie Smith in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Her father, John Charles Smith, was the son of English Methodist immigrants, and worked a variety of odd jobs. Her mother, Charlotte Hennessy, was Irish Catholic. Mary had two younger siblings, Jack and Lottie Pickford, who would also become actors. To please the relatives, Pickford's mother baptized her in both the Methodist and Catholic churches (and used the opportunity to change her middle name to "Mary"). She was raised Roman Catholic after her alcoholic father left his family in 1895. He died three years later of a cerebral hemorrhage.
wn.com/Mary_Pickford -
Mathew Evans
Mathew Evans is one of two Canadians who developed and patented an incandescent light bulb, on July 24, 1874, five years before Thomas Alva Edison's U.S. patent on the device.
Evans, from Toronto, Ontario, and his friend Henry Woodward, made the light bulb by sending electricity through a filament made of carbon.
The two men had patented it but did not have enough money to develop their invention, so they sold their US patent 181,613 to Thomas Edison for US$5,000 ($US 100,000 in 2006 dollars).[citation needed] They also granted Edison an exclusive licence to their equivalent Canadian patent.
wn.com/Mathew_Evans -
Matthew Josephson
Matthew Josephson (February 15, 1899 – March 13, 1978) was an American journalist and author of works on nineteenth-century French literature and twentieth-century American economic history.
Born in Brooklyn, New York, he graduated from Columbia University and married Hannah Geffen in 1920. They lived in Europe in the 1920s.
Initially Josephson wrote poetry, published in Galimathias (1923), and reported for various "little magazines." He became associate editor of Broom (1922–24) and contributing editor of Transition (1928–29). Josephson was also a regular contributor to The New Republic, The Nation, The New Yorker, and the Saturday Evening Post.
Josephson's first biographies were Zola and His Time (1928) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1932). Influenced by Charles A. Beard and the Depression, and with only one major exception, Stendhal: or the Pursuit of Happiness (1946), Josephson changed his focus of interest from literature to economic history when he published The Robber Barons in 1934. This was followed by more full-length works in which Josephson served as a spokesman for intellectuals of his generation who were dissatisfied with the social and political status quo.
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Neil Baldwin
wn.com/Neil_Baldwin -
Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Тесла; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-American inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, and futurist. He was an important contributor to the use of commercial electricity, and is best known for developing the modern alternating current (AC) electrical supply system. His many revolutionary developments in the field of electromagnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were based on the theories of electromagnetic technology discovered by Michael Faraday. Tesla's patents and theoretical work also formed the basis of wireless communication and the radio.
Born in the village of Smiljan (now part of Gospić, present day Croatia), Tesla was a subject of the Austrian Empire by birth and later became an American citizen. Because of his 1894 demonstration of short range wireless communication through radio and as the eventual victor in the "War of Currents", he was widely respected as one of the greatest electrical engineers who worked in America. He pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. In the United States during this time, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture. Tesla demonstrated wireless energy transfer to power electronic devices in 1891, and aspired to intercontinental wireless transmission of industrial power in his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project.
wn.com/Nikola_Tesla -
Paul Israel
Paul Israel (born in Sydney, New South Wales) was an Australian rugby league player for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the New South Wales Rugby League competition in Australia, his position of choice was at Lock-forward.
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Philo Farnsworth
Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor and television pioneer. Although he made many contributions that were crucial to the early development of all-electronic television, he is perhaps best known for inventing the first fully functional all-electronic image pickup device (video camera tube), the "image dissector", the first fully functional and complete all-electronic television system, and for being the first person to demonstrate such a system to the public. Farnsworth developed a television system complete with receiver and camera, which he produced commercially in the form of the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation, from 1938 to 1951.
In later life, Farnsworth invented a small nuclear fusion device, the Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor, or simply "fusor", employing inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC). Although not a practical device for generating nuclear energy, the fusor serves as a viable source of neutrons. The design of this device has been the acknowledged inspiration for other fusion approaches including the Polywell reactor concept in terms of a general approach to fusion design. Farnsworth held 165 patents, mostly in radio and television.
wn.com/Philo_Farnsworth -
Reginald Fessenden
Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (October 6, 1866 – July 22, 1932), a naturalized American citizen born in Quebec, Canada, was an inventor who performed pioneering experiments in radio, including early—and possibly the first—radio transmissions of voice and music. In his later career he received hundreds of patents for devices in fields such as high-powered transmitting, sonar, and television.
Reginald Aubrey Fessenden was born October 6, 1866, in East-Bolton, Quebec, Canada, the eldest of the Reverend Joseph Elisha Fessenden and Clementina Trenholme Fessenden's four children. Joseph Fessenden was a priest of the Church of England in Canada, and through the years the family moved to a number of postings within the Province of Ontario. While growing up, Reginald was an accomplished student. In 1877, at the age of eleven, he attended Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario for two years. At the age of fourteen, Bishop's College School in Lennoxville, Quebec granted Fessenden a mathematics mastership. At this time, Bishop's College School was a feeder school of Bishop's University and shared the same campus and buildings. In June 1878, the school had an enrollment of only 43 boys. Thus, while Fessenden was only a teenager, he was teaching mathematics to the young children at the school while simultaneously studying with the older students at Bishop's University. Total enrollment at the university for the school year 1883-84 was twenty-five students. At the age of eighteen, Fessenden left Bishop's without having been awarded a degree, even though he had "done substantially all the work necessary." (This lack of a degree may have hurt Fessenden's employment opportunities; when McGill University established an electrical engineering department, Fessenden was turned down on an application to be the chairman, in favor of an American.)
wn.com/Reginald_Fessenden -
Rochelle Lazarus
Rochelle B. Lazarus (born 1947) is the Chairman and former CEO of Ogilvy & Mather.
Lazarus graduated from Smith College. She also obtained an MBA from Columbia Business School. She joined Ogilvy & Mather in 1971 and became President of its U.S. direct marketing business in 1989. She later became President of Ogilvy & Mather New York, followed by President of Ogilvy & Mather North America. In 1995, she became president and Chief Operating Officer of the company, before becoming Chief Executive Office in 1996 and Chairman in 1997. She held the title of CEO until 2008 and continues to serves as Chairman.
Lazarus serves on the board of General Electric, Merck & Co., New York Presbyterian Hospital, the American Museum of Natural History, and the World Wildlife Fund. She is also a member of the Board of Overseers for Columbia Business School.
wn.com/Rochelle_Lazarus -
Roger Penske
Roger S. Penske (born February 20, 1937, in Shaker Heights, Ohio) is the owner of the automobile racing team Penske Racing, the Penske Corporation, and other automotive-related businesses. A winning racer in the late 1950s, Penske was named 1961's Sports Car Club of America Driver of the Year by Sports Illustrated. After retiring from driving a few years later, he created one of the most successful teams in IndyCar Series and NASCAR racing.
He also is one of the corporate directors at General Electric and was chairman of Super Bowl XL in Detroit, Michigan. He was previously on the board of Home Depot and Delphi Automotive before resigning to chair the Detroit Super Bowl Committee. He has an estimated net worth of $1.4 billion. He is a 1959 graduate of Lehigh University in Pennsylvania, where he was also a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity.
Penske's father was a corporate executive for a metal fabrication company and encouraged his son to become an entrepreneur. As a teenager he bought older cars, repaired them and sold them at a profit from his family's home in Cleveland, Ohio. In 10 years, Penske raced and sold about 32 cars.
wn.com/Roger_Penske -
Sam Nunn
Samuel Augustus Nunn, Jr. (born September 8, 1938) is an American lawyer and politician. Currently the co-chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), a charitable organization working to reduce the global threats from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons, Nunn served for 24 years as a United States Senator from Georgia (1972 until 1997) as a member of the Democratic Party. His political experience and credentials on national defense reportedly put him into consideration as a potential running mate for Democratic presidential candidates John Kerry (2004) and Barack Obama (2008). “Senator Sam Nunn will play an informal senior advisor role throughout the defense transition process. His expertise and the respect he has earned will be invaluable to ensure a smooth transition,” said spokeswoman Stephanie Cutter.
Nunn was born in Macon, Georgia and raised in nearby Perry, and he grew up with family connection to politics; he was a grandnephew of the Congressman Carl Vinson.
wn.com/Sam_Nunn -
Susan Hockfield
Susan Hockfield (born March 24, 1951) is the sixteenth president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Hockfield's appointment was publicly announced on August 26, 2004, and she formally took office December 6, 2004, succeeding Charles M. Vest. Hockfield's official inauguration celebrations took place during the week of May 2, 2005. Her title is "President and Professor of Neuroscience," and she is the first woman and the first life scientist to hold the title of president of MIT. On February 16, 2012, Dr. Hockfield announced she would step down as MIT's president once a successor was ready to assume the office.
She attended Horace Greeley High School in Chappaqua, New York and graduated in 1969. Hockfield received her bachelor's degree in biology from the University of Rochester in 1973 and her Ph.D in Anatomy and Neuroscience from the Georgetown University School of Medicine in 1979. Her doctoral dissertation was on the subject of pathways in the nervous system through which pain is perceived and processed. Her advisor during her doctoral work was Steven Gobel.
wn.com/Susan_Hockfield -
The 100
The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History is a 1978 book by Michael H. Hart, reprinted in 1992 with revisions. It is a ranking of the 100 people who, according to Hart, most influenced human history.
The first person on Hart's list is the Prophet of Islam Muhammad. Hart asserted that Muhammad was "supremely successful" in both the religious and secular realms. He also believed that Muhammad's role in the development of Islam was far more influential than Jesus' collaboration in the development of Christianity. He attributes the development of Christianity to St. Paul, who played a pivotal role in its dissemination."
The 1992 revisions included the demotion of figures associated with Communism, such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong, and the introduction of Mikhail Gorbachev. Hart took sides in the Shakespearean authorship issue and substituted Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford for William Shakespeare. Hart also substituted Niels Bohr and Henri Becquerel with Ernest Rutherford, thus correcting an error in the first edition. Henry Ford was also promoted from the "Honorary Mentions" list, replacing Pablo Picasso. Finally, some of the rankings were re-ordered, although no one listed in the top ten changed position.
wn.com/The_100 -
Thomas Armat
Thomas J. Armat (25 October 1866 – September 30, 1948) was an American mechanic and inventor, a pioneer of cinema best known through the co-invention of the Edison Vitascope.
Armat studied at the Mechanics Institute in Richmond, Virginia and then in 1894 at the Bliss School of Electricity in Washington, D.C., where he met Charles Francis Jenkins. The two classmates teamed up to develop a movie projector using a new kind of intermittent motion mechanism, a "beater mechanism" similar to the one patented 1893 by Georges Demenÿ in France. It was one of the first projectors using what is known as the Latham loop (an extra loop of the film before the transport mechanism to reduce the tension on the film and avoid film breakage, developed independently at the same time by Woodville Latham and his sons). They made their first public projection using their invention, named Phantascope after an earlier model designed by Jenkins alone, in September 1895 at the Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta.
Following this success, the two co-inventors broke up over patent issues. Jenkins tried to claim sole inventorship, but was turned down and sold out to Armat, who subsequently joined and sold the patent to Thomas Edison, who marketed the machine as the 'Vitascope'. The projector was used in a public screening in New York City beginning April 23, 1896 and lasting more than a week.
wn.com/Thomas_Armat -
Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures.
wn.com/Thomas_Edison -
Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine (January 29, 1737 (NS February 9, 1737) – June 8, 1809) was an English-American author, pamphleteer, radical, inventor, intellectual, revolutionary, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He has been called "a corsetmaker by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination."
Born in Thetford, England, in the county of Norfolk, Paine immigrated to the British American colonies in 1774 in time to participate in the American Revolution. His principal contributions were the powerful, widely read pamphlet Common Sense (1776), the all-time best-selling American book that advocated colonial America's independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and The American Crisis (1776–83), a pro-revolutionary pamphlet series. Common Sense was so influential that John Adams said, "Without the pen of the author of Common Sense, the sword of Washington would have been raised in vain.”
Paine lived in France for most of the 1790s, becoming deeply involved in the French Revolution. He wrote the Rights of Man (1791), in part a defense of the French Revolution against its critics. His attacks on British writer Edmund Burke led to a trial and conviction in absentia in 1792 for the crime of seditious libel. In 1792, despite not speaking French, he was elected to the French National Convention. The Girondists regarded him as an ally. Consequently, the Montagnards, especially Robespierre, regarded him as an enemy. In December of 1793, he was arrested and imprisoned in Paris, then released in 1794. He became notorious because of The Age of Reason (1793–94), his book that advocates deism, promotes reason and freethinking, and argues against institutionalized religion in general and Christian doctrine in particular. He also wrote the pamphlet Agrarian Justice (1795), discussing the origins of property, and introduced the concept of a guaranteed minimum income.
wn.com/Thomas_Paine -
Vint Cerf
Vinton Gray "Vint" Cerf (/ˈsɜrf/; born June 23, 1943) is an American computer scientist, who is recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet", sharing this title with American computer scientist Bob Kahn. His contributions have been acknowledged and lauded, repeatedly, with honorary degrees and awards that include the National Medal of Technology, the Turing Award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and membership in the National Academy of Engineering.
In the early days, Cerf was a program manager for the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funding various groups to develop TCP/IP technology. When the Internet began to transition to a commercial opportunity during the late 1980s,[citation needed] Cerf moved to MCI where he was instrumental in the development of the first commercial email system (MCI Mail) connected to the Internet.
Vinton Cerf was instrumental in the funding and formation of ICANN from the start. Cerf waited in the wings for a year before he stepped forward to join the ICANN Board. Eventually he became the Chairman of ICANN. Cerf was elected as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery in May 2012.
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Wikipedia Persondata
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Wilhelm Röntgen
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (German pronunciation: [ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈʁœntɡən]; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
Röntgen was born in a traditional Catholic family in Lennep, Germany as the only child of a merchant and manufacturer of cloth. His mother was Charlotte Constanze Frowein of Amsterdam. In March 1848, the family moved to Apeldoorn and Wilhelm was raised in the Netherlands. He received his early education at the boarding school, Institute of Martinus Herman van Doorn, in Apeldoorn. From 1861 to 1863, he attended the ambachtsschool in Utrecht. He was expelled for refusing to reveal the identity of a classmate guilty of drawing an unflattering portrait of one of the school's teachers. Not only was he expelled, he subsequently found that he could not gain admittance into any other Dutch or German gymnasium.
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Edison, Thomas A. Filmography
- The Light Bulb Conspiracy (2010)
- Murnau, Borzage and Fox (2008)
- Niagara Falls (2006)
- Edison: The Invention of the Movies (2005)
- Cinerama Adventure (2002)
- Naqoyqatsi (2002)
- The 20th Century: A Moving Visual History (1999)
- Biography of the Millennium: 100 People - 1000 Years (1999)
- ABC 2000: The Millennium (1999)
- Hollywoodism: Jews, Movies and the American Dream (1998)
- The Shadow of Hate (1995)
- Historia del cine: Epoca muda (1983)
- Before the Nickelodeon: The Cinema of Edwin S. Porter (1982)
- The Glory of Their Times (1977)
- I Never Forget a Face (1956)
- This Was Yesterday (1954)
- The Littlest Expert on My Favorite President (1951)
- The Golden Twenties (1950)
- Okay for Sound (1946)
- The Film That Was Lost (1942)
- Servant of Mankind (1940)
- Panama-Pacific International Exhibition (1940)
- The Film Parade (1933)
- A Day with Thomas A. Edison (1922)
- The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914)
- Nursery Favorites (1913)
- Julius Caesar (1913)
- A Minstrel Show (1913)
- The Irish Policeman (1913)
- Her Redemption (1913)
- Lucia di Lammermoor (1911)
- Parsifal (1904)
- Electrocuting an Elephant (1903)
- Electrocuting an Elephant (1903)
- The Trick Cyclist (1901)
- Bicycle Trick Riding, No. 2 (1899)
- The Passion Play of Oberammergau (1898)
- Mr. Edison at Work in His Chemical Laboratory (1897)
- Blackton Sketches, No. 2 (1896)
- Edison Drawn by 'World' Artist (1896)
- Blackton Sketches, No. 3 (1896)
- Fatima's Coochee-Coochee Dance (1896)
- The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots (1895)
Edison, Thomas Filmography
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2nd "US of Archie" music video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 22 Jul 2012
The only other "US of Archie" song I have, this one is from the Thomas Edison episode.
http://wn.com/2nd_US_of_Archie_music_video
The only other "US of Archie" song I have, this one is from the Thomas Edison episode.
Mark Twain at Stormfield, 1909 (Edison film)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:47
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Silent film footage taken in 1909 by Thomas Edison at Stormfield (CT) at Mark Twain's estate. Twain is shown walkng around his home and playing cards with his daughters Clara and Jean. The flickering is due to film deterioration, but this is the only known footage of the great author.
http://wn.com/Mark_Twain_at_Stormfield,_1909_Edison_film
Silent film footage taken in 1909 by Thomas Edison at Stormfield (CT) at Mark Twain's estate. Twain is shown walkng around his home and playing cards with his daughters Clara and Jean. The flickering is due to film deterioration, but this is the only known footage of the great author.
- published: 01 Oct 2007
- views: 303934
- author: Naumkeag01
Frankenstein (1910) - Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:42
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Frankenstein is a 1910 film made by Edison Studios that was written and directed by J. Searle Dawley. It was the first motion picture adaptation of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. The unbilled cast included Augustus Phillips as Dr. Frankenstein, Charles Ogle as the Monster, and Mary Fuller as the doctor's fiancée. Shot in three days, it was filmed at the Edison Studios in the Bronx, New York City. Although some sources credit Thomas Edison as the producer, he in fact played no direct part in the activities of the motion picture company that bore his name. Frankenstein is in the public domain, and you can download it here for free: www.archive.org
http://wn.com/Frankenstein_1910_Full_Movie
Frankenstein is a 1910 film made by Edison Studios that was written and directed by J. Searle Dawley. It was the first motion picture adaptation of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. The unbilled cast included Augustus Phillips as Dr. Frankenstein, Charles Ogle as the Monster, and Mary Fuller as the doctor's fiancée. Shot in three days, it was filmed at the Edison Studios in the Bronx, New York City. Although some sources credit Thomas Edison as the producer, he in fact played no direct part in the activities of the motion picture company that bore his name. Frankenstein is in the public domain, and you can download it here for free: www.archive.org
- published: 15 Jan 2009
- views: 910645
- author: LuckyStrike502
First bike trick EVER. Edison All
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Thomas Edison bicycle trick riding
http://wn.com/First_bike_trick_EVER_Edison_All
Thomas Edison
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Updated: 08 Aug 2012
16mm film of Tomas Edison
http://wn.com/Thomas_Edison
Drunk History vol. 6 w/ John C. Reilly & Crispin Glover
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:05
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Become a fan on facebook: www.facebook.com Watch the amazing story of Nikola Tesla (John C. Reilly); the father of Western Technology, who sailed to America to meet Thomas Edison (Crispin Glover) and work for him. Late one night Duncan Trussell had a six pack of beer and a bottle of absinthe and sat down to tell us about this historical event. Derek Waters presents: Drunk History vol. 6 See the original at: www.funnyordie.com
http://wn.com/Drunk_History_vol_6_w_John_C_Reilly_Crispin_Glover
Become a fan on facebook: www.facebook.com Watch the amazing story of Nikola Tesla (John C. Reilly); the father of Western Technology, who sailed to America to meet Thomas Edison (Crispin Glover) and work for him. Late one night Duncan Trussell had a six pack of beer and a bottle of absinthe and sat down to tell us about this historical event. Derek Waters presents: Drunk History vol. 6 See the original at: www.funnyordie.com
- published: 25 May 2010
- views: 1226429
- author: FunnyorDie
Suzanne Vega - "Tom's Diner" at Thomas Edison National Historical Park
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Suzanne_Vega_Tom's_Diner_at_Thomas_Edison_National_Historical_Park
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Thomas Edison Biography Short
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:24
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 -- October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, Activity Book- docs.google.com
http://wn.com/Thomas_Edison_Biography_Short
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 -- October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, Activity Book- docs.google.com
- published: 12 Aug 2012
- views: 10490
- author: JabbaDoyle
Thomas Edison Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
This interview was done by British Movietone in 1931 before his death the same year from complications with diabetes. In this interview he is asked about Motion Pictures and Einstein's theory. Available for download at: www.freeinfosociety.com
http://wn.com/Thomas_Edison_Interview
This interview was done by British Movietone in 1931 before his death the same year from complications with diabetes. In this interview he is asked about Motion Pictures and Einstein's theory. Available for download at: www.freeinfosociety.com
- published: 27 Oct 2009
- views: 5644
- author: iTzGuNny
The History of Thomas Edison - a Short Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Friend me on Facebook! on.fb.me Read more about Thomas Edison www.todayifoundout.com amzn.to Made for the 165th anniversary of the birth of Thomas Edison. I figured I should do a video on him since I did one on Tesla. :D
http://wn.com/The_History_of_Thomas_Edison_a_Short_Story
Friend me on Facebook! on.fb.me Read more about Thomas Edison www.todayifoundout.com amzn.to Made for the 165th anniversary of the birth of Thomas Edison. I figured I should do a video on him since I did one on Tesla. :D
- published: 11 Feb 2012
- views: 207642
- author: jeremiahjw
The Story Of Thomas Alva Edison - American Inventor Biography / Educational Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:10
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 -- October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding 1093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. The above information courtesy en.wikipedia.org
http://wn.com/The_Story_Of_Thomas_Alva_Edison_American_Inventor_Biography_Educational_Documentary
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 -- October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding 1093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. The above information courtesy en.wikipedia.org
- published: 22 Jul 2012
- views: 4559
- author: Ella73TV2
Thomas Edison Biography Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
storiesofusa.com - Thomas Edison Biography Documentary
http://wn.com/Thomas_Edison_Biography_Documentary
storiesofusa.com - Thomas Edison Biography Documentary
- published: 19 Nov 2010
- views: 31566
- author: storiesofusa
Edison Museum Wax Cylinder Recording Session (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:41
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
This was the grand re-opening of the ENHS Thomas A. Edison National Historic Site. A demonstration on the museum grounds of an acoustic recording onto a brown wax cylinder and then played back. ~ OCTOBER 10, 2009
http://wn.com/Edison_Museum_Wax_Cylinder_Recording_Session_HD
This was the grand re-opening of the ENHS Thomas A. Edison National Historic Site. A demonstration on the museum grounds of an acoustic recording onto a brown wax cylinder and then played back. ~ OCTOBER 10, 2009
- published: 06 Nov 2009
- views: 16153
- author: Phonophan79
(Rare!) Thomas Edison (1931 Fox Movietone Newsreel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
This is a clip from the 1931 Fox movietone newsreel footage about the death of Thomas Alva Edison. It also contains rare sound footage of Edison - speaking his 'negative' opinions about Einstein's theory and Talking Pictures.
http://wn.com/Rare!_Thomas_Edison_1931_Fox_Movietone_Newsreel
This is a clip from the 1931 Fox movietone newsreel footage about the death of Thomas Alva Edison. It also contains rare sound footage of Edison - speaking his 'negative' opinions about Einstein's theory and Talking Pictures.
- published: 26 Dec 2008
- views: 21352
- author: transformingArt
Speeches by Thomas Edison - 1929
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:44
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Two talks delivered by Thomas Edison. The first was filmed at Edison's home in Ft Myers, Florida, where Edison talks primarily about the invention of electric lamps. The second is an address to the IEEE delivered by radio.
http://wn.com/Speeches_by_Thomas_Edison_1929
Two talks delivered by Thomas Edison. The first was filmed at Edison's home in Ft Myers, Florida, where Edison talks primarily about the invention of electric lamps. The second is an address to the IEEE delivered by radio.
- published: 01 Mar 2012
- views: 3365
- author: SchdyInventTech
Thomas Edison
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:35
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Thomas Edison and his background in history. A project that I did for my 8th grade history class back in 2007
http://wn.com/Thomas_Edison
Thomas Edison and his background in history. A project that I did for my 8th grade history class back in 2007
- published: 03 Feb 2008
- views: 158019
- author: torty1993
Lil JaXe - THOMAS EDISON ft. KARL WOLF
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Lil JaXe, Karl Wolf, and Beat Merch Team Up To Make Lil JaXe's First Official Music Video "Thomas Edison" Check out Karl Wolf's Website: www.karlwolf.com Like Lil JaXe on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow Lil Jaxe on Twitter: twitter.com Follow Karl Wolf on Twitter: twitter.com Follow Lone Wolf Artists on Twitter: twitter.com Lil JaXe - Thomas Edison ft. Karl Wolf (Prod. By Beat Merch) Video Shot & Directed by Brian Finlay
http://wn.com/Lil_JaXe_THOMAS_EDISON_ft_KARL_WOLF
Lil JaXe, Karl Wolf, and Beat Merch Team Up To Make Lil JaXe's First Official Music Video "Thomas Edison" Check out Karl Wolf's Website: www.karlwolf.com Like Lil JaXe on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow Lil Jaxe on Twitter: twitter.com Follow Karl Wolf on Twitter: twitter.com Follow Lone Wolf Artists on Twitter: twitter.com Lil JaXe - Thomas Edison ft. Karl Wolf (Prod. By Beat Merch) Video Shot & Directed by Brian Finlay
- published: 07 Mar 2012
- views: 262230
- author: Lil JaXe
Ras & Qciek - Thomas Edison
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Spontan numer. DUŻE RZECZY! Zajebisty wajb ze strony Rasa. Qciek również pokazał tu klasę.
http://wn.com/Ras_Qciek_Thomas_Edison
Spontan numer. DUŻE RZECZY! Zajebisty wajb ze strony Rasa. Qciek również pokazał tu klasę.
- published: 02 Aug 2011
- views: 138130
- author: iDontFeelYouu
First Electric Bulbs by Thomas Edison
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Ever wondered what the first electric bulbs looked like? Did you know that bulbs were made by hand?In 1890 Thomas Edison made electric bulbs commercially available & set up the first electric utility company.In the initial years you had to lease the hand crafted electric bulbs, and it was only later you could buy the bulbs. We have come a long way since 1879.
http://wn.com/First_Electric_Bulbs_by_Thomas_Edison
Ever wondered what the first electric bulbs looked like? Did you know that bulbs were made by hand?In 1890 Thomas Edison made electric bulbs commercially available & set up the first electric utility company.In the initial years you had to lease the hand crafted electric bulbs, and it was only later you could buy the bulbs. We have come a long way since 1879.
- published: 20 Jul 2010
- views: 13352
- author: Kamla Bhatt
THOMAS EDISON narrator SANDY BECKER CLASSIC SILENT FILMS TV SHOWS CARTOONS on DVD at TVDAYS.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:34
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Ira H. Gallen Video Resources 220 West 71st Street NYC 10023 (212) 724 - 7055 www.TVDAYS.com http www.TVDAYS.com As the unofficial Baby-Boomer( IRA GALLEN )Guru of my Television Coll... Ira H. Gallen Video Resources 220 West 71st Street NYC 10023 (212) 724 - 7055 http www.TVDAYS.com As the unofficial Baby-Boomer( IRA GALLEN )Guru of my Television Collecting Generation I knew it was the right time to create a Video Network for Baby-Boomers Only. http www.YouTube.com www.YouTube.com What makes my content unique is that I have spent over 30 collecting and restoring from 16mm & 35mm Film Prints and Kinescopes some of the rarest and in many cases one of a kind FILMS, CARTOONS, NEWS REELS FILM SHORTS, FEATURES, INDUSTRIALS, TV SHOWS and especially COMMERCIALS from the birth of Film and early television. www.TVDAYS.com - 400 DVD's for Sale from my personal collection. Now my Video & Film Collection is decomposing and what you're seeing is my work digitizing my Video Elements and funding it by selling Stock Footage and now my line of over 400 DVD's http Rare TV SHOWS, FILMS, CARTOONS, NEWSREELS, FILM SHORT SUBJECTS, SILENT & SOUND FILMS, HOME MOVIES, SOUNDIES, INDUSTRIALS & especially COMMERCIALS from the 1950's/60's. ALSO GOOGLE VIDEO DOWNLOADS www.YouTube.com Links to over 3500 hours of Video's housed on both Google & YouTube www.YouTube.com Over 7,5000 Commercials to watch -- Sports-Toys-Cars-Soft Drinks-Beer-Cigarettes-Milk-Cosmetics-Ho usehold Products-Drugs-Cereal- Gasoline ...
http://wn.com/THOMAS_EDISON_narrator_SANDY_BECKER_CLASSIC_SILENT_FILMS_TV_SHOWS_CARTOONS_on_DVD_at_TVDAYScom
Ira H. Gallen Video Resources 220 West 71st Street NYC 10023 (212) 724 - 7055 www.TVDAYS.com http www.TVDAYS.com As the unofficial Baby-Boomer( IRA GALLEN )Guru of my Television Coll... Ira H. Gallen Video Resources 220 West 71st Street NYC 10023 (212) 724 - 7055 http www.TVDAYS.com As the unofficial Baby-Boomer( IRA GALLEN )Guru of my Television Collecting Generation I knew it was the right time to create a Video Network for Baby-Boomers Only. http www.YouTube.com www.YouTube.com What makes my content unique is that I have spent over 30 collecting and restoring from 16mm & 35mm Film Prints and Kinescopes some of the rarest and in many cases one of a kind FILMS, CARTOONS, NEWS REELS FILM SHORTS, FEATURES, INDUSTRIALS, TV SHOWS and especially COMMERCIALS from the birth of Film and early television. www.TVDAYS.com - 400 DVD's for Sale from my personal collection. Now my Video & Film Collection is decomposing and what you're seeing is my work digitizing my Video Elements and funding it by selling Stock Footage and now my line of over 400 DVD's http Rare TV SHOWS, FILMS, CARTOONS, NEWSREELS, FILM SHORT SUBJECTS, SILENT & SOUND FILMS, HOME MOVIES, SOUNDIES, INDUSTRIALS & especially COMMERCIALS from the 1950's/60's. ALSO GOOGLE VIDEO DOWNLOADS www.YouTube.com Links to over 3500 hours of Video's housed on both Google & YouTube www.YouTube.com Over 7,5000 Commercials to watch -- Sports-Toys-Cars-Soft Drinks-Beer-Cigarettes-Milk-Cosmetics-Ho usehold Products-Drugs-Cereal- Gasoline ...
- published: 25 Jan 2010
- views: 7042
- author: tvdays
Thomas Edison Train Films 1897-1906. Historic American Steam Trains
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:22
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Around the turn of the 19th century Thomas Edison began experiments with various motion film recording techniques. He filmed a number of railway related scenes, many of which have survived the passage of time and are shown in this film. Some of the scenes include: Philiadelphia Express - Jersey Central 1897 Black Diamon Express - Lehigh Valley 1902 & 1903 West Shore (later New York Central Railroad) "cabride" 1906 Grand Trunk Railroad "Sarnia Tunnel" 1903 Ulster & Delaware 1906 "Empire State Express" - New York Central Railroad 1902 & 1905 Steam powered rotary snow plows in action 1902
http://wn.com/Thomas_Edison_Train_Films_1897-1906_Historic_American_Steam_Trains
Around the turn of the 19th century Thomas Edison began experiments with various motion film recording techniques. He filmed a number of railway related scenes, many of which have survived the passage of time and are shown in this film. Some of the scenes include: Philiadelphia Express - Jersey Central 1897 Black Diamon Express - Lehigh Valley 1902 & 1903 West Shore (later New York Central Railroad) "cabride" 1906 Grand Trunk Railroad "Sarnia Tunnel" 1903 Ulster & Delaware 1906 "Empire State Express" - New York Central Railroad 1902 & 1905 Steam powered rotary snow plows in action 1902
- published: 30 Jun 2011
- views: 23963
- author: wdtvlive42
London 1903 - Thomas Edison Film Footage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Thomas Edison was (among many other things) travelling and filming in various parts of the world round the turn of last century. He was in Paris for the Universal Exposition of 1900, catching a myriad of angles on the city, such as the carriages, buses and pedestrians at the Place de L'Opera and in London in 1903 - again catching the life of the streets, though now in much clearer film footage due to the technological advances in film stock over the three years. Though - curiously - the camera is much more static. Both these productions are (for me at least) like serious time traveling - you get up close and personal with ordinary people going about their daily business, like taking a taxi at one of the entrances to Hyde Park and catching boats at the Embankment on the Thames - perhaps to work. There's the general bustle of the traffic, with individuals occasionally moving into the middle or into the foreground to make a more human connection. There are familiar landmarks, such as the Law Courts, Sir Christopher Wren's St Mary-Le-Strand and Westminster Abbey and Big Ben. Familiar brand names flash up every so often, like old friends - just to bring this world a little closer to our own - such as Nestles and Lipton's Tea. And there's the (perhaps unexpected) chaos of the traffic in often dust-clogged streets.
http://wn.com/London_1903_Thomas_Edison_Film_Footage
Thomas Edison was (among many other things) travelling and filming in various parts of the world round the turn of last century. He was in Paris for the Universal Exposition of 1900, catching a myriad of angles on the city, such as the carriages, buses and pedestrians at the Place de L'Opera and in London in 1903 - again catching the life of the streets, though now in much clearer film footage due to the technological advances in film stock over the three years. Though - curiously - the camera is much more static. Both these productions are (for me at least) like serious time traveling - you get up close and personal with ordinary people going about their daily business, like taking a taxi at one of the entrances to Hyde Park and catching boats at the Embankment on the Thames - perhaps to work. There's the general bustle of the traffic, with individuals occasionally moving into the middle or into the foreground to make a more human connection. There are familiar landmarks, such as the Law Courts, Sir Christopher Wren's St Mary-Le-Strand and Westminster Abbey and Big Ben. Familiar brand names flash up every so often, like old friends - just to bring this world a little closer to our own - such as Nestles and Lipton's Tea. And there's the (perhaps unexpected) chaos of the traffic in often dust-clogged streets.
- published: 16 Aug 2009
- views: 57161
- author: Nick Wallace-Smith
Thomas Edison's Buffalo Bill Wild West Show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
This is an experiment of mine, being a compilation of the footage of the Buffalo Bill Wild West Show shot by the Thomas Edison film company. The source is the Library of Congress' American Memory archives, and the footage of the parade, Annie Oakley, Native American dancing and bronc riding is everything on there I could find related to Buffalo Bill. The music is a recording of a turn-of-the-century Pianola roll.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Edison's_Buffalo_Bill_Wild_West_Show
This is an experiment of mine, being a compilation of the footage of the Buffalo Bill Wild West Show shot by the Thomas Edison film company. The source is the Library of Congress' American Memory archives, and the footage of the parade, Annie Oakley, Native American dancing and bronc riding is everything on there I could find related to Buffalo Bill. The music is a recording of a turn-of-the-century Pianola roll.
- published: 07 Feb 2009
- views: 35497
- author: CoryTheRaven
The Thomas Edison Company: Women boxing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
Old Tommy Edison and his pals produced hundreds of shorts, but, the truth is, despite having greater resources, most are of little interest, artisitically anyway. This little offering is watchable because of its bizarreness, 2 women in full period dress have a boxing match. Daft.
http://wn.com/The_Thomas_Edison_Company_Women_boxing
Old Tommy Edison and his pals produced hundreds of shorts, but, the truth is, despite having greater resources, most are of little interest, artisitically anyway. This little offering is watchable because of its bizarreness, 2 women in full period dress have a boxing match. Daft.
- published: 05 Mar 2007
- views: 86133
- author: Joshua12345
Thomas Edison talking about the invention of the light bulb, late 1920s
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Thomas Edison talking about the invention of the light bulb, late 1920s
http://wn.com/Thomas_Edison_talking_about_the_invention_of_the_light_bulb,_late_1920s
Thomas Edison talking about the invention of the light bulb, late 1920s
- published: 10 Apr 2010
- views: 10135
- author: l80omarlllomar08l
Thomas Edison - Electric Chair and electricity full doc
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:46
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
This video was re-uploaded at youtu.be Follow this link for better quality video: youtu.be
http://wn.com/Thomas_Edison_Electric_Chair_and_electricity_full_doc
This video was re-uploaded at youtu.be Follow this link for better quality video: youtu.be
- published: 02 Jun 2012
- views: 7546
- author: ShokosTV
Thomas Edison Acredite Se Quiser
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
Pequena história de Thomas Edison no programa Acredite Se Quiser
http://wn.com/Thomas_Edison_Acredite_Se_Quiser
Pequena história de Thomas Edison no programa Acredite Se Quiser
- published: 11 Jan 2007
- views: 52756
- author: carlosYOU
Edison the Man Thomas Edison full movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 106:35
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Edison The Man Thomas Edison full movie
http://wn.com/Edison_the_Man_Thomas_Edison_full_movie
Thomas Edison Mary Had a Little Lamb
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:17
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Thomas Edison reciting Mary Had a Little Lamb
http://wn.com/Thomas_Edison_Mary_Had_a_Little_Lamb
Trapeze Disrobing Act (Thomas Edison 1901)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
Rare film by Thomas Edison circa 1901, featuring famous aerialist Laverie Vallee, better-known by her stage name of Charmion, renowned for her impressive musculature. More: www.brainpickings.org
http://wn.com/Trapeze_Disrobing_Act_Thomas_Edison_1901
Rare film by Thomas Edison circa 1901, featuring famous aerialist Laverie Vallee, better-known by her stage name of Charmion, renowned for her impressive musculature. More: www.brainpickings.org
- published: 20 Nov 2011
- views: 13095
- author: brainpickings
24:24
Thomas Edison Biography Short
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 -- October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and bu...
published: 12 Aug 2012
author: JabbaDoyle
Thomas Edison Biography Short
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 -- October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, Activity Book- docs.google.com
- published: 12 Aug 2012
- views: 10490
- author: JabbaDoyle
1:21
Thomas Edison Interview
This interview was done by British Movietone in 1931 before his death the same year from c...
published: 27 Oct 2009
author: iTzGuNny
Thomas Edison Interview
This interview was done by British Movietone in 1931 before his death the same year from complications with diabetes. In this interview he is asked about Motion Pictures and Einstein's theory. Available for download at: www.freeinfosociety.com
- published: 27 Oct 2009
- views: 5644
- author: iTzGuNny
3:05
The History of Thomas Edison - a Short Story
Friend me on Facebook! on.fb.me Read more about Thomas Edison www.todayifoundout.com amzn....
published: 11 Feb 2012
author: jeremiahjw
The History of Thomas Edison - a Short Story
Friend me on Facebook! on.fb.me Read more about Thomas Edison www.todayifoundout.com amzn.to Made for the 165th anniversary of the birth of Thomas Edison. I figured I should do a video on him since I did one on Tesla. :D
- published: 11 Feb 2012
- views: 207642
- author: jeremiahjw
30:10
The Story Of Thomas Alva Edison - American Inventor Biography / Educational Documentary
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 -- October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and bu...
published: 22 Jul 2012
author: Ella73TV2
The Story Of Thomas Alva Edison - American Inventor Biography / Educational Documentary
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 -- October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding 1093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. The above information courtesy en.wikipedia.org
- published: 22 Jul 2012
- views: 4559
- author: Ella73TV2
4:12
Thomas Edison Biography Documentary
storiesofusa.com - Thomas Edison Biography Documentary...
published: 19 Nov 2010
author: storiesofusa
Thomas Edison Biography Documentary
storiesofusa.com - Thomas Edison Biography Documentary
- published: 19 Nov 2010
- views: 31566
- author: storiesofusa
9:41
Edison Museum Wax Cylinder Recording Session (HD)
This was the grand re-opening of the ENHS Thomas A. Edison National Historic Site. A demon...
published: 06 Nov 2009
author: Phonophan79
Edison Museum Wax Cylinder Recording Session (HD)
This was the grand re-opening of the ENHS Thomas A. Edison National Historic Site. A demonstration on the museum grounds of an acoustic recording onto a brown wax cylinder and then played back. ~ OCTOBER 10, 2009
- published: 06 Nov 2009
- views: 16153
- author: Phonophan79
1:21
(Rare!) Thomas Edison (1931 Fox Movietone Newsreel)
This is a clip from the 1931 Fox movietone newsreel footage about the death of Thomas Alva...
published: 26 Dec 2008
author: transformingArt
(Rare!) Thomas Edison (1931 Fox Movietone Newsreel)
This is a clip from the 1931 Fox movietone newsreel footage about the death of Thomas Alva Edison. It also contains rare sound footage of Edison - speaking his 'negative' opinions about Einstein's theory and Talking Pictures.
- published: 26 Dec 2008
- views: 21352
- author: transformingArt
6:44
Speeches by Thomas Edison - 1929
Two talks delivered by Thomas Edison. The first was filmed at Edison's home in Ft Myers, F...
published: 01 Mar 2012
author: SchdyInventTech
Speeches by Thomas Edison - 1929
Two talks delivered by Thomas Edison. The first was filmed at Edison's home in Ft Myers, Florida, where Edison talks primarily about the invention of electric lamps. The second is an address to the IEEE delivered by radio.
- published: 01 Mar 2012
- views: 3365
- author: SchdyInventTech
6:35
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison and his background in history. A project that I did for my 8th grade history...
published: 03 Feb 2008
author: torty1993
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison and his background in history. A project that I did for my 8th grade history class back in 2007
- published: 03 Feb 2008
- views: 158019
- author: torty1993
4:13
Lil JaXe - THOMAS EDISON ft. KARL WOLF
Lil JaXe, Karl Wolf, and Beat Merch Team Up To Make Lil JaXe's First Official Music Video ...
published: 07 Mar 2012
author: Lil JaXe
Lil JaXe - THOMAS EDISON ft. KARL WOLF
Lil JaXe, Karl Wolf, and Beat Merch Team Up To Make Lil JaXe's First Official Music Video "Thomas Edison" Check out Karl Wolf's Website: www.karlwolf.com Like Lil JaXe on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow Lil Jaxe on Twitter: twitter.com Follow Karl Wolf on Twitter: twitter.com Follow Lone Wolf Artists on Twitter: twitter.com Lil JaXe - Thomas Edison ft. Karl Wolf (Prod. By Beat Merch) Video Shot & Directed by Brian Finlay
- published: 07 Mar 2012
- views: 262230
- author: Lil JaXe
4:21
Ras & Qciek - Thomas Edison
Spontan numer. DUŻE RZECZY! Zajebisty wajb ze strony Rasa. Qciek również pokazał tu klasę....
published: 02 Aug 2011
author: iDontFeelYouu
Ras & Qciek - Thomas Edison
Spontan numer. DUŻE RZECZY! Zajebisty wajb ze strony Rasa. Qciek również pokazał tu klasę.
- published: 02 Aug 2011
- views: 138130
- author: iDontFeelYouu
2:38
First Electric Bulbs by Thomas Edison
Ever wondered what the first electric bulbs looked like? Did you know that bulbs were made...
published: 20 Jul 2010
author: Kamla Bhatt
First Electric Bulbs by Thomas Edison
Ever wondered what the first electric bulbs looked like? Did you know that bulbs were made by hand?In 1890 Thomas Edison made electric bulbs commercially available & set up the first electric utility company.In the initial years you had to lease the hand crafted electric bulbs, and it was only later you could buy the bulbs. We have come a long way since 1879.
- published: 20 Jul 2010
- views: 13352
- author: Kamla Bhatt
50:34
THOMAS EDISON narrator SANDY BECKER CLASSIC SILENT FILMS TV SHOWS CARTOONS on DVD at TVDAYS.com
Ira H. Gallen Video Resources 220 West 71st Street NYC 10023 (212) 724 - 7055 www.TVDAYS.c...
published: 25 Jan 2010
author: tvdays
THOMAS EDISON narrator SANDY BECKER CLASSIC SILENT FILMS TV SHOWS CARTOONS on DVD at TVDAYS.com
Ira H. Gallen Video Resources 220 West 71st Street NYC 10023 (212) 724 - 7055 www.TVDAYS.com http www.TVDAYS.com As the unofficial Baby-Boomer( IRA GALLEN )Guru of my Television Coll... Ira H. Gallen Video Resources 220 West 71st Street NYC 10023 (212) 724 - 7055 http www.TVDAYS.com As the unofficial Baby-Boomer( IRA GALLEN )Guru of my Television Collecting Generation I knew it was the right time to create a Video Network for Baby-Boomers Only. http www.YouTube.com www.YouTube.com What makes my content unique is that I have spent over 30 collecting and restoring from 16mm & 35mm Film Prints and Kinescopes some of the rarest and in many cases one of a kind FILMS, CARTOONS, NEWS REELS FILM SHORTS, FEATURES, INDUSTRIALS, TV SHOWS and especially COMMERCIALS from the birth of Film and early television. www.TVDAYS.com - 400 DVD's for Sale from my personal collection. Now my Video & Film Collection is decomposing and what you're seeing is my work digitizing my Video Elements and funding it by selling Stock Footage and now my line of over 400 DVD's http Rare TV SHOWS, FILMS, CARTOONS, NEWSREELS, FILM SHORT SUBJECTS, SILENT & SOUND FILMS, HOME MOVIES, SOUNDIES, INDUSTRIALS & especially COMMERCIALS from the 1950's/60's. ALSO GOOGLE VIDEO DOWNLOADS www.YouTube.com Links to over 3500 hours of Video's housed on both Google & YouTube www.YouTube.com Over 7,5000 Commercials to watch -- Sports-Toys-Cars-Soft Drinks-Beer-Cigarettes-Milk-Cosmetics-Ho usehold Products-Drugs-Cereal- Gasoline ...
- published: 25 Jan 2010
- views: 7042
- author: tvdays
14:22
Thomas Edison Train Films 1897-1906. Historic American Steam Trains
Around the turn of the 19th century Thomas Edison began experiments with various motion fi...
published: 30 Jun 2011
author: wdtvlive42
Thomas Edison Train Films 1897-1906. Historic American Steam Trains
Around the turn of the 19th century Thomas Edison began experiments with various motion film recording techniques. He filmed a number of railway related scenes, many of which have survived the passage of time and are shown in this film. Some of the scenes include: Philiadelphia Express - Jersey Central 1897 Black Diamon Express - Lehigh Valley 1902 & 1903 West Shore (later New York Central Railroad) "cabride" 1906 Grand Trunk Railroad "Sarnia Tunnel" 1903 Ulster & Delaware 1906 "Empire State Express" - New York Central Railroad 1902 & 1905 Steam powered rotary snow plows in action 1902
- published: 30 Jun 2011
- views: 23963
- author: wdtvlive42
Vimeo results:
2:11
"Linotype: The Film" Official Trailer
BUY THE FILM NOW: http://shop.linotypefilm.com/
"Linotype: The Film" is a feature-length ...
published: 16 Sep 2010
author: Linotype: The Film
"Linotype: The Film" Official Trailer
BUY THE FILM NOW: http://shop.linotypefilm.com/
"Linotype: The Film" is a feature-length documentary centered around the Linotype type casting machine. Called the "Eighth Wonder of the World" by Thomas Edison, it revolutionized printing and society.
The film tells the surprisingly emotional story of the people connected to the Linotype and how it impacted the world.
http://www.linotypefilm.com
2:57
The History of Nikola Tesla - a Short Story
This video was created for the 154th anniversary of Nikola Tesla. It was written, voiced, ...
published: 14 Jul 2010
author: Jeremiah Warren
The History of Nikola Tesla - a Short Story
This video was created for the 154th anniversary of Nikola Tesla. It was written, voiced, animated, drawn, and completed in under 36 hours
2:58
Sticky Monsters (video clip) - FRANKY FINGERS
www.facebook.com/iamfrankyfingers
"we are all of us, we are all of us Sticky Monsters"
...
published: 10 May 2011
author: Franky Fingers
Sticky Monsters (video clip) - FRANKY FINGERS
www.facebook.com/iamfrankyfingers
"we are all of us, we are all of us Sticky Monsters"
Thomas Edison 1898
Single from the 1st EP of FRANKY FINGERS
directed by E.Sitnikow
5:09
Discover The Blue - Port Huron, Michigan
Please visit www.bluewater.org for more information about Port Huron, MI
Port Huron is kn...
published: 12 May 2011
author: Eighth Day Media
Discover The Blue - Port Huron, Michigan
Please visit www.bluewater.org for more information about Port Huron, MI
Port Huron is known as the Maritime Capital of the Great Lakes with unique sites to be explored...immerse yourself in maritime lore by visiting the only existing lightship on the Great Lakes, the Huron Lightship. The Great Lakes Maritime Center will give you insight on the great lake and ocean going freighters navigating one of the busiest waterways in the world. Also view the Fort Gratiot Lighthouse, Michigan’s oldest working lighthouse.
The captivating history doesn’t stop there...the Thomas Edison Depot Museum depicts the great inventor’s life when he lived in Port Huron. The Port Huron Museum reveals the people and events that have molded the Blue Water Area and Knowlton’s Ice Museum tells the story of the ice industry. Walk the historic downtown district amidst grand brick storefronts and discover quaint specialty shops and enriching art galleries. Casual diners and gourmet coffee will delight your taste buds and enjoy waterfront dining along the St. Clair River or Black River. Boaters will find a beautiful marina to suit their needs. Take a sight-seeing boat cruise or hop aboard the Blue Water Trolley.
Also discover beaches and spots for picnicking, walking and biking in the vast presence the Blue Water Bridges, connecting Port Huron to Ontario, Canada.
Youtube results:
4:28
London 1903 - Thomas Edison Film Footage
Thomas Edison was (among many other things) travelling and filming in various parts of the...
published: 16 Aug 2009
author: Nick Wallace-Smith
London 1903 - Thomas Edison Film Footage
Thomas Edison was (among many other things) travelling and filming in various parts of the world round the turn of last century. He was in Paris for the Universal Exposition of 1900, catching a myriad of angles on the city, such as the carriages, buses and pedestrians at the Place de L'Opera and in London in 1903 - again catching the life of the streets, though now in much clearer film footage due to the technological advances in film stock over the three years. Though - curiously - the camera is much more static. Both these productions are (for me at least) like serious time traveling - you get up close and personal with ordinary people going about their daily business, like taking a taxi at one of the entrances to Hyde Park and catching boats at the Embankment on the Thames - perhaps to work. There's the general bustle of the traffic, with individuals occasionally moving into the middle or into the foreground to make a more human connection. There are familiar landmarks, such as the Law Courts, Sir Christopher Wren's St Mary-Le-Strand and Westminster Abbey and Big Ben. Familiar brand names flash up every so often, like old friends - just to bring this world a little closer to our own - such as Nestles and Lipton's Tea. And there's the (perhaps unexpected) chaos of the traffic in often dust-clogged streets.
- published: 16 Aug 2009
- views: 57161
- author: Nick Wallace-Smith
3:40
Thomas Edison's Buffalo Bill Wild West Show
This is an experiment of mine, being a compilation of the footage of the Buffalo Bill Wild...
published: 07 Feb 2009
author: CoryTheRaven
Thomas Edison's Buffalo Bill Wild West Show
This is an experiment of mine, being a compilation of the footage of the Buffalo Bill Wild West Show shot by the Thomas Edison film company. The source is the Library of Congress' American Memory archives, and the footage of the parade, Annie Oakley, Native American dancing and bronc riding is everything on there I could find related to Buffalo Bill. The music is a recording of a turn-of-the-century Pianola roll.
- published: 07 Feb 2009
- views: 35497
- author: CoryTheRaven
1:38
The Thomas Edison Company: Women boxing
Old Tommy Edison and his pals produced hundreds of shorts, but, the truth is, despite havi...
published: 05 Mar 2007
author: Joshua12345
The Thomas Edison Company: Women boxing
Old Tommy Edison and his pals produced hundreds of shorts, but, the truth is, despite having greater resources, most are of little interest, artisitically anyway. This little offering is watchable because of its bizarreness, 2 women in full period dress have a boxing match. Daft.
- published: 05 Mar 2007
- views: 86133
- author: Joshua12345
2:10
Thomas Edison talking about the invention of the light bulb, late 1920s
Thomas Edison talking about the invention of the light bulb, late 1920s...
published: 10 Apr 2010
author: l80omarlllomar08l
Thomas Edison talking about the invention of the light bulb, late 1920s
Thomas Edison talking about the invention of the light bulb, late 1920s
- published: 10 Apr 2010
- views: 10135
- author: l80omarlllomar08l
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| Thomas Edison | |
|---|---|
 "Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration."
– Thomas Alva Edison, Harper's Monthly (September 1932) |
|
| Born | Thomas Alva Edison (1847-02-11)February 11, 1847 Milan, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | October 18, 1931(1931-10-18) (aged 84) West Orange, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | School dropout |
| Occupation | Inventor, businessman |
| Religion | Deist |
| Spouse |
Mary Stilwell (m. 1871–1884) «start: (1871)–end+1: (1885)»"Marriage: Mary Stilwell to Thomas Edison" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Thomas_Edison) |
| Children | Marion Estelle Edison (1873–1965) Thomas Alva Edison Jr. (1876–1935) William Leslie Edison (1878–1937) Madeleine Edison (1888–1979) Charles Edison (1890–1969) Theodore Miller Edison (1898–1992) |
| Parents | Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804–1896) Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810–1871) |
| Relatives | Lewis Miller (father-in-law) |
| Signature |  |
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.[1]
Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures.
His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator. Edison originated the concept and implementation of electric-power generation and distribution to homes, businesses, and factories – a crucial development in the modern industrialized world. His first power station was on Manhattan Island, New York.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Thomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, and grew up in Port Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh and last child of Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804–96, born in Marshalltown, Nova Scotia, Canada) and Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810–1871, born in Chenango County, New York).[2][citation needed] His father had to escape from Canada because he took part in the unsuccessful Mackenzie Rebellion of 1837.[citation needed] Edison reported being of Dutch ancestry.[3]
In school, the young Edison's mind often wandered, and his teacher, the Reverend Engle, was overheard calling him "addled". This ended Edison's three months of official schooling. Edison recalled later, "My mother was the making of me. She was so true, so sure of me; and I felt I had something to live for, someone I must not disappoint." His mother taught him at home.[4] Much of his education came from reading R.G. Parker's School of Natural Philosophy and The Cooper Union.
Edison developed hearing problems at an early age. The cause of his deafness has been attributed to a bout of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle-ear infections. Around the middle of his career, Edison attributed the hearing impairment to being struck on the ears by a train conductor when his chemical laboratory in a boxcar caught fire and he was thrown off the train in Smiths Creek, Michigan, along with his apparatus and chemicals. In his later years, he modified the story to say the injury occurred when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, lifted him by the ears.[5][6]
Edison's family moved to Port Huron, Michigan after the railroad bypassed Milan in 1854 and business declined;[7] his life there was bittersweet. He sold candy and newspapers on trains running from Port Huron to Detroit, and he sold vegetables to supplement his income. He also studied qualitative analysis, and conducted chemical experiments on the train until an accident prohibited further work of the kind.[8]
He obtained the exclusive right to sell newspapers on the road, and, with the aid of four assistants, he set in type and printed the Grand Trunk Herald, which he sold with his other papers.[8] This began Edison's long streak of entrepreneurial ventures, as he discovered his talents as a businessman. These talents eventually led him to found 14 companies, including General Electric, which is still one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world.[9][10]
Telegrapher[link]
Edison became a telegraph operator after he saved three-year-old Jimmie MacKenzie from being struck by a runaway train. Jimmie's father, station agent J.U. MacKenzie of Mount Clemens, Michigan, was so grateful that he trained Edison as a telegraph operator. Edison's first telegraphy job away from Port Huron was at Stratford Junction, Ontario, on the Grand Trunk Railway.[11]
In 1866, at the age of 19, Edison moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where, as an employee of Western Union, he worked the Associated Press bureau news wire. Edison requested the night shift, which allowed him plenty of time to spend at his two favorite pastimes—reading and experimenting. Eventually, the latter pre-occupation cost him his job. One night in 1867, he was working with a lead–acid battery when he spilled sulfuric acid onto the floor. It ran between the floorboards and onto his boss's desk below. The next morning Edison was fired.[12]
One of his mentors during those early years was a fellow telegrapher and inventor named Franklin Leonard Pope, who allowed the impoverished youth to live and work in the basement of his Elizabeth, New Jersey home. Some of Edison's earliest inventions were related to telegraphy, including a stock ticker. His first patent was for the electric vote recorder, (U.S. Patent 90,646),[13] which was granted on June 1, 1869.[14]
Marriages and children[link]
On December 25, 1871, Edison married 16-year-old Mary Stilwell (1855-1884), whom he had met two months earlier; she was an employee at one of his shops. They had three children:
- Marion Estelle Edison (1873–1965), nicknamed "Dot"[15]
- Thomas Alva Edison, Jr. (1876–1935), nicknamed "Dash"[16]
- William Leslie Edison (1878–1937) Inventor, graduate of the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, 1900.[17]
Mary Edison died at age 29 on August 9, 1884, of unknown causes: possibly from a brain tumor[18] or a morphine overdose. Doctors frequently prescribed morphine to women in those years to treat a variety of causes, and researchers believe that some of her symptoms sounded as if they were associated with morphine poisoning.[19]
On February 24, 1886, at the age of thirty-nine, Edison married the 20-year-old Mina Miller (1866-1947) in Akron, Ohio.[20] She was the daughter of the inventor Lewis Miller, co-founder of the Chautauqua Institution and a benefactor of Methodist charities. They also had three children together:
- Madeleine Edison (1888–1979), who married John Eyre Sloane.[21][22]
- Charles Edison (1890–1969), who took over the company upon his father's death and who later was elected Governor of New Jersey.[23] He also took charge of his father's experimental laboratories in West Orange.
- Theodore Edison (1898–1992), (MIT Physics 1923), credited with more than 80 patents.
Mina outlived Thomas Edison, dying on August 24, 1947.[24][25]
Beginning his career[link]
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Thomas Edison began his career as an inventor in Newark, New Jersey, with the automatic repeater and his other improved telegraphic devices, but the invention that first gained him notice was the phonograph in 1877. This accomplishment was so unexpected by the public at large as to appear almost magical. Edison became known as "The Wizard of Menlo Park," New Jersey.
His first phonograph recorded on tinfoil around a grooved cylinder, but had poor sound quality and the recordings could be played only a few times. In the 1880s, a redesigned model using wax-coated cardboard cylinders was produced by Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell, and Charles Tainter. This was one reason that Thomas Edison continued work on his own "Perfected Phonograph."
Menlo Park (1876–1881)[link]
Edison's major innovation was the first industrial research lab, which was built in Menlo Park, New Jersey. It was built with the funds from the sale of Edison's quadruplex telegraph. After his demonstration of the telegraph, Edison was not sure that his original plan to sell it for $4,000 to $5,000 was right, so he asked Western Union to make a bid. He was surprised to hear them offer $10,000,[citation needed] ($202,000 USD 2010) which he gratefully accepted.
The quadruplex telegraph was Edison's first big financial success, and Menlo Park became the first institution set up with the specific purpose of producing constant technological innovation and improvement. Edison was legally attributed with most of the inventions produced there, though many employees carried out research and development under his direction. His staff was generally told to carry out his directions in conducting research, and he drove them hard to produce results.
William Joseph Hammer, a consulting electrical engineer, began his duties as a laboratory assistant to Edison in December 1879. He assisted in experiments on the telephone, phonograph, electric railway, iron ore separator, electric lighting, and other developing inventions. However, Hammer worked primarily on the incandescent electric lamp and was put in charge of tests and records on that device. In 1880, he was appointed chief engineer of the Edison Lamp Works. In his first year, the plant under General Manager Francis Robbins Upton turned out 50,000 lamps. According to Edison, Hammer was "a pioneer of incandescent electric lighting".
Nearly all of Edison's patents were utility patents, which were protected for a 17-year period and included inventions or processes that are electrical, mechanical, or chemical in nature. About a dozen were design patents, which protect an ornamental design for up to a 14-year period. As in most patents, the inventions he described were improvements over prior art. The phonograph patent, in contrast, was unprecedented as describing the first device to record and reproduce sounds.[26]
Edison did not invent the first electric light bulb, but instead invented the first commercially practical incandescent light.[citation needed] Many earlier inventors had previously devised incandescent lamps, including Henry Woodward and Mathew Evans. Others who developed early and commercially impractical incandescent electric lamps included Humphry Davy, James Bowman Lindsay, Moses G. Farmer,[27] William E. Sawyer, Joseph Swan and Heinrich Göbel. Some of these early bulbs had such flaws as an extremely short life, high expense to produce, and high electric current drawn, making them difficult to apply on a large scale commercially.[28]
In 1878, Edison applied the term filament to the element of glowing wire carrying the current, although the English inventor Joseph Swan had used the term prior to this. Swan developed an incandescent light with a long lasting filament at about the same time as Edison, as Swan's earlier bulbs lacked the high resistance needed to be an effective part of an electrical utility. Edison and his co-workers set about the task of creating longer-lasting bulbs. In Britain, Joseph Swan had been able to obtain a patent on the incandescent lamp; though Edison had already been making successful lamps for some time, his patent application was incompletely prepared and failed.[28]
Unable to raise the required capital in Britain because of this, Edison was forced to enter into a joint venture with Swan (known as Ediswan). Swan acknowledged that Edison had anticipated him, saying "Edison is entitled to more than I ... he has seen further into this subject, vastly than I, and foreseen and provided for details that I did not comprehend until I saw his system".[29]
By 1879, Edison had produced a new concept: a high resistance lamp in a very high vacuum, which would burn for hundreds of hours. While the earlier inventors had produced electric lighting in laboratory conditions, dating back to a demonstration of a glowing wire by Alessandro Volta in 1800, Edison concentrated on commercial application, and was able to sell the concept to homes and businesses by mass-producing relatively long-lasting light bulbs and creating a complete system for the generation and distribution of electricity.
In just over a decade, Edison's Menlo Park laboratory had expanded to occupy two city blocks. Edison said he wanted the lab to have "a stock of almost every conceivable material". A newspaper article printed in 1887 reveals the seriousness of his claim, stating the lab contained "eight thousand kinds of chemicals, every kind of screw made, every size of needle, every kind of cord or wire, hair of humans, horses, hogs, cows, rabbits, goats, minx, camels ... silk in every texture, cocoons, various kinds of hoofs, shark's teeth, deer horns, tortoise shell ... cork, resin, varnish and oil, ostrich feathers, a peacock's tail, jet, amber, rubber, all ores ..." and the list goes on.[30]
Over his desk, Edison displayed a placard with Sir Joshua Reynolds' famous quotation: "There is no expedient to which a man will not resort to avoid the real labor of thinking."[31] This slogan was reputedly posted at several other locations throughout the facility.
With Menlo Park, Edison had created the first industrial laboratory concerned with creating knowledge and then controlling its application.
Carbon telephone transmitter[link]
In 1877–78, Edison invented and developed the carbon microphone used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s. After protracted patent litigation, in 1892 a federal court ruled that Edison and not Emile Berliner was the inventor of the carbon microphone. The carbon microphone was also used in radio broadcasting and public address work through the 1920s.
Electric light[link]
Main article: History of the light bulb
Building on the contributions of other developers over the previous three quarters of a century, Edison made improvements to the idea of incandescent light, and entered the public consciousness as "the inventor" of the lightbulb, and a prime mover in developing the necessary infrastructure for electric power.
After many experiments with platinum and other metal filaments, Edison returned to a carbon filament. The first successful test was on October 22, 1879;[32] it lasted 13.5 hours.[33] Edison continued to improve this design and by November 4, 1879, filed for U.S. patent 223,898 (granted on January 27, 1880) for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected to platina contact wires".[34]
Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including "cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways",[34] it was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered a carbonized bamboo filament that could last over 1,200 hours. The idea of using this particular raw material originated from Edison's recalling his examination of a few threads from a bamboo fishing pole while relaxing on the shore of Battle Lake in the present-day state of Wyoming, where he and other members of a scientific team had traveled so that they could clearly observe a total eclipse of the sun on July 29, 1878, from the Continental Divide.[35]
In 1878, Edison formed the Edison Electric Light Company in New York City with several financiers, including J. P. Morgan and the members of the Vanderbilt family. Edison made the first public demonstration of his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park. It was during this time that he said: "We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles."[36]
Lewis Latimer joined the Edison Electric Light Company in 1884. Latimer had received a patent in January 1881 for the "Process of Manufacturing Carbons", an improved method for the production of carbon filaments for lightbulbs. Latimer worked as an engineer, a draftsman and an expert witness in patent litigation on electric lights.[37]
George Westinghouse's company bought Philip Diehl's competing induction lamp patent rights (1882) for $25,000, forcing the holders of the Edison patent to charge a more reasonable rate for the use of the Edison patent rights and lowering the price of the electric lamp.[38]
On October 8, 1883, the US patent office ruled that Edison's patent was based on the work of William Sawyer and was therefore invalid. Litigation continued for nearly six years, until October 6, 1889, when a judge ruled that Edison's electric-light improvement claim for "a filament of carbon of high resistance" was valid. To avoid a possible court battle with Joseph Swan, whose British patent had been awarded a year before Edison's, he and Swan formed a joint company called Ediswan to manufacture and market the invention in Britain.
Mahen Theatre in Brno (in what is now the Czech Republic) was the first public building in the world to use Edison's electric lamps, with the installation supervised by Edison's assistant in the invention of the lamp, Francis Jehl.[39] In September 2010, a sculpture of three giant light bulbs was erected in Brno, in front of the theatre.[40]
Electric power distribution[link]
Edison patented a system for electricity distribution in 1880, which was essential to capitalize on the invention of the electric lamp. On December 17, 1880, Edison founded the Edison Illuminating Company. The company established the first investor-owned electric utility in 1882 on Pearl Street Station, New York City. It was on September 4, 1882, that Edison switched on his Pearl Street generating station's electrical power distribution system, which provided 110 volts direct current (DC) to 59 customers in lower Manhattan.[41]
Earlier in the year, in January 1882, he had switched on the first steam-generating power station at Holborn Viaduct in London. The DC supply system provided electricity supplies to street lamps and several private dwellings within a short distance of the station. On January 19, 1883, the first standardized incandescent electric lighting system employing overhead wires began service in Roselle, New Jersey.
War of currents[link]
Main article: War of Currents
Edison's true success, like that of his friend Henry Ford, was in his ability to maximize profits through establishment of mass-production systems and intellectual property rights. George Westinghouse and Edison became adversaries because of Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution instead of the more easily transmitted alternating current (AC) system invented by Nikola Tesla and promoted by Westinghouse. Unlike DC, AC could be stepped up to very high voltages with transformers, sent over thinner and cheaper wires, and stepped down again at the destination for distribution to users.
In 1887, there were 121 Edison power stations in the United States delivering DC electricity to customers. When the limitations of DC were discussed by the public, Edison launched a propaganda campaign to convince people that AC was far too dangerous to use. The problem with DC was that the power plants could economically deliver DC electricity only to customers within about one and a half miles (about 2.4 km) from the generating station, so that it was suitable only for central business districts. When George Westinghouse suggested using high-voltage AC instead, as it could carry electricity hundreds of miles with marginal loss of power, Edison waged a "War of Currents" to prevent AC from being adopted.
The war against AC led him to become involved in the development and promotion of the electric chair (using AC) as an attempt to portray AC to have greater lethal potential than DC. Edison went on to carry out a brief but intense campaign to ban the use of AC or to limit the allowable voltage for safety purposes. As part of this campaign, Edison's employees publicly electrocuted animals to demonstrate the dangers of AC;[42][43] alternating electric currents are slightly more dangerous in that frequencies near 60 Hz have a markedly greater potential for inducing fatal "cardiac fibrillation" than do direct currents.[44] On one of the more notable occasions, in 1903, Edison's workers electrocuted Topsy the elephant at Luna Park, near Coney Island, after she had killed several men and her owners wanted her put to death.[45] His company filmed the electrocution.
AC replaced DC in most instances of generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the efficiency of power distribution. Though widespread use of DC ultimately lost favor for distribution, it exists today primarily in long-distance high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. Low-voltage DC distribution continued to be used in high-density downtown areas for many years but was eventually replaced by AC low-voltage network distribution in many of them.[46]
DC had the advantage that large battery banks could maintain continuous power through brief interruptions of the electric supply from generators and the transmission system. Utilities such as Commonwealth Edison in Chicago had rotary converters or motor-generator sets, which could change DC to AC and AC to various frequencies in the early to mid-20th century. Utilities supplied rectifiers to convert the low voltage AC to DC for such DC loads as elevators, fans and pumps. There were still 1,600 DC customers in downtown New York City as of 2005, and service was finally discontinued only on November 14, 2007.[46] Most subway systems are still powered by direct current.
Fluoroscopy[link]
Edison is credited with designing and producing the first commercially available fluoroscope, a machine that uses X-rays to take radiographs. Until Edison discovered that calcium tungstate fluoroscopy screens produced brighter images than the barium platinocyanide screens originally used by Wilhelm Röntgen, the technology was capable of producing only very faint images.
The fundamental design of Edison's fluoroscope is still in use today, although Edison himself abandoned the project after nearly losing his own eyesight and seriously injuring his assistant, Clarence Dally. Dally had made himself an enthusiastic human guinea pig for the fluoroscopy project and in the process been exposed to a poisonous dose of radiation. He later died of injuries related to the exposure. In 1903, a shaken Edison said "Don't talk to me about X-rays, I am afraid of them."[47]
Work relations[link]
Frank J. Sprague, a competent mathematician and former naval officer, was recruited by Edward H. Johnson and joined the Edison organization in 1883. One of Sprague's contributions to the Edison Laboratory at Menlo Park was to expand Edison's mathematical methods. Despite the common belief that Edison did not use mathematics, analysis of his notebooks reveal that he was an astute user of mathematical analysis conducted by his assistants such as Francis Robbins Upton, for example, determining the critical parameters of his electric lighting system including lamp resistance by an analysis of Ohm's Law, Joule's Law and economics.[48]
Another of Edison's assistants was Nikola Tesla. Tesla claimed that Edison had promised him $50,000 if he succeeded in making improvements to his DC generation plants. Several months later, when Tesla had finished the work and asked to be paid, he said that Edison replied, "When you become a full-fledged American you will appreciate an American joke."[49]
Tesla immediately resigned. With Tesla's salary of $18 per week, the payment would have amounted to over 53 years' pay and the amount was equal to the initial capital of the company. Another account states that Tesla resigned when he was refused a raise to $25 per week.[50]
Although Tesla accepted an Edison Medal later in life, this and other negative events concerning Edison remained with him. The day after Edison died, the New York Times contained extensive coverage of Edison's life, with the only negative opinion coming from Tesla who was quoted as saying:
He had no hobby, cared for no sort of amusement of any kind and lived in utter disregard of the most elementary rules of hygiene. [...] His method was inefficient in the extreme, for an immense ground had to be covered to get anything at all unless blind chance intervened and, at first, I was almost a sorry witness of his doings, knowing that just a little theory and calculation would have saved him 90% of the labor. But he had a veritable contempt for book learning and mathematical knowledge, trusting himself entirely to his inventor's instinct and practical American sense.[51]—Nikola Tesla
One of Edison's famous quotations about his attempts to make the light globe suggest that perhaps Tesla was right about Edison's methods of working: "If I find 10,000 ways something won't work, I haven't failed. I am not discouraged, because every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward."[52]
When Edison was a very old man and close to death, he said, in looking back, that the biggest mistake he had made was in not respecting Tesla or his work.[53]
There were 28 men recognized as Edison Pioneers.
Media inventions[link]
The key to Edison's fortunes was telegraphy. With knowledge gained from years of working as a telegraph operator, he learned the basics of electricity. This allowed him to make his early fortune with the stock ticker, the first electricity-based broadcast system. Edison patented the sound recording and reproducing phonograph in 1878. Edison was also granted a patent for the motion picture camera or "Kinetograph". He did the electromechanical design, while his employee W.K.L. Dickson, a photographer, worked on the photographic and optical development. Much of the credit for the invention belongs to Dickson.[32] In 1891, Thomas Edison built a Kinetoscope, or peep-hole viewer. This device was installed in penny arcades, where people could watch short, simple films. The kinetograph and kinetoscope were both first publicly exhibited May 20, 1891.[54]
On August 9, 1892, Edison received a patent for a two-way telegraph. In April 1896, Thomas Armat's Vitascope, manufactured by the Edison factory and marketed in Edison's name, was used to project motion pictures in public screenings in New York City. Later he exhibited motion pictures with voice soundtrack on cylinder recordings, mechanically synchronized with the film.
Officially the kinetoscope entered Europe when the rich American Businessman Irving T. Bush (1869–1948) bought from the Continental Commerce Company of Frank Z. Maguire and Joseph D. Baucus a dozen machines. Bush placed from October 17, 1894, the first kinetoscopes in London. At the same time the French company Kinétoscope Edison Michel et Alexis Werner bought these machines for the market in France. In the last three months of 1894, The Continental Commerce Company sold hundreds of kinetoscopes in Europe (i.e. the Netherlands and Italy). In Germany and in Austria-Hungary the kinetoscope was introduced by the Deutsche-österreichische-Edison-Kinetoscop Gesellschaft, founded by the Ludwig Stollwerck[56] of the Schokoladen-Süsswarenfabrik Stollwerck & Co of Cologne.
The first kinetoscopes arrived in Belgium at the Fairs in early 1895. The Edison's Kinétoscope Français, a Belgian company, was founded in Brussels on January 15, 1895, with the rights to sell the kinetoscopes in Monaco, France and the French colonies. The main investors in this company were Belgian industrialists.[57]
On May 14, 1895, the Edison's Kinétoscope Belge was founded in Brussels. The businessman Ladislas-Victor Lewitzki, living in London but active in Belgium and France, took the initiative in starting this business. He had contacts with Leon Gaumont and the American Mutoscope and Biograph Co. In 1898 he also became a shareholder of the Biograph and Mutoscope Company for France.[57]
In 1901, he visited the Sudbury area in Ontario, Canada, as a mining prospector, and is credited with the original discovery of the Falconbridge ore body. His attempts to mine the ore body were not successful, however, and he abandoned his mining claim in 1903.[58] A street in Falconbridge, as well as the Edison Building, which served as the head office of Falconbridge Mines, are named for him.
In 1902, agents of Thomas Edison bribed a theater owner in London for a copy of A Trip to the Moon by Georges Méliès. Edison then made hundreds of copies and showed them in New York City. Méliès received no compensation. He was counting on taking the film to the US and recapture its huge cost by showing it throughout the country when he realized it had already been shown there by Edison. This effectively bankrupted Méliès.[59]
Other exhibitors similarly routinely copied and exhibited each others' films.[60] To better protect the copyrights on his films, Edison deposited prints of them on long strips of photographic paper with the U.S. copyright office. Many of these paper prints survived longer and in better condition than the actual films of that era.[61]
Edison's favorite movie was The Birth of a Nation. He thought that talkies had "spoiled everything" for him. "There isn't any good acting on the screen. They concentrate on the voice now and have forgotten how to act. I can sense it more than you because I am deaf."[62] His favorite stars were Mary Pickford and Clara Bow.[63]
In 1908, Edison started the Motion Picture Patents Company, which was a conglomerate of nine major film studios (commonly known as the Edison Trust). Thomas Edison was the first honorary fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, which was founded in 1929.
West Orange and Fort Myers (1886–1931)[link]
File:Edison battery exhibit, 1915.jpg
Thomas A. Edison Industries Exhibit, Primary Battery section, 1915
Edison moved from Menlo Park after the death of Mary Stilwell and purchased a home known as "Glenmont" in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina in Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey. In 1885, Thomas Edison bought property in Fort Myers, Florida, and built what was later called Seminole Lodge as a winter retreat. Edison and his wife Mina spent many winters in Fort Myers where they recreated and Edison tried to find a domestic source of natural rubber.
Henry Ford, the automobile magnate, later lived a few hundred feet away from Edison at his winter retreat in Fort Myers, Florida. Edison even contributed technology to the automobile. They were friends until Edison's death.
In 1928, Edison joined the Fort Myers Civitan Club. He believed strongly in the organization, writing that "The Civitan Club is doing things—big things—for the community, state, and nation, and I certainly consider it an honor to be numbered in its ranks."[64] He was an active member in the club until his death, sometimes bringing Henry Ford to the club's meetings.
The final years[link]
Edison was active in business right up to the end. Just months before his death in 1931, the Lackawanna Railroad implemented electric trains in suburban service from Hoboken to Gladstone, Montclair and Dover in New Jersey. Transmission was by means of an overhead catenary system, with the entire project under Edison's guidance. To the surprise of many, he was at the throttle of the very first MU (Multiple-Unit) train to depart Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken, driving the train all the way to Dover.[65]
As another tribute to his lasting legacy, the same fleet of cars Edison deployed on the Lackawanna in 1931 served commuters until their retirement in 1984, when some of them were purchased by the Berkshire Scenic Railway Museum in Lenox, Massachusetts. A special plaque commemorating the joint achievement of both the railway and Edison can be seen today in the waiting room of Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken, presently operated by New Jersey Transit.[65]
Edison was said to have been influenced by a popular fad diet in his last few years; "the only liquid he consumed was a pint of milk every three hours".[32] He is reported to have believed this diet would restore his health. However, this tale is doubtful. In 1930, the year before Edison died, Mina said in an interview about him, "correct eating is one of his greatest hobbies." She also said that during one of his periodic "great scientific adventures", Edison would be up at 7:00, have breakfast at 8:00, and be rarely home for lunch or dinner, implying that he continued to have all three.[62]
Edison became the owner of his Milan, Ohio, birthplace in 1906. On his last visit, in 1923, he was shocked to find his old home still lit by lamps and candles.
Thomas Edison died of complications of diabetes on October 18, 1931, in his home, "Glenmont" in Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey, which he had purchased in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina. He is buried behind the home.[66][67]
Edison's last breath is reportedly contained in a test tube at the Henry Ford Museum. Ford reportedly convinced Charles Edison to seal a test tube of air in the inventor's room shortly after his death, as a memento. A plaster death mask was also made.[68]
Mina died in 1947.
Views on politics, religion and metaphysics[link]
Historian Paul Israel has characterized Edison as a "freethinker".[32] Edison was heavily influenced by Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason.[32] Edison defended Paine's "scientific deism", saying, "He has been called an atheist, but atheist he was not. Paine believed in a supreme intelligence, as representing the idea which other men often express by the name of deity."[32] In an October 2, 1910, interview in the New York Times Magazine, Edison stated:
Nature is what we know. We do not know the gods of religions. And nature is not kind, or merciful, or loving. If God made me — the fabled God of the three qualities of which I spoke: mercy, kindness, love — He also made the fish I catch and eat. And where do His mercy, kindness, and love for that fish come in? No; nature made us — nature did it all — not the gods of the religions.[69]
Edison was called an atheist for those remarks, and although he did not allow himself to be drawn into the controversy publicly, he clarified himself in a private letter: "You have misunderstood the whole article, because you jumped to the conclusion that it denies the existence of God. There is no such denial, what you call God I call Nature, the Supreme intelligence that rules matter. All the article states is that it is doubtful in my opinion if our intelligence or soul or whatever one may call it lives hereafter as an entity or disperses back again from whence it came, scattered amongst the cells of which we are made."[32]
Nonviolence was key to Edison's moral views, and when asked to serve as a naval consultant for World War I, he specified he would work only on defensive weapons and later noted, "I am proud of the fact that I never invented weapons to kill." Edison's philosophy of nonviolence extended to animals as well, about which he stated: "Nonviolence leads to the highest ethics, which is the goal of all evolution. Until we stop harming all other living beings, we are still savages."[70] However, he is also notorious for having electrocuted a number of dogs in 1888, both by direct and alternating current, in an attempt to argue that the former (which he had a vested business interest in promoting) was safer than the latter (favored by his rival George Westinghouse).[71]
Edison's success in promoting direct current as less lethal also led to alternating current being used in the electric chair adopted by New York in 1889 as a supposedly humane execution method. Because Westinghouse was angered by the decision, he funded Eighth Amendment-based appeals for inmates set to die in the electric chair, ultimately resulting in Edison providing the generators which powered early electrocutions and testifying successfully on behalf of the state that electrocution was a painless method of execution.[72]
Tributes[link]
Places and people named for Edison[link]
Several places have been named after Edison, most notably the town of Edison, New Jersey. Thomas Edison State College, a nationally known college for adult learners, is in Trenton, New Jersey. Two community colleges are named for him: Edison State College in Fort Myers, Florida, and Edison Community College in Piqua, Ohio.[73] There are numerous high schools named after Edison; see Edison High School.
In 1883, the City Hotel in Sunbury, Pennsylvania was the first building to be lit with Edison's three-wire system. The hotel was renamed The Hotel Edison upon Edison's return to the City on 1922. [74]
Edison was on hand to turn on the lights at the Hotel Edison in New York City when it opened in 1931.
Three bridges around the United States have been named in his honor (see Edison Bridge).
In space, his name is commemorated in asteroid 742 Edisona.
The Russian composer Edison Denisov, whose father was a radio-physicist, was named after the inventor.
Museums and memorials[link]
In West Orange, New Jersey, the 13.5 acre (5.5 ha) Glenmont estate is maintained and operated by the National Park Service as the Edison National Historic Site.[75] The Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Tower and Museum is in the town of Edison, New Jersey.[76] In Beaumont, Texas, there is an Edison Museum, though Edison never visited there.[citation needed]
The Port Huron Museum, in Port Huron, Michigan, restored the original depot that Thomas Edison worked out of as a young newsbutcher. The depot has been named the Thomas Edison Depot Museum.[77] The town has many Edison historical landmarks, including the graves of Edison's parents, and a monument along the St. Clair River. Edison's influence can be seen throughout this city of 32,000.
In Detroit, the Edison Memorial Fountain in Grand Circus Park was created to honor his achievements. The limestone fountain was dedicated October 21, 1929, the fiftieth anniversary of the creation of the lightbulb.[78] On the same night, The Edison Institute was dedicated in nearby Dearborn.
In early 2010, Edison was proposed by the Ohio Historical Society as a finalist in a statewide vote for inclusion in Statuary Hall at the United States Capitol.
Companies bearing Edison's name[link]
- Edison General Electric, merged with Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric
- Commonwealth Edison, now part of Exelon
- Consolidated Edison
- Edison International
- Southern California Edison
- Edison Mission Energy
- Edison Capital
- Detroit Edison, a unit of DTE Energy
- Edison Sault Electric Company, a unit of Wisconsin Energy Corporation
- FirstEnergy
- Metropolitan Edison
- Ohio Edison
- Toledo Edison
- Edison S.p.A., a unit of Italenergia
- Boston Edison, a unit of NSTAR, formerly known as the Edison Electric Illuminating Company
- WEEI radio station in Boston, established by the Edison Electric Illuminating Company (hence the call letters)
- Trade association the Edison Electric Institute, a lobbying and research group for investor-owned utilities in the United States
- Edison Ore-Milling Company
- Edison Portland Cement Company
Awards named in honor of Edison[link]
The Edison Medal was created on February 11, 1904, by a group of Edison's friends and associates. Four years later the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE), later IEEE, entered into an agreement with the group to present the medal as its highest award. The first medal was presented in 1909 to Elihu Thomson and, in a twist of fate, was awarded to Nikola Tesla in 1917. It is the oldest award in the area of electrical and electronics engineering, and is presented annually "for a career of meritorious achievement in electrical science, electrical engineering or the electrical arts."
In the Netherlands, the major music awards are named the Edison Award after him.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers concedes the Thomas A. Edison Patent Award to individual patents since 2000.[79]
Honors and awards given to Edison[link]
The President of the Third French Republic, Jules Grévy, on the recommendation of his Minister of Foreign Affairs Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire and with the presentations of the Minister of Posts and Telegraphs Louis Cochery, designated Edison with the distinction of an 'Officer of the Legion of Honour' (Légion d'honneur) by decree on November 10, 1881;[80] He also named a Chevalier in 1879, and a Commander in 1889.[81]
In 1887, Edison won the Matteucci Medal. In 1890, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
The Philadelphia City Council named Edison the recipient of the John Scott Medal in 1889.[81]
In 1899, Edison was awarded the Edward Longstreth Medal of The Franklin Institute.[82]
He was named an Honorable Consulting Engineer at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's fair in 1904.[81]
In 1908, Edison received the American Association of Engineering Societies John Fritz Medal.[81]
Edison was awarded Franklin Medal of The Franklin Institute in 1915 for discoveries contributing to the foundation of industries and the well-being of the human race.
The United States Navy department awarded him the Distinguished Service Medal in 1920.[81]
The American Institute of Electrical Engineers created the Edison Medal in 1923 and he was its first recipient.[81]
In 1927, he was granted membership in the National Academy of Sciences.[81]
On May 29, 1928, Edison received the Congressional Gold Medal.[81]
In 1983, the United States Congress, pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 140 (Public Law 97—198), designated February 11, Edison's birthday, as National Inventor's Day.
Edison was ranked thirty-fifth on Michael H. Hart's 1978 book The 100, a list of the most influential figures in history. Life magazine (USA), in a special double issue in 1997, placed Edison first in the list of the "100 Most Important People in the Last 1000 Years", noting that the light bulb he promoted "lit up the world". In the 2005 television series The Greatest American, he was voted by viewers as the fifteenth-greatest.
In 2008, Edison was inducted in the New Jersey Hall of Fame.
In 2010, Edison was honored with a Technical Grammy Award.
In 2011, Edison was inducted into the Entrepreneur Walk of Fame, and named a Great Floridian by the Florida Governor and Cabinet.[83]
On November 6, 1915, The New York Times announced that both Edison and Tesla were to jointly receive the 1915 Nobel Prize but it did not occur.[84] The details of what happened are not known but Tesla who had once worked for Edison quit when he was promised a large bonus for solving a problem and then after being successful was told the promise was a joke.[85] Tesla once said that if Edison had to find a needle in a haystack he would take apart the haystack one straw at a time.[86] The Prize was awarded to Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays".
Other items named after Edison[link]
The United States Navy named the USS Edison (DD-439), a Gleaves class destroyer, in his honor in 1940. The ship was decommissioned a few months after the end of World War II. In 1962, the Navy commissioned USS Thomas A. Edison (SSBN-610), a fleet ballistic missile nuclear-powered submarine.
Decommissioned on December 1, 1983, Thomas A. Edison was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on April 30, 1986. She went through the Navy's Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, Washington, beginning on October 1, 1996. When she finished the program on December 1, 1997, she ceased to exist as a complete ship and was listed as scrapped.
In popular culture[link]
Main article: Thomas Edison in popular culture
Thomas Edison has appeared in popular culture as a character in novels, films, comics and video games. His prolific inventing helped make him an icon and he has made appearances in popular culture during his lifetime down to the present day. His history with Nikola Tesla has also provided dramatic tension and is a theme returned to numerous times.
On February 11, 2011, on Thomas Edison's 164th birthday, Google's homepage featured an animated Google Doodle commemorating his many inventions. When the cursor was hovered over the doodle, a series of mechanisms seemed to move, causing a lightbulb to glow.[87]
See also[link]
 |
Book: Thomas Edison |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Animated Hero Classics – Animated DVD biography series of historical figures, including Thomas Edison
- John I. Beggs
- List of Edison patents
- List of people on stamps of Ireland
- Thomas Alva Edison Birthplace
- Thomas E. Murray
- Thomas Edison National Historical Park
- Phonomotor
- Joseph Swan
- Edison Pioneers
References[link]
- ^ Walsh, Bryan. "The Electrifying Edison." Web: Time July 5, 2010
- ^ National Historic Landmarks Program (NHL)
- ^ Baldwin, Neal (1995). Edison: Inventing the Century. Hyperion. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0-7868-6041-8.
- ^ "Edison Family Album". US National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://www.nps.gov/edis/home_family/fam_album.htm. Retrieved March 11, 2006.
- ^ "Edison" by Matthew Josephson. McGraw Hill, New York, 1959, ISBN 978-0-07-033046-7
- ^ "Edison: Inventing the Century" by Neil Baldwin, University of Chicago Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-226-03571-0
- ^ Josephson, p 18
- ^ a b
"Edison, Thomas Alva". The Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1918. - ^ "GE emerges world's largest company: Forbes". Trading Markets.com. April 10, 2009. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://www.tradingmarkets.com/.site/news/Stock%20News/2266720/. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ "GE emerges world's largest company: Forbes". Indian Express.com. April 9, 2009. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ge-emerges-worlds-largest-company-forbes/445093. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ Baldwin, page 37
- ^ Baldwin, pages 40–41
- ^ "U.S. Patent 90,646". Patimg1.uspto.gov. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=US000090646. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
- ^ The Edison Papers, Rutgers University. Retrieved March 20, 2007.
- ^ Baldwin 1995, p.60
- ^ Baldwin 1995, p.67
- ^ "Older Son To Sue To Void Edison Will; William, Second Child Of The Counsel". New York Times. October 31, 1931. "The will of Thomas A. Edison, filed in Newark last Thursday, which leaves the bulk of the inventor's $12 million estate to the sons of his second wife, was attacked as unfair yesterday by William L. Edison, second son of the first wife, who announced at the same time that he would sue to break it."
- ^ "The Life of Thomas Edison", American Memory, Library of Congress, Retrieved March 3, 2009.
- ^ "Thomas Edison’s First Wife May Have Died of a Morphine Overdose", Rutgers Today. Retrieved November 18, 2011
- ^ "Thomas Edison's Children". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. December 16, 2010 (2010-12-16). http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Thomas_Edison%27s_Children. Retrieved June 30, 2011 (2011-06-30).
- ^ "Madeleine Edison a Bride. Inventor's Daughter Married to J. E. Sloan by Mgr. Brann". New York Times. June 18, 1914, Thursday.
- ^ "Mrs. John Eyre Sloane Has a Son at the Harbor Sanitarium Here". New York Times. January 10, 1931, Saturday.
- ^ "Charles Edison, 78, Ex-Governor Of Jersey and U.S. Aide, Is Dead". New York Times. August 1969.
- ^ "Edison's Widow Very III". New York Times. August 21, 1947, Thursday.
- ^ "Rites for Mrs. Edison". New York Times. August 26, 1947, Tuesday.
- ^ Evans, Harold, "They Made America." Little, Brown and Company, New York, 2004. ISBN 978-0-316-27766-2. p. 152.
- ^ "Moses G. Farmer, Eliot's Inventor". Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060619234400/http://eliotmaine.org/mosespage.htm. Retrieved March 11, 2006.
- ^ a b Israel, Paul B. 1998. Edison: A life of invention. New York: John Wiley. 217–218
- ^ Israel, Paul B. 1998. Edison: A life of invention. New York: John Wiley. quoted page 217
- ^ Shulman, Seth (1999). Owning the Future. Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 158–160.
- ^ "Real Labor", Time, Dec. 8, 1930. (retrieved Jan 10, 2008)
- ^ a b c d e f g Israel, Paul (2000). Edison: A Life of Invention. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-36270-8.
- ^ "Thomas Edison, Original Letters and Primary Source Documents". Shapell Manuscript Foundation. http://www.shapell.org/btl.aspx?2718806.
- ^ a b U.S. Patent 0,223,898
- ^ Flannery, L. G. (Pat) (1960). John Hunton's Diary, Volume 3. pp. 68, 69.
- ^ "Keynote Address – Second International ALN1 Conference (PDF)". Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://www.sloan-c.org/conference/proceedings/1996/doc/96_gomory.doc.
- ^ "Lewis Howard Latimer". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/edis/forkids/the-gifted-men-who-worked-for-edison.htm. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
- ^ "Diehl's Lamp Hit Edison Monopoly," Elizabeth Daily Journal, Friday Evening, October 25, 1929
- ^ "About the Memory of a Theatre". National Theatre Brno. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080119092027/http://www.ndbrno.cz/en/about-us/theatre-buildings/mahen-theatre/history-of-mahen-theatre/history-mt/. Retrieved December 30, 2007.
- ^ Sculpture of three giant light bulbs: in memory of Thomas Alva Edison
- ^ A brief history of Con Edison:"Electricity"
- ^ "IMDB entry on Electrocuting an Elephant (1903)". Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://imdb.com/title/tt0231523/. Retrieved March 11, 2006.
- ^ "Wired Magazine: "Jan. 4, 1903: Edison Fries an Elephant to Prove His Point"". January 4, 2008. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/01/dayintech_0104?. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ "Electrocution Thresholds for Humans". Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://www.bassengineering.com/E_Effect.htm. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- ^ Tony Long (January 4, 2008). "Jan. 4, 1903: Edison Fries an Elephant to Prove His Point". AlterNet. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/01/dayintech_0104. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ a b Lee, Jennifer (November 14, 2007). "Off Goes the Power Current Started by Thomas Edison". The New York Times Company. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/off-goes-the-power-current-started-by-thomas-edison/. Retrieved December 30, 2007.
- ^ Duke University Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library: Edison fears the hidden perils of the x-rays. New York Worldb/, August 3, 1903, Durham, NC.
- ^ "The Thomas A. Edison Papers". Edison.rutgers.edu. Archived from the original on July 22, 2007. http://edison.rutgers.edu/. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
- ^ "Tesla – Master of Lightning:Coming to America". Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_america.html. Retrieved March 11, 2006.
- ^ Jonnes, p110
- ^ New York Times. October 19, 1931.
- ^ "Quotations Page". Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/35566.html.
- ^ "Tesla Says Edison was an Empiricist. Electrical Technician Declares Persistent Trials Attested Inventor's Vigor. 'His Method Inefficient' A Little Theory Would Have Saved Him 90% of Labor, Ex-Aide Asserts. Praises His Great Genius". New York Times. October 19, 1931. "Nikola Tesla, one of the world's outstanding electrical technicians, who came to America in 1884 to work with Thomas A. Edison, specifically in the designing of motors and generators, recounted yesterday some of ..."
- ^ "History of Edison Motion Pictures". Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhist.html. Retrieved October 14, 2007.
- ^ Leonard–Cushing fight Part of the Library of Congress/Inventing Entertainment educational website. Retrieved December 14, 2006.
- ^ "Martin Loiperdinger. Film & Schokolade. Stollwercks Geschäfte mit lebenden Bildern . KINtop Schriften Stroemfeld Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Basel 1999 ISBN 3-87877-764-7 (Buch) ISBN 3-87877-760-4 (Buch und Videocassette)". Victorian-cinema.net. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://www.victorian-cinema.net/stollwerck.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
- ^ a b "Guido Convents, Van Kinetoscoop tot Cafe-Cine de Eerste Jaren van de Film in Belgie, 1894–1908, pp. 33–69. Universitaire Pers Leuven. Leuven: 2000. Guido Convents, "'Edison's Kinetscope in Belgium, or, Scientists, Admirers, Businessmen, Industrialists and Crooks", pp. 249–258. in C. Dupré la Tour, A. Gaudreault, R. Pearson (Ed.) Cinema at the Turn of the Century. Québec, 1999". Imdb.com. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://www.imdb.com/company/co0111244/. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
- ^ "Thomas Edison". Greater Sudbury Heritage Museums. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://www.sudburymuseums.ca/index.cfm?app=w_vmuseum&lang=en&currID=2031&parID=2029. Retrieved December 30, 2007.
- ^ Rémi Fournier Lanzoni, French Cinema: From Its Beginnings to the Present, (2002)
- ^ Siegmund Lubin (1851–1923), Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
- ^ "History of Edison Motion Pictures: Early Edison Motion Picture Production (1892–1895)", Memory.loc.gov, Library of Congress. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
- ^ a b Reader's Digest, March 1930, pp. 1042–1044, "Living With a Genius", condensed from The American Magazine February 1930
- ^ "Edison Wears Silk Nightshirt, Hates Talkies, Writes Wife", Capital Times, October 30, 1930
- ^ Armbrester, Margaret E. (1992). The Civitan Story. Birmingham, AL: Ebsco Media. p. 34.
- ^ a b Holland, Kevin J. (2001). Classic American Railroad Terminals. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7603-0832-5.
- ^ "Thomas Edison Dies in Coma at 84; Family With Him as the End Comes; Inventor Succumbs at 3:24 A.M. After Fight for Life Since He Was Stricken on August 1. World-Wide Tribute Is Paid to Him as a Benefactor of Mankind". New York Times. October 18, 1931. "West Orange, New Jersey, Sunday, October 18, 1931. Thomas Alva Edison died at 3:24 o'clock this morning at his home, Glenmont, in the Llewellyn Park section of this city. The great inventor, the fruits of whose genius so magically transformed the everyday world, was 84 years and 8 months old."
- ^ Benoit, Tod (2003). Where are they buried? How did they die?. Black Dog & Leventhal. p. 560. ISBN 978-1-57912-678-0.
- ^ "Is Thomas Edison's last breath preserved in a test tube in the Henry Ford Museum?", The Straight Dope, September 11, 1987. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
- ^ ""No Immortality of the Soul" says Thomas A. Edison. In Fact, He Doesn't Believe There Is a Soul — Human Beings Only an Aggregate of Cells and the Brain Only a Wonderful Machine, Says Wizard of Electricity". New York Times. October 2, 1910, Sunday. "Thomas A. Edison in the following interview for the first time speaks to the public on the vital subjects of the human soul and immortality. It will be bound to be a most fascinating, an amazing statement, from one of the most notable and interesting men of the age ... Nature is what we know. We do not know the gods of religions. And nature is not kind, or merciful, or loving. If God made me — the fabled God of the three qualities of which I spoke: mercy, kindness, love — He also made the fish I catch and eat. And where do His mercy, kindness, and love for that fish come in? No; nature made us — nature did it all — not the gods of the religions."
- ^ Cited in Innovate Like Edison: The Success System of America's Greatest Inventor by Sarah Miller Caldicott, Michael J. Gelb, page 37.
- ^ Jonnes
- ^ Bellis, Mary. "Death, Money, and the History of the Electric Chair". About.com. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://inventors.about.com/od/hstartinventions/a/Electric_Chair.htm. Retrieved February 23, 2010. "On January 1, 1889, the world's first electrical execution law went into full effect. Westinghouse protested the decision and refused to sell any AC generators directly to prison authorities. Thomas Edison and Harold Brown provided the AC generators needed for the first working electric chairs. George Westinghouse funded the appeals for the first prisoners sentenced to death by electrocution, made on the grounds that "electrocution was cruel and unusual punishment." Edison and Brown both testified for the state that execution was a quick and painless form of death and the State of New York won the appeals."
- ^ "Edison Community College (Ohio)". Edison.cc.oh.us. http://www.edison.cc.oh.us/. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
- ^ Jason Klose The Edison Hotel: A Bright and Colorful History, Spring 2009 City of Sunbury Website
- ^ Thomas Edison National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)
- ^ Menlo Park Museum, Tower-Restoration. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
- ^ Thomas Edison Depot. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
- ^ Edison Memorial Fountain at Buildings of Detroit. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
- ^ "Thomas A. Edison Patent Award". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. http://www.asme.org/Governance/Honors/SocietyAwards/Thomas_Edison_Patent_Award.cfm.
- ^ NNDB online website. The same decree awarded German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz with the designation of Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor, as well as Alexander Graham Bell. The decree preamble cited "for services provided to the Congress and to the International Electrical Exhibition"
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kennelly, Arthur E. (1932). Biographical Memoir of Thomas Alva Edison. National Academy of Sciences. pp. 300–301. http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/tedison.pdf.
- ^ "Franklin Laureate Database - Edward Longstreth Medal 1899 Laureates". Franklin Institute. http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=LONG+&sy=1898&ey=1900&name=Submit. Retrieved November 18, 2011 (2011-11-18).
- ^ "Great Floridian Program". http://www.flheritage.com/preservation/floridian/index.cfm. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ "Edison and Tesla To Get Nobel Prizes - View Article - NYTimes.com". New York Times. 1915-11-06. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F03E7D91239E333A25755C0A9679D946496D6CF. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
- ^ "Nikola Tesla". U-s-history.com. http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1619.html. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
- ^ ThinkExist.com Quotations. "Nikola Tesla quotes". Thinkexist.com. http://thinkexist.com/quotation/if_edison_had_a_needle_to_find_in_a_haystack-he/346294.html. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
- ^ "Google Doodle: Feb 11, 2011 – Thomas Edison's Birthday". https://www.google.com/logos/logos11-1.html#logo-2011edison11-hp.
Bibliography[link]
- Albion, Michele Wehrwein. (2008). The Florida Life of Thomas Edison. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3259-7.
- Adams, Glen J. (2004). The Search for Thomas Edison's Boyhood Home. ISBN 978-1-4116-1361-4.
- Angel, Ernst (1926). Edison. Sein Leben und Erfinden. Berlin: Ernst Angel Verlag.
- Baldwin, Neil (2001). Edison: Inventing the Century. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-03571-0.
- Clark, Ronald William (1977). Edison: The man who made the future. London: Macdonald & Jane's: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 978-0-354-04093-8.
- Conot, Robert (1979). A Streak of Luck. New York: Seaview Books. ISBN 978-0-87223-521-2.
- Davis, L. J. (1998). Fleet Fire: Thomas Edison and the Pioneers of the Electric Revolution. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-47927-1.
- Essig, Mark (2004). Edison and the Electric Chair. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-3680-4.
- Essig, Mark (2003). Edison & the Electric Chair: A Story of Light and Death. New York: Walker & Company. ISBN 978-0-8027-1406-0.
- Israel, Paul (1998). Edison: a Life of Invention. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-52942-2.
- Jonnes, Jill (2003). Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50739-7.
- Josephson, Matthew (1959). Edison. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-033046-7.
- Koenigsberg, Allen (1987). Edison Cylinder Records, 1889-1912. APM Press. ISBN 0-937612-07-3.
- Pretzer, William S. (ed). (1989). Working at Inventing: Thomas A. Edison and the Menlo Park Experience. Dearborn, Michigan: Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village. ISBN 978-0-933728-33-2.
- Stross, Randall E. (2007). The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World. Crown. ISBN 1-4000-4762-5.
External links[link]
| Find more about Thomas Edison on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Locations
- Menlo Park Museum and Edison Memorial Tower
- Thomas Edison National Historical Park (National Park Service)
- Edison exhibit and Menlo Park Laboratory at Henry Ford Museum
- Edison Museum
- Edison Depot Museum
- Edison Birthplace Museum
- Thomas Edison House
- Information and media
- Thomas Edison on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
- The Diary of Thomas Edison
- Works by Thomas Edison at Project Gutenberg
- Edison's patent application for the light bulb at the National Archives.
- Thomas Edison at the Internet Movie Database
- Jan. 4, 1903: Edison Fries an Elephant to Prove His Point – Wired article about Edison's "macabre form of a series of animal electrocutions using AC."
- The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison's Laboratories
- Edison, His Life and Inventions by Frank Lewis Dyer and Thomas Commerford Martin' at Project Gutenberg
- The short film "Story of Thomas Alva Edison" is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- Rutgers: Edison Papers
- Edisonian Museum Antique Electrics
- "Edison's Miracle of Light"
- Edison Innovation Foundation – Non-profit foundation supporting the legacy of Thomas Edison.
- Thomas Alva Edison at Find a Grave
- The Illustrious Vagabonds
- "The World's Greatest Inventor", October 1931, Popular Mechanics detailed, illustrated article
- 14 minutes "instructional" film with fictional elements The boyhood of Thomas Edison from 1964, produced by Coronet, published by archive.org
- Booknotes interview with Neil Baldwin on Edison: Inventing the Century, March 19, 1995.
- Booknotes interview with Jill Jonnes on Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse and the Race to Electrify the World, October 26, 2003.
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Leon Trotsky |
Cover of Time magazine | Succeeded by Richard Swann Lull |
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Edison, Thomas Alva |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American inventor and businessman |
| Date of birth | February 11, 1847 |
| Place of birth | Milan, Ohio, United States |
| Date of death | October 18, 1931 |
| Place of death | West Orange, New Jersey, United States |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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| Karl Wolf | |
|---|---|
 Singing in Radio 1 party, Dubai 2007 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Carl Abou Samah |
| Also known as | KW |
| Born | (1979-04-18) April 18, 1979 (age 33) Beirut, Lebanon |
| Origin | Lebanese Canadian residing in Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Genres | Pop , R&B, soul, fusion |
| Occupations | Singer, songwriter, record producer, musician |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano |
| Years active | 2001 – present |
| Labels | LW Records LW Entertainment EMI (2001–2010) Universal Republic (2010) Universal Music Canada (2011 - Present) |
| Associated acts | Sky |
| Website | www.karlwolf.com |
Carl Abou Samah (Arabic: كارل أبو سمح; born April 18, 1979)[1] better known by his stage name Karl Wolf is a Lebanese-born Canadian musician based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He has been a singer, songwriter and producer since 2001, releasing his first solo album Face Behind the Face on MapleNationwide/Universal in January 2006, followed by a second album Bite the Bullet in November 2007. His third album Nightlife was released on November 17, 2009. After 9 years with EMI Music, in March 2010 he signed a new recording contract in the United States with Universal Republic followed by a worldwide deal with Universal Music Canada in 2011. EMI Japan and EMI Middle East still have exclusive license to Karl Wolf's upcoming album. In 2012, he also announced that he was managing five new artists through his company.
Contents |
Early years[link]
Wolf was born as Carl Abou Samah in Beirut, Lebanon. He moved on with his family to Dubai, UAE when he was three-years-old due to the civil war in Lebanon. He studied in UAE's International School of Choueifat. In an interview with Shave Magazine, Karl explained that in Arabic, his family name (Abou Samah) means 'father of forgiveness'.[2] His stage name 'wolf' comes from a nickname he received on his high school basketball team because he was the smallest and quickest in his team. He also says his mother and father drove him to a career in music. Wolf's mother was a piano teacher and his father played guitar, drums and a traditional Middle Eastern musical instrument called oud.
At 17, Wolf immigrated to Canada in 1995, residing in Montreal, Quebec. He began his career "behind the scenes," and has been writing co-producing since 2001. Initially he was a backup singer for some hits by the Quebec band Dubmatique. The 2001 hit album from Gabrielle Destroismaisons generated two singles co-written by him that reached #1 on the BDS Francophone Charts, and the record earned him a Félix Award at the L'ADISQ Awards for "Best Mix and Sound of the Year".
Wolf's work with Gabrielle brought him to the attention of Antoine Sicotte, of the top-selling Canadian pop band Sky, where he was recruited as a singer-songwriter becoming Sky's new lead singer in 2002.[3] Wolf co-wrote and co-produced the third Sky album, Picture Perfect (on Sextant/EMI), with strong airplay across Canada. Sicotte and Wolf cooperated on the hugely successful Star Académie reality TV show in Quebec. The subsequent album was the biggest-selling album in Canada in 2003, notching a phenomenal sales in Canadian terms and earning Karl Wolf a SOCAN Award for Most Popular Song. A Star Académie II sequel in 2004 was another big success, the album going double-platinum.
Solo Years (since 2005)[link]
In 2005 Wolf ventured into a solo career. He released his debut solo album Face Behind the Face"[4] in January 2006. Since its release, the album broke in the Canadian Top 100 sales chart and spawned three singles, "Butterflies"[5] and "Desensitize",[6] with the latter track (featuring hip hop star Choclair) reaching the BDS Top 40 charts and "Referee".
Wolf followed with a second studio album Bite the Bullet in November 2007. The first single release from the album was "Africa",[7] a remake of the worldwide hit Africa by Toto. The Karl Wolf remake features Canadian artist Culture. In early March 2009, with the release of the single on iTunes for digital downloads, it surged up from #32 to #2[8] on the issue of March 14, 2009 based on huge amounts of downloads over the previous week. It peeked at #1 on the iTunes charts and It also stayed at #2 for four further week on the chart of March 21 and 28 and April 4 and 11, 2009. Prior to iTunes download, it had topped at #20 in the same chart. This is so far Karl Wolf's most successful single to date. The song also topped the MuchMusic Top 30 Countdown charts and has also found success in Japan, peaking at #20 on the Japan Hot 100 chart. His follow up single this year titled Carrera climbed to peak at #39 on the Bilboard Canadian Hot 100.
Wolf announced on Sunday June 21, 2009 at the MuchMusic Video Awards, that he has in fact been recording a new album due to be out by the end of this year (2009) or by early 2010 and that he we will be releasing another remake of a worldwide hit. The album Nightlife, his third album was released on 17 November 2009. He has had two singles emanating from the album, "Yalla Habibi" and "Hurting".
In February 2010, he signed a record deal with Universal Republic Records for United States distribution. After great success in Canada, "Africa" will become the first single released in the United States through the Universal Republic record deal.
Karl Wolf's new album called Finally Free is to be released in 2012. He will be engaging also on a pan-Canadian and international tour to promote the album with Universal Music.
LW Entertainment / LW Records[link]
In addition to his solo career, Wolf has established "LW Entertainment" and his own record label "LW Records" and recording studio (with LW standing for Lone Wolf). These are the producing wing of Karl Wolf's operations. Before becoming a solo artist, Karl Wolf had his break as a songwriter / producer and at 22, won "Best Mix and Sound of the Year" at L'ADISQ. Karl Wolf has also produced for Quebec singers Mitsou, Emily, Jérôme-Philippe (aka Disoul) also becoming for a time, part of the latter's band Dubmatique.
Collaborations[link]
Karl Wolf has collaborated with a number of artists, mainly from Canada:
- He was featured in Quebec rapper and VJ Malik Shaheed's song "Get Down / Respire"
- His song "Hollow Girl" features Quebec artist Striger
- His song "Desensitize" features Canadian rapper Choclair
- He is featured in Choclair's song and music video of "Weekend" from Choclair's Flagship album
- He released with Eve a bilingual (English / French version) of his single "Butterflies" (Co-written by Jordan Kaahn)
- He was featured in Taio Cruz recording "Crazy Girl"
- His song "Like This" features Sandman
- His song "Africa" features Canadian rapper Culture
- His special track "Triple R" features international rap artist Snoop Dogg
- His single "Yalla Habibi" features Rime and Kaz Money
- He is featured in Jacob Guay's bilingual French/English single "Si Jeune" (Written by Jordan Kaahn and produced by Karl Wolf)
- The Jenna single "What Happened to Us" features Karl Wolf
- His single "Hurting" features Sway
- The Jay Sean single "Yalla Asia" dedicated to 2011 AFC Asian Cup held in Qatar features Karl Wolf and Radhika Vekaria
- His single "Ghetto Love" features Kardinal Offishall
- He released a bilingual (English / French version) of his single "Ghetto Love" (co-written by Jordan Kaahn)
- He was featured in "All Wrong", a hit single of Marc Mysterio that also features Dhany in addition to Wolf
- His single "Fuck Shit Up / Mash It Up" produced by Greg Stainer & Dany Neville features Three 6 Mafia
- The song "Yalla Asia!", the theme song for 2011 AFC Asian Cup in soccer is by Jay Sean and Karl Wolf featuring Radhika Vekaria
- He is featured in "Kol Hayati" (meaning All my life in Arabic), a track in Diana Haddad new album Bent Osol
In popular culture[link]
- Karl Wolf was a featured artist on the Arabic version of Star Academy broadcast on Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation (LBC). In the fifth season of the show, he was seen mentoring the contestants. Some joined him for renditions of his hits, including "Butterfly"[9] and "Africa"[10]
- Karl Wolf was the opening act for launching of MTV Arabia alongside Akon, Ludacris and UAE's Desert Heat. Furthermore Karl Wolf single Africa became the first ever video clip broadcast on the new music station.
- In 2011, the organizers of 2011 AFC Asian Cup held in Qatar chose Jay Sean and Karl Wolf to perform the official song of the soccer championship. The song "Yalla Asia" credits Jay Sean and Karl Wolf featuring Radhika Vekaria. The music video for the song[11] was widely used during the championship.
- In 2011, he organized a Close Up Arabia campaign for recruiting participants in a future music video project of his.[12] The authors of the best 10 submissions would appear in his video.
- In 2011, he is preparing his own reality television show entitled Wolfpack. During the 2011 Awards, he announced that a pilot episode had already been shot.
Discography[link]
Studio albums[link]
| Year | Album details | Chart positions |
|---|---|---|
| CAN | ||
| 2006 | Face Behind the Face | — |
| 2007 | Bite the Bullet
|
100 |
| 2009 | Nightlife
|
— |
| 2012 | Finally Free
|
TBR |
Singles[link]
| Year | Single | Chart positions[13] | Certifications | Album | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAN | JPN | ||||
| 2005 | "Butterflies" | — | — | Face Behind the Face | |
| 2006 | "Desensitize" (feat. Choclair) | — | — | ||
| "Referee" | — | — | |||
| "Triple R" (feat. Snoop Dogg) | — | — | non-album single | ||
| 2007 | "She Wants to Know" | — | — | Bite the Bullet | |
| 2008 | "Africa" (feat. Culture) | 2 | 20 | ||
| 2009 | "Carrera" | 39 | — |
|
|
| "Yalla Habibi" (feat. Rime Salmi & Kaz Money) | 24 | 51 |
|
Nightlife | |
| 2010 | "Hurting" (feat. Sway) | 55 | — | ||
| "80's Baby" | — | — | |||
| 2011 | "Ghetto Love" (feat. Kardinal Offishall) | 20 | — |
|
Finally Free |
| "Mash It Up" (feat. Three 6 Mafia) | 28 | — |
|
||
| 2012 | "DJ Gonna Save Us" (feat. Mr. OxXx) | 58 | — | ||
Featured artist[link]
Karl Wolf has released songs featuring other artists
| Date | Song title | Performing credits | Karl Wolf album title |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | "Desensitize" | Karl Wolf feat. Choclair | Face Behind the Face |
| 2007 | "Hollow Girl" | Karl Wolf feat. Striger | Face Behind the Face |
| 2007 | "Butterflies" | Karl Wolf and Eve | Face Behind the Face |
| 2008 | "Africa" | Karl Wolf feat Culture | Bite the Bullet |
| 2008 | "Like This" | Karl Wolf feat. Sandman | Bite the Bullet |
| 2009 | "Yalla Habibi" | Karl Wolf feat. Rime Salmi and Kaz Money | Nightlife |
| 2009 | "Maniac Maniac" | Karl Wolf feat. Culture | Nightlife |
| 2009 | "You Forgot About Me" | Karl Wolf feat. Imposs | Nightlife |
| 2009 | "Hurting" | Karl Wolf feat. Sway | Nightlife |
| 2009 | "No Way Nobody" | Karl Wolf feat. Loon | Nightlife |
| 2011 | "Tell Me" | Karl Wolf feat. Nirvana Savoury | Finally Free |
| 2011 | "Ghetto Love" | Karl Wolf feat. Kardinal Offishall | Finally Free |
| 2011 | "Mash It Up" | Karl Wolf feat. Three 6 Mafia | Finally Free |
Karl Wolf is featured in a number of releases by other artists
| Date | Song title | Performing credits | Album title |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | "Get Down / Respire" | VJ Malik Shaheed feat. Karl Wolf | Franglais by Malik Shaheed |
| 2006 | "Weekend" | Choclair feat. Karl Wolf | Flagship by Choclair |
| 2008 | "Crazy Girl" | Taio Cruz feat. Karl Wolf | |
| 2010 | "Si jeune" | Jacob Guay feat. Karl Wolf | Si Jeune by Jacob Guay |
| 2011 | "Enta Ma'ai" | Diana Haddad feat. Karl Wolf | Bent Osol by Diana Haddad |
| 2011 | "Yalla Asia" | Jay Sean and Karl Wolf[15] | non-album single |
| 2011 | "All Wrong" | Marc Mysterio feat. Karl Wolf and Jamie Sparks | non-album single |
Awards and nominations[link]
| Awards and nominations for Karl Wolf | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Award | Category | Nominated Work | Result |
| 2001 | ADISQ (Felix Award) | Best Mix and Sound of the Year | "Gabrielle Destroismaisons" | Won |
| 2004 | SOCAN | Best popular song | "Je vais changer le monde" (Star Académie) in Quebec |
Won |
| 2007 | Juno Awards | R&B/Soul Recording of the Year | Face Behind the Face | Nominated |
| 2008 | MTV Europe Music Awards | Best Arabia Act[16] | Himself | Won |
| 2009 | MuchMusic Video Awards | Favourite New Artist/Group | Himself | Nominated |
| Pop Video of the Year | "Africa" | Nominated | ||
| 2010 | Sounds of Blackness Awards | Best Anglophone R&B Artist or Group of the Year | Himself | Won |
| Anglophone Single of the Year | "Africa" | Won[17] | ||
| Canadian Radio Music Awards[18][19] | Fan's Choice Award | Himself | Nominated | |
| Best New Group or Solo Mainstream A/C Artist of the Year | Himself (for "Africa") | Nominated | ||
| Best New Group or Solo Hot A/C Artist of the Year | Himself (for "Africa") | Won | ||
| SOCAN | Urban Music Award | "Africa" | Won | |
| SOCAN | Anglophone Song of the Year | "Africa" | Won | |
| 2011 | Juno Awards | R&B/Soul Recording of the Year | Nightlife | Nominated |
| 2012 | Juno Awards | R&B/Soul Recording of the Year | "Ghetto Love" | Nominated |
References[link]
- ^ Today's Outlook Magazine :: Lebanese Abroad[dead link]
- ^ "Interview: Karl Wolf". ShaveMagazine.com. http://www.shavemagazine.com/entertainment/Interview-Karl-Wolf. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
- ^ "Artists | Sky". MuchMusic.com. http://www.muchmusic.com/music/artists/bio.asp?artist=678. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ "Karl Wolf Biography". Maplemusic.com. http://www.maplemusic.com/artists/krl/bio.asp. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ YouTube - Karl Wolf - Butterflies[dead link]
- ^ YouTube - Karl Wolf Feat. Choclair - Desensitize[dead link]
- ^ YouTube - Karl Wolf Feat. Culture of "Africa"
- ^ "Billboard Canadian Hot 100 Chart". Billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Canadian+Hot+100&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ "Performance of "Butterfly" on ''Star Academy''". Youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7kmtPTgFQA. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ "Performance of "Africa" in ''Star Academy''". Youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9kp-UsrCFo. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ The theme song "Yalla Asia! for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup
- ^ "Welcome to CloseUp - Feel Fresh". Closeuparabia.com. http://www.closeuparabia.com/. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ "Karl Wolf chart positions". Acharts.us. http://acharts.us/performer/karl_wolf. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ a b c d e "Karl Wolf certifications". Music Canada. 2011-12-01. http://musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=&ica=False&sa=karl%20wolf&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
- ^ Cover of single "Yalla Asia"
- ^ "MTV Europe Awards ceremony in Liverpool (6 November 2008) with Karl Wolf receiving Best Arabia New Act award". Youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxKOfGaligY. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ "Gala SOBA page". MusiquePlus. http://musiqueplus.com/gala-soba/videos/dans-les-coulisses-du-gala-soba. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ Your Name (this will appear with your post). "''Broadcaster'' Magazine: "Karl Wolf and Nickelback Lead Nominations for Radio Music Awards"". Broadcastermagazine.com. http://www.broadcastermagazine.com/issues/ISArticle.asp?aid=1000354412. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ "''CBC News'': "Nickelback, Karl Wolf lead race for radio airplay awards"". Cbc.ca. 2010-01-13. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2010/01/13/radio-music-awards-nominees.html. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Wolf, Karl |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Canadian musician |
| Date of birth | April 18, 1979 |
| Place of birth | Beirut, Lebanon |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Karl_Wolf
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Karl Wolf
http://pt.wn.com/Karl Wolf
http://cs.wn.com/Karl Wolf
http://es.wn.com/Karl Wolf
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Wolf
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Mark Twain | |
|---|---|
 Mark Twain, detail of photo by Mathew Brady, February 7, 1871 |
|
| Born | Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835-11-30)November 30, 1835 Florida, Missouri, U.S. |
| Died | April 21, 1910(1910-04-21) (aged 74) Redding, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Pen name | Mark Twain |
| Occupation | Writer, lecturer |
| Nationality | American |
| Genres | Fiction, historical fiction, children's literature, non-fiction, travel literature, satire, essay, philosophical literature, social commentary, literary criticism |
| Notable work(s) | Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer |
| Spouse(s) | Olivia Langdon Clemens (m. 1870–1904) «start: (1870)–end+1: (1905)»"Marriage: Olivia Langdon Clemens to Mark Twain" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Mark_Twain) |
| Children | Langdon, Susy, Clara, Jean |
|
|
|
| Signature |  |
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[1] better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885),[2] the latter often called "the Great American Novel."
Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. He apprenticed with a printer. He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion's newspaper. After toiling as a printer in various cities, he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River, before heading west to join Orion. He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism. While a reporter, he wrote a humorous story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", which became very popular and brought nationwide attention. His travelogues were also well-received. Twain had found his calling.
He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker. His wit and satire earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.
He lacked financial acumen, and, though he made a great deal of money from his writings and lectures, he squandered it on various ventures, in particular the Paige Compositor, and was forced to declare bankruptcy. With the help of Henry Huttleston Rogers he eventually overcame his financial troubles. Twain worked hard to ensure that all of his creditors were paid in full, even though his bankruptcy had relieved him of the legal responsibility.
Twain was born during a visit by Halley's Comet, and he predicted that he would "go out with it" as well. He died the day following the comet's subsequent return. He was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age,"[3] and William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature."[4]
Contents
|
Early life[link]
Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in Florida, Missouri on November 30, 1835. He was the son of Jane (née Lampton; 1803–1890), a native of Kentucky, and John Marshall Clemens (1798–1847), a Virginian by birth. His parents met when his father moved to Missouri and were married several years later, in 1823.[5][6] He was the sixth of seven children but only three of his siblings survived childhood: his brother Orion (1825–1897), Henry, who died in a riverboat explosion (1838–1858), and Pamela (1827–1904). His sister Margaret (1833–1839) died when he was three, and his brother Benjamin (1832–1842) died three years later. Another brother, Pleasant (1828–1829), died at six months.[7] Twain was born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halley's Comet.
When he was four, Twain's family moved to Hannibal, Missouri,[8] a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.[9] Missouri was a slave state and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing. Twain's father was an attorney and judge.[10] The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was organized in his office in 1846. The railroad connected the second and third largest cities in the state and was the westernmost United States railroad until the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. It delivered mail to and from the Pony Express.[11]
In 1847, when Twain was 11, his father died of pneumonia.[12] The next year, he became a printer's apprentice. In 1851, he began working as a typesetter and contributor of articles and humorous sketches for the Hannibal Journal, a newspaper owned by his brother Orion. When he was 18, he left Hannibal and worked as a printer in New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. He joined the newly formed International Typographical Union, the printers union, and educated himself in public libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a conventional school.[13] Clemens came from St. Louis on the packet Keokuk in 1854,[14] and lived in Muscatine during part of the summer of 1855. The Muscatine newspaper published eight stories which amounted to almost 6,000 words.[15]
On a voyage to New Orleans down the Mississippi, steamboat pilot Horace E. Bixby inspired Twain to become a pilot himself. As Twain observed in Life on the Mississippi, the pilot surpassed a steamboat's captain in prestige and authority; it was a rewarding occupation with wages set at $250 per month.[16] A steamboat pilot needed to know the ever-changing river to be able to stop at the hundreds of ports and wood-lots. Twain studied 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of the Mississippi for more than two years before he received his steamboat pilot license in 1859. This occupation gave him his pen name, Mark Twain, from "mark twain," the cry for a measured river depth of two fathoms. While training, Samuel convinced his younger brother Henry to work with him. Henry was killed on June 21, 1858, when the steamboat he was working on, the Pennsylvania, exploded. Twain had foreseen this death in a dream a month earlier,[17] which inspired his interest in parapsychology; he was an early member of the Society for Psychical Research.[18] Twain was guilt-stricken and held himself responsible for the rest of his life. He continued to work on the river and was a river pilot until the American Civil War broke out in 1861 and traffic along the Mississippi was curtailed.
During the Civil War, Missouri was considered by many to be part of the South and was represented in both the Confederate and Federal governments. Twain wrote a sketch, "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed," which claimed he and his friends had been Confederate volunteers for two weeks before disbanding their company.[19]
Travels[link]
Twain joined Orion, who in 1861 became secretary to James W. Nye, the governor of Nevada Territory, and headed west. Twain and his brother traveled more than two weeks on a stagecoach across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, visiting the Mormon community in Salt Lake City. The experiences inspired Roughing It and provided material for "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County". Twain's journey ended in the silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada, where he became a miner.[19] Twain failed as a miner and worked at a Virginia City newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise.[20] Here he first used his pen name. On February 3, 1863, he signed a humorous travel account "Letter From Carson – re: Joe Goodman; party at Gov. Johnson's; music" with "Mark Twain."[21]
Twain moved to San Francisco, California in 1864, still as a journalist. He met writers such as Bret Harte, Artemus Ward, and Dan DeQuille. The young poet Ina Coolbrith may have romanced him.[22]
His first success as a writer came when his humorous tall tale, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," was published in a New York weekly, The Saturday Press, on November 18, 1865. It brought him national attention. A year later, he traveled to the Sandwich Islands (present-day Hawaii) as a reporter for the Sacramento Union. His travelogues were popular and became the basis for his first lectures.[23]
In 1867, a local newspaper funded a trip to the Mediterranean. During his tour of Europe and the Middle East, he wrote a popular collection of travel letters, which were later compiled as The Innocents Abroad in 1869. It was on this trip that he met his future brother-in-law, Charles Langdon. Both were passengers aboard the Quaker City on their way to the Holy Land. Langdon showed a picture of his sister Olivia to Twain; Twain claimed to have fallen in love at first sight.
Upon returning to the United States, Twain was offered honorary membership in the secret society Scroll and Key of Yale University in 1868.[24] Its devotion to "fellowship, moral and literary self-improvement, and charity" suited him well.
Marriage and children[link]
Throughout 1868, Twain and Olivia Langdon corresponded but she rejected his first marriage proposal. Two months later, they were engaged. In February 1870, Twain and Langdon were married in Elmira, New York,[23] where he had courted her. She came from a "wealthy but liberal family," and through her he met abolitionists, "socialists, principled atheists and activists for women's rights and social equality," including Harriet Beecher Stowe (his next-door neighbor in Hartford, Connecticut), Frederick Douglass, and the writer and utopian socialist William Dean Howells,[25] who became a long-time friend. The couple lived in Buffalo, New York from 1869 to 1871. Twain owned a stake in the Buffalo Express newspaper and worked as an editor and writer. While living in Buffalo, their son Langdon died of diphtheria at 19 months. They had three daughters: Susy (1872–1896), Clara (1874–1962)[26] and Jean (1880–1909). The couple's marriage lasted 34 years, until Olivia's death in 1904. All of the Clemens family are buried in Elmira's Woodlawn Cemetery.
Twain moved his family to Hartford, Connecticut, where starting in 1873, he arranged the building of a home (local admirers saved it from demolition in 1927 and eventually turned it into a museum focused on him). In the 1870s and 1880s, Twain and his family summered at Quarry Farm, the home of Olivia's sister, Susan Crane.[27][28] In 1874,[27] Susan had a study built apart from the main house so that her brother-in-law would have a quiet place in which to write. Also, Twain smoked pipes constantly, and Susan Crane did not wish him to do so in her house. During his seventeen years in Hartford (1874–1891) and over twenty summers at Quarry Farm, Twain wrote many of his classic novels, among them The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), The Prince and the Pauper (1881), Life on the Mississippi (1883), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889).
Twain made a second tour of Europe, described in the 1880 book A Tramp Abroad. His tour included a stay in Heidelberg from May 6 until July 23, 1878, and a visit to London.
Love of science and technology[link]
Twain was fascinated with science and scientific inquiry. He developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla, and the two spent much time together in Tesla's laboratory.
Twain patented three inventions, including an "Improvement in Adjustable and Detachable Straps for Garments" (to replace suspenders) and a history trivia game.[29] Most commercially successful was a self-pasting scrapbook; a dried adhesive on the pages only needed to be moistened before use.
His book A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court features a time traveler from contemporary America, using his knowledge of science to introduce modern technology to Arthurian England. This type of storyline would later become a common feature of a science fiction sub-genre, alternate history.
In 1909, Thomas Edison visited Twain at his home in Redding, Connecticut and filmed him. Part of the footage was used in The Prince and the Pauper (1909), a two-reel short film.
Financial troubles[link]
Twain made a substantial amount of money through his writing, but he lost a great deal through investments, mostly in new inventions and technology, particularly the Paige typesetting machine. It was a beautifully engineered mechanical marvel that amazed viewers when it worked, but was prone to breakdowns. Twain spent $300,000 (equal to $8,058,462 today[30]) on it between 1880 and 1894,[31] but before it could be perfected, it was made obsolete by the Linotype. He lost not only the bulk of his book profits but also a substantial portion of his wife's inheritance.[32]
Twain also lost money through his publishing house, which enjoyed initial success selling the memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, but went broke soon after, losing money on a biography of Pope Leo XIII; fewer than two hundred copies were sold.[32]
Twain's writings and lectures, combined with the help of a new friend, enabled him to recover financially.[33] In 1893, he began a 15-year-long friendship with financier Henry Huttleston Rogers, a principal of Standard Oil. Rogers first made Twain file for bankruptcy. Then Rogers had Twain transfer the copyrights on his written works to his wife, Olivia, to prevent creditors from gaining possession of them. Finally, Rogers took absolute charge of Twain's money until all the creditors were paid.
Twain embarked on a year-long, around-the-world lecture tour in July 1895[34] to pay off his creditors in full, although he was no longer under any legal obligation to do so.[35] It would be a long, arduous journey and he was sick much of the time, mostly from a cold and a carbuncle. The itinerary took him to Hawaii, Fiji, Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, India, Mauritius, South Africa and England. Twain's three months in India became the centerpiece of his 712-page book Following the Equator.
In mid-1900, he was the guest of newspaper proprietor Hugh Gilzean-Reid at Dollis Hill House. Twain wrote of Dollis Hill that he had "never seen any place that was so satisfactorily situated, with its noble trees and stretch of country, and everything that went to make life delightful, and all within a biscuit's throw of the metropolis of the world."[36] He then returned to America in 1900, having earned enough to pay off his debts.
Speaking engagements[link]
Twain was in demand as a featured speaker, performing solo humorous talks similar to what would become stand-up comedy.[37] He gave paid talks to many men's clubs, including the Authors' Club, Beefsteak Club, Vagabonds, White Friars, and Monday Evening Club of Hartford. He was made an honorary member of the Bohemian Club in San Francisco. In the late 1890s, he spoke to the Savage Club in London and was elected honorary member. When told that only three men had been so honored, including the Prince of Wales, he replied "Well, it must make the Prince feel mighty fine."[38] In 1897, Twain spoke to the Concordia Press Club in Vienna as a special guest, following diplomat Charlemagne Tower, Jr.. In German, to the great amusement of the assemblage, Twain delivered the speech "Die Schrecken der deutschen Sprache" ("The Horrors of the German Language").[39] In 1901, Twain was invited to speak at Princeton University's Cliosophic Literary Society, where he was made an honorary member.[40]
Later life and death[link]
Twain passed through a period of deep depression, which began in 1896 when his daughter Susy died of meningitis. Olivia's death in 1904 and Jean's on December 24, 1909, deepened his gloom.[41] On May 20, 1909, his close friend Henry Rogers died suddenly. In 1906, Twain began his autobiography in the North American Review. In April, Twain heard that his friend Ina Coolbrith had lost nearly all she owned in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and he volunteered a few autographed portrait photographs to be sold for her benefit. To further aid Coolbrith, George Wharton James visited Twain in New York and arranged for a new portrait session. Initially resistant, Twain admitted that four of the resulting images were the finest ones ever taken of him.[42]
Twain formed a club in 1906 for girls he viewed as surrogate granddaughters, the Angel Fish and Aquarium Club. The dozen or so members ranged in age from 10 to 16. Twain exchanged letters with his "Angel Fish" girls and invited them to concerts and the theatre and to play games. Twain wrote in 1908 that the club was his "life's chief delight."[43]
Oxford University awarded Twain an honorary doctorate in letters (D.Litt.) in 1907.
In 1909, Twain is quoted as saying:[44]
"I came in with Halley's Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I don't go out with Halley's Comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: 'Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together."
His prediction was accurate – Twain died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut, one day after the comet's closest approach to Earth.
Upon hearing of Twain's death, President William Howard Taft said:[45][46]
- "Mark Twain gave pleasure – real intellectual enjoyment – to millions, and his works will continue to give such pleasure to millions yet to come... His humor was American, but he was nearly as much appreciated by Englishmen and people of other countries as by his own countrymen. He has made an enduring part of American literature."
Twain's funeral was at the "Old Brick" Presbyterian Church in New York.[47] He is buried in his wife's family plot at Woodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York. His grave is marked by a 12-foot (i.e., two fathoms, or "mark twain") monument, placed there by his surviving daughter, Clara.[48] There is also a smaller headstone. Although he expressed (e.g. in Life on the Mississippi) a preference for cremation, he acknowledged that his surviving family would have the last word.
Writing[link]
Overview[link]
Twain began his career writing light, humorous verse, but evolved into a chronicler of the vanities, hypocrisies and murderous acts of mankind. At mid-career, with Huckleberry Finn, he combined rich humor, sturdy narrative and social criticism. Twain was a master at rendering colloquial speech and helped to create and popularize a distinctive American literature built on American themes and language. Many of Twain's works have been suppressed at times for various reasons. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been repeatedly restricted in American high schools, not least for its frequent use of the word "nigger," which was in common usage in the pre-Civil War period in which the novel was set.
A complete bibliography of his works is nearly impossible to compile because of the vast number of pieces written by Twain (often in obscure newspapers) and his use of several different pen names. Additionally, a large portion of his speeches and lectures have been lost or were not written down; thus, the collection of Twain's works is an ongoing process. Researchers rediscovered published material by Twain as recently as 1995.[32]
Early journalism and travelogues[link]
While writing for the Virginia City newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise in 1863, Clemens met lawyer Tom Fitch, editor of the competing newspaper Virginia Daily Union and known as the "silver-tongued orator of the Pacific."[49]:51 He credited Fitch with giving him his "first really profitable lesson" in writing. In 1866, Clemens presented his lecture on the Sandwich Islands to a crowd in Washoe City, Nevada.[50] Clemens commented that, "When I first began to lecture, and in my earlier writings, my sole idea was to make comic capital out of everything I saw and heard." Fitch told him, "Clemens, your lecture was magnificent. It was eloquent, moving, sincere. Never in my entire life have I listened to such a magnificent piece of descriptive narration. But you committed one unpardonable sin—the unpardonable sin. It is a sin you must never commit again. You closed a most eloquent description, by which you had keyed your audience up to a pitch of the intensest interest, with a piece of atrocious anti-climax which nullified all the really fine effect you had produced."[51] It was in these days that Twain became a writer of the Sagebrush School, and was known later as the most notable within this literary genre.[52]
Twain's first important work, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," was first published in the New York Saturday Press on November 18, 1865. The only reason it was published there was that his story arrived too late to be included in a book Artemus Ward was compiling featuring sketches of the wild American West.
After this burst of popularity, the Sacramento Union commissioned Twain to write letters about his travel experiences. The first journey he took for this job was to ride the steamer Ajax in its maiden voyage to Hawaii, referred to at the time as the Sandwich Islands. These humorous letters proved the genesis to his work with the San Francisco Alta California newspaper, which designated him a traveling correspondent for a trip from San Francisco to New York City via the Panama isthmus. All the while, Twain was writing letters meant for publishing back and forth, chronicling his experiences with his burlesque humor. On June 8, 1867, Twain set sail on the pleasure cruiser Quaker City for five months. This trip resulted in The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress.
This book is a record of a pleasure trip. If it were a record of a solemn scientific expedition it would have about it the gravity, that profundity, and that impressive incomprehensibility which are so proper to works of that kind, and withal so attractive. Yet not withstanding it is only a record of a picnic, it has a purpose, which is, to suggest to the reader how he would be likely to see Europe and the East if he looked at them with his own eyes instead of the eyes of those who traveled in those countries before him. I make small pretense of showing anyone how he ought to look at objects of interest beyond the sea – other books do that, and therefore, even if I were competent to do it, there is no need.
In 1872, Twain published a second piece of travel literature, Roughing It, as a semi-sequel to Innocents. Roughing It is a semi-autobiographical account of Twain's journey to Nevada and his subsequent life in the American West. The book lampoons American and Western society in the same way that Innocents critiqued the various countries of Europe and the Middle East. Twain's next work kept Roughing It's focus on American society but focused more on the events of the day. Entitled The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, it was not a travel piece, as his previous two books had been, and it was his first attempt at writing a novel. The book is also notable because it is Twain's only collaboration; it was written with his neighbor Charles Dudley Warner.
Twain's next two works drew on his experiences on the Mississippi River. Old Times on the Mississippi, a series of sketches published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1875, featured Twain's disillusionment with Romanticism.[53] Old Times eventually became the starting point for Life on the Mississippi.
[edit] Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn
Twain's next major publication was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which drew on his youth in Hannibal. Tom Sawyer was modeled on Twain as a child, with traces of two schoolmates, John Briggs and Will Bowen. The book also introduced in a supporting role Huckleberry Finn, based on Twain's boyhood friend Tom Blankenship.
The Prince and the Pauper, despite a storyline that is omnipresent in film and literature today, was not as well received. Telling the story of two boys born on the same day who are physically identical, the book acts as a social commentary as the prince and pauper switch places. Pauper was Twain's first attempt at historical fiction, and blame for its shortcomings is usually put on Twain for having not been experienced enough in English society, and also on the fact that it was produced after a massive hit. In between the writing of Pauper, Twain had started Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (which he consistently had problems completing[54]) and started and completed another travel book, A Tramp Abroad, which follows Twain as he traveled through central and southern Europe.
Twain's next major published work, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, solidified him as a noteworthy American writer. Some have called it the first Great American Novel, and the book has become required reading in many schools throughout the United States. Huckleberry Finn was an offshoot from Tom Sawyer and had a more serious tone than its predecessor. The main premise behind Huckleberry Finn is the young boy's belief in the right thing to do though most believed that it was wrong. Four hundred manuscript pages of Huckleberry Finn were written in mid-1876, right after the publication of Tom Sawyer. Some accounts have Twain taking seven years off after his first burst of creativity, eventually finishing the book in 1883. Other accounts have Twain working on Huckleberry Finn in tandem with The Prince and the Pauper and other works in 1880 and other years. The last fifth of Huckleberry Finn is subject to much controversy. Some say that Twain experienced, as critic Leo Marx puts it, a "failure of nerve." Ernest Hemingway once said of Huckleberry Finn:
If you read it, you must stop where the Nigger Jim is stolen from the boys. That is the real end. The rest is just cheating.
Hemingway also wrote in the same essay:
All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.[55]
Near the completion of Huckleberry Finn, Twain wrote Life on the Mississippi, which is said to have heavily influenced the former book.[32] The work recounts Twain's memories and new experiences after a 22-year absence from the Mississippi. In it, he also states that "Mark Twain" was the call made when the boat was in safe water – two fathoms (12 ft/3.7 m).
Later writing[link]
After his great work, Twain began turning to his business endeavors to keep them afloat and to stave off the increasing difficulties he had been having from his writing projects. Twain focused on President Ulysses S. Grant's Memoirs for his fledgling publishing company, finding time in between to write "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed" for The Century Magazine. This piece detailed his two-week stint in a Confederate militia during the Civil War. The name of his publishing company was Charles L. Webster & Company, which he owned with Charles L. Webster, his nephew by marriage.[56]
Twain next focused on A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, which featured him making his first big pronouncement of disappointment with politics. Written with the same "historical fiction" style of The Prince and the Pauper, A Connecticut Yankee showed the absurdities of political and social norms by setting them in the court of King Arthur. The book was started in December 1885, then shelved a few months later until the summer of 1887, and eventually finished in the spring of 1889.
Twain had begun to furiously write articles and commentary with diminishing returns to pay the bills and keep his business projects afloat, but it was not enough. He filed for bankruptcy in 1894.
His next large-scale work, Pudd'nhead Wilson, was written rapidly, as Twain was desperately trying to stave off the bankruptcy. From November 12 to December 14, 1893, Twain wrote 60,000 words for the novel.[32] Critics have pointed to this rushed completion as the cause of the novel's rough organization and constant disruption of continuous plot. There were parallels between this work and Twain's financial failings, notably his desire to escape his current constraints and become a different person.
Like The Prince and the Pauper, this novel also contains the tale of two boys born on the same day who switch positions in life. Considering the circumstances of Twain's birth and Halley's Comet, and his strong belief in the paranormal, it is not surprising that these "mystic" connections recur throughout his writing.
The actual title is not clearly established. It was first published serially in Century Magazine, and when it was finally published in book form, Pudd'nhead Wilson appeared as the main title; however, the disputed "subtitles" make the entire title read: The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson and the Comedy of The Extraordinary Twins.[32]
Twain's next venture was a work of straight fiction that he called Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc and dedicated to his wife. Twain had long said that this was the work he was most proud of, despite the criticism he received for it. The book had been a dream of his since childhood. He claimed he had found a manuscript detailing the life of Joan of Arc when he was an adolescent.[32] This was another piece Twain was convinced would save his publishing company. His financial adviser, Henry Huttleston Rogers, quashed that idea and got Twain out of that business altogether, but the book was published nonetheless.
During this time of dire financial straits, Twain published several literary reviews in newspapers to help make ends meet. He famously derided James Fenimore Cooper in his article detailing Cooper's "Literary Offenses." He became an extremely outspoken critic not only of other authors, but also of other critics, suggesting that before praising Cooper's work, Professors Loundsbury, Brander Matthes, and Wilkie Collins "ought to have read some of it."[57]
Other authors to fall under Twain's attack during this time period (beginning around 1890 until his death) were George Eliot, Jane Austen, and Robert Louis Stevenson.[58] In addition to providing a source for the "tooth and claw" style of literary criticism, Twain outlines in several letters and essays what he considers to be "quality writing." He places emphasis on concision, utility of word choice, and realism (he complains that Cooper's Deerslayer purports to be realistic but has several shortcomings). Ironically, several of his works were later criticized for lack of continuity (Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) and organization (Pudd'nhead Wilson).
Twain's wife died in 1904 while the couple were staying at the Villa di Quarto in Florence, and after an appropriate time Twain allowed himself to publish some works that his wife, a de facto editor and censor throughout his life, had looked down upon. Of these works, The Mysterious Stranger, depicting various visits of Satan to the Earth, is perhaps the best known. This particular work was not published in Twain's lifetime. There were three versions found in his manuscripts made between 1897 and 1905: the Hannibal, Eseldorf, and Print Shop versions. Confusion between the versions led to an extensive publication of a jumbled version, and only recently have the original versions as Twain wrote them become available.
Twain's last work was his autobiography, which he dictated and thought would be most entertaining if he went off on whims and tangents in non-chronological order. Some archivists and compilers have rearranged the biography into more conventional forms, thereby eliminating some of Twain's humor and the flow of the book. The first volume of autobiography, over 736 pages, was published by the University of California in November 2010, 100 years after his death as Twain wished.[59][60] It soon became an unexpected[61] best seller,[62] making Twain one of very few authors publishing new best-selling volumes in all 3 of the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries.
Friendship with Henry H. Rogers[link]
While Twain credited Henry H. Rogers, a Standard Oil executive, with saving him from financial ruin, their close friendship in their later years was mutually beneficial. When Twain lost three of his four children and his beloved wife, the Rogers family increasingly became a surrogate family for him. He became a frequent guest at their townhouse in New York City, their 48-room summer home in Fairhaven, Massachusetts, and aboard their steam yacht, the Kanawha.
The two men introduced each other to their acquaintances. Twain was an admirer of the remarkable deafblind girl Helen Keller. He first met Keller and her teacher Anne Sullivan at a party in the home of Laurence Hutton in New York City in the winter of 1894. Twain introduced them to Rogers, who, with his wife, paid for Keller's education at Radcliffe College. Twain is credited with labeling Sullivan, Keller's governess and companion, a "miracle worker." His choice of words later became inspiration for the title of William Gibson's play and film adaptation, The Miracle Worker. Twain also introduced Rogers to journalist Ida M. Tarbell, who interviewed him for a muckraking expose that led indirectly to the breakup of the Standard Oil Trust. On cruises aboard the Kanawha, Twain and Rogers were joined at frequent intervals by Booker T. Washington, the famed former slave who had become a leading educator.
While the two famous old men were widely regarded as drinking and poker buddies, they also exchanged letters when apart, and this was often since each traveled a great deal. Unlike Rogers' personal files, which have never become public, these insightful letters were published.[63] The written exchanges between the two men demonstrate Twain's well-known sense of humor and, more surprisingly, Rogers' sense of fun, providing a rare insight into the private side of the robber baron.
In April 1907, Twain and Rogers cruised to the opening of the Jamestown Exposition in Virginia. Twain's public popularity was such that many fans took boats out to the Kanawha at anchor in hopes of getting a glimpse of him. As the gathering of boats around the yacht became a safety hazard, he finally obliged by coming on deck and waving to the crowds.
Because of poor weather conditions, the steam yacht was delayed for several days from venturing into the Atlantic Ocean. Rogers and some of the others in his party returned to New York by rail; Twain disliked train travel and so elected to wait and return on the Kanawha. However, reporters lost track of his whereabouts; when he failed to return to New York City as scheduled, The New York Times speculated that he might have been "lost at sea." Upon arriving safely in New York and learning of this, the humorist wrote a satirical article about the episode, offering to "...make an exhaustive investigation of this report that I have been lost at sea. If there is any foundation for the report, I will at once apprise the anxious public."[64] This bore similarities to an earlier event in 1897 when he made his famous remark "The report of my death was an exaggeration," after a reporter was sent to investigate whether he had died. In fact, it was his cousin who was seriously ill.
Later that year, Twain and Rogers's son, Henry Jr., returned to the Jamestown Exposition aboard the Kanawha. The humorist helped host Robert Fulton Day on September 23, 1907, celebrating the centennial of Fulton's invention of the steamboat. Twain, filling in for ailing former U.S. President Grover Cleveland, introduced Rear Admiral Purnell Harrington. Twain was met with a five-minute standing ovation; members of the audience cheered and waved their hats and umbrellas. Deeply touched, Twain said, "When you appeal to my head, I don't feel it; but when you appeal to my heart, I do feel it."[65]
In April 1909, the two old friends returned to Norfolk, Virginia for the banquet in honor of Rogers and his newly completed Virginian Railway. Twain was the keynote speaker in one of his last public appearances, and was widely quoted in newspapers across the country.[66]
A month later, Twain was en route from Connecticut to visit his friend in New York City when Rogers died suddenly on May 20, 1909. Twain arrived at Grand Central Terminal to be met by his daughter with the news. Stricken with grief, he uncustomarily avoided news reporters who had gathered, saying only "This is terrible...I cannot talk about it." Two days later, he served as an honorary pallbearer at the funeral in New York City. However, he declined to join the funeral party on the train ride for the interment at Fairhaven. He said "I cannot bear to travel with my friend and not converse."
Views[link]
Twain's views became more radical as he grew older. He acknowledged that his views changed and developed over his life, referring to one of his favorite works:
When I finished Carlyle's French Revolution in 1871, I was a Girondin; every time I have read it since, I have read it differently – being influenced and changed, little by little, by life and environment ... and now I lay the book down once more, and recognize that I am a Sansculotte! – And not a pale, characterless Sansculotte, but a Marat.[67]
Anti-imperialist[link]
In the New York Herald, October 15, 1900, he describes his transformation and political awakening, in the context of the Philippine-American War, from being "a red-hot imperialist":
I wanted the American eagle to go screaming into the Pacific ...Why not spread its wings over the Philippines, I asked myself? ... I said to myself, Here are a people who have suffered for three centuries. We can make them as free as ourselves, give them a government and country of their own, put a miniature of the American Constitution afloat in the Pacific, start a brand new republic to take its place among the free nations of the world. It seemed to me a great task to which we had addressed ourselves. But I have thought some more, since then, and I have read carefully the treaty of Paris [which ended the Spanish-American War], and I have seen that we do not intend to free, but to subjugate the people of the Philippines. We have gone there to conquer, not to redeem. It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make those people free, and let them deal with their own domestic questions in their own way. And so I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land.[68]
Before 1899 Twain was an ardent imperialist. In the late 1860s and early 1870s he spoke out strongly in favor of American interests in the Hawaiian Islands.[69] In the mid-1890s he explained later, he was "a red-hot imperialist. I wanted the American eagle to go screaming over the Pacific."[70] He said the war with Spain in 1898 was "the worthiest" war ever fought.[71] In 1899 he reversed course, and from 1901, soon after his return from Europe, until his death in 1910, Twain was vice-president of the American Anti-Imperialist League,[72] which opposed the annexation of the Philippines by the United States and had "tens of thousands of members."[25] He wrote many political pamphlets for the organization. The Incident in the Philippines, posthumously published in 1924, was in response to the Moro Crater Massacre, in which six hundred Moros were killed. Many of his neglected and previously uncollected writings on anti-imperialism appeared for the first time in book form in 1992.[72]
Twain was critical of imperialism in other countries as well. In Following the Equator, Twain expresses "hatred and condemnation of imperialism of all stripes."[25] He was highly critical of European imperialism, notably of Cecil Rhodes, who greatly expanded the British Empire, and of Leopold II, King of the Belgians.[25] King Leopold's Soliloquy is a stinging political satire about his private colony, the Congo Free State. Reports of outrageous exploitation and grotesque abuses led to widespread international protest in the early 1900s, arguably the first large-scale human rights movement. In the soliloquy, the King argues that bringing Christianity to the country outweighs a little starvation. Leopold's rubber gatherers were tortured, maimed and slaughtered, until the movement forced Brussels to call a halt.[73][74]
During the Philippine-American War, Twain wrote a short pacifist story entitled The War Prayer, which makes the point that humanism and Christianity's preaching of love are incompatible with the conduct of war. It was submitted to Harper's Bazaar for publication, but on March 22, 1905 the magazine rejected the story as "not quite suited to a woman's magazine." Eight days later, Twain wrote to his friend Daniel Carter Beard, to whom he had read the story, "I don't think the prayer will be published in my time. None but the dead are permitted to tell the truth." Because he had an exclusive contract with Harper & Brothers, Twain could not publish The War Prayer elsewhere; it remained unpublished until 1923. It was republished as campaigning material by Vietnam War protesters.[25]
Twain acknowledged he originally sympathized with the more moderate Girondins of the French Revolution and then shifted his sympathies to the more radical Sansculottes, indeed identifying as "a Marat." Twain supported the revolutionaries in Russia against the reformists, arguing that the Tsar must be got rid of, by violent means, because peaceful ones would not work.[75] He summed up his views of revolutions in the following statement:
I am said to be a revolutionist in my sympathies, by birth, by breeding and by principle. I am always on the side of the revolutionists, because there never was a revolution unless there were some oppressive and intolerable conditions against which to revolute.[76]
Civil rights[link]
Twain was an adamant supporter of abolition and emancipation, even going so far to say “Lincoln's Proclamation ... not only set the black slaves free, but set the white man free also.”[77] He argued that non-whites did not receive justice in the United States, once saying “I have seen Chinamen abused and maltreated in all the mean, cowardly ways possible to the invention of a degraded nature....but I never saw a Chinaman righted in a court of justice for wrongs thus done to him.”[78] He paid for at least one black person to attend Yale University Law School and for another black person to attend a southern university to become a minister.[79]
Mark Twain was a staunch supporter of women's rights and an active campaigner for women's suffrage. His "Votes for Women" speech, in which he pressed for the granting of voting rights to women, is considered one of the most famous in history.[80]
Helen Keller benefited from Twain's support, as she pursued her college education and publishing, despite her disabilities and financial limitations.
Twain's views on race were not reflected in his early sketches of Native Americans. Of them, Twain wrote in 1870:
His heart is a cesspool of falsehood, of treachery, and of low and devilish instincts. With him, gratitude is an unknown emotion; and when one does him a kindness, it is safest to keep the face toward him, lest the reward be an arrow in the back. To accept of a favor from him is to assume a debt which you can never repay to his satisfaction, though you bankrupt yourself trying. The scum of the earth![81]
As counterpoint, Twain's essay on "The Literary Offenses of Fenimore Cooper" offers a much kinder view of Indians.[57] "No, other Indians would have noticed these things, but Cooper's Indians never notice anything. Cooper thinks they are marvelous creatures for noticing, but he was almost always in error about his Indians. There was seldom a sane one among them."[82] In his later travelogue Following the Equator (1897), Twain observes that in colonized lands all over the world, "savages" have always been wronged by "whites" in the most merciless ways, such as "robbery, humiliation, and slow, slow murder, through poverty and the white man's whiskey"; his conclusion is that "there are many humorous things in this world; among them the white man's notion that he is less savage than the other savages."[83]
Labor[link]
Twain wrote glowingly about unions in the riverboating industry in Life on the Mississippi, which was read in union halls decades later.[84] He supported the labor movement, especially one of the most important unions, the Knights of Labor.[25] In a speech to them, he said:
Who are the oppressors? The few: the King, the capitalist, and a handful of other overseers and superintendents. Who are the oppressed? The many: the nations of the earth; the valuable personages; the workers; they that make the bread that the soft-handed and idle eat.[85]
Vivisection[link]
Twain was opposed to the vivisection practices of his day. His objection was not on a scientific basis but rather an ethical one. He specifically cited the pain caused to the animal as his basis of his opposition.[86]
I am not interested to know whether vivisection produces results that are profitable to the human race or doesn't. ... The pain which it inflicts upon unconsenting animals is the basis of my enmity toward it, and it is to me sufficient justification of the enmity without looking further.
Religion[link]
Although Twain was a Presbyterian, he was sometimes critical of organized religion and certain elements of Christianity through his later life. He wrote, for example, "Faith is believing what you know ain't so," and "If Christ were here now there is one thing he would not be – a Christian."[87] Nonetheless, as a mature adult he engaged in religious discussions and attended services, his theology developing as he wrestled with the deaths of loved ones and his own mortality.[88] His own experiences and suffering of his family made him particularly critical of "faith healing," such as espoused by Mary Baker Eddy and Christian Science. His more inflammatory works on religion require a nuanced understanding of his theological arguments and criticism.[88]
Twain generally avoided publishing his most heretical opinions on religion in his lifetime, and they are known from essays and stories that were published later. In the essay Three Statements of the Eighties in the 1880s, Twain stated that he believed in an almighty God, but not in any messages, revelations, holy scriptures such as the Bible, Providence, or retribution in the afterlife. He did state that "the goodness, the justice, and the mercy of God are manifested in His works," but also that "the universe is governed by strict and immutable laws," which determine "small matters," such as who dies in a pestilence.[89] At other times he wrote or spoke in ways that contradicted a strict deist view, for example, plainly professing a belief in Providence.[90] In some later writings in the 1890s, he was less optimistic about the goodness of God, observing that "if our Maker is all-powerful for good or evil, He is not in His right mind." At other times, he conjectured sardonically that perhaps God had created the world with all its tortures for some purpose of His own, but was otherwise indifferent to humanity, which was too petty and insignificant to deserve His attention anyway.[91]
Main article: Twain-Ament Indemnities Controversy
In 1901 Twain criticized the actions of missionary Dr. William Scott Ament (1851–1909) because Ament and other missionaries had collected indemnities from Chinese subjects in the aftermath of the Boxer Uprising of 1900. Twain's response to hearing of Ament's methods was published in the North American Review in February 1901: To the Person Sitting in Darkness, and deals with examples of imperialism in China, South Africa, and with the U.S. occupation of the Philippines.[92] A subsequent article, "To My Missionary Critics" published in The North American Review in April 1901, unapologetically continues his attack, but with the focus shifted from Ament to his missionary superiors, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.[93]
After his death, Twain's family suppressed some of his work that was especially irreverent toward conventional religion, notably Letters from the Earth, which was not published until his daughter Clara reversed her position in 1962 in response to Soviet propaganda about the withholding.[94] The anti-religious The Mysterious Stranger was published in 1916. Little Bessie, a story ridiculing Christianity, was first published in the 1972 collection Mark Twain's Fables of Man.[95]
Despite these views, he raised money to build a Presbyterian Church in Nevada in 1864, although it has been argued that it was only by his association with his Presbyterian brother that he did that.[96]
Twain created a reverent portrayal of Joan of Arc, a subject over which he had obsessed for forty years, studied for a dozen years and spent two years writing.[97] In 1900 and again in 1908, he stated, "I like Joan of Arc best of all my books, it is the best." [97][98]
Those who knew Twain well late in life recount that he dwelt on the subject of the afterlife, his daughter Clara saying: "Sometimes he believed death ended everything, but most of the time he felt sure of a life beyond."[99]
Mark Twain's frankest views on religion appeared in his final Autobiography, which was published 100 years after his death, in November 2010. In it, he said,[100]
There is one notable thing about our Christianity: bad, bloody, merciless, money-grabbing, and predatory as it is--in our country particularly and in all other Christian countries in a somewhat modified degree--it is still a hundred times better than the Christianity of the Bible, with its prodigious crime--the invention of Hell. Measured by our Christianity of to-day, bad as it is, hypocritical as it is, empty and hollow as it is, neither the Deity nor his Son is a Christian, nor qualified for that moderately high place. Ours is a terrible religion. The fleets of the world could swim in spacious comfort in the innocent blood it has spilled.
Twain was a Freemason.[101][102] He belonged to Polar Star Lodge No. 79 A.F.&A.M., based in St. Louis. He was initiated an Entered Apprentice on May 22, 1861, passed to the degree of Fellow Craft on June 12, and raised to the degree of Master Mason on July 10.
Pen names[link]
Twain used different pen names before deciding on "'Mark Twain". He signed humorous and imaginative sketches as "Josh" until 1863. Additionally, he used the pen name "Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass" for a series of humorous letters.[103]
He maintained that his primary pen name came from his years working on Mississippi riverboats, where two fathoms, a depth indicating safe water for passage of boat, was measured on the sounding line. Twain is an archaic term for "two". The riverboatman's cry was "mark twain" or, more fully, "by the mark twain", meaning "according to the mark [on the line], [the depth is] two [fathoms]," that is, "The water is 12 feet (3.7 m) deep and it is safe to pass."
Twain claimed that his famous pen name was not entirely his invention. In Life on the Mississippi, he wrote:
Captain Isaiah Sellers was not of literary turn or capacity, but he used to jot down brief paragraphs of plain practical information about the river, and sign them "MARK TWAIN," and give them to the New Orleans Picayune. They related to the stage and condition of the river, and were accurate and valuable; ... At the time that the telegraph brought the news of his death, I was on the Pacific coast. I was a fresh new journalist, and needed a nom de guerre; so I confiscated the ancient mariner's discarded one, and have done my best to make it remain what it was in his hands – a sign and symbol and warrant that whatever is found in its company may be gambled on as being the petrified truth; how I have succeeded, it would not be modest in me to say.[104]
Twain's story about his pen name has been questioned by biographer George Williams III,[105] the Territorial Enterprise newspaper,[106] and Purdue University's Paul Fatout.[107] The claim is that "mark twain" refers to a running bar tab that Twain would regularly incur while drinking at John Piper's saloon in Virginia City, Nevada.
Honors[link]
Twain's legacy lives on today as his namesakes continue to multiply. Several schools are named after him, including Mark Twain Elementary School in Houston, Texas, which has a statue of Twain sitting on a bench, and Mark Twain Intermediate School in New York. There are several schools named Mark Twain Middle School in different states, as well as Samuel Clemens High School in Schertz, near San Antonio, Texas. There are also other structures, such as the Mark Twain Memorial Bridge.
Mark Twain Village is a United States Army installation located in the Südstadt district of Heidelberg, Germany. It is one of two American bases in the United States Army Garrison Heidelberg that house American soldiers and their families (the other being Patrick Henry Village).
Awards in his name proliferate. In 1998, The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts created the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, awarded annually. The Mark Twain Award is an award given annually to a book for children in grades four through eight by the Missouri Association of School Librarians. Stetson University in DeLand, Florida sponsors the Mark Twain Young Authors' Workshop each summer in collaboration with the Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum in Hannibal. The program is open to young authors in grades five through eight.[108] The museum sponsors the Mark Twain Creative Teaching Award.[109]
Buildings associated with Twain, including some of his many homes, have been preserved as museums. His birthplace is preserved in Florida, Missouri. The Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum in Hannibal, Missouri preserves the setting for some of the author's best known work. The home of childhood friend Laura Hawkins, said to be the inspiration for his fictional character Becky Thatcher, is preserved as the "Thatcher House." In May 2007, a painstaking reconstruction of the home of Tom Blankenship, the inspiration for Huckleberry Finn, was opened to the public. The family home he had built in Hartford, Connecticut, where he and his wife raised their three daughters, is preserved and open to visitors as the Mark Twain House.
Asteroid 2362 Mark Twain was named after him.
On December 4, 1985, the United States Postal Service issued a stamped envelope for "Mark Twain and Halley's Comet," noting the connection with Twain's birth, his death, and the comet.[110] On June 25, 2011, the Postal Service released a Forever stamp in his honor.[111]
Depictions[link]
Main article: Mark Twain in popular culture
Twain is often depicted wearing a white suit. While there is evidence that suggests that, after Livy's death in 1904, Twain began wearing white suits on the lecture circuit, modern representations suggesting that he wore them throughout his life are unfounded. However, there is evidence of him wearing a white suit before 1904. In 1882, he sent a photograph of himself in a white suit to 18-year-old Edward W. Bok, later publisher of the Ladies Home Journal, with a handwritten dated note on verso. It did eventually become his trademark, as illustrated in anecdotes about this eccentricity (such as the time he wore a white summer suit to a Congressional hearing during the winter).[32] McMasters' The Mark Twain Encyclopedia states that Twain did not wear a white suit in his last three years, except at one banquet speech.[112]
Actor Hal Holbrook created a one-man show called Mark Twain Tonight, which he has performed regularly for about 57 years.[113] The broadcast by CBS in 1967 won him an Emmy Award. Of the three runs on Broadway (1966, 1977, and 2005), the first won him a Tony Award.
Twain was portrayed by Fredric March in the 1944 film The Adventures of Mark Twain.
Bibliography[link]
Main article: Mark Twain bibliography
See also[link]
- American Literary Regionalism
- American realism
- Christian Science (essay)
- Bernard DeVoto (historian)
- List of premature obituaries
- Mark Twain's Library of Humor (anthology)
- Warsaw Signal (newspaper)
- Translation
- Thomas S. Hinde, friend who corresponded with Mark Twain throughout his life.
References[link]
- ^ "The Mark Twain House Biography". Archived from the original on 2006-10-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20061016074753/http://www.marktwainhouse.org/theman/bio.shtml. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
- ^ "Mark Twain remembered by Google with a doodle". The Times of India. 30 November 2011. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/news/internet/Mark-Twain-remembered-by-Google-with-a-doodle/articleshow/10928674.cms. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
- ^ "Obituary (New York Times)". http://marktwainclassics.com/marktwain/obituary-new-york-times/. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
- ^ Jelliffe, Robert A. (1956). Faulkner at Nagano. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Ltd.
- ^ "Inventing Mark Twain". 1997. New York Times.
- ^ Kaplan, Fred (October 2007). "Chapter 1: The Best Boy You Had 1835–1847". The Singular Mark Twain. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-47715-5. . Cited in "Excerpt: The Singular Mark Twain". About.com: Literature: Classic. http://classiclit.about.com/library/weekly/aafpr113003b.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
- ^ "Mark Twain's Family Tree" (PDF). http://marktwainhouse.org/theman/twain_tree.pdf. Retrieved 2007-01-01.
- ^ "Mark Twain, American Author and Humorist". http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95nov/twain.html. Retrieved 2006-10-25.
- ^ Lindborg, Henry J.. "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. http://www.webcitation.org/5kx7x1BXR. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
- ^ "Mark Twain quotations – father – John Marshall Clemens". Twainquotes.com. http://www.twainquotes.com/ClemensJM.html. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ "The Hannibal and Saint Joseph Railroad". Abandoned Rails. 2010-10-08. http://www.abandonedrails.com/Hannibal_and_Saint_Joseph_Railroad. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ "John Marshall Clemens". State Historical Society of Missouri. http://shs.umsystem.edu/famousmissourians/writers/clemens/jmclemens.html. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
- ^ Philip S. Foner, Mark Twain: Social Critic (New York: International Publishers, 1958), p. 13, cited in Helen Scott's "The Mark Twain they didn't teach us about in school" (2000) in the International Socialist Review 10, Winter 2000, pp. 61–65, at [1]
- ^ Clark, Daniel G. (2002-01-14). "Betwixt and be Twain". Muscatinejournal.com. http://muscatinejournal.com/betwixt-and-be-twain/article_f16c1d51-4fa9-5748-bc42-2e94a7ffeb29.html. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
- ^ "Journal editorial: That other famous Muscatine resident". Muscatinejournal.com. 2010-02-25. http://muscatinejournal.com/news/opinion/editorial/columns/journal-editorial-that-other-famous-muscatine-resident/article_7bfb22ae-222d-11df-a6de-001cc4c03286.html. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
- ^ Life on the Mississippi, chapter 15
- ^ Autobiography
- ^ For a further account of Twain's involvement with parapsychology, see Blum, Deborah, Ghost Hunters: William James and the Search for Scientific Proof of Life After Death" (Penguin Press, (2006).
- ^ a b "Mark Twain Biography". The Hannibal Courier-Post. http://www.marktwainhannibal.com/twain/biography/. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
- ^ Comstock Commotion: The Story of the Territorial Enterprise and Virginia City News, Chapter 2.
- ^ "Mark Twain quotations". http://www.twainquotes.com/teindex.html.
- ^ The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. Samuel Dickson. Isadora Duncan (1878–1927). Retrieved on July 9, 2009.
- ^ a b "Samuel Clemens". PBS:The West. http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/a_c/clemens.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
- ^ "Mark Twain's Letters: 1867–1868 – Mark Twain, Edgar Marquess Branch, Michael B. Frank, Kenneth M. Sanderson". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=EWvU21-vV8EC&pg=PA281&lpg=PA281&dq=mark+twain+scroll+and+key&source=bl&ots=-KVl425k8n&sig=UGa5zncDI3iubIK6GV7nkASZxxw&hl=en&ei=AWJhTYbcHYPGlQfN3Z2hDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mark%20twain%20scroll%20and%20key&f=false. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
- ^ a b c d e f Scott, Helen (Winter 2000). "The Mark Twain they didn't teach us about in school". International Socialist Review. 10. pp. 61–65
- ^ "Mrs. Jacques Samossoud Dies; Mark Twain's Last Living Child; Released 'Letters From Earth'". New York Times. November 21, 1962, Wednesday. "San Diego, California, Nov. 20 (UPI) Mrs. Clara Langhorne Clemens Samossoud, the last living child of Mark Twain, died last night in Sharp Memorial Hospital. She was 88 years old."
- ^ a b "Twain's Home in Elmira". Elmira College Center for Mark Twain Studies. http://www.elmira.edu/academics/distinctive_programs/twain_center/quarry_farm. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
- ^ Hal Bush (Advent-Christmas 2010). "A Week at Quarry Farm". The Cresset, A review of literature, the arts, and public affairs, Valparaiso University. http://www.valpo.edu/cresset/2010/Advent/Bush_A10.html. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
- ^ J. Niemann, Paul (2004-11). Invention Mysteries (Invention Mysteries Series). Horsefeathers Publishing Company. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0-9748041-0-X. http://books.google.com/?id=TFjBk0tn9A4C&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=Mark+Twain+inventions&q=Mark%20Twain%20inventions.
- ^ Staff. Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2012. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
- ^ "Mark Twain House website – Paige Compositor page". Marktwainhouse.org. http://www.marktwainhouse.org/themuseum/archivist.shtml. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kirk, Connie Ann (2004). Mark Twain – A Biography. Connecticut: Greenwood Printing. ISBN 0-313-33025-5
- ^ Lauber, John. The Inventions of Mark Twain: a Biography. New York: Hill and Wang, 1990.
- ^ Barbara Schmidt. "Chronology of Known Mark Twain Speeches, Public Readings, and Lectures". marktwainquotes.com. http://www.twainquotes.com/SpeechIndex.html. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ Cox, James M. Mark Twain: The Fate of Humor. Princeton University Press, 1966.
- ^ "History of Dollis Hill House". Dollis Hill House Trust. 2006. http://www.dollishillhouse.co.uk/history.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
- ^ Judith Yaross Lee, "Mark Twain as a Stand-up Comedian," The Mark Twain Annual (2006) #4 pp 3–23
- ^ Paine, A. B., Mark Twain: A Biography, Harper, 1912 page 1095
- ^ LeMaster J. R., The Mark Twain Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, 1993 page 50
- ^ http://www.twainquotes.com/19010510.html
- ^ "The Mark Twain House". Archived from the original on 2006-10-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20061016074753/http://www.marktwainhouse.org/theman/bio.shtml. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
- ^ TwainQuotes.com The Story Behind the A. F. Bradley Photos, Retrieved on July 10, 2009.
- ^ LeMaster J. R., The Mark Twain Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, 1993 page 28
- ^ Albert Bigelow Paine. "Mark Twain, a Biography". http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/t/twain/mark/paine/. Retrieved 2006-11-01.
- ^ Esther Lombardi, about.com. "Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens)". http://classiclit.about.com/cs/profileswriters/p/aa_marktwain.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-01.
- ^ "Mark Twain is Dead at 74. End Comes Peacefully at His New England Home After a Long Illness.". The New York Times. April 22, 1910. "Danbury, Connecticut, April 21, 1910. Samuel Langhorne Clemens, "Mark Twain," died at 22 minutes after 6 to-night. Beside him on the bed lay a beloved book – it was Carlyle's " French Revolution" – and near the book his glasses, pushed away with a weary sigh a few hours before. Too weak to speak clearly, "Give me my glasses," he had written on a piece of paper."
- ^ "Mark Twain's funeral". Twainquotes.com. http://www.twainquotes.com/19100424a.html. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
- ^ "Elmira Travel Information". Go-new-york.com. http://www.go-new-york.com/Elmira. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ Baskin, R. N. (Robert Newton); Madsen, Brigham D. (2006). Reminiscences of early Utah : with, Reply to certain statements by O. F. Whitne. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-56085-193-6.
- ^ Gary Scharnhorst, ed. (November 28, 2010). Twain in His Own Time: A Biographical Chronicle of His Life, Drawn from Recollections, Interviews, and Memoirs by Family, Friends, and Associates (first ed.). University Of Iowa Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-58729-914-8.
- ^ DeQuille, Dan; Twain, Mark (July 1893). "Reporting With Mark Twain". The Californian Illustrated Magazine. http://www.nevadaobserver.com/Reading%20Room%20Documents/reporting_with_mark_twain_1893.htm.
- ^ "The Sagebrush School Nevada Writers Hall of Fame 2009". University of Nevada, Reno. October 28, 2009. http://knowledgecenter.unr.edu/libraries/support/writers_hof/sagebrushschool.html. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ Reading the American Novel 1865 – 1914 G. R. Thompson; John Wiley & Sons, Feb 7, 2012; 462 pages; page 29
- ^ Powers, Ron (2005). Mark Twain: A Life. New York: Free Press. pp. 471–473. ISBN 978-0-7432-4899-0.
- ^ from Chapter 1 of The Green Hills of Africa
- ^ "American Experience – People & Events: Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835–1910". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/grant/peopleevents/p_twain.html. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
- ^ a b Twain, Mark. Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offenses. From Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches and Essays, from 1891–1910. Edited by Louis J. Budd. New York: Library of America, 1992.
- ^ Feinstien, George W. "Tooth and Claw Criticism: Twain as Forerunner of Tooth-and-Claw Criticism." From Modern Language Notes, Jan. 1948 (p. 49–50).
- ^ "After keeping us waiting for a century, Mark Twain will finally reveal all" The Independent 23 May 2010 Retrieved 29 May 2010
- ^ "Dead for a Century, He's Ready to Say What He Really Meant" The New York Times 9 July 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
- ^ "Mark Twain's Big Book". NY Times. November 26, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/27/opinion/27sat4.html. Retrieved 2010-11-27. "an enormous hit, apparently much to the surprise of its publisher"
- ^ Schuessler, Jennifer. "Hardcover Nonfiction – List". NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/14/books/bestseller/besthardnonfiction.html.
- ^ see Mark Twain's Correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers, 1893–1909
- ^ Mark Twain Investigating. The New York Times, May 5, 1907.
- ^ A report in Norfolk's Virginian-Pilot newspaper
- ^ Mark Twain Delighted the Little Ones. Norfolk Ledge-Dispatch, Monday, April 5, 1909.
- ^ Frederick Anderson, ed., A Pen Warmed Up in Hell: Mark Twain in Protest (New York: Harper, 1972), p. 8, cited in Helen Scott's "The Mark Twain they didn't teach us about in school" (2000) in International Socialist Review 10, Winter 2000, pp.61–65
- ^ From Andrew Jay Hoffman, Inventing Mark Twain: The Lives of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (New York: William Morrow, 1997), cited in Helen Scott's "The Mark Twain they didn't teach us about in school" (2000) in International Socialist Review 10, Winter 2000, pp.61–65
- ^ David Zmijewski, "The Man in Both Corners: Mark Twain the Shadowboxing Imperialist," Hawaiian Journal of History, 2006, Vol. 40, pp 55–73
- ^ quoted in Everett Emerson, The Authentic Mark Twain: A Literary Biography of Samuel L. Clemens (1984) p. 234
- ^ Paine, ed. Letters 2:663; Ron Powers, Mark Twain: a life (2005) p. 593
- ^ a b Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War. (1992, Jim Zwick, ed.) ISBN 0-8156-0268-5
- ^ Adam Hochschild (1998). King Leopold's ghost : a story of greed, terror, and heroism in colonial Africa. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-75924-0. OCLC 39042794.
- ^ Jeremy Harding (September 20, 1998). "Into Africa". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/20/books/into-africa.html.
- ^ Maxwell Geismar, ed., Mark Twain and the Three Rs: Race, Religion, Revolution and Related Matters (Indianapolis: Bobs-Merrill, 1973), p.169, cited in Helen Scott's "The Mark Twain they didn't teach us about in school" (2000) in International Socialist Review 10, Winter 2000, pp.61–65
- ^ Maxwell Geismar, ed., Mark Twain and the Three Rs: Race, Religion, Revolution and Related Matters (Indianapolis: Bobs-Merrill, 1973), p.159
- ^ Philip S. Foner, Mark Twain: Social Critic (New York: International Publishers, 1958), p. 200
- ^ Maxwell Geismar, ed., Mark Twain and the Three Rs: Race, Religion, Revolution and Related Matters (Indianapolis: Bobs-Merrill, 1973), p. 98
- ^ Paine, A. B., Mark Twain: A Biography, Harper, 1912 page 701
- ^ "The Votes for Women Speech by Mark Twain". Famousquotes.me.uk. 2007-05-25. http://www.famousquotes.me.uk/speeches/Mark_Twain/. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- ^ "Mark Twain, Indian Hater". Blue Corn Comics. 2001-05-28. http://www.bluecorncomics.com/twain.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
- ^ Twain, Mark, In defense of Harriet Shelley and Other Essays, Harper & Brothers, 1918. page 68
- ^ Twain, Mark. 2008. Following the Equator. p.94–98
- ^ Philip S. Foner, Mark Twain: Social Critic (New York: International Publishers, 1958), p.98
- ^ Philip S. Foner, Mark Twain: Social Critic (New York: International Publishers, 1958), p. 169, cited in Helen Scott's "The Mark Twain they didn't teach us about in school" (2000) in International Socialist Review 10, Winter 2000, pp.61–65
- ^ "Mark Twain Quotations – Vivisection". http://www.twainquotes.com/Vivisection.html. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
- ^ Huberman, Jack (2007). The Quotable Atheist. Nation Books. pp. 303–304. ISBN 978-1-56025-969-5.
- ^ a b Dempsey, Terrell, BOOK REVIEW: Mark Twain's Religion. William E. Phipps 2004 Mark Twain Forum
- ^ Twain, Mark, ed. by Paul Baender. 1973. What is man?: and other philosophical writings. P.56
- ^ Phipps, William E., Mark Twain's Religion, pp. 263–266, 2003 Mercer Univ. Press
- ^ Twain, Mark, ed. by Paul Baender. 1973. What is man?: and other philosophical writings. Pp.10, 486
- ^ Mark Twain, "To the Person Sitting in Darkness," The North American Review 182:531 (February 1901):161–176; AntiImperialist.com
- ^ Mark Twain, "To My Missionary Critics," The North American Review 172 (April 1901):520–534; AntiImperialist.com
- ^ Gelb, Arthur (August 24, 1962). "Anti-Religious Work by Twain, Long Withheld, to Be Published". The New York Times: p. 23. ISSN 1523315. http://www.twainquotes.com/19620824.html. Retrieved 2008-04-22
- ^ Twain, Mark (1972). "Little Bessie". In John S. Tuckey (ed.), Kenneth M. Sanderson (ed.), Bernard L. Stein (ed.), Frederick Anderson (ed.). Mark Twain's Fables of Man. California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02039-9. http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/twainbes.htm.
- ^ "Church Aided by Twain Is in a Demolition Dispute". The New York Times. Associated Press. April 2, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/us/02twain.html?fta=y. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
- ^ a b Paine, Albert Bigelow, The Adventures of Mark Twain, p. 281, Kessinger 2004
- ^ Goy-Blanquet, Dominique, Joan of Arc, a saint for all reasons: studies in myth and politics, p. 132, 2003 Ashgate Publishing
- ^ Phipps, William E., Mark Twain's Religion, p. 304, 2003 Mercer Univ. Press
- ^ PBS NewsHour (July 7, 2010). "Mark Twain's Autobiography Set for Unveiling, a Century After His Death". http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/july-dec10/twain_07-07.html. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
- ^ "Grand Master of Missouri Lecture". http://mertsahinoglu.com/research/samuel-langhorne-clemens/.
- ^ "Mark Twain Masonic Awareness Award: About The Award". http://www.msana.com/twainaward/about.html#about_twain.
- ^ Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass, (Charles Honce, James Bennet, ed.), Pascal Covici, Chicago, 1928
- ^ Life on the Mississippi, chapter 50
- ^ Williams, III, George (1999). "Mark Twain Leaves Virginia City for San Francisco". Mark Twain and the Jumping Frog of Calaveras County: How Mark Twain's humorous frog story launched his legendary career. Tree By The River Publishing. ISBN 0-935174-45-1. Cited in "Excerpt: The Singular Mark Twain". http://www.autographed-books.com/whoisgeorgewilliamsiii.html. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
- ^ "Origin of Twain's Name Revealed". Territorial-enterprise.com. http://www.territorial-enterprise.com/mt_name.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ “Mark Twain's Nom de Plume.” American Literature, v 34, n 1 (March, 1962), pp 1–7. doi:10.2307/2922241.
- ^ The First Annual Mark Twain Young Authors Workshop. Stetson University.
- ^ The Mark Twain Boyhood Home Museum: Education[dead link]
- ^ Scott Specialized Catalog of U.S. Stamps & Covers, various editions, catalogue number UC60, issued in Hannibal MO
- ^ Allen Pierleoni (June 26, 2011). "Postal Service unveils a Forever stamp of Mark Twain". The Sacramento Bee. http://www.sacbee.com/2011/06/26/3727695/postal-service-unveils-a-forever.html.
- ^ Lemaster, J. R; Wilson, James Darrell; Hamric, Christie Graves (1993). The Mark Twain encyclopedia. Books.google.com. ISBN 978-0-8240-7212-4. http://books.google.com/?id=zW1k-XS6XLEC&pg=PA390&dq=twain+white+suit. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- ^ Malia Wollan (January 24, 2011). "Mark Twain. Now a Career for the Mustachioed". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/books/24twain.html. "...has played Twain going on 57 years, longer than Samuel Langhorne Clemens did."
Further reading[link]
- Lucius Beebe. Comstock Commotion: The Story of the Territorial Enterprise and Virginia City News. Stanford University Press, 1954 ISBN 1-122-18798-X
- Louis J. Budd, ed. Mark Twain, Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches & Essays 1891–1910 (Library of America, 1992) (ISBN 978-0-94045073-8)
- Ken Burns, Dayton Duncan, and Geoffrey C. Ward, Mark Twain: An Illustrated Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001 (ISBN 0-3754-0561-5)
- Gregg Camfield. The Oxford Companion to Mark Twain. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002 (ISBN 0-1951-0710-1)
- Guy Cardwell, ed. Mark Twain, Mississippi Writings (Library of America, 1982) (ISBN 978-0-94045007-3)
- Guy Cardwell, ed. Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad & Roughing It (Library of America, 1984) ISBN 978-0-940450-25-7
- James M. Cox. Mark Twain: The Fate of Humor. Princeton University Press, 1966 (ISBN 0-8262-1428-2)
- Everett Emerson. Mark Twain: A Literary Life. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000 (ISBN 0-8122-3516-9)
- Shelley Fisher Fishkin, ed. A Historical Guide to Mark Twain. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002 (ISBN 0-1951-3293-9)
- Susan K. Harris, ed. Mark Twain, Historical Romances (Library of America, 1994) (ISBN 978-0-94045082-0)
- Hamlin L. Hill, ed. Mark Twain, The Gilded Age and Later Novels (Library of America, 2002) ISBN 978-1-931082-10-5
- Jason Gary Horn. Mark Twain: A Descriptive Guide to Biographical Sources. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1999 (ISBN 0-8108-3630-0)
- William Dean Howells. My Mark Twain. Mineloa, New York: Dover Publications, 1997 (ISBN 0-486-29640-7)
- Fred Kaplan. The Singular Mark Twain: A Biography. New York: Doubleday, 2003 (ISBN 0-3854-7715-5)
- Justin Kaplan. Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain: A Biography. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966 (ISBN 0-6717-4807-6)
- J. R. LeMaster and James D. Wilson, eds. The Mark Twain Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1993 (ISBN 0-8240-7212-X)
- Jerome Loving, Mark Twain: The Adventures of Samuel L. Clemens (University of California Press; 2010) 491 pages, ISBN 978-0-520-25257-8; Draws on newly discovered archival materials in a detailed biography
- Bruce Michelson. Mark Twain on the Loose. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995 (ISBN 0-8702-3967-8)
- K. Patrick Ober. Mark Twain and Medicine: "Any Mummery Will Cure." Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003 (ISBN 0-8262-1502-5)
- Albert Bigelow Paine. Mark Twain, A Biography: The Personal and Literary Life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Harper & Bros., 1912. ISBN 1-84702-983-3
- Ron Powers. Dangerous Water: A Biography of the Boy Who Became Mark Twain. New York: Da Capo Press, 1999. ISBN 0-306-81086-7
- Ron Powers. Mark Twain: A Life. New York: Random House, 2005. (0-7432-4899-6)
- R. Kent Rasmussen. Critical Companion to Mark Twain: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. Facts On File, 2007. Revised edition of Mark Twain A to Z ISBN 0-8160-6225-0
- R. Kent Rasmussen, ed. The Quotable Mark Twain: His Essential Aphorisms, Witticisms and Concise Opinions. Contemporary Books, 1997 ISBN 0-8092-2987-0
- Anonymous (1873). Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day. Illustrated by Frederick Waddy. London: Tinsley Brothers. p. 122. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day/Mark_Twain. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
External links[link]
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- Mark Twain at the Open Directory Project
- Works by Mark Twain
- Mark Twain Classics – Twain's Speeches, Essays, Stories, and Quotes.
- Mark Twain Project Online
- 38 Facsimile copies of 1st editions
- Works by Mark Twain at Project Gutenberg. More than 60 texts are freely available.
- Works by or about Mark Twain in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Mark Twain's letters ed. by Albert Bigelow Paine (2 vol 1917) vol 2 online
- Mark Twain Library, University of California Press. This series re-prints texts from the Papers and Works for students and the general reader.
- The Works of Mark Twain, University of California Press. This series prints authoritative critical editions of Mark Twain's published works.
- Mark Twain Papers, University of California Press. This series publishes Mark Twain's private papers–his letters, notebooks, unpublished literary works, and autobiography.
- Jumping Frogs: Undiscovered, Rediscovered, and Celebrated Writings of Mark Twain, University of California Press. The Jumping Frogs series of books brings neglected Mark Twain treasures—stories, tall tales, novels, travelogues, plays, imaginative journalism, speeches, sketches, satires, burlesques, and much more—to readers.
- A True Story, Repeated Word for Word As I Heard It. From The Atlantic Monthly. Nov. 1874: 591–594. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Co., November 1874. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Co., November 1874.
- Academic studies
- The Mark Twain Papers and Project of the Bancroft Library, University of California Berkeley. Home to the largest archive of Mark Twain's papers and the editors of a critical edition of all of his writings.
- Buffalo Library Mark Twain Room, which houses the manuscript of Huckleberry Finn
- Mark Twain Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
- Life
- Full text of the biography Mark Twain by Archibald Henderson
- Obituary in San Francisco Call
- Mark Twain's Mississippi at Northern Illinois University Libraries
- Mark Twain at C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History
- Other
- Literary Pilgrimages – Mark Twain sites
- PBS Twain Interactive Scrapbook and San Francisco Chronicle article documenting that Clemens did not say "The coldest winter I ever spent was summer in San Francisco."
- The Fountain Pens used by Mark Twain
- Images of First Appearances of Mark Twain Works
- article and rare pictures of Mark Twain and photographer Napoleon Sarony
- Google map with placemarks for places in America associated with Twain
- A film clip of Mark Twain is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
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||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Twain, Mark |
| Alternative names | Samuel Langhorne Clemens |
| Short description | American humorist, novelist, writer, and lecturer |
| Date of birth | November 30, 1835 |
| Place of birth | Florida, Missouri |
| Date of death | April 21, 1910 |
| Place of death | Redding, Connecticut |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
George Sanford Becker (February 19, 1922 – April 9, 1996), who was known professionally as Sandy Becker, was a television announcer, actor, and comedian who hosted several popular children's programs in New York City. The best known of these was The Sandy Becker Show, which ran from 1955 to 1968 on Channel 5 WABD-TV and WNEW-TV.
File:SandyBecker1957.jpg
Sandy Becker with one of his many guests in 1957.
Biography[link]
Becker was born and raised in New York, and graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts[citation needed]. He held local radio announcing jobs before first reaching public fame on radio as the title character of Young Doctor Malone, a role he was invited to take to television, but declined in order to pursue his own television projects. (Originally a pre-medical student at New York University, Becker played the good doctor on radio for a decade, however ... after having been the show's announcer.)[clarification needed] Soon, he started working for Channel 5 and became the host of a program featuring Bugs Bunny cartoons, The Looney Tunes Show on weeknights from 1955 to 1958. A second Friday night program called Bugs Bunny Theater ran from 1956 to 1957. Becker also did television announcing, such as for Wildroot Cream-Oil ads in the television series "The Adventures of Robin Hood."
In the middle of those activities, Becker found his true calling, spun in large part off his knack for entertaining his own three children with his vocal and comic versatility. This led him to his morning show beginning in 1955, and he added a noontime program Sandy Becker's Funhouse briefly in 1955. He hosted the syndicated Wonderama from 1955-56.[1]
Becker would also host a weekday evening & afternoon children's wraparound show which had him playing comedic characters, performing puppet skits and engaging his viewers in informational segments,contests and interview guest performers and personalities in between the reruns of movie and TV cartoons."The Sandy Becker Show" was seen weekday evening and afternoons from Monday March 30, 1961 to Friday February 16, 1968.
For a time, "The Sandy Becker Show" also aired on Saturday evenings from March 27, 1961 to September 4, 1965.[1]
Becker's propensity for doing comic voices brought him much work in animation; his best known work there was perhaps as Mr. Wizard on King Leonardo and His Short Subjects — "Drizzle, drazzle, drozzle, drone / Time for this one to come home" — who was always indulging and then rescuing Tudor Turtle from his outlandish wishes. He also provided the voices for Sergeant Okie Homa and Ruffled Feathers on Go Go Gophers. The former character sounded similar to John Wayne, while the latter simply exploded into babbling gibberish whenever he explained his latest idea to stop the coyote adversaries.[2]
On his morning and (later) afternoon children's programs, Becker created such characters as double-talking disc jockey Hambone, addled but brilliant Big Professor (who claimed to know the answer to every question in the world), rumpled Hispanic kid's show host K. Lastima, incompetent mad-scientist Dr. Gesundheit, and — showing a remarkable knack for silent comedy — simple-minded Norton Nork, whose routines of earnest bumbling were joined only by musical accompaniment and a droll Becker narration that ended, invariably, with, "That's my boy, Norton Nork — you've done it again!"
Another aspect of Sandy's humor was derived from his interaction with his (often ethnically stereotyped) hand puppets, which included Marvin Mouse, Googie, the German-accented Geeba Geeba, the English Sir Clive Clyde, Wowee the Indian, the space creature Sputnik, the Latino K. Lastima (the name taken from the Spanish phrase "¡Qué lástima!" {"What a pity"}), and the Irish Danny Moran.
Sandy's show was so popular in the NY area that when he began using a version of the Hambone Theme music from an old 78 RPM record by Red Saunders which was recorded in 1952, the Okeh record company re-released the song on a 45 RPM record. Enough kids bought the record that it reached Survey position #22 on local rock radio station WMCA in March 1963. For his show's own theme music, Sandy came to use Guy Warren's "That Happy Feeling" as recorded in 1962 by Bert Kaempfert.
Becker also created a puppet known as Henry Headline, who delivered lighter news to the children who tuned him in every day. He was quoted in an early 1960s interview as saying it was better to introduce children to news listening on a lighter note. "The impact of a major news story might be lost to them or it might even frighten them," he told the Long Island Press. "They'll learn about wars and international crises soon enough. I try to keep the news as light as possible. Occasionally I'll use an item that has historical value."
In spite of that view — or perhaps because of it — Becker is warmly remembered for the manner in which he handled one of America's deepest tragedies on the air. On November 22, 1963, after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Becker went on the air and, quite movingly, attempted to explain to his young viewers what had happened.
Sadly, most of Becker's programs were not preserved. Most went out live and were not kinescoped or videotaped, they live on only in the memories of those fortunate enough to have watched them. However, some clips are surfacing on the internet.[3] After he withdrew from on-camera hosting in 1968, Becker helped other children's shows create puppets and characters, and he became known as a mentor to new generations of children's hosts.
"I never treated them as though they were in swaddling clothes," he said many years later of his young viewers. "Most kid shows regard young viewers as babies. I wanted to treat them as their parents might if they were on TV."
References[link]
- ^ a b Butler, Kevin S. and Ingram, Billy. TV Party: "Tribute To A Great Talent"
- ^ Go Go Gophers – Don Markstein's Toonopedia.
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhfVBGCC2nA&NR=1
External links[link]
- Tribute site
- Sandy Becker at the Internet Movie Database
- Barron, James. "Sandy Becker, 74, Radio Announcer And TV Show Host", The New York Times, April 12, 1996.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Becker, Sandy |
| Alternative names | Becker, George Sanford |
| Short description | Announcer, actor, comedian |
| Date of birth | February 19, 1922 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | April 9, 1996 |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Buffalo Bill (disambiguation).
"Bill Cody" redirects here. For other uses, see Bill Cody (disambiguation).
For the football team, see Buffalo Bills.
| Buffalo Bill | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | William Frederick Cody (1846-02-26)February 26, 1846 near Le Claire, Iowa |
| Died | January 10, 1917(1917-01-10) (aged 70) Denver, Colorado, United States |
| Cause of death | Kidney failure |
| Resting place | Lookout Mountain, Golden, Colorado |
| Spouse | Louisa Frederici (1843–1921) (m. 1866–1917) «start: (1866-03-06)–end+1: (1918)»"Marriage: Louisa Frederici (1843–1921) to Buffalo Bill" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Buffalo_Bill) |
| Children | Four children, two of whom died young: Kit died of scarlet fever in April 1876, and his daughter Orra died in 1880 |
| Signature |  |
William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody (February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917) was an American soldier, bison hunter and showman. He was born in the Iowa Territory (now the U.S. state of Iowa), in Le Claire but lived several years in Canada before his family moved to the Kansas Territory. Buffalo Bill received the Medal of Honor in 1872 for service to the US Army as a scout. One of the most colorful figures of the American Old West, Buffalo Bill became famous for the shows he organized with cowboy themes, which he toured in Great Britain and Europe as well as the United States.
Contents
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Nickname and work[link]
William Frederick Cody ("Buffalo Bill") got his nickname after the American Civil War when he had a contract to supply Kansas Pacific Railroad workers with buffalo meat. Cody earned the nickname by killing 4,280 American bison (commonly known as buffalo) in eighteen months, (1867–1868).[1] Bill Comstock also had the nickname.[2] Cody and Comstock competed in a buffalo-shooting match over the exclusive right to use the name, which Cody won by killing 69 bison to Comstock's 48.[2]
Cody had documented service as a soldier during the Civil War and as Chief of Scouts for the Third Cavalry during the Plains Wars. He claimed to have had many jobs, including as a trapper, bullwhacker, "Fifty-Niner" in Colorado, a Pony Express rider in 1860, wagonmaster, stagecoach driver, and a hotel manager, but historians have had difficulty documenting them, and he may have fabricated some for publicity.
He became world famous for his Wild West Shows, which toured in Great Britain and Europe. Audiences were enthusiastic about seeing a piece of the American West.[3] The adventure story writer Emilio Salgari met Buffalo Bill in Italy, saw his show, and later featured him as a hero in some of his novels.
Early life and education[link]
William Frederick Cody was born on February 26, 1846 on a farm just outside of Le Claire, Iowa.[4] He was baptized as William Cody in the Dixie Union Chapel in Peel County (present-day Peel Region), Ontario, Canada in 1847, not far from his family's farm. His parents Isaac and Mary Cody were Canadians. The Chapel was built with Cody money and the land was donated by Philip Cody of Toronto Township.[5] The Cody family were originally Quakers and opposed to slavery. They had emigrated from the United States with other Quaker families from Vermont, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, shortly before or after the Revolutionary War, when slavery was still legal in those states, to buy land and farm in York, Peel, and Ontario counties.
In 1853 Isaac Cody sold his land in rural Scott County, Iowa for $2000 and he and his family moved to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Territory.[4] In these years before the Civil War, Kansas was running high with emotion and physical conflict on both sides of the slavery question. When his father gave an antislavery speech at the local trading post, pro-slavery men formed a mob and one stabbed him. The boy helped to drag his father to safety, although he never fully recovered from his injuries.
In Kansas, the family was frequently persecuted by pro-slavery supporters, forcing Isaac Cody to spend much of his time away from home. His enemies learned of a planned visit to his family and plotted to kill him on the way. The young Cody, despite his youth and the fact that he was ill, rode 30 miles (48 km) to warn his father. Cody's father died in 1857 from complications from his stabbing.[6]
After the father's death, the Cody family suffered financially. At age 11, Bill Cody took a job with a freight carrier as a "boy extra." He would ride up and down the length of a wagon train, and deliver messages to the drivers and workmen. Next he joined Johnston's Army as an unofficial member of the scouts assigned to guide the Army to Utah to put down a rumored rebellion by the Mormon population of Salt Lake City.[6] According to Cody's account in Buffalo Bill's Own Story, the Utah War was where he first began his career as an "Indian fighter".
Presently the moon rose, dead ahead of me; and painted boldly across its face was the figure of an Indian. He wore this war-bonnet of the Sioux, at his shoulder was a rifle pointed at someone in the river-bottom 30 feet (9 m) below; in another second he would drop one of my friends. I raised my old muzzle-loader and fired. The figure collapsed, tumbled down the bank and landed with a splash in the water. 'What is it?' called McCarthy, as he hurried back. 'It's over there in the water.' 'Hi!' he cried. 'Little Billy's killed an Indian all by himself!' So began my career as an Indian fighter.
At the age of 14, Cody was struck by gold fever, but on his way to the gold fields, he met an agent for the Pony Express. He signed with them, and after building several stations and corrals, Cody was given a job as a rider, which he kept until he was called home to his sick mother's bedside.[1]
Cody was active in the concordant bodies of Freemasonry, being initiated in Platte Valley Lodge No. 32, North Platte, Nebraska, on March 5, 1870. He received his 2nd and 3rd degrees on April 2, 1870, and January 10, 1871, respectively. He became a Knight Templar in 1889 and received his 32 degree in Scottish Rite Masonry in 1894.[7][8]
Military service[link]
After his mother recovered, Cody wished to enlist as a soldier, but was refused for his age. He began working with a United States freight caravan which delivered supplies to Fort Laramie. In 1863 he enlisted as a teamster with the rank of Private in Company H, 7th Kansas Cavalry and served until discharged in 1865.[1][6]
The next year Cody married Louisa Frederici, and they had four children together. Two died young.
From 1868 until 1872 Cody was employed as a scout by the United States Army. Part of the time he scouted for Indians. At other times, he hunted and killed bison to supply the Army and the Kansas Pacific Railroad. In January 1872 Cody was a scout for Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia's highly publicized royal hunt.[9]
Medal of Honor[link]
In 1872, Cody was awarded a Medal of Honor for "gallantry in action" while serving as a civilian scout for the 3rd Cavalry Regiment. In 1917, the U.S. Army—after Congress revised the standards for award of the medal—removed from the rolls 911 medals previously awarded either to civilians, or for actions that would not warrant a Medal of Honor under the new higher standards. Among those revoked was Cody's.
In 1977, Dr. Mary Edwards Walker's medal was restored, and other reviews began. Cody's medal—along with those given to four other civilian scouts—was re-instated on June 12, 1989.[10][11]
Buffalo Bill's Wild West[link]
In December 1872 Cody traveled to Chicago to make his stage debut with friend Texas Jack Omohundro in The Scouts of the Prairie, one of the original Wild West shows produced by Ned Buntline.[12] During the 1873–1874 season, Cody and Omohundro invited their friend James Butler "Wild Bill" Hickok to join them in a new play called Scouts of the Plains.[13]
The troupe toured for ten years. Cody's part typically included an 1876 incident at the Warbonnet Creek, where he claimed to have scalped a Cheyenne warrior. He said it was in revenge for the death of George Armstrong Custer.[14][not in citation given]
In 1883, in the area of North Platte, Nebraska, Cody founded "Buffalo Bill's Wild West", a circus-like attraction that toured annually. (Despite popular misconception, the word "show" was not a part of the title.)[3] With his show, Cody traveled throughout the United States and Europe and made many contacts. He stayed, for instance, in Garden City, Kansas, in the presidential suite of the former Windsor Hotel. He was befriended by the mayor and state representative, a frontier scout, rancher, and hunter named Charles "Buffalo" Jones.[15]
In 1893 Cody changed the title to "Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World". The show began with a parade on horseback, with participants from horse-culture groups that included US and other military, American Indians, and performers from all over the world in their best attire. Turks, Gauchos, Arabs, Mongols and Georgians, displayed their distinctive horses and colorful costumes. Visitors would see main events, feats of skill, staged races, and sideshows. Many historical western figures participated in the show. For example, Sitting Bull appeared with a band of 20 of his braves.
Cody's headline performers were well known in their own right. People such as Annie Oakley and her husband Frank Butler did sharp shooting, together with the likes of Gabriel Dumont. Performers re-enacted the riding of the Pony Express, Indian attacks on wagon trains, and stagecoach robberies. The show was said to end with a re-enactment of Custer's Last Stand, in which Cody portrayed General Custer, but this is more legend than fact. The finale was typically a portrayal of an Indian attack on a settler's cabin. Cody would ride in with an entourage of cowboys to defend a settler and his family. This finale was featured predominantly as early as 1886, but vanished after 1907; in total, it was used in 23 of 33 tours.[16] The show influenced many 20th-century portrayals of "the West" in cinema and literature.[3]
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With his profits, Cody purchased a 4,000-acre (16 km2) ranch near North Platte, Nebraska, in 1886. Scout's Rest Ranch included an eighteen-room mansion and a large barn for winter storage of the show's livestock.
In 1887 Cody took the show to Great Britain in celebration of the Jubilee year of Queen Victoria. It played in London before going on to Birmingham and Salford near Manchester, where it stayed for five months.[17]
In 1889 the show toured Europe, and in 1890 Cody met Pope Leo XIII. He set up an independent exhibition near the Chicago World's Fair of 1893, which greatly contributed to his popularity. It vexed the promoters of the fair, who had first rejected his request to participate.
In 1908 Pawnee Bill and Buffalo Bill joined forces and created the "Two Bills" show. That show was foreclosed on when it was playing in Denver, Colorado.
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Tours Europe[link]
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West toured Europe eight times, the first four tours were between 1887 and 1892, and the last four were from 1902 to 1906.[18]
The Wild West first came to London in 1887 as part of the American Exhibition[19] that coincided with the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. The Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, requested a private preview of the Wild West performance, he was impressed enough to arrange a command performance for Queen Victoria. The Queen enjoyed the show and meeting the performers, setting the stage for another command performance on June 20, 1887 for her Jubilee guests. Royalty from all over Europe attended, including the future Kaiser Wilhelm II and future King George V,[20] these royal encounters provided Buffalo Bill’s Wild West an endorsement and publicity that ensured its success. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West closed its successful London run in October 1887 after over 300 performances and more than two and a half million tickets sold.[21] The tour made stops in Birmingham and Manchester before returning to the U.S. in May 1888 for a short summer tour.
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West returned to Europe in May 1889 as part of the Exposition Universelle in Paris France, an event that commemorated the 100th anniversary of the Storming of the Bastille and featured the debut of the Eiffel Tower.[22] The tour moved to the South of France and Barcelona Spain then on to Italy. While in Rome a Wild West delegation was received by Pope Leo XIII.[23] Buffalo Bill was disappointed that the condition of the Colosseum did not allow it to be a venue however at Verona the Wild West did perform in an ancient Roman amphitheater.[24] The tour finished with stops in Austria-Hungary and Germany.
The Wild West tour returned to Germany in 1891 and moved through Belgium and the Netherlands before returning to Great Britain to close the season. The 1892 tour was confined to Great Britain and featured another command performance for Queen Victoria. The tour finished with a sixth month run in London before leaving Europe for nearly a decade.[25]
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West returned to Europe in December 1902 with a fourteen-week run in London complete with a visit from King Edward VII and the future King George V. The Wild West traveled throughout Great Britain during the 1902-03 tour as well as the 1904 tour, performing in nearly every city large enough to support it.[26] The 1905 tour began in April with a two-month run in Paris and proceeded to the rest of France, performing mostly one-night stands, concluding in December. The final tour of 1906 began in France on March 4, and then quickly moved on to Italy for two months. The Wild West then traveled east performing in Austria, the Balkans, Hungary, Romania, and the Ukraine before coming back west to visit Poland, The Czech Republic, Germany, and Belgium.[27]
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West was enormously successful in Europe making Buffalo Bill an international celebrity and an American icon.[28] It was a genuine American cultural export; Mark Twain commented, “…It is often said on the other side of the water that none of the exhibitions which we send to England are purely and distinctly American. If you will take the Wild West show over there you can remove that reproach.”[29] The Wild West brought an exotic foreign world to life for its European audiences, allowing a last glimpse at the fading American frontier.
Life in Cody, Wyoming[link]
In 1895, Cody was instrumental in the founding of Cody, the seat of Park County in northwestern Wyoming. The Old Trail Town museum is at the center of the community and honors the traditions of Western life. Cody first passed through the region in the 1870s. He was so impressed by the development possibilities from irrigation, rich soil, grand scenery, hunting, and proximity to Yellowstone Park that he returned in the mid-1890s to start a town. He brought with him associates for whom streets were named: Beck, Alger, Rumsey, Bleistein and Salsbury. The town was incorporated in 1901.
In November 1902, Cody opened the Irma Hotel, which he named after his daughter. He envisioned a growing number of tourists coming to Cody via the recently opened Burlington rail line. He expected that they would proceed up the Cody Road along the North Fork of the Shoshone River to visit Yellowstone Park. To accommodate travelers, Cody completed construction of the Wapiti Inn and Pahaska Tepee in 1905 along the Cody Road [30] with the assistance of artist and rancher Abraham Archibald Anderson.
Cody also established the TE Ranch, located on the South Fork of the Shoshone River about thirty-five miles from Cody. When he acquired the TE property, he sent cattle from Nebraska and South Dakota. His new herd carried the TE brand. The late 1890s were relatively prosperous years for "Buffalo Bill's Wild West", and he bought more land to add to the TE Ranch. Eventually Cody held around 8,000 acres (32 km²) of private land for grazing operations and ran about 1,000 head of cattle. He also operated a dude ranch, pack horse camping trips, and big game hunting business at and from the TE Ranch. In his spacious ranch house, he entertained notable guests from Europe and America.
Irrigation[link]
Larry McMurtry, along with historians such as RL Wilson, asserts that at the turn of the 19th to 20th century, Buffalo Bill Cody was the most recognizable celebrity on earth.[3] While Cody's show brought appreciation for the Western and American Indian cultures, he saw the American West change dramatically during his life. Bison herds, which had once numbered in the millions, were now threatened with extinction. Railroads crossed the plains, barbed wire, and other types of fences divided the land for farmers and ranchers, and the once-threatening Indian tribes were now confined to reservations. Wyoming's resources of coal, oil and natural gas were beginning to be exploited toward the end of his life.[3]
Even the Shoshone River was dammed for hydroelectric power as well as for irrigation. In 1897 and 1899 Cody and his associates acquired from the State of Wyoming the right to take water from the Shoshone River to irrigate about 169,000 acres (680 km2) of land in the Big Horn Basin. They began developing a canal to carry water diverted from the river, but their plans did not include a water storage reservoir. Cody and his associates were unable to raise sufficient capital to complete their plan. Early in 1903 they joined with the Wyoming Board of Land Commissioners in urging the federal government to step in and help with irrigation development in the valley.
The Shoshone Project became one of the first federal water development projects undertaken by the newly formed Reclamation Service, later to become known as the Bureau of Reclamation. After Reclamation took over the project in 1903, investigating engineers recommended constructing a dam on the Shoshone River in the canyon west of Cody. Construction of the Shoshone Dam started in 1905, a year after the Shoshone Project was authorized. When it was completed in 1910, it was the tallest dam in the world. Almost three decades after its construction, the name of the dam and reservoir was changed to Buffalo Bill Dam by an act of Congress to honor Cody.[31]
Life in Staten Island, New York[link]
Cody brought his "Wild West Show" to an area of Mariners Harbor called Erastina (named for Staten Island promoter Erastus Wiman) for two seasons from June to October in 1886 and again in 1887. During the winter of 1886, the show moved indoors to Madison Square Garden. His show, featuring Native Americans, trick riders, "the smallest cowboy" and sharpshooters (including Annie Oakley), is said to have drawn millions of visitors to the island.
His 1879 autobiography is titled The Life and Adventures of Buffalo Bill.[32] A final autobiography, titled "The Great West That Was: 'Buffalo Bill's' Life Story," was serialized in Hearst's International Magazine from August 1916 to July 1917[33] and ghostwritten by James J. Montague.[34] It contained a number of errors, in part because of its completion after Cody's death in July 1917.[33]
Death[link]
Cody died of kidney failure on January 10, 1917, surrounded by family and friends at his sister's house in Denver. Cody was baptized into the Catholic Church the day before his death by Father Christopher Walsh of the Denver Cathedral.[35][36][37] He received a full masonic funeral.[7] Upon the news of Cody's death, tributes were made by King George V of the United Kingdom, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Imperial Germany, and President Woodrow Wilson.[38] His funeral was in Denver at the Elks Lodge Hall. The Wyoming governor John B. Kendrick, a friend of Cody's, led the funeral procession.
Cody's grave lies atop Lookout Mountain in Golden, Colorado.
At his death, Cody's once great fortune had dwindled to less than $100,000. He left his burial arrangements up to his wife Louisa. She said that he had always said he wanted to be buried on Lookout Mountain, which was corroborated by their daughter Irma, Cody's sisters, and family friends. But other family members joined the people of Cody to say Buffalo Bill should be buried in the town he founded. The controversy continued.[citation needed]
On June 3, 1917, Cody was buried on Colorado's Lookout Mountain in Golden, west of the city of Denver, on the edge of the Rocky Mountains, overlooking the Great Plains. His burial site was selected by his sister, Mary Decker.[39] In 1948 the Cody chapter of the American Legion offered a reward for the 'return' of the body, so the Denver chapter mounted a guard over the grave until a deeper shaft could be blasted into the rock.[38]
Philosophy[link]
As a frontier scout, he respected Native Americans and supported their rights. He employed many more natives than Sitting Bull, as he thought his show offered them good pay for a better life. He called them "the former foe, present friend, the American", and once said, "Every Indian outbreak that I have ever known has resulted from broken promises and broken treaties by the government."[3]
Buffalo Bill also supported the rights of women.[3] He said, "What we want to do is give women even more liberty than they have. Let them do any kind of work they see fit, and if they do it as well as men, give them the same pay."[40]
In his shows the Indians were usually depicted attacking stagecoaches and wagon trains in order to be driven off by cowboys and soldiers. He also had the wives and children of his Indian performers set up camp – as they would in the homelands – as part of the show, so that the paying public could see the human side of the "fierce warriors"; that they were families like any other, just part of a different culture.[3]
He supported conservation by speaking out against hide-hunting and pushing for a hunting season.[3]
Legacy and honors[link]
Buffalo Bill and his exploits became well known in American culture and he was portrayed in many literary works, television shows, and movies, especially during the 1950s and 1960s, when they were most popular. He is featured as a character in the Broadway musical Annie Get Your Gun.
He was honored by two U.S. postage stamps.[3] One was a 15¢ Great Americans series postage stamp.
On television, his character was featured on shows such as Bat Masterson and even Bonanza. His persona has been portrayed as anything from an elder statesman to a flamboyant, self-serving exhibitionist. He has been played by a wide variety of actors over the years.
In 2011, Bill's picture at age 19 was used on the cover of Tyler The Creator's 2nd studio album "Goblin".
[edit] Buffalo Bill's / defunct
A free verse poem on mortality by E. E. Cummings uses Buffalo Bill as an image of life and vibrancy. The poem is commonly known by its first two lines: "Buffalo Bill's / defunct". In Poetry, edited by J. Hunter, it is titled "portrait". The poet expresses Buffalo Bill's showmanship by describing his "watersmooth-silver / stallion", and using a staccato beat for the quick shooting of clay pigeons.
Other Buffalo Bills[link]
- Buffalo Bill is also the name of a musician, producer, and M.C. from the group Mechanics of Sound. He is best known for his work with Melodic Undertone Production Group and his help in the underground hip hop movement of San Antonio.
- "Buffalo Bill" was the first song written by Australian country music singer Sara Storer. Living in Camooweal, north of Mount Isa, she met a retired water buffalo shooter whose stories inspired her to write the song, which won a Golden Guitar at the Tamworth Country Music Festival in 2001 for New Talent of the Year and appears on her first album, Chasing Buffalos.
- Buffalo Bill is also the name of a fictional character from Thomas Harris's The Silence of the Lambs, who was also parodied in the movie Joe Dirt under the name Buffalo Bob.
- Two television series, Buffalo Bill, Jr. (1955–56) starring Dickie Jones and 'Buffalo Bill (1983–84) starring Dabney Coleman, had nothing to do with the historic person.
- The Buffalo Bills, an NFL team based in Buffalo, New York, was named after Buffalo Bill. Prior to that team's existence, other early football teams (such as the Buffalo Bills of the AAFC) used the nickname, solely due to name recognition, as Bill Cody had no special connection with the city.
- The Buffalo Bills are a barbershop-quartet singing group consisting of Vern Reed, Al Shea, Bill Spangenberg, and Wayne Ward. They appeared in the original Broadway cast of The Music Man (opened 1957) and in the 1962 motion-picture version of that play.
- "Buffalo Bill" is the title of a song by the jam band Phish.
- Buffalo Bill is the name of a bluegrass band in Wisconsin.
- Samuel Cowdery, buffalo hunter, "wild west" showman and aviation pioneer changed his surname to Cody and was often taken for the original Buffalo Bill in his touring show Captain Cody King of the Cowboys.
- William Wilson "Buffalo Bill" Quinn is a retired Lieutenant General and Silver Star recipient. He served in World War II as a colonel and became a full colonel in Korea; at the end of the Korean War he became a brigadier general.
- "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" is the title of a song by the Beatles that indirectly refers to Buffalo Bill.
- "Buffalo Bill" is the title of a song by American rapper Eminem.
- In The Three Stooges short Goofs and Saddles, Moe Howard's character is known as Buffalo Bill.
- Bubble O' Bill is the name of an ice-cream available in New Zealand and Australia with a label depicting Buffalo Bill with a gum ball for his nose.
- The image of 19 year-old Buffalo Bill was used as the cover of Tyler, The Creator's sophomore release, Goblin.
- Buffalo Bills is also the name of a bar and nightclub in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada.
See also[link]
- Buffalo Bill Cody Homestead
- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars
- Ned Buntline: Contemporary of Buffalo Bill and author of successful dime novel series "Buffalo Bill Cody – King of the Border Men"
- William "Doc" Carver
- Pony Express
- Show Indians
References[link]
- ^ a b c Cody, Col. William F: The Adventures of Buffalo Bill Cody, 1st ed. page viii. New York and London: Harper & Brother, 1904
- ^ a b Herring, Hal (2008). Famous Firearms of the Old West: From Wild Bill Hickok's Colt Revolvers to Geronimo's Winchester, Twelve Guns That Shaped Our History. TwoDot. p. 224. ISBN 0-7627-4508-8. http://books.google.com/?id=BVMmjWgZB2AC&pg=PA29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wilson, R.L. (1998). Buffalo Bill's Wild West: An American Legend. Random House. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-375-50106-7.
- ^ a b http://www.scottcountyiowa.com/conservation/buffalobill_history.php
- ^ "Historical Plaques of Peel Region". http://www.waynecook.com/apeel.html.
- ^ a b c Carter, Robert A. (2002). Buffalo Bill Cody: The Man Behind the Legend. Wiley. p. 512. ISBN 978-0-471-07780-0.
- ^ a b "'Buffalo Bill' Cody". A Few Famous Freemasons: American Founders. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon A.F. & A.M.. http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/cody_w/cody_w.html. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
- ^ Goppert, Ennest J.. "Buffalo Bill - Cody". Masonic World. http://masonicworld.com/education/files/may03/buffalo_bill.htm. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
- ^ Miles from Nowhere: Tales from America's Contemporary Frontier, Dayton Duncan, U of Nebraska Press, 2000 ISBN 0-8032-6627-8, ISBN 978-0-8032-6627-8
- ^ Polanski, Charles (2006). "The Medal's History". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928073912/http://www.cmohs.com/medal/medal_history.htm.
- ^ Sterner, C. Douglas (1999–2009). "Restoration of 6 Awards Previously Purged From The Roll of Honor". HomeOfHeroes.com. http://www.homeofheroes.com/moh/corrections/restorations.html.
- ^ Performing the American Frontier, 1870–1906, Roger A. Hall, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p.54, ISBN 0-521-79320-3, ISBN 978-0-521-79320-9
- ^ The life of Hon. William F. Cody, known as Buffalo Bill, the famous hunter, scout and guide. An autobiography, F. E. Bliss. Hartford, CT, 1879, p329
- ^ "The Buffalo Bill Museum and Grave". Retrieved June 7, 2008]
- ^ "Buffalo Jones". h-net.msu.edu. http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-shgape&month=0008&week=c&msg=4ZaC2nPza053qdx7jtInAg&user=&pw=. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
- ^ Louis S. Warren, "Cody's Last Stand: Masculine Anxiety, the Custer Myth, and the Frontier of Domesticity in Buffalo Bill's Wild West", in, The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol 34. No. 1 (Spring 2003) pp. 55 of 49–69
- ^ "Could Building Site be burial ground of the lost warrior from Buffalo Bill's show?", Daily Mail, Retrieved on April 25, 2008
- ^ Griffen, Four Years in Europe with Buffalo Bill, p. xviii.
- ^ William F. Cody Archive [1].
- ^ Russell, The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill, pp. 330-331.
- ^ Gallop, Buffalo Bill's British Wild West, p. 129.
- ^ Jonnes, Eiffel's Tower: And the World's Fair Where Buffalo Bill beguiled Paris, the Artists Quarreled, and Thomas Edison became a Count.
- ^ Gallop, Buffalo Bill's British Wild West, p. 157.
- ^ Russell, The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill, p. 352.
- ^ Griffen, Four Years in Europe with Buffalo Bill, p. xxi.
- ^ Russell, The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill, p. 439.
- ^ Moses, Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians, 1883-1933, p. 189.
- ^ Kasson, Buffalo Bill's Wild West, p. 88.
- ^ Russell, The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill, p. 321.
- ^ Kensel, W. Hudson. Pahaska Tepee, Buffalo Bill's Old Hunting Lodge and Hotel, A History, 1901–1946. Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 1987.
- ^ "Buffalo Bill Dam History". http://www.bbdvc.com/Buffalo_Bill_Dam_History.php. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ^ Staten Island on the Web: Famous Staten Islanders.
- ^ a b Don Russell, The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill, 1979.
- ^ Richard H. Montague, Memory Street, 1962.
- ^ Russell, Don (1979). The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 469. ISBN 978-1-4343-4148-8.
- ^ Weber, Francis J. (1979). America's Catholic heritage: some bicentennial reflections, 1776–1976. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin – Madison. p. 49.
- ^ Mosesl, L.G. (1999). The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill. New Mexico: UNM Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-8263-2089-6.
- ^ a b Lloyd, John & Mitchinson, John. The Book of General Ignorance. Faber & Faber, 2006.
- ^ Colorado Transcript, May 17, 1917.
- ^ Exhibit, National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame, Fort Worth, Texas
Bibliography[link]
- Cunningham, Tom F. (2007) Your Fathers Ghosts: Buffalo Bill's Wild West in Scotland, Edinburgh: Black and White Publishing, ISBN 1-84502-117-7
- Gallop, Alan (2001) Buffalo Bill's British Wild West, Stroud: Sutton, ISBN 0-7509-2702-X
- Griffin, Charles Eldridge (2010) Four Years in Europe with Buffalo Bill, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-3465-1
- Jonnes, Jill (2010) Eiffel's Tower: And the World's Fair where Buffalo Bill Beguiled Paris, the Artists Quarreled, and Thomas Edison Became a Count, New York: Penguin, ISBN 0-14-311729-7
- Kasson, Joy S. (2000) Buffalo Bill's Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History, New York: Hill and Wang, ISBN 0-8090-3244-9
- Moses, L.G. (1996) Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians, 1883–1933, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, ISBN 0-8263-2089-9
- Russell, Don (1960) The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 0-8061-1537-8
- Rydell, Robert W.; Kroes, Rob (2005) Buffalo Bill in Bologna: The Americanization of the World, 1869–1922 Chicago:University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-73242-8
Further reading[link]
- Buffalo Bill Days (June 22–24, 2007). A 20-page special section of The Sheridan Press, published in June 2007 by Sheridan Newspapers, Inc., 144 Grinnell Avenue, Post Office Box 2006, Sheridan, Wyoming, 82801, USA. (Includes extensive information about Buffalo Bill, as well as the schedule of the annual three-day event held in Sheridan, Wyoming.)
- Story of the Wild West and Camp-Fire Chats by Buffalo Bill (Hon. W.F. Cody.) "A Full and Complete History of the Renowned Pioneer Quartette, Boone, Crockett, Carson and Buffalo Bill.", c1888 by HS Smith, published 1889 by Standard Publishing Co., Philadelphia, PA.
- The life of Hon. William F. Cody, known as Buffalo Bill, the famous hunter, scout and guide. An autobiography, F. E. Bliss. Hartford, Conn, 1879 Digitized from the Library of Congress.
- "Buffalo Bill’s Wild West: Celebrity, Memory and Popular History", by Joy S. Kasson, published by Hill & Wang publishing co., 2001
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Buffalo Bill |
- William F. Cody Archive
- "The Buffalo Bill Museum and Grave". http://www.buffalobill.org/. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
- Works by Buffalo Bill at Project Gutenberg
- "Meet Buffalo Bill and the West he loved.". Buffalo Bill Historical Center. http://www.bbhc.org/explore/buffalo-bill/. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
- "Hidden Horsham – Buffalo Bill's Wild West". http://www.hiddenhorsham.co.uk/56/buffalobill.htm. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
- "William Wilson Quinn: Lieutenant General, United States Army". Arlington National Cemetery. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/wwquinn.htm. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
- Heppler, Jason. "The Wild West Show and the Progressive Image of American Indians". University of Nebraska–Lincoln and Buffalo Bill Historical Center. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
- Library of Congress: excerpt from chapter 1 of Buffalo Bill Cody: The Man behind the Legend
- In Hotel Lobbies: Buffalo Bill at the Willard Hotel
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|||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | William Frederick Cody |
| Alternative names | Buffalo Bill, Wild Bill |
| Short description | frontiersman, showman |
| Date of birth | February 26, 1846 |
| Place of birth | near LeClaire, Iowa, United States |
| Date of death | January 10, 1917 |
| Place of death | Denver, Colorado, United States |
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