Key to vol. 2 of Delarivier Manley's, New Atalantis (1709).

Roman à clef or roman à clef (French pronunciation: [ʁɔmɑ̃n a kle]), French for "novel with a key", is a phrase used to describe a novel about real life, overlaid with a façade of fiction.^[1] The fictitious names in the novel represent real people, and the "key" is the relationship between the nonfiction and the fiction.^[2] This "key" may be produced separately by the author, or implied through the use of epigraphs or other literary devices.^[3]

Created by Madeleine de Scudery in the 17th century to provide a forum for her thinly veiled fiction featuring political and public figures,^[4] roman à clef has since been used by writers as diverse as Victor Hugo, Phillip K. Dick, and Salman Rushdie.

The reasons an author might choose the roman à clef format include satire; writing about controversial topics and/or reporting inside information on scandals without giving rise to charges of libel; the opportunity to turn the tale the way the author would like it to have gone; the opportunity to portray personal, autobiographical experiences without having to expose the author as the subject; avoiding self-incrimination or incrimination of others that could be used as evidence in civil, criminal, or disciplinary proceedings; and the settling of scores.

Biographically inspired works have also appeared in other literary genres and art forms, notably the film à clef.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Notable romans à clef

Prose[link]

• Le Jouvencel (1466), based on the life of Jean V de Bueil, companion of Joan of Arc
• The novels of 17th century French writer Madeleine de Scudéry (1607–1701).
• The Countess of Montgomery's Urania (1621) by Mary Wroth is considered to contain significant autobiographical elements.
• Glenarvon (1816) by Lady Caroline Lamb which chronicles her affair with Lord Byron (thinly disguised as the title character).
• Virtually all of the novels of Thomas Love Peacock (1785–1866) presuppose a knowledge of English intellectuals and currents of thought of the time.
• The Blithedale Romance (1852) by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a fictional account inspired by, but not specifically depicting, Hawthorne's experiences at the Brook Farm experiment.
• Ruth Hall (1854) by Fanny Fern (Sarah Payson Willis) describes Fern's own struggle to become a successful newspaper columnist, and puts her family (including her brother, Nathaniel Parker Willis) and two of her early editors in a most unflattering light.
• The Lady of Aroostook (1879) by William Dean Howells depicts Emily Dickinson's romantic engagements with several men.
• Röda rummet (The Red Room) (1879) by August Strindberg presents thinly disguised depictions of intellectuals of the period.
• The Green Carnation (1894) by Robert Hichens is based on the relationship between Oscar Wilde and his lover, Lord Alfred Douglas.
• Buddenbrooks (1901) is a portrayal of Thomas Mann's family and of society in Luebeck.
• The protagonists of both Tonio Kröger (1903) and Death in Venice (1912) are representations of Thomas Mann.
• The Seething Pot (1905) by George A. Birmingham is based on the citizens of County Mayo.
• The Fiery Angel (1908) by Valery Bryusov depicts the real-life triangle of black magic, obsession and love between himself, Andrei Bely and Nina Petrovskaya while describing a story of witchcraft in 16th Century Germany.
• Ann Veronica (1909) by H. G. Wells is based in the real relationship between H. G. Wells and Amber Reeves.
• The Moon and Sixpence (1919) by William Somerset Maugham follows the life of Paul Gauguin, especially his time in Tahiti.
• Crome Yellow (1921), Antic Hay (1923) and Those Barren Leaves (1925) by Aldous Huxley are all satires of contemporary events.
• Nigger Heaven (1926) by Carl Van Vechten is set during the Harlem Renaissance in the United States in the 1920s.
• The Sun Also Rises (1926) by Ernest Hemingway is a disguised account of Hemingway's literary life in Paris and his 1925 trip to Spain with several known personalities.
• The Benson Murder Case (1926), the best-selling first entry in the series of detective novels by S. S. Van Dine featuring detective Philo Vance, is based on the unsolved murder of bridge expert Joseph Elwell, who was found shot to death in a room locked from the inside, minus his toupee, physical circumstances which are duplicated in the novel.
• Point Counter Point (1928) by Aldous Huxley includes easily detected portraits of Huxley's friends D. H. Lawrence and John Middleton Murry.
• Roman à clef is one of the many dimensions of Orlando: A Biography (1928) by Virginia Woolf.
• All Quiet on the Western Front (1928) by Erich Maria Remarque is based on his experiences as a soldier during World War I.
• Look Homeward, Angel (1929) by Thomas Wolfe
• The Novels of Laura Ingalls Wilder (1867–1957)
• Tender Is the Night (1934) by F. Scott Fitzgerald depicts acquaintances of Gerald and Sara Murphy in the 1920s.
• Entirely Surrounded (1934) by Charles Brackett observes several thinly disguised members of the Algonquin Round Table coterie while they are guests of a thinly disguised Alexander Woollcott at his thinly disguised Neshobe Island retreat in Vermont.
• Mephisto (1936) by Klaus Mann. Mann's brother-in-law, the actor Gustaf Gründgens, was so offended by the main character Hendrik Höfgen (based on Gründgens himself) that the novel was banned after a libel case.
• Power Without Glory (1950) by Frank Hardy is an unveiled and highly critical account of the life of Australian business man and political figure John Wren (referred to by Hardy as John West). Hardy, a socialist, blamed Wren for what he saw as the corruption of the Australian Labor Party during the early 20th century. Hardy was sued for criminal libel for having depicted Wren's wife having an affair.
• In her novel Broderie Anglaise (1953), Violet Trefusis represents her lesbian affair with Vita Sackville-West and Vita's with Virginia Woolf in the form of a heterosexual romance. She also weaves the affairs of her mother, Alice Keppel, with Edward VII into the book.
• The novels of Jack Kerouac, including On the Road (1957) and The Dharma Bums (1958).
• The Ugly American (1958) by Eugene Burdick and William Lederer, a book that criticized American foreign policy in Southeast Asia prior to the Vietnam War. The book uses the fictional country of Sarkhan in Southeast Asia that closely resembles Burma, but is meant to allude to Vietnam, as the setting and includes several real people, most of whose names have been changed.
• The Carpetbaggers (1961) by Harold Robbins is a fictionalized version of the early Hollywood exploits of Howard Hughes and actress Jean Harlow.
• The Idle Warriors (1962), Kerry Wendell Thornley's novel based on his old acquaintance from the Marine Corps, Lee Harvey Oswald.
• The Bell Jar (1963) by Sylvia Plath, her semi-autobiographical novel, detailing a young girl's attempts at suicides and her mental breakdown.
• Nothing Like the Sun: A Story of Shakespeare's Love Life is a fictional biography of William Shakespeare by Anthony Burgess first published in 1964.
• Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1971) by Hunter S. Thompson, a fictionalized account of Thompson's trip to Las Vegas in a drug-induced haze.
• The Company (1976) by John Ehrlichman, a fictionalized account of Nixon administration involvement in events leading to the Watergate scandal.
• A Scanner Darkly (1977) by Philip K. Dick, a fictionalized account of Dick's experiences in the 1970s drug culture. Dick said in an interview, "Everything in A Scanner Darkly I actually saw."^[5]
• The Transmigration of Timothy Archer (1982) by Philip K. Dick, a fictionalized account of last years of Episcopal Bishop James A. Pike and people close to him.
• The Lords of Discipline (1980) by Pat Conroy, supposedly about the integration of the first black cadets into The Citadel. The accuracy of the events depicted within is vehemently denied by other alumni who attended at the time.
• Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children (1981)
• Vasily Aksyonov's Say Cheese (1983) recounts in a fictionalized form the story of the Metropol anthology by Soviet writers, the first project of its kind not subject to censorship.
• Queenie (1985) by Michael Korda, nephew of Alexander Korda and the actress Merle Oberon. In the novel, Queenie Kelley, a girl of Indian and Irish descent, is based on Oberon, who went to great lengths to disguise her mixed-race background.
• Dominick Dunne's novels depict various upheavals in high society, with many thinly veiled prominent persons among the casts of characters. Among the novels and respective cases alluded to are The Two Mrs. Grenvilles (1985) (the shooting of Belair Stud owner William Woodward, Jr. by his wife, Ann Arden Woodward); An Inconvenient Woman (1990) (the Alfred S. Bloomingdale/Vicki Morgan affair and ensuing scandal); and A Season in Purgatory (1993) (the Michael Skakel/Martha Moxley murder case). Dunne's last work, "Too Much Money", published posthumously (2009), is a quasi-autobiographical thinly veiled roman à clef. He became reluctant to use real names after he was sued for defamation in the Chandra Levy matter. Interestingly, Dunne comes out of the closet through the protagonist in this book.
• Postcards from the Edge (1987) by Carrie Fisher describes her substance abuse and often-strained relationship with her mother, Debbie Reynolds.
• Story of My Life (1988) by Jay McInerney implies that the cause of protagonist Alison Poole's "cocaine-addled, sexually voracious" behavior is her father's abuse, including the murder of her prize jumping horse. McInerney has stated in interviews that Poole was based on his former girlfriend, Lisa Druck, later known as Rielle Hunter.
• The Things They Carried (1990) by Tim O'Brien is considered a truthful if knowingly distorted account of O'Brien's experiences in the Vietnam War and subsequent methods of coping with war's aftermath.
• Stephen Fry's The Liar (1991)
• Part 1 of PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story (1991) by Dr. Alexander and Ann Shulgin is a fictionalized autobiography of the couple (Part 2 is non-fiction).
• Primary Colors (1996) about Bill Clinton's presidential campaign, published anonymously but later confirmed to have been written by Joe Klein.
• Mona Simpson's A Regular Guy (1996) is a fictionalized version of the life of her biological brother, Apple Computers co-founder Steve Jobs.^[6]
• Part 1 of TiHKAL: The Continuation (1997) by Dr. Alexander and Ann Shulgin continues the fictionalized autobiography begun in PiHKAL (Part 2 is non-fiction).
• Ravelstein (2000) by Saul Bellow is a thinly disguised memoir of his friendship with Allan Bloom. His Humboldt's Gift (1975), is about his friendship with the poet Delmore Schwartz.
• The Devil Wears Prada (2003) about a woman constantly bullied by her boss while working as an assistant at a fashion magazine. Although author Lauren Weisberger worked as an assistant at Vogue magazine, she denies that the book's antagonist, Miranda Priestly, is modeled after the magazine's editor-in-chief Anna Wintour.
• 2666 (2004) by Roberto Bolaño, which places the hundreds of real rape/murders in Juárez, Mexico in a fictional border-town in the State of Sonora (west of Juárez).
• Lunar Park (2005) by Bret Easton Ellis is partly a ghost story and an autobiographical novel describing his early years of fame and difficult relationship with his father.
• The Washingtonienne (2005) based on author Jessica Cutler's affairs with various men while a congressional intern in Washington, D.C.
• Empress Bianca (2005) by Lady Colin Campbell was pulped after objections by Lily Safra's lawyer; it was republished in a revised version.
• The Ghost (2007) written by novelist Robert Harris in which the character of Adam Lang is loosely based on Harris' friend, former Prime Minister Tony Blair. Director Roman Polanski turned the book into the movie The Ghost Writer, in which the character is played by Pierce Brosnan
• The Society of Judas: A Novel (2009) by Charles T. Murr
• The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian (2007) by Sherman Alexie

Verse and drama[link]

This section requires expansion.

• The Rape of the Lock (1714) by Alexander Pope, inspired by a story recounted by his friend involving stolen hair.
• Le Roi s'amuse, by Victor Hugo
• Rigoletto
• Betrayal, by Harold Pinter, is closely based on his affair with Joan Bakewell
• Dreamgirls, a musical based on the career of The Supremes
• Mozart Was a Red, a morality play inspired by author Murray Rothbard's meetings with Ayn Rand.

See also[link]

Novels portal

• Allegory
• Autobiographical novel
• Film à clef
• Literary technique
• Semi-fiction

References[link]

• Amos, William (1985) The Originals: Who's Really Who in Fiction. London: Cape ISBN 0-7221-1069-3
• Busby, Brian (2003) Character Parts: Who's Really Who in CanLit. Toronto: Knopf Canada ISBN 0-676-97579-8

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2010)

New Jack
Ring name(s)	New Jack
Billed height	6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)
Billed weight	225 lb (102 kg)
Born	(1963-01-03) January 3, 1963 (age 49) Greensboro, NC
Trained by	Ray Candy
Debut	1992

Jerome Young (born January 3, 1963) is an American professional wrestler, better known by his stage name New Jack in ECW. He is known for his willingness to take dangerous bumps and his stiff hardcore wrestling style, often taking high risks and "shooting" on opponents, though he is only known to shoot on opponents who are deemed disrespectful in the ring. He is also known for having his theme song ("Natural Born Killaz" by Ice Cube and Dr. Dre) play throughout his matches in ECW. The inspiration for his ring name came from the movie New Jack City.

Career[link]

Young trained under Ray Candy and debuted in 1992 in the Memphis, Tennessee-based United States Wrestling Association (USWA), where he adopted the name New Jack. He went on to form a tag team, The Gangstas, with Mustafa Saed in Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW). The Gangstas took part in several controversial angles, on one occasion using affirmative action to enable them to win matches with a two count pinfall as opposed to the conventional three count. They engaged in a long feud with the Rock 'N Roll Express (Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson). During their stint, the NAACP would picket outside the performance venues because of the "Gangsta" gimmick, claiming that no racial violence had occurred in the Tennessee area for years, and they didn't want the reputation of gangsters to be put into the Tennessee area.

Extreme Championship Wrestling[link]

New Jack at an ECW event in 1998.

In 1995, The Gangstas left SMW and joined the Philadelphia-based Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) promotion. They won the ECW Tag Team Championships twice before Saed was fired from the company in 1997. New Jack then formed The Gangstanators, a new tag team with former Eliminator John Kronus, going on to win a third ECW Tag Team Championship. New Jack began dragging in a garbage can full of weapons and throwing it into the ring as a sort of ultra-violent grab bag.

During Jack's time in ECW when he had started to dive from anything and everything, he has stated in an interview he was contacted by the (at the time) WWF to work for them. Jack also stated he wouldn't leave ECW for either the WWF or WCW because they would "water him down" and "make him look weak", in competition to the likes of Stone Cold Steve Austin, The Rock, Triple H, The Undertaker and others that were working for the company at that time.

August 1998-1999[link]

New Jack throughout the late-1990s was in a bitter feud with Da Baldies and their leader The Spanish Angel over the unofficial title of "King of the Streets". The two battled back and forth over the matter in bloody street fights. One of ECW television's most gruesome moments is when in the course of a match, Angel used New Jack's staple gun (which he often wore around his neck with a chain) against him, stapling him in the eye. Referees called off the match, and New Jack disappeared from the air for several months. New Jack returned by the end of 1999 with his eye seemingly recovered, now sporting a scythe around his neck, claiming that he had "upgraded" the staple gun. The first match he had against Angel since his return was a successful one, as he continued his feud against Da Baldies.

The Danbury Fall[link]

On March 12, 2000 at the Living Dangerously pay-per-view, New Jack legitimately suffered brain damage and was permanently blinded in his right eye when he and his opponent, Vic Grimes, fell around fifteen feet off a scaffold, missed the tables that were supposed to absorb the force of their fall and landed on the concrete floor, with Grimes landing on New Jack's head.^[1] In a rematch between the two in Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW), New Jack threw Grimes from a scaffold (which, this time, was directly above the ring), with Grimes plummeting around thirty feet into the ring. The stunt did not work out as planned, as Grimes only landed on one of the twelve tables that were intended to break his fall and ended up dislocating his ankle on the ring rope. In the 2005 documentary Forever Hardcore, New Jack claimed that he had intentionally thrown Grimes too hard in the hopes that he would hit the ring post and for Grimes to be injured or killed, but under further evaluation Grimes can be seen noticeably pushing off the scaffold with his foot which is one of the main factors leading to the botch. Also in the interview, he said that the Living Dangerously accident was his own fault for prematurely pulling Grimes down from the scaffold. Jack has said that Grimes had been going around telling the locker room that he hurt New Jack, until Jack replied by saying "I hurt me."

XPW and the independent circuit[link]

After ECW declared bankruptcy in April 2001, New Jack began wrestling on the independent circuit. In 2001 and 2002, he wrestled for XPW, and in 2003, he made multiple appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling and also Combat Zone Wrestling, competing in Cage of Death V. New Jack appeared at the ECW reunion show, Hardcore Homecoming, on June 10, 2005, as well as competing on the "Extreme Reunion" tour from September 15–16.

In April 2003, New Jack was in a memorable hardcore match with longtime wrestler Gilberto Melendez (better known as Gypsy Joe). Joe was continuously no-selling New Jack. New Jack also states on a shoot interview that Joe headbutted him in the nose. This caused New Jack to legitimately attack the sexagenarian with a chain, a baseball bat wrapped in barbed wire, and several other weapons. Before the match Jack met Gypsy Joe and went to the booker of the show and asked exactly what he was supposed to do with Joe. Jack was told "Gypsy Joe is as tough as leather", and Jack replied that he wasn't going to lose dollar value from this match and won't have either a comedy, or a gimmick match, and told the booker he will kill Gypsy Joe in this hardcore match.^[2]

In October 2004, New Jack, wrestling for Thunder Wrestling Federation, was scheduled to fight fellow wrestler William Jason Lane. During the match, New Jack pulled out a metal blade from his camouflage wrestling attire, and stabbed Lane fourteen times; Or as he claims in an interview was only nine times, this action caused New Jack to receive various felony charges, including for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, and aggravated assault to commit murder.^[3] New Jack claims that the two met prior to the match and agreed to use a "piece of metal" to inflict injury. Despite this, a police officer who was recording the incident stated that it looked like it went "past a routine wrestling match." The promoter of the event, Mr. Maurice Williams, claims the event was never intended to be hard-core.

TNA[link]

During 2003 and 2004 New Jack wrestled occasional events for TNA

On August 8, 2010, New Jack appeared at TNA's ECW reunion show, Hardcore Justice, where he and Mustafa assaulted Team 3D and Joel Gertner after a match.^[4]

Other media[link]

In the video game ECW Anarchy Rulz, New Jack's theme song was re-recorded by Bootsy Collins with unique lyrics, unlike every other character's theme, which consisted of sound-alikes of their real themes. The real theme ("Natural Born Killaz"), like everyone else's, could not be featured; copyright issues from their record labels wouldn't allow it. New Jack was featured in the 1999 wrestling documentary Beyond the Mat. In addition, he appeared in the television series Early Edition on May 6, 2000 as a biker in the episode "Mel Schwartz, Bounty Hunter". He was also featured in the video game Backyard Wrestling 2: There Goes the Neighborhood.

New Jack is referenced in the Weezer song "El Scorcho". The line "watchin' Grunge legdrop New Jack through a press table" was derived from a caption for a photograph of New Jack fighting wrestler Johnny Grunge that was published in Pro Wrestling Illustrated.

New Jack took part in a shoot interview with The Iron Sheik and The Honky Tonk Man where the subject was Chris Benoit's murder-suicide. New Jack commented that nothing could excuse what Benoit had done and all people on WWE and elsewhere who were making excuses for him were hypocrites. He also thought it was ironic how Extreme Championship Wrestling was seen as violent and dangerous wrestling when he was working there and still only one person died under New Jack's time with the company, whereas WWE was "averaging three a year." (It should be noted that so far 5 performers, including Benoit, have died while under WWE contract. All 5 deaths happened within a 10 year period). He also has a DVD documentary called New Jack Hardcore: The History.

New Jack did a DVD interview with The Sandman (Jim Fullington) and Raven (Scott Levy) for Pro Wrestling Insider.

New Jack recently made his hip hop recording debut. He contributed several verses to indie rapper Duckman's new album Duckman for Presidente. An animated commercial for the album featuring a cartoon version of New Jack was recently released. New Jack's voice is featured in the commercial and he tells listeners to "buy the cd or I'll stab your ass". In the popular video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 the player can earn a call sign titled New Jack, referring to when he stabbed his opponent.^[5][6][7]

New Jack has done several shoot interviews for RF Video. He also made a 2-disc shoot interview with Pro Wrestling Insider where he covered his entire career and starred in a couple of his matches.

In February 2012, a video surfaced on YouTube showing New Jack "shooting" on his opponent during an Indy match. New Jack had apparently told his short-haired opponent to take a pin fall, so when he kicked out of the pin by New Jack's long-haired cohort, out of perceived disrespect New Jack gave an unprotected chair shot directly to his opponent as he was being held back by the cohort. He then spills out of the ring, seemingly knocked out cold. Fans begin to realize something is wrong and call for the match as New Jack's cohort breaks kayfabe to check on him while blood begins to pool from his head. New Jack then picks him up and gives him stiff back shots as they go to the back.

In wrestling[link]

• Finishing moves
  • 187 (Diving elbow drop while holding a steel chair underneath his arm)
  • Death Valley driver
  • Diving splash usually perform from a high place E.g. scaffold

• Signature moves
  • Airplane spin
  • Diving headbutt
  • Guitar shot
  • Various weapon shots (most notably using his signature staple gun)

• Nicknames
  • "The Original Gangsta"

Championships and accomplishments[link]

• Extreme Championship Wrestling
  • ECW World Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Mustafa Saed (2) and John Kronus (1)

• North Georgia Wrestling Association
  • NGWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
  • NGWA Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Festus and Mustafa Saed^[8]

• Smoky Mountain Wrestling
  • SMW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Mustafa Saed

• United States Wrestling Association
  • USWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Home Boy

• Pro Wrestling Illustrated
  • PWI ranked him #386 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 2003.

• Legends Pro Wrestling
  • XWF/LPW Hall of Fame Inductee- Class 2008 (2/22/08)

References[link]

External links[link]

Professional wrestling portal

• Weekly Planet's extensive story on New Jack's career
• New Jack at the Internet Movie Database

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010)

Tuli Kupferberg
Born	Naphtali Kupferberg (1923-09-28)September 28, 1923 New York City, New York, U.S.
Died	July 12, 2010(2010-07-12) (aged 86) New York City, New York, U.S.
Education	Brooklyn College
Occupation	Author, poet, cartoonist, pacifist, anarchist, musician
Years active	1958–2009
Known for	The Fugs 1001 Ways to Beat the Draft 1001 Ways to Live Without Working
Spouse	Sylvia Topp

Naphtali "Tuli" Kupferberg (September 28, 1923 – July 12, 2010)^[1] was an American counterculture poet, author, cartoonist, pacifist anarchist, publisher and co-founder of the band The Fugs.

Biography[link]

Naphtali Kupferberg was born into a Jewish, Yiddish-speaking household in New York City.^[2] A cum laude graduate of Brooklyn College in 1944, Kupferberg founded the magazine Birth in 1958.^[3] Birth ran for only three issues but published notable Beat Generation authors such as Allen Ginsberg, Diane Di Prima, LeRoi Jones, and Ted Joans.

Kupferberg reportedly appears in Ginsberg's poem Howl as the person "who jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge and walked away unknown and forgotten into the ghostly daze of Chinatown". The incident in question actually occurred on the Manhattan Bridge,^[4] and is mentioned in the prose poem "Memorial Day 1971" written by Ted Berrigan and Anne Waldman:

'I asked Tuli Kupferberg once, "Did you really jump off of The Manhattan Bridge?" "Yeah," he said, "I really did." "How come?" I said. "I thought that I had lost the ability to love," Tuli said. "So, I figured I might as well be dead. So, I went one night to the top of The Manhattan Bridge, & after a few minutes, I jumped off." "That's amazing," I said. "Yeah," Tuli said, "but nothing happened. I landed in the water, & I wasn't dead. So I swam ashore, & went home, & took a bath, & went to bed. Nobody even noticed."'

The above paragraph by Berrigan and Waldman is a poetic fiction, according to Kupferberg, and did not really occur as stated. Ginsberg's description in Howl is likewise fictional, Kupferberg told his friend Thelma Blitz and other friends such as Larry Sloman and Steve Dalachinsky in personal conversations. He did jump from the Manhattan Bridge in 1944, after which he was picked up by a passing tugboat and taken to Gouvernor Hospital.^[5] Severely injured, he had broken the transverse process of his spine and spent time in a body cast.^[6] He told Blitz he feels it's important that people don't think they can emulate this leap and walk away unscathed as the poetic accounts suggest he did.

Kupferberg self-published the book Beatniks; or, The War Against the Beats in 1961. Perhaps his best-known book is 1001 Ways to Beat the Draft (1966), a satirical collage created with Robert Bashlow. In 1961, he wrote 1001 Ways to Live Without Working, which actually contains 1005 ways to live without working. The book also contains a number of old advertisements, for items such as raffles for slaves, and unfailing ways to cure cancer and obesity. One of his last published volumes is Teach Yourself Fucking, a collection of cartoons, which was published by Autonomedia in 2000.

In 1964, Kupferberg formed the satirical rock group The Fugs with poet Ed Sanders.^[7] Kupferberg took their name from Norman Mailer's substitute for the word "fuck" in his novel The Naked and the Dead. He was one of the band's singers and wrote many of their songs such as "Morning, Morning," "Kill for Peace," "CIA Man," "Supergirl," "Carpe Diem," and he set to music Matthew Arnold's pacifist wedding hymn "Dover Beach." He also released two solo albums: No Deposit, No Return in 1966, which is a collection of found pop poetry, and Tuli & Friends in 1989.

Kupferberg was active in New York pacifist anarchist circles. He appeared as a machine-gun-toting soldier policing Manhattan in W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism, a 1971 film about the revolutionary psychiatrist Wilhelm Reich by Dusan Makavejev. An anti-police-brutality skit from his Revolting Theatre appeared in the 1971 Richard Pryor underground film Dynamite Chicken. More recently Tuli appeared in the music video for Williamsburg Will Oldham Horror by Jeffrey Lewis.^[8] His bi-weekly television show "Revolting News" still airs on Manhattan Neighborhood Network's Channel 56, RCN Cable channel 83, Verizon FiOS ch. 34 and MNN.org ch. 2 on alternate Mondays, 10 PM, New York time, now produced by Thelma Blitz with archival and new material.

Kupferberg suffered a stroke in April 2009 at his home in New York City, which left him severely visually impaired and in need of regular nursing care. After treatment for a number of days at a New York hospital, followed by convalescence at a nursing home, he recuperated at home. He continued to write songs and add "perverbs" to his YouTube^[9] and DailyMotion channels, both called "tulifuli." According to The Fugs website, the band had been in the studio completing a new CD, entitled Be Free, featuring five of Kupferberg’s new songs, including the anthem “Backward Jewish Soldiers” and a setting of his famous poem “Greenwich Village of My Dreams.”.

Kupferberg died in New York Downtown Hospital in Manhattan of kidney failure and sepsis on July 12, 2010.^[1] In 2008, in one of his last interviews, he told Mojo Magazine, "Nobody who lived through the '50s thought the '60s could've existed. So there's always hope."^[10]

Bibliography[link]

• " Birth 1, The Bohemian Issue" (1958)
• ' Birth 2 'Children's Writings (1959)
• Beating (1959)
• Children as Authors: A Big Bibliography (1959, with Sylvia Topp)
• Snow Job: Poems 1946-1959 (1959)
• Selected Fruits & Nuts (1959)
• Birth 3, parts 1 & 2 Stimulants, An Exhibition (1960)
• 1001 Ways to Live Without Working (1961)
• The Grace & Beauty of the Human Form (1961)
• 3,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Beatniks : or, The War Against the Beats (1961)
• Sex and War (1962)
• The Mississippi (A Study of the White Race) (1962)
• The Rub-Ya-Out of Omore Diem (1962)
• The Christine Keeler Colouring Book & Cautionary Tale (1963)
• Kill for Peace (1965)
• Caught in the Act: a Legal Vaudeville (1966)
• The Book of the Body (with Judith Wehlau, 1966)
• I Say to Masturbate is Human, to Fuck Divine (1966)
• 1001 Ways to Beat the Draft (with Robert Bashlow, 1967)
• Fuck Nam : a morality play (1967)
• 1001 Ways to Make Love (1969)
• Newspoems (1971)
• Listen to the Mockingbird; satiric songs to tunes you know (1973)
• As They Were (with Sylvia Topp, 1973)
• Universal Housewife (1975)
• First Glance (with Sylvia Topp, 1978)
• As They Were Too (with Sylvia Topp, 1979)
• O God! (1980)
• The Crazy Paper (1980)
• Less Newspoems (1981)
• Questionable Cartoons (1981)
• True Professions (1981)
• Why Don't We Do It in the Bed? (1982)
• Was It Good For You Too? (1983)
• After the Balls Are Ova (1984)
• In Media's Feces (1986)
• Kill For Peace, Again (1987)
• Reaganation (1987)
• The Tuli Kupferberg Instant Lottery Broadside (1988)
• The Dark Night of the Soul in the Poetry Mines (1988)
• Signed By the Artist (1990)
• Don't Make Trouble (1991)
• My Prick is Bigger Than Yours (1992)
• The Land that God Remembered (1992)
• The Old Fucks at Home (1992)
• You Know Helen : Maybe Chimps Know a Lot More Than We Think (1994)
• Hey Ann! : What's The Diff Between Religion & Patriotism? (with Dave Jordan, 1994)
• Whitman said : "In order to have great art you have to have great audiences!"(1994)
• When I Hear the Word 'Culture' I Reach for My Gun (1994)
• I Hate Poems About Poems About Poems (1994)
• Great Moments in the History of Sport : No. 4, The Spartans Invent Football (1994)
• Teach Yourself Fucking (2000)
• Paris I Have Never Seen (2001)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Works by or about Tuli Kupferberg in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Tuli Kupferberg at the Internet Movie Database
• The Fugs
• Photo of Tuli performing with The Fugs, NYC, 1967 by Michael Maggid
• Tuli's Youtube channel
• Vox Tablet Podcast dedicated to Tuli Kupferberg
• Kupferberg, Tuli (June 1997). The Fugs' Tuli Kupferberg. Interview with Jason Gross. Perfect Sound Forever. http://www.furious.com/Perfect/tuli.html. Retrieved 2007-10-08. 
• Kupferberg, Tuli (2004-01-29). Interview With Tuli Kupferberg. Interview with Matthew Paris. Xiccarph. http://www.matthewparis.com/mp/viewtopic.php?t=72. Retrieved 2007-10-08. 

Allan Arkush (born April 30, 1948 in Jersey City, New Jersey) is an American cult film and television director and frequent collaborator of Joe Dante.

Arkush grew up in Fort Lee, New Jersey.^[1] He got his start in the industry working in the trailer department for Roger Corman. He later went on to direct the Corman produced films Hollywood Boulevard, Deathsport, and Rock 'n' Roll High School.^[2] Arkush also contributes commentary to the web series Trailers From Hell.

Filmography[link]

• Hollywood Boulevard (co-directed with Joe Dante) (1976)
• Deathsport (1978)
• Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979)
• Heartbeeps (1981)
• Get Crazy (1983)
• Caddyshack II (1988)

Television[link]

• Fame (1984)
• The Twilight Zone (1986)
• St. Elsewhere (1986)
• Moonlighting (1986)
• L.A. Law (1986)
• Tattinger's (1988)
• Capital News (1990)
• Parenthood (1990)
• Shannon's Deal (1990)
• Middle Ages (1992)
• Mann & Machine (1992)
• The Bronx Zoo (1987)
• Bodies of Evidence (1992)
• I'll Fly Away (1992)
• Johnny Bago (1993)
• Sirens (1993)
• Moon Over Miami (1993)
• Rebel Highway (1994)
• Shake, Rattle and Rock! (1994)
• Central Park West (1995)
• Elvis Meets Nixon (1997)
• Ally McBeal (1998)
• Dawson's Creek (1998)
• The Temptations (1998)
• Snoops (1999)
• Crossing Jordan (2001)
• Heroes (2006)
• Melrose Place (2009)
• Mercy (2009)
• Hellcats (2010)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Allan Arkush at the Internet Movie Database
• Interview^{[dead link]} from Amazon Wire Podcasts, Amazon.com, 1 May 2008

The Edge
Background information
Birth name	David Howell Evans
Born	(1961-08-08) 8 August 1961 (age 50) Barking, Essex, England, United Kingdom
Origin	County Dublin, Ireland
Genres	Rock, post-punk, alternative rock
Occupations	Musician, songwriter, activist
Instruments	Guitar, vocals, keyboards, piano, bass guitar
Years active	1976–present
Labels	Island, Mercury
Associated acts	U2, Passengers
Website	www.u2.com
Notable instruments
Gibson Explorer Fender Stratocaster Gibson Les Paul Fender Telecaster Gretsch Country Gentleman Gretsch White Falcon Rickenbacker 330/12

David Howell Evans (born 8 August 1961), more widely known by his stage name The Edge (or just Edge),^[1] is a musician best known as the guitarist, backing vocalist, and keyboardist of the Irish rock band U2. A member of the group since its inception, he has recorded 12 studio albums with the band and has released one solo record. As a guitarist, The Edge has crafted a minimalistic and textural style of playing. His use of a rhythmic delay effect yields a distinctive ambient, chiming sound that has become a signature of U2's music.

The Edge was born in England to a Welsh family, but was raised in Ireland after moving there as an infant. In 1976, at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, he formed U2 with his fellow students and his older brother Dik. Inspired by the ethos of punk rock and its basic arrangements, the group began to write its own material. They eventually became one of the most popular acts in popular music, with successful albums such as 1987's The Joshua Tree and 1991's Achtung Baby. Over the years, The Edge has experimented with various guitar effects and introduced influences from several genres of music into his own style, including American roots music, industrial music, and alternative rock. With U2, The Edge has also played keyboards, co-produced their 1993 record Zooropa, and occasionally contributed lyrics. The Edge met his second and current wife, Morleigh Steinberg, through her collaborations with the band.

As a member of U2 and as an individual, The Edge has campaigned for human rights and philanthropic causes. He co-founded Music Rising, a charity to support musicians affected by Hurricane Katrina. He has collaborated with U2 bandmate Bono on several projects, including songs for Roy Orbison and Tina Turner, and the soundtracks to the musical Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark and the Royal Shakespeare Company's London stage adaptation of A Clockwork Orange. In 2011, Rolling Stone magazine placed him at number 38 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".

Personal life[link]

The Edge at a U2 concert in Anaheim (2005)

David Howell Evans was born at the Barking Maternity Hospital,^[2] Essex, England to Welsh parents Garvin and Gwenda Evans.^[1] When he was one, his family moved to County Dublin, Ireland where he attended St Andrew's National School. He received piano and guitar lessons and often performed with his brother Dik Evans before they both answered an advertisement posted by Larry Mullen, Jr. at their school, Mount Temple Comprehensive School, seeking musicians to form a band.^[3] The band accepted both of them. This band went through several incarnations before emerging as U2 in March 1978 (Dik Evans left the band just before the name change).^[3] U2 began performing in various venues in Ireland and eventually began developing a following. Their debut album, Boy, was released in 1980.

In 1981, leading up to the October tour, Evans came very close to leaving U2 for religious reasons, but he decided to stay.^[3] During this period, he became involved with a group called Shalom Tigers, in which bandmates Bono and Larry Mullen Jr. were also involved.^[4] Shortly after deciding to remain with the band, he wrote a piece of music that later became "Sunday Bloody Sunday".^[3] The Edge married his high school girlfriend Aislinn O'Sullivan on 12 July 1983.^[5] The couple had three daughters together: Hollie in 1984, Arran in 1985 and Blue Angel in 1989.^[4] The couple separated in 1990, but were unable to get officially divorced because of Irish laws regarding marriage annulment; divorce was legalised in 1995 and the couple were legally divorced in 1996.^[4]

In 1993, The Edge began dating Morleigh Steinberg, a professional dancer and choreographer employed by the band as a belly dancer during the Zoo TV Tour. They had a daughter, Sian (born 1997), and a son, Levi (born 25 October 1999),^[4] before marrying on 22 June 2002.^[4] He appeared in the 2009 music documentary film It Might Get Loud.^[6] The Edge has been criticized for his efforts to build five luxury mansions on a 156 acre plot of land in Malibu, California.^[7] The California Coastal Commission voted 8-4 against the plans, with the project described by the commission's executive director, Peter Douglas, as "In 38 years...one of the three worst projects that I've seen in terms of environmental devastation...It's a contradiction in terms – you can't be serious about being an environmentalist and pick this location."^[7] The Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy agreed to remain neutral on the issue following a $1 million donation from The Edge and a commitment from The Edge to designate 100 acres of the land as open space for public footpaths.^[7]

Music style[link]

Guitar playing[link]

As a guitar player, The Edge has a sound typified by a low-key playing style, a chiming, shimmering sound (thanks in part to the sound of VOX AC-30s) that he achieves with extensive use of delay effects and reverb. The feedback delay is often set to a dotted eighth note (3/16 of a measure), and the feedback gain is adjusted until a note played repeats two or three times.^{[citation needed]}

On 1987's The Joshua Tree, The Edge often contributes just a few simple lead lines given depth and richness by an ever-present delay. For example, the introduction to "Where the Streets Have No Name" is simply a repeated six-note arpeggio, broadened by a modulated delay effect. The Edge has said that he views musical notes as "expensive", in that he prefers to play as few notes as possible. He said in 1982 of his style,

"I like a nice ringing sound on guitar, and most of my chords I find two strings and make them ring the same note, so it's almost like a 12-string sound. So for E I might play a B, E, E and B and make it ring. It works very well with the Gibson Explorer. It's funny because the bass end of the Explorer was so awful that I used to stay away from the low strings, and a lot of the chords I played were very trebly, on the first four, or even three strings. I discovered that through using this one area of the fretboard I was developing a very stylized way of doing something that someone else would play in a normal way."^[9]

Many different influences have shaped The Edge's guitar technique.^{[citation needed]} His first guitar was an old acoustic guitar that his mother bought him at a local flea market for only a few pounds; he was nine at the time. He and his brother Dik Evans both experimented with this instrument.^[9] He said in 1982 of this early experimentation, "I suppose the first link in the chain was a visit to the local jumble sale where I purchased a guitar for a pound. That was my first instrument. It was an acoustic guitar and me and my elder brother Dik both played it, plonking away, all very rudimentary stuff, open chords and all that."^[9] The Edge has stated that many of his guitar parts are based around guitar effects. This is especially true from the Achtung Baby era onwards, although much of the band's 1980s material made heavy use of echos.

Vocals[link]

The Edge in June 2005

The Edge also supplies the backing vocals for U2. U2's 1983 live album and video release, Under a Blood Red Sky and Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky are good reference points for his singing (as are the live DVDs from the Elevation Tour, U2 Go Home: Live from Slane Castle and Elevation 2001: Live from Boston). For example, he sings the chorus to "Sunday Bloody Sunday" (Bono harmonizes on the final 'Sunday'). U2 used this tradeoff technique later in "Bullet the Blue Sky" as well. His backing vocals are sometimes in the form of a repeated cry; examples of songs that use this approach include "Beautiful Day", "New Year's Day" and "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)". Another technique he uses in his backing vocals is the falsetto, in songs such as "Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out Of", "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own", "A Man and a Woman", "The Wanderer", live versions of "The Fly", and "Window in the Skies".

The Edge sings the lead vocal on "Van Diemen's Land" and "Numb", the first half of the song "Seconds", dual vocals with Bono in "Discotheque", and the bridge in the song "Miracle Drug".^[4] He also sings the occasional lead vocal in live renditions of other songs (such as "Sunday Bloody Sunday" during the PopMart Tour and "Party Girl" during the Rotterdam Zoo TV show when it was Bono's birthday).^[10] He also plays a solo acoustic version of the song "Love is Blindness" that is featured in the documentary film From the Sky Down.

Other instruments[link]

He has played piano and keyboards on many of the band's songs, including "I Fall Down", "October", "So Cruel", "New Year's Day", "Running to Stand Still", "Miss Sarajevo", "The Hands that Built America", and "Original of the Species" and others. He plays the organ on "Please". In live versions of "New Year's Day", "The Unforgettable Fire", "Your Blue Room", and "Moment of Surrender", he plays both the piano and guitar parts alternately. In most live versions of "Original of the Species," piano is the only instrument played during the song. Although The Edge is the band's lead guitarist, he occasionally plays bass guitar, including the live performances of the song "40" where The Edge and bassist Adam Clayton switch instruments.

Solo recordings[link]

In addition to his regular role within U2, The Edge has also recorded with such artists as Johnny Cash, B. B. King, Tina Turner, Ronnie Wood, Jay-Z, and Rihanna. The Edge connected with Brian Eno and Lanois collaborator Michael Brook (the creator of the infinite guitar, which he regularly uses), working with him on the score to the film Captive (1986). From this soundtrack the song "Heroine", the vocal of which was sung by a young Sinéad O'Connor was released as a single.

He also created the theme song for season one and two of The Batman. He and fellow U2 member, Bono, wrote the lyrics to the theme of the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye. The Edge, along with bandmate Bono, recently composed a musical adaptation of Spider-Man. On May 25, 2011, a single titled Rise Above 1: Reeve Carney Featuring Bono and The Edge was released digitally.^[11] The music video was released on July 28, 2011.^[12]

Musical equipment[link]

Edge's 1964 Vox AC30 on stage in Foxborough for the U2 360° Tour.

The Edge plays electric guitar, acoustic guitar, keyboards, piano, bass guitar (on "40" and "Race Against Time") and lap steel guitar. Compared to many lead guitarists, The Edge is known for using many more guitars during a show. According to his guitar tech Dallas Schoo, a typical lead guitarist uses four or five different guitars in one night, whereas The Edge takes 45 on the road, and uses 17 to 19 in one 2.5-hour concert. He is estimated to have more than 200 guitars in the studio.^{[citation needed]}

Philanthropy[link]

In 2005, The Edge along with Bob Ezrin and Henry Juszkiewicz co-founded Music Rising, a charity that helped provide replacement instruments for those that were lost in Hurricane Katrina. The instruments were originally only replaced for professional musicians but they soon realized the community churches and schools needed instruments as well. The charity's slogan is "Rebuilding the Gulf Region note by note" and has so far helped over a hundred musicians who were affected by Hurricane Katrina. The Edge also serves on the board of the Angiogenesis Foundation, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to improving global health by advancing angiogenesis-based medicine, diets, and lifestyle.^[13]

See also[link]

• Timeline of U2
• List of people on stamps of Ireland

References[link]

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links[link]

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (October 2011)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: The Edge

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: The Edge

• U2.com, official U2 site
• Music Rising
• The Edge at the Internet Movie Database
• The Edge – Album Credits
• A Study of The Edge's Guitar Delay
• The Edge: 'It's all about the vision'
• Food Bank For New York City public service announcement
• Comment on the mathematical analysis of The Edge's guitar sound