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Logo
Launched	June 30, 2005
Owned by	Viacom
Slogan	FierceTV
Headquarters	New York City, New York, United States
Replaced	VH1 Mega Hits
Sister channel(s)	CMT, MTV, MTV2, Tr3́s, mtvU, Nickelodeon, Nick Jr., Nicktoons, TeenNick, VH1
Website	logotv.com
Availability
Satellite
DirecTV	Channel 272 Channel 1272 (VOD)
Dish Network	Channel 373 (HD only)
Cable
Available on various cable services	Check local listings for channel

Logo is an American digital cable-television channel owned by Viacom's Music and Logo Group division. Launched in June 2005, the channel's programs are geared towards the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community.

The advertiser-supported channel struck carriage deals prior to its launch date with DirecTV, Charter Communications, Adelphia, Cablevision, Time Warner Cable of New York City, and RCN. A deal with Comcast^[1] was reached after the launch date. However, as of July 2009, Comcast had not added Logo to its channel lineup in certain areas such as in Comcast's Jackson, Mississippi, and Monroe, Louisiana, markets, due to local opposition. Logo was also not carried by Comcast in Utah, but has been carried as of September 2010. Dish Network has added the channel as an option for their HDTV package. Logo has partnered with CBS News to provide news briefs and has developed a relationship with LPI Media, publisher of The Advocate, Out, and The Out Traveler magazines. Logo replaced VH1 Mega Hits in some markets when it was launched. On December 11, 2006, MTV Networks and Time Warner Cable announced an agreement to expand its distribution of Logo to additional markets.^[2] Logo became available on the Dish Network in May 2009.

Logo was available in an estimated 41 million homes as of September 2010 and is in the 25 largest media markets in the United States.^[3]

The channel was founded by former MTV Executive, Matt Farber. Its first President, Brian Graden, was named by Out Magazine as the 10th most powerful gay person in America in 2007.^[4]

Day-to-day operations are handled by Lisa Sherman, who is Executive Vice President and General Manager. Prior coming to Logo, Sherman was Senior Vice President and Group Account Director of the New York office of the Hill Holliday advertising agency.^[3]

Name[link]

Original logo, still used on-air

A LGBT-themed channel named "Logo" led some viewers to think the "l" and the "g" referenced "lesbian" and "gay," but according to company executives, the name does not represent anything, nor is it an acronym.^[5] The channel's website says:

We chose to name the channel "Logo" because we wanted a name that people could make their own and give it personal meaning. For us, the word logo is about identity, about being comfortable in your own skin. It's about being who you are.^[6]

Programming[link]

Logo's programming is a blend of movies with gay themes, reality television, travel programming, dating/romance shows, documentaries, music videos, stand-up comedy, news, and syndicated programs with gay characters or gay interest/fanbases. According to their website, "We're kind of big on fierce stuff, and that can mean a lot of things. Fiercely original programming to us means that in a perfect world everyone would be this interesting." ^[7] Some content originated from other Viacom properties including Comedy Central, MTV and VH1. In April 2011, Logo acquired the rights to air British comedy series, Absolutely Fabulous and co-produced the show's three 2011/12 Revival Specials with the BBC and BBC America.^[8]

Multiplatform content and acquisitions[link]

Online[link]

Logo publishes a collection of web sites, all of which it describes as being a part of LOGOonline, the umbrella name for these sites.

Logo's first web site, LOGOonline.com, launched shortly before the channel in June 2005. In 2006, Logo acquired three LGBT websites: 365gay.com (a site featuring news relevant to the LGBT community), AfterEllen.com (a site featuring news and commentary on bisexual and lesbian women in media and entertainment), and AfterElton.com (a site featuring news and commentary on bisexual and gay men in media and entertainment). In 2007, Logo acquired Downelink.com (a social networking site primarily targeted to LGBT people of color) for a reported $4.8 million, although the exact amount is unknown.

On March 22, 2006, Logo launched its second site, NewNowNext.com (a blog on pop culture news and trends). On May 29, 2007, Logo launched HappiestGayCouple.com (a site for fans of the series Rick & Steve). On August 2, 2007, Logo launched VisibleVote08.com (a site offering Logo's coverage of the 2008 U.S. Presidential election). On November 5, 2008, Logo launched the second phase of its site re-design. In summer 2009, Logo moved its flagship site to the LOGOtv.com domain name. On October 27, 2011 a redesigned NewNowNext.com was relaunched with a broader culture-and-style focus.

Wireless[link]

As of March 2007, Logo is available on wireless platforms on Verizon Wireless, Sprint, and Helio. (Helio has since been absorbed into Virgin Mobile)

Downloads[link]

As of September 2006, Logo has programming content available for download on iTunes, Amazon Unbox, and AOL Video. In December 2006 Logo began offering content for download on Wal-Mart's service. In February 2007, Logo also started publishing shows for download with BitTorrent [1]. In June 2007 and November 2008, Logo programming became available for download on Xbox LIVE and Zune Marketplace, respectively.

Video On Demand[link]

As of September 2006, Logo features select programming content on the Video On Demand platform on Comcast, Cox, Time Warner Cable, and Verizon cable providers. Logo programming has been available on the Roost service since the time of its official launch.

Theatrical[link]

In early 2007, Puccini for Beginners became the first film released in theaters in conjunction with Logo. Their second film was released in 2008, the film version of the Noah's Arc television series entitled Noah's Arc: Jumping the Broom.

DVD[link]

• Noah's Arc season one (released August 6, 2006)
• Noah's Arc season two (released June 12, 2007)
• Rick & Steve season one (released August 28, 2007)
• The Big Gay Sketch Show seasons one and two (released April 29, 2008)
• Exes & Ohs season one (released May 20, 2008)
• Noah's Arc: Jumping the Broom (released February 3, 2009)
• Out at the Wedding (released February 17, 2009)
• Rick & Steve season two (released March 3, 2009)

Podcasting[link]

Logo offered several audio and video podcasts through the podcast section of the iTunes store. At launch the offering included audio and video podcasts for CBS News on Logo, Jason Bellini's Here & Now, Talking to Manatees, She Said What?, and Wisecrack. On July 28, 2007, Logo launched a new audio podcast titled Oh God I'm Gay, which addresses spiritual issues for LGBT people. As of January 2011 archives of some of Logo's podcasts remain on the iTunes Store but none have been updated since 2009.

See also[link]

• List of United States cable and satellite television networks

References[link]

External links[link]

	LGBT portal
	Television in the United States portal

• logotv.com, channel's official website
• Logo Television Network at the Internet Movie Database

v t e Viacom Inc. Corporate directors George S. Abrams · Philippe Dauman (CEO) · Thomas E. Dooley · Ellen V. Futter · Robert Kraft · Alan C. Greenberg · Charles Phillips · Sumner Redstone (Chairman) · Shari Redstone · Frederic Salerno · William Schwartz MTV Networks MTV Networks Company, Inc. MTV · VH1 · Nickelodeon · Comedy Central · CMT · Spike · more... BET Networks BET · BET Gospel · BET Hip-Hop · Centric · BET UK Paramount Motion Pictures Group Paramount Pictures Corporation: Paramount Pictures · Paramount Vantage · Paramount Classics · Republic Pictures · United International Pictures (50% with NBCUniversal's Universal Studios) MTV branded labels: MTV Films · Nickelodeon Movies Other units: EPIX (co-owned with Lions Gate Entertainment and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) Television stations KGBS-CA (Tr3́s) · KHMM-CA (Tr3́s) · KMMK-LP / KMUM-CA / KMMW-LP (Nick Jr) · KZMM-CA (Tr3́s) Viacom Music Group Comedy Central Records · Nick Records Miscellaneous assets Viacom International · Viacom 18 (India)  · Viacom Entertainment Store  · Bellator Fighting Championships  · MovieTickets.com  · URGE See also Template:MTV Networks Europe · Viacom (1971–2005) · National Amusements · Gulf+Western Annual Revenue: $17.3 billion USD ( 10% 3Q 2005) · Employees: 38,310 · Stock Symbol: NASDAQ: VIA, NASDAQ: VIAB · Website: viacom.com

This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Discussion about the problems with the sole source used may be found on the talk page. (September 2010)

Three logos: LibreOffice, IBM by Paul Rand and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.

Early trademark of the Chiswick Press

A logo is a graphic mark or emblem commonly used by commercial enterprises, organizations and even individuals to aid and promote instant public recognition. Logos are either purely graphic (symbols/icons) or are composed of the name of the organization (a logotype or wordmark).

In the days of hot metal typesetting, a logotype was a uniquely set and arranged typeface or colophon. At the level of mass communication and in common usage a company's logo is today often synonymous with its trademark or brand.^[1]

History[link]

Numerous inventions and techniques have contributed to the contemporary logo, including cylinder seals (c.2300 BCE), coins (c.600 BCE),^[2][3] trans-cultural diffusion of logographic languages, coats of arms,^[4] watermarks,^[5] silver hallmarks and the development of printing technology.

As the industrial revolution converted western societies from agrarian to industrial in the 18th and 19th centuries, photography and lithography contributed to the boom of an advertising industry that integrated typography and imagery together on the page.^[6] Simultaneously, typography itself was undergoing a revolution of form and expression that expanded beyond the modest, serif typefaces used in books, to bold, ornamental typefaces used on broadsheet posters.^[7]

The arts were expanding in purpose—from expression and decoration of an artistic, storytelling nature, to a differentiation of brands and products that the growing middle classes were consuming. Consultancies and trades-groups in the commercial arts were growing and organizing; by 1890 the US had 700 lithographic printing firms employing more than 8,000 people.^[8] Artistic credit tended to be assigned to the lithographic company, as opposed to the individual artists.

A coin from early 6th century BC Lydia bearing the head of a roaring lion with sun rays

Innovators in the visual arts and lithographic process—such as French printing firm Rouchon in the 1840s, Joseph Morse of New York in the 1850s, Frederick Walker of England in the 1870s, and Jules Chéret of France in the 1870s—developed an illustrative style that went beyond tonal, representational art to figurative imagery with sections of bright, flat colors.^[8] Playful children’s books, authoritative newspapers, and conversational periodicals developed their own visual and editorial styles for unique, expanding audiences. As printing costs decreased, literacy rates increased, and visual styles changed, the Victorian decorative arts lead to an expansion of typographic styles and methods of representing businesses.^[9]

The First logo to be trademarked was the Bass red triangle in 1876

The Arts and Crafts Movement of late-19th century, partially in response to the excesses of Victorian typography, aimed to restore an honest sense of craftsmanship to the mass-produced goods of the era.^[10] A renewal of interest in craftsmanship and quality also provided the artists and companies with a greater interest in credit, leading to the creation of unique logos and marks.

By the 1950s, Modernism had shed its roots as an avant-garde artistic movement in Europe to become an international, commercialized movement with adherents in the United States and elsewhere. The visual simplicity and conceptual clarity that were the hallmarks of Modernism as an artistic movement formed a powerful toolset for a new generation of graphic designers whose logos embodied Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s dictum, "Less is more." Modernist-inspired logos proved successful in the era of mass visual communication ushered in by television, improvements in printing technology, and digital innovations.

Logos today[link]

logos of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent

The current era of logo design began in the 1870s with the first abstract logo, the Bass red triangle. Today there are many corporations, products, brands, services, agencies and other entities using an ideogram (sign, icon) or an emblem (symbol) or a combination of sign and emblem as a logo. As a result, only a few of the thousands of ideograms people see are recognized without a name. An effective logo may consist of both an ideogram and the company name (logotype) to emphasize the name over the graphic, and employ a unique design via the use of letters, colours, and additional graphic elements.

The Coca-Cola logo is identifiable in other languages, here written in Cyrillic.

Ideograms and symbols may be more effective than written names (logotypes), especially for logos translated into many alphabets in increasingly globalised markets. For instance, a name in the Arabic language would be of little help in most European markets. By contrast, ideograms keep the general proprietary nature of the product in both markets. In non-profit areas, the Red Cross (which goes by Red Crescent in Muslim countries) is an example of an extremely well known emblem which does not need an accompanying name. Branding aims to facilitate cross-language marketing. The Coca-Cola logo can be identified in any language because of its standard color and well known "ribbon wave" design.

Some countries have logos, e.g. Argentina, Spain, Italy, Turkey and The Islands of The Bahamas, that identify them in marketing their country solely for tourism purposes. Such logos often are used by countries whose tourism sector makes up a large portion of their economy.

Logo design[link]

Logo design is an important area of graphic design, and one of the most difficult to perfect. The logo (ideogram), is the image embodying an organization. Because logos are meant to represent companies' brands or corporate identities and foster their immediate customer recognition, it is counterproductive to frequently redesign logos.

Color is considered important to brand recognition, but it should not be an integral component to the logo design, which could conflict with its functionality. Some colors are formed/associated with certain emotions that the designer wants to convey. For instance loud primary colors, such as red, are meant to attract the attention of drivers on highways are appropriate for companies that require such attention. In the United States red, white, and blue are often used in logos for companies that want to project patriotic feelings. Green is often associated with the health and hygiene sector, and light blue or silver is often used to reflect diet foods. For other brands, more subdued tones and lower saturation can communicate reliability, quality, relaxation, or other traits.

The logo design profession has substantially increased in numbers over the years since the rise of the Modernist movement in the United States in the 1950s.^[11] Three designers are widely^[12] considered the pioneers of that movement and of logo and corporate identity design: The first is Chermayeff & Geismar,^[13] which is the firm responsible for a large number of iconic logos, such as Chase Bank (1964), Mobil Oil (1965), PBS (1984), NBC (1986), National Geographic (2003) and others. Due to the simplicity and boldness of their designs, many of their earlier logos are still in use today. The firm recently designed logos for the Library of Congress and the fashion brand Armani Exchange. Another pioneer of corporate identity design is Paul Rand,^[14] who was one of the originators of the Swiss Style of graphic design. He designed many posters and corporate identities, including the logos for IBM, UPS, and ABC. The third pioneer of corporate identity design is Saul Bass.^[15] Bass was responsible for several recognizable logos in North America, including both the Bell Telephone logo (1969) and successor AT&T globe (1983). Other well-known designs were Continental Airlines (1968), Dixie (1969), and United Way (1972). Later, he would produce logos for a number of Japanese companies as well. Charmayeff, Rand and Bass all died in 1996.

Logo design process[link]

Designing a good logo is not a simple task and requires a lot of involvement from the marketing team and the design agency (if outsourced). It requires clear idea about the concept and values of the brand as well as understanding of the consumer or target group as marketers call. Broad step in logo design process would be formulating concept, doing initial sketch, finalizing the logo concept, deciding the theme colors and format.

Psychology of symbols[link]

The effective design and use of a logo employs the understanding of human behavior. Whether cultural, or internal, people recognize and react to color, shapes, lines, fonts and other symbolic forms with emotions tied to their experiences.

Colors have a broad range of meaning according to different nations and cultures. A color could mean one thing in a particular setting, and something completely different in another.

People's minds have been trained to recognize the motion of a line. Horizontal lines often communicate a leveled security. Vertical lines convey dignity, and diagonal lines are full of energy, suggesting either rising or falling, or movement in one direction or another.

Texaco logo

Dynamic logos[link]

Nunc est bibendum (now is the time to drink), 1898 poster of the Michelin.

Coca-Cola logo

In 1898 the French tire manufacturer Michelin introduced the Michelin Man, a cartoon figure presented in many different contexts, such as eating, drinking and playing sports.

The MTV logo.

By the early 21st century, large corporations such as MTV, Google, Morton Salt and Saks Fifth Avenue had adopted dynamic logos that change over time from setting to setting.^[16]

Internet-compatible logos[link]

A company that use logotypes (wordmarks) may desire a logo that matches the firm's Internet Address. For short logotypes consisting of two or three characters, multiple companies are found to employ the same letters. A "CA" logo, for example, is used by the French Bank Credit Agricole, the Dutch Clothing Retailer C&A and the US Software Corporation CA Technologies, but only one can have the internet domain name CA.com.

In today's interface adaptive world, the use of a logo will be formatted and re-formatted from large monitors to small handheld devices. With the constant size change and re-formatting, logo designers are shifting to a more bold and simple approach, with heavy lines and shapes, and solid colors. This reduces the confusion when mingled with other logos in tight spaces and when stretched and squeezed between mediums.

Examples[link]

Corporations, businesses and products[link]

Due to the design, the color, the shape, and eventually additional elements of the logotype, each one can easily be differentiated from other logotypes. For example, a box of Kellogg's cereals will be easily recognized in a supermarket's shelf from a certain distance, due to its unique typography and distinctive red coloring. The same will be true when one is at the airport looking for the booth of the Hertz Rent-A-Car company.

Some well-known logos include Apple Inc.'s apple with a bite taken out, which started out as a rainbow of color, and has been reduced to a single color without any loss of recognition. Coca-Cola's script is known worldwide, but is best associated with the color red; its main competitor, Pepsi has taken the color blue, although they have abandoned their script logo. IBM, also known as "Big Blue" has simplified their logo over the years, and their name. What started as International Business Machines is now just "IBM" and the color blue has been a signature in their unifying campaign as they have moved to become an IT services company.

There are some other logos that must be mentioned when evaluating what the mark means to the consumer. Automotive brands can be summed up simply with their corporate logo—from the Chevrolet "Bow Tie" mark to the roundel marks of Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz and BMW, to the interlocking "RR" of Rolls-Royce—each has stood for a brand and clearly differentiated the product line.

Other logos that are recognized globally: the Nike "Swoosh" and the Adidas "Three stripes" are two well-known brands that are defined by their corporate logo. When Phil Knight started Nike, he was hoping to find a mark as recognizable as the Adidas stripes, which also provided reinforcement to the shoe. He hired a young student (Carolyn Davidson) to design his logo, paying her $35 for what has become one of the best known marks in the world (she was later compensated again by the company).^[17]

Another logo of global renown is that of Playboy Enterprises. Playboy magazine claims it once received a letter at its Chicago, Illinois offices with its distinctive "bunny" logo as the only identifying mark, appearing where the mailing address normally appears.

Corporate identities are often developed by large firms who specialize in this type of work. However, Paul Rand is considered the father of corporate identity and his work has been seminal in launching this field. Some examples of his work were the UPS package with a string (replaced in March 2003 with the "shield"), IBM and NeXT Computer.

An interesting case is the refinement of the FedEx logo, where the brand consultants convinced the company to shorten their corporate name and logo from "Federal Express" to the popular abbreviation "Fed Ex". Besides creating a shorter brand name, they reduced the amount of color used on vehicles (planes, trucks) and saved hundreds of thousands of dollars in paint costs. Also, the right-pointing arrow in the new logo hints at motion.

Logo of Facebook Inc.

Starting about 4 years ago, certain companies, especially online technology companies, began to adopt a common look and feel. Many people refer to that standard as "web 2.0", but there is no official "web 2.0" standard. Web 2.0 logos often use small chunks of large type, with bright and cheery colors. Although there are literally hundreds of fonts used by web 2.0 companies, the logos are generally dominated by soft, rounded san serif fonts such as VAG Rounded (Crowdspring) and Helvetica Rounded (Skype). There are, however, numerous exceptions, as some web 2.0 companies have used classic fonts (Trade, News Gothic, Frutiger, Helvetica), while others have chosen to differentiate completely, using custom lettering like (Facebook).

Sports[link]

For many teams, a logo is an important way to recognize a team's history and can intimidate opponents. For certain teams, the logo and colour scheme are synonimous with the team's players. For example; the Toronto Maple Leafs, Montreal Canadiens, or New York Yankees all have highly recognizable logos that can be recognized by nearly any fan of the respective sport.

See also[link]

• Icon
• Logo designers
• Logo Design Creation
• Logo extraction puzzles, games centered on the recognition of organizations or products based on their logo design elements
• Monogram, a motif made by overlapping or combining two or more letters or other graphemes to form one symbol
• Slogan
• Sound trademark
• Wikipedia:Logos

References[link]

Sources[link]

• Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design (Third ed.). John Wiley & Sons,. ISBN 978-0-471-29198-5. 

Look up logo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Logos

External links[link]

• Logo at the Open Directory Project
• Diagram of the logos of the top 100 companies on the web arranged according to color:

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. It does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve it by adding citations to reliable sources. Tagged since May 2009. It may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since November 2010. It is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Tagged since November 2010.

A television channel is a physical or virtual channel over which a television station or television network is distributed. For example, in North America, "channel 2" refers to the broadcast or cable band of 54 to 60 MHz, with carrier frequencies of 55.25 MHz for NTSC analog video (VSB) and 59.75 MHz for analog audio (FM), or 55.31 MHz for digital ATSC (8VSB). Channels may be shared by many different television stations or cable-distributed channels depending on the location and service provider.

Depending on the multinational bandplan for a given region, analog television channels are typically 6, 7, or 8 MHz in bandwidth, and therefore television channel frequencies vary as well. Channel numbering is also different. Digital television channels are the same for legacy reasons, however through multiplexing, each physical radio frequency (RF) channel can carry several digital subchannels. On satellites, each transponder normally carries one channel, however small, independent channels can be used on each transponder, with some loss of bandwidth due to the need for guard bands between unrelated transmissions. ISDB, used in Japan and Brazil, has a similar segmented mode.

Channel separation on over-the-air channels is accomplished by skipping at least one channel between two analog stations' frequency allocations. (There can be gaps between channels, where numbers are sequential, but frequencies are not contiguous, such as the skip from VHF low to high, and the jump to UHF.) On cable TV, it is possible to use adjacent channels only because they are all at the same power, something which could only be done over the air if the two stations were transmitted at the same power and height from the same location. For digital TV, selectivity is inherently better, therefore channels adjacent (either to analog or digital stations) can be used even in the same area.

Other meanings[link]

Commonly, the term "television channel" is used to refer to either a terrestrial television station or its cable/satellite counterpart (both outlined below). Sometimes, especially outside the U.S. and in the context of cable/satellite television, it is used instead of the term television network, which otherwise (in its technical use above) describes a group of geographically-distributed television stations that share affiliation/ownership and some or all of their programming with one another.

This terminology may be muddled somewhat in other jurisdictions, for instance Europe, where terrestrial channels are commonly mapped from physical channels to common numerical positions (i.e. BBC One does not broadcast on any particular "channel 1" but is nonetheless mapped to the "1" input on most British television sets). On digital platforms, such (location) channels are usually arbitrary and changeable, due to virtual channels.

Television station[link]

A television station is a type of broadcast station that broadcasts both audio and video to television receivers in a particular area. Traditionally, TV stations made their broadcasts by sending specially-encoded radio signals over the air, called terrestrial television. Individual television stations are usually granted licenses by a government agency to use a particular section of the radio spectrum (a channel) through which they send their signals. Some stations use LPTV broadcast translators to retransmit to further areas.

Many television stations are now in the process of converting from analogue (NTSC, PAL or SECAM) broadcast, to digital TV (ATSC broadcast, DVB or ISDB).

Non-broadcast television channels[link]

Because some regions have had difficulty picking up over-the-air signals (particularly in mountainous areas), alternative means of distribution such as direct-to-home satellite and cable television have been introduced. Television channels specifically built to run on cable or satellite blur the line between TV station and TV network. That fact led some early cable channels to call themselves superstations.

Satellite and cable have created changes. Local programming TV stations in an area can sign-up or even be required to be carried on cable, but content providers like TLC cannot. They are not licensed to run broadcast equipment like a station, and they do not regularly provide content to licensed broadcasters either. Furthermore, a distributor like TNT may begin producing its own programming, and shows presented exclusively on cable/satellite by one distributor may be syndicated to broadcast stations. The cost of creating a nationwide channel has been reduced and there has been a huge increase in the number of such channels, with most catering to a small group. See also: significantly viewed.

From the definitions above, use of the terms "network" or "station" in reference to nationwide cable/satellite channels is technically inaccurate. However, this is an arbitrary, inconsequential distinction, and varies from company to company. Indeed, the term "cable network" has entered into common usage in the United States in reference to such channels. There is even some geographical separation among "national" cable/satellite channels in the U.S., be it programming (e.g., the Fox Sports Net group of regional sports channels, which share several programs), or simply regionalized advertising inserted by the local cable company.

Should a legal distinction be necessary between a (location) channel as defined above and a television channel in this sense, the terms "programming service" (e.g. [1]) or "programming undertaking" (for instance, [2]) may be used instead for the latter definition.

A person viewing by cable or satellite might not know what kind of organization is responsible for a given program, especially if it is syndicated, so what seems to be a station or a network may be neither.

See also[link]

Look up television channel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Barker channel
• Lists of television channels
• Television channel frequencies

v t e Telecommunications (general) History Beacons Broadcasting Communications satellites Computer networks Drums Electrical telegraphs Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraphs Internet Mass media Mobile phones Optical telegraphy Photophones Radio Radiotelephones Telegraphy Telephones The Telephone Cases Television Undersea telegraph lines Videophones Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners-Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Lee De Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Guglielmo Marconi Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Media Coaxial cable Free-space optical Optical fiber Radio waves Telephone lines Terrestrial microwave Networks ARPANET BITNET Ethernet FidoNet ISDN Internet Local area Mobile NGN Packet switched Public Switched Telephone Radio Television Telex Wide area World Wide Web Wireless Geographic v t e Telecommunications in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Azawad Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / Plazas de soberanía (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara v t e Telecommunications in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia People's Republic of China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus Palestine Republic of China (Taiwan) South Ossetia Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau v t e Telecommunications in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other territories Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Svalbard Other entities European Union v t e Telecommunications in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands v t e Telecommunications in Oceania Sovereign states Australia East Timor (Timor-Leste) Fiji Indonesia Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cook Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Niue Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna v t e Telecommunications in South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Look up Channel, channel, or channels in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Channel, Channels, and similar terms may refer to:

• Channels (band), a rock band fronted by ex-Jawbox singer/guitarist J. Robbins
• Channels (film), a 2008 film
• Channel, synonym for pre-chorus in popular song structure
• Ion channel, a protein that allows ion flow through a cell membrane
• Mediumship (also known as channelling), communication with spirits
• Meridian (Chinese medicine) (or channel), a concept central to traditional Chinese medical techniques such as acupuncture, and to martial arts such as tai chi and qigong
• Legal channeling, the act of legally making one entity responsible for an event, and thereby dismissing other parties from liability for an event

Places[link]

• Channel (geography), in physical geography, the physical confine of a river, slough or ocean strait consisting of a bed and banks
• Stream channel, a hydrologic scientific term for physical confine of a stream (river) consisting of stream bed and stream banks

Europe[link]

• English Channel, the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Great Britain from northern France
• Channel Tunnel, or the Chunnel, a rail tunnel underneath the English Channel linking the U.K. and France
• Channel Islands, an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy

North America[link]

• Channel Islands of California, a chain of eight islands located in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Southern California
• Channel-Port aux Basques, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
• Channel Lake, Illinois
• Channel, California, a former settlement in Butte County, California, United States
• Channel Home Centers, a defunct home improvement chain based in the northeastern United States

Australia[link]

• Channel Highway, a regional highway in Tasmania, Australia
• Channel Express, a defunct British airline

Business[link]

• Distribution channel, a chain of intermediaries, each passing the product down the chain to the next organization, before it finally reaches the consumer
• Marketing channel, set of activities necessary to transfer the ownership of goods from the point of production to the point of consumption

Technology[link]

• Communication channel, a transmission medium, e.g. a wire, or a multiplexed connection, e.g. a radio channel, used to convey an information signal from a sender to a receiver,
• Channel (digital image), the grayscale representation of a primary color in a digital image
• Channel (programming), in computer science, a tool used for interprocess communication
• Television channel, a television station or its cable/satellite counterpart
• Channel (broadcasting), a range of frequencies assigned by a government for broadcasting
• I/O Channel, in computing, a high-performance input/output (I/O) architecture
• Audio channel

Fiction[link]

• Channeler (The Wheel of Time), fictional characters in the Wheel of Time fantasy book series by Robert Jordan
• Channeling (Rolemaster), in the Rolemaster role-playing game

Sport[link]

• Channel (association football), football (soccer) terminology for particular areas of the pitch
• Channel Football Club, an Australian rules football club in Tasmania

See also[link]

• Canal
• Chanel (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Betty Blowtorch was an all-female American hard rock band from Southern California.

Biography[link]

The band was formed in 1998 by three members of Butt Trumpet.^[1] After releasing the 2001 album, Are You Man Enough?, the group toured with Nashville Pussy.^[2] During the tour, drummer Judy Molish and guitarist Sharon Needles left the group; Jennifer Finch from L7 joined in their stead. In December 2001, lead singer and bassist Bianca Halstead (Butthole) was killed in a car crash in New Orleans, which marked the end of the group.^[2] A collection of rarities and live performances was released as Last Call in 2003.

They are the focus of Antonia Scarpa's documentary film, Betty Blowtorch And Her Amazing True Life Adventures.

Halstead is buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery.

Blare N. Bitch and Sharon Needles are currently both members of the Los Angeles based band, Psychostar.

Members[link]

• Bianca Butthole (Bianca Halstead) - bass, vocals
• Sharon Needles - rhythm guitar, vocals
• Blare N. Bitch - lead guitar
• Judy Molish - drums

Discography[link]

• Get Off (Foil Records, 1999)
  • 01 - "Betty Blowtorch Anthem"
  • 02 - "Fish Taco"
  • 03 - "I Wanna Be Your Sucker"
  • 04 - "Shut Up & Fuck"
  • 05 - "Party Til Ya Puke"
  • 06 - "Get Off"

• Are You Man Enough? (Foodchain Records, 2001)
  • 01 - "Hell On Wheels"
  • 02 - "Love/Hate"
  • 03 - "Size Queen" (featuring Vanilla Ice)
  • 04 - "I Wanna Be Your Sucker"
  • 05- "I'm Ugly and I Don't Know Why"
  • 06 - "Shut Up and Fuck"
  • 07 - "No Integrity"
  • 08 - "Frankie"
  • 09 - "I Wish You'd Die"
  • 10 - "Big Hair, Broken Heart"
  • 11 - "Part-Time Hooker"
  • 12 - "Rock My World"
  • 13 - "Dresses"
  • 14 - "Strung Out"
  • 15 - "Rock 'N Roll 69"

• Last Call (Foodchain, 2003)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website

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