- published: 20 Nov 2012
- views: 1972774
- author: LemonTVVEVO
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Loading...
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Americas
- Amine
- Ammonium
- Ancient Rome
- Angiosperms
- Antibacterial
- Arabic
- Argentina
- Aromatherapy
- Australian bush
- Ayurveda
- Basil
- Bitter orange
- Book Citrus
- Brazil
- Burma
- Calcium
- California
- Carbohydrate
- Carolus Linnaeus
- Category Citrus
- Cheesecake
- China
- Christopher Columbus
- Citric acid
- Citron
- Citrus
- Citrus production
- Clementine
- Cocktail
- Cultivar
- Cymbopogon
- Deodorizer
- Dietary fiber
- Egypt
- Electrode
- Essential oil
- Eudicots
- Europe
- Evergreen
- Fat
- Florida
- Folate
- Food energy
- Garnish (food)
- Genoa
- Grapefruit
- Hesperidium
- Hispaniola
- Hybrid name
- Hydrolysis
- Ice cream
- Immune system
- India
- Insecticide
- Iran
- Iraq
- Iron
- Islamic garden
- Italy
- Juice
- Kessinger Publishing
- Key lime
- Lamiaceae
- Lemon
- Lemon balm
- Lemon battery
- Lemon juice
- Lemon liqueur
- Lemon myrtle
- Lemon thyme
- Lemon verbena
- Lemonade
- Lemongrass
- Lime (fruit)
- Limoncello
- Los Angeles Times
- Magnesium in biology
- Magnolia grandiflora
- Mandarin orange
- Marinade
- Marmalade
- Mediterranean region
- Mentha
- Mexico
- Meyer lemon
- Mold
- Moroccan cuisine
- Naartjie
- Niacin
- Orange (fruit)
- Orange oil
- Orangery
- Pancakes
- Pantothenic acid
- Peel (fruit)
- Pelargonium
- Persia
- Persian language
- Persian lime
- Phosphorus
- Plantae
- Pomelo
- Ponderosa lemon
- Potassium
- Preservative
- Preserved lemon
- Protein (nutrient)
- Rangpur (fruit)
- Riboflavin
- Rosids
- Rutaceae
- San Diego County
- Sapindales
- Scurvy
- Shrove Tuesday
- Siddha Medicine
- Soft drink
- Sour orange
- Southern India
- Spain
- Species
- Sugar
- Tangelo
- Tangerine
- Template Citrus
- Template talk Citrus
- Tenderizing
- Thiamine
- Tonne
- Traditional medicine
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Vitamin B6
- Vitamin C
- Wikispecies
- Zest (ingredient)
- Zinc
-
Americas
The Americas, or America, are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World.
In the English language, the Americas refers to the landmasses of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions, whereas America, in current usage, usually refers to the United States of America.
The Americas cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area) and contain about 13.5% of the human population (about 900 million people).
The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion. The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska around 40,000–17,000 years ago, when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the Quaternary glaciation. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific Northwest coast to South America. Evidence of the latter would since have been covered by a sea level rise of hundreds of meters following the last ice age.
wn.com/Americas -
Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
wn.com/Argentina -
Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, 
listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
wn.com/Brazil -
Burma
Burma
i/ˈbɜrmə/ BUR-mə, also known as Myanmar i/ˌmjɑːnˈmɑr/ MYAHN--MAR, is a country in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is bordered by India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. At 676,578 km2 (261,227 sq mi), it is the 40th largest country in the world and the second largest country in Southeast Asia. Burma is also the 24th most populous country in the world with over 60.28 million people.
Burma is home to some of the early civilizations of Southeast Asia including the Pyu and the Mon. In the 9th century, the Burmans of the Kingdom of Nanzhao, entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture slowly became dominant in the country. During this period, Theravada Buddhism gradually became the predominant religion of the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions (1277–1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, the country was reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty which for a brief period was the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma as well as Manipur and Assam. The country was colonized by Britain following three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1885).
wn.com/Burma -
California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
wn.com/California -
China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
wn.com/China -
Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
wn.com/Egypt -
Florida
Florida (i/ˈflɒrɪdə/) is a state in the southeastern United States, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 4th most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state capital is Tallahassee, its largest city is Jacksonville, and the South Florida metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern U.S.
Much of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Its geography is marked by a coastline, by the omnipresence of water and the threat of hurricanes. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, encompassing approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state to border both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and its terrain is characterized by sedimentary soils. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. Its symbolic animals like the American alligator, Florida panther and the manatee, can be found in the Everglades, one of the most famous national parks in the world.
wn.com/Florida -
Genoa
Genoa
/ˈdʒɛnoʊ.ə/ (Italian: Genova [ˈdʒɛːnova] (
listen); Genoese and Ligurian Zena [ˈzeːna]; Latin and, archaically, English Genua) is the capital of Liguria and the sixth largest city in Italy, with a population of 608,676 within its administrative limits on a land area of 243.6 km2 (94 sq mi). The urban zone of Genoa extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 718,896. The urban area of Genoa has a population of 800,709. In the metropolitan area live between 859,000 and 1.4 million or 1.5 million people. Genoa is one of Europe's largest cities on the Mediterranean Sea and the largest seaport in Italy.
Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba ("the Superb one") due to its glorious past and impressive landmarks. Part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 (see below). The city's rich art, music, gastronomy, architecture and history, allowed it to become the 2004's European Capital of Culture. It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus.
wn.com/Genoa -
Hispaniola
Hispaniola (Spanish: La Española) is a major island in the Caribbean, containing the two sovereign states of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The island is located between the islands of Cuba to the west and Puerto Rico to the east, within the hurricane belt.
Hispaniola is the site of the first European colonies in the New World, which were founded by Christopher Columbus on his voyages in 1492 and 1493. It is the ninth-most-populous island in the world, and the most populous in the Americas. It is the second largest island in the Caribbean (after Cuba) and the 22nd-largest island in the world.
The island bears various names originated by its native people, the Taíno Amerindians. When Columbus took possession of the island in 1492 he named it Hispana in Latin and La Isla Española, meaning "The Spanish Island", in Spanish.Bartolomé de las Casas shortened the name to "Española", and when Pietro Martyr d'Anghiera detailed his account of the island in Latin, he translated the name as Hispaniola. Because Anghiera's literary work was translated into English and French in a short period of time, the name "Hispaniola" is the most frequently used term in English-speaking countries for the island in scientific and cartographic works.
wn.com/Hispaniola -
India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
wn.com/India -
Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
wn.com/Iran -
Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ ori/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
wn.com/Iraq -
Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
wn.com/Italy -
Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
wn.com/Mexico -
Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
wn.com/Spain -
Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
wn.com/Turkey -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
wn.com/United_States
-
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (before 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements in the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of what became known as the "New World".
In the context of emerging western imperialism and economic competition between European kingdoms seeking wealth through the establishment of trade routes and colonies, Columbus's speculative proposal to reach the East Indies by sailing westward received the support of the Spanish crown, which saw in it a promise, however remote, of gaining the upper hand over rival powers in the contest for the lucrative spice trade with Asia. During his first voyage in 1492, instead of reaching Japan as he had intended, Columbus landed in the Bahamas archipelago, at a locale he named San Salvador. Over the course of three more voyages, Columbus visited the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Central America, claiming them for the Spanish Empire.
wn.com/Christopher_Columbus
Lemon, Will Filmography
Lemon Filmography
Lemon, Don Filmography
- Lemon - U2
- Lemon - Alice Nine
- Lemon - Katy Rose
- Lemon - Scars Of Life
- Lemon - Stafford
- Stay With Me - Lemon
- Time - Lemon
- Summerghosts - Lemon
- Daydreams - Lemon
- Blind - Lemon
- All Excuses - Lemon
- Man In Control? - Lemon
- Lemon - Thirteen Soundtrack
Lemon
See through in the sunlight
She wore lemon
But never in the daylight
She's gonna make you cry
She's gonna make you whisper and moan
And when you're dry
She draws her water from the stone
And I feel
Like I'm slowly, slowly, slowly slipping under
And I feel
Like I'm holding onto nothing
She wore lemon
To colour in the cold grey night
She had heaven
And she held on so tight
A man makes a picture
A moving picture
Through the light projected
He can see himself up close
A man captures colour
A man likes to stare
He turns his money into light to look for her
And I feel
Like I'm drifting, drifting, drifting from the shore
And I feel
Like I'm swimming out to her
Midnight is where the day begins
Midnight is where the day begins
Midnight is where the day begins
Lemon
See through in the sunlight
A man builds a city
With banks and cathedrals
A man melts the sand so he can
See the world outside You're gonna meet her there
A man makes a car She's your destination
And builds roads to run them on You gotta get to her
A man dreams of leaving She's imagination
But he always stays behind
And these are the days
When our work has come assunder
And these are the days
When we look for something other
Midnight is where the day begins
Midnight is where the day begins
A man makes a picture
A moving picture
Through the light projected
He can see himself up close You're gonna meet her there
A man captures colour She's your destination
A man likes to stare There's no sleeping there
He turns his money into light She's imagination
To look for her Lemon
She is the dreamer
She's imagination She had heaven
Through the light projected
Anytime mitsumeteta toshioita konoha ga kareochiru hibi wo
Itsuka wa ano kigi mo kono boku no you ni kuchihatete yuku no ka...
Before long yatte kita kyou to iu hi ga omukae no hi sa
Kokoro nokori wa anata ni "aishiteru" to ienakatta koto...
Aa shikakui mado no soto anata ga ima
Aa dokoka de waratte kuretereba...
Ame ga kokoro wo misukashite hakonda mizu wa
Tooi, tooi, boukyaku ni, oitekita omoi
"Doushite" ano toki, ienakatta no ka wakaranai
"Doushite" gimon wa kurai yami de boku wo tsutsunda
Shinkoku naru jikan no keika
Saa omukae sa Kami-sama ni negau naraba
Anata ni anata ni hitome demo...
(But, I was never seen)
Kareta kokoro wa hibiwarete anata wo motome
Nagai, nagai nemuri sae atatakai you de
Haruka kanata de kikoeteta koukai no uta wa
Tooi, tooi, yasuragi ni oitekita omoi
"Doushite" ano toki, ienakatta no ka wakaranai
They've clipped my wings again
Tore them apart and then
Left me
No use to fly away to
My yesterday
Of freedom
My eyes died back that day
Seeing the hurt I may have done
Beat me instead of them
Pain is my only zen
Of fun
I'll go where secrets are sold
Where roses unfold
I'll sleep as time goes by
So hurting here is where I belong dreaming a song
Blood on my hands to stay strong
The flowers in the graveyard are all gone I don't belong
There is no right to heal the wrong
Soup's on hot feelin' like a do or die
I can't throw up don't think i even want to try
You still can't make me cry
You've pinned this butterfly
Down
My fire's burning out
Kill my flame without
A frown
And starving hurts the soul
When you're hungry for
Some love
So if I close my eyes
I can really fly
Above
I'll go where secrets are sold
Where roses unfold
I'll sleep as time goes by
So hurting here is where I belong dreaming a song
Blood on my hands to stay strong
The flowers in the graveyard are all gone I don't belong
There is no right to heal the wrong
Soup's on hot feelin' like a do or die
I can't throw up don't think I even want to
Tryyy- tryyyy- tryyyyyy
My thoughts
I hold back the truth that's unspoken
It keeps, pulling me down
As the seasons change within me,
I'm coming around
Its all these things I say to you
But I feel nothing
Its all these things I said I'd do
But I do nothing
There only empty words
Your head
Is filled with so much shit that's unwanted
Its surely, wasting away
Your first step on a path that's a dead end
I can't understand
I take, from you, a life you only wish you knew
The feelings inside you rage as you dream of the
escape, this someone that you call yourself
Now, these chains are not made of you
Now, there's no one to hold on to
Now, the hope has been drained from you
This could be a change of pace for each of us, or this could merely be lightning striking twice. If the latter holds true, I'll scrape your charred remains off the pavement and smother them with kisses. Slip, and slipped away. I can't hold you when you shake like this. But honey, I will always whisper, loud enough for only you to hear. My words will bind us. Fuck the sky. [Take the curlers out of your hair, take the sunshine out of your skin. As these stars fall, we drift within, and heaven may never know about the angel I've stolen. ] A kindred spirit washed away in flame and I, arduously reaching out for the one thing that holds true (for the final thing that holds me to you). Time is the only thing that moves in just one direction, but my heart can never back away from you.
Stay with me Lemon
Everything gets turned around
I am king of lost and found
Surely you want more?
It’s funny how we always lose
Put no bet on what we choose
Who said we need more?
Stay with me, stay with me
Stay my fallen beauty queen
Stay with me, stay with me
Stay my fallen beauty queen
This is all beyond control
Murder on our frozen souls
Maybe you want more
No more secrets to disclose
Draw the curtains, kill the phone
Maybe we want more?
Stay with me, stay with me
Stay my fallen beauty queen
Stay with me, stay with me
Stay my fallen beauty
If you care, then just don’t let me bleed
If you care, if you care
Stay with me, stay with me
Stay my fallen beauty queen
Stay with me, stay with me
Time is ticking and my heart is beating baby
Help me breathing need your love to living
So can see me running to you
Break the walls behind you
Let me love you like you need
Come on, come on
Time is ticking every sec
I need it, yes and no one other
Trust my love is no dust to you i know everything of you
Please let me give my love by can be sure that I...
Most of the changes see how we'll get through come now ,
carry us away
The last truth came to
ten nights of tender
next they carried us away
Will I see you (4x)
thousand slowly
night trains crawling
shelter carried us away
always furter
for rall our intentions
let them carry us away
always save me ......
(x3)
Tell me ‘bout the people you know
Do they smile when they’re happy?
Tell me ‘bout the people you’ve seen?
Are they walking in daydreams?
Did you mean to say that everyone and everything’s okay?
Did you mean to say that everyone and everything’s a
little strange…
In daydreams it comes to me
In daydreams the things I’ve seen
Daydreaming about you, about you and me
In daydreams it comes to me
Tell me ‘bout the people you know
Are they desperate and needy?
Tell me ‘bout the people you’ve seen?
Are they walking in daydreams?
Did you mean to say that everyone and everything’s okay?
Did you mean to say that all my hope and all my dreams
have slipped away?
In daydreams it comes to me
In daydreams the things I’ve seen
Daydreaming about you, about you and me
I choose control
I am confident
I want to grow
I want to grow stronger
Unpack your faith
Your power to comprehend
It's clear
It's always been here
Yeah, I can make it right
This trenght I have found
Yeay, my aim is skintight
I must have been blind before
I don't make belief
I will not pretend
I am complete
I am to be whole again
I'll leave no trace
I'm leaving this sorrow
Behind
Whatever comes round
Yeah, I can make it right
This strength I have found
Yeah, my aim is skintight
I must have been blind
I've been a mess
I just have to confess it
You were more then right
It's been a hell, girl
Sure, now I can tell you must
Have no fear
I'm not feeling sad
Well, is this were it's at?
Now we're a mess
Yeah, I can make it right
This strenght I have found
Yeah, my aim is skintight
I must have been blind
I can’t breathe in
I can’t breathe out
I am gasping for breath
I see your face now
In every passer-by
I can’t run from you
I’ve got to breathe in, breathe out
This is gonna be, it’s gonna be
The last of our contentions
Here
I can’t sleep now
I turn and turn round
Think of what you said
All your excuses
All your excuses
All your excuses suck
I’ve got to breathe in, breathe out
This is gonna be,
The last of our contentions
This is gonna be, it’s gonna be
The last of our acquaintance
Where it’s gonna lead us, lead us from here?
If I could make you see,
that you caught me off-guard
By giving me all I ever asked for
And getting my hopes up high
Thinking that I would disagree,
But you’re giving me all I ever dreamed of
I‘m coming to find you
I wanted to feel you
I wanted to hear you now
I‘m coming to find you
I wanted to feel you
I wanted to hear you say,
you need me
I must make you understand
I’m shaking the dust off memories
Hoping that I will come undone
Seeing light at the end of the night
Makes it all worthwhile
When you’re giving me everything I could wish for
I‘m coming to find you
I wanted to feel you
I wanted to hear you now
I‘m coming to find you
I wanted to feel you
I wanted to hear you say,
you need me
Don’t be shy, take a wild card on me tonight
Cause I’m a man without fear, a man in control
I can take you there, I can take you there
Cause I’m a man without fear, a man in control,
a man in control, a man in …
I‘m coming to find you
I wanted to feel you
I wanted to hear you now
I‘m coming to find you
I wanted to feel you
I wanted to hear you say,
They've clipped my wings again,
tore them apart and then, left me.
No use to fly away,
to my yesterday, of freedom.
My eyes died back that day,
seeing the hurt I may have done.
Beat me instead of them,
pain is my only zen, of fun.
I'll go where secrets are sold,
where roses unfold,
I'll sleep as time goes by.
So hurting here is where I belong
dreaming a song,
blood on my hands to stay strong.
The flowers in the graveyard are all gone
I don't belong,
there is no right to heal the wrong,
soup's on hot feelin' like a do or die,
I can't throw up
I don't think I even want to try.
You still can't make me cry,
you've pinned this butterfly, down.
My fire's burning out,
kill my flame without, a frown.
And starving hurts the soul,
when you're hungry for, some love.
So if I close my eyes,
I can really fly, above.
I'll go where secrets are sold,
where roses unfold,
I'll sleep as time goes by.
So hurting here is where I belong
dreaming a song,
blood on my hands to stay strong.
The flowers in the graveyard are all gone
I don't belong,
there is no right to heal the wrong,
soup's on hot feelin' like a do or die,
I can't throw up
I don't think I even want to tryyy tryyyyy
(Chorus again)
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Endless Days
- Heart Shaped Lie
- Blistered Minds
- Man in Control
- Connected to You
- Easy to Please
- Hey Now
- Anything at All
- Chemistry
- Backseat
- In the Night
- Not Even Close
- It's Coming
- Sorry
- The Love You're Losing
- Unbearable Friends
- We Got Love
- Out of Control
- Lost in a Circle
- The Lies You Tell Me
- It's Been Raining
- Moving On
- Come Alive
- One Night Stand
- Ain't Coming Back
- Simpleminded
- I've Been Told
- Has Anyone Seen My Baby?
- Already Over
- I'm Falling
- Don't Tell Me
- Anything Goes Today
- You Make Me Want You
- Suzie Q
- Me and the Blue
- Batman (twist)
- Planet Mambo
- Hell, Yeah
- Lets Go! Bikini
- Studio None
- Storm Warning
- High Noon at the Half Moon
- Won't You Join Me for a Drink?
- Blind
- Stay With Me
- Scream
- Summer Ghosts
- Boys for Toys
- Promise Me
- Timberline
- Invincible
- All Excuses
- How You Prove Me Wrong
- Common Stakes
- Choose Life
- Smile In Your Eyes
- Weight of the World
- Daydreams
- Hurt Inside
- Landslide
- Old Man
- Nobody Lives Forever (007)
- You Say
- My Baby Says
- You've Got A Way
- Too Late
- All Excuses
- Scream
- Summer Ghosts
- How You Prove Me Wrong
- Stay With Me
- Timberline
- Clear
- Boys For Toys
- Invincible
- Decaf
- Choose Life
- Adventures in Stereo
- Easy, Tiger!
- Waldorf King Size (ska cha cha)
- Latin Lover
- El Pepinillo
- West Pier
- Mr Bongo (part 2)
- DB5
- Does That Turn You On?
- Mission Accomplished
- Citron Presse
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
LemON - Bede Z Toba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Dolacz do nas na FB www.facebook.com Dolacz do nas na Twitterze twitter.com Album mozna juz zamawiac online: merlin.pl www.empik.com Album dostepny równiez w serwisie Muzodajnia.pl: www1.plus.pl Music video by LemON performing Bede Z Toba. (P) 2012 The copyright in this sound recording is owned by Jake Vision Sp. z oo under exclusive licence to EMI Music Poland Sp. z oo
http://wn.com/LemON_Bede_Z_Toba
Dolacz do nas na FB www.facebook.com Dolacz do nas na Twitterze twitter.com Album mozna juz zamawiac online: merlin.pl www.empik.com Album dostepny równiez w serwisie Muzodajnia.pl: www1.plus.pl Music video by LemON performing Bede Z Toba. (P) 2012 The copyright in this sound recording is owned by Jake Vision Sp. z oo under exclusive licence to EMI Music Poland Sp. z oo
Babies Taste Lemons for the First Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 14 Feb 2013
More funny Videos on webfail.com Like us on Facebook http Chances are you don't remember your first taste of lemon, but nowadays, parents are capturing such moments for posterity and sharing them all over YouTube. No copyright infringement intended. All rights attributed accordingly. Copyright issue? Send me a message and we'll get it resolved ASAP. CREDITS: 1. Lemon Face TL www.youtube.com 2. Jayden vs the Lemon www.youtube.com 3. lemon sucker www.youtube.com 4. Baby Eats a Sour Lemon www.youtube.com 5. Lala's first taste of lemon www.youtube.com 6. Alex's first lemon www.youtube.com 7. Babys first lemon www.youtube.com 8. Baby trying lemon www.youtube.com 9. Best baby lemon face ever www.youtube.com 10. Brock eating lemons www.youtube.com 11. Baby's First Lemon - Lilian Eats a Lemon for the First Time 8/12/09 www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Babies_Taste_Lemons_for_the_First_Time
More funny Videos on webfail.com Like us on Facebook http Chances are you don't remember your first taste of lemon, but nowadays, parents are capturing such moments for posterity and sharing them all over YouTube. No copyright infringement intended. All rights attributed accordingly. Copyright issue? Send me a message and we'll get it resolved ASAP. CREDITS: 1. Lemon Face TL www.youtube.com 2. Jayden vs the Lemon www.youtube.com 3. lemon sucker www.youtube.com 4. Baby Eats a Sour Lemon www.youtube.com 5. Lala's first taste of lemon www.youtube.com 6. Alex's first lemon www.youtube.com 7. Babys first lemon www.youtube.com 8. Baby trying lemon www.youtube.com 9. Best baby lemon face ever www.youtube.com 10. Brock eating lemons www.youtube.com 11. Baby's First Lemon - Lilian Eats a Lemon for the First Time 8/12/09 www.youtube.com
- published: 07 Oct 2012
- views: 6469164
- author: Compilariz
Annoying Orange - Grandpa Lemon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
FREE Version of Annoying Orange Kitchen Carnage: iTUNES: bit.ly ANDROID: bit.ly Orange tries to annoy Grandpa Lemon. If only Grandpa could stay awake. RETWEET: 3.ly TSHIRTS: bit.ly TWITTER: twitter.com FACEBOOK: facebook.com GOOGLE+: bit.ly MY WEBSITE: annoyingorange.com WATCH ALL MY EPISODES! http DANEBOE'S CHANNEL: youtube.com DANEBOE GAMING CHANNEL: youtube.com DANEBOE 2ND CHANNEL: youtube.com STARRING KEVINBRUECK as GRANDPA LEMON: youtube.com
http://wn.com/Annoying_Orange_Grandpa_Lemon
FREE Version of Annoying Orange Kitchen Carnage: iTUNES: bit.ly ANDROID: bit.ly Orange tries to annoy Grandpa Lemon. If only Grandpa could stay awake. RETWEET: 3.ly TSHIRTS: bit.ly TWITTER: twitter.com FACEBOOK: facebook.com GOOGLE+: bit.ly MY WEBSITE: annoyingorange.com WATCH ALL MY EPISODES! http DANEBOE'S CHANNEL: youtube.com DANEBOE GAMING CHANNEL: youtube.com DANEBOE 2ND CHANNEL: youtube.com STARRING KEVINBRUECK as GRANDPA LEMON: youtube.com
- published: 04 Jun 2010
- views: 15473347
- author: realannoyingorange
YouTube - Babies Eating Lemons for the First Time.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 14 Feb 2013
i love the small babies:)
http://wn.com/YouTube_Babies_Eating_Lemons_for_the_First_Timemp4
Fool's Garden - Lemon Tree
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
celebsvenue.in - Models HQ Photoshoots
http://wn.com/Fool's_Garden_Lemon_Tree
u2 - lemon.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:04
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Lemon See through in the sunlight She wore lemon But never in the daylight She's gonna make you cry She's gonna make you whisper and moan And when you're dry She draws her water from the stone And I feel Like I'm slowly, slowly, slowly slipping under And I feel Like I'm holding onto nothing She wore lemon To colour in the cold grey night She had heaven And she held on so tight A man makes a picture A moving picture Through the light projected He can see himself up close A man captures colour A man likes to stare He turns his money into light to look for her And I feel Like I'm drifting, drifting, drifting from the shore And I feel Like I'm swimming out to her Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Lemon See through in the sunlight A man builds a city With banks and cathedrals A man melts the sand so he can See the world outside her there A man makes a car destination And builds roads to run them on A man dreams of leaving But he always stays behind And these are the days When our work has come assunder And these are the days When we look for something other Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins A man makes a picture A moving ...
http://wn.com/u2_lemonmp4
Lemon See through in the sunlight She wore lemon But never in the daylight She's gonna make you cry She's gonna make you whisper and moan And when you're dry She draws her water from the stone And I feel Like I'm slowly, slowly, slowly slipping under And I feel Like I'm holding onto nothing She wore lemon To colour in the cold grey night She had heaven And she held on so tight A man makes a picture A moving picture Through the light projected He can see himself up close A man captures colour A man likes to stare He turns his money into light to look for her And I feel Like I'm drifting, drifting, drifting from the shore And I feel Like I'm swimming out to her Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Lemon See through in the sunlight A man builds a city With banks and cathedrals A man melts the sand so he can See the world outside her there A man makes a car destination And builds roads to run them on A man dreams of leaving But he always stays behind And these are the days When our work has come assunder And these are the days When we look for something other Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins Midnight is where the day begins A man makes a picture A moving ...
- published: 19 Oct 2010
- views: 223583
- author: jemappelle82
Cave Johnson Lemons
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Aperture Science Founder and CEO Cave Johnson explains what you should do when life gives you lemons.
http://wn.com/Cave_Johnson_Lemons
Aperture Science Founder and CEO Cave Johnson explains what you should do when life gives you lemons.
- published: 20 Apr 2011
- views: 787290
- author: murpium
Fool's Garden-Lemon Tree lyrics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 14 Feb 2013
It's my first video, so I hope u'll like it, please comment and subscribe.
http://wn.com/Fool's_Garden-Lemon_Tree_lyrics
It's my first video, so I hope u'll like it, please comment and subscribe.
- published: 09 Feb 2012
- views: 2725614
- author: So8Ixoxo
Portal 2 - Cave Johnson's Lemon Rant
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:34
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
When life gives you lemons, don't make lemonade, GET MAD!
http://wn.com/Portal_2_Cave_Johnson's_Lemon_Rant
When life gives you lemons, don't make lemonade, GET MAD!
- published: 24 Apr 2011
- views: 110432
- author: Howler54
Lemon Jelly - Space Walk (Full Album Version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:03
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
From the album Lost Horizons
http://wn.com/Lemon_Jelly_Space_Walk_Full_Album_Version
Keith Lemon: The Film
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 85:14
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Ooosh, bang tidy! Get ready for the all-new, uncut, lewderer, cruderer and ruderer comedy of the year -- Keith Lemon The Film. - 2012 Lions Gate Films Inc. All rights reserved.
http://wn.com/Keith_Lemon_The_Film
Ooosh, bang tidy! Get ready for the all-new, uncut, lewderer, cruderer and ruderer comedy of the year -- Keith Lemon The Film. - 2012 Lions Gate Films Inc. All rights reserved.
- published: 10 Oct 2012
- author: LionsgateUKMovies
Amanda Palmer - Bad Wine and Lemon Cake (Feat. The Jane Austen Argument)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
From her New Album, Amanda Palmer Goes Down Under
http://wn.com/Amanda_Palmer_Bad_Wine_and_Lemon_Cake_Feat_The_Jane_Austen_Argument
From her New Album, Amanda Palmer Goes Down Under
- published: 29 Jan 2011
- views: 60483
- author: Girl0Interrupted0
Honey the Great Dane & Lemon the Tortoiseshell Cat - Magic Moments Together
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
www.bighoneydog.com / Honey & Lemon shared the same birthday - they came into our lives together, grew up together, played together, shared adventures together - and should have grown old together...but we lost Lemon to a mystery infection while she was staying in a cattery, in Jan 2009. She was only 5yrs old. For such a tiny cat, she has left a huge hole in our hearts - and an empty space by Honey's side. She was the night to Honey's day, the spice to Honey's sweetness, the devil minx to Honey's angel goodness - and she was a cat in a million.
http://wn.com/Honey_the_Great_Dane_Lemon_the_Tortoiseshell_Cat_Magic_Moments_Together
www.bighoneydog.com / Honey & Lemon shared the same birthday - they came into our lives together, grew up together, played together, shared adventures together - and should have grown old together...but we lost Lemon to a mystery infection while she was staying in a cattery, in Jan 2009. She was only 5yrs old. For such a tiny cat, she has left a huge hole in our hearts - and an empty space by Honey's side. She was the night to Honey's day, the spice to Honey's sweetness, the devil minx to Honey's angel goodness - and she was a cat in a million.
- published: 26 Jan 2010
- views: 493865
- author: Bighoneydog Honey-GreatDane
LemOn - Będę z Tobą
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Singiel zespołu LemON WERSJA Z MBTM - youtu.be !!!! ;)
http://wn.com/LemOn_Będę_z_Tobą
Singiel zespołu LemON WERSJA Z MBTM - youtu.be !!!! ;)
- published: 07 Oct 2012
- views: 513743
- author: TheTherion16
Lemon Tree "Fools Garden" "Video Clip Completo"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 14 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/Lemon_Tree_Fools_Garden_Video_Clip_Completo
Lemon Bars!!! How To Make Homemade Lemon Bars
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Learn how to make Lemon Bars with this easy video recipe. Full ingredients at hilahcooking.com HILAH COOKING: New Episodes Every Tuesday and Thursday! - - - - - - - - - - - Subscribe on YouTube (never miss a video!) www.youtube.com Facebook: facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Check out over 160 video recipes at hilahcooking.com - - - - - - - - - - - Hilah Cooking is a short-form, educational web series focused on making cooking FUN! We release two episodes every week. Our focus is on simple, low-cost recipes with a Texas flair. Everything is made from scratch, people! You will not see any packets of taco seasoning mix or gravy powder up in here. If you are going to learn how to cook, you are going to learn it for real! But I promise it will be fun and easy.
http://wn.com/Lemon_Bars!!!_How_To_Make_Homemade_Lemon_Bars
Learn how to make Lemon Bars with this easy video recipe. Full ingredients at hilahcooking.com HILAH COOKING: New Episodes Every Tuesday and Thursday! - - - - - - - - - - - Subscribe on YouTube (never miss a video!) www.youtube.com Facebook: facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Check out over 160 video recipes at hilahcooking.com - - - - - - - - - - - Hilah Cooking is a short-form, educational web series focused on making cooking FUN! We release two episodes every week. Our focus is on simple, low-cost recipes with a Texas flair. Everything is made from scratch, people! You will not see any packets of taco seasoning mix or gravy powder up in here. If you are going to learn how to cook, you are going to learn it for real! But I promise it will be fun and easy.
- published: 13 Sep 2012
- views: 13426
- author: hilahcooking
Atheists Win the Afterlife Lottery - Lemon's Wager
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Lemon's Wager on Tumblr: tinyurl.com I came up with this idea and presented it to a group of atheists during a podcast. I asked if any had heard of this idea and they said no, so we dubbed it Lemon's Wager. If you like it, I'd be happy to see a Wiki page ^_~
http://wn.com/Atheists_Win_the_Afterlife_Lottery_Lemon's_Wager
Lemon's Wager on Tumblr: tinyurl.com I came up with this idea and presented it to a group of atheists during a podcast. I asked if any had heard of this idea and they said no, so we dubbed it Lemon's Wager. If you like it, I'd be happy to see a Wiki page ^_~
- published: 08 Feb 2013
- views: 2686
- author: Lee Lemon
Food Wishes Recipes - Cured Lemons - Thomas Keller's Cured Preserved Lemons
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
Learn how to make Thomas Keller's Cured Preserved Lemons! Visit foodwishes.com to get more info, and watch over 400 free video recipes. Cured Preserved Lemons are easy and delicious!
http://wn.com/Food_Wishes_Recipes_Cured_Lemons_Thomas_Keller's_Cured_Preserved_Lemons
Learn how to make Thomas Keller's Cured Preserved Lemons! Visit foodwishes.com to get more info, and watch over 400 free video recipes. Cured Preserved Lemons are easy and delicious!
- published: 29 Jun 2010
- views: 72871
- author: foodwishes
LEMON MERINGUE PIE RECIPE - SORTED
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:30
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
This is something you've been asking for in your hundreds! So here it is! Lemon meringue pie is such a popular dessert and this amazing recipe will beat any shop bought versions! We have used a buttery biscuit base to save you making the pastry and the balance of zesty lemon curd and sweet soft meringue is just right. Get the recipe at sortedfood.com Remember that we're now doing a recipe every day of the week at sortedfood.com Share your cooking results with us facebook.com twitter.com
http://wn.com/LEMON_MERINGUE_PIE_RECIPE_SORTED
This is something you've been asking for in your hundreds! So here it is! Lemon meringue pie is such a popular dessert and this amazing recipe will beat any shop bought versions! We have used a buttery biscuit base to save you making the pastry and the balance of zesty lemon curd and sweet soft meringue is just right. Get the recipe at sortedfood.com Remember that we're now doing a recipe every day of the week at sortedfood.com Share your cooking results with us facebook.com twitter.com
- published: 13 Jul 2012
- views: 82883
- author: sortedfood
Is It A Good Idea To Microwave Lemons & A Lime?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Experiment #64 - Lemon & Lime Why wait for summer to make lemonade? Hell, why even wait - with the power of his microwave, Jory is hoping to make instant lemonade... and not that crappy powder stuff either. So, you're probably wondering, Is It A Good Idea To Microwave This? Tune in to find out. Twice a week, microwave specialist Jory Caron microwaves different objects... so you don't have to! The "Jory Caron Microwave Laboratory II" is a state-of-the-art facility equipped with tinfoil shielding, protective masks, a ventilation system, emergency surge protectors, and of course - a Sharp Carousel microwave named Helga. ~~ Links ~~ FAQ Video --------- bit.ly Merchandise ------- bit.ly Flagged Videos --- bit.ly ~~ Connect With Us ~~ ::: Jonathan Paula ::: YouTube ---- bit.ly Facebook --- bit.ly Twitter ------- bit.ly ::: Jory Caron ::: YouTube ---- bit.ly Facebook --- bit.ly Twitter ------- bit.ly ::: Ryan Lewis ::: YouTube ---- bit.ly Twitter ------- bit.ly Facebook -- on.fb.me ::: Jogwheel Productions ::: Facebook --- bit.ly Twitter ------- bit.ly ~~ Technical ~~ Created by ----- Jonathan Paula & Jory Caron Starring --------- Jory Caron, Jonathan Paula, & Ryan Lewis Camera --------- Panasonic DVX-100b & Canon Elura 100 Software -------- Adobe Premiere Pro CS3 Computer ------ bit.ly • Jogwheel Productions © 2008 • ~
http://wn.com/Is_It_A_Good_Idea_To_Microwave_Lemons_A_Lime?
Experiment #64 - Lemon & Lime Why wait for summer to make lemonade? Hell, why even wait - with the power of his microwave, Jory is hoping to make instant lemonade... and not that crappy powder stuff either. So, you're probably wondering, Is It A Good Idea To Microwave This? Tune in to find out. Twice a week, microwave specialist Jory Caron microwaves different objects... so you don't have to! The "Jory Caron Microwave Laboratory II" is a state-of-the-art facility equipped with tinfoil shielding, protective masks, a ventilation system, emergency surge protectors, and of course - a Sharp Carousel microwave named Helga. ~~ Links ~~ FAQ Video --------- bit.ly Merchandise ------- bit.ly Flagged Videos --- bit.ly ~~ Connect With Us ~~ ::: Jonathan Paula ::: YouTube ---- bit.ly Facebook --- bit.ly Twitter ------- bit.ly ::: Jory Caron ::: YouTube ---- bit.ly Facebook --- bit.ly Twitter ------- bit.ly ::: Ryan Lewis ::: YouTube ---- bit.ly Twitter ------- bit.ly Facebook -- on.fb.me ::: Jogwheel Productions ::: Facebook --- bit.ly Twitter ------- bit.ly ~~ Technical ~~ Created by ----- Jonathan Paula & Jory Caron Starring --------- Jory Caron, Jonathan Paula, & Ryan Lewis Camera --------- Panasonic DVX-100b & Canon Elura 100 Software -------- Adobe Premiere Pro CS3 Computer ------ bit.ly • Jogwheel Productions © 2008 • ~
- published: 14 Apr 2008
- views: 143956
- author: JPizzle1122
Lemon Drop vs Chocolate Drop @ the Hollywood Improv - LAFF MOBB
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
See Kevin Hart vs Red grant in "lemon drop vs chocolate drop" rap battle! Laff Mobb is a Movement!!! The Next Generation of comedy LAFF MOBB is the one stop shot for the next generation of comedy. Founded by the original architect of HBO's Def Comedy Jam, Bob Sumner, and music & comedy management titan, Arthur Spivak, LAFF MOBB's mission is to develop diverse talent, new content, and original voices. As a vertically integrated talent management and production company, LAFF MOBB produces the comedy series "LAFF MOBB Presents", currently airing on SHOWTIME Networks with original episodes premiering through the Spring of 2012. The LAFF MOBB national tour, and worldwide military service tour has followed, along with a series of DVD releases by EMI Entertainment. LAFF MOBB Films currently has a production slate in development with Director, Tim Story ("Barbershop" and "Think Like a Man"). LAFF MOBB's television & media unit focusses on scripted / non-scripted television shows, as well as aggregated and branded viral content.
http://wn.com/Lemon_Drop_vs_Chocolate_Drop_@_the_Hollywood_Improv_LAFF_MOBB
See Kevin Hart vs Red grant in "lemon drop vs chocolate drop" rap battle! Laff Mobb is a Movement!!! The Next Generation of comedy LAFF MOBB is the one stop shot for the next generation of comedy. Founded by the original architect of HBO's Def Comedy Jam, Bob Sumner, and music & comedy management titan, Arthur Spivak, LAFF MOBB's mission is to develop diverse talent, new content, and original voices. As a vertically integrated talent management and production company, LAFF MOBB produces the comedy series "LAFF MOBB Presents", currently airing on SHOWTIME Networks with original episodes premiering through the Spring of 2012. The LAFF MOBB national tour, and worldwide military service tour has followed, along with a series of DVD releases by EMI Entertainment. LAFF MOBB Films currently has a production slate in development with Director, Tim Story ("Barbershop" and "Think Like a Man"). LAFF MOBB's television & media unit focusses on scripted / non-scripted television shows, as well as aggregated and branded viral content.
- published: 21 Oct 2011
- views: 566066
- author: Laff Mobb
Lemon 'n Bill - Mario
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
The Mushroom Kingdom also contains lemons and bullets. Enjoy the cartoon!!
http://wn.com/Lemon_'n_Bill_Mario
The Mushroom Kingdom also contains lemons and bullets. Enjoy the cartoon!!
- published: 16 Nov 2009
- views: 244195
- author: egoraptor
Diary of a Dirty Tongue - Lemon Water
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 20 Jan 2013
www.orabrush.com Morgan tries to sell lemon water, but can't compete against the kid across the street selling lemonade. Go figure. follow Morgan http facebook.com
http://wn.com/Diary_of_a_Dirty_Tongue_Lemon_Water
www.orabrush.com Morgan tries to sell lemon water, but can't compete against the kid across the street selling lemonade. Go figure. follow Morgan http facebook.com
- published: 10 May 2011
- views: 29659
- author: curebadbreath
photo: AP / Chris Carlson
13 Feb 2013
Investigators have found charred human remains in a burned out cabin in the mountains above Los Angeles following a fiery standoff with a gunman suspected to be a fugitive former Los Angeles police officer, authorities said. The San Bernardino County Sheriff's department said that identification of the remains would be attempted using forensic analysis ... The tension heightened as the day wore on, and local schools were locked down ... ....(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: UN / Evan Schneider
13 Feb 2013
The UN Security Council has promised action against North Korea over its third nuclear test, calling it a clear threat to international security. At an emergency meeting, the UN said it would begin work on measures to halt the North's nuclear ambitions. The US called the test highly provocative, while China, Pyongyang's sole key ally, said it was strongly dissatisfied ... Continue reading the main story Analysis ... 'Serious threat'....(size: 4.2Kb)
photo: AP / Los Angeles Police Department
11 Feb 2013
A San Bernardino County sheriff's deputy searches a home for Christopher Dorner, a former police officer, on Sunday in Big Bear Lake, Calif. (Jae C. Hong, The Associated Press) ... "We will not tolerate anyone undermining the security of the community," Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa said at a news conference. "We will not tolerate this reign of terror." ... "He has targeted those we entrust to protect the public." ... Copyright 2012 The Denver Post ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
13 Feb 2013
Washington - President Barack Obama brought the wounds inflicted by the recent spate of shooting deaths to Congress on Tuesday, ending his State of the Union address with an emotional plea for tougher gun control. Speaking for victims' relatives and gun crime survivors among the guests attending the joint session of Congress, he demanded their voices be heard amid the raucous debate triggered by a spate of bloody mass shootings ... - AFP....(size: 15.2Kb)
photo: AP / Sumeth Panpetch
13 Feb 2013
February 13, 2013 -- Updated 0136 GMT (0936 HKT). Bangkok, Thailand (CNN) -- Seventeen insurgents were killed when they attacked a military base in the Bacho district in southern Thailand early Wednesday, said a Thai military spokesman. Col. Pramote Promin said 50 to 60 attackers tried to storm the base under cover of darkness but were repulsed by Thai military personnel ... "We were on full alert," Promin said ... Lt. Gen ... 0. Comments » ... ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
The Telegraph India
14 Feb 2013
For example, with Limoncello (Italian lemon liqueur), I’d go for Mediterranean herbs that go well with chicken or other meats even cucumber ... Malini Banerjee ... South Italy is famous for lemons and that is what this is made from. But 80 per cent of Limoncello available across the world is actually not made with lemons! Limoncello di Capri uses lemons from the Sorrento region ... I used thyme, rosemary, lemon juice, egg white and soda ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
Detroit Free Press
14 Feb 2013
Serves. 6 / Preparation time. 30 minutes. Total time. 30 minutes ... Three 3-inch lengths fresh lemon grass ... Use a rolling pin or meat mallet to lightly crush the lemon grass, then add to the sauce ... Remove and discard the lemon grass ... ....(size: 1.2Kb)
The Times of India
14 Feb 2013
While making dough for chapattis, don't just wash off the flour, just mix some milk and a drop or two of lemon and leave it on your hands for a few minutes ... Just mix one tablespoon of lemon juice mixed with a teaspoon of sugar and water ... Take concentrated lemon juice and dip your heels in this juice for 15 minutes ... Mix 1 tsp glycerine, 1 tsp lemon juice and 5 drops of rose water and apply the mixture on your hands in daily routine....(size: 7.1Kb)
The Examiner
14 Feb 2013
Belvedere Vodka has always been the life of the party and now it is breathing life into Valentine’s Day with these sexy and deliciously sweet cocktails to celebrate the day and night for lovers. Cupid’s Bow. 50ml / 2 oz Belvedere Vodka. 15ml / ¼ oz Simple Syrup. 20ml / ½ oz Lemon Juice. 6 Raspberries. Dash Egg White ... Garnish with a raspberry. Lover’s Tango ... Garnish with a lemon twist ... Tonic Water. Garnish with lemon, lime and cucumber wheels ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
Dayton Daily News
14 Feb 2013
Detroit news
14 Feb 2013
In a heavy saucepan, beat egg yolks and sugar with a portable mixer until thick and lemon-colored ... 2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice ... Combine lemon juice, mustard and garlic in medium bowl ... 1-inch piece lemon or orange zest ... In a medium nonaluminum saucepan over medium heat, bring the red wine, port, sugar, cinnamon and lemon or orange zest to a simmer, and dissolve the sugar ... 1/2 teaspoon lemon juice ... Stir in lemon juice....(size: 21.3Kb)
Detroit news
14 Feb 2013
By EatingWell Comments. Zoom. Strong flavors get worked into this bright salad. (Eating Well). In this recipe, a pungent garlicky dressing is infused into kale by massaging the greens and the dressing together with your hands ... 1/4 cup lemon juice ... Add Parmesan, oil, lemon juice, garlic, soy sauce, anchovy (if using), pepper and salt ... Taste and adjust seasoning with more Parmesan, lemon juice, garlic, soy sauce and/or pepper, if desired ... 07 ... ....(size: 7.5Kb)
Indianapolis Star
14 Feb 2013
A Greenwood church entered into an agreement with state officials Wednesday that allows it to continue running a day care ... 13, said Marni Lemons, a spokeswoman for the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration. The church day care at 1222 Demaree Road cares for about 130 children ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)
my SA
14 Feb 2013
Detroit Free Press
14 Feb 2013
It didn't seem too much to ask for. I wanted a coconut chicken curry that is fast, delicious and not loaded with fat. Turned out to be easier than I expected. Let's start with the sauce ... A hefty dose of curry powder and some lemon grass added during cooking rounded it all out ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)
LA Daily News
14 Feb 2013
By Debra J. Saundersdailynews.com. Posted. 02/13/2013 10.55.26 AM PST ... If your bag is fabric, toss it in the washing machine with jeans, and if it's a plastic material, let it soak in a basin filled with soapy water and either the juice of half a lemon or about a quarter cup of vinegar."....(size: 1.7Kb)
LA Daily News
14 Feb 2013
By Debra J. Saundersdailynews.com. Posted. 02/13/2013 05.52.20 PM PST ... If your bag is fabric, toss it in the washing machine with jeans, and if it's a plastic material, let it soak in a basin filled with soapy water and either the juice of half a lemon or about a quarter cup of vinegar."....(size: 1.6Kb)
The Miami Herald
14 Feb 2013
Cured Spanish ham is edible alchemy developed over the centuries. Whole hams in sacks are found dangling in the front window of Jamon Iberico Pata Negra. The small restaurant in a condo is named after the purebred Iberian pigs with black hooves used to make jamon ... Sit at a table to share a big pan of paella, roast suckling pig with garlic aioli or sea bass in lemon caper sauce ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
This article is about the fruit. For other uses, see Lemon (disambiguation).
| Lemon | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Genus: | Citrus |
| Species: | C. × limon |
| Binomial name | |
| Citrus × limon, often given as C. limon (L.) Burm.f. |
|
The lemon (Citrus × limon) is a small evergreen tree native to Asia, and the tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit. The fruit's juice, pulp and peel, especially the zest, are used as foods. The juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, which gives lemons a sour taste. The distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade.
Contents |
History[link]
The origin of the lemon is a mystery, though it is thought that lemons first grew in Southern India, northern Burma, and China.[1][2] A study of the genetic origin of the lemon reported that it is a hybrid between sour orange and citron.[3]
Lemons entered Europe near southern Italy no later than the 1st century AD, during the time of Ancient Rome. However, they were not widely cultivated. They were later introduced to Persia and then to Iraq and Egypt around 700 AD. The lemon was first recorded in literature in a 10th century Arabic treatise on farming, and was also used as an ornamental plant in early Islamic gardens.[1][2] It was distributed widely throughout the Arab world and the Mediterranean region between 1000 and 1150.
The first substantial cultivation of lemons in Europe began in Genoa in the middle of the 15th century.[2] The lemon was later introduced to the Americas in 1493 when Christopher Columbus brought lemon seeds to Hispaniola on his voyages. Spanish conquest throughout the New World helped spread lemon seeds. It was mainly used as an ornamental plant and for medicine.[2] In the 18th and 19th centuries, lemons were increasingly planted in Florida and California.[4]
In 1747, James Lind's experiments on seamen suffering from scurvy involved adding vitamin C to their diets with lemon juice.[5][6]
The origin of the word lemon may be Middle Eastern. One of the earliest occurrences of "lemon" appears in a Middle English customs document of 1420–1421, which draws from the Old French limon, thence the Italian limone, from the Arabic laymūn or līmūn ليمون, and from the Persian līmūn لیمو, a generic term for the fruit of this kind, which is congnative with Sanskrit निम्ब (nimbū, “lime”).[7]
Growing lemons[link]
Lemons are often grafted to more vigorous rootstocks.
Varieties[link]
The Bonnie Brae is oblong, smooth, thin skinned and seedless;[8] mostly grown in San Diego County.[9]
The Bush lemon tree, a naturalized lemon, grows wild in subtropical Australia. It is very hardy, and has a thick skin with a true lemon flavor; the zest is good for cooking. It grows to about 4m in a sunny position.
The Eureka grows year-round and abundantly. This is the common supermarket lemon.[10]
The Femminello St. Teresa, or Sorrento[11] is native to Italy. This fruit's zest is high in lemon oils. It is the variety traditionally used in the making of limoncello.
The Jhambiri (C. jhambiri) (Tan) is a rough lemon which has a lemon yellow exterior and a very sour pulp. It is widely used as a rootstock in South Asia.
The Lisbon is a good quality bitter lemon with high juice and acid levels, the fruits of Lisbon are very similar to Eureka. The vigorous and productive trees are very thorny, particularly when young.
The Meyer lemon is a cross between a lemon and possibly an orange or a mandarin, and was named after Frank N. Meyer, who first discovered it in 1908. Thin-skinned and slightly less acidic than the Lisbon and Eureka lemons, Meyer lemons require more care when shipping and are not widely grown on a commercial basis. Meyer lemons have a much thinner rind, and often mature to a yellow-orange color. Meyer lemons are slightly more frost-tolerant than other lemons.
The Ponderosa lemon is more cold-sensitive than true lemons; the fruit are thick-skinned and very large. It is likely a citron-lemon hybrid.
The Variegated Pink is a varietal of the eureka or lisbon cultivars with variegated patterns in the foliage and the rinds of immature green fruit. Upon maturing to yellow, the variegated pattern recedes in the fruit rind. The flesh and juice are pink or pinkish-orange instead of yellow.
The Verna is a Spanish variety of unknown origin.
The Yen Ben is an Australasian cultivar.[12]
Culinary uses[link]
Lemon juice, rind, and zest are used in a wide variety of food and drink. Lemon juice is used to make lemonade, soft drinks, and cocktails. It is used in marinades for fish, where its acid neutralizes amines in fish by converting them into non-volatile ammonium salts, and meat, where the acid partially hydrolyzes tough collagen fibers, tenderizing the meat, but the low pH denatures the proteins, causing them to dry out when cooked. Lemon juice is frequently used in the United Kingdom to add to pancakes, especially on Shrove Tuesday.
Lemon juice is also used as a short-term preservative on certain foods that tend to oxidize and turn brown after being sliced, such as apples, bananas and avocados, where its acid denatures the enzymes that cause browning and degradation.
Lemon juice and rind are used to make marmalade and lemon liqueur. Lemon slices and lemon rind are used as a garnish for food and drinks. Lemon zest, the grated outer rind of the fruit, is used to add flavor to baked goods, puddings, rice and other dishes.
Preserved lemons are a part of Moroccan cuisine. They are also one of the main ingredients in many Indian cuisines. Either lemon pickle or mango pickle is part of everyday lunches in Southern India.[citation needed]
The leaves of the lemon tree are used to make a tea and for preparing cooked meats and seafoods.
Other uses[link]
Lemon oil may be used in aromatherapy. Researchers at The Ohio State University found that lemon oil aroma does not influence the human immune system, but may enhance mood.[13] The low pH of juice makes it antibacterial.
Lemons were the primary commercial source of citric acid prior to the development of fermentation-based processes. A halved lemon is used as a finger moistener for those counting large amounts of bills, such as tellers and cashiers.
The juice of the lemon may be used for cleaning. A halved lemon dipped in salt or baking powder is used to brighten copper cookware. The acid dissolves the tarnish and the abrasives assist the cleaning. As a sanitary kitchen deodorizer the juice can deodorize, remove grease, bleach stains, and disinfect; when mixed with baking soda, it removes stains from plastic food storage containers.[14] The oil of the lemon's peel also has various uses. It is used as a wood cleaner and polish, where its solvent property is employed to dissolve old wax, fingerprints, and grime. Lemon oil is also used as a nontoxic insecticide treatment. See orange oil.
One educational science experiment involves attaching electrodes to a lemon and using it as a battery to produce electricity. Although very low power, several lemon batteries can power a small digital watch.[15] These experiments also work with other fruits and vegetables. Lemon juice is also sometimes used as an acid in educational science experiments.
In India, the lemon is used in Indian traditional medicines Siddha Medicine and Ayurveda.[citation needed]
Lemon alternatives[link]
Many plants taste or smell similar to lemons.
- Certain cultivars of basil
- Cymbopogon (lemon grass)
- Lemon balm, a mint-like herbaceous perennial in the Lamiaceae family
- Two varieties of scented geranium: Pelargonium crispum (lemon geranium) and Pelargonium x melissinum 'Lemon Balm'
- Lemongrass
- Lemon myrtle, recently, this Australian bush food has become a popular alternative to lemons.[16] The crushed and dried leaves and edible essential oils have a strong, sweet lemon taste, but contain no citric acid. Lemon myrtle is popular in foods that curdle with lemon juice, such as cheesecake and ice cream.
- Lemon thyme
- Lemon verbena
- Limes, another common sour citrus fruit, used similarly to lemons
- Certain cultivars of mint
- Magnolia grandiflora tree flowers
Production[link]
India tops the production list with about 16% of the world's overall lemon and lime output, followed by Mexico (~14.5%), Argentina (~10%), Brazil (~8%) and Spain (~7%).
| Top Ten Lemons and Limes Producers – 2007 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Production (Tonnes) | |||
 India |
2,060,000F | |||
 Mexico |
1,880,000F | |||
 Argentina |
1,260,000F | |||
 Brazil |
1,060,000F | |||
 Spain |
880,000F | |||
 People's Republic of China |
745,100F | |||
 United States |
722,000 | |||
 Turkey |
706,652 | |||
 Iran |
615,000F | |||
 Italy |
546,584 | |||
| World | 13,032,388F | |||
| No symbol = official figure, F = FAO estimate, A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official or estimates); |
||||
Nutritional value[link]
The average lemon contains approximately 3 tablespoons (50 mL) of juice. Lemons left unrefrigerated for long periods of time are susceptible to mold.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References[link]
- ^ a b Wright, A. Clifford. "History of Lemonade". CliffordAWright.com. http://www.cliffordawright.com/history/lemonade.html.
- ^ a b c d "The origins". limmi.it. http://www.limmi.it/en/encyclopaedia/history/origins-and-history/78-le-origini.
- ^ Gulsen, O.; M. L. Roose (2001). "Lemons: Diversity and Relationships with Selected Citrus Genotypes as Measured with Nuclear Genome Markers". Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science 126: 309–317.
- ^ Julia F. Morton (1987). "Fruits of warm climates". Purdue University. pp. 160–168. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/lemon.html#Description.
- ^ "Case 3: Naval Medicine: The Fight Against Scurvy". King's College at London. http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/iss/library/speccoll/exhibitions/skilsail/scurv.html.
- ^ James Lind (1757). A treatise on the scurvy. Second edition.. London: A. Millar.
- ^ Douglas Harper. "Online Etymology Dictionary". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lemon.
- ^ Spalding, William A. (1885). The orange: its culture in California: With a brief discussion of the lemon, lime, and other citrus fruit. With an appendix on insects injurious to citrus trees, and how to combat them.. Riverside, California: Press and Horticulturist Steam Print. p. 88. http://books.google.com/books?id=_l1EAAAAYAAJ&dq=Bonnie%20Brae%20lemon&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q=Bonnie%20Brae%20lemon&f=false. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ Carque, Otto (1923, 2006). Rational Diet: An Advanced Treatise on the Food Question. Los Angeles, California: Kessinger Publishing. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-4286-4244-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=zDjmYpZGh_4C&lpg=PA195&dq=Bonnie%20Brae%20lemon&pg=PA195#v=onepage&q=Bonnie%20Brae%20lemon&f=false. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ "Complete List of Four Winds Dwarf Citrus Varieties". Fourwindsgrowers.com. http://www.fourwindsgrowers.com/our-citrus-trees/lemon/principal-lemon-varieties.html. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
- ^ "Taste of a thousand lemons". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/features/la-fo-limoncello8sep08,0,771590.story. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
- ^ "New Zealand Citrus". ceventura.ucdavis.edu. http://ceventura.ucdavis.edu/ben/citrus/misc/new_zealand.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ 9 Ohio State University Research, March 3, 2008 Study is published in the March 2008 issue of the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology
- ^ "6 ingredients for a green, clean home". Shine. http://shine.yahoo.com/work-money/6-ingredients-for-a-green-clean-home-155345.html. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "California Energy Commission". http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/projects/lemon.html.
- ^ Lemon Myrtle
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Citrus x limon |
 |
Wikispecies has information related to: Citrus limon |
|
|||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Lemon
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Zitrone
http://es.wn.com/Citrus × limon
http://ru.wn.com/Лимон
http://cs.wn.com/Citron
http://pt.wn.com/Limão
http://pl.wn.com/Cytryna zwyczajna
http://hi.wn.com/नीबू
http://it.wn.com/Citrus × limon
http://id.wn.com/Sitrun
http://nl.wn.com/Citroen (vrucht)
http://fr.wn.com/Citron
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the character in Portal 2, see Cave Johnson (Portal).
| Cave Johnson | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 12th United States Postmaster General[1] | |
| In office March 6, 1845[1] – March 4, 1849 |
|
| Preceded by | Charles A. Wickliffe |
| Succeeded by | Jacob Collamer |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1793-01-11)January 11, 1793[1] Robertson County, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Died | November 23, 1866(1866-11-23) (aged 73)[1] Clarksville, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic[1] |
| Spouse(s) | Elizabeth Dortch Brunson |
| Alma mater | Cumberland College[1] |
| Profession | Politician[1] |
Cave Johnson (January 11, 1793 – November 23, 1866) was for fourteen years a Democratic U.S. Congressman from Tennessee. He was also the United States Postmaster General under James K. Polk from 1845–1849. He was born in Robertson County, Tennessee, and died in Clarksville, Tennessee.
During his tenure at Postmaster General he shifted the postal service from a collect on delivery postage delivery system to a prepaid postal delivery system by introducing the postage stamp in 1847. He is also credited with introducing street corner mail boxes in urban areas. He later served as president of the Bank of Tennessee from 1854 to 1860.
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g John, Pinheiro. "Cave Johnson (1845–1849): Postmaster General". American President: An Online Reference Resource. University of Virginia. http://millercenter.org/president/polk/essays/cabinet/232. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
External links[link]
- Cave Johnson at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Cave Johnson at Find A Grave
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Charles A. Wickliffe |
United States Postmaster General Served under: James K. Polk 1845 – 1849 |
Succeeded by Jacob Collamer |
| United States House of Representatives | ||
| Preceded by John Hartwell Marable |
Member from Tennessee's 8th congressional district 1829 – 1833 |
Succeeded by David W. Dickinson |
| New district | Member from Tennessee's 11th congressional district 1833 – 1837 |
Succeeded by Richard Cheatham |
| Preceded by Richard Cheatham |
Member from Tennessee's 11th congressional district 1839 – 1843 |
Succeeded by Milton Brown |
| Preceded by Harvey Magee Watterson |
Member from Tennessee's 9th congressional district 1843 – 1845 |
Succeeded by Lucien Bonaparte Chase |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Johnson, Cave |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician |
| Date of birth | January 11, 1793 |
| Place of birth | Robertson County, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Date of death | November 23, 1866 |
| Place of death | Clarksville, Tennessee, U.S. |
 |
This Tennessee politician-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Cave_Johnson
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Cave Johnson
http://it.wn.com/Cave Johnson
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_Johnson
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Leigh Francis | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Leigh Francis |
| Born | (1973-05-30) 30 May 1973 (age 39) Old Farnley, West Yorkshire, England |
| Medium | Television |
| Nationality | British |
| Years active | 1999–present |
| Genres | Character comedy Impressions Parody Sketch |
| Subject(s) | Celebrity |
| Spouse | Jill Carter (m. 2003–present) |
| Notable works and roles | Bo' Selecta (2002–2006) Keith Lemon's Very Brilliant World Tour (2008) Celebrity Juice (2008–present) Keith Lemon's Lemonaid (2012–present) |
Leigh Francis (born 30 May 1973)[1] is an English entertainer, best known for creating Channel 4's Bo' Selecta! and portraying Keith Lemon in several ITV shows.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Francis was born on 30 May 1973 and brought up on a council estate in Old Farnley, Leeds. His father died aged 47 of cancer,[2] and his mother and sister live in Spain.[3] His grandparents were from the Burgenland area of Austria, hence his middle name, in honour of them. Francis attended Farnley Park High School (which later changed its name to Farnley Park Maths and Computing College and is now The Farnley Academy), formerly Harrington High School in Leeds. He later studied at the Leeds College of Art and received a qualification in graphic design. Before making his major television breakthrough, he was discovered and encouraged by television presenter Davina McCall, performing in-role stand up comedy in a Southern comedy club. McCall landed Francis his first television role on Dom and Kirk's Nite O Plenty, where he portrayed Bobby Stark, a man who gives tips on how to win over the ladies. The series aired on Paramount Television from January to July 1996. Francis' second television role was as Barry Gibson, a music paparazzo, featured on the early series of Channel 4's Popworld.
Personal life[link]
Francis lives in Camden Town, London, and on 31 October 2003, at Allerton Castle, North Yorkshire, he married Jill Carter,[4] a beauty therapist. Their first daughter, Matilda, was born in February 2009.[3]
Career[link]
His major TV breakthrough occurred when Channel 4 offered him a £250,000 deal to produce a series based around his portrayal of television characters, such as his previous roles as Bobby Stark and Barry Gibson, and in 2002, Bo' Selecta! was born. The series featured Francis portraying a series of celebrities by wearing face masks to impersonate them, as well as portraying the main, non-celebrity character, Avid Merrion. The programme lasted for five series, airing between 2002 and 2006, however, the last two series were only loosely based on the original three. Season 4 was subtitled A Bear's Tail, and was based around another of his characters, The Bear. Season 5 returned to Avid Merrion and was called Bo! in the USA.
Following the axing of Bo' Selecta!, Francis took one of the series characters, Keith Lemon, and created a brand new show, Keith Lemon's Very Brilliant World Tour, which aired on ITV2 in April 2008. The show was a success, and subsequently, Francis created another new show featuring Lemon, Celebrity Juice, which has aired seven series to date. Lemon also co-hosted Sing If You Can with Stacey Solomon, and since 7 April 2012 he has hosted his new show Keith Lemon's Lemonaid on ITV1. In November 2011, it was revealed that Lemon would make his feature film debut in Keith Lemon: The Film, with production starting later that month.[5]
Characterisation[link]
Francis is known to conduct almost every interview in one of his celebrity guises, being interviewed as Avid Merrion during Bo' Selecta's run between 2002 and 2006, and as Keith Lemon ever since. In an interview given in an episode of Comedy Map of Britain, Francis, for the first time out-of-character, claimed that Avid Merrion's accent and dialects were inspired by his former teacher at the Leeds College of Art, Laimonis Mierins. He also pointed out that Merrion is a misspelling of Mierins and is nothing to do with the Merrion Centre in Leeds, which many people assume. Many people do not understand that Merrion and Lemon are fictional creations, and consequently, Francis' name means very little to the general public. He did conduct further interviews as himself for The Frank Skinner Show, Loose Women, Big Brother's Little Brother and The Jonathan Ross Show.
Characters[link]
Further information: List of Bo' Selecta! characters
Further information: Keith Lemon
References[link]
- ^ Leigh Francis (@LeighFrancis) op Twitter. Twitter.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-25.
- ^ We grin and he bears it. Telegraph.co.uk. (2005-07-12). Retrieved on 2012-05-25.
- ^ a b Leigh Francis: 'I'm just not very good at being me'. Entertainment.timesonline.co.uk (2012-04-26). Retrieved on 2012-05-25.
- ^ Marriages England and Wales 1984–2005. Findmypast.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-05-25.
- ^ Flickering Myth http://flickeringmyth.blogspot.com/2011/11/keith-lemon-coming-to-big-screen-for.html
External links[link]
|
||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Francis, Leigh |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 30 May 1974 |
| Place of birth | Leeds, West Yorkshire, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Leigh_Francis
Related pages:
http://pt.wn.com/Leigh Francis
http://it.wn.com/Leigh Francis
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Francis
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the musician-artist-author. For the TV journalist, see Amanda Palmer (journalist).
| Amanda Palmer | |
|---|---|
 Palmer playing at the Music Box Theatre, Hollywood, California; December 2008. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Amanda MacKinnon Palmer |
| Also known as | Amanda Fucking Palmer[1][2] |
| Born | (1976-04-30) April 30, 1976 (age 36) New York City |
| Genres | Alternative rock, punk cabaret |
| Occupations | Artist, performer, musician, songwriter |
| Instruments | Vocals, keyboard, piano, ukulele |
| Years active | 1989–present |
| Labels | 8ft Records / Formerly Roadrunner Records (until April 2010)[3] |
| Associated acts | The Dresden Dolls Evelyn Evelyn |
| Website | Amanda Palmer.net |
Amanda MacKinnon Gaiman Palmer[4] (born April 30, 1976), sometimes known as Amanda Fucking Palmer,[1][2] is an American performer who first rose to prominence as the lead singer, pianist, and lyricist/composer of the duo The Dresden Dolls.[5] She has since started a solo career, and is also one half of the duo Evelyn Evelyn.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Palmer was born in New York City's Mount Sinai Hospital,[6] and grew up in Lexington, Massachusetts.[7] She attended Lexington High School, where she was involved in the drama department,[8] and attended Wesleyan University[9] where she was a member of the Eclectic Society.[10] She staged performances based on work by the Legendary Pink Dots, an early influence, and was involved in the Legendary Pink Dots electronic mailing list, Cloud Zero.[citation needed] She then formed the Shadowbox Collective, devoted to street theatre and putting on theatrical shows (such as the 2002 play, Hotel Blanc,[11] which she directed).
With an interest in the performing arts, both in music and in theatre, Palmer spent time busking as a living statue called "The Eight Foot Bride" in Harvard Square, Cambridge; Edinburgh, Scotland; Australia (where she met Jason Webley);[12] as well as many other locations. She references this line of work on The Dresden Dolls' self-titled CD, with the song "The Perfect Fit":
"I can paint my face
And stand very, very still
It's not very practical
But it still pays the bills"
as well as on the A is for Accident track "Glass Slipper":
"I give out flowers
To curious strangers
who throw dollars at my feet."
The Dresden Dolls[link]
At a Halloween party in 2000, Palmer met drummer Brian Viglione and afterwards they formed The Dresden Dolls. In an effort to expand the performance experience and interactivity, Palmer began inviting Lexington High School students to perform drama pieces at her live shows. The Dirty Business Brigade, a troupe of seasoned and new artists, performed at many gigs. The invited costumed characters mingled with the crowd before and during the show, and veteran groups sometimes joined in with a choreographed stage act. Life-sized marionettes, coin-operated boys, living statues, and other undergroundlings greeted fans while circus and burlesque drew the audience into the Dolls' music, creating a participatory atmosphere that allowed the audience to experience numerous types of art simultaneously.
After developing a cult following, the band recorded their eponymous debut album, The Dresden Dolls in 2002 with producer Martin Bisi (of Indie, Brooklyn, New York fame). They produced the album before being picked up by Roadrunner Records.
In 2006, The Dresden Dolls Companion,[13] was published, with words, music & artwork by Amanda Palmer.[13] In it she has written a history of the album The Dresden Dolls and of the duo, as well as a partial autobiography. The book also contains the lyrics, sheet music, and notes on each song in the album, all written by Palmer, as well as a DVD with a 20 minute interview of Amanda about making the book.
In June 2007, as part of the Dresden Dolls, she toured with the True Colors Tour 2007,[14] including her debut in New York City's Radio City Music Hall,[15] and her first review in the New York Times.[15]
July 2008 saw the release of the second Dresden Dolls book, the Virginia Companion.[16] It is a follow-up to The Dresden Dolls Companion, featuring the music and lyrics from the Yes, Virginia...(2006) and No, Virginia... (2008) albums.
The Onion Cellar and Cabaret[link]
Palmer conceived the musical/production The Onion Cellar, based on a short story from The Tin Drum by Günter Grass. From December 9, 2006 through January 13, 2007, The Dresden Dolls performed the piece in conjunction with the American Repertory Theater at the Zero Arrow Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts. While Palmer was openly frustrated with the direction of the show, fan and critical reviews were very positive.[17][18]
Palmer, as part of her solo career, returned to the A.R.T. in fall 2010 for a two-month run of Cabaret, starring as the Emcee.[citation needed]
2010 Reunion Tour[link]
In 2010, a reunion tour to selected venues in the United States occurred. It started on Halloween in New York City and ended in San Francisco on New Years Eve.[19]
Solo career[link]
Palmer's solo album, Who Killed Amanda Palmer, was released on September 16, 2008.[20] Ben Folds produced and also played on the album.[21][22] The title is a play on an expression used by fans during Twin Peaks' original run, "Who killed Laura Palmer?" A companion book of photos of Palmer looking as if she were murdered was released in July 2009 featuring photography by Kyle Cassidy and accompanying writing by Neil Gaiman.
August Strindberg was indirectly referenced in a song by Palmer titled "Strength Through Music," which contains an audio clip of a web cartoon called Strindberg and Helium. The cartoon almost exclusively quotes Strindberg's work.
In July 2007, Palmer played three sold out shows (in Boston, Hoboken, and NYC) in a rare "with band" format. Her backing band was Boston alternative rock group Aberdeen City, who also opened along with Dixie Dirt. In August 2007, Amanda traveled to perform in the Spiegeltent and other venues at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in Scotland, and also performed on BBC Two's The Edinburgh Show. She collaborated with Australian theater company, The Danger Ensemble; both again appeared at the Spiegeltent in Melbourne and at other venues around Australia in December 2007. In September 2007 Palmer collaborated with Jason Webley to release Evelyn Evelyn's debut EP "Elephant Elephant" via Jason's Eleven Records. In June 2008, Palmer established her solo career with two well-received performances with the Boston Pops.[23][24][25] In Autumn 2008, she toured Europe with Jason Webley, Zoe Keating and The Danger Ensemble, performing songs mostly from her debut solo album. She did most of the shows with a broken foot she had sustained in Ireland when a car ran over her foot as she stepped out into a street.[26] In April 2009, she played at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.[15]
In 2009, Palmer went back to her alma mater, Lexington High School in Massachusetts to collaborate with her old director and mentor Steven Bogart on a workshop piece for the department's spring production. The play, With The Needle That Sings In Her Heart was inspired by Neutral Milk Hotel's album, In the Aeroplane Over the Sea and The Diary of Anne Frank.[27] It received an overwhelmingly positive response from the Lexington community and abroad. NPR's Avishay Artsy interviewed the cast in a piece featured on All Things Considered on closing night of the production.[28] Amanda described this process as "what it's all about" in her blog.[citation needed]
From August to October 2010, she performed in Cabaret at the A.R.T. in Boston, Massachusetts. She played the emcee, collaborating with long-time associates Lance Horne (music director), Steven Mitchell Wright of The Danger Ensemble ("movement master/choreographer"), and Steven Bogart (director, Amanda's high school drama teacher who directed the Lexington High School production of the Neutral Milk Hotel-inspired "With the Needle That Sings In Her Heart").[29][30][31]
Palmer has increasingly used the ukulele in her career,[32] including free ninja gigs in public locations, that are open to all ages.[citation needed]
On February 9, 2012, Palmer announced on her blog[33] that she will begin recording a new solo album in collaboration with The Grand Theft Orchestra, under the name of 'Amanda Palmer & The Grand Theft Orchestra'. Palmer stated that there are "20+ songs" ready to record, and that "almost all of them have never been heard". The album is to be recorded in Melbourne with John Congleton producing.[33]
Use of the Internet[link]
Palmer is noted for her use of the Internet, regularly using the latest innovations to make new fans and connect with old ones. This includes her forum,[34] her blog,[35] use of many free music and social networking sites, fund raising, and direct-to-fan marketing.[36]
Controversies[link]
Dispute with Roadrunner Records, fans' "ReBellyon"[link]
After the release of her music video for the song "Leeds United," Palmer sparked controversy with a post in her blog. She claimed Roadrunner Records had wanted to pull certain shots from the video that exposed her stomach, because "...they thought I looked fat." After her fans read about this, they posted pictures of their stomachs online with messages to Roadrunner, lyrics, and words of comfort. They then sent their pictures to the record label, and started a web site.[citation needed] The fans coined a term for the movement: The ReBellyon, and put together a book, "The Belly Book," of over 600 pictures and stories from fans. The book was sold over the internet to fans all over the world.[37] Pitchfork Magazine[38] and The Guardian[39] were among publications reporting on the controversy.
Partly because of the Leeds video controversy,[citation needed] Palmer attempted to disengage from her contract with Roadrunner Records, going as far as composing and performing a song called "Please Drop Me," which asked the label to free her from the contract.[40][41]
After a long legal battle between Palmer and Roadrunner, and her repetitive pleas to discontinue her contract with Roadrunner, Palmer announced[3] that Roadrunner Records finally released her from their label. Her appreciation was punctuated with another new song: "Do You Swear to Tell the Truth the Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth So Help Your Black Ass" as a free download to celebrate her new freedom. She repeated the announcement during an appearance on the Australian music quiz show Spicks and Specks.[42]
"Oasis" controversy[link]
Palmer's song "Oasis" and its follow-up video sparked more controversy. The song's fictional story deals with an Oasis fan and rape victim who has an abortion. Despite these tragic events, she states that "I've seen better days, but I don't care", and directly after, informs the listener what just happened involving her process of communicating to Oasis through fan mail, first, "I just sent a letter in the mail", then, "Oasis got my letter in the mail", and finally, toward the end of the song, "I just got a letter in the mail."[43] Palmer received an e-mail while she was in the United Kingdom from her label there explaining that "all" of the TV outlets in the country had refused to play the video due to its "making light of rape, religion, and abortion." Palmer, in response, wrote on her blog "I suggested that I might be allowed to play it if I just slowed it way down and played it in a minor key. Think about it. If they heard the same lyrics against the backdrop of a very sad and liliting [sic] piano, maybe with some tear-jerking strings thrown in for good measure, would they take issue?"[44]
"I Kissed a Girl" skit[link]
In December 2008, Palmer performed an Anti Proposition 8 agitprop skit at the Henry Fonda Theatre in Los Angeles where a Katy Perry look-alike came onstage and began singing her controversial song "I Kissed a Girl," only to be interrupted, kissed, and fondled by Palmer and comedian Margaret Cho. The skit ended with the two binding and gagging "Perry," who is forced into a mock wedding with Palmer, followed by the raising of an anti Proposition 8 banner. Palmer mentioned, on her blog, the discontent some in the LGBT community had with Perry over her exploitation of their identity in her song "I Kissed a Girl," and said she meant the piece as a protest against Proposition 8.[45][46]
Personal life[link]
Palmer resides in Boston, Massachusetts.
She has identified as bisexual,[47] telling afterellen.com in 2007: "I'm bisexual, but it's not the sort of thing I spent a lot of time thinking about," Palmer said. "I've slept with girls; I've slept with guys, so I guess that's what they call it! I'm not anti trying to use language to simplify our lives."[48] On her blog, Palmer has stated that she had an abortion at age 17. In the same blog post, she stated that she was date raped when she was 20 years old.[49]
On January 1, 2010, she stated on her Twitter feed that she "might have told [Neil Gaiman] [she]'d marry him but also might have been drunk."[50] On January 15, 2010, Neil Gaiman and Palmer confirmed their engagement in an announcement made to their respective websites.[51][52] On November 16, 2010, Amanda Palmer hosted a flash mob wedding (not legally binding) for Gaiman's birthday in New Orleans.[53] On January 3, 2011, the couple announced, via Twitter, that they had legally married in a private ceremony.[54] The wedding took place in the parlour of writers Ayelet Waldman and Michael Chabon.[55]
Palmer practices meditation and wrote an article titled "Melody vs. Meditation"[56] for the Buddhist publication Shambhala Sun, that described the struggle between songwriting and being able to clear the mind to meditate. Palmer has also mentioned her pescetarianism on her blog.[57] She has many friends who are fellow musicians, and frequently performs alongside them, either accompanying them in their performances, or featuring them in her live shows.[original research?] These performers include: Jason Webley, Kim Boekbinder, The Jane Austen Argument, Reggie Watts, Tim Minchin, Mikelangelo, Meow Meow and Neil Gaiman.[citation needed]
Awards & honors[link]
- 2012 – Twitter Feed @amandapalmer in the Boston Phoenix's Best 2012 [58]
- 2011 – Actress in a local production: Cabaret – Boston's Best, Improper Bostonian[59]
- 2010 – Artist of the Year – Boston Music Awards[60][61][62]
- 2010 – Cover of Fake Plastic Trees (Radiohead) named 13th of Paste Magazine's 20 Best Cover Songs of 2010[63]
- 2009 – No. 100 on After Ellen's Hot 100 of 2009.[64]
- 2008 – No. 6 on the Best Solo artist list in The Guardian's Readers' Poll of 2008.[65]
- 2007 – No. 6 on Spinner.com's Women Who Rock Right Now.[66]
- 2006 – the Boston Globe named her the most stylish woman in Boston.[67]
- 2006 – listed in Blender Magazine's hottest women of rock.[68]
- 2005 – Best Female Vocalist in the WFNX/Boston Phoenix Best Music Poll.[69][70]
Discography[link]
Solo artist[link]
Demos[link]
- Songs from 1989–1995... (1996)
- Summer 1998 Five Song Demo (1997)
Studio albums[link]
- Who Killed Amanda Palmer (2008) No. 77 US[71]
- Amanda Palmer Goes Down Under (2011)[72]
- Amanda Palmer & The Grand Theft Orchestra (2012)[73]
EPs[link]
Singles[link]
- "Do You Swear to Tell the Truth the Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth So Help Your Black Ass" (April 6, 2010)
- "Idioteque" (June 10, 2010)
- "Map of Tasmania" (December 2010)[77]
DVDs[link]
- Who Killed Amanda Palmer: A Collection of Music Videos (2009)
As part of The Dresden Dolls[link]
- The Dresden Dolls EP (2002)
- A Is for Accident (2003)
- The Dresden Dolls (2003, reissued 2004)
- Yes, Virginia... (2006)
- No, Virginia... (2008)
As part of Evelyn Evelyn[link]
- Elephant Elephant (2007)[78][79]
- Evelyn Evelyn (2010)
Other collaborations[link]
- "Trudy" (with Ad Frank and the Fast Easy Women on In Girl Trouble) (2003)
- "Circus Freak Love Triangle" (with Hierosonic on Pornos and Razorblades) (2005)
- "Warsaw Is Khelm" (with Golem on Fresh Off Boat) (2006)
- "Life", "Eight Days of Hell" and "Witch's Web" (with ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead on So Divided) (2006)
- "The Lovers" (with Meredith Yayanos on Brainwaves) (2006)
- "Stuck with You" (with Voltaire on Ooky Spooky) (2007)
- "Everybody Hurts" (with Cormac Bride on Stereogum Presents... Drive XV: A Tribute to Automatic For the People) (2007)
- "Black Versus White" (with Apoptygma Berzerk on Rocket Science) (2009)
- Murder By Death/Amanda Palmer Split 7" (2009)
- "Living in Misery" (with Kill Hannah on Wake Up the Sleepers) (2009)
- "János vs Wonderland" (with Tristan Allen on Tristan Allen EP) (2010)
- "The Little Prince" (with Lance Horne on First Things Last) (2011)[80]
- Nighty Night (with Damian Kulash of OK Go, Neil Gaiman and Ben Folds as 8in8) (2011)[81][82]
- "Such Great Heights" (with Kim Boekbinder on Such Great Heights single) (2011)[83][84][85]
Cameo appearances[link]
- "Let Me Borrow That Top" (by Liam Kyle Sullivan aka. "Kelly") (2004) appearing briefly in the mall scene.
- "With the Needle That Sings in Her Heart" (Lexington High School's 2009 Spring Production) appearing as "The Ringmaster"
Bibliography[link]
- Palmer, Amanda (2006). The Dresden Dolls Companion. New York, NY: Eight Foot Music. ISBN 978-1-57560-888-4.
- Palmer, Amanda; Viglione, Brian (2008). The Dresden Dolls – The Virginia Companion. Cherry Lane Music Company. ISBN 1-60378-079-3.
- Palmer, Amanda; Gaiman, Neil; Cassidy, Kyle; Hommel, Beth (2009). Who Killed Amanda Palmer: A Collection of Photographic Evidence. New York, NY: Eight Foot Books. ISBN 0-615-23439-9.
- Palmer, Amanda (2009). Amanda Palmer - Who Killed Amanda Palmer?. Cherry Lane Music Company. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-60378-123-7. "A songbook with the chords and lyrics to the album Who Killed Amanda Palmer"
- Cynthia, Von Buhler; Palmer, Amanda; Webley, Jason (2011). Evelyn Evelyn (illustrated ed.). Diamond Comic Distributors. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-59582-578-0.
Notes[link]
- ^ a b Banner on Palmer's web site and her Twitter page; poster for Amanda Palmer concert, Koko, London
- ^ a b Machel Spence; The Battered Suitcase. The Battered Suitcase Summer 2009. Vagabondage Press LLC. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4524-6181-6. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tNN07flHnncC&pg=PA46. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ^ a b Amanda Palmer blog of April 6, 2010, titled "FREE AT LAST, FREE AT LAST (Dear Roadrunner Records…)"
- ^ Full name as stated by Palmer on Twitter, January 3, 2011.
- ^ interview by Chris Arnold (January 17, 2007). "Band Tries to Make It Big Without Going Broke". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6885355. The web page also has audio and a transcript of the interview, and links to several of their songs.
- ^ Starfucking with Kevin Smith, Chapter 1 – The Neil/Amanda Interview, November 23, 2010, http://starfucking.smodcast.com/
- ^ Perry, Jonathan (September 16, 2008). "On 'Who Killed,' Palmer looks behind the veil". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/music/cd_reviews/articles/2008/09/16/on_who_killed_palmer_looks_behind_the_veil/. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
- ^ Shanahan, Mark; Meredith Goldstein (May 11, 2009). "Palmer hangs out in Lexington". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/05/11/palmer_hangs_out_in_lexington/. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
- ^ Sless-Kitain, Areif (December 3, 2008). "Amanda Palmer". Time Out. http://chicago.timeout.com/articles/music/69160/amanda-palmer-metro-live-show. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
- ^ Bell, Sean (August 16, 2009). "A piece of my mind". The Herald (Glasgow). http://www.heraldscotland.com/a-piece-of-my-mind-1.835933. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
- ^ Boston Phoenix review of Hotel Blanc
- ^ Chernov, Sergey (August 4, 2009), "Controversial Musician Prepares for Local Debut", St. Petersburg Times, http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=29563
- ^ a b The Dresden Dolls Companion, by Amanda Palmer, eight foot music publishing, June 2006, ISBN 1-57560-888-X ISBN 978-1-57560-888-4
- ^ True Colors Tour web site.
- ^ a b c Chinen, Nate; photos by Hiroyuki Ito (June 20, 2007). "Power to the People (and Some Pop Too)". The New York Times: pp. B1,B5. ISSN 0362-4331. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/20/arts/music/20true.html?8dpc. Retrieved November 9, 2007. "A much more musical brand of theatricality animated the Dresden Dolls, a duo consisting of the pianist Amanda Palmer and the drummer Brian Viglione. Their set was a concise demonstration of cabaret-punk. Ms. Palmer, singing throatily at an electric keyboard, held her own not only on the band staple "Coin-Operated Boy" but also even amid the bombast of "War Pig," the Black Sabbath screed."
- ^ Virginia Companion, by Amanda Palmer and Brian Viglione, Cherry Lane Music Company, July 2008, ISBN 1-60378-079-3 ISBN 978-1-60378-079-7
- ^ "The onion cellar". American Repertory Theatre. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071012113322/http://amrep.org/onion/. Retrieved December 3, 2007. "Inside the small confines of the mysterious club The Onion Cellar, the internationally renowned rock duo The Dresden Dolls provides nightly entertainment while a series of stories unfold around them. As singer, songwriter, and keyboardist Amanda Palmer and drummer Brian Viglione play their songs, the Onion Cellar becomes a space where rock and roll meets cabaret with humor and humanity." World Premiere.
- ^ On The Download editors; photo by Kelly Davidson (April 20, 2005). "Dresden Dolls take the ART". On The Download. http://www.thephoenix.com/OnTheDownload/PermaLink.aspx?guid=3634f0e3-a628-4230-90fc-d39925783c24. Retrieved August 21, 2006. "The Dresden Dolls are taking the world by storm. This punk cabaret duo from Boston are incredible musicians whose smart, personal, intricate songs and mesmerizing live performance have earned them a cult following. Now don't tell anyone, but there's a rumor that the Dolls may be appearing at a bizarre underground club somewhere in Cambridge – an Onion Cellar, where the audience peel onions for emotional release, where you never quite know who's sitting next to you, where your life could change forever."
- ^ Amanda Palmer (September 7, 2010). "THE DRESDEN DOLLS HALLOWEEN 10th ANNIVERSARY & FALL TOUR". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lpybi5sZBYk. Retrieved September 7, 2010.
- ^ Palmer, Amanda (May 10, 2008). "fish/people/belly". The Dresden Dolls Diary. http://dresdendollsdiary.blogspot.com/2008/05/fishpeoplebelly.html. Retrieved May 10, 2008. "the solo record got re-mastered and it's.....mind-blowing. it's so good. it's sooooooo gooooooooooooooooooooooood. so i feel safe in a deep way. because as long as the record is amazing then I can fuck everything else up and it's technically ok. it will be released September 16. that is now like Christmas day for me. it is four months away. that seems long."
- ^ "Dresden Doll Preps Solo Debut". spin.com music for life. spin.com. April 25, 2007. http://www.spin.com/features/news/2007/04/070425_apalmer. Retrieved December 8, 2007. "The Dresden Dolls' Amanda Palmer chats with SPIN.com about her forthcoming solo effort."
- ^ Palmer, Amanda (April 1, 2007). "here to dispel.". Speculation: Solo Album Title. The Dresden Dolls. http://www.theshadowbox.net/ddbb/viewtopic.php?p=356594&highlight=#356594. Retrieved December 8, 2007. "... i am recording the solo album....in nashville, at ben folds' studio, with ben, who is producing the record and playing on it."
- ^ Eichler, Jeremy (June 20, 2008). "All dolled up at the Pops – Palmer brings the edge but the fest needs more". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2008/06/20/all_dolled_up_at_the_pops/. Retrieved June 7, 2008. "Last night in Symphony Hall, Amanda Palmer brought some spark and much-needed edge to the Boston Pops's EdgeFest. On her own terms, Palmer, in strong gravelly voice, gave a richly satisfying performance that had this crowd roaring far more than most in Symphony Hall. But even she couldn't overcome the deeper tensions that make the EdgeFest a strained format."
- ^ Smith, Rachel (June 20, 2008). "All Dolled up, Amanda Palmer and the Boston Pops, Symphony Hall, June 19, 2008". The Boston Phoenix. http://thephoenix.com/Boston/Music/63574-All-Dolled-up/. Retrieved June 28, 2008. "Last night, Amanda Palmer kicked off this season of the Boston Pops EdgeFest, the orchestra's collaboration with younger, "edgier" bands and performers drawing the iPod generation into Symphony Hall. The choice of pairing Palmer with the Pops lead me to wonder if the Pops had ever listened to a Dresden Dolls album or seen The Onion Cellar or, you know, met her."
- ^ Palmer, Amanda (April 1, 2007). "The Dresden Doll's Forum". Speculation: Solo Album Title. The Dresden Dolls. http://theshadowbox.net/ddbb/viewtopic.php?p=356594#356594. Retrieved December 8, 2007. "... i am recording the solo album....in nashville, at ben folds' studio, with ben, who is producing the record and playing on it."
- ^ "Amanda Palmer: broken foot explanation". http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=OCrO0aanSZ8. Retrieved November 7, 2008.
- ^ Palmer, Amanda. "With The Needle That Sings In Her Heart". amandapalmer.net. http://amandapalmer.net/lexington. Retrieved December 27, 2010. "AMANDA PALMER–celebrated punk-chanteuse and pianist for the popular rock band THE DRESDEN DOLLS, and, more recently, hailed for the success of her Ben Folds-produced solo album Who Killed Amanda Palmer–is returning to her old stomping grounds at alma mater LEXINGTON HIGH SCHOOL. The reason? To create an original play with her former drama teacher, STEVEN BOGART along with a cast of twenty students. The play is written from scratch by the ensemble, the content of which is inspired by the music and lyrics of the critically hailed album, "In the Aeroplane Over The Sea" by celebrated indie rock band NEUTRAL MILK HOTEL."
- ^ Artsy, Avishay. "Neutral Milk Hotel Album Transformed For Stage : NPR". http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103939612. Retrieved December 27, 2010. ""I watch people proselytize this record all over the world, and it's like this secret brotherhood of awesome music that's never had any kind of big mainstream publicity," Palmer says. "It's just this sacred record that people connect through.""
- ^ Amanda Palmer Blog of May 8, 2010 titled "AMANDA PALMER in CABARET at the American Repertory Theater"
- ^ American Repertory Theater, about "Cabaret"
- ^ Amanda Palmer Blog of June 28, 2010 titled "chocolate is worth its weight in gold"
- ^ Ben Sisario (November 17, 2011). "Eddie Vedder, Amanda Palmer and Magnetic Fields Join Ukulele Craze". The New York Times: p. 9, Arts & LEISURE section. ISSN 0362-4331. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/arts/music/eddie-vedder-amanda-palmer-and-magnetic-fields-join-ukulele-craze.htm. Retrieved April 25, 2011. "A few years ago, as a one-off concert gag, Ms. Palmer strummed a uke as she sang Radiohead’s “Creep,” accompanying herself on a $19 model she had bought the day before. But the performance turned out to be so starkly intense it could not remain a joke. So she began taking a ukulele everywhere, and before long she had recorded a full album: “Amanda Palmer Performs the Popular Hits of Radiohead on Her Magical Ukulele,” released last year. That Ms. Palmer absorbed the basics in a day – her usual instrument is the piano – indicates one of the ukulele’s great advantages: it’s so easy to learn that it’s said to be almost impossible to play it badly. Even when slightly off key, it serves as a blank canvas that can accent the character of any voice. And in the right hands, it can strip a song to its skeletal core. ... As Ms. Palmer sees it, the ukulele is the zeitgeist instrument for the D.I.Y. age. “This is the age of the democratization of music,” she says. “Anyone can be a musician. And in a recession, when you have a $20 instrument and there’s a big musical renaissance, anyone will want to join in.”"
- ^ a b "my earth-shattering news, by amanda fucking palmer.". amandapalmer.net. February 9, 2012. http://blog.amandapalmer.net/post/17346901011/my-earth-shattering-news-by-amanda-fucking-palmer. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
- ^ "The Shadowbox – The Dresden Dolls – Amanda Palmer – Brian Vigilone". The Dresden Dolls. July 16, 2007. http://theshadowbox.net. Retrieved 3 october 2011.
- ^ Carey Hodges (July 8, 2011). "10 Great Band Blogs". Pastemagazine.com. http://www.pastemagazine.com/blogs/lists/2011/07/blogs.html. Retrieved October 4, 2011. "4.Amanda Palmer The refreshingly outspoken artist chronicles performances, after-parties and everything in between with photos and her signature witty tone."
- ^ Sisario, Ben (October 2, 2011). "High-Tech Tools Help Bands Market Directly to Fans". The New York Times Co. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/03/business/media/high-tech-tools-help-bands-market-directly-to-fans.html?_r=2&pagewanted=2. Retrieved October 3, 2011. "For thousands of artists, ranging from acts on major labels to those that handle their business by themselves, direct-to-fan marketing has become essential. Last year, for example, the singer Amanda Palmer employed Bandcamp to release an entire album of Radiohead cover songs featuring the ukulele, letting fans set the price (the minimum was 84 cents, to cover royalties). She made $15,000 in three minutes."
- ^ Rebellyon Web Site[dead link]
- ^ Dresden Dolls' Palmer Tangles With Label Over Tummy – Pitchfork
- ^ Saner, Emine (December 3, 2008). "Dresden Dolls fans have had a bellyful of their record label". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/dec/03/dresden-dolls-roadrunner. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
- ^ Amanda Palmer Tells Roadrunner Records: "Please Drop Me" – Pitchfork
- ^ Live recording (March 28, 2009) Fort Lauderdale
- ^ Sheffield, Michael (April 7, 2010), "DOWNLOAD: New Amanda Palmer Song", Spin, http://spin.com/articles/download-new-amanda-palmer-song
- ^ "Amanda Palmer: Rebel With A Cause". SuicideGirls.com. February 17, 2009. http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/Amanda+Palmer%3A+Rebel+With+A+Cause/. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
- ^ Amanda Palmer (February 3, 2009). "on Abortion, Rape, Art and Humor.". http://blog.amandapalmer.net/post/75463717/on-abortion-rape-art-and-humor. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
- ^ Palmer, Amanda (December 22, 2009). "Shoveling Out". amandapalmer.net. http://blog.amandapalmer.net/post/66276406/shoveling-out. Retrieved May 16, 2011. "we wonder if she’s cashing in on the recent cultural bi-manic 'girls gone wild' obsession"
- ^ OtterFreak (December 9, 2008). "Katy Perry's "I Kissed A Girl" performed by Amanda Palmer and The Danger Ensemble on YouTube" (video). http://www.youtube.com/user/OtterFreak. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDGAedaWR_c&feature=fvw. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
- ^ "Interview: Dresden Dolls' Amanda Palmer". 247Gay.com. GayWired.com. July 17, 2006. http://www.247gay.com/article.cfm?section=68&id=9942. Retrieved December 7, 2007. "I figured out that I was bisexual when I was a teenager."
- ^ Bendix, Trish (July 18, 2007). "Getting Real With Amanda Palmer". After Ellen (logonline.com). http://www.afterellen.com/people/2007/7/amandapalmer?page=0%2C0. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
- ^ Palmer, Amanda (February 3, 2009). "on Abortion, Rape, Art, and Humor". amandapalmer.net. http://blog.amandapalmer.net/post/75463717/on-abortion-rape-art-and-humor. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
- ^ Palmer, Amanda (January 1, 2010). "new years was all that and more". twitter. http://twitter.com/amandapalmer/status/7272917210. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
- ^ Gaiman, Neil (January 15, 2010). "Telling the World: An Official Announcement". neilgaiman.com. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2010/01/telling-world-official-announcement.html. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
- ^ Palmer, Amanda (January 15, 2010). "Telling the World". amandapalmer.net. http://blog.amandapalmer.net/post/336390559/telling-the-world. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
- ^ "Still Life with Wedding Party". blog.amandapalmer.net. November 17, 2010. http://blog.amandapalmer.net/post/1597897908/still-life-with-wedding-party. Retrieved November 17, 2010. "Neil Gaiman's Journal: The Wedding Mystery Explained". Journal.neilgaiman.com. November 17, 2010. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2010/11/wedding-mystery-explained.html. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
- ^ Zutter, Natalie. "Amanda Palmer and Neil Gaiman Marry". Ology Magazine. http://www.ology.com/celebs-and-gossip/amanda-palmer-and-neil-gaiman-marry. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
- ^ bleedingcool.com , January 3, 2011.
- ^ "Melody vs. Meditation". May 2008 Issue, Shambhala Sun. original publisher was Shambhala Sun Foundation, but the article can be found, with permission, at theworsthorse.blogspot.com. September 19, 2008. http://theworsthorse.com/amandapalmer/amandapalmer.html. Retrieved September 19, 2008.
- ^ Palmer, Amanda (September 30, 2008). "The Who Killed Amanda Palmer Stage Show: An Introduction". amandapalmer.net. http://blog.amandapalmer.net/post/52529919/the-who-killed-amanda-palmer-stage-show-an. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
- ^ "Twitter Feed". Contests.thephoenix.com (The Phoenix Media/Communications Group) LXXVI (16): pp. 24. April 13, 2012. http://contests.thephoenix.com/thebest/boston/2012/results/arts/twitter-feed. Retrieved 2012-04-15. "BEST TWITTER FEED @AmandaPalmer When we nominated AMANDA PALMER for "Best Twitter Feed," nobody asked us the obvious question: "Which one?" She's on the Twitterz so much that she's now got at least two. But the mothership, @AmandaPalmer, is the half-million-follower-strong engine of her virality and vitality. From it, YouTube uke covers of Rebecca Black songs go platinum; kickstarter campaigns sell out; impromptu Australian streetcorner busks turn into flash mobs; Friday night boredom turns into hashtag-driven e-commerce success stories, and, occasionally, lyrics for new songs are crowdsourced. Twenty tweets is a slow day for Ms. Palmer, who has never met an at-reply she couldn't respond to with a gentle quip, a lick of encouragement, or an all-caps gasp of amazement. Unless you're dumb enough to put her famous husband on a list of unsexy celebrities – in which case (trust us), look out. http://twitter.com/amandapalmer"
- ^ Boston Best's 2011 Judges (July 8–26, 2011). "Actress in a local production – Amanda Palmer in Cabaret at the American Repertory Theater". The Improper Bostonian (Boston, MA: Improper Publication, Inc.): p. 88. http://www.improper.com/bostons-best/arts-entertainment/. Retrieved July 11, 2011. "Actress in a local production Amanda Palmer in Cabaret at the American Repertory Theater An alumna of Lexington High School and the local experimental rock scene, Amanda Palmer hit a high note with her 2010 turn as the Emcee in the Steven Bogart–directed production of Cabaret at the A.R.T. “There was much more of an improvisational playground for the Emcee,” says Palmer, on why she chose to play the glowering, androgynous role. Her creative genius (and social media prowess—she has over 500,000 Twitter followers) has earned her a worldwide following as a street performer, Dresden Doll, solo artist and now as a risk-taking stage actress."
- ^ Gottlieb, Jed (December 7, 2010), "Peter Wolf, Amanda Palmer lead BMA winners", Boston Herald, http://www.bostonherald.com/entertainment/music/general/view.bg?articleid=1301118
- ^ Perry, Jonathan (December 6, 2010), "Uke in hand, Palmer tops Music Awards", Boston Globe, http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2010/12/06/uke_in_hand_palmer_tops_music_awards/
- ^ "2010 Boston Music Awards winners", Boston Globe, December 3, 2010, http://www.boston.com/ae/music/packages/bma/2010winnerslist/
- ^ Jackson, Josh (December 7, 2010), "The 20 Best Cover Songs of 2010", Paste Magazine, http://www.pastemagazine.com/blogs/lists/2010/12/the-20-best-cover-songs-of-2010.html
- ^ AfterEllen.com Staff (May 11, 2009). "The 2009 AfterEllen.com Hot 100". AfterEllen.com. AfterEllen.com. http://www.afterellen.com/people/2009/hot100?page=0%2C19. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
- ^ Rosie Swash (December 23, 2008). "Readers' Poll 2008: The results". London: spinner.com. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2008/dec/23/bon-iver-readers-poll. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
- ^ Spinner Staff; photo by Sarah Komar, WireImage (July 15, 2007). "Women Who Rock Right Now: No. 6". spinner.com. http://www.spinner.com/2007/07/15/women-who-rock-right-now-no-6/. Retrieved December 8, 2007. "Who: Amanda Palmer Birthplace: Lexington, Mass. Sound: Cabaret punk Palmer – one-half of Boston's Brechtian punk cabaret duo the Dresden Dolls – ain't no damsel in distress. The former street artist chokeholds her demons, teetering between sinister screeches and whimsical whispers of alcohol, self-mutilation and sexual exploration, while discordantly pummeling the piano – stocking-clad legs akimbo – in a sultry, sinful self-deprecation exorcism."
- ^ Christopher Muther (November 1, 2006). "Boston's Stylish 25". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/yourlife/fashion/gallery/1102_top25?pg=54. Retrieved December 8, 2007. "Dresden Dolls lead singer Amanda Palmer, quite literally, has a rockstar wardrobe."
- ^ Mike Errico (December 2006). "Hottest Women of...Rock!". Blender.com. http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?ID=2295&src=blender_ed. Retrieved December 8, 2007. "Amanda Palmer – The pianist and singer of Brechtian Boston duo Dresden Dolls mashes up punk rock and cabaret, sings about transsexuals and explores the elaborate deceptions that alcoholics commit daily."
- ^ Half Jack. "Amanda Palmer". bestuff.com. http://bestuff.com/stuff/amanda-palmer. Retrieved December 8, 2007. "In the 2005 WFNX /Boston Phoenix Best Music Poll, Palmer won Best Female Vocalist."
- ^ "The Dresden Dolls". ThoughtWorthy Media, Inc.. http://www.thoughtworthy.com/product.cgim?cookie_refresh=1&partner=twm&tab=ABOUT%20THE%20ARTIST&product_id=1383. Retrieved December 7, 2007. "In the 2005 WFNX/Boston Phoenix Best Music Poll The Dresden Dolls won Best Local Act and Best Local Album. Amanda Palmer also won Best Female Vocalist."
- ^ "Billboard Album Charts – Top 200 Albums – Music Retail Sales". http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=The+Billboard+200&pageNumber=Top+51-100&g=Albums.
- ^ "AFP GOES DOWN UNDER" RECORD UNVEILED! DATES ANNOUNCED! CHILDREN CRY!". http://blog.amandapalmer.net/post/2330707690/afp-goes-down-under-record-unveiled-dates-announced.
- ^ "NEW ALBUM: Amanda's New Kickstarter is Live!!". http://www.amandapalmer.net/2012/04/30/new-album-amandas-new-kickstarter-is-live. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
- ^ Baker, Whitney (May 28, 2010), "Watch Amanda Palmer Cover Radiohead on a Ukulele", Paste Magazine, http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2010/05/amanda-palmer-radiohead-and-a-ukelele.html, retrieved December 10, 2010
- ^ Amanda Palmer To Release Donation-Based Radiohead Covers Ukulele EP, Altsounds, June 10, 2010, http://hangout.altsounds.com/news/118950-amanda-palmer-to-release-donation-based-radiohead-covers-ukulele-ep.html, retrieved December 10, 2010
- ^ Palmer, Amanda (June 11, 2010), Look: The "Idioteque" Single from my Radiohead Covers Record is Out, amandapalmer.net, http://blog.amandapalmer.net/post/687905407/look-the-idioteque-single-from-my-radiohead-covers, retrieved December 10, 2010
- ^ Gaston, Peter (January 13, 2011), "Amanda Palmer Fights for Pubic Hair Freedom", Spin, http://www.spin.com/articles/amanda-palmer-fights-pubic-hair-freedom
- ^ Evelyn Evelyn (2007). "Elephant Elephant". Eleven Records. http://www.elevenrecords.com/09_elephant.html. Retrieved December 8, 2007. "About a year ago Amanda Palmer of The Dresden Dolls and Jason Webley received Myspace messages from the most unusual profile either of them had ever seen – conjoined twin sisters, both named Evelyn. Intrigued and charmed, they began corresponding with the twins hoping to lure them into the studio. The result is an EP that sounds like something the Andrews Sisters might have recorded if they had grown up in the circus listening to new wave music."
- ^ Evelyn Evelyn (2007). "Evelyn Evelyn". http://www.myspace.com/everythingevelyn. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
- ^ Lance horne. "The Little Prince (feat. Amanda Palmer)". Bandcamp. http://lancehorne.bandcamp.com/track/the-little-prince-feat-amanda-palmer. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
- ^ 8in8. "Nighty Night". Bandcamp. http://music.amandapalmer.net/album/nighty-night. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
- ^ O'Donnell, Kevin (April 26, 2011). "How Amanda Palmer & Pals Cut an Album in One Day". Spin. http://www.spin.com/articles/how-amanda-palmer-pals-cut-album-one-day.
- ^ Such Great Heights on Bandcamp, accessed December 5, 2011.
- ^ Rydin, Brent (August 15, 2011), Amanda Palmer and Kim Boekbinder Hit "Such Great Heights", Cover Me, http://www.covermesongs.com/2011/08/amanda-palmer-and-kim-boekbinder-hit-such-great-heights.html
- ^ Barnes, Amelia (August 24, 2011), Kim Boekbinder & Amanda Palmer – Such Great Heights (2011 Single), The AU Review, http://www.theaureview.com/albums/kim-boekbinder-amanda-palmer-such-great-heights-2011-single, retrieved December 5, 2011
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amanda Palmer |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Amanda Palmer |
- Amanda Palmer's official site
- Live Webcast & Ustream archive
- Amanda Palmer's autobiography on The Dresden Dolls' website
- Amanda Palmer discography at MusicBrainz
- Amanda Palmer discography at Discogs
Interviews[link]
Features[link]
- "Art Endures, Capitalism Degenerates: The Evolving Career of Amanda Palmer", by Sean Bell, PopMatters, October 28, 2011
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Palmer, Amanda |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | April 30, 1976 |
| Place of birth | New York City |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Amanda_Palmer
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Палмер, Аманда
http://nl.wn.com/Amanda Palmer
http://pt.wn.com/Amanda Palmer
http://de.wn.com/Amanda Palmer
http://fr.wn.com/Amanda Palmer
http://pl.wn.com/Amanda Palmer
http://es.wn.com/Amanda Palmer
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Palmer
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Jane Austen | |
|---|---|
_hires.jpg) A watercolour and pencil sketch of Austen, believed to have been drawn from life by her sister Cassandra (c. 1810)[A] |
|
| Born | (1775-12-16)16 December 1775 Steventon Rectory, Hampshire, England |
| Died | 18 July 1817(1817-07-18) (aged 41) Winchester, Hampshire, England |
| Resting place | Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire, England |
| Period | 1787 to 1809-1811 |
| Genres | Romance |
|
|
|
| Signature |  |
Jane Austen (16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Her realism and biting social commentary has gained her historical importance among scholars and critics.[1]
Austen lived her entire life as part of a close-knit family located on the lower fringes of the English landed gentry.[2] She was educated primarily by her father and older brothers as well as through her own reading. The steadfast support of her family was critical to her development as a professional writer.[3] Her artistic apprenticeship lasted from her teenage years into her thirties. During this period, she experimented with various literary forms, including the epistolary novel which she tried then abandoned, and wrote and extensively revised three major novels and began a fourth.[B] From 1811 until 1816, with the release of Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1816), she achieved success as a published writer. She wrote two additional novels, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion, both published posthumously in 1818, and began a third, which was eventually titled Sanditon, but died before completing it.
Austen's works critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century realism.[4][C] Her plots, though fundamentally comic,[5] highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security.[6] Her work brought her little personal fame and only a few positive reviews during her lifetime, but the publication in 1869 of her nephew's A Memoir of Jane Austen introduced her to a wider public, and by the 1940s she had become widely accepted in academia as a great English writer. The second half of the 20th century saw a proliferation of Austen scholarship and the emergence of a Janeite fan culture.
Biographical information concerning Jane Austen is "famously scarce", according to one biographer.[7] Only some personal and family letters remain (by one estimate only 160 out of Austen's 3,000 letters are extant),[8] and her sister Cassandra (to whom most of the letters were originally addressed) burned "the greater part" of the ones she kept and censored those she did not destroy.[9] Other letters were destroyed by the heirs of Admiral Francis Austen, Jane's brother.[10] Most of the biographical material produced for fifty years after Austen's death was written by her relatives and reflects the family's biases in favour of "good quiet Aunt Jane". Scholars have unearthed little information since.[7]
Contents |
Life and career[link]
Further information: Timeline of Jane Austen
Family[link]
Austen's parents, George Austen (1731–1805), and his wife Cassandra (1739–1827), were members of substantial gentry families.[11] George was descended from a family of woollen manufacturers, which had risen through the professions to the lower ranks of the landed gentry.[12] Cassandra was a member of the prominent Leigh family; they married on 26 April 1764 at Walcot Church in Bath.[13] From 1765 until 1801, that is, for much of Jane's life, George Austen served as the rector of the Anglican parishes at Steventon, Hampshire,[14] and a nearby village. From 1773 until 1796, he supplemented this income by farming and by teaching three or four boys at a time who boarded at his home.[15]
Austen's immediate family was large: six brothers—James (1765–1819), George (1766–1838), Edward (1767–1852), Henry Thomas (1771–1850), Francis William (Frank) (1774–1865), Charles John (1779–1852)—and one sister, Cassandra Elizabeth (Steventon, Hampshire, 9 January 1773–1845), who, like Jane, died unmarried. Cassandra was Austen's closest friend and confidante throughout her life.[16] Of her brothers, Austen felt closest to Henry, who became a banker and, after his bank failed, an Anglican clergyman. Henry was also his sister's literary agent. His large circle of friends and acquaintances in London included bankers, merchants, publishers, painters, and actors: he provided Austen with a view of social worlds not normally visible from a small parish in rural Hampshire.[17] George was sent to live with a local family at a young age because, as Austen biographer Le Faye describes it, he was "mentally abnormal and subject to fits".[18] He may also have been deaf and mute.[18] Charles and Frank served in the navy, both rising to the rank of admiral. Edward was adopted by his fourth cousin, Thomas Knight, inheriting Knight's estate and taking his name in 1812.[19]
Early life and education[link]
Austen was born on 16 December 1775 at Steventon rectory and publicly christened on 5 April 1776.[21] After a few months at home, her mother placed Austen with Elizabeth Littlewood, a woman living nearby, who nursed and raised Austen for a year or eighteen months.[22] In 1783, according to family tradition, Jane and Cassandra were sent to Oxford to be educated by Mrs. Ann Cawley and they moved with her to Southampton later in the year. Both girls caught typhus and Jane nearly died.[23] Austen was subsequently educated at home, until leaving for boarding school with her sister Cassandra early in 1785. The school curriculum probably included some French, spelling, needlework, dancing and music and, perhaps, drama. By December 1786, Jane and Cassandra had returned home because the Austens could not afford to send both of their daughters to school.[24]
Austen acquired the remainder of her education by reading books, guided by her father and her brothers James and Henry.[25] George Austen apparently gave his daughters unfettered access to his large and varied library, was tolerant of Austen's sometimes risqué experiments in writing, and provided both sisters with expensive paper and other materials for their writing and drawing.[26] According to Park Honan, a biographer of Austen, life in the Austen home was lived in "an open, amused, easy intellectual atmosphere" where the ideas of those with whom the Austens might disagree politically or socially were considered and discussed.[27] After returning from school in 1786, Austen "never again lived anywhere beyond the bounds of her immediate family environment".[28]
Private theatricals were also a part of Austen's education. From when she was seven until she was thirteen, the family and close friends staged a series of plays, including Richard Sheridan's The Rivals (1775) and David Garrick's Bon Ton. While the details are unknown, Austen would certainly have joined in these activities, as a spectator at first and as a participant when she was older.[29] Most of the plays were comedies, which suggests one way in which Austen's comedic and satirical gifts were cultivated.[30]
Juvenilia[link]
Perhaps as early as 1787, Austen began to write poems, stories, and plays for her own and her family's amusement.[31] Austen later compiled "fair copies" of 29 of these early works into three bound notebooks, now referred to as the Juvenilia, containing pieces originally written between 1787 and 1793.[32] There is manuscript evidence that Austen continued to work on these pieces as late as the period 1809–11, and that her niece and nephew, Anna and James Edward Austen, made further additions as late as 1814.[33] Among these works are a satirical novel in letters titled Love and Freindship [sic], in which she mocked popular novels of sensibility,[34] and The History of England, a manuscript of 34 pages accompanied by 13 watercolour miniatures by her sister Cassandra.
Austen's History parodied popular historical writing, particularly Oliver Goldsmith's History of England (1764).[35] Austen wrote, for example: "Henry the 4th ascended the throne of England much to his own satisfaction in the year 1399, after having prevailed on his cousin & predecessor Richard the 2nd, to resign it to him, & to retire for the rest of his Life to Pomfret Castle, where he happened to be murdered."[36] Austen's Juvenilia are often, according to scholar Richard Jenkyns, "boisterous" and "anarchic"; he compares them to the work of 18th-century novelist Laurence Sterne and the 20th century comedy group Monty Python.[37]
Adulthood[link]
As Austen grew into adulthood, she continued to live at her parents' home, carrying out those activities normal for women of her age and social standing: she practised the fortepiano, assisted her sister and mother with supervising servants, and attended female relatives during childbirth and older relatives on their deathbeds.[38] She sent short pieces of writing to her newborn nieces Fanny Catherine and Jane Anna Elizabeth.[39] Austen was particularly proud of her accomplishments as a seamstress.[40] She also attended church regularly, socialized frequently with friends and neighbours,[41] and read novels—often of her own composition—aloud with her family in the evenings. Socializing with the neighbours often meant dancing, either impromptu in someone's home after supper or at the balls held regularly at the assembly rooms in the town hall.[42] Her brother Henry later said that "Jane was fond of dancing, and excelled in it".[43]
In 1793, Austen began and then abandoned a short play, later entitled Sir Charles Grandison or the happy Man, a comedy in 6 acts, which she returned to and completed around 1800. This was a short parody of various school textbook abridgments of Austen's favourite contemporary novel, The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1753), by Samuel Richardson.[44] Honan speculates that at some point not long after writing Love and Freindship [sic] in 1789, Austen decided to "write for profit, to make stories her central effort", that is, to become a professional writer.[45] Beginning in about 1793, she began to write longer, more sophisticated works.[45]
Between 1793 and 1795, Austen wrote Lady Susan, a short epistolary novel, usually described as her most ambitious and sophisticated early work.[46] It is unlike any of Austen's other works. Austen biographer Claire Tomalin describes the heroine of the novella as a sexual predator who uses her intelligence and charm to manipulate, betray, and abuse her victims, whether lovers, friends or family. Tomalin writes: "Told in letters, it is as neatly plotted as a play, and as cynical in tone as any of the most outrageous of the Restoration dramatists who may have provided some of her inspiration....It stands alone in Austen's work as a study of an adult woman whose intelligence and force of character are greater than those of anyone she encounters."[47]
Early novels[link]
After finishing Lady Susan, Austen attempted her first full-length novel—Elinor and Marianne. Her sister Cassandra later remembered that it was read to the family "before 1796" and was told through a series of letters. Without surviving original manuscripts, there is no way to know how much of the original draft survived in the novel published in 1811 as Sense and Sensibility.[48]
When Austen was twenty, Tom Lefroy, a nephew of neighbours, visited Steventon from December 1795 to January 1796. He had just finished a university degree and was moving to London to train as a barrister. Lefroy and Austen would have been introduced at a ball or other neighbourhood social gathering, and it is clear from Austen's letters to Cassandra that they spent considerable time together: "I am almost afraid to tell you how my Irish friend and I behaved. Imagine to yourself everything most profligate and shocking in the way of dancing and sitting down together."[50] The Lefroy family intervened and sent him away at the end of January. Marriage was impractical, as both Lefroy and Austen must have known. Neither had any money, and he was dependent on a great-uncle in Ireland to finance his education and establish his legal career. If Tom Lefroy later visited Hampshire, he was carefully kept away from the Austens, and Jane Austen never saw him again.[51]
Austen began work on a second novel, First Impressions, in 1796. She completed the initial draft in August 1797 when she was only 21 (it later became Pride and Prejudice); as with all of her novels, Austen read the work aloud to her family as she was working on it and it became an "established favourite".[52] At this time, her father made the first attempt to publish one of her novels. In November 1797, George Austen wrote to Thomas Cadell, an established publisher in London, to ask if he would consider publishing "a Manuscript Novel, comprised in three Vols. about the length of Miss Burney's Evelina" (First Impressions) at the author's financial risk. Cadell quickly returned Mr. Austen's letter, marked "Declined by Return of Post". Austen may not have known of her father's efforts.[53] Following the completion of First Impressions, Austen returned to Elinor and Marianne and from November 1797 until mid-1798, revised it heavily; she eliminated the epistolary format in favour of third-person narration and produced something close to Sense and Sensibility.[54]
During the middle of 1798, after finishing revisions of Elinor and Marianne, Austen began writing a third novel with the working title Susan—later Northanger Abbey—a satire on the popular Gothic novel.[55] Austen completed her work about a year later. In early 1803, Henry Austen offered Susan to Benjamin Crosby, a London publisher, who paid £10 for the copyright. Crosby promised early publication and went so far as to advertise the book publicly as being "in the press", but did nothing more. The manuscript remained in Crosby's hands, unpublished, until Austen repurchased the copyright from him in 1816.[56]
Bath and Southampton[link]
In December 1800, Mr Austen unexpectedly announced his decision to retire from the ministry, leave Steventon, and move the family to Bath. While retirement and travel were good for the elder Austens, Jane Austen was shocked to be told she was moving from the only home she had ever known.[57] An indication of Austen's state of mind is her lack of productivity as a writer during the time she lived at Bath. She was able to make some revisions to Susan, and she began and then abandoned a new novel, The Watsons, but there was nothing like the productivity of the years 1795–99.[58] Tomalin suggests this reflects a deep depression disabling her as a writer, but Honan disagrees, arguing Austen wrote or revised her manuscripts throughout her creative life, except for a few months after her father died.[59]
In December 1802, Austen received her only proposal of marriage. She and her sister visited Alethea and Catherine Bigg, old friends who lived near Basingstoke. Their younger brother, Harris Bigg-Wither, had recently finished his education at Oxford and was also at home. Bigg-Wither proposed and Austen accepted. As described by Caroline Austen, Jane's niece, and Reginald Bigg-Wither, a descendant, Harris was not attractive—he was a large, plain-looking man who spoke little, stuttered when he did speak, was aggressive in conversation, and almost completely tactless. However, Austen had known him since both were young and the marriage offered many practical advantages to Austen and her family. He was the heir to extensive family estates located in the area where the sisters had grown up. With these resources, Austen could provide her parents a comfortable old age, give Cassandra a permanent home and, perhaps, assist her brothers in their careers. By the next morning, Austen realised she had made a mistake and withdrew her acceptance.[60] No contemporary letters or diaries describe how Austen felt about this proposal.[61] In 1814, Austen wrote a letter to her niece, Fanny Knight, who had asked for advice about a serious relationship, telling her that "having written so much on one side of the question, I shall now turn around & entreat you not to commit yourself farther, & not to think of accepting him unless you really do like him. Anything is to be preferred or endured rather than marrying without Affection".[62]
In 1804, while living in Bath, Austen started but did not complete a new novel, The Watsons. The story centres on an invalid clergyman with little money and his four unmarried daughters. Sutherland describes the novel as "a study in the harsh economic realities of dependent women's lives".[63] Honan suggests, and Tomalin agrees, that Austen chose to stop work on the novel after her father died on 21 January 1805 and her personal circumstances resembled those of her characters too closely for her comfort.[64]
Mr Austen's final illness had struck suddenly, leaving him, as Austen reported to her brother Francis, "quite insensible of his own state", and he died quickly.[65] Jane, Cassandra, and their mother were left in a precarious financial situation. Edward, James, Henry, and Francis Austen pledged to make annual contributions to support their mother and sisters.[66] For the next four years, the family's living arrangements reflected their financial insecurity. They lived part of the time in rented quarters in Bath and then, beginning in 1806, in Southampton, where they shared a house with Frank Austen and his new wife. A large part of this time they spent visiting various branches of the family.[67]
On 5 April 1809, about three months before the family's move to Chawton, Austen wrote an angry letter to Richard Crosby, offering him a new manuscript of Susan if that was needed to secure immediate publication of the novel, and otherwise requesting the return of the original so she could find another publisher. Crosby replied he had not agreed to publish the book by any particular time, or at all, and that Austen could repurchase the manuscript for the £10 he had paid her and find another publisher. However, Austen did not have the resources to repurchase the book.[68]
Chawton[link]
_2.jpg)
Around early 1809, Austen's brother Edward offered his mother and sisters a more settled life—the use of a large cottage in Chawton village[69] that was part of Edward's nearby estate, Chawton House. Jane, Cassandra, and their mother moved into Chawton cottage on 7 July 1809.[70] In Chawton, life was quieter than it had been since the family's move to Bath in 1800. The Austens did not socialise with the neighbouring gentry and entertained only when family visited. Austen's niece Anna described the Austen family's life in Chawton: "It was a very quiet life, according to our ideas, but they were great readers, and besides the housekeeping our aunts occupied themselves in working with the poor and in teaching some girl or boy to read or write."[71] Austen wrote almost daily, but privately, and seems to have been relieved of some household responsibilities to give her more opportunity to write.[72] In this setting, she was able to be productive as a writer once more.[73]
Published author[link]
During her time at Chawton, Jane Austen successfully published four novels, which were generally well-received. Through her brother Henry, the publisher Thomas Egerton agreed to publish Sense and Sensibility,[D] which appeared in October 1811. Reviews were favourable and the novel became fashionable among opinion-makers;[74] the edition sold out by mid-1813.[E] Austen's earnings from Sense and Sensibility provided her with some financial and psychological independence.[75] Egerton then published Pride and Prejudice, a revision of First Impressions, in January 1813. He advertised the book widely and it was an immediate success, garnering three favourable reviews and selling well. By October 1813, Egerton was able to begin selling a second edition.[76] Mansfield Park was published by Egerton in May 1814. While Mansfield Park was ignored by reviewers, it was a great success with the public. All copies were sold within six months, and Austen's earnings on this novel were larger than for any of her other novels.[77]
Austen learned that the Prince Regent admired her novels and kept a set at each of his residences.[F] In November 1815, the Prince Regent's librarian invited Austen to visit the Prince's London residence and hinted Austen should dedicate the forthcoming Emma to the Prince. Though Austen disliked the Prince, she could scarcely refuse the request.[78] She later wrote Plan of a Novel, according to hints from various quarters, a satiric outline of the "perfect novel" based on the librarian's many suggestions for a future Austen novel.[79]
In mid-1815, Austen moved her work from Egerton to John Murray, a better known London publisher,[G] who published Emma in December 1815 and a second edition of Mansfield Park in February 1816. Emma sold well but the new edition of Mansfield Park did not, and this failure offset most of the profits Austen earned on Emma. These were the last of Austen's novels to be published during her lifetime.[80]
While Murray prepared Emma for publication, Austen began to write a new novel she titled The Elliots, later published as Persuasion. She completed her first draft in July 1816. In addition, shortly after the publication of Emma, Henry Austen repurchased the copyright for Susan from Crosby. Austen was forced to postpone publishing either of these completed novels by family financial troubles. Henry Austen's bank failed in March 1816, depriving him of all of his assets, leaving him deeply in debt and losing Edward, James, and Frank Austen large sums. Henry and Frank could no longer afford the contributions they had made to support their mother and sisters.[81]
Illness and death[link]
Jane Austen is buried in Winchester Cathedral.
Jane Austen's memorial gravestone in the nave of Winchester Cathedral
Early in 1816, Jane Austen began to feel unwell. She ignored her illness at first and continued to work and to participate in the usual round of family activities. By the middle of that year, her decline was unmistakable to Austen and to her family, and Austen's physical condition began a long, slow, and irregular deterioration culminating in her death the following year.[82] The majority of Austen biographers rely on Dr. Vincent Cope's tentative 1964 retrospective diagnosis and list her cause of death as Addison's disease. However, her final illness has also been described as Hodgkin's lymphoma.[H] Recent work by Katherine White of Britain's Addison’s Disease Self Help Group suggests that Austen probably died of bovine tuberculosis,[83] a disease (now) commonly associated with drinking unpasteurized milk. One contributing factor or cause of her death, discovered by Linda Robinson Walker and described in the Winter 2010 issue of Persuasions on-line, might be Brill–Zinsser disease, a recurrent form of typhus, which she had as a child. Brill–Zinsser disease is to typhus as shingles is to chicken pox; when a victim of typhus endures stress, malnutrition or another infection, typhus can recur as Brill–Zinsser disease. [84]
Austen continued to work in spite of her illness. She became dissatisfied with the ending of The Elliots and rewrote the final two chapters, finishing them on 6 August 1816.[I] In January 1817, Austen began work on a new novel she called The Brothers, later titled Sanditon upon its first publication in 1925, and completed twelve chapters before stopping work in mid-March 1817, probably because her illness prevented her from continuing.[85] Austen made light of her condition to others, describing it as "Bile" and rheumatism, but as her disease progressed she experienced increasing difficulty walking or finding the energy for other activities. By mid-April, Austen was confined to her bed. In May, Jane and Cassandra's brother Henry escorted the two of them to Winchester for medical treatment. Austen died in Winchester on 18 July 1817, at the age of 41. Henry, through his clerical connections, arranged for his sister to be buried in the north aisle of the nave of Winchester Cathedral. The epitaph composed by her brother James praises Austen's personal qualities, expresses hope for her salvation, mentions the "extraordinary endowments of her mind", but does not explicitly mention her achievements as a writer.[86]
Posthumous publication[link]
After Austen's death, Cassandra and Henry Austen arranged with Murray for the publication of Persuasion and Northanger Abbey as a set in December 1817.[J] Henry Austen contributed a Biographical Note which for the first time identified his sister as the author of the novels. Tomalin describes it as "a loving and polished eulogy".[87] Sales were good for a year—only 321 copies remained unsold at the end of 1818—and then declined. Murray disposed of the remaining copies in 1820, and Austen's novels remained out of print for twelve years.[88] In 1832, publisher Richard Bentley purchased the remaining copyrights to all of Austen's novels and, beginning in either December 1832 or January 1833, published them in five illustrated volumes as part of his Standard Novels series. In October 1833, Bentley published the first collected edition of Austen's works. Since then, Austen's novels have been continuously in print.[89]
Reception[link]
Contemporary responses[link]
Austen's works brought her little personal renown because they were published anonymously. Although her novels quickly became fashionable among opinion-makers, such as Princess Charlotte Augusta, daughter of the Prince Regent, they received only a few published reviews.[90] Most of the reviews were short and on balance favourable, although superficial and cautious.[91] They most often focused on the moral lessons of the novels.[92] Sir Walter Scott, a leading novelist of the day, contributed one of them, anonymously. Using the review as a platform from which to defend the then disreputable genre of the novel, he praised Austen's realism.[93] The other important early review of Austen's works was published by Richard Whately in 1821. He drew favourable comparisons between Austen and such acknowledged greats as Homer and Shakespeare, praising the dramatic qualities of her narrative. Whately and Scott set the tone for almost all subsequent 19th-century Austen criticism.[94]
19th century[link]
Because Austen's novels failed to conform to Romantic and Victorian expectations that "powerful emotion [be] authenticated by an egregious display of sound and colour in the writing",[95] 19th-century critics and audiences generally preferred the works of Charles Dickens and George Eliot.[96] Though Austen's novels were republished in Britain beginning in the 1830s and remained steady sellers, they were not bestsellers.[97]
Austen had many admiring readers in the 19th century who considered themselves part of a literary elite: they viewed their appreciation of Austen's works as a mark of their cultural taste. Philosopher and literary critic George Henry Lewes expressed this viewpoint in a series of enthusiastic articles published in the 1840s and 1850s.[99] This theme continued later in the century with novelist Henry James, who referred to Austen several times with approval and on one occasion ranked her with Shakespeare, Cervantes, and Henry Fielding as among "the fine painters of life".[100]
The publication of James Edward Austen-Leigh's A Memoir of Jane Austen in 1869 introduced Austen to a wider public as "dear aunt Jane", the respectable maiden aunt. Publication of the Memoir spurred the reissue of Austen's novels—the first popular editions were released in 1883 and fancy illustrated editions and collectors' sets quickly followed.[101] Author and critic Leslie Stephen described the popular mania that started to develop for Austen in the 1880s as "Austenolatry".[102] Around the turn of the century, members of the literary elite reacted against the popularization of Austen. They referred to themselves as Janeites in order to distinguish themselves from the masses who did not properly understand her works.[103] For example, James responded negatively to what he described as "a beguiled infatuation" with Austen, a rising tide of public interest that exceeded Austen's "intrinsic merit and interest".[104]
During the last quarter of the 19th century, the first books of criticism on Austen were published. In fact, after the publication of the Memoir, more criticism was published on Austen in two years than had appeared in the previous fifty.[105]
20th century and beyond[link]
Several important works paved the way for Austen's novels to become a focus of academic study. The first important milestone was a 1911 essay by Oxford Shakespearean scholar A. C. Bradley, which is "generally regarded as the starting-point for the serious academic approach to Jane Austen".[106] In it, he established the groupings of Austen's "early" and "late" novels, which are still used by scholars today.[107] The second was R. W. Chapman's 1923 edition of Austen's collected works. Not only was it the first scholarly edition of Austen's works, it was also the first scholarly edition of any English novelist. The Chapman text has remained the basis for all subsequent published editions of Austen's works.[108] With the publication in 1939 of Mary Lascelles's Jane Austen and Her Art, the academic study of Austen took hold.[109] Lascelles's innovative work included an analysis of the books Jane Austen read and the effect of her reading on her work, an extended analysis of Austen's style, and her "narrative art". At the time, concern arose over the fact that academics were taking over Austen criticism and it was becoming increasingly esoteric—a debate that has continued to the beginning of the 21st century.[110]
In a spurt of revisionist views in the 1940s, scholars approached Austen more sceptically and argued that she was a subversive writer. These revisionist views, together with F. R. Leavis's and Ian Watt's pronouncement that Austen was one of the great writers of English fiction, did much to cement Austen's reputation amongst academics.[111] They agreed that she "combined [Henry Fielding's and Samuel Richardson's] qualities of interiority and irony, realism and satire to form an author superior to both".[112] The period since World War II has seen more scholarship on Austen using a diversity of critical approaches, including feminist theory, and perhaps most controversially, postcolonial theory. However, the continuing disconnection between the popular appreciation of Austen, particularly by modern Janeites, and the academic appreciation of Austen has widened considerably. Jane Austen was the favourite novelist of political philosopher Leo Strauss.[113]
Sequels, prequels, and adaptations of almost every sort have been based on the novels of Jane Austen, from soft-core pornography to fantasy.[114] Beginning in the middle of the 19th century, Austen family members published conclusions to her incomplete novels, and by 2000 there were over 100 printed adaptations.[115] The first film adaptation was the 1940 MGM production of Pride and Prejudice starring Laurence Olivier and Greer Garson.[116] BBC television dramatisations, which were first produced in the 1970s, attempted to adhere meticulously to Austen's plots, characterisations, and settings.[117] In 1995 a great wave of Austen adaptations began to appear, with Ang Lee's film of Sense and Sensibility, for which screenwriter and star Emma Thompson won an Academy Award, and the BBC's immensely popular TV mini-series Pride and Prejudice, starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth.[118]
Books and scripts that use the general storyline of Austen's novels but change or otherwise modernise the story also became popular at the end of the 20th century. For example, Clueless (1995), Amy Heckerling's updated version of Emma, which takes place in Beverly Hills, became a cultural phenomenon and spawned its own television series.[119] In a 2002 vote to determine whom the UK public considers the greatest British people in history, Austen was ranked number 70 in the list of the "100 Greatest Britons".[120] In 2003, Austen's Pride and Prejudice came second in the BBC's The Big Read, a national poll to find the "Nation's best-loved book."[121]
In 2007, the article Rejecting Jane by British author David Lassman, which examined how Austen would fare in the modern day publishing industry,[122][123][124][125][126] achieved worldwide attention when Austen's work -- submitted under a pseudonym == was rejected by numerous publishers.[127]
List of works[link]
Novels
- Sense and Sensibility (1811)
- Pride and Prejudice (1813)
- Mansfield Park (1814)
- Emma (1815)
- Northanger Abbey (1818, posthumous)
- Persuasion (1818, posthumous)
Short fiction
- Lady Susan (1794, 1805)
Unfinished fiction
- The Watsons (1804)
- Sanditon (1817)
Other works
- Sir Charles Grandison (1793, 1800)[128]
- Plan of a Novel (1815)
- Poems
- Prayers
- Letters
Juvenilia – Volume the First[129]
- Frederic & Elfrida
- Jack & Alice
- Edgar & Emma
- Henry and Eliza
- The Adventures of Mr. Harley
- Sir William Mountague
- Memoirs of Mr. Clifford
- The Beautifull Cassandra
- Amelia Webster
- The Visit
- The Mystery
- The Three Sisters
- A beautiful description
- The generous Curate
- Ode to Pity
Juvenilia – Volume the Second
- Love and Freindship
- Lesley Castle
- The History of England
- A Collection of Letters
- The female philosopher
- The first Act of a Comedy
- A Letter from a Young Lady
- A Tour through Wales
- A Tale
Juvenilia – Volume the Third
- Evelyn
- Catharine, or the Bower
See also[link]
- Family tree showing Jane Austen, her parents and her siblings
- Family tree showing Jane Austen's siblings and her nephews and nieces
- Timeline of Jane Austen
- Styles and themes of Jane Austen
Notes[link]
- ^ The original is unsigned but was believed by the family to have been made by Cassandra and remained in the family with the one signed sketch by Cassandra until 1920. The original sketch, according to relatives who knew Jane Austen well, was not a good likeness.[130]
- ^ These included the original versions of and revisions to the novels later published as Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice and Northanger Abbey, and a novel fragment, The Watsons.[131]
- ^ Oliver MacDonagh says that Sense and Sensibility "may well be the first English realistic novel" based on its detailed and accurate portrayal of what he calls "getting and spending" in an English gentry family.[132]
- ^ All of Jane Austen's novels except Pride and Prejudice were published "on commission", that is, at the author's financial risk. When publishing on commission, publishers would advance the costs of publication, repay themselves as books were sold and then charge a commission for each book sold, paying the rest to the author. If a novel did not recover its costs through sales, the author was responsible for them.[133]
- ^ Jane Austen's novels were published in larger editions than was normal for this period. The small size of the novel-reading public and the large costs associated with hand production (particularly the cost of hand-made paper) meant that most novels were published in editions of 500 copies or less, in order to reduce the risks to the publisher and the novelist. Even some of the most successful titles during this period were issued in editions of not more than 750 or 800 copies and later reprinted if demand continued. Austen's novels were published in larger editions, ranging from about 750 copies of Sense and Sensibility to about 2,000 copies of Emma. It is not clear whether the decision to print more copies than usual of Jane Austen's novels was driven by the publishers or the author. Since all but one of Jane Austen's books were originally published "on commission", the risks of overproduction were largely hers (or Cassandra's after her death) and publishers may have been more willing to produce larger editions than was normal practice when their own funds were at risk. Editions of popular works of non-fiction were often much larger.[134]
- ^ The Prince Regent's admiration was by no means reciprocated, however. In a letter of 16 February 1813 to her friend Martha Lloyd, Austen says (referring to the Prince's wife, whom he treated notoriously badly) "I hate her Husband".[135]
- ^ John Murray also published the work of Walter Scott and Lord Byron. In a letter to Cassandra dated 17/18 October 1816, Austen comments that "Mr. Murray's Letter is come; he is a Rogue of course, but a civil one."[136]
- ^ Addison's disease was often a secondary effect of tuberculosis or cancer. For detailed information concerning the retrospective diagnosis, its uncertainties and related controversies, see Honan, 391–92; Le Faye, A Family Record, 236; Grey, "Life of Jane Austen," The Jane Austen Companion, 282; and Wiltshire, Jane Austen and the Body, 221. Claire Tomalin prefers a diagnosis of a lymphoma such as Hodgkin's disease, arguing that Austen's known symptoms are more consistent with a lymphoma than with Addison's disease.[137]
- ^ The manuscript of the revised final chapters of Persuasion is the only surviving manuscript in Austen's own handwriting for any of her published novels.[138]
- ^ Cassandra and Henry Austen chose the final titles and the title page is dated 1818.
- ^ Honan points to "the odd fact that most of [Austen's] reviewers sound like Mr. Collins" as evidence that contemporary critics felt that works oriented toward the interests and concerns of women were intrinsically less important and less worthy of critical notice than works (mostly non-fiction) oriented towards men.[139]
References[link]
- ^ Southam, "Criticism, 1870–1940", The Jane Austen Companion, 102.
- ^ Lascelles, 2; for detail on "lower fringes", see Collins, ix–x.
- ^ Lascelles, 4–5; MacDonagh, 110–28; Honan, 79, 183–85; Tomalin, 66–68.
- ^ Litz, 3–14; Grundy, "Jane Austen and Literary Traditions", The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, 192–93; Waldron, "Critical Responses, Early", Jane Austen in Context, p. 83, 89–90; Duffy, "Criticism, 1814–1870", The Jane Austen Companion, 93–94.
- ^ Litz, 142.
- ^ MacDonagh, 66–75; Collins, 160–161.
- ^ a b Fergus, "Biography", Jane Austen in Context, 3–4.
- ^ Le Faye, "Letters", Jane Austen in Context, 33.
- ^ Le Faye, A Family Record, 270; Nokes, 1.
- ^ Le Faye, A Family Record, 279.
- ^ Honan, 29–30.
- ^ Honan, 11–14; Tucker, "Jane Austen's Family", The Jane Austen Companion, 143.
- ^ Tomalin, 6, 13–16, 147–51, 170–71; Greene, "Jane Austen and the Peerage", Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays, 156–57; Fergus, "Biography", Jane Austen in Context, 5–6; Collins, 10–11.
- ^ Irene Collins estimates that when George Austen took up his duties as rector in 1764, Steventon comprised no more than about thirty families. Collins, 86.
- ^ Honan, 14, 17–18; Collins, 54.
- ^ Fergus, "Biography", 3; Tomalin, 142; Honan, 23, 119.
- ^ MacDonagh, 50–51; Honan, 24, 246; Collins, 17.
- ^ a b Le Faye, Family Record, 22.
- ^ Tucker, "Jane Austen's Family", 147; Le Faye, Family Record, 43–44.
- ^ Le Faye, Family Record, 20.
- ^ Le Faye, Family Record, 27.
- ^ Tomalin, 7–9; Honan, 21–22; Collins, 86; Le Faye, Family Record, 19. Le Faye and Collins add that the Austens followed this custom for all of their children.
- ^ Le Faye, Family Record, 47–49; Collins, 35, 133.
- ^ Tomalin, 9–10, 26, 33–38, 42–43; Le Faye, Family Record, 52; Collins, 133–34.
- ^ Le Faye, "Chronology", 2–3; Grundy, "Jane Austen and Literary Traditions", 190–91; Tomalin, 28–29, 33–43, 66–67; Honan, 31–34; Lascelles, 7–8. Irene Collins believes that Austen "used some of the same school books as the boys" her father tutored. Collins, 42.
- ^ Honan, 66–68; Collins, 43.
- ^ Honan, 211–12.
- ^ Le Faye, Family Record, 52.
- ^ Le Faye, "Chronology", 2–3; Tucker, "Amateur Theatricals at Steventon", The Jane Austen Companion, 1–2; Byrne, 1–39; Gay, ix, 1; Tomalin, 31–32, 40–42, 55–57, 62–63; Honan, 35, 47–52, 423–24, n. 20.
- ^ Honan, 53–54; Lascelles, 106–07; Litz, 14–17.
- ^ Le Faye, Family Record, 66; Litz, "Chronology of Composition", The Jane Austen Companion, 48; Honan, 61–62, 70; Lascelles, 4.
- ^ Honan, 62–76; Le Faye, A Family Record, 270.
- ^ Sutherland, 14; Doody, "The Short Fiction", The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, 85–86.
- ^ Litz, 21; Tomalin, 47; Honan, 73–74; Southam, "Juvenilia", The Jane Austen Companion, 248–49.
- ^ Honan, 75.
- ^ Austen, The History of England, Catharine and Other Writings, 134.
- ^ Jenkyns, 31.
- ^ Gary Kelly, "Education and accomplishments," Jane Austen in Context, 256–57; Tomalin, 101–03, 120–23, 144.
- ^ Le Faye, Family Record, 84.
- ^ Honan, 265.
- ^ For social conventions among the gentry generally, see Collins, 105.
- ^ Tomalin, 101–03, 120–23, 144; Honan, 119.
- ^ Quoted in Tomalin, 102; see also Honan, 84.
- ^ Southam, "Grandison", The Jane Austen Companion, 187–89.
- ^ a b Honan, 93.
- ^ Honan, 101–102; Tomalin, 82–83
- ^ Tomalin, 83–84; see also Sutherland, 15.
- ^ Sutherland, 16–18; LeFaye, "Chronology", 4; Tomalin, 107, 120, 154, 208.
- ^ Tomalin, 118.
- ^ Qtd. in Le Faye, Family Record, 92.
- ^ Le Faye, "Chronology", 4; Fergus, "Biography", 7–8; Tomalin, 112–20, 159; Honan, 105–11.
- ^ Le Faye, Family Record, 100, 114.
- ^ Le Fay, Family Record, 104; Sutherland, 17, 21; quotations from Tomalin, 120–22.
- ^ Le Faye, "Chronology", 5, 7; Fergus, "Biography", 7; Sutherland, 16–18, 21; Tomalin, 120–21; Honan, 122–24.
- ^ Litz, 59–60.
- ^ Le Faye, "Chronology", 5, 6, 10; Fergus, "Biography", 8–9; Sutherland, 16, 18–19, 20–22; Tomalin, 182, 199, 254.
- ^ Collins, 8–9.
- ^ Sutherland, 21.
- ^ Le Faye, "Chronology", 6–8; Fergus, "Biography", 8; Sutherland, 15, 20–22; Tomalin, 168–75; Honan, 215. Doody agrees with Tomalin. Margaret Anne Doody, "Jane Austen, that disconcerting child" in Alexander and McMaster, The Child Writer, 105.
- ^ Le Faye, "Chronology" 6; Fergus, "Biography", pp. 7–8; Tomalin, 178–81; Honan, 189–98.
- ^ Le Faye, "Memoirs and Biographies", Jane Austen in Context, 51.
- ^ Letter dated 18–20 November 1814, Jane Austen's Letters, 278–82.
- ^ Sutherland, 15, 21.
- ^ Le Faye, "Chronology", 7; Tomalin, 182–84; Honan, 203–05.
- ^ MacDonagh, 111; Honan, 212; Tomalin, 186.
- ^ Honan, 213–14.
- ^ Tomalin, 194–206.
- ^ Tomalin, 207.
- ^ Chawton had a population of 417 at the census of 1811. Collins, 89.
- ^ Le Faye, "Chronology", 8; Tomalin, 194–206; Honan, 237–45; MacDonagh, 49.
- ^ Grey, "Chawton", in The Jane Austen Companion, 38
- ^ Grey, "Chawton", 37–38; Tomalin, 208, 211–12; Honan, 265–66, 351–52.
- ^ Doody, "The Shorter Fiction", The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, 87.
- ^ Honan, 289–290.
- ^ Honan, 290, Tomalin, 218.
- ^ Sutherland, 16–17, 21; Le Faye, "Chronology" 8–9; Fergus, "The Professional Woman Writer", 19–23; Tomalin, 210–12, 216–20; Honan, 287.
- ^ Le Faye, "Chronology", 9; Fergus, "The Professional Woman Writer", 22–24; Sutherland, 18–19; Tomalin, 236, 240–41, 315, n. 5.
- ^ Austen letter to James Stannier Clarke, 15 November 1815; Clarke letter to Austen, 16 November 1815; Austen letter to John Murray, 23 November 1815, Le Faye, Jane Austen's Letters, 296–98.
- ^ Note on the relationship; Correspondence; Litz, 164–165; Honan, 367–69, describes the episode in detail.
- ^ Le Faye, "Chronology", 8–9; Sutherland, 16–21; Fergus, "The Professional Woman Writer", 23–27, 30, n.29, 31, n.33; Fergus, "Biography", 10; Tomalin, 256.
- ^ Le Faye, "Chronology", 6, 10; Fergus, "The Professional Woman Writer", 26–27; Tomalin, 252–54.
- ^ Honan, 378–79, 385–95
- ^ http://press.psprings.co.uk/mp/december/98_mh1453.pdf
- ^ Linda Robinson Walker. "Linda Robinson Walker". http://www.jasna.org/persuasions/on-line/vol31no1/walker.html. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
- ^ Tomalin, 261.
- ^ Le Faye, "Chronology", 10–11; Fergus, "The Professional Woman Writer", 26–27; Tomalin, 254–71; Honan, 385–405.
- ^ Tomalin, 272.
- ^ Tomalin, 321, n.1 and 3; Gilson, "Editions and Publishing History", in The Jane Austen Companion, 136–37.
- ^ Gilson, "Editions and Publishing History", p. 137; Gilson, "Later publishing history, with illustrations," Jane Austen in Context, p. 127; Southam, "Criticism, 1870–1940", 102.
- ^ Honan, Jane Austen, 289–90.
- ^ Fergus, 18–19; Honan, Jane Austen, 287–89, 316–17, 372–73; Southam, "Introduction", Vol. 1, 1.
- ^ Waldron, 83–91.
- ^ Southam, "Scott in the Quarterly Review", Vol. 1, 58; Waldron, "Critical Responses, Early", Jane Austen in Context, 86; Duffy, "Criticism, 1814–1870", The Jane Austen Companion, 94–96.
- ^ Waldron, "Critical Responses, Early", Jane Austen in Context, 89–90; Duffy, "Criticism, 1814–1870", The Jane Austen Companion, 97; Watt, "Introduction", 4–5.
- ^ Duffy, "Criticism, 1814–1870", The Jane Austen Companion, 98–99; MacDonagh, 146; Watt, "Introduction", 3–4.
- ^ Southam, "Introduction", Vol. 1, 2; Southam, "Introduction", Vol. 2, 1.
- ^ Johnson, "Austen cults and cultures", The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, 211; Gilson, "Later publishing history, with illustrations," p. 127.
- ^ David Gilson, "Later publishing history, with illustrations", Jane Austen in Context, 127.
- ^ Southam, "Introduction", Vol. 1, 152; Southam, "Introduction", Vol. 2, 20–21.
- ^ Southam, "Introduction", Vol. 2, 70.
- ^ Southam, “Introduction”, Vol. 2, 58–62.
- ^ Southam, "Introduction", Vol. 2, 47.
- ^ Southam, "Introduction", Vol. 2, 46; Johnson, "Austen cults and cultures", The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, 213.
- ^ Southam, "Henry James on Jane Austen", Vol. 2, 230.
- ^ Southam, "Introduction", Vol. 1, 1.
- ^ Brian Southam, quoted in Trott, "Critical Responses, 1830–1970", 92; Southam, "Introduction", Vol. 2, 79.
- ^ Southam, "Introduction", Vol. 2, 79.
- ^ Southam, "Introduction", Vol. 2, 99–100; see also Watt, "Introduction", 10–11; Gilson, "Later Publishing History, with Illustrations", 149–50; Johnson, “Austen cults and cultures”, 218.
- ^ Southam, "Introduction", Vol. 2, 107–109, 124.
- ^ Southam, "Criticism 1870–1940", 108; Watt, "Introduction", 10–11; Stovel, "Further Reading", 233; Southam, "Introduction", Vol. 2, 127; Todd, 20.
- ^ Johnson, "Austen cults and cultures", 219; Todd, 20.
- ^ Todd, 20.
- ^ Political Science and Politics Vol. 28, No. 4 (Dec., 1995), pp. 659-661
- ^ Lynch, "Sequels", Jane Austen in Context, 160.
- ^ Lynch, "Sequels", Jane Austen in Context, 160–62.
- ^ Brownstein, 13.
- ^ Troost, "The Nineteenth-Century Novel on Film", 79.
- ^ Troost, "The Nineteenth-Century Novel on Film", 82–84.
- ^ Pucci and Thompson, 1.
- ^ "BBC – 100 great British heroes". BBC News. 21 August 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2208671.stm. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ The BBC's Big Read BBC - The Big Read April 2003, Retrieved 7 November 2010
- ^ De Bruxelles, Simon. ‘How A Laydee showed that First Impressions really are misleading.’ The Times. 19 July 2007. p21.
- ^ Morris, Stephen.‘The author and the Austen plot that exposed publishers’ pride and prejudice.’ The Guardian, 19 July 2007. p3.
- ^ Jane Austen in Modern Day. ABC news. July 20, 2007.
- ^ 'Publishers fail to spot plagiarized Jane Austen' Reuters. 19 July 2007.
- ^ 'No Censure for Stolen Words' New York Times. 20 July 2007.
- ^ ‘How literary hoax turned into a global story for Austen fans’. Western Daily Press. 12 September 2008.
- ^ The full title of this short play is Sir Charles Grandison or The happy Man, a Comedy in 6 acts. For more information see Southam, "Grandison", The Jane Austen Companion, 187–189.
- ^ This list of the juvenilia is taken from The Works of Jane Austen. Vol VI. 1954. Ed. R. W. Chapman and B. C. Southam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988, as supplemented by additional research reflected in Margaret Anne Doody and Douglas Murray, eds. Catharine and Other Writings Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
- ^ Kirkham, "Portraits", Jane Austen in Context, 69–72.
- ^ Sutherland, "Chronology of Composition and Publication", Jane Austen in Context, 13.
- ^ MacDonagh, 65, 136–37.
- ^ Fergus, "The Professional Woman Writer", 15–17; Raven, "Book Production", in Jane Austen in Context, 198; Honan, 285–86.
- ^ For more information and a discussion of the economics of book publishing during this period, see Fergus, "The Professional Woman Writer", 18, and Raven, "Book Production", 196–203.
- ^ passage online; Le Faye, Jane Austen's Letters, 207–08.
- ^ Honan, 364–65; Le Faye, Jane Austen's Letters, 291
- ^ Tomalin, Appendix I, 283–84; see also Upfal, A. (2005). "Jane Austen's lifelong health problems and final illness: New evidence points to a fatal Hodgkin's disease and excludes the widely accepted Addison's" (Registration required). Medical Humanities 31 (1): 3. DOI:10.1136/jmh.2004.000193. http://mh.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/31/1/3.
- ^ Tomalin, 255.
- ^ Honan, 317.
Bibliography[link]
Primary works
- Austen, Jane. Catharine and Other Writings. Ed. Margaret Anne Doody and Douglas Murray. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-19-282823-1.
- Austen, Jane. The History of England. Ed. David Starkey. Icon Books, HarperCollins Publishers, 2006. ISBN 0-06-135195-4.
- Le Faye, Deirdre, ed. Jane Austen's Letters. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-19-283297-2.
Secondary works
Biographies
- Austen, Henry Thomas. "Biographical Notice of the Author". Northanger Abbey and Persuasion. London: John Murray, 1817.
- Austen-Leigh, James Edward. A Memoir of Jane Austen. 1926. Ed. R. W. Chapman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
- Austen-Leigh, William and Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh. Jane Austen: Her Life and Letters, A Family Record. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1913.
- Fergus, Jan. Jane Austen: A Literary Life. London: Macmillan, 1991. ISBN 0-333-44701-8.
- Honan, Park. Jane Austen: A Life. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. ISBN 0-312-01451-1.
- Le Faye, Deirdre. Jane Austen: A Family Record. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-53417-8.
- Nokes, David. Jane Austen: A Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. ISBN 0-520-21606-7.
- Tomalin, Claire. Jane Austen: A Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. ISBN 0-679-44628-1.
Essay collections
- A Jane Austen Devotional. Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4003-1953-4.
- Alexander, Christine and Juliet McMaster, eds. The Child Writer from Austen to Woolf. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-81293-3.
- Copeland, Edward and Juliet McMaster, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-49867-8.
- Grey, J. David, ed. The Jane Austen Companion. New York: Macmillan, 1986. ISBN 0-02-545540-0.
- Lynch, Deidre, ed. Janeites: Austen's Disciples and Devotees. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-691-05005-8.
- Southam, B. C., ed. Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1812–1870. Vol. 1. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968. ISBN 0-7100-2942-X.
- Southam, B. C., ed. Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1870–1940. Vol. 2. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987. ISBN 0-7102-0189-3.
- Todd, Janet, ed. Jane Austen In Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-82644-6.
- Watt, Ian, ed. Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963. ISBN 978-0-13-053769-0.
Monographs and articles
- Armstrong, Nancy. Desire and Domestic Fiction. London: Oxford University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-19-506160-8.
- Butler, Marilyn. Jane Austen and the War of Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975. ISBN 0-19-812968-8.
- Byrne, Paula. Jane Austen and the Theatre. London and New York: Continuum, 2002. ISBN 978-1-84725-047-6.
- Collins, Irene. Jane Austen and the Clergy. London: The Hambledon Press, 1994. ISBN 1-85285-114-7.
- Devlin, D. D. Jane Austen and Education. London: Macmillan, 1975. ISBN 0-333-14431-7.
- Duckworth, Alistair M. The Improvement of the Estate: A Study of Jane Austen's Novels. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971. ISBN 0-8018-1269-0.
- Fergus, Jan. Jane Austen and the Didactic Novel. Totowa: Barnes & Noble, 1983. ISBN 0-389-20228-2.
- Ferguson, Moira. "Mansfield Park, Slavery, Colonialism, and Gender". Oxford Literary Review 13 (1991): 118–39.
- Galperin, William. The Historical Austen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8122-3687-4.
- Gay, Penny. Jane Austen and the Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-65213-8.
- Gubar, Susan and Sandra Gilbert. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination. 1979. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-300-02596-3.
- Harding, D. W., "Regulated Hatred: An Aspect of the Work of Jane Austen". Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Ian Watt. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963.
- Jenkyns, Richard. A Fine Brush on Ivory: An Appreciation of Jane Austen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-927661-7.
- Johnson, Claudia L. Jane Austen: Women, Politics and the Novel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. ISBN 0-226-40139-1.
- Kirkham, Margaret. Jane Austen, Feminism and Fiction. Brighton: Harvester, 1983. ISBN 0-7108-0468-7.
- Koppel, Gene. The Religious Dimension in Jane Austen's Novels. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1988.
- Lascelles, Mary. Jane Austen and Her Art. Original publication 1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
- Leavis, F. R. The Great Tradition: George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph Conrad. London: Chatto & Windus, 1960.
- Litz, A. Walton. Jane Austen: A Study of Her Development. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.
- Lynch, Deidre. The Economy of Character. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. ISBN 0-226-49820-4.
- MacDonagh, Oliver. Jane Austen: Real and Imagined Worlds. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-300-05084-4.
- Miller, D. A. Jane Austen, or The Secret of Style. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-12387-X.
- Mudrick, Marvin. Jane Austen: Irony as Defense and Discovery. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952.
- Page, Norman. The Language of Jane Austen. Oxford: Blackwell, 1972. ISBN 0-631-08280-8.
- Poovey, Mary. The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. ISBN 0-226-67528-9.
- Raven, James. The Business of Books: Booksellers and the English Book Trade. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-300-12261-6.
- Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. ISBN 0-679-75054-1.
- Todd, Janet. The Cambridge Introduction to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-67469-7.
- Waldron, Mary. Jane Austen and the Fiction of Her Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-00388-1.
- Wiltshire, John. Recreating Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-00282-6.
- Wiltshire, John. Jane Austen and the Body: The Picture of Health. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-521-41476-8.
External links[link]
| Find more about Jane Austen on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
Online works
- Works by Jane Austen – etexts by Electronic Literature Foundation
- Works by Jane Austen at Project Gutenberg
- E-books of Austen's work in ePub, mobipocket, and pdf. Includes the complete Juvenilia.
- Jane Austen's work in Kindle format.
- Works by Jane Austen – e-books in HTML
- Works by Jane Austen – printable PDF ebooks
- A Memoir of Jane Austen by James Edward Austen-Leigh
Museums
Special Collections
Fan sites and societies
- The Republic of Pemberley: the largest Jane Austen site on the web.
- The Jane Austen Society of Australia
- The Jane Austen Society of North America
- The Jane Austen Society of the United Kingdom
Other
- Works by or about Jane Austen in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.jpg)
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Austen, Jane |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | English novelist |
| Date of birth | 16 December 1775 |
| Place of birth | Steventon, Hampshire, England |
| Date of death | 18 July 1817 |
| Place of death | Winchester, Hampshire, England |
http://wn.com/Jane_Austen
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Jane Austen
http://cs.wn.com/Jane Austenová
http://es.wn.com/Jane Austen
http://nl.wn.com/Jane Austen
http://id.wn.com/Jane Austen
http://pl.wn.com/Jane Austen
http://fr.wn.com/Jane Austen
http://ru.wn.com/Остин, Джейн
http://de.wn.com/Jane Austen
http://hi.wn.com/जेन ऑस्टेन
http://pt.wn.com/Jane Austen
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
