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A comparison of the chromaticities enclosed by some color spaces.

A color model is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be represented as tuples of numbers, typically as three or four values or color components (e.g. RGB and CMYK are color models). However, a color model with no associated mapping function to an absolute color space is a more or less arbitrary color system with no connection to any globally understood system of color interpretation.

Adding a certain mapping function between the color model and a certain reference color space results in a definite "footprint" within the reference color space. This "footprint" is known as a gamut, and, in combination with the color model, defines a new color space. For example, Adobe RGB and sRGB are two different absolute color spaces, both based on the RGB model.

In the most generic sense of the definition above, color spaces can be defined without the use of a color model. These spaces, such as Pantone, are in effect a given set of names or numbers which are defined by the existence of a corresponding set of physical color swatches. This article focuses on the mathematical model concept.

Understanding the concept[link]

A comparison of RGB and CMYK color models. This image demonstrates the difference between how colors will look on a computer monitor (RGB) compared to how they will reproduce in a CMYK print process.

A wide range of colors can be created by the primary colors of pigment (cyan (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y), and black (K)). Those colors then define a specific color space. To create a three-dimensional representation of a color space, we can assign the amount of magenta color to the representation's X axis, the amount of cyan to its Y axis, and the amount of yellow to its Z axis. The resulting 3-D space provides a unique position for every possible color that can be created by combining those three pigments.

However, this is not the only possible color space. For instance, when colors are displayed on a computer monitor, they are usually defined in the RGB (red, green and blue) color space. This is another way of making nearly the same colors (limited by the reproduction medium, such as the phosphor (CRT) or filters and backlight (LCD)), and red, green and blue can be considered as the X, Y and Z axes. Another way of making the same colors is to use their Hue (X axis), their Saturation (Y axis), and their brightness Value (Z axis). This is called the HSV color space. Many color spaces can be represented as three-dimensional (X,Y,Z) values in this manner, but some have more, or fewer dimensions, and some, such as Pantone, cannot be represented in this way at all.

Notes[link]

When formally defining a color space, the usual reference standard is the CIELAB or CIEXYZ color spaces, which were specifically designed to encompass all colors the average human can see.

Since "color space" is a more specific term for a certain combination of a color model plus a mapping function, the term "color space" tends to be used to also identify color models, since identifying a color space automatically identifies the associated color model. Informally, the two terms are often used interchangeably, though this is strictly incorrect. For example, although several specific color spaces are based on the RGB model, there is no such thing as the RGB color space.

Since any color space defines colors as a function of the absolute reference frame, color spaces, along with device profiling, allow reproducible representations of color, in both analogue and digital representations.

Conversion[link]

Color space conversion is the translation of the representation of a color from one basis to another. This typically occurs in the context of converting an image that is represented in one color space to another color space, the goal being to make the translated image look as similar as possible to the original.

Density[link]

The RGB color model is implemented in different ways, depending on the capabilities of the system used. By far the most common general-used incarnation as of 2006^[update] is the 24-bit implementation, with 8 bits, or 256 discrete levels of color per channel. Any color space based on such a 24-bit RGB model is thus limited to a range of 256×256×256 ≈ 16.7 million colors. Some implementations use 16 bits per component for 48 bits total, resulting in the same gamut with a larger number of distinct colors. This is especially important when working with wide-gamut color spaces (where most of the more common colors are located relatively close together), or when a large number of digital filtering algorithms are used consecutively. The same principle applies for any color space based on the same color model, but implemented in different bit depths.

Partial list of color spaces[link]

CIE 1931 XYZ color space was one of the first attempts to produce a color space based on measurements of human color perception (earlier efforts were by James Clerk Maxwell, König & Dieterici, and Abney at Imperial College)^[1] and it is the basis for almost all other color spaces. Derivatives of the CIE XYZ space include CIELUV, CIEUVW, and CIELAB.

Generic color models[link]

Additive color mixing: Three overlapping lightbulbs in a vacuum, adding together to create white.

Subtractive color mixing: Three splotches of paint on white paper, subtracting together to turn the paper black.

RGB uses additive color mixing, because it describes what kind of light needs to be emitted to produce a given color. Light is added together to create form from out of the darkness. RGB stores individual values for red, green and blue. RGBA is RGB with an additional channel, alpha, to indicate transparency.

Common color spaces based on the RGB model include sRGB, Adobe RGB and ProPhoto RGB.

CMYK uses subtractive color mixing used in the printing process, because it describes what kind of inks need to be applied so the light reflected from the substrate and through the inks produces a given color. One starts with a white substrate (canvas, page, etc.), and uses ink to subtract color from white to create an image. CMYK stores ink values for cyan, magenta, yellow and black. There are many CMYK color spaces for different sets of inks, substrates, and press characteristics (which change the dot gain or transfer function for each ink and thus change the appearance).

YIQ was formerly used in NTSC (North America, Japan and elsewhere) television broadcasts for historical reasons. This system stores a luminance value with two chrominance values, corresponding approximately to the amounts of blue and red in the color. It is similar to the YUV scheme used in most video capture systems^[2] and in PAL (Australia, Europe, except France, which uses SECAM) television, except that the YIQ color space is rotated 33° with respect to the YUV color space. The YDbDr scheme used by SECAM television is rotated in another way.

YPbPr is a scaled version of YUV. It is most commonly seen in its digital form, YCbCr, used widely in video and image compression schemes such as MPEG and JPEG.

xvYCC is a new international digital video color space standard published by the IEC (IEC 61966-2-4). It is based on the ITU BT.601 and BT.709 standards but extends the gamut beyond the R/G/B primaries specified in those standards.

HSV (hue, saturation, value), also known as HSB (hue, saturation, brightness) is often used by artists because it is often more natural to think about a color in terms of hue and saturation than in terms of additive or subtractive color components. HSV is a transformation of an RGB colorspace, and its components and colorimetry are relative to the RGB colorspace from which it was derived.

HSL (hue, saturation, lightness/luminance), also known as HLS or HSI (hue, saturation, intensity) is quite similar to HSV, with "lightness" replacing "brightness". The difference is that the brightness of a pure color is equal to the brightness of white, while the lightness of a pure color is equal to the lightness of a medium gray.

Commercial color spaces[link]

• Munsell color system
• Natural Color System (NCS)

Special-purpose color spaces[link]

• The RG Chromaticity space is used in Computer vision applications. It shows the color of light (red, yellow, green etc.), but not its intensity (dark, bright).

Obsolete color spaces[link]

Early color spaces had two components. They largely ignored blue light because the added complexity of a 3-component process provided only a marginal increase in fidelity when compared to the jump from monochrome to 2-component color.

• RG for early Technicolor film
• RGK for early color printing

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Color spaces

• Color theory
• List of colors

References[link]

1. ^ William David Wright, 50 years of the 1931 CIE Standard Observer. Die Farbe, 29:4/6 (1981).
2. ^ Dean Anderson. "Color Spaces in Frame Grabbers: RGB vs. YUV". http://www.sensoray.com/support/frame_grabber_capture_modes.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-08. 

External links[link]

• Color FAQ, Charles Poynton
• FAQ about color physics, Stephen Westland
• Color Science, Dan Bruton
• Color Spaces, Rolf G. Kuehni (October 2003)
• Colour spaces - perceptual, historical and applicational background, Marko Tkalčič (2003)
• Color formats for image and video processing - Color conversion between RGB, YUV, YCbCr and YPbPr.
• C library of SSE-optimised color format conversions.
• Konica Minolta Sensing: Precise Color Communication

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2008)

Michael Schenker
Background information
Born	(1955-01-10) 10 January 1955 (age 57) Sarstedt, Germany
Genres	Hard rock, heavy metal
Occupations	Musician, songwriter, producer
Instruments	Guitar, vocals, bass, drums, flute
Years active	1969–present
Labels	BMG
Associated acts	Scorpions, UFO, The Michael Schenker Group, McAuley Schenker Group, Contraband, G3, Schenker Pattison Summit
Website	Official website
Notable instruments
Gibson Flying V Dean Signature V model

Michael Schenker (born 10 January 1955, Sarstedt, Lower Saxony) is a German rock guitarist, best known for his tenure in UFO, in addition to his solo band. He first rose to fame as an early member of the Scorpions, then achieved fame in the mid 1970s as the lead guitar player for UFO. Since leaving UFO in 1978, he has been leading the Michael Schenker Group in various incarnations. He is the younger brother of Rudolf Schenker, who is still a guitarist with the Scorpions. His career has had many ups and downs, partly due to a long history of alcoholism and personal problems; still, Schenker continues to perform and record and to maintain a following,^[1] and is called "a legendary figure in the history of metal guitar."^[2]

Early career: Scorpions, UFO[link]

Michael Schenker started playing guitar at an early age, after his brother Rudolf brought home a Gibson Flying V guitar, which captured his imagination. He played his first gig when he was 11, with Rudolf and the Scorpions in a nightclub. Schenker debuted with Scorpions on their debut album Lonesome Crow at age 17.^[3]

The Scorpions went on tour after recording their first album, opening up for upcoming UK band UFO in Germany. Schenker was offered the position of lead guitar player for UFO (taking over for Bernie Marsden, himself a temporary replacement for Mick Bolton)^[4] and, with the blessing of his brother, accepted (the Scorpions replaced him with Uli Roth), even though he didn't speak English.

Schenker wrote the music for most of UFO's major label (Chrysalis Records) debut album Phenomenon^{[citation needed]}. His career with UFO was turbulent, sometimes walking off mid-song causing shows to be canceled. Despite having a series of successful albums and tours, Schenker finally left UFO soon after the last show of their US tour in Palo Alto, California, in October 1978; during this tour, the band recorded their seminal live album Strangers in the Night, which was released after he left the band.

Schenker's playing with UFO attracted attention from music critics and especially from the guitar community; in fact, according to some writers, UFO is only to be distinguished for having had Schenker in their ranks.^[5]

Schenker briefly re-joined the Scorpions in late 1978, when they were recording the album Lovedrive (he plays lead guitar on three songs, "Another Piece Of Meat", "Coast To Coast" and "Lovedrive").^[3] In 1979, Schenker toured with the band in support of the album, but left the band 3 months later, following occasions when he could not perform on stage due to fatigue and alcohol problems.^{[citation needed]} He was permanently replaced by Matthias Jabs, who had originally joined the Scorpions before Schenker's return.

Schenker auditioned for Aerosmith in 1979 after Joe Perry left;^[6] according to Martin Huxley, Schenker stormed out of the room after some Nazi-jokes were made.^[7] After the death of Randy Rhoads, Ozzy Osbourne called Schenker about replacing Rhoads, but, Ozzy claims, Schenker made too many outlandish demands (including a private jet).^[8] Schenker himself, in an interview with KNAC radio, claims he was the one to say "no" to Ozzy: "If I would have joined Ozzy Osbourne, I would have screwed up my life. I was almost about to do it, and something told me: DON'T!!"^[9]

Michael Schenker Group / McAuley Schenker Group / UFO Reunion[link]

Michael Schenker in 1983

In 1979, Schenker entered upon a solo career by founding the Michael Schenker Group (MSG). The history of MSG is strewn with personality conflicts and incidents. In 1982, original singer Gary Barden, who sang on the first two studio albums and a live album, was fired in favor of Graham Bonnet. Bonnet lasted one album (Assault Attack) and was fired from the band because he often lost his voice during shows. Barden was called in at the last minute and did the show with only a few hours rehearsal. He stayed with MSG for the recording of a new studio album (Built to Destroy) and the band's second live album (Rock Will Never Die).

After Barden's second departure, Schenker reorganized the band around himself and new singer Robin McAuley and renamed it the McAuley Schenker Group. The new incarnation of MSG was steered toward a more commercial hard rock sound. After three albums, Schenker and McAuley parted company. In the meantime, he briefly replaced Robbin Crosby in Ratt, appearing on their 1990 MTV Unplugged performance.

In 1995, Schenker briefly rejoined UFO for their reunion album Walk on Water and toured with them briefly.

He then resurrected the Michael Schenker Group with all new members and recorded three more albums, Written in the Sand, The Unforgiven, and Be Aware of Scorpions before rejoining UFO for two further releases, Covenant and Sharks.

2000 and after[link]

Schenker fell on hard times in the early 2000s. His marriage turned for the worse and he disappeared, leaving the couple's son and daughter with the mother, and his manager allegedly ran off with his earnings; Schenker ended up having to sell three of his prized Flying V guitars.^[1] He picked himself up and got back to the business of making and performing music, recording the album Arachnophobiac and supporting it with two years of touring. In 2004, recognition came from Dean Guitars, which began producing a Schenker signature Dean V (with subtle differences from the Gibson, but with the split black and white trademark Schenker finish).

2005 brought the 25th anniversary of the Michael Schenker Group. Schenker put together a new album of songs called Tales of Rock'n'Roll to celebrate the anniversary and enlisted singers from each iteration of the band to sing on the album. However, in that same year the collection Heavy Hitters, a set of covers featuring Schenker and a revolving group of heavy metal all-stars, was marketed as a Michael Schenker Group album, with the result that Schenker only received a flat fee.^[1]

After nearly-disastrous North American and European tours in 2007, which saw canceled shows and less-than-stellar performances caused by heavy drinking, Schenker regained his composure and hit the road in the UK as Michael Schenker & Friends in 2008. Early 2008, Schenker worked with Gary Barden, Don Airey, Simon Phillips, and Neil Murray on a new MSG album In the Midst of Beauty, which was released in May 2008, followed by touring.

In 2009 Schenker toured extensively including Russia, UK and the US with MSG including original members Gary Barden and Chris Glenn. With Schenker now clean shaven and having lost weight many fans commented that he both looked and sounded his best, with the tour receiving rave reviews from loyal fans^{[citation needed]}.

In November 2010, Michael Schenker was honored with the Marshall “11” award in London along other rock legends including Ron Wood and Slash. The award was presented to Schenker by Alice Cooper, with Jimmy Page, Tony Iommi and John Paul Jones also in attendance. The award is given to "those artists and musicians who represent rock 'n' roll excess and livin' on the edge."^[10]

In 2011 Michael released a new album, Temple of Rock. It was supported with a tour of the USA, Japan and Europe (more dates are to follow, including festival dates in Sweden, France, Bulgaria and South Korea). In Europe the line up included Herman Rarebell on drums and Francis Buchholz on bass, both former members of The Scorpions (Herman also joined the band for the Japanese dates) and Doogie White, formerly singer for Rainbow and Yngwie Malmsteen.

Instruments and sound[link]

Schenker's main guitar for much of his career was a Gibson Flying V, which he typically played through a wah-wah pedal (used as a parametric equalizer to strengthen the "sweet spot"^[1]) and Marshall amplifiers. His "unmistakable midrange tone"^[1] emphasized by the partially engaged wah,^[11] as exemplified on the song "Rock Bottom" from the UFO album Strangers in the Night, was listed among the 50 greatest tones of all time by Guitar Player magazine.^[12] In recent years Schenker has switched to using a signature model Dean V.^[13]

In 2007 Dean Guitars, after producing a signature Schenker Dean V, also made two acoustic models with the familiar black and white "V" design.^[14]

In video games[link]

• The Michael Schenker Group's song, "Armed and Ready", featured in Guitar Hero: Metallica.
• The song "Assault Attack" was featured in Brütal Legend.

Awards and recognition[link]

• Placed on Guitar World magazine's 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists.^[15]
• On 2010 Schenker was honored with the Marshall “11” award.^[16]

Influence[link]

Schenker has been on the covers of many guitar magazines and has influenced many notable guitar players, including Kirk Hammett^[17] and James Hetfield^[18] (Metallica), Dave Mustaine^[19][20] (Megadeth), Adrian Smith (Iron Maiden), Michael Amott (Arch Enemy - Spiritual Beggars), Chris Caffery (Savatage), Gus G (Ozzy - Firewind), George Lynch (Dokken - Lynch Mob), Doug Aldrich (Whitesnake - Dio), Warren DeMartini (Ratt), Frank Hannon (Tesla), Slash (Guns N' Roses - Velvet Revolver), Michael Wilton (Queensrÿche), Paul Gilbert (Racer X - Mr. Big), Roland Grapow (Masterplan - ex-Helloween), Aaron Aedy (Paradise Lost), Alex Skolnick and Eric Peterson (Testament), Andy LaRocque (King Diamond), Gary Holt (Exodus), Erik Turner (Warrant), Arjen Lucassen (Ayreon), Andy DiGelsomina (Lyraka), Hans Ziller (Bonfire), Jim Matheos (Fates Warning), Michael Denner and Hank Shermann (Mercyful Fate), Tak Matsumoto (B'z - TMG), Marty Friedman (Megadeth - Cacophony) among many others.

Discography[link]

with Scorpions[link]

• Lonesome Crow (1972)
• Fly to the Rainbow (1974) (co-writer)
• Lovedrive (1979) (guest on 3 songs)

with UFO[link]

• Phenomenon (1974)
• Force It (1975)
• No Heavy Petting (1976)
• Lights Out (1977)
• Obsession (1978)
• Strangers in the Night (1979, Live)
• Walk on Water (1995)
• Covenant (2000)
• Sharks (2002)

with Michael Schenker Group[link]

• The Michael Schenker Group (1980)
• MSG (1981)
• One Night at Budokan (1981, live)
• Assault Attack (1982)
• Built to Destroy (1983)
• Rock Will Never Die (1984, live)
• Written in the Sand (1996)
• The Michael Schenker Story Live (1997, live)
• The Unforgiven (1999)
• The Unforgiven World Tour (1999, live)
• Be Aware of Scorpions (2001)
• Arachnophobiac (2003)
• Heavy Hitters (2005)
• Tales of Rock'n'Roll (2006)
• In the Midst of Beauty (2008)
• The 30th Anniversary Concert – Live in Tokyo (2010, live)

With McAuley Schenker Group[link]

• Perfect Timing (1987)
• Save Yourself (1989)
• M.S.G. (1992)
• Nightmare : The Acoustic M.S.G. (1992)
• "Unplugged" Live (1992, live)

Solo[link]

• Thank You (1993)
• Thank You 2 (1998)
• Thank You with Orchestra (1999)
• Adventures of the Imagination (2000)
• The Odd Trio (2000)
• Thank You 3 (2001)
• Dreams and Expressions (2001)
• Thank You 4 (2003)
• Temple of Rock (2011)

Other Schenker projects[link]

• Look at Me Now (Bernie Marsden Album) (1981) as guest
• Contraband (1991)
• Legends of Rock at Castle Donington (2001, Live)
• The Plot (2003)
• Under Construction (2003)
• Schenker-Pattison Summit - The Endless Jam (2004)
• Siggi Schwarz & The Electricguitar Legends (2004)
• Schenker-Pattison Summit - The Endless Jam Continues (2005)
• Siggi Schwarz & The Rock Legends (2005)
• Heavy Metal Thunder (2005)
• Numbers from the Beast (2005)
• Agony & The Xtasy (Gary Barden Solo Album) (2006)
• Siggi Schwarz and Michael Schenker - Live Together (2006, Live)
• Doctor Doctor: The Kulick Sessions (2008) (Heavy Hitters + 4 additional tracks)
• Schenker Barden Acoustic Project - Gipsy Lady (2009)
• Metal X-Mas (2CD Special Edition) (2010)
• Strangers In The Night (2010)
• By Invitation Only (2011)
• Searching for Major Tom (2011)

Compilations[link]

• The Essential Michael Schenker Group (Best Of-style compilation, 1992)
• The Story Of Michael Schenker (1994, Compilation)
• The Michael Schenker Story Live (1994): see also The Michael Schenker Story Live, the audio recording.
• Forever And More: The Best Of Michael Schenker (2003)
• Greatest Riffs (2009, US-only compilation)
• Instrumental Intensity (2010, Shrapnel Records compilation)

MSG videography[link]

• Rock Will Never Die (1984)
• The Michael Schenker Story Live (1999)
• Live in Tokyo 1997 (2000)
• World Wide Live 2004 (2004)
• The 30th Anniversary Concert – Live in Tokyo (2010)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Michael Schenker Himself, Official site
• Michael Schenker Interview

v t e Scorpions Rudolf Schenker Klaus Meine Matthias Jabs James Kottak Paweł Mąciwoda Herman Rarebell Francis Buchholz Uli Jon Roth Michael Schenker Ralph Rieckermann Rudy Lenners Jürgen Rosenthal Wolfgang Dziony Lothar Heimberg Karl-Heinz Vollmer Joe Wyman Ken Taylor Curt Cress Barry Sparks Ingo Powitzer Studio albums Lonesome Crow Fly to the Rainbow In Trance Virgin Killer Taken by Force Lovedrive Animal Magnetism Blackout Love at First Sting Savage Amusement Crazy World Face the Heat Pure Instinct Eye II Eye Moment of Glory Unbreakable Humanity: Hour I Sting in the Tail Live albums Tokyo Tapes World Wide Live Live Bites Acoustica Live 2011: Get Your Sting & Blackout Compilations The Best of Scorpions Vol. 1 The Best of Scorpions Vol. 2 Best of Rockers 'n' Ballads Still Loving You Deadly Sting: The Mercury Years Big City Nights 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Scorpions Bad for Good: The Very Best of Scorpions Box of Scorpions Gold Comeblack Videos World Wide Live Crazy World Tour Live Release A Savage Crazy World Moment of Glory Acoustica Unbreakable World Tour 2004 Live at Wacken Open Air 2006 Tours Lonesome Crow Tour Fly to the Rainbow Tour In Trance Tour Virgin Killer Tour Taken by Force Tour Lovedrive Tour Animal Magnetism Tour Blackout Tour Love at First Sting World Tour Savage Amusement World Tour Crazy World Tour Face the Heat World Tour Pure Instinct World Tour Eye to Eye Tour Moment Of Glory Tour Acoustica Tour Scorpions Tour 2002 Scorpions Tour 2003 Unbreakable World Tour Humanity World Tour Get Your Sting and Blackout World Tour Related articles Discography The Wall – Live in Berlin Categories Members Albums Songs Concert tours Book:Scorpions

Adam Beyer.

Adam Beyer (born 1976 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish techno producer and DJ. He is the founder of Drumcode Records, Truesoul Records, Code Red and Mad Eye Recordings. He is one of several Swedish techno artists to emerge in the mid-1990s along the likes of Cari Lekebusch, Joel Mull, Jesper Dahlback, Alexi Delano, Christian Smith and more.

Selected discography[link]

• Adam Beyer: Decoded, 1996
• Adam Beyer: Ignition Key, 2002
• Fabric 22, 2005

External links[link]

• Drumcode Records
• Truesoul Records
• Myspace Page
• Adam Beyer at Discogs
• BnB Interview Adam Beyer
• Swedishtechno.com

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