Tindouf

Friday, 23 November 2012

Tindouf les Camps des prisonniers تندوف السجون السرية للبوليساريو

الطريق الوطني رقم 50 الرابط بين تندوف وبشار 800 كلم

Résistance Populaire à Tindouf 24/03/2012

Maroc Algérie : Un journaliste Marocain à Tindouf.

slavery in Tindouf polisario camps موريتانية مستعبدة من البوليساريو

Algerie : émeutes à Tindouf ramadan 2011

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Adrar, Algeria
Adrar (Arabic: أدرار‎, Berber: ) is a town and commune in Algeria, based around an oasis of the Sahara Desert and the administrative capital of the second largest province in Algeria: Adrar Province.
Adrar is mainly an agricultural town, characterized by its traditional irrigation system, the Foggara.
The oasis includes historic monuments. The settlement in the region (formerly known as Tuat) is quite ancient and the area provides for several different cultures. This intermingling gave birth to a body of traditions and of cultural and hand-crafted practices that are still present today in the life of its inhabitants translating into a wealth of the folklore and cultural heritage.
The city is served by Touat Cheikh Sidi Mohamed Belkebir Airport (or simply Adrar Airport) located 10 kilometers away from centre of the city has Air Algérie flight to Algiers, Bordj Badji Mokhtar, Oran and Ouargla in addition to Tassili Airlines flights to In Aménas.

wn.com/Adrar,_Algeria
Algeria
Coordinates: 28°N 2°E / 28°N 2°E / 28; 2
Algeria ⁱ/ælˈdʒɪəriə/ (Arabic: الجزائر‎, al-Jazā'ir; Berber: ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, al-Jumhūriyyah al-Jazāʾiriyyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah ash-Shaʿbiyyah), also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a large country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.
When referring to its land area, Algeria is the largest country in Africa, Maghreb and the Arab World. It is also the largest of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea; it is also the tenth-largest country in the world. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Its size is almost 2,400,000 square kilometres (926,645 sq mi) with an estimated population of 37.1 million as of 2012. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC and the United Nations. The country is also a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union.

wn.com/Algeria
Algiers
Algiers (Arabic: الجزائر‎, al-Jazā’ir; Algerian Arabic: دزاير, Berber: Dzayer / ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. According to the 1998 census, the population of the city proper was 1,519,570 and that of the urban agglomeration was 2,135,630. In 2009, the population was about 3,500,000. An estimate puts the population at about 3,574,000 as of 2010.
Called El-Behdja (البهجة) or alternatively Alger la Blanche ("Algiers the White") for the glistening white of its buildings as seen rising up from the sea, Algiers is situated on the west side of a bay of the Mediterranean Sea. The modern part of the city is built on the level ground by the seashore; the old part, the ancient city of the deys, climbs the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the casbah or citadel, 122 metres (400 ft) above the sea. The casbah and the two quays form a triangle.
The city name is derived (via French Alger and Catalan Alger) from the Arabic name الجزائر al-Jazā’ir, which translates as "The Islands", referring to the four islands which lay off the city's coast until becoming part of the mainland in 1525. Al-Jazā’ir is itself a truncated form of the city's older name جزائر بني مازغان Jazā’ir Banī Mazghannā, "The Islands of the Sons of Mazghanna", used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi.

wn.com/Algiers
Annaba
Annaba (Arabic: عنابة‎, ‘Annābah, formerly Bône, historically Hippo) is a city in the northeastern corner of Algeria near the river Seybouse. It is located in Annaba Province. With a population of 257,359 (2008), it is the fourth largest city in Algeria. It is a leading industrial centre in eastern Algeria.^{[citation needed]} Most of the people call this city Balad Al Unnâb, i.e. the Jujubes city, because of the abundance of this fruit in this place.
Annaba is a coastal city and a pole of spontaneous growth. The area of growth of Annaba is accompanied by a metropolitan area under pressure even at high compression to the image of the other metropolises of the Algerian coastline such as Oran and the capital Algiers. With more than 200,000 inhabitants, it's in direct and indirect relationship with the region of "Bône", a territory of nearly 4 million people. It's character of a "port town" gives it a regional international radiation. Much of eastern and southern Algerian seeks the services, equipment, and infrastructure of the city. Economically, it is located in the centre of dynamic and varied activities: industry, transport, finance and tourism.

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Aïn Defla
Aïn Defla (Arabic: عين الدفلى‎, lit. oleander spring) is the capital city of Aïn Defla Province, Algeria. It is also a commune.

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Aïn Témouchent
Aïn Témouchent (Arabic: عين تموشنت‎) is the capital of Aïn Témouchent Province, Algeria.

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Batna, Algeria
Batna (Arabic: باتنة‎, Berber: , Tbatent) is the main city of Batna Province, Algeria. With a population of 285,800 (2004 estimation) it is the fifth largest city in Algeria. It is also one of the principal cities of the Chaoui area and is considered the capital of the Aures.
The first solid foundations (a military encampment) of the city were erected by a French garrison in 1844, with a strategic mission to create a permanently guarded access point for the main Sahara road.
Batna's geographical location offers a natural break through the Atlas Mountains. The Romans did not detect this passage in their early invasion phase.
The ancient cities of Timgad and Lambese, built around the first century CE, are living examples of the importance that the Romans gave to commercial control over the region.
The inhabitants of the city revolted against the French authorities at the beginning of colonization. Thereafter they organized the Algerian revolution against colonialism French.
The first Batneens adhered to Messali Hadj (PPP), as did the Ulemas Ben Badis and the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Freedoms (MTLD), and together they organized the great historic summit of 22, June 25, 1954.

wn.com/Batna,_Algeria
Biskra
Coordinates: 34°51′N 5°44′E / 34.85°N 5.733°E / 34.85; 5.733 Biskra (Arabic: بسكرة ‎; Berber: Tibeskert) is the capital city of Biskra province, Algeria. In 2007, its population was recorded as 207,987.
During Roman times the town was called Vescera, though this may have been simply a Latin transliteration of the native name. Around 200 AD under Septimius Severus' reign, it was seized by the Romans and became part of the province of Numidia. As a major settlement in the border region, it was significant even then. Its name was apparently bowdlerized by the Romans to Ad Piscīnam ("at the piscīna"), implying the presence of important waterworks.
As of 1935, Biskra was an inland town, the principal settlement of a Saharan oasis watered by the intermittent Oued Biskra. It is in the southern part of the Algerian rail system, and a favorite winter resort. Large quantities of fruit, especially dates and olives, were grown in the vicinity. The town was a military post, and was the scene of severe fighting in the rebellions of 1849 and 1871.

wn.com/Biskra
Blida
Coordinates: 36°28′N 2°49′E / 36.467°N 2.817°E / 36.467; 2.817
Blida (Arabic: البليدة‎) is a city in Algeria. It is the capital of Blida Province, and it is located about 45 km south-west of Algiers, the national capital. The name Blida, i.e. bulaydah, diminutive of the arab word belda, city.
Blida lies surrounded with orchards and gardens, 190 metres (620 ft) above the sea, at the base of the Tell Atlas, on the southern edge of the fertile Mitidja Plain, and the right bank of the Oued el kebir outflow from the Chiffa gorge. The abundant water of this stream provides power for large corn mills and several factories, and also supplies the town, with its numerous fountains and irrigated gardens. Blida is surrounded by a wall of considerable extent, pierced by six gates, and is further defended by Port Mimieh, crowning a steep hill on the left bank of the river.
The nearby Chiffa gorge is a habitat of the endangered Barbary Macaque, Macaca sylvanus; this habitat is one of only a few relict locations where populations of this primate are found.

wn.com/Blida
Bordj Bou Arréridj
Bordj Bou Arréridj (Arabic: برج بوعريريج‎) population 140,000 (2005 estimate), is the capital city of Bordj Bou Arréridj Province, Algeria. It is situated 148 miles by road east of Algiers, near the Hodnar Massif in the southern Kabylia Mountains, at an elevation of 916 metres.
The economy is largely based upon agriculture and forestry, with some small-scale industries. Bordj Bou Arréridj is well-connected to other urban centres by road and rail. The cities of Setif and Bouira are 70 km east and 115 km northwest, respectively. CA Bordj Bou Arreridj is a 1st Level Algerian professional football club based in town; its home grounds are 20 August 1955 Stadium in Mohamed Belouizdad.
Coordinates: 36°04′N 4°46′E / 36.067°N 4.767°E / 36.067; 4.767

wn.com/Bordj_Bou_Arréridj
Boumerdès
Boumerdès (Arabic: بومرداس; Kabyle: Bumerdes; Bumardas or Bomardas) is the capital city of Boumerdès Province, Algeria. It is located on the Mediterranean Sea. It had a population of 28,500 in 1998 and 15,000 in 1987.
Boumerdès is a seaside city located in the north of Algeria about 50 km east of Algiers. Its previous name, during French occupation of Algeria, was Rocher Noir, translated from French as Black Rock.
It is the capital city of Wilaya (district) of Boumerdès. The city had a major earthquake on May 21, 2003 causing a lot of damage to the city with 1,382 people killed and 3,442 injured. The city became the capital of the province, having the same name, according to the administrative division in 1984.
The city is famous as a scientific center, including a number of national institutes and the University of M'hamed Bouguerra. The institutes include l'Institut Algerian du Petrole (The Algerian Petroleum Institute IAP), Faculty des Hydraucarbures et de la Chimie (Faculty of Hydroncarbons and Chemistry FHC), l'Institut National d'Eletrecite et d'Electronqiue (The National Institute for Electricity and Electronics INELEC), l'Institut National de Genie Mechanique (The National Institute of Mechanical Engineering ENGM), l'Institut National des Industries Legeres (The National Institute for Light Industries INIL).

wn.com/Boumerdès
Bouïra
Coordinates: 36°22′48″N 3°54′5″E / 36.38°N 3.90139°E / 36.38; 3.90139
Bouïra (Kabyle: Tubiret, or in tifinagh) is the capital of Bouïra Province, Algeria.
It has 75,086 inhabitants as of the 1998 census, which gives it 15 seats in the PMA.
It is located in the geographical heart of the province. It borders the municipality of Ait Laziz in the north, Aïn Turk in the north-east (home to the largest aqueduct in Africa), Aïn El Hadjar in the east, El Hachimia in the south-east, Oued El Berdi in the south, El Asnam in the south-west, Haizer in the west, and Taghzourt in the north-west.
Bouïra is twinned with:

wn.com/Bouïra
Béchar
Béchar (Arabic: بشار‎), formerly known as Colomb-Béchar, is a capital city of Béchar Province, Algeria. The area is controlled by Algeria, though claims have also been made on it by Morocco. In 1998 the city had a population of 134,954.
Before coal was found here in 1907, Bechar was a small populated town. It thrived on the activity of the coal mines until petroleum production seized the market.
The city is noted for its leatherwork and jewellery. Dates, vegetables, figs, cereals and almonds are produced near Béchar. Bituminous coal reserves in the region are not exploited to their greatest potential because of high transportation costs. The city was once the site of a French Foreign Legion post.
Near Béchar, there is Kenadsa longwave transmitter, whose masts are the tallest structures in Algeria.
Béchar is located in northwestern region of Algeria roughly 58 km south of the Moroccan border.
It is served by a narrow gauge railway station of SNTF, which in 2008, may be replaced with a standard gauge railway. From 1941 to 1963 it was reached by the standard gauge Mediterranean-Niger-Railway.

wn.com/Béchar
Béjaïa
Béjaïa, Bgayet (Tifinagh: ) is a Mediterranean port city on the Gulf of Béjaïa in Algeria; it is the capital of Béjaïa Province, Kabylia. Under French rule, it was formerly known under various European names, such as Budschaja in German, Bugia in Italian, and Bougie [buˈʒi] (both of which are words for 'candle'). Béjaïa is the largest city in Kabylia (second largest is Tizi Ouzou), and one of the largest principally Berber speaking cities.
The town is overlooked by the mountain Yemma Gouraya, whose profile is said to resemble a sleeping woman; other nearby scenic spots include the Aiguades beach and the Pic des Singes (Monkey Peak); the latter site is a habitat for the endangered Barbary Macaque, Macaca sylvanus, which prehistorically had a much broader distribution than at present. All three of these geographic features are contained in the Gouraya National Park. The Soummam river runs past the town.
Béjaïa was first inhabited by Numidian Berbers. A minor port in Carthaginian and Roman times, Béjaïa was the Roman Saldae, a veteran colony founded by emperor Vespasian of great importance in the province of Mauretania Caesariensis, later in the fraction Sitifensis.

wn.com/Béjaïa
Chlef
Chlef (Arabic: الشلف‎) is the capital of Chlef Province, Algeria. It is home to the soccer club ASO Chlef, the Hassiba Ben Bouali university, and the basilica of Saint Reparatus, which is home to the oldest Christian labyrinth in the world.
The province of Chlef is located in the north of Algeria, 200 km west of the capital Algiers.
The site of the roman citadel, Castellum Tingitanum, was known as Al-Asnam (Arabic for "sculptures") on account of an area of 600 x 300 metres containg many statues.

Valley Chellif is from the 15th century the territory of the Ouled Kosseir who settled there under the leadership of El Kosseir Hamou (H'ammü'l-Quççayri) having displaced the indigenous Berber tribes. This tribe is a tribal Djouadi (military nobility). If they even call themselves descendants of the Beni Makhzum (Either Khaled Ibn El Walid). Some historians believe that it belongs to the Confederation of Ibn Suwayd Zoghba of beni Hillal and therefore cousins of Mehal, other military nobility.
The Mehal have established, to the fifteenth century a kingdom that stretched from Méiliana in the east to Tlemcen in the west. The last King Abd El Hammou Mehal was that Barbarossa expelled Ténès, the seat of his kingdom, the arrival of the Janissaries.

wn.com/Chlef
Constantine, Algeria
Constantine (Arabic: قسنطينة‎, Qusanṭīnah, also spelled Qasentina also spelled as Kasantina) is the capital of Constantine Province in north-eastern Algeria. It was the capital of the same-named French département until 1962. Slightly inland, it is about 80 kilometres from the Mediterranean coast, on the banks of Rhumel river. Regarded as the capital of eastern Algeria and the centre of its region, Constantine has a population of 448,374 (1,000,000 with the agglomeration), making it the third largest city in the country after Algiers and Oran. There are museums and important historical sites around the city (one of the most beautiful one is the Palais du Bey, in the casbah). It is often referred to as the "City of Bridges" due to the numerous picturesque bridges connecting the mountains the city is built on.
The city was originally created by the Phoenicians, who called it Sarim Batim (royal city). Later it was renamed Cirta, by the Numidian king Syphax, who turned it into his capital. The city was taken over by Numidia, the country of the Berber people, after the Phoenicians were defeated by Rome in the Third Punic War. In 112 BC the city was occupied by Jugurtha who defeated his half-brother Adherbal. The city later served as the base for Roman generals Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus and Gaius Marius in their war against Jugurtha. Later, with the removal of King Juba I and the remaining supporters of Pompey in Africa (c. 46), Julius Caesar gave special rights to the citizens of Cirta, now known as Colonia Sittlanorum.

wn.com/Constantine,_Algeria
Djelfa
Djelfa (Arabic: الجلفة‎) is the capital city of Djelfa province, Algeria. It has a population of 154,265 (1998 census). The city lies at the junction of the N1 and the N46.
A pleasant medium-size city, north-central Algeria, in the Ouled Nail Mountains at an elevation of 3,734 feet (1,138 m). It is situated between the towns of Bou Saâda and Laghouat. Djelfa town is at a point of transition between the dry, steppelike High Plateaus of the north, with their chotts (intermittent salt lakes), and the Sahara (south). The town was founded in 1852 as a French military post on a geometric plan. It serves as an important livestock market centre for the seminomadic Ouled Nail confederation. Djelfa is on the 12,000 mile Africa Trail.
The surrounding region for centuries has been the meeting place of the Ouled Nail, who live in black-and-red striped tents and claim descent from the Prophet Muhammad.
The area is notable for its abundance of Neolithic rock carvings dating from 7000 to 5000 BC. North of Djelfa town there is an imposing physical feature known as Salt Rock (Rocher de Sel) that resulted from the erosion of rock salts and marls by rain, and to the west of the town Megalithic funerary structures are found.

wn.com/Djelfa
El Bayadh
El Bayadh (Arabic: البيض‎) is a municipality of Algeria. It is the capital of El Bayadh Province.

wn.com/El_Bayadh
El Oued
El Oued or Oued Souf is a city in El Oued province, Algeria (الواد in Arabic, meaning "the River").. The oasis town is watered by an underground river, hence its name, which enables date palm cultivation and the rare use (for the desert) of brick construction for housing. As most roofs are domed, it is known as the "City of a Thousand Domes"[1].
El Oued is located 400 miles south east of Algiers (the capital city of Algeria), near the Tunisian border. It lies about 20 kilometres south of Guemar Airport. The population of El Oued was 139,362 as of the 1998 census.
Coordinates: 33°7′20.32″N 7°10′59.44″E / 33.1223111°N 7.1831778°E / 33.1223111; 7.1831778

wn.com/El_Oued
El Taref
El Taref (Arabic: الطارف‎) is a city in Algeria. It is the capital of El Taref Province. La Calle is a port town near El Taref. El Taref is 700 kilometers east of Algiers. In 1998, it had a population of around 20,300.
General Electric and Iberdrola are building a power station in El Taref, beginning in mid 2008, a project which will increase Algeria's energy capacity by 18%.
A network which specialized in forgery, stolen identity, and theft, across the eastern provinces of Algeria, was broken in El Taref, in June 2008. Investigators took three people into custody and four others were searched by security services.

wn.com/El_Taref
France
France (English ⁱ/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.

wn.com/France
Ghardaïa
Ghardaïa (Arabic: غرداية , Mozabite: ) is the capital city of Ghardaïa Province, Algeria. The commune of Ghardaïa has a population of 104,645, with 82,500 in the main city according to 2005 estimates. It is located in northern-central Algeria in the Sahara Desert and lies along the left bank of the Wadi Mzab. The M'zab valley in the Ghardaïa Province (Wilaya) was inscribed under the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1982, as a cultural property evaluated under the criteria II ( for its settlement having an impact on urban planning even to the present century), III (for its Ibadi cultural values), and V (a settlement culture which has prevailed to the present century).
Ghardaïa is part of a pentapolis, a hilltop city amongst four others, built almost a thousand years ago, and founded by the Mozabites a Muslim Ibadi sect (non-Arabic Muslims, including the Berbers) in the M’Zab valley. It is a major centre of date production and the manufacture of rugs and cloths. Divided into three walled sectors, it is a fortified town. At the centre is the historical Mʾzabite area, with a pyramid-style mosque and an arcaded square. Distinctive white, pink, and red houses, made of sand, clay and gypsum, rise in terraces and arcades. In her 1963 book, La force des choses the French existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir described Ghardaia as "a Cubist painting beautifully constructed".

wn.com/Ghardaïa
Guelma
Guelma (Arabic: قالمة‎) is the capital of Guelma Province and Guelma District, located in northeastern Algeria, about 65 kilometers from the Mediterranean coast. It is home to the titular see of Calama.
Though Guelma was settled from early prehistory, it was first established as a town under the Phoenicians, who called it Malaca, probably a Phoenician word meaning "salt" (sharing a common etymology with Málaga in Spain). Later, the Romans settled the area and renamed it Calama, part of the Roman province of Numidia. Calama prospered during the rise of Christianity; Saint Possidius was bishop of Guelma during the 5th century. Later, the Vandal invasion devastated the area until the coming of the Byzantines, who settled the area and built city walls to protect it from further invasions. It was located in the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa. However, after the successful Islamic conquest of Algeria, the area was abandoned as a formal settlement, even later, during Ottoman rule.

wn.com/Guelma
Illizi
Illizi (Arabic: إيليزي‎) is a town situated in the south-eastern part of Algeria, capital of Illizi Province. It is one of the gates to the Tassili N'Ajjer National Park with caves situated under the sands containing prehistoric drawings dating from 6000 years BC. There is a hotel and two camping sites, as well as many local tourist agencies.
The town is served by Illizi Airport.

wn.com/Illizi
Jijel
Coordinates: 36°48′N 5°46′E / 36.8°N 5.767°E / 36.8; 5.767
Jijel ( Berber: ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⴳⵉⵍⵉ, Arabic: جيجل‎, formerly known as Ighil Gili or Djidjelli) is the capital of Jijel Province in northeastern Algeria. It is flanked by the Mediterranean Sea in the region of Corniche Jijelienne, and has an estimated population of 148,000 inhabitants (2007).^{[citation needed]}
Jijel is the administrative and trade centre for a region specializing in cork processing, leather tanning and steelmaking. Local crops include citrus and grain. Fishing is also of great importance. Tourists (mainly Algerians) are attracted to Jijel for its landscapes and fine sand beaches. Being a resort town, there are many hotels and restaurants. There are Phoenician tombs nearby.
Jijel is situated 30 km from Taza National Park; this national park and other vicinity features support a variety of flora and fauna. In particular, the Taza National Park is habitat for the endangered Barbary Macaque, Macaca sylvanus; moreover, this primate prehistorically had a much broader distribution than at present.

wn.com/Jijel
Khenchela
Khenchela ancient Mascula (in Arabic خنشلة; Tifinagh: ) is the name of the capital city of the administrative Khenchela Province (Wilaya), number 40, in the north east of Algeria. Situated in the Aures Mountains, 1200 m above sea level. The city is mainly populated by Berber Chaouis.

wn.com/Khenchela
Laghouat
Coordinates: 33°48′N 2°53′E / 33.8°N 2.883°E / 33.8; 2.883
Laghouat (English: Laghwat French: Laghouat Arabic: الأغواط‎) is the capital city of the Laghouat Province, Algeria, 400 km south of the Algerian capital Algiers in the Atlas Mountains. As of 2005, the population of the city was 126,291 inhabitants. Nearby, in Hassi R'Mel, there is the largest natural gas reserve in Africa.
The city was founded in the 11th Century. In 1852, the French took over the city. Since 1974, it is an Algerian province.
Laghwat town in Northern Algeria is an oasis on the north edge of the Sahara Desert. It is an important administrative and military center and marketplace and is known for rug and tapestry weaving. There are natural gas deposits in the region. The town has a meteorological station. Laghouat traces its history at least to the 11th century. It paid tribute to Morocco in the 17th century. The Turks captured Laghouat in 1786, and the French conquered the city in 1852.
On January 2012 Laghouat was the site of anti-government protests over housing, infrastructure, and treatment of the elderly by police. The police used tear gas to disperse the protesters.

wn.com/Laghouat
M'Sila

M'Sila (also spelled Msila or MSila) (Arabic: المسيلة‎); is the capital of M'Sila Province, Algeria, and is co-extensive with M'Sila District. It has a population of over 100,000. M'Sila University is also located in this city.
M'Sila is primarily known for its farming and small business.
Additionally, M'Sila was the location of the first village constructed as part of a government-run program to transition nomadic Algerians to sedentary life using local materials. The village, now complete, was dubbed Maader and consists of houses, public and trading areas, and a mosque, but now it becomes more developed with many companies, business offices, mosques and education schools.
Coordinates: 35°42′07″N 4°32′50″E / 35.70194°N 4.54722°E / 35.70194; 4.54722

wn.com/M'Sila
Mascara, Algeria
Mascara (Arabic: معسكر‎) is the capital city of Mascara Province, Algeria, in northwestern Algeria. It has 150,000 inhabitants (2008 estimate). It was founded in the 10th century by the Banu Ifran, a Berber tribe and was the capital city of Emir Abd al-Qadir, a leader of the Algerian resistance to early French colonial rule.
Mascara is an administrative, commercial and a market centre. Its trade is mostly centered on leather goods, grains, and olive oil, but it is especially famous for its good wine. It has good road and rail connections with other urban centres of Algeria. Relizane is 65 km northeast, Sidi Bel Abbes 90 km southwest, Oran 105 kkm northwest and Saïda 80 km south.
Mascara has two parts, a newer French area, and an older Muslim one. Large parts of the town lie inside the ruins of its ancient ramparts. The city is also home of Lakhdar Belloumi, the former Algerian football (soccer) star.
The word mascara (cosmetic) is unrelated etymologically, being derived from Italian maschera ‘masked.’ Some sources, however, do attribute it to another Arabic word, masḵara ‘buffoon.’

wn.com/Mascara,_Algeria
Mauritania
Mauritania ⁱ/mɔrɪˈteɪniə/ (Arabic: موريتانيا‎ Mūrītānyā; Berber: Muritanya / Agawej; Wolof: Gànnaar; Soninke: Murutaane; Pulaar: Moritani; French: Mauritanie), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in West Africa and in the Maghreb. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, by Western Sahara (controlled by Morocco) in the north, by Algeria in the northeast, by Mali in the east and southeast, and by Senegal in the southwest. It is named after the ancient Berber Kingdom of Mauretania, which later became a province of the Roman Empire, even though the modern Mauritania covers a territory far to the south of the old Berber kingdom that had no relation with it. The capital and largest city is Nouakchott, located on the Atlantic coast.
The government of Mauritania was overthrown on 6 August 2008, in a military coup d'état led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz. On 16 April 2009, General Aziz resigned from the military to run for president in the 19 July elections, which he won. In Mauritania about 20% of the population live on less than US$1.25 per day.

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Mila, Algeria
Mila (Arabic: ميلة‎) is a city in the Northeast of Algeria, capital of Mila Province. In antiquity, in was known by its Latin name Milevum, which is currently a titular episcopal see in the Roman province of Numidia.
In Ptolemy's "Geography", IV, iii, 7, the city is mentioned under the name of Mileum or Mireon. During the Roman era it was called Colonia Sarnensis Milevitana, after the River Sarnus in Campania, whence the colonists had emigrated. This name is often found in the inscriptions of the city. Together with Cirta, Collo and Rusicade, Milevum formed the confederation known as the Four Colonies, the territory of which was very extensive. In the sixth century the Byzantine Emperor Justinian had Milevum enclosed by a fortified wall, which still stands and forms a rampart for the muslim city of Mila . It has yielded quite a number of Latin inscriptions from this city and a colossal statue of Saturn. Two councils were held at Milevum, one in 402 and the other in 416. The second appealed to Pope Innocent I for the repression of the Pelagian heresy. Among the bishops of this titular see were Pollianus, present at the Council of Carthage in 255 and martyred two years later; St. Optatus, noted for his work against the Donatists, died circa 385, and commemorated on 4 June; Honorius; Severus, fellow-countryman and friend of St. Augustine Benenanus (484); Restitutus, who attended the Fifth Œcumenical Council in 553. Between 675 and 682 the city may have been conquered by the Umayyad Arabs commanded by Abu al-Muhajir Dinar. In the 14th century Ibn Khaldun described it as being a town dominated by Kutama Berbers. Dr. Robert Brown, in an early 20th century edition of Leo Africanus' geographical work on Africa, described it as a significant European population, with the city having a 'Berber quarter'.

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Morocco
Morocco (Arabic: المغرب‎ al-Maghrib ; Berber: ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ / ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵔⵓⴽElmeɣrib / Amerruk), officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of about 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed region of the Western Sahara, seen by and mostly administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces. Morocco is part of the Maghreb region, in addition to Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, and Libya, with which it shares cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including the power to dissolve the parliament. Executive power is exercised by the government but more importantly by the king himself. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can also issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. The latest Parliamentary elections were held in November 25, 2011, and were considered by some neutral observers to be mostly free and fair. Voter turnout in these elections was estimated to be 43% of registered voters, but only about 25% of Moroccan adult citizens actually voted. The rest either chose not to vote or they were not registered as voters. The political capital is Rabat, but the largest city is Casablanca; other main cities include Marrakesh, Tetouan, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, and Nador.

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Mostaganem
Coordinates: 35°56′N 0°05′E / 35.933°N 0.083°E / 35.933; 0.083
Mostaganem (Arabic: مستغانم‎) is a port city in and capital of Mostaganem province, in the northwest of Algeria. The city, founded in the 11th century lies on the Gulf of Arzew, Mediterranean Sea and is 72 km ENE of Oran. It has 130,288 inhabitants as of the 1998 census.
The city was founded in the 11th century as Murustage but has origins going back to Punic and Roman times, when it had the name Cartenna. In 1516 it was captured by the Ottoman admiral Barbarossa and became a centre for Mediterranean sea corsairs, as well as a commercial port. By 1700 it had come under Ottoman rule and in 1833 the city was taken by France and a garrison established. Algeria became independent in 1962.
The city is divided in two by a ravine of the river Aïn Sefra, with the modern town to southwest, and the old Muslim city, Tidgit, to the northeast.
In 2010 a tunnel moving under the city towards the city centre is expected to change circulation by a lot. Also, new buildings, some modern and some in colonial style are being added to this growing city. The new autoroute from the capital Algiers towards Oran will make it easier also to access Mostaganem by road from the capital, as Mostaganem has no public airport. The road connecting Oran (Algeria's 2nd largest city, around 80km from Mostaganem to the west) will remain the same, a crowded 2 lane in each direction highway.

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Médéa
Médéa (Arabic: المدية, pronounced Lemdiya‎), population 123,535 (1998 census) is the capital city of Médéa Province, Algeria. It is located roughly 90 km south of Algiers.
The present-day city is situated on the site of an ancient Roman military post and has a history dating back to the 10th century. The town is French in character, with a rectangular city plan, red tile-roofed buildings, and beautiful public gardens. The hills surrounding Médéa are covered with vineyards, orchards, and farms that yield abundant grain. Médéa’s chief products are wines, irrigation equipment, and various handicrafts.
Médéa could be the ancient Roman post "Medix" or "ad Médias", so called because it was equidistant from Tirinadi (Berrouaghia) and Sufnsar (Amoura).
Médéa was the capital of Titteri; a Bey, deputy of the Dey of Algiers, was resident there. The beylik of Titteri (chief Medea) was established in 1548. The last Bey Mostefa Boumezrag ran it from 1819 to 1830, when the French arrived. In 1837, after the Treaty of Tafna, Abd El-Kader Medea became one of its capitals.

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Naâma
Naâma (Arabic: النعامة or نعامة) is a municipality in Naâma Province, Algeria, of which it is the province seat. It is coextensive with the district of Naâma and has a population of 8,256, which gives it 7 seats in the PMA. Its postal code is 45000 and its municipal code is 4501. Its telephone code is 049 nationally, or +213 49 internationally.

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Oran
Oran (Arabic: وهران‎, Wahrān) is a major city on the northwestern Mediterranean coast of Algeria, and the second largest city of the country.
It is the capital of the Oran Province (wilaya). The city has a population of 759,645 (2008), while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 1,500,000, making it the second largest city in Algeria. Oran is a major port, and since the 1960s has been the commercial, industrial, and educational centre of western Algeria.
Oran was founded in 903 by Moorish Andalusi traders but was captured by the Spanish under Cardinal Cisneros in 1509. Spanish sovereignty lasted until 1708, when the city was conquered by the Ottomans. Spain recaptured the city in 1732. However, its value as a trading post had decreased greatly, so King Charles IV sold the city to the Turks in 1792. Ottoman rule lasted until 1831, when it fell to the French.
During French rule over Algeria, Oran was the capital of a département of the same name (number 92). In July 1940, the British navy shelled French warships in the port after they refused a British ultimatum to surrender which was designed to ensure the fleet would not fall into German hands. The action increased the hatred of the Vichy regime for Britain but convinced the world that the British would fight on alone against Nazi Germany and its allies. The Vichy government held Oran during World War II until its capture by the Allies in late 1942, during Operation Torch.

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Ouargla
Coordinates: 31°57′N 5°19′E / 31.95°N 5.317°E / 31.95; 5.317
Ouargla (Arabic: وَرڤلة ‎) (also Wargala) is the capital city of Ouargla province, in the Sahara Desert, in southern Algeria. It has a flourishing oil industry, and hosts one of Algeria's universities.^{[clarification needed]} The city had a population of 129,402 in 1998 (census figures).
According to Ibn Khaldun the town was founded by Banu Wargla who, accompanied by sections of the Maghrawa and Banu Ifran, left the Tlemcen region and founded Ouargla. These Berbers of Ouarghla then embraced Ibadi doctrines, which later made the town an attractive refuge for the citizens of Tahert.
The city was a significant touristic attraction until recently, when troubled times during the nineties and since brought a stop to that. Many tourists chose to shop sand roses at souk l'ehjar, the old rock market. The souq, or market, had many traditional shops filled with antiquities, traditional crafts, and local items - from dresses to stuffed lizards. The area across from these shops was used to display sand roses, mineral specimens, of all sizes and shapes. The market has gone through a renovation process. However many^[who?] criticized this renovation, feeling it destroyed the historical character of souk l'ehjar and the area.

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Oum El Assel
Oum El Assel (Arabic: أم العسل, lit. mother of the honey) is a municipality in the district and province of Tindouf, Algeria. It has 1,794 inhabitants as of the 1998 census and is the least populated, largest, and least densely populated one of the two municipalities which form the province (the other one being Tindouf).
One of its villages, Hassi Mounir, is one of the country's projects to introduce solar energy in Algeria, and has 42 houses connected to solar energy. The natural resources of the municipality (travertine, sand, and clay, among others) are still unexploited due to the existence of a large hamada (rock desert) in the region. There are projects for the creation of a glass factory, a freestone factory, and for a factory specialized in processing limestone products.
Coordinates: 28°22′N 6°32′W / 28.367°N 6.533°W / 28.367; -6.533

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Oum el-Bouaghi
Oum El Bouaghi (Arabic: أم البواقي‎; Tifinagh: ) is a municipality in Algeria. It is the capital of Oum El Bouaghi Province.

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Relizane
Coordinates: 35°44′N 0°33′E / 35.733°N 0.55°E / 35.733; 0.55
Relizane (Arabic: غلیزان Tifinagh: Ighil Izan) is a capital town of Relizane Province, Algeria.

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Sahara desert
The Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى‎, Aṣ-Ṣaḥrā´ al-Kubrā, "The Great Desert") is the world's largest hot desert and second largest desert, after Antarctica. At over 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi), it covers most of Northern Africa, making it almost as large as China or the United States. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea, including parts of the Mediterranean coasts, to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean. To the south, it is delimited by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna that composes the northern region of central and western Sub-Saharan Africa.
Some of the sand dunes can reach 180 metres (590 ft) in height. The name comes from the Arabic word for desert: (صَحراء ṣaḥrāʾ [sˤɑħrɑːʔ] ( listen)).
The Sahara's boundaries are the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea on the north, the Red Sea on the east, and the Sudan (region) and the valley of the Niger River on the south. The Sahara is divided into western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Air Mountains (a region of desert mountains and high plateaus), Ténéré desert and the Libyan desert (the most arid region). The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi (3,415 m/11,204 ft) in the Tibesti Mountains in northern Chad.

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Saïda, Algeria
Saïda (Arabic: سعيدة‎) is the capital city of Saïda Province, Algeria.
Saïda is located in northwestern Algeria, on the southern slopes of the Tell Atlas mountain range situated on the northern fringe of the High Plateaus (French = Hauts Plateaux). The city lies along the right bank of the Wadi Saïda, protected by wooded mountains on the opposite shore that rise steeply from the valley floor to an elevation of some 4,000 feet (1,200 metres).
The city’s site has been of military importance since the construction of a Roman fort. Saïda was a stronghold of Abd al-Qadir, the Algerian national leader who burned the town as French forces approached it in 1844.
Modern Saïda was founded as a French military outpost in 1854 and once housed a regiment of the French Foreign Legion. Its growth was stimulated by the arrival of the Oran-Béchar [narrow-gauge) railway, which was incorporated in 1862.
In 2005 the population was 158,856 inhabitants. It is nicknamed the city of waters, because of its abundant underground springs.

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Skikda
Skikda or Sakīkdah (Arabic: سكيكدة ‎) is a city in north eastern Algeria and a port on the Gulf of Stora, the ancient Sinus Numidicus. It was known as Philippeville until the end of the Algerian War of Independence in 1962. It is the capital of Skikda Province and Skikda District.
The modern city of Skikda was founded in 1838 by the French on the ruins of an ancient Phoenician city which later flourished as a large Roman city called Rusicade, a Punic word which means "Promontory of fire". In the 5th century, the Roman port was destroyed by the Vandals.
On October 10, 1883, there was an earthquake at Philippeville.
Towards the end of World War II, there was a UNRRA refugee camp at Philippeville which was known as Camp Jeanne d'Arc. On January 25, 1945, 200 Jews holding citizenship from countries in North and South America were sent from the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp to Switzerland as part of a prisoner exchange group. They were later sent to this UNRRA camp in Philippeville, Algeria.

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Souk Ahras
Souk Ahras (Arabic: سوق أهراس‎; Chaoui: ) is a municipality in Algeria. It is the capital of Souk Ahras Province. The Numidian city of Thagaste (or Tagaste), on whose ruins Souk Ahras was built, was the birthplace of Augustine of Hippo and a center of Berber culture. It was a city of great culture, described as the very hub of civilization.
The name derives from the Arabic word "souk" which means market, and the Chaoui Berber word ahra (plural ahras) which means lion, in reference to the Barbary lions which existed in the neighboring forests until their extinction in 1930; hence Souk Ahras means market of lions (see also Oran (Wahran) and Tahert for names with a related etymology).
The old name of the Numidian city of Thagaste, derives from the Berber Thagoust, which means the bag, given that the site of the town is located at the foot of a mountain surrounded by three peaks in the form of a bag containing the city. Subsequently, when the Arabic language entered in the region it was called Soukara. In other sources it is cited as the Palace of the African, according to Al-Masudi.

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Sétif
Sétif (Arabic: سطيف‎, formerly Latin: Sitifis Colonia or Colonia Sitifis) is a town in northeastern Algeria. It is the capital of Sétif Province and it has a population of 288,461 inhabitants as of the 2008 census. Setif is located to the east of Algiers and is the second most important Wilaya after the country's capital. It is 1,096 m (3,596 ft) above sea level, making it the second highest capital of a Wilaya in Algeria. The streets are tree-lined with a fountain and theater, giving the town a French feel.
Sétif is one of the coldest regions in Algeria. Sétif is connected by rail as well as the main national highway. It is a university town located approximately 190 miles east of Algiers on the highway to Constantine.
Sétif lay in the region of the Numidian kingdom of Massaesyles. It was near Sétif that Jugurtha campaigned and lost against Marius in 105 BC. Overcome by Marius, he was taken to Rome where was executed in the prison of Tullianum. No remains of this period have been found.
Sitifis was founded by the Romans, during the reign of Nerva, as a colony for veterans. Although no buildings of this period are known, a cemetery excavated in the 1960's seems to have contained tombs from the early colony. The Romans built a circus at Sitifis, which aerial photographs show survived substantially intact until the 20th century; today only a small part of the curved end continues visible; the remainder has been destroyed or built over. As the town grew, around 297 AD, the province of Mauretania Sitifensis was established, with Sitifis as its capital. In the newly prosperous town a bath building was built, decorated with fine mosaics: its restoration in the fifth century had a cold room (frigidarium) paved with a large mosaic showing the birth of Venus.. On the northwest edge of the town two great Christian basilicas were built at the end of the fourth century, decorated, again, with splendid mosaics..

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Tamanrasset
Tamanrasset /tæmɨnræsɨt/(Arabic: تمنراست , also known as Tamenɣest or Tamenghest, Tuareg: ) is an oasis city and capital of Tamanrasset Province in southern Algeria, in the Ahaggar Mountains. It is the chief city of the Algerian Tuareg. It is located at 22°47′6″N 5°31′22″E / 22.785°N 5.52278°E / 22.785; 5.52278 at an altitude of 1320 meters (4333 feet) and has a population of 76,000 (estimate 2006).
Tamanrasset was originally established as a military outpost to guard the trans-Saharan trade routes. Surrounded by the barren Sahara Desert, some of the world’s highest known temperatures have been recorded here.^{[citation needed]} Tamanrasset is located at an oasis where, despite the difficult climate, citrus fruits, apricots, dates, almonds, cereals, corn, and figs are grown. The Tuareg people are the town’s main inhabitants. Their red houses and the area’s magnificent, rugged scenery make Tamanrasset a popular tourist attraction during the cooler months. Visitors are also drawn to the Museum of the Hoggar, which offers many exhibits depicting Tuareg life and culture.

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Tata, Morocco
Tata is a town in south-western Morocco with a population of 15,192 according to the country's 2004 census. It is the largest town in the Tata Province and the fourth largest in the region of Guelmim-Es Semara It is situated on the Sahara plain, southeast of Agadir and Taroudannt, close to the Algerian border and the mountain range Anti Atlas at the foot of Jebel Bani. Tourists use the town as a base for excursions in the area. Tata lies on the N12 highway between to the north-east of the regional capital Guelmim and to the south of the neighboring region of Souss-Massa-Draa. It is also near to Algeria, although due to the remoteness of the area there is no border crossing.

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Tiaret
Tiaret (Berber: ; Tihert or Tahert, i.e. "lioness", Arabic: تيارت‎) is a large town in the central Algeria, that gives its name to the wider farming region of 'Wilaya de Tiaret' province. Both the town and region lie south-west of the capital of Algiers in the western region of the central highlands, in the Tell Atlas, and about 150 km (93 mi) from the Mediterranean coast. It is served by Bou Chekif Airport.
The name means "lioness" in the Berber language, a reference to the Barbary lions that lived in this region. Maghrebian placenames like Oran (Uhran) and Souk Ahras have the same etymological source.
The town had a population of 847,813 in 2011. 100% of the population is Muslim. The town covered around 20.086.62 km²
A 1992 study by the University of Nice reported significant areas contaminated by industrial pollution, and growing squatter settlements on the periphery.
The region is predominantly one of agriculture. There is a large airfield with a tower and terminal, at Abdelhafid Boussouf.

wn.com/Tiaret
Tindouf
Tindouf (Berber: Tinduf, Arabic: تيندوف‎) is the main town in Tindouf Province, Algeria, close to the Mauritanian and Moroccan borders. The region is considered of strategic significance, and it houses Algerian military bases. Since 1975, it also contains several Sahrawi refugee camps operated by the Polisario Front, a guerrilla group seeking the independence of Western Sahara from Morocco. The city is served by the Tindouf Airport, northwest of the town, with regular flights to Algiers as well as to other domestic destinations. Within the municipal territory of Tindouf, there is Gara Djebilet, a settlement near the border with Mauritania with a iron mine and a defunct airport. It is approximately 70 kilometers northwest of Aet Legra.
The town of Tindouf was built near an isolated Saharan oasis in 1852 by members of the Tajakant tribe, but sacked and destroyed by Reguibat, a Sahrawi tribe in 1895, and the Tajkant tribe were kicked out of the region. It remained deserted until French troops arrived in the area in 1934. Since Algerian independence in 1962, the town has been purposely built up, partly because of its importance as a last outpost before the Moroccan and Mauritanian borders.

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Tindouf Airport
Tindouf Airport is an airport in Tindouf, Algeria (IATA: TIN, ICAO: DAOF).
The only airline serving the airport is Air Algérie. As of January 2011 it flies from here to three domestic destinations, as follows
Coordinates: 27°42′17″N 8°09′56″W / 27.7048°N 8.1655°W / 27.7048; -8.1655

wn.com/Tindouf_Airport
Tipaza
Tipaza (formerly Tefessedt, Chenoua: Bazar, Arabic: تيپاازة‎) is a Berber-speaking town on the coast of Algeria, capital of the Tipaza province. The modern town, founded in 1857, is remarkable chiefly for its sandy beach, and ancient ruins.

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Tissemsilt
Tissemsilt (Arabic: تسمسيلت‎) is a municipality in Algeria. It is the capital of Tissemsilt Province and Tissemsilt District.

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Tizi Ouzou
Tizi Ouzou (in Algerian arabic: تيزي وزو, in Amazigh: Tizi-Uzezzu / ) is a city in north central Algeria. It is the capital and largest city of Tizi Ouzou Province.
The name comes from the Kabylian Berber Tizi n Uzezzu and is pronounced Tizuzzu, commonly Tizi which means the "hill", while Azezzu means the "broom" (the preposition n "of" is not pronounced here). That is why the city is often referred to as "The hills of broom" (French Le col des genêts).
The city in north central Algeria. It is the capital and largest city^{[citation needed]} of Tizi Ouzou Province.
This city is located in the heart of Kabylia. It is 102.36 square kilometres (39.52 sq mi) in area. Tizi Ouzou is located in the valley of Wadi Sébaou. It is surrounded by mountains. The city is at an altitude of 200 metres (660 ft). The city is bounded on the north by Mount Belloua which rises to 850 metres (2,790 ft) above sea level. A portion of the old city of Tizi Ouzou (known as the High City) backed the east slopes of the mountain. At the top of the mountain Belloua lies the village of Redjaouna. The latter is attached to the town of Tizi Ouzou.

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Tlemcen
Coordinates: 34°52′58″N 1°19′00″W / 34.8827758°N 1.3166696°W / 34.8827758; -1.3166696
Tlemcen (Arabic: تلمسان‎) is a town in Northwestern Algeria, and the capital of the province of the same name. It is located inland in the center of a region known for its olive plantations and vineyards. The city has developed leather, carpet, and textile industries, which it ships to the port of Rashgun for export.
Its population is about 140,000, while the province had 949,135 inhabitants in the 2008 census, and should reach about 1,200,000 by 2011.
The word Tlemcen (Arabic: تلمسان‎) comes from Berber Tala Imsan ( in Tifinagh) which means "the dry spring". The name is sometimes spelled Tlemsen, Tlemsan, or Tilimsen.
Its centuries of rich history and culture have made the city a center of a unique blend of music and art. Its textiles and handcrafts, its elegant blend of Islamic, Berber, Andalucian and French cultures, and its cool climate in the mountains have made it an important center of tourism in Algeria. It is home to a beautiful tomb - that of Sidi Boumédiène, whose tomb adjoins to a mosque. The Great Mosque at Tlemcen was completed in 1136 and is said to be the most remarkable remaining example of Almoravid architecture.

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Tébessa
Tébessa (Arabic: تبسة‎, Chaoui: ) is the capital city of Tébessa Province, Algeria, 20 kilometers west from the border with Tunisia. Nearby is also a phosphate mine. The city is famous for the traditional Algerian carpets in the region, and is home to over 634 332 people (in 2007).
Tbessa In 146 CE it became part of the Roman Empire and was known as Theveste (Hekatompyle in Greek).
During the 1st century CE, the Legio III Augusta resided there before being transferred to Lambaesis. It was made a colonia probably under Trajan.
There is mention of a council held there by the Donatists. Among its saints were St Lucius, its bishop, who in 256 assisted at the Council of Carthage and died as a martyr two years later; St Maximilianus, martyred 12 March 295; St Crispina, martyred 5 December 304. Some of its bishops are known: Romulus in 349; Urbicus in 411; Felix exiled by the Vandals in 484; Palladius mentioned in an inscription.
During the 4th and 5th century AD Theveste was a centre of Manichaeism as well. In June 1918 a codex of 26 leaves written in Latin by Manichaeans was discovered in a cave near the city. A month later Henri Omont found the missing initial 13 leaves. The whole book is now known as the Tebessa codex and it is kept in Cologne. It has been edited by Markus Stein (Bonn).

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Western Sahara
Coordinates: 25°N 13°W / 25°N 13°W / 25; -13
Western Sahara (US ⁱ/ˌwɛstərn səˈhærə/, UK /ˌwɛstən səˈhɑrə/; Arabic: الصحراء الغربية‎ Aṣ-Ṣaḥrā’ al-Gharbīyah; Spanish: Sahara Occidental), is a disputed territory in North Africa, bordered by Morocco to the north, Algeria to the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Its surface area amounts to 266,000 square kilometres (103,000 sq mi). It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. The population is estimated at just over 500,000, many of whom live in El Aaiún (also called Laâyoune), the largest city in Western Sahara.
A colony of Spain since the late 19th century, the Western Sahara has been on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories since 1963. In 1965, the UN General Assembly adopted its first resolution on Western Sahara, asking Spain to decolonise the territory. One year later, a new resolution was passed by the General Assembly requesting that a referendum be held by Spain on self-determination. In 1975, Spain relinquished the administrative control of the territory to a joint administration by Morocco, which had formally claimed the territory since 1957, and Mauritania. A war erupted between those countries and the Sahrawi national liberation movement Polisario Front, which proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) (exiled government in Tindouf, Algeria). Mauritania withdrew in 1979 and Morocco eventually secured effective control of most of the territory, including all the major cities and natural resources.

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Sand War
The Sand War or Sands War occurred along the Algerian-Moroccan border in October 1963, and was a Moroccan attempt to claim the Tindouf and the Béchar areas that France had annexed to French Algeria a few decades earlier.
Three factors contributed to the outbreak of this conflict: the absence of a precise delineation of the border between Algeria and Morocco, the discovery of important mineral resources in the disputed area, and the Moroccan irredentism fueled by the Greater Morocco ideology of the Istiqlal Party and Allal al-Fassi.
Before French colonization of the region in the nineteenth century, part of south and west Algeria were under Moroccan influence and no border was defined. In the Treaty of Lalla Maghnia (March 18, 1845), which set the border between French Algeria and Morocco, it is stipulated that "a territory without water is uninhabitable and its boundaries are superfluous" the border is delineated over only 165 km. Beyond that there is only one border area, without limit, punctuated by tribal territories attached to Morocco or Algeria. After the colonization of Morocco in 1912, the French administration set borders between the two territories, but these tracks were often misidentified (Varnier line in 1912, Trinquet line in 1938), and varied from one map to another, since for the French administration these were not international borders and the area was virtually uninhabited. The discovery of large deposits of oil and minerals (iron, manganese) in the region led France to define more precisely the territories, and in 1952 the French decided to integrate Tindouf and Colomb-Bechar to the French departments of Algeria.

wn.com/Sand_War

Tindouf les Camps des prisonniers تندوف السجون السرية للبوليساريو

Egypte 5- 0 Algérie de 2001 Maroc 4 - Algerie 0 NEHRU CUP 1985 les algeriens ont surnommée...

published: 16 Feb 2010

author: MrTokattokat

الطريق الوطني رقم 50 الرابط بين تندوف وبشار 800 كلم

La Route RN 50 de Tindouf vers Bechar (Distance 800Km) Tindouf est reliée à Bechar par une...

published: 15 Apr 2012

author: samoo2007

tindouf

Festival culturel - sidAhmed Rguibi - 24/03/2012 Tindouf. Festival de la Cultura - Sid Ahm...

published: 24 Mar 2012

author: alibabatindouf

Résistance Populaire à Tindouf 24/03/2012

Resistencia Popular en Tinduf 24/03/2012...

published: 25 Mar 2012

author: alibabatindouf

Maroc Algérie : Un journaliste Marocain à Tindouf.

diasporasaharaoui.blogspot.com plus.google.com...

published: 09 Jun 2012

author: diasporasaharaoui

Tindouf - Wiki Article

uf (Berber: Tinduf, Arabic: تيندوف‎) is the main town in Tindouf Province, Algeria, close ...

published: 07 Oct 2012

author: WikiPlays

Algerie,Tindouf ,transport.

...

published: 02 Oct 2012

author: chooooooof

Algerie,Tindouf.nveau complexe sportif.

...

published: 30 Oct 2012

author: chooooooof

Algerie,Tindouf,Université.

...

published: 12 Oct 2012

author: chooooooof

slavery in Tindouf polisario camps موريتانية مستعبدة من البوليساريو

l'esclavage simple des etre humain dans les camps de tindouf en territoire algerien...

published: 27 Aug 2012

author: october mars

Algerie : émeutes à Tindouf ramadan 2011

...

published: 10 Aug 2011

author: discutiondz

feu d'artifice tindouf 5 juillet 2012

feu d'artifice: TINDOUF 5 juillet 2012...

published: 05 Jul 2012

author: khayreddine yahi

Diversion of humanitarian aids in Tindouf camps by Polisario Front leaders - Part 2/6

A poignant story about the diversion of humanitarian aids destined to Tindouf camps' inhab...

published: 11 Apr 2012

author: WesternSahara2011

A film relating torture and repression in Tindouf camps by Polisario Front leaders

Algeria is responsible for all human rights abuses on its soil. Tindouf camps should be fr...

published: 08 Jun 2012

author: WesternSahara2011

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photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais

U.S. President Barack Obama, right, waves as he embraces Myanmar's opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, left, after addressing members of the media at Suu Kyi's residence in Yangon, Myanmar, Monday, Nov. 19, 2012.

Burma's and America's Ongoing Storms

WorldNews.com

20 Nov 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling President Barack Obama's whirlwind tour of southeast Asia and meetings with dignitaries will have to walk a tightrope between either appearing to endorse military juntas or truly being committed to ongoing pro-democracy movements. Specifically at issue is Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi, a democratic advocate...(size: 5.0Kb)

photo: AP / Emilio Morenatti

Chief Justice of Pakistan Iftikhar Mohammed Chaudhry arrives at the Supreme Court compound in Islamabad, Pakistan, on Tuesday, March 24, 2009.

Pakistan's powerful military under scrutiny

Al Jazeera

22 Nov 2012

A new battle is underway in Pakistan with its powerful military front-and-centre, but the fight is not against armed insurgents or ideological extremists - this opponent is a muscle-flexing Supreme Court. For the first time in decades, the military's iron grip over the South Asian country has been challenged, and it remains to be seen if it will...(size: 23.7Kb)

photo: AP / Sebastian D'souza

FILE - In this Nov. 26, 2008 file photo, Mohammed Ajmal Kasab, the accused gunman walks at the Chatrapathi Sivaji Terminal railway station in Mumbai, India.

India hangs gunman from 2008 Mumbai attack

Herald Tribune

21 Nov 2012

MUMBAI, India - India executed the lone surviving gunman from the 2008 terror attack on Mumbai early Wednesday, India's home ministry said. Ajmal Kasab, a Pakistani citizen, was one of 10 gunmen who rampaged through the streets of India's financial capital in November 2008, killing 166 people. Kasab was hung at 7:30 a.m. Wednesday at a jail in...(size: 4.5Kb)

photo: AP / Melanie Gouby

People walk past as M23 rebel soldier's take positions near the Heal Africa hospital in the center of Goma, Congo, Tuesday, Nov. 20, 2012.

DR Congo soldiers surrender to M23

Al Jazeera

21 Nov 2012

Hundreds of government soldiers and police in the Democratic Republic of Congo have surrendered to rebels at a stadium in Goma, Al Jazeera's Nazanine Moshiri has reported from the scene. The M23 rebel group, believed to be backed by Rwanda seized the strategic, provincial capital of Goma in eastern Congo on Tuesday, home to more than 1 million...(size: 18.7Kb)

photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb

Shortly before a cease-fire is announced between Israel and Hamas. Israel and the Hamas militant group agreed to a cease-fire Wednesday to end eight days of the fiercest fighting in nearly four years, promising to halt attacks on each other and ease an Israeli blockade constricting the Gaza Strip.

Gaza cease-fire holding but issues left unsettled

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

22 Nov 2012

CAIRO -- Under intense Egyptian and American pressure, Israel and the Palestinian militant group Hamas halted eight days of bloody conflict Wednesday, averting a full-scale Israeli ground invasion of the Gaza Strip without resolving the underlying disputes. With Israeli forces still massed on the Gaza border, a tentative calm descended after...(size: 5.4Kb)

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Rabat orders 19 foreign journalists to leave Laayoune

Middle East Online

08 Nov 2012

RABAT - Morocco said Wednesday it has ordered what it said are 19 foreign journalists -- 15 Spaniards and four Swedes -- to leave Laayoune, the main city of Western Sahara, claiming they had gone there under false pretexts. Morocco annexed the former Spanish colony in 1975, in a move never recognised by...(size: 2.0Kb)

Hundreds of Jihadists pour into northern Mali from Polisario-run camps, Sudan, to aid al-Qaeda-linked groups

PR Newswire

23 Oct 2012

Google...(size: 5.6Kb)

Foreign jihadists pour into northern Mali

France24

22 Oct 2012

AFP - Hundreds of jihadist fighters poured into Mali over the weekend to support the Islamists who have controlled the north for seven months, ahead of a threatened regional intervention to seize back power. Residents of the cities of Timbuktu and Gao, Malian security officials and Islamist commanders all confirmed on Sunday that there had been a...(size: 4.0Kb)

Foreign jihadists flock to northern Mali

Middle East Online

22 Oct 2012

Hundreds of jihadist fighters poured into Mali over the weekend to support the Islamists who have controlled the north for seven months, ahead of a threatened regional intervention to seize back power. Residents of the cities of Timbuktu and Gao, Malian security officials and Islamist commanders all confirmed on Sunday that there had been a huge...(size: 4.0Kb)

Head of UN peacekeeping visits mission in Western Sahara

United Nations

10 Oct 2012

Print Email 10 October 2012 – The United Nations peacekeeping chief arrived today in Laayoune to visit the world body’s mission in Western Sahara, following which he will hold talks with both parties involved in the dispute over the territory. The visit by Under-Secretary-General for...(size: 2.0Kb)

Head of UN peacekeeping visits mission in Western Sahara (UN - United Nations)

noodls

10 Oct 2012

Head of UN peacekeeping visits mission in Western Sahara Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations Hervé Ladsous. UN Photo/Devra Berkowitz 10 October 2012 - The United Nations peacekeeping chief arrived today in Laayoune to visit the world body's mission in Western Sahara, following which he will hold talks with both parties involved in...(size: 2.8Kb)

Al Khadra: Poet of the Desert

Al Jazeera

06 Oct 2012

Al Khadra is a renowned Sahrawi war poetess, living in the windswept al-Auin camp in the Algerian desert. Now in her late 70s, the oral verse of this illiterate nomad is vivid testament to three decades of the Sahara conflict. We witness how this extraordinary matriarch survives the hardship and desolation of life in the camp, and see how she keeps...(size: 8.1Kb)

Obesity and under-nutrition prevalent in long-term refugees (University College London)

noodls

03 Oct 2012

Obesity and under-nutrition prevalent in long-term refugees 3 October 2012 A quarter of households in refugee camps in Algeria are currently suffering from the double burden of excess weight and under-nutrition. According to a study published in the journal PLOS Medicine, obesity is an emerging threat to this community, with one in two women of...(size: 9.0Kb)

Both obesity, under-nutrition prevalent in long-term refugees living in camps

PhysOrg

02 Oct 2012

The collaborative study by the UCL Institute of Child Health (ICH), the Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN), and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), looked at the prevalence of the 'double burden' of malnutrition – under-nutrition and obesity - among Western Sahara (Sahrawi) refugees living in a prolonged emergency situation,...(size: 4.9Kb)

Tindouf Authorities Deliver Humanitarian Aids for Saharawi Refugees

All Africa

19 Sep 2012

[SPS]Tindouf -Local authorities of...(size: 0.3Kb)

Kerry Kennedy Risks Kidnapping to Showcase Algerian Human Rights Abuses, Says Richard Miniter

PR Newswire

14 Sep 2012

...(size: 8.4Kb)

Morocco slams ‘biased’ RFK Centre on W. Sahara

Middle East Online

04 Sep 2012

RABAT - A US human rights group on Monday accused Morocco of systematic human rights violations in Western Sahara, after visiting the disputed territory last week, saying its people live in a "state of fear." Responding to the accusations, government spokesman Mustapha al-Khalfi slammed "the biased nature" of the organisation, and insisted Rabat...(size: 3.0Kb)

Morocco accused of systematic abuses in W. Sahara

Yahoo Daily News

03 Sep 2012

A US human rights group on Monday accused Morocco of systematic human rights violations in Western Sahara, after visiting the disputed territory last week, saying its people live in a "state of fear." The RFK Centre for Justice and Human Rights, in a preliminary report on its four-day visit, said it recognised positive changes to the Moroccan...(size: 7.8Kb)

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Tindouf بلدية تندوف Tinduf
— Municipality —
Commune of Tindouf
Tindouf in 1880
Tindouf Location of Tindouf within Algeria
Coordinates: 27°40′31″N 8°07′43″W / 27.67528°N 8.12861°W / 27.67528; -8.12861Coordinates: 27°40′31″N 8°07′43″W / 27.67528°N 8.12861°W / 27.67528; -8.12861
Country	Algeria
Province	Tindouf (seat)
District	Tindouf (seat)
Government
• PMA Seats	11
Area
• Total	70,009 km² (27,031 sq mi)
Population (1998)
• Total	32,004
• Density	0.46/km² (1.2/sq mi)
Time zone	CET (UTC+01)
Postal code	37000
ONS code	3701

Tindouf (Berber: Tinduf, Arabic: تيندوف‎) is the main town in Tindouf Province, Algeria, close to the Mauritanian and Moroccan borders. The region is considered of strategic significance, and it houses Algerian military bases. Since 1975, it also contains several Sahrawi refugee camps operated by the Polisario Front, a guerrilla group seeking the independence of Western Sahara from Morocco. The city is served by the Tindouf Airport, northwest of the town, with regular flights to Algiers as well as to other domestic destinations. Within the municipal territory of Tindouf, there is Gara Djebilet, a settlement near the border with Mauritania with a iron mine and a defunct airport. It is approximately 70 kilometers northwest of Aet Legra.

1 History
2 Demographics
3 Climate
4 References

History [link]

The town of Tindouf was built near an isolated Saharan oasis in 1852 by members of the Tajakant tribe, but sacked and destroyed by Reguibat, a Sahrawi tribe in 1895, and the Tajkant tribe were kicked out of the region. It remained deserted until French troops arrived in the area in 1934. Since Algerian independence in 1962, the town has been purposely built up, partly because of its importance as a last outpost before the Moroccan and Mauritanian borders.

In 1963, the area was the scene of fighting between Algerian and Moroccan forces laying claim to western Algeria, in the Sand War. The region has since been heavily militarized, increasing its relevance. Since the mid-70s, the Tindouf region served as base for the Polisario Front, a Sahrawi nationalist organization fighting for Western Sahara's independence. The Polisario Front is headquartered in self-adminstered refugee camps south of the city, which filled up as Moroccan and Mauritanian forces conquered Western Sahara in 1975. During the war years of 1975-1990, Polisario forces struck in Western Sahara, Mauritania (until 1979) and southern Morocco (including the region of Tata), using the Tindouf region as their rear base area, with Algerian protection and support. Since 1990 the area has been quiet, although the refugee community remains in Algeria, pending a UN-sponsored peace process and a referendum on independence. (See Minurso.)

Demographics [link]

Tindouf has a population of 47,965 (2010 estimates).^[1]. Though this figure is of questionable authenticity, given the fact that the exact number is a sensitive issue due to the Western Sahara refugees.

Year	Population
1977 (Census)	6,044
1987 (Census)	13,084
1998 (Census)	32,004
2010 (Estimate)	47,965 - 59,898

Climate [link]

Climate data for Tindouf, Algeria
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	85 (29)	90 (32)	102 (39)	105 (41)	109 (43)	124 (51)	135 (57)	121 (49)	116 (47)	108 (42)	97 (36)	83 (28)	135 (57)
Average high °F (°C)	71 (22)	78 (26)	83 (28)	90 (32)	94 (34)	101 (38)	113 (45)	111 (44)	101 (38)	88 (31)	79 (26)	71 (22)	90 (32)
Average low °F (°C)	41 (5)	44 (7)	53 (12)	55 (13)	60 (16)	63 (17)	77 (25)	78 (26)	72 (22)	58 (14)	52 (11)	42 (6)	58 (14)
Record low °F (°C)	25 (−4)	30 (−1)	37 (3)	45 (7)	46 (8)	45 (7)	61 (16)	55 (13)	56 (13)	47 (8)	35 (2)	33 (1)	25 (−4)
Precipitation inches (mm)	0.1 (3)	0.1 (3)	0.2 (5)	0.1 (3)	0.1 (3)	0.1 (3)	0.1 (3)	0.4 (10)	0.3 (8)	0.1 (3)	0.1 (3)	0.1 (3)	1.8 (46)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	257	263	301	342	353	357	338	319	282	288	249	254	3,603
Source: http://www.weatherbase.com/ ^[2]

References [link]

^ Tindouf in the World Gazetteer
^ Weatherbase. "MONTHLY AVERAGES for Tindouf, Algeria". http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=55606&refer=&units=us&cityname=Tindouf-Tindouf-Algeria. Retrieved 2011-08-06.

v t e Tindouf Province

Tindouf District	Tindouf Oum El Assel

v t e Provincial seats of Algeria

Adrar Aïn Defla Aïn Témouchent Algiers Annaba Batna Béchar Béjaïa Biskra Blida Bordj Bou Arréridj Bouïra Boumerdès Chlef Constantine Djelfa El Bayadh El Oued El Taref Ghardaïa Guelma Illizi Jijel Khenchela Laghouat Mascara Médéa Mila Mostaganem M'Sila Naâma Oran Ouargla Oum el-Bouaghi Relizane Saida Sétif Sidi Bel Abbès Skikda Souk Ahras Tamanrasset Tébessa Tiaret Tindouf Tipaza Tissemsilt Tizi Ouzou Tlemcen

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Modena City Ramblers
Collage of the members of the Modena City Ramblers Photographer and creator of collage: Roberto Scorta
Background information
Origin	Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Genres	Folk rock, Folk music
Years active	1991–present
Website	http://www.ramblers.it
Members
Arcangelo "Kaba" Cavazzuti · Elisabetta "Betty" Vezzani · Davide "Dudu" Morandi · Francesco "Fry" Moneti · Franco D'Aniello · Massimo "Ice" Ghiacci · Roberto Zeno
Past members
Luca "Gabibbo" Giacometti · Stefano "Cisco" Bellotti · Alberto Cottica · Luciano Gaetani · Massimo Giuntini · Marco Michelini · Alberto Morselli · Giovanni Rubbiani

Modena City Ramblers (also known as M.C.R.) is an Italian folk band founded in 1991. Their music is heavily influenced by Celtic themes, and can be compared to folk rock music. The band has sold over 500,000 albums. Known for their left-wing politics, their lyrics often speak out against the Mafia and fascism.

1 Biography
2 Members
3 Discography
4 Collaborations
5 References
6 External links

Biography [link]

Abbiamo cominciato per hobby, per divertimento puro e semplice. Avevamo un'impronta punk, andavamo a suonare senza neanche provare, a volte eravamo in 6, a volte in 7, anche in 11.

—Franco D'Aniello

The Modena City Ramblers were formed in 1991 by a group of friends that wanted to play traditional Irish music. The first to join were Alberto Morselli, Giovanni Rubbiani and Alberto Cottica (still in Lontano da dove), Chris Dennis (formerly a member of Nomadi), Filippo Chieli, Franco D'Aniello and Luciano Gaetani from 'Abazia dei folli. On Saint Patrick's Day in 1991, during a concert in a pub in Modena, they chose the name Modena City Ramblers. The name was an homage to Dublin City Ramblers, an Irish band.^[1]

In 1992, they were joined by bassist Massimo Ghiacci (formerly in the band Plutonium 99). During the evening of 1 March they recorded their first demo. During a concert at a pub in Carpi, Stefano "Cisco" Bellotti sang The Wild Rover for the first time.^[2] At this time the Modena City Ramblers became an open company, and have remained so during throughout their history, with almost all members who have left the band returning sporadically to play with the group. Their most famous concert was performed as the opening act for the Pogues in Modena. Their repertoire has since expanded considerably, including traditional Italian songs as Bella ciao, Fischia il vento, and Contessa.

The singer of the group Cisco along with producer Kaba Cavazzuti who also became "a new member of the Modena City Ramblers after changes in the original line-up", released the album of the ‘brother band’ Casa del Vento, titled "900" which came out in February 2001.^[3]

Members [link]

The band's lineup has changed many times since their formation.^[4] After the first album, singer Alberto Morselli left the band; in 1996 Francesco Moneti replaced Marco Michelini, and Giovanni Rubbiani and Alberto Cottica left the band in 2001. Singer Stefano "Cisco" Bellotti left the band in 2005 after fourteen years. The lineup in 2006 was:

Davide "Dudu" Morandi: singer, bass, acoustic and electric guitar, banjo, glockenspiel, harmonica
Elisabetta "Betty" Vezzani: singer, acoustic and electric guitar, tambourine, mandolin
Massimo "Ice" Ghiacci^[5]: acoustic and electric bass, double bass, tea chest bass, sax,^[6] choirs, acoustic guitar
Franco D'Aniello: flute, tin whistle, trumpet, sax, choirs, acoustic guitar, glockenspiel, percussion
Francesco "Fry" Moneti: acoustic and electric guitar, acoustic, electric and Indian violin, banjo, oud, mandolin, choirs, vox
Roberto Zeno: drums, percussions, choirs, mandolin, acoustic guitar and piano
Arcangelo "Kaba" Cavazzuti: drums, percussions, acoustic guitar, bass, charango, piano, trumpet,^[7] shaker, banjo, choirs, vox
Luca "Gabibbo" Giacometti (died in 2007): bouzouki, mandolin, banjo, acoustic guitar, choirs, vox

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    from:2006 till:2008 text:"Betty Vezzani"
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    from:1991 till:1994 color:blue2_bars text:"Chris Dennis"
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    from:2006 till:2008 color:blue2_bars text:"Davide 'Dudu' Morandi"
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    from:1991 till:1993 color:blue1_bars text:"Filippo Chieli"
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    from:1991 till:2008 color:blue2_bars text:"Franco D'Aniello" 
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    from:1991 till:1993 color:blue2_bars text:"Marco Tedeschi"
 bar:ice_bar
    from:1991 till:2008 color:blue1_bars text:"Massimo 'Ice' Ghiacci"
 bar:massimo_bar
    from:1996 till:1998 
    from:2000 till:2002 text:"Massimo Giuntini"
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    from:1994 till:2008 color:blue2_bars text:"Roberto Zeno"
 bar:cisco_bar
    from:1992 till:2006 text:"Stefano 'Cisco' Bellotti"

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Discography [link]

EPs [link]

1998 – Cent'anni di solitudine
1999 – L'Italia ai tempi dei Modena City Ramblers
2003 – Modena City Remix
2003 – Gocce (for Acqua per la Pace)
2004 – El presidente

Rarities [link]

1992 – On the first day of march...Live demo - autoproduced demotape
1993 - Combat Folk – autoproduced demotape
2000 - Il resto raccolto – recorded only for fan club

DVD [link]

2004 - Clan Banlieue - twelve years of songs, concerts, interviews, journey, unreleased videos

Participations [link]

1995 - Tributo ad Augusto (CGD) - with L'atomica cinese
1995 - Materiale resistente - with Bella ciao
1995 - I disertori - a tribute to Ivano Fossati - play Gli amanti d'Irlanda
1999 - A come Ambiente (La Stampa)- with Madre Terra
2002 - Piazza Carlo Giuliani ragazzo - with La legge giusta (inspired by the 27th G8 summit)
2002 - Lontano - by Landscape Prayers
2003 - Balla veloce vivi lento - with Le lucertole del folk
2007 - Tre colori by Graziano Romani - with Spiriti Liberi; Stesso Viaggio Stessa Città; Corre Buon Sangue.
2007 - Nessuno oltraggi nessuno - with Socialdemocrazia by Gang, live version.

Collaborations [link]

Several of the Ramblers' songs, such as "Cent'anni di solitudine", "Macondo Express", and "Remedios la Bella" are inspired by the 1967 novel One Hundred Years of Solitude (Spanish: Cien años de soledad) by Nobel Prize-winning Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez.
The song "Il bicchiere dell'addio" features Irish singer Bob Geldof. The Ramblers later recorded a version of "The Great Song of Indifference" in Emiliano-Romagnolo language, inspired by Geldof's version 1990 hit from Vegetarians of Love album.
The Ramblers' album Appunti Partigiani features collaborations with many artists, including Goran Bregović, Billy Bragg, Moni Ovadia, Piero Pelù, and Francesco Guccini.

References [link]

^ Alberto Morselli in his biography
^ Stefano "Cisco" Bellotti in Clan Banlieue - 12 years of songs , concerts, interviews, journeys, videos
^ radiochango.com
^ Tree
^ "Ghiaccio" is the Italian for "Ice"
^ Tour 2008
^ Tour 2008 Image

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modena_City_Ramblers

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Make changes yourself !

Contents

History [link]

Demographics [link]

Climate [link]

References [link]

http://wn.com/Tindouf

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Tindouf

http://cs.wn.com/Tindúf

http://id.wn.com/Tindouf

http://es.wn.com/Tinduf

http://ru.wn.com/Тиндуф

http://nl.wn.com/Tindouf

http://pl.wn.com/Tinduf

http://fr.wn.com/Tindouf

http://de.wn.com/Tindouf (Algerien)

Contents

Biography [link]

Members [link]

Discography [link]

Album [link]

EPs [link]

Rarities [link]

DVD [link]

Participations [link]

Collaborations [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Modena_City_Ramblers

Related pages:

http://nl.wn.com/Modena City Ramblers

http://pt.wn.com/Modena City Ramblers

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