The Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway is a linked series of park areas in Minneapolis, Minnesota that takes a roughly circular path through the city. The corridors include roads for automobile traffic plus paths for pedestrians and bicycles, and extend slightly into neighboring cities. About 50 miles (80 km) of roadway is in the system, and much of it was built in the 1930s as part of Civilian Conservation Corps projects. There are seven districts along the byway:

A street sign along the Grand Rounds

Path at Lake Calhoun

• Downtown Riverfront lies along the Mississippi River, and includes Saint Anthony Falls and nearby historic milling districts. The Byway follows West River Parkway, beginning at Plymouth Avenue, passing Boom Island Park and Nicollet Island Park (both across the river), and Mill Ruins Park, adjacent to the Mill City Museum and the Stone Arch Bridge.
• Mississippi River gorge area extends from downtown Minneapolis to Minnehaha Park. The Byway follows West River Parkway, and passes the west bank of the University of Minnesota. Several bridges connect the Byway with trails on the east bank, in both Minneapolis and Saint Paul.
• Minnehaha including Minnehaha Park, Minnehaha Creek, Lake Nokomis and Lake Hiawatha. The Byway follows Godfrey Parkway through Minnehaha Park, past Minnehaha Falls and the Longfellow House information center. Crossing Hiawatha Avenue, the route becomes Minnehaha Parkway. The road passes between Lakes Nokomis and Hiawatha, and then follows Minnehaha Creek to Lake Harriet.
• The Chain of Lakes including Lake Harriet, Lake Calhoun, Lake of the Isles, Cedar Lake, Brownie Lake, Lyndale Park and Lyndale Farmstead Park. The lake parkland is collectively the Minneapolis Chain of Lakes Regional Park. The Byway follows multiple intersecting paths: surrounding lakes are the counter-clockwise one-way Lake Harriet and Lake of the Isles Parkways, and the two-way Lake Calhoun Parkway; Cedar Lake Parkway runs along the western shore of that lake, and William Berry Parkway and Dean Parkway connect the circular lake parkways.
• Theodore Wirth (extending into Golden Valley) consists of Theodore Wirth Park. The byway follows Cedar Lake Parkway as it crosses Interstate 394 and becomes Theodore Wirth Parkway. heading north, it passes the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Wirth Lake. Crossing Olson Memorial Highway, the Parkway enters Theodore Wirth Golf Course.
• Victory Memorial includes the northwestern edge of Minneapolis. The byway follows Victory Memorial Parkway, which commemorates the contributions of people from Hennepin County in World War I. Victory Memorial Parkway becomes Weber Parkway. The Byway follows the Camden Bridge across the Mississippi River, which marks the head of navigation for barge traffic on the river.
• Northeast runs through Northeast Minneapolis. The Byway follows St Anthony Parkway to Stinson Parkway, and follows that road south to Ridgway Parkway. It passes Columbia Park and Deming Heights Park, and terminates at Francis Gross Golf Course.

The area was designated as a Minnesota State Scenic Byway in 1997 and a National Scenic Byway in 1998. The Grand Rounds are considered to be the most significant example of an urban byway, as most such areas run through rural regions. Portions are also part of the Great River Road along the Mississippi River.

Fortuitously, the city bought up all the land immediately adjoining its lakes during its formative period, turning them into public parks rather than allowing them to be privately developed. Because of this, Minneapolis' lakes are open to all.

Heavy vehicles such as semi-trailer trucks and buses are largely banned from the byway, and the speed limit is 25 miles per hour throughout. Thanks to the low speed limit, motorcycle riders enjoy riding through the parkway system.^[1] Much of the asphalt paving along the road has a reddish tone so that drivers can more easily determine where to go upon reaching intersections.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board: Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway
• America's Byways: The Grand Rounds Scenic Byway

A scenic route, tourist road, tourist route, holiday route, theme route, or scenic byway is a specially designated road or waterway that travels through an area of natural or cultural beauty. The designation is usually determined by a governmental body, such as a Department of Transportation or a Ministry of Transport.

Tourist highway[link]

A tourist highway or holiday route is a road which is marketed as particularly suited for tourists. Tourist highways may be formed when existing roads are promoted with traffic signs and advertising material. Some tourist highways such as the Blue Ridge Parkway are built especially for tourism purposes. Others may be roadways enjoyed by local citizens in areas of unique or exceptional natural beauty. Still others, such as the Lincoln Highway in Illinois are former main roads, only designated as "scenic" after most traffic bypasses them. In the USA this type of roadway is commonly termed a scenic highway. In Europe and other countries around the world they are often marked with brown tourist signs with the individual route symbol and/or name.

Modern-day sign in New Mexico, along a section of Route 66 named a National Scenic Byway

United States[link]

In the United States, a scenic route may also refer to a type of special route of the U.S. highway system that travels through a particularly beautiful area. These special routes, which boast "Scenic" banners are typically longer than the "parent route". There are only two routes in the country that remain with the official scenic designation: U.S. Route 40 Scenic and U.S. Route 412 Scenic.

Within the United States, there is also the National Scenic Byway program which designates portions of existing roads as scenic byways due to some unique characteristics.

Parkways[link]

The Natchez Trace Parkway

The first parkways in the United States were developed in the late 19th Century by landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Beatrix Farrand as roads segregated for pedestrians, bicyclists, equestrians, and horse carriages, such as the Eastern Parkway and Ocean Parkway in Brooklyn, New York. The terminology "parkway" to define this type of road was coined by Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted in their proposal to link city and suburban parks with "pleasure roads." Newer roads such as the Bidwell and Lincoln Parkways in Buffalo, New York were designed for automobiles and are broad and divided by large landscaped central medians. Parkways can be the approach to large urban parks, such as the Mystic Valley Parkway to Boston Common in Boston. Some separated express lanes from local lanes, though this was not always the case.

During the early 20th century, the meaning of the word was expanded to include controlled-access highways designed for recreational driving of automobiles with landscaping. These parkways originally provided scenic routes without at grade intersections, very slow vehicles, or pedestrian traffic. Their success led to more development however, expanding a city's boundaries, eventually limiting their recreational driving use. The Arroyo Seco Parkway between Downtown Los Angeles and Pasadena, California is an example of lost pastoral aesthetics. It and others have become major commuting routes, while retaining the name parkway.

'New Deal' parkways[link]

In the 1930s, as part of the New Deal the U.S. federal government constructed national parkways designed for recreational driving and to commemorate historic trails and routes. These divided four-lane parkways have lower speed limits and are maintained by the National Park Service. An example is the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) built Blue Ridge Parkway in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and Virginia. Others are: Skyline Drive in Virginia; the Natchez Trace Parkway in Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee; and the Colonial Parkway in eastern Virginia's Historic Triangle area. [1]. The George Washington Memorial Parkway and the Clara Barton Parkway, running along the Potomac River near Washington, D.C, were also constructed during this era.

Post-war scenic parkways in the U.S.[link]

In Minneapolis, the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway system has 50 miles (80 km) of streets designated as parkways. These are not freeways, having a slow 25-mile per hour speed limit, pedestrian crossings, and stop signs.^[1][2]

Theme routes[link]

Theme Routes are special theme-based tours, aimed at providing a visitor or tourist with a better insight on that theme. Being popular in Europe, they can cover anything from an individual city, a wine growing region, Dutch bulb fields, Swiss Mountains, to Norwegian Fjords. Subjects can be architectural, historical, or cultural.

Examples of theme routes:

Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorating the world’s first long distance journey by automobile of 1888

• Bergstraße
• Bertha Benz Memorial Route
• Castle Road
• Cheese Route
• Deutsche Fährstraße
• European Route of Industrial Heritage
• German Wine Route
• Romantic Road
• Scotland's Malt Whisky Trail
• Upper Swabian Baroque Route

See also[link]

Roads portal

• Auxiliary route
• Scenic Drive
• Alaska Marine Highway
• Viewshed
• National Scenic Byway (United States)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Theme Routes in Switzerland
• Theme Routes of Europe's Industrial Heritage
• Theme Routes on Portuguese Wine-Making
• Examples of Themed routes in Austria

Grand rounds are an important teaching tool and ritual of medical education and inpatient care, consisting of presenting the medical problems and treatment of a particular patient to an audience consisting of doctors, residents and medical students. The patient was traditionally present for the round and would answer questions; grand rounds have evolved with most sessions now rarely having a patient present and being more like lectures. An actor portrays the patient in some instances.

Grand rounds help doctors and other healthcare professionals keep up to date in important evolving areas which may be outside of their core practice. Most departments at major teaching hospitals will have their own specialized, often weekly, Grand Rounds. Attending Grand Rounds is also an important supplement to medical school and on-the-job resident training. (Grand rounds can also be distinguished from rounds which is the (typically) daily visit by the attending physician and team to all that physician's patients on the ward. Rounding with an attending physician is an important part of medical on-the-job training and education, but its primary focus is immediate care for the patients on the ward. Grand rounds tends to present the bigger picture, including experience with patients over many years, and the newest research and treatments in an area. Grand rounds tend to be open to the entire medical professional community, whereas rounds are specific to individual attending physicians and their teams).

Recent innovation : Video Grand Round Archives[link]

Many of the higher quality more innovative major teaching and research hospitals have started providing streaming video of their Grand rounds presentations for free over the internet. This is a wonderful opportunity for medical professionals and students to improve their knowledge, and builds on one of the core values of the Hippocratic Oath - that medical education should be provided for free, and that doctors should actively and openly share their knowledge without compensation in order to improve patient care.

Many of these organizations provide an archive of several years of recent Grand Rounds presentations and as such offer a tremendous resource for increasing medical knowledge and improving patient care.

Links to Free Grand Rounds Video Streaming Archives by Specialty[link]

(If you find a working link to free Grand Rounds video streaming archives, please ADD them here.)

Internal Medicine (aka. Medical Grand Rounds)[link]

Mayo Clinic http://www.mayoclinic.org/grand-rounds/

NYU http://medicine.med.nyu.edu/education/medicine-grand-rounds-video-archive

UNC http://medicine.med.unc.edu/whatsnew/grand-rounds-video

Neurology[link]

UCSD Neurology/Neurosciences Grand Rounds http://neurosciences.ucsd.edu/2pagevid.php

OHSU Neurology Grand Rounds http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/education/schools/school-of-medicine/departments/clinical-departments/neurology/news/grand-rounds-video.cfm

University of Arizona HS Neuro Grand Rounds http://streaming.biocom.arizona.edu/categories/?id=11

Oncology[link]

Yale Cancer Center http://medicine.yale.edu/cancer/research/education/grand-rounds/index.aspx

MSKCC : (Unfortunately, only a small subset of some Grand rounds presentations by cancer type as CME) (Hopefully they will provide a more complete archive)

Breast Cancer http://www.mskcc.org/education/cme/videos-healthcare-professionals?tid=1195

Colorectal Cancer http://www.mskcc.org/education/cme/videos-healthcare-professionals?tid=1194

Lung Cancer http://www.mskcc.org/education/cme/videos-healthcare-professionals?tid=1189

Melanoma http://www.mskcc.org/education/cme/videos-healthcare-professionals?tid=1187

Leukemia http://www.mskcc.org/education/cme/videos-healthcare-professionals?tid=1190

Lymphoma http://www.mskcc.org/education/cme/videos-healthcare-professionals?tid=1188

Gynecological Cancers http://www.mskcc.org/education/cme/videos-healthcare-profes sionals?tid=1192

Head and Neck Cancers http://www.mskcc.org/education/cme/videos-healthcare-professionals?tid=1191

Prostate/Renal/Urological http://www.mskcc.org/education/cme/videos-healthcare-professionals?tid=1186

Mass General - Palliative Care http://www.massgeneral.org/palliativecare/grandrounds/

Gastroenterology[link]

DAVE Project - Gastroenterology http://daveproject.org/category/clinical-grand-rounds/

Cardiology[link]

Space Medicine[link]

U. Texas / Johnson Space Center (NASA) http://www.dsls.usra.edu/education/grandrounds/archive/2011/

Orthopaedic Surgery[link]

University of Washington Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0571A3CE063DEF5C&feature=plcp

General Surgery[link]

External links[link]

• Grand rounds webcast from Dartmouth-Hitchock
• Grand rounds definition in Medterms

This medical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Edward Morgan Forster
E. M. Forster, by Dora Carrington c. 1924-1925
Born	Edward Morgan Forster (1879-01-01)1 January 1879 Marylebone, London
Died	7 June 1970(1970-06-07) (aged 91) Coventry, Warwickshire
Occupation	Writer (novels, short stories, essays)
Nationality	English
Alma mater	Tonbridge School Cambridge University
Period	1901–70
Genres	Realism, Symbolism, modernism
Subjects	Class division, gender, homosexuality
Influences Edward Carpenter,[citation needed] Samuel Butler,[citation needed] Leonard Woolf,[citation needed] Joseph Conrad,[citation needed] Jane Austen[citation needed]
Signature

Edward Morgan Forster OM, CH (1 January 1879 – 7 June 1970) was an English novelist, short story writer, essayist and librettist. He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society. Forster's humanistic impulse toward understanding and sympathy may be aptly summed up in the epigraph to his 1910 novel Howards End: "Only connect."

Early years[link]

Forster was born into an Anglo-Irish and Welsh middle-class family at 6 Melcombe Place, Dorset Square, London NW1, in a building that no longer exists. He was the only child of Alice Clara "Lily" (née Whichelo) and Edward Morgan Llewellyn Forster, an architect. His name was officially registered as Henry Morgan Forster, but at his baptism he was accidentally named Edward Morgan Forster.^[1] To distinguish him from his father, he was always called Morgan. His father died of tuberculosis on 30 October 1880, before Morgan's second birthday.^[2] Among Forster's ancestors were members of the religious Clapham Sect.

He inherited £8,000 (£659,300 as of 2012),^[3] from his paternal great-aunt Marianne Thornton (daughter of the abolitionist Henry Thornton), who died on 5 November 1887.^[4] The money was enough to live on and enabled him to become a writer. He attended the notable public school, Tonbridge School in Kent, as a day boy. The theatre at the school has been named in his honour.^[5]

At King's College, Cambridge, between 1897 and 1901,^[6] he became a member of a discussion society known as the Apostles (formally named the Cambridge Conversazione Society). Many of its members went on to constitute what came to be known as the Bloomsbury Group, of which Forster was a peripheral member in the 1910s and 1920s. There is a famous recreation of Forster's Cambridge at the beginning of The Longest Journey.

After leaving university, he travelled in continental Europe with his mother. In 1914, he visited Egypt, Germany and India with the classicist Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, by which time he had written all but one of his novels.^[7] In the First World War, as a conscientious objector, Forster volunteered for the International Red Cross, and served in Alexandria, Egypt.

Forster spent a second spell in India in the early 1920s as the private secretary to Tukojirao III, the Maharajah of Dewas. The Hill of Devi is his non-fictional account of this period. After returning to London from India, he completed his last novel, A Passage to India (1924), for which he won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. He also edited Eliza Fay's (1756–1816) letters from India, in an edition first published in 1925.^[8]

[edit] After A Passage to India

Arlington Park Mansions, Chiswick

In the 1930s and 1940s Forster became a successful broadcaster on BBC Radio and a public figure associated with the Union of Ethical Societies. He was awarded a Benson Medal in 1937.

Forster was a closeted homosexual and lifelong bachelor.^[9] He developed a long-term, loving relationship with Bob Buckingham, a married policeman.^[10] Forster included Buckingham and his wife May in his circle, which included J. R. Ackerley, a writer and literary editor of The Listener, the psychologist W. J. H. Sprott and, for a time, the composer Benjamin Britten. Other writers with whom Forster associated included the poet Siegfried Sassoon and the Belfast-based novelist Forrest Reid.

From 1925 until Forster's mother's death at age 90 on 11 March 1945, he lived with her at West Hackhurst, Abinger Hammer, finally leaving on or around 23 September 1946.^[11] His London base was 26 Brunswick Square from 1930 to 1939, after which he rented 9 Arlington Park Mansions in Chiswick until at least 1961.^[12][13]

Forster was elected an honorary fellow of King's College, Cambridge in January 1946,^[12] and lived for the most part in the college, doing relatively little. He declined a knighthood in 1949 and was made a Companion of Honour in 1953.^[12] In 1969 he was made a member of the Order of Merit. Forster died of a stroke^[14] in Coventry on 7 June 1970 at the age of 91, at the Buckinghams' home.^[12]

Novels[link]

The monument to Forster in Stevenage, Hertfordshire, near Rooks Nest where Forster grew up. He based the setting for his novel Howards End on this area, now informally known as Forster Country.

Forster had five novels published in his lifetime. Although Maurice was published shortly after his death, it had been written nearly sixty years earlier. He never finished a seventh novel, Arctic Summer.

His first novel, Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905), is the story of Lilia, a young English widow who falls in love with an Italian man, and of the efforts of her bourgeois relatives to get her back from Monteriano (based on San Gimignano). Philip Herriton's mission to retrieve her from Italy has features in common with that of Lambert Strether in Henry James's The Ambassadors. Forster discussed that work ironically and somewhat disapprovingly in his book Aspects of the Novel (1927). Where Angels Fear to Tread was adapted as a 1991 film directed by Charles Sturridge.

Next, Forster published The Longest Journey (1907), an inverted bildungsroman following the lame Rickie Elliott from Cambridge to a career as a struggling writer and then to a post as a schoolmaster, married to the unappealing Agnes Pembroke. In a series of scenes on the hills of Wiltshire, which introduce Rickie's wild half-brother Stephen Wonham, Forster attempts a kind of sublime related to those of Thomas Hardy and D. H. Lawrence.

Forster's third novel, A Room with a View (1908), is his lightest and most optimistic. It was started as early as 1901, before any of his others; its earliest versions are entitled "Lucy". The book explores the young Lucy Honeychurch's trip to Italy with her cousin, and the choice she must make between the free-thinking George Emerson and the repressed aesthete Cecil Vyse. George's father Mr Emerson quotes thinkers who influenced Forster, including Samuel Butler. A Room with a View was adapted as a film in 1985 by the Merchant-Ivory team.

Where Angels Fear to Tread and A Room with a View can be seen collectively as Forster's Italian novels. Both include references to the famous Baedeker guidebooks and concern narrow-minded middle-class English tourists abroad. The books share many themes with his short stories collected in The Celestial Omnibus and The Eternal Moment.

Howards End (1910) is an ambitious "condition-of-England" novel concerned with different groups within the Edwardian middle classes, represented by the Schlegels (bohemian intellectuals), the Wilcoxes (thoughtless plutocrats) and the Basts (struggling lower-middle-class aspirants). Critics have observed that numerous characters in Forster's novels die suddenly. This is true of Where Angels Fear to Tread, Howards End and, most particularly, The Longest Journey.

Forster achieved his greatest success with A Passage to India (1924). The novel takes as its subject the relationship between East and West, seen through the lens of India in the later days of the British Raj. Forster connects personal relationships with the politics of colonialism through the story of the Englishwoman Adela Quested, the Indian Dr. Aziz, and the question of what did or did not happen between them in the Marabar Caves. Forster makes special mention of the author Ahmed Ali and his Twilight in Delhi in his Preface to its Everyman's Library Edition.

Maurice (1971) was published posthumously. It is a homosexual love story which also returns to matters familiar from Forster's first three novels, such as the suburbs of London in the English home counties, the experience of attending Cambridge, and the wild landscape of Wiltshire. The novel was controversial, given that Forster's homosexuality had not been previously known or widely acknowledged. Today's critics continue to argue over the extent to which Forster's sexuality and personal activities,^[15] influenced his writing.

Critical reception[link]

In the United States, interest in, and appreciation for, Forster was spurred by Lionel Trilling's E. M. Forster: A Study, which began:

E. M. Forster is for me the only living novelist who can be read again and again and who, after each reading, gives me what few writers can give us after our first days of novel-reading, the sensation of having learned something (Trilling 1943).

Key themes[link]

Forster was President of the Cambridge Humanists from 1959 until his death and a member of the Advisory Council of the British Humanist Association from 1963 until his death. His views as a humanist are at the heart of his work, which often depicts the pursuit of personal connections in spite of the restrictions of contemporary society. His humanist attitude is expressed in the non-fictional essay What I Believe. When Forster’s cousin, Philip Whichelo, donated a portrait of Forster to the Gay and Lesbian Humanist Association (GLHA), Jim Herrick, the founder, quoted Forster's words: "The humanist has four leading characteristics - curiosity, a free mind, belief in good taste, and belief in the human race."

Forster's two best-known works, A Passage to India and Howards End, explore the irreconcilability of class differences. A Room with a View also shows how questions of propriety and class can make human connection difficult. The novel is his most widely read and accessible work, remaining popular long after its original publication. His posthumous novel Maurice explores the possibility of class reconciliation as one facet of a homosexual relationship.

Sexuality is another key theme in Forster's works. Some critics have argued that a general shift from heterosexual to homosexual love can be observed through the course of his writing career. The foreword to Maurice describes his struggle with his homosexuality, while he explored similar issues in several volumes of short stories. Forster's explicitly homosexual writings, the novel Maurice and the short story collection The Life to Come, were published shortly after his death.

Forster is noted for his use of symbolism as a technique in his novels, and he has been criticised (as by his friend Roger Fry) for his attachment to mysticism. One example of his symbolism is the wych elm tree in Howards End. The characters of Mrs. Wilcox in that novel and Mrs. Moore in A Passage to India have a mystical link with the past, and a striking ability to connect with people from beyond their own circles.

Notable works by Forster[link]

Novels[link]

• Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905)
• The Longest Journey (1907)
• A Room with a View (1908)
• Howards End (1910)
• A Passage to India (1924)
• Maurice (written in 1913–14, published posthumously in 1971)
• Arctic Summer (an incomplete fragment, written in 1912–13, published posthumously in 2003)
• Book of Love

Short stories[link]

• The Celestial Omnibus (and other stories) (1911)
• The Eternal Moment and other stories (1928)
• Collected Short Stories (1947) a combination of the above two titles, containing:
  • "The Story of a Panic"
  • "The Other Side Of The Hedge"
  • "The Celestial Omnibus"
  • "Other Kingdom"
  • "The Curate's Friend"
  • "The Road from Colonus"
  • "The Machine Stops"
  • "The Point of It"
  • "Mr Andrews"
  • "Co-ordination"
  • "The Story of the Siren"
  • "The Eternal Moment"
• The Life to Come and other stories (1972) (posthumous) containing the following stories written between approximately 1903 and 1960:
  • "Ansell"
  • "Albergo Empedocle"
  • "The Purple Envelope"
  • "The Helping Hand"
  • "The Rock"
  • "The Life to Come"
  • "Dr Woolacott"
  • "Arthur Snatchfold"
  • "The Obelisk"
  • "What Does It Matter? A Morality"
  • "The Classical Annex"
  • "The Torque"
  • "The Other Boat"
  • "Three Courses and a Dessert: Being a New and Gastronomic Version of the Old Game of Consequences"

Plays and pageants[link]

• Abinger Pageant (1934)
• England's Pleasant Land (1940)

Film scripts[link]

• A Diary for Timothy (1945) (directed by Humphrey Jennings, spoken by Michael Redgrave)

Libretto[link]

• Billy Budd (1951) (with Eric Crozier; based on Melville's novel, for the opera by Benjamin Britten)

Collections of essays and broadcasts[link]

• Abinger Harvest (1936)
• Two Cheers for Democracy (1951)

Literary criticism[link]

• Aspects of the Novel (1927)
• The Feminine Note in Literature (posthumous) (2001)

Biography[link]

• Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson (1934)
• Marianne Thornton, A Domestic Biography (1956)

Travel writing[link]

• Alexandria: A History and Guide (1922)
• Pharos and Pharillon (A Novelist's Sketchbook of Alexandria Through the Ages) (1923)
• The Hill of Devi (1953)

Miscellaneous writings[link]

• Selected Letters (1983–85)
• Commonplace Book (fascimile ed. 1978; edited by Philip Gardner, 1985)
• Locked Diary (2007) (held at King's College, Cambridge)

Notable films based upon novels by Forster[link]

• The Machine Stops (1966), dramatised for the BBC anthology series Out of the Unknown
• A Passage to India (1984), dir. David Lean
• A Room with a View (1985), dir. James Ivory
• Maurice (1987), dir. James Ivory
• Where Angels Fear to Tread (1991), dir. Charles Sturridge
• Howards End (1992), dir. James Ivory

Secondary works on Forster[link]

• Abrams, M.H. and Stephen Greenblatt, "E.M. Forster." The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Vol. 2C, 7th Edition. New York: W.W. Norton, 2000: 2131–2140.
• Ackerley, J. R., E. M. Forster: A Portrait (Ian McKelvie, London, 1970)
• Bakshi, Parminder Kaur, Distant Desire. Homoerotic Codes and the Subversion of the English Novel in E. M. Forster's Fiction (New York, 1996).
• Beauman, Nicola, Morgan (London, 1993).
• Brander, Lauwrence, E.M. Forster. A critical study (London, 1968).
• Cavaliero, Glen, A Reading of E.M. Forster (London, 1979).
• Colmer, John, E.M. Forster – The personal voice (London, 1975).
• Crews, Frederick, E. M. Forster: The Perils of Humanism (Textbook Publishers, 2003).
• E.M. Forster, ed. by Norman Page, Macmillan Modern Novelists (Houndmills, 1987).
• E.M. Forster: The critical heritage, ed. by Philip Gardner (London, 1973).
• Forster: A collection of Critical Essays, ed. by Malcolm Bradbury (New Jersey, 1966).
• Furbank, P.N., E.M. Forster: A Life (London, 1977–78).
• Haag, Michael, Alexandria: City of Memory (London and New Haven, 2004). This portrait of Alexandria during the first half of the twentieth century includes a biographical account of E.M. Forster, his life in the city, his relationship with Constantine Cavafy, and his influence on Lawrence Durrell.
• Herz, Judith and Martin, Robert K. E. M. Forster: Centenary Revaluations (Macmillan Press, 1982).
• Kermode, Frank, Concerning E. M. Forster, (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2010)
• King, Francis, E.M. Forster and his World, (London, 1978).
• Lago, Mary. Calendar of the Letters of E. M. Forster, (London, Mansell, 1985).
• Lago, Mary. Selected Letters of E. M. Forster, (Cambridge, Mass., Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1983-1985.)
• Lago, Mary. E. M. Forster: A Literary Life, (New York, St. Martin's Press, 1995.)
• Lewis, Robin Jared, E. M. Forster's Passages to India, Columbia University Press, New York, 1979.
• Martin, John Sayre, E.M. Forster. The endless journey (London, 1976).
• Martin, Robert K. and Piggford, George (eds.) Queer Forster (Chicago, 1997)
• Mishra, Pankaj (ed.) "E.M. Forster." India in Mind: An Anthology. New York: Vintage Books, 2005: 61–70.
• Moffat, Wendy, E.M. Forster: A New Life, (Bloomsbury, 2010).
• Scott, P.J.M., E.M. Forster: Our Permanent Contemporary, Critical Studies Series (London, 1984).
• Summers, Claude J., E.M. Forster (New York, 1983).
• Trilling, Lionel (1943), E. M. Forster: A Study, Norfolk: New Directions .
• Singh, K. Natwar, Editor, E. M. Forster: A Tribute, With Selections from his Writings on India, Contributors: Ahmed Ali, Mulk Raj Anand, Narayana Menon, Raja Rao & Santha Rama Rau, (On Forster's Eighty Fifth Birthday), Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., New York, 1 January 1964.
• Verduin, Kathleen, "Medievalism, Classicism, and the Fiction of E.M. Forster," in: Medievalism in the Modern World. Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman, ed. Richard Utz and Tom Shippey (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), pp. 263–86.
• Wilde, Alan, Art and Order. A Study of E.M. Forster (New York, 1967).
• Chanda, S.M. 'A Passage to India: A Close Look' in A Collection of Critical Essays Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: E. M. Forster

Wikisource has original works written by or about: E. M. Forster

General portals

• Aspects of E.M. Forster
• 'Only Connect': The unofficial Forster site
• Pharos: E. M. Forster
• The Zen Spirit in Forster

Sources

• Works by E. M. Forster at Project Gutenberg (plain text and HTML)
• Works by E. M. Forster at Internet Archive (scanned early editions illustrated)
• E.M. Forster Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
• P. N. Furbank & F. J. H. Haskell (Spring 1953). "E. M. Forster, The Art of Fiction No. 1". The Paris Review. http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5219/the-art-of-fiction-no-1-e-m-forster. 
• Mary Lago Collection at the University of Missouri Libraries. Research papers of a Forster scholar.

LGBT

• With Downcast Gays, Andrew Hodges and David Hutter, The Gay Liberation pamphlet (1974)
• E.M. Forster on glbtq.com

v t e Works by E. M. Forster Novels Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905) The Longest Journey (1907) A Room with a View (1908) Howards End (1910) A Passage to India (1924) Maurice (1971) Short stories The Celestial Omnibus (1911) The Eternal Moment (1928) "The Machine Stops" "The Life to Come" "The Classical Annex" "The Other Boat"

Sinclair Lewis
Born	Harry Sinclair Lewis (1885-02-07)February 7, 1885 Sauk Centre, Minnesota
Died	January 10, 1951(1951-01-10) (aged 65) Rome, Italy
Occupation	Novelist, playwright, short story writer
Nationality	American
Notable award(s)	Nobel Prize in Literature 1930

Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters." His works are known for their insightful^[1] and critical views of American society and capitalist values, as well as for their strong characterizations of modern working women.

He has been honored by the U.S. Postal Service with a Great Americans series postage stamp.

Biography[link]

Childhood and education[link]

Born in the village of Sauk Centre, Minnesota, Lewis began reading books at a young age and kept a diary. He had two siblings, Fred (born 1875) and Claude (born 1878). His father, Edwin J. Lewis, was a physician and a stern disciplinarian who had difficulty relating to his sensitive, unathletic third son. Lewis's mother, Emma Kermott Lewis, died in 1891. The following year, Edwin Lewis married Isabel Warner, whose company young Lewis apparently enjoyed. Throughout his lonely boyhood, the ungainly Lewis — tall, extremely thin, stricken with acne and somewhat popeyed — had trouble gaining friends and pined after various local girls. At the age of 13 he unsuccessfully ran away from home, wanting to become a drummer boy in the Spanish-American War.^[2]

Sinclair Lewis's boyhood home located in Minnesota. It now serves as a museum.

In late 1902 Lewis left home for a year at Oberlin Academy (the then-preparatory department of Oberlin College) to qualify for acceptance by Yale University. While at Oberlin, he developed a religious enthusiasm that waxed and waned for much of his remaining teenage years. He entered Yale in 1903 but did not receive his bachelor's degree until 1908, having taken time off to work at Helicon Home Colony, Upton Sinclair's cooperative-living colony in Englewood, New Jersey, and to travel to Panama. Lewis's unprepossessing looks, "fresh" country manners and seemingly self-important loquacity made it difficult for him to win and keep friends at Oberlin and Yale. He did initiate a few relatively long-lived friendships among students and professors, some of whom recognized his promise as a writer.^[3]

Early career[link]

Sinclair Lewis in 1914

Lewis's earliest published creative work—romantic poetry and short sketches—appeared in the Yale Courant and the Yale Literary Magazine, of which he became an editor. After graduation Lewis moved from job to job and from place to place in an effort to make ends meet, write fiction for publication and to chase away boredom. While working for newspapers and publishing houses (and for a time at the Carmel-by-the-Sea, California writers' colony), he developed a facility for turning out shallow, popular stories that were purchased by a variety of magazines. He also earned money by selling plots to Jack London, including one for the latter's unfinished novel The Assassination Bureau, Ltd.

Lewis's first published book was Hike and the Aeroplane, a Tom Swift-style potboiler that appeared in 1912 under the pseudonym Tom Graham.

Sinclair Lewis's first serious novel, Our Mr. Wrenn: The Romantic Adventures of a Gentle Man, appeared in 1914, followed by The Trail of the Hawk: A Comedy of the Seriousness of Life (1915) and The Job (1917). That same year also saw the publication of another potboiler, The Innocents: A Story for Lovers, an expanded version of a serial story that had originally appeared in Woman's Home Companion. Free Air, another refurbished serial story, was published in 1919.

Marriage and family[link]

In 1914 Lewis married Grace Livingston Hegger, an editor at Vogue magazine. They had one son, Wells Lewis (1917–1944), named after British author H. G. Wells. Wells Lewis was killed in action while serving in the U.S. Army in World War II.

Lewis divorced Grace in 1925. On May 14, 1928, he married Dorothy Thompson, a political newspaper columnist. Later in 1928, he and Dorothy purchased a second home in rural Vermont.^[4] They had a son, Michael Lewis, in 1930. Their marriage had virtually ended by 1937, and they divorced in 1942. Michael Lewis became an actor, and died in 1975 at age 44.

Commercial success[link]

Upon moving to Washington, D.C., Lewis devoted himself to writing. As early as 1916, he began taking notes for a realistic novel about small-town life. Work on that novel continued through mid-1920, when he completed Main Street, which was published on October 23, 1920.^[5] As his biographer Mark Schorer wrote, the phenomenal success of Main Street "was the most sensational event in twentieth-century American publishing history."^[6] Based on sales of his prior books, Lewis's most optimistic projection was a sale of 25,000 copies. In the first six months of 1921, Main Street sold 180,000 [ this figure needs verifying, since it does not agree with the figure of 250,000 copies mentioned in the separate Main Street (novel) Wiki entry ], and within a few years, sales were estimated at two million.^[7] According to Richard Lingeman, "Main Street earned Sinclair Lewis about three million current [2002] dollars".^{[citation needed]}

Sinclair Lewis's former residence in Washington, D.C.

Lewis followed up this first great success with Babbitt (1922), a novel that satirized the American commercial culture and boosterism. The story was set in the fictional Midwestern town of Zenith, Winnemac, a setting to which Lewis would return in future novels, including Gideon Planish and Dodsworth.

Lewis continued his success in the 1920s with Arrowsmith (1925), a novel about the challenges faced by an idealistic doctor. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize (which Lewis refused). Adapted as a 1931 Hollywood film directed by John Ford and starring Ronald Colman, it was nominated for four Academy Awards.

Next Lewis published Elmer Gantry (1927), which depicted an evangelical minister as deeply hypocritical. The novel was denounced by many religious leaders and banned in some U.S. cities. Adapted for the screen more than a generation later, the novel was the basis of the 1960 movie starring Burt Lancaster, who earned a Best Actor Oscar for his performance.

Lewis closed out the decade with Dodsworth (1929), a novel about the most affluent and successful members of American society. He portrayed them as leading essentially pointless lives in spite of great wealth and advantages. The book was adapted for the Broadway stage in 1934 by Sidney Howard, who also wrote the screenplay for the 1936 film version. Directed by William Wyler and a great success at the time, the film is still highly regarded. In 1990, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, and in 2005 Time magazine named it one of the "100 Best Movies" of the past 80 years.^[8]

During the late 1920s and 1930s, Lewis wrote many short stories for a variety of magazines and publications. "Little Bear Bongo" (1936), a tale about a bear cub who wanted to escape the circus in search of a better life in the real world, was published in Cosmopolitan magazine.^[9] The story was acquired by Walt Disney Pictures in 1940 for a possible feature film. World War II sidetracked those plans until 1947. Disney used the story (now titled "Bongo") as part of its feature Fun and Fancy Free.

Alcoholism[link]

After an alcoholic binge in 1937, Lewis checked into the Austen Riggs Center, a psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, for treatment. His doctors gave Lewis a blunt assessment that he needed to decide "whether he was going to live without alcohol or die by it, one or the other."^[10] Lewis checked out after 10 days, lacking, one of his physicians wrote to a colleague, any "fundamental understanding of his problem."^[10]

Nobel Prize[link]

In 1930, Lewis won the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first writer from the United States to receive the award. In the Swedish Academy's presentation speech, special attention was paid to Babbitt. In his Nobel Lecture, Lewis praised Theodore Dreiser, Willa Cather, Ernest Hemingway, and other contemporaries, but also lamented that "in America most of us — not readers alone, but even writers — are still afraid of any literature which is not a glorification of everything American, a glorification of our faults as well as our virtues," and that America is "the most contradictory, the most depressing, the most stirring, of any land in the world today." He also offered a profound criticism of the American literary establishment: "Our American professors like their literature clear and cold and pure and very dead."^[11]

Later years[link]

After winning the Nobel Prize, Lewis wrote eleven more novels, ten of which appeared in his lifetime. The best remembered is It Can't Happen Here, a novel about the election of a fascist to the American presidency.

Kingsblood Royal (1947) is set in the fictional city Grand Republic, Minnesota, an enlarged and updated version of Zenith. Based on the Sweet Trials in Detroit, in which an African-American doctor was denied the chance to purchase a house in a "white" section of the city, Kingsblood Royal was a powerful and very early contribution to the civil rights movement.

Lewis died in Rome on January 10, 1951, aged 65, from advanced alcoholism. His cremated remains were buried in Sauk Centre. A final novel, World So Wide (1951), was published posthumously.

William Shirer, a friend and admirer of Lewis, disputes accounts that Lewis died of alcoholism per se. He reported that Lewis had a heart attack and that his doctors advised him to stop drinking if he wanted to live. Lewis did not, and perhaps could not, stop; he died when his heart stopped.^[12]

In summing up Lewis' career, Shirer concludes, "It has become rather commonplace for so-called literary critics to write off Sinclair Lewis as a novelist. Compared to...Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Dos Passos, and Faulkner...Lewis lacked style. Yet his impact on modern American life...was greater than all of the other four writers together."^[12]

Parodies and satires[link]

In The New Yorker, Wolcott Gibbs once published a spoof of Lewis' novel Cass Timberlane which he titled "Shad Ampersand."

See also[link]

• Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home
• The Palmer House (Sauk Centre)

Works[link]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Mark Schorer, Sinclair Lewis: An American Life (McGraw-Hill, 1961)
• Richard R. Lingeman, Sinclair Lewis: Rebel From Main Street (Borealis Books, 2002)

Further reading[link]

• Lingeman, Richard ed. Sinclair Lewis: Main Street & Babbitt (Library of America, 1992) ISBN 978-0-940450-61-5
• Lingeman, Richard ed. Sinclair Lewis: Arrowsmith, Elmer Gantry, Dodsworth (Library of America, 2002) ISBN 978-1-931082-08-2
• D. J. Dooley, The Art of Sinclair Lewis, 1967.
• Martin Light, The Quixotic Vision of Sinclair Lewis, 1975.
• Modern Fiction Studies, vol. 31.3, Autumn 1985, special issues on Sinclair Lewis.
• Sinclair Lewis at 100: Papers Presented at a Centennial Conference, 1985.
• Martin Bucco, Main Street: The Revolt of Carol Kennicott, 1993.
• James M. Hutchisson, The Rise of Sinclair Lewis, 1920–1930, 1996.
• Glen A. Love, Babbitt: An American Life
• Stephen R. Pastore, Sinclair Lewis: A Descriptive Bibliography, 1997.
• Stephen R. Pastore, Sinclair Lewis: A Descriptive Bibliography, 2d ed. 2009.

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Sinclair Lewis

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Sinclair Lewis

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sinclair Lewis

• Online collection of works
• Babbitt from American Studies at the University of Virginia.
• Works by Sinclair Lewis at Project Gutenberg
• Works by Sinclair Lewis at Project Gutenberg Australia
• Sinclair Lewis at the Internet Movie Database
• Sinclair Lewis at the Internet Broadway Database
• his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters.
• Sinclair Lewis Society
• Autobiography
• "Sinclair Lewis: The Man From Main Street" WBGU-PBS documentary
• Hutchisson, The Rise of Sinclair Lewis, 1920-1930, Penn State Press, 2001 ISBN 0-271-02123-3
• A Tribute To Two Sinclairs Sinclair Lewis & Upton Sinclair
• Sinclair Lewis at Find a Grave
• Booknotes interview with Richard Lingeman on Sinclair Lewis: Rebel From Mainstreet, March 10, 2002.