Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov

Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (Russian: Влади́мир Григо́рьевич Шу́хов; August 28 [O.S. August 16] 1853 – February 2, 1939) was a Russian engineer-polymath, scientist and architect renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for structural engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design of world's first hyperboloid structures,^[1] lattice shell structures,^[2] tensile structures,^[2] gridshell structures,^[2] oil reservoirs, pipelines, boilers, ships and barges.

Besides the innovations he brought to the oil industry and the construction of numerous bridges and buildings, Shukhov was the inventor of a new family of doubly curved structural forms. These forms, based on non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry, are known today as hyperboloids of revolution. Shukhov developed not only many varieties of light-weight hyperboloid towers and roof systems, but also the mathematics for their analysis. Shukhov is particularly reputed for his original designs of hyperboloid towers such as the Shukhov Tower.

Biography[link]

Factory of Shukhov cracking process, Baku, USSR, 1932

Vladimir Shukhov was born in a town of Graivoron, Belgorod uezd, Kursk gubernia (in present-day Belgorod Oblast) into a petty noble family. His father Grigory Ivanovich Shukhov was a minor government official, promoted for his efforts in the Crimean War. For a while, Grigory served as Mayor of Graivoron and later as an administrator in Warsaw.

In 1864 Vladimir entered Saint Petersburg gymnasium from which he graduated with distinction in 1871. During his high school years he showed mathematical talents, once demonstrating to his classmates and teacher an original proof of the Pythagorean theorem. The teacher praised his skills but he failed the grade for violating the textbook's guidelines.

The world's first hyperboloid structure by Shukhov, Nizhny Novgorod, 1896

After graduating from the gymnasium, Shukhov entered the Imperial Moscow Technical School, in which his teachers included Pafnuty Chebyshev, Aleksey Letnikov, and Nikolay Zhukovsky. In 1876 Shukhov graduated from the school with distinction and a Gold Medal. Chebyshev proposed to him a job as a lecturer in mathematics at the Imperial Moscow Technical School, but Shukhov decided to seek a job in the industry instead.

Thereupon Shukhov went to Philadelphia, to work on the Russian pavilion at the World's Fair and to study the inner workings of the American industry. During his stay in the US Shukhov came to know a Russian-American entrepreneur, Alexander Veniaminovich Bari (Александр Вениаминович Бари) who also worked on the organization of the Fair.

In 1877 Shukhov returned to Russia and joined the drafting office of the Warsaw-Vienna railroad. Within several months, Shukhov's frustration with standard and routine engineering made him abandon the office and join a military-medical academy.

Shukhov Tower in Moscow. It is currently under threat of demolition, and there is an international campaign to save it.

On his coming to Russia in 1877, Bari persuaded Shukhov to give up his medical education and to assume the office of Chief Engineer in a new company specializing in innovative engineering. Shukhov worked with Bari at this company until the October Revolution. Their works revolutionized many areas of civil engineering, ship engineering, and oil industry. The thermal cracking method, the Shukhov cracking process, was patented by Vladimir Shukhov in 1891.

Shukhov always found time for a passionate hobby – photography.^[3] The photographic works of Shukhov opened new trends ahead of their flourishing of Fine art photography. He made photos in various genres: reporting, city landscape, portrait, constructivism. About two thousand photos and negatives made by Shukhov have survived until this day.

After the October Revolution Shukhov decided to stay in the Soviet Union despite having received alluring job offers from around the world. Many signal Soviet engineering projects of the 1920s were associated with his name. In 1919 he framed his slogan: We should work independently from politics. The buildings, boilers, beams would be needed and so would we. In the later 1930s during the Great Purge he retired from engineering work but was not arrested or persecuted.

Shukov died on February 2, 1939 in Moscow and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. His many honours included the Lenin Prize (1929) and the title of Hero of Labour (1932).

Works[link]

Passage of Upper Trading Rows (GUM) in Moscow.

The glass roof on the Pushkin Museum, 1899-1912 — video, 2011

Vladimir Shukhov is often referred as the Russian Edison for the sheer quantity and quality of his pioneering works. He was one of the first to develop practical calculations of stresses and deformations of beams, shells and membranes on elastic foundation. These theoretical results allowed him to design the first Russian oil tanker, new types of oil tanker barges, and a new type of oil reservoirs. The same principle of the shell on an elastic foundation allowed to theoretically calculate the optimal diameter, wall thickness and fluid speed for the fluid pipelines. Shukhov's projects were instrumental in constructing:

• An oil pipeline, the first in the Russian Empire, between Balkhany and Cherny Gorod near Baku (12 km, 1878 complete, used by the Branobel). By 1883 the total length of Shukhov-designed, Bari-built oil pipelines in Baku exceeded 94 km, transporting 30,000 barrels of oil per day. In 1894, a similar pipeline network was built in Grozny. Shukhov designed the first Trans-Caucasian kerosene pipeline between Baku and Batumi (835 km long) and Grozny-Tuapse pipeline (618 km long).

• A superior design for water-mains. Shukhov designed (and Bari built) complete water-supply systems for the cities of Cherkassy, Tambov, Kharkov, Voronezh and many others. In that age of infectious diseases his water-supply systems literally saved thousands of lives.
• A superior design for oil-tanker barges (less than half of the metal previously required), 84 150-meters long barges were built (mostly for the Volga river) as well as the first Russian seaworthy oil tanker ship. His approach to the ship strength analysis (using the model of a shell on an elastic foundation) was absolutely novel for that time.
• Shukhov-designed inexpensive oil tanks with the bottom calculated as a membrane on elastic foundation. They became very popular among oil-producers of the Imperial Russia. By 1881, 130 such tanks were built in Baku alone.

Shukhov made important contributions to the chemical industry:

• He designed and built an oil cracking plant. His patents (Shukhov cracking process - patent of Russian empire No. 12926 from November 27, 1891) on cracking were used to invalidate Standard Oil's patents (Burton process – Patent of USA No. 1,049,667 on January 7, 1913) on oil refineries.

• He designed an original oil pump. Shukhov's pumps revolutionized Baku's oil industry allowing to increase its oil output.
• He designed one of the first furnaces that used the residual oil: before his works the residual oil was considered a waste and was discarded, due to his works it became recognized as an important technical product known as a fuel oil.

Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early Soviet Russia. As a leading specialist of metallic structures (hyperboloid structures, thin-shell structures, tensile structures), he may be compared with Gustave Eiffel. Shukhov's innovative and exquisite constructions still grace many towns across the former Russian Empire:

• Eight thin-shell structures exhibition pavilions for the All-Russia Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod of 1896, covering the area of 27,000 m², and featuring an unorthodox water-tower that served as a model for more than 30 similar structures built in Imperial Russia, and thousands around the world now.

The world's first double curvature steel gridshell by Shukhov (during construction), Vyksa near Nizhny Novgorod, 1897.

• About 200 original towers (hyperboloid steel gridshells) all over the world, the most famous being the 160-meter-high Shukhov Tower in Moscow (1922) and 70-meter-high Adziogol Lighthouse near Kherson (1910). On Shukhov's 110th birthday in 1963 Soviet Union issued a postal stamp showing Shukhov and his tower (pictured).
• Spacious elongated shop galleries, bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults, notably the Upper Trade Rows on Red Square (1889–94), Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts (1898–1912) and Petrovka Passage (1903–06).
• Enormous metal arch vaulting for the Municipal Railway Park (1908) and the Kievskiy Railway Station in Moscow (1912–17).
• The colossal hall of the Central Post Office, Moscow (1911–13).
• Truss-supported metal framework for the Central Universal Store in Moscow (1906–08).
• A rotating scene for the Moscow Art Theatre.
• Several Constructivist projects, designed in collaboration with Konstantin Melnikov, notably the Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage (1926–28) and Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage (1926–29).
• More than 180 bridges across the Volga, Yenisey, Dnieper, and other rivers.
• Stabilization Minaret of the Madrasah Ulugh Beg in Samarkand (Shukhov's last engineering work).

See also[link]

The World First Membrane roof and steel tensile gridshell in the Shukhov Rotunda, Nizhny Novgorod, 1895

• Shukhov cracking process
• Gridshell
• Hyperboloid structure
• Tensile and membrane structures
• Constructivist architecture
• All-Russia exhibition 1896
• History of structural engineering

Major works[link]

• Grozny-Tuapse pipeline
• Shukhov Tower
• Shukhov Rotunda
• Adziogol Lighthouse
• The world's first Hyperboloid structure
• Shukhov tower on the Oka River
• Pushkin Museum
• Moscow GUM
• Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage
• Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage
• Kievskiy Railway Station
• Hotel Metropol (Moscow)
• Petrovsky Passage
• Water-main in Cherkassy

References[link]

Hyperboloid Adziogol Lighthouse by V.G.Shukhov near Kherson, Ukraine, 1911

Shukhov and his tower as they appear on a 1963 Soviet postage stamp commemorating the 110th anniversary of his birth

(English)

• Shukhov and Oil Industry
• Spherical (VR) pano in the world's first hyperboloid structure
• Shukhov Tower in Moscow – video
• Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov information at Structurae – architectural works
• Biography of Shukhov
• Vladimir Shukhov at the archINFORM database
• Karl-Eugen Kurrer, "The History of the Theory of Structures: From Arch Analysis to Computational Mechanics", 2008, ISBN 978-3-433-01838-5
• "The Nijni-Novgorod exhibition: Water tower, room under construction, springing of 91 feet span", "The Engineer", № 19.3.1897, P.292-294, London, 1897.
• William Craft Brumfield: "The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture", University of California Press, 1991, ISBN 0-520-06929-3.
• Elizabeth C. English: "Invention of Hyperboloid Structures", Metropolis & Beyond, 2005.
• Elizabeth C. English: “Arkhitektura i mnimosti”: The origins of Soviet avant-garde rationalist architecture in the Russian mystical-philosophical and mathematical intellectual tradition”, a dissertation in architecture, 264 p., University of Pennsylvania, 2000.
• Valeri Fedorov: "Telecommunications grid architecture in the former Soviet Union", Global Consultants, 1992, ISBN 1-881874-07-9
• Photographic works of Shukhov

(German)

• Die sparsame Konstruktion
• Rainer Graefe, Jos Tomlow: “Vladimir G. Suchov 1853-1939. Die Kunst der sparsamen Konstruktion.”, 192 S., Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1990, ISBN 3-421-02984-9.
• Jesberg, Paulgerd: "Die Geschichte der Bauingenieurkunst", Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart (Germany), ISBN 3-421-03078-2, 1996; pp. 198–9.
• Ricken, Herbert: "Der Bauingenieur", Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin (Germany), ISBN 3-345-00266-3, 1994; pp. 230.
• Suchov und Gaudi

(French)

• Picon, Antoine (dir.): "L'art de l'ingenieur : constructeur, entrepreneur, inventeur", Éditions du Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, 1997, ISBN 2-85850-911-5

(Italian)

• Fausto Giovannardi: "Vladimir G. Shukhov e la leggerezza dell’acciaio", Borgo San Lorenzo, 2007.

(Russian)

• Шухов В. Г.: Избранные труды, том 1, «Строительная механика», 192 стр., под ред. А. Ю. Ишлинского, Академия наук СССР, Москва, 1977.
• Шухов В. Г.: Избранные труды, том 2, «Гидротехника», 222 стр., под ред. А. Е. Шейндлина, Академия наук СССР, Москва, 1981.
• Шухов В. Г.: Избранные труды, том 3, «Нефтепереработка. Теплотехника», 102 стр., под ред. А. Е. Шейндлина, Академия наук СССР, Москва, 1982.
• Грефе Р. и др.: «В. Г. Шухов (1853—1939). Искусство конструкции.», «Мир», Москва, 1994, ISBN 5-03-002917-6.
• Шухова Е. М.: «Владимир Григорьевич Шухов. Первый инженер России.», 368 стр., Изд. МГТУ, Москва, 2003, ISBN 5-7038-2295-5.
• "В.Г.Шухов – выдающийся инженер и ученый", Труды Объединенной научной сессии Академии наук СССР, посвященной научному и инженерному творчеству почетного академика В.Г.Шухова. М.: Наука, 1984, 96 с.
• Петропавловская И.А.: "Владимир Григорьевич Шухов, 1853-1939", Москва, "Наука", 2004, ISBN 5-02-033173-2.
• Российский государственный архив научно-технической документации (РГАНТД): "Документальное наследие выдающегося российского инженера В.Г. Шухова в архивах" (межархивный справочник), ред. Шапошников А.С., Медведева Г.А.; 181 стр., издание РГАНТД, Москва, 2008.

Photos of Works[link]

• 

  The world's first hyperboloid structure by Vladimir Shukhov, Polibino, Lipetsk Oblast, 2009

• 

  Rotunda and rectangular pavilion, Nizhny Novgorod, 1896

• 

  Upper Trading Rows (GUM) in Moscow

• 

  Shukhov Tower Project of 350 metres, 1919

• 

  Lattice hyperboloid structure of the World's First Shukhov Tower

• 

  Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow

• 

  Shukhov towers on the Oka River, 1988

• 

  Shukhov towers on the Oka River in the suburb of Nizhniy Novgorod, 1988

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Vladimir Shukhov

Vladimir (English) Владимир (Russian)
-  City[citation needed]  -
View of Vladimir
Location of Vladimir Oblast in Russia
Vladimir Location of Vladimir in Vladimir Oblast
Coordinates: 56°09′N 40°25′E / 56.15°N 40.417°E / 56.15; 40.417Coordinates: 56°09′N 40°25′E / 56.15°N 40.417°E / 56.15; 40.417
Coat of arms	Flag
City Day	The first Sunday of September[citation needed]
Administrative status (as of April 2011)
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Vladimir Oblast[1]
Administratively subordinated to	City of Vladimir[1]
Administrative center of	Vladimir Oblast[1]
Municipal status (as of August 2009)
Urban okrug	Vladimir Urban Okrug[2]
Administrative center of	Vladimir Urban Okrug[2]
Head[citation needed]	Sergey Sakharov[citation needed]
Representative body	Council of People's Deputies[citation needed]
Statistics
Area	308 km2 (119 sq mi)[citation needed]
Population (2010 Census, preliminary)	345,598 inhabitants[3]
- Rank in 2010	51st
Population (2002 Census)	315,954 inhabitants[4]
- Rank in 2002	58th
Density	1,122 /km2 (2,910 /sq mi)[5]
Time zone	MSK (UTC+04:00)[6]
Founded	990 or 1108(see text)
Dialing code(s)	+7 4922[citation needed]
Official website
Vladimir on WikiCommons

Vladimir (Russian: Влади́мир; IPA: [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr]) is a city and the administrative center of Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the Klyazma River, 200 kilometers (120 mi) to the east of Moscow along the M7 motorway. Population: 345,598 (2010 Census preliminary results);^[3] 315,954 (2002 Census);^[4] 349,702 (1989 Census).^[7]

Vladimir was one of the medieval capitals of Russia, and two of its cathedrals are a World Heritage Site. It is served by the Semyazino Airport, and during the Cold War Vladimir was host to Dobrynskoye air base.

History[link]

Foundation date controversy[link]

Assumption Cathedral was a venerated model for cathedrals all over Russia

The area occupied by the city of Vladimir has been inhabited by humans (at least intermittently) for approximately 25,000 years (see Sungir). Traditionally, the founding date of Vladimir has been acknowledged as 1108, as the first mention of Vladimir in the Primary Chronicle appears under that year. This view attributes the founding of the city, and its name, to Vladimir Monomakh, who inherited the region as part of the Rostov-Suzdal Principality in 1093. In 1958, the 850th anniversary of the city foundation was celebrated, with many monuments from the celebrations adorning the city squares.

In the 1990s, a new opinion developed that the city is older than this. Scholars reinterpreted certain passages in the Hypatian Codex, which mentions that the region was visited by Vladimir the Great, the "father" of Russian Orthodoxy, in 990, so as to move the city foundation date to that year. The defenders of the previously uncontested founding year of 1108 dispute the claims of those who support the new date, arguing that the new theory was fabricated in order to provide a reason to have a celebration in 1995.

The neighboring town of Suzdal, for instance, was mentioned in 1024, and yet its 12th century inhabitants alluded to Vladimir as a young town and treated its rulers with arrogance. In the words of a major chronicle, they said that the people of Vladimir were "their kholops and scions". In the seniority conflicts of the 12th and early 13th centuries, Vladimir was repeatedly described as a "young town" compared to Suzdal and Rostov. The Charter of Vladimir, the basic law of the city passed in 2005, explicitly mentions 990 as the date of the city's foundation.^[8]

Golden Age[link]

St. Demetrius' Cathedral is famous for its masterfully carved exterior, representing the Biblical story of King David. The photo was taken in 1912.

Regardless of which founding date is most accurate, the city's most historically significant events occurred after the turn of the 12th century. Serving its original purpose as a defensive outpost for the Rostov-Suzdal principality, Vladimir had little political or military influence throughout the reign of Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125), or his son Yury Dolgoruky ("long arms") (1154–1157).

It was only under Dolgoruky's son, Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157–1175), that it became the center of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Thus began the city's Golden Age, which lasted until the Mongol invasion of Russia in 1237. During this time Vladimir enjoyed immense growth and prosperity, and Andrei oversaw the building of the Golden Gates and the Cathedral of the Assumption. In 1164, Andrei even attempted to establish a new metropolitanate in Vladimir, separate from that of Kiev, but was rebuffed by the Patriarch of Constantinople.^[9]

Scores of Russian, German, and Georgian masons worked on Vladimir's white stone cathedrals, towers, and palaces. Unlike any other northern buildings, their exterior was elaborately carved with the high relief stone sculptures. Only three of these edifices stand today: the Assumption Cathedral, the Cathedral of Saint Demetrius, and the Golden Gate. During Andrei's reign, a royal palace in Bogolyubovo was built, as well as the world-famous Intercession Church on the Nerl, now considered one of the jewels of ancient Russian architecture. Andrei was assassinated at his palace at Bogolyubovo in 1175.

Decline[link]

The main church of the Princesses' Convent was built by Ivan III of Moscow to replace an old crumbling church where the consorts of the Vladimir-Suzdal monarchs had been buried

Vladimir was besieged by the Mongol-Tatar hordes under Batu Khan, and finally overrun on February 8, 1238. A great fire destroyed thirty-two limestone buildings on the first day alone, while the grand prince's family perished in a church where they sought refuge from the flames. The grand prince himself managed to escape, only to fall at the Battle of the Sit River the following month.

After the Mongols, Vladimir never fully recovered, and even though the most important Rus prince (usually the Prince of Moscow, but sometimes of Tver or another principality) was styled the Grand Prince of Vladimir, the title had become merely an honorific symbol of majesty. From 1299 to 1325, the city was seat of the metropolitans of Kiev and All Rus, until Metropolitan Peter moved the see to Moscow. The Grand Prince of Vladimir were originally crowned in Vladimir's Assumption Cathedral, but when Moscow superseded Vladimir as the seat of the Grand Prince, the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin, loosely copied by the Italian architect Aristotele Fioravanti from Vladimir's original, became the site where the grand princes were crowned. Even after the rise of Moscow though, Grand Princes of Moscow built several new churches in Vladimir, notably the Annunciation church at Snovitsy (ca. 1501), three kilometers north-west of the city, and a charming church in the Knyaginin nunnery (ca. 1505), with murals dating to 1648.

Remains of the prince-saint Alexander Nevsky were kept in the ancient Nativity abbey of Vladimir until 1703, when Peter the Great had them transferred to the Monastery (now Lavra) of Aleksandr Nevsky in St. Petersburg. The Nativity church itself (1191–1196) collapsed several years later, when an attempt was made to make more windows in its walls in an effort to brighten the interior.

Administrative and municipal status[link]

Administratively, along with seventeen rural localities, it is incorporated as the City of Vladimir—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[1] Municipally, the City of Vladimir is incorporated as Vladimir Urban Okrug.^[2]

Climate[link]

Vladimir experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers.

Sightseeing[link]

Modern Vladimir is a part of the Golden ring of the ancient Russian cities and a significant tourist center. Its three chief monuments, White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, inscribed by UNESCO on the World Heritage List, are the following:

1. The magnificent five-domed Assumption Cathedral was designed as a sepulcher of grand princes and dedicated to the holy icon Theotokos of Vladimir, which had been brought to the city by Andrew the Pious. The cathedral was constructed in 1158–1160, expanded in 1185–1189, and painted by the great Andrei Rublev and Daniil Chyorny in 1408. In 1810, they added a lofty bell-tower in Neoclassical style.
2. The warrior-like cathedral of St. Demetrius was built in 1194–1197 as a private chapel of Vsevolod the Big Nest in the courtyard of his palace and was consecrated to his holy patron, St. Demetrius. For all its formal unity, the cathedral represents a truly international project of Russian and Byzantine masters, Friedrich Barbarossa's masons, and carvers sent by Queen Tamar of Georgia.
3. The Golden Gate, originally a tower over the city's main gate, was built in 1158–1164. The gate acquired its present form after having been grossly reconstructed in the late 18th century, to prevent the dilapidated structure from tumbling down.

Other remarkable monuments of pre-Mongol Russian architecture are scattered in the vicinity. For more information on them, see Suzdal, Yuriev-Polsky, Bogolyubovo, and Kideksha.

Modern Vladimir[link]

Lenina Avenue in Vladimir

Economy[link]

Vladimir is home to several electrical and chemical factories, several food processing plants, two large thermal power stations, and the headquarters of the 27th Guards Missile Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces. Tourism related to the historical sites is a major contributor to the city economy.

Education[link]

Vladimir is home to the following education establishments:

• Vladimir State University
• Vladimir Judicial Institute of the Ministry of Justice
• Vladimir Business Institute
• The American Home English & Russian Language School

Vladimir is also home to the Federal Centre for Animal Health and Welfare.

Transport[link]

Vladimir is linked to Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod by railway and the M7 highway. Local transport includes buses, trolleybuses,fixed-route minivans, and taxis. Taxi and some minivan service is available 24 hours a day.

Sports[link]

The city association football team, FC Torpedo Vladimir, currently plays in the Football Championship of the National League (former Russian First Division), having entered the second level of Russian professional football after seventeen years of competing in Russian Second Division and Russian Third League. Vladimir VC (previously known as Skat and Dinamo Vladimir) represents the city in Volleyball Major League B – Zone Europe.

Vladimir is also home to Polaris-Vladimir ice hockey club, which competes in regional hockey competitions and Russian minor leagues, and both male and female Luch table-tennis teams.

International relations[link]

Twin towns and sister cities[link]

Vladimir is twinned with:^[11]

• Anghiari, Italy
• Baotze, China
• Bloomington-Normal, United States
• Campobasso, Italy
• Canterbury, United Kingdom
• Cebu, Philippines^[12]
• Chongqing, China
• Erlangen, Germany
• Kerava, Finland
• Kardzhali, Bulgaria
• Nara, Japan
• Sarasota, United States
• Trento, Italy
• Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
• Jelenia Góra, Poland

Notable people[link]

• Valentin Afonin, association football player
• Nikolai Andrianov, gymnast
• Vladimir Artemov, gymnast
• Aleksey Batalov, actor
• Mikhail Lazarev, admiral
• Yuri Levitan, radio announcer
• Alexey Prokurorov, cross-country skier
• Yuri Ryazanov, gymnast
• Vasily Shulgin, politician
• Mikhail Speransky, statesman
• Aleksandr Stoletov, physicist
• Nikolai Stoletov, general
• Sergei Taneyev, composer
• Dmitri Vyazmikin, association football player
• Denis Yevsikov, association football player
• Nikolay Zhukovsky, scientist
• Anna Loginova, fashion model

References[link]

Notes[link]

Sources[link]

• Законодательное Собрание Владимирской области. Закон №130-ОЗ от 10 декабря 2001 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения», в ред. Закона №24-ОЗ от 27 апреля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в статьи 8, 9 Закона Владимирской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (13 декабря 2001 г.). Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №232, 13 декабря 2001 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vladimir Oblast. Law #130-OZ of December 10, 2001 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vladimir Oblast and on Procedures for Its Change, as amended by the Law #24-OZ of April 27, 2011 On Amending Articles 8, 9 of the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vladimir Oblast and on Procedures for Its Change". Effective as of the day of the official publication (December 13, 2001).).
• Законодательное Собрание Владимирской области. Закон №189-ОЗ от 26 ноября 2004 г. «О наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования город Владимир Владимирской области», в ред. Закона №108-ОЗ от 10 августа 2009 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Владимирской области "О наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования город Владимир Владимирской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (1 декабря 2004 г.). Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №333, 1 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vladimir Oblast. Law #189-OZ of November 26, 2004 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir of Vladimir Oblast, as amended by the Law #108-OZ of August 10, 2009 On Amending the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir of Vladimir Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication (December 1, 2004).).

Further reading[link]

• Craft Brumfield, William (2004). A History of Russian Architecture. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98394-3. 

External links[link]

• Official website of Vladimir (Russian)
• Vladimir travel guide from Wikitravel
• Tourist information on Vladimir
• The American Home in Vladimir

v t e Cities and towns in Vladimir Oblast Administrative center: Vladimir Alexandrov Gorokhovets Gus-Khrustalny Kameshkovo Karabanovo Kirzhach Kolchugino Kosteryovo Kovrov Kurlovo Lakinsk Melenki Murom Petushki Pokrov Raduzhny Sobinka Strunino Sudogda Suzdal Vladimir Vyazniki Yuryev-Polsky

v t e Golden Ring of Russia Alexandrov Bogolyubovo Gorokhovets Gus-Khrustalny Ivanovo Kideksha Kostroma Moscow Palekh Pereslavl-Zalessky Plyos Rostov Sergiyev Posad Suzdal Tutayev Uglich Vladimir Yaroslavl Yuryev-Polsky

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Armin Grün (b. April 27, 1944 in Bad Berneck, Germany) was since 1984 Professor and Head of the Chair of Photogrammetry at the Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry (IGP), Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland. Since 1 August 2009 he is retired and is now with the Institute of Historic Building Research and Conservation, ETH Zurich Faculty of Architecture. For the coming five years he works part-time as Principal Investigator for the Simulation Platform of the Singapore - ETH Centre for Global Environmental Sustainability (SEC) project Future Cities Laboratory (FCL).

Awards and honors[link]

Armin Grün's major international awards and honors include the Otto von Gruber Gold Medal (ISPRS, 1980), Talbert Abrams Award Grand Trophy (ASPRS, 1985 and 1995), with Honorable Mention 1989, Fairchild Award (ASPRS, 1994), Miegunyah Distinguished Fellowship Award of the University of Melbourne 1999, ISPRS U.V. Helava Award 2000, E.H. Thompson Award 2005, ISPRS Brock Gold Medal Award 2008, Dr. Boon Indrabarya Gold Medal Award 2009, Corresponding Membership of the German Geodetic Commission, Munich, Ordinary Member of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI), Honorary Professorships of the Wuhan University, Wuhan, China and Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China, Honorary Member of the Japan Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (JSPRS), Fellow Professor at the Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan, Visiting Chair Professor of the National Cheng Kung University, Department of Geomatics, Tainan, Taiwan, and Honorary Member of ISPRS.

See, for instance, the ETH Zurich Chair of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Staff Awards.

Research[link]

Armin Grün's group’s major scientific achievements include (in chronological order):

• Studies to the processing of amateur photographs (including his PhD thesis “Reconstruction of rotation surfaces from single images”)
• System calibration by self-calibration with additional parameters
• Reliability studies and blunder detection in bundle systems
• Algorithms for sequential estimation in bundle systems (on-line triangulation)
• Geometrically constrained multi-image least squares image matching
• CCD-camera based measurement systems in close-range photogrammetry (“videogrammetry”)
• Development of the new concept of a Digital Photogrammetric Station with the first pilot system (DIPS1)
• Digital ortho-image generation on general low-cost computers
• PTV system for the measurement of flow structures
• First practical test for the integration of GPS and (simulated) INS observations into a photogrammetric bundle block, including self-calibration
• LSB-Snakes for line feature extraction
• CyberCity Modeler for semi-automated 3D city modeling
• 3D modeling and tracking of clouds from satellite and terrestrial imaging sensors
• 3D modeling in Archaeology and Cultural/Natural Heritage (among those are the Nasca geoglyphs, Mount Everest, Ayers Rock, the reconstruction of the Great Buddha of Bamyian, etc.)
• Implementation and testing of new sensor and trajectory models for aerial and satellite Linear Array cameras, including self-calibration, for calibration, geo-referencing, validation
• Advanced image matching for DSM generation
• 3D Least Squares Surface and Intensity matching
• UAV photogrammetry

His group’s most recent major projects in 3D modeling of Cultural Heritage, based on photogrammetry, laser scanning and structured light, include: Nasca Lines/Geoglyphs, Adobe pyramids of Tucume, Machu Picchu, Pinchango Alto, petroglyphs of Chichictara (all Peru), Mount Everest, Ayers Rock (Australia), reconstruction of the two Great Buddhas of Bamiyan, pre-Columbian site of Xochicalco (Mexico), Maya site of Copan (Honduras), Bayon/Angkor Wat (Cambodia), Drapham Dzong (Bhutan), Weary Herakles (Antalya, Turkey), Khmer Head (Rietberg Museum), Zurich 1800 city model relief, Alfred Escher memorial, St. Gallen Globe (all Zurich), Pfyffer Relief (Lucerne).

Links to all past and present projects at the Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry (IGP), ETH Zurich.

Selected publications[link]

• A. Grün, G.Seitz: Digitale Photogrammetrie in der ED-Wolkenmessung, Zürich 2001/02
• A. Grün, H.Kahmen (Eds.): Optical 3D-Measurement Techniques III, Wien 1995, Wichmann, Heidelberg
• A. Grün: Adaptive least squares correlation: a powerful image matching technique, South African Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Cartography Vol.14, pp. 175–187, 1985.

See also ETH Zurich e-collection and NEBIS literature search.

In media[link]

• "Nasca Lines - The Buried Secrets" by Philip J Day, National Geographic Channel, 2010
• "Kultstätte im Wüstenstaub" by Michael Zick, Süddeutsche Zeitung, 2009
• "The Giant Buddhas" by Christian Frei, Documentary, Switzerland 2005

References[link]

• Grün, Armin. In: Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender 2003. 19. Ausgabe. Band I: A – J. Bio-bibliographisches Verzeichnis deutschsprachiger Wissenschaftler der Gegenwart. K. G. Saur, München 2003, ISBN 3-598-23607-7, S. 1053
• Prof. Dr. Armin Grün, personal webpage at ETH Zurich
• Staff Awards list at the Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry (IGP), ETH Zurich
• ISPRS Awards 2008, Beijing, China
• "Three new PhDs in one week...", ISPRS Highlights, 2007
• ASPRS Headquarters News, 2008
• Strategic Partnerships, Research for Development, North-South Centre, ETH Zurich

External links[link]

• Armin Grün (personal webpage at ETH Zurich)
• Institute of Historic Building Research and Conservation (IDB), ETH Zurich
• Projects at the Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry (IGP), ETH Zurich
• ISPRS - International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
• ASPRS - American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
• ISDE - International Society for Digital Earth
• Calibration and Validation of Earth Observation data
• World Heritage Convention UNESCO