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Pacific Time Zone
Pacific Time Zone
UTC offset
PST	UTC−8:00
PDT	UTC−7:00
Current time (Refresh the clock.)
PDT	1:39 pm on 26 Jun 2012
Obsevance of DST
DST is observed throughout this time zone between the 2nd Sunday in March and the 1st Sunday in November.
DST began	11 Mar 2012
DST ends	4 Nov 2012

The Pacific Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−8). The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 120th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. During daylight saving time, its time offset is UTC−7.

In the United States and Canada, this time zone is generically called Pacific Time (PT). Specifically, it is Pacific Standard Time (PST) when observing standard time (Winter), and Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) when observing daylight saving time (Summer). Most of Canada uses daylight saving time. In Mexico the UTC−8 time zone is known as the Northwest Zone, which is synchronized with the U.S. PDT daylight saving schedule.

The largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, California; the city's metropolitan area is the largest in the zone.

The zone is one hour ahead of the Alaska Time Zone, one hour behind the Mountain Time Zone and three hours behind the Eastern Time Zone.

United States[link]

The following states or areas are part of the Pacific Time Zone:

• California - all.
• Washington - all.
• Oregon – all, except for northern three quarters of Malheur County, on Idaho border (the dividing line goes through the southwest corner of township 35 S, range 37 E, and lies at a latitude of approximately 42.4507448 N).
• Nevada – all, except for the border town of West Wendover (near Utah), which observes the Mountain Time Zone. Also, the border town of Jackpot (near Idaho) unofficially observes Mountain Time Zone.
• Idaho – northern half, north of Salmon River.

The town of Hyder, Alaska is officially on the Alaska Time Zone, but most of the town uses the Pacific Time Zone since much of its community is dependent on nearby town Stewart, British Columbia, which is on Pacific Time Zone. The United States Post Office in Hyder strictly adheres to Alaska Time Zone.

Arizona is in the Mountain Time Zone but does not observe daylight saving time (except in the Navajo Nation), so while technically it is on Mountain Standard Time, it is effectively on Pacific Daylight Time from mid-March to early November.

Canada[link]

In Canada, Pacific Time includes almost all of the province of British Columbia (except for the Highway 95 corridor and portions around Tumbler Ridge, Fort St. John, Dawson Creek, Golden and Creston), all of Yukon and Tungsten, Northwest Territories.

Mexico[link]

In Mexico, the state of Baja California is completely within and the only part of Mexico in PST. Also the westernmost of the Revillagigedo Islands, Clarion Island (in the state of Colima), observes MST.

Daylight time[link]

During summer months, most of Arizona, which is in the Mountain time zone but does not observe DST, is on the same time as neighboring states to the west which are on Pacific Daylight Time.

Through 2006, the local time (PST, UTC−8) changed to daylight time (PDT, UTC−7) at 02:00 LST (local standard time) to 03:00 LDT (local daylight time) on the first Sunday in April, and returned at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the last Sunday in October.

Effective in the US in 2007 as a result of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, the local time changes from PST to PDT at 02:00 LST to 03:00 LDT on the second Sunday in March and the time returns at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the first Sunday in November. Canada would also acknowledge this change. In Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates.

Major cities[link]

A rough estimate of the population of the entire time zone is 53 million (i.e., the populations of Baja California (Mexican State), British Columbia (Canadian Province), California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and the Yukon combined).^{[citation needed]}

• Over 1,000,000 residents
  • Los Angeles, California, USA*
  • San Diego, California, USA
  • Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
• Over 800,000 residents
  • San Francisco, California, USA
  • San Jose, California, USA
• Over 400,000 residents
  • Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  • Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
  • Fresno, California, USA
  • Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
  • Long Beach, California, USA
  • Oakland, California, USA
  • Portland, Oregon, USA
  • Seattle, Washington, USA
  • Sacramento, California USA
  • Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
• Over 200,000 residents
  • Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
  • Richmond, British Columbia, Canada
  • Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
  • Anaheim, California, USA
  • Bakersfield, California, USA
  • Fremont, California, USA
  • Glendale, California, USA
  • Henderson, Nevada, USA
  • Irvine, California, USA
  • Modesto, California, USA
  • Oxnard, California, USA
  • Reno, Nevada, USA
  • Riverside, California, USA
  • San Bernardino, California, USA
  • Santa Ana, California, USA
  • Spokane, Washington, USA
  • Stockton, California, USA
  • Tacoma, Washington, USA

* Largest city in time zone

See also[link]

• Effects of time on North American broadcasting

Sources[link]

• The official U.S. time for the Pacific Time Zone
• Official times across Canada
• World time zone map
• U.S. time zone map
• History of U.S. time zones and UTC conversion
• Canada time zone map
• Time zones for major world cities

Map of Global Local Times (including DST), as of February 2012

A time zone is a region on Earth that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. It is convenient for areas in close commercial or other communication to keep the same time, so time zones tend to follow the boundaries of countries and their subdivisions.

Most of the 40 time zones on land are offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by a whole number of hours (UTC−12 to UTC+14), but a few are offset by 30 or 45 minutes. Some higher latitude countries use daylight saving time for part of the year, typically by changing clocks by an hour. Many land time zones are skewed toward the west of the corresponding nautical time zones. This also creates a permanent daylight saving time effect.

History[link]

[edit] Early timekeeping

Before the invention of clocks, people marked the time of day with apparent solar time (or "true" solar time) – for example, the time on a sundial – which was typically different for every settlement.

When well-regulated mechanical clocks became widespread in the early 19th century,^{[citation needed]} each city began to use some local mean solar time. Apparent and mean solar time can differ by up to around 15 minutes (as described by the equation of time) due to the non-circular shape of the Earth's orbit around the sun. Mean solar time has days of equal length, and the difference between the two averages to zero after a year.

Greenwich Mean Time(Also known as Greenwich Meridian time) (GMT) was established in 1675 when the Royal Observatory was built as an aid to (English) mariners to determine longitude at sea, providing a standard reference time when each city in England kept a different local time.

Railroad time[link]

Plaque commemorating the Railway General Time Convention of 1883 in North America

Local solar time became increasingly awkward as railways and telecommunications improved, because clocks differed between places by an amount corresponding to the difference in their geographical longitude, which varied by four minutes for every degree of longitude. The difference between New York and Boston is about two degrees or 8 minutes, the difference between Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, is about 7 degrees or 28 minutes and the difference between London and Edinburgh is about 3 degrees or 12 minutes.^[1] The use of time zones smooths out these differences.

The first time zone in the world was established on December 1, 1847, on the island of Great Britain by railway companies using GMT kept by portable chronometers. This quickly became known as Railway Time. About August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Even though 98% of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855, it was not made Britain's legal time until August 2, 1880. Some old British clocks from this period have two minute hands—one for the local time, one for GMT.^[2]

The increase in worldwide communication had further increased the need for interacting parties to communicate mutually comprehensible time references to one another. The problem of differing local times could be solved across larger areas by synchronizing clocks worldwide, but in many places the local time would then differ markedly from the solar time to which people were accustomed. Time zones were a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to approximate the mean solar time.

On November 2, 1868, the then-British colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony, and was perhaps the first country to do so. It was based on the longitude 172°30′ East of Greenwich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time.

Timekeeping on the American railroads in the mid-19th century was somewhat confused. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its own time. Some major railroad junctions served by several different railroads had a separate clock for each railroad, each showing a different time; the main station in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for example, kept six different times.

Charles F. Dowd proposed a system of one-hour standard time zones for American railroads about 1863, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870, he proposed four ideal time zones (having north–south borders), the first centered on Washington, D.C., but by 1872 the first was centered 75°W of Greenwich, with geographic borders (for example, sections of the Appalachian Mountains). Dowd's system was never accepted by American railroads. Instead, U.S. and Canadian railroads implemented a version proposed by William F. Allen, the editor of the Traveler's Official Railway Guide.^[3] The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, often in major cities. For example, the border between its Eastern and Central time zones ran through Detroit, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, and Charleston. It was inaugurated on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also called "The Day of Two Noons",^[4] when each railroad station clock was reset as standard-time noon was reached within each time zone. The zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within one year, 85% of all cities with populations over 10,000, about 200 cities, were using standard time.^[5] A notable exception was Detroit (which is about half-way between the meridians of eastern time and central time), which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, local mean time, and Eastern Standard Time before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an end when Standard zone time was formally adopted by the U.S. Congress in the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918.

U.S. Commissioner of Railroads William H. Armstrong gave the following account of the new railroad time system in his Report to the Secretary of the Interior for 1883.

Worldwide time zones[link]

Although the first person to propose a worldwide system of time zones was the Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti in his book Miranda! published in 1858, his idea was unknown outside the pages of his book until long after his death, so it did not influence the adoption of time zones during the 19th century. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called "longitudinal days", the first centered on the meridian of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy.^[9][10]

Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1879. He advocated his system at several international conferences, thus is widely credited with their invention. In 1876, his first proposal was for a global 24-hour clock, conceptually located at the center of the Earth and not linked to any surface meridian. In 1879 he specified that his universal day would begin at the anti-meridian of Greenwich (180th meridian), while conceding that hourly time zones might have some limited local use. He also proposed his system at the International Meridian Conference in October 1884, but it did not adopt his time zones because they were not within its purview. The conference did adopt a universal day of 24 hours beginning at Greenwich midnight, but specified that it "shall not interfere with the use of local or standard time where desirable".

By about 1900, almost all time on Earth was in the form of standard time zones, only some of which used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country, without any reference to GMT. It took many decades before all time on Earth was in the form of time zones referred to some "standard offset" from GMT/UTC. Most major countries had adopted hourly time zones by 1929. Nepal was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly to UTC+5:45 in 1986.

Today, all nations use standard time zones for secular purposes, but they do not all apply the concept as originally conceived. Newfoundland, India, Iran, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Burma, the Marquesas, as well as parts of Australia use half-hour deviations from standard time, and some nations, such as Nepal, and some provinces, such as the Chatham Islands, use quarter-hour deviations. Some countries, most notably China and India, use a single time zone, even though the extent of their territory far exceeds 15° of longitude. Before 1949, China used five time zones (see Time in China).

Definition[link]

Before 1972, all time zones were specified as an offset from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), which was the mean solar time at the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. Since 1972 all official time services have broadcast radio time signals synchronized to UTC, a form of atomic time that includes leap seconds to keep it within 0.9 seconds of this former GMT, now called UT1. Many countries now legally define their standard time relative to UTC, although some still legally refer to GMT, including the United Kingdom itself. UTC, also called Zulu time, is used everywhere on Earth by astronomers and others who need to state the time of an event unambiguously.

Time zones are based on Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)^{[citation needed]}, the mean solar time at longitude 0° (the Prime Meridian). The definition of GMT was recently changed^{[citation needed]} – it was previously the same as UT1, a mean solar time calculated directly from the rotation of the Earth. As the rate of rotation of the Earth is not constant, the time derived from atomic clocks was adjusted to closely match UT1. In January 1972, however, the length of the second in both Greenwich Mean Time and atomic time was equalized. The readings of participating atomic clocks are averaged out to give a uniform time scale.

Because the length of the average day is a small fraction of a second more than 24 hours (slightly more than 86400 seconds), leap seconds are periodically inserted into Greenwich Mean Time to make it approximate to UT1. This new time system is also called Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Leap seconds are inserted to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of UT1. Because the Earth's rotation is gradually slowing, leap seconds will need to be added more frequently in future. However, from one year to the next the rotation rate is slightly irregular, so leap seconds are not added unless observations of Earth's rotation show that one is required. In this way, local times will continue to stay close to mean solar time and the effects of variations in Earth's rotation rate will be confined to simple step changes relative to the uniform time scale (International Atomic Time or TAI). All local times differ from TAI by an integral number of seconds. With the implementation of UTC, nations began to use it in the definition of their time zones. As of 2005, most nations had altered the definition of local time in this way.

In the United Kingdom, this involved redefining Greenwich Mean Time to make it the same as UTC.^[11] British Summer Time (BST) is still one hour in advance of Greenwich Mean Time and is therefore also one hour in advance of Coordinated Universal Time. Thus Greenwich Mean Time is the local time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich between 0100 hours GMT on the last Sunday in October and 0100 hours GMT on the last Sunday in March. Similar circumstances apply in many other places.

Looking to the future, leap seconds are considered by many to be a nuisance, and ways to abolish them are being considered. This means letting the time difference accumulate. One suggestion is to insert a "leap-hour" in about 5,000 years. For more on this discussion read Proposal to abolish leap seconds.

Notation of time[link]

ISO 8601[link]

UTC[link]

If the time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), add a "Z" directly after the time without a space. "Z" is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. "09:30 UTC" is therefore represented as "09:30Z" or "0930Z". "14:45:15 UTC" would be "14:45:15Z" or "144515Z".

UTC time is also known as "Zulu" time, since "Zulu" is the ICAO spelling alphabet code word for "Z".

Offsets from UTC[link]

Offsets from UTC are written in the format ±[hh]:[mm], ±[hh][mm], or ±[hh]. So if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in Berlin during the winter), the zone designator would be "+01:00", "+0100", or simply "+01". This is appended to the time in the same way that 'Z' was above. The offset from UTC changes with daylight saving time, e.g. a time offset in Chicago, which is in the North American Central Time Zone, would be "−06:00" for the winter (Central Standard Time) and "−05:00" for the summer (Central Daylight Time).

Abbreviations[link]

Time zones are often represented by abbreviations such as "EST, WST, CST" but these are not part of the international time and date standard ISO 8601 and their use as sole designator for a time zone is not recommended. Such designations can be ambiguous. For example, "BST", which is British Summer Time, was renamed "British Standard Time" between 1968 and 1971 when Central European Time was in force because legislators objected to calling it Central European Time. The same legislation affirmed that the Standard Time within the United Kingdom was, and would continue to be, Greenwich Mean Time.

UTC offsets worldwide[link]

Time zones map (Last update: December 31, 2011)

UTC−12:00 ... UTC−07:00 UTC−06:00 ... UTC−01:00 UTC±00:00 ... UTC+05:45 UTC+06:00 ... UTC+11:30 UTC+12:00 ... UTC+14:00 Oceania / North America / Antarctica North and South America / Antarctica Europe / Africa / Asia / Antarctica Asia / Antarctica Asia / Oceania / Antarctica No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer No DST in summer DST in summer −12:00 −12:00 /−11:00 N: US- −06:00 −06:00 /−05:00 N: US- ±00:00 IS ±00:00 /+01:00 N: GB, PT +06:00 RU-, KZ-- +06:00 /+07:00 +12:00 KI-, RU- +12:00 /+13:00 S: NZ- +06:30 MM +06:30 /+07:30 +12:45 +12:45 /+13:45 S: NZ −11:00 −11:00 /−10:00 N: US- −05:00 BO, CO, PA, PE −05:00 /−04:00 N: CA-, CU, US- +01:00 TN, CG, CD-, DZ, NE, NG +01:00 /+02:00 N: AT, BA, BE, CH, CZ, DE, ES-, FR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LU, MK, NL, NO, SE, SI, SK S: NA +07:00 RU-, MN-, VN, LA, TH, KH, ID- +07:00 /+08:00 +13:00 KI- −04:30 VE −10:00 −10:00 /−09:00 −04:00 −04:00 /−03:00 S: AQ- +02:00 Europe: BY +02:00 /+03:00 N: FI, EE, LV, LT, UA, BG, GR, MD, RO, TR +08:00 CN, HK, ID, MN-, MY, RU, PH, SG, TW, +08:00 /+09:00 +14:00 KI- −03:30 −03:30 /−02:30 S: CA- −09:00 −09:00 /−08:00 −03:00 AR −03:00 /−02:00 S: BR- +03:00 Europe: BY, RU-, Africa: KE, SD, SO, SS, ER, Asia: IQ, SA +03:00 /+04:00 +09:00 RU-, JP, KP, KR, ID- +09:00 /+10:00 +03:30 +03:30 /+04:30 IR +09:30 +09:30 /+10:30 AU- −08:00 −08:00 /−07:00 N: CA-, US-, MX- −02:00 −02:00 /−01:00 +04:00 RU-, GE +04:00 /+05:00 +10:00 RU- +10:00 /+11:00 +04:30 AF −07:00 −07:00 /−06:00 N: CA-, US-, MX- −01:00 −01:00 /±00:00 +05:00 KZ-, PK +05:00 /+06:00 +11:00 RU- +11:00 /+12:00 +05:30 IN +11:30 NF +05:45 NP XX = ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, XX- = parts of the country, N = North, S = South, UTC = Universal Coordinated Time, DST = Daylight Saving Time

List of UTC offsets[link]

These examples give the local time at various locations around the world when daylight saving time is not in effect:

Where the adjustment for time zones results in a time at the other side of midnight from UTC, then the date at the location is one day later or earlier.

Some examples when UTC is 23:00 on Monday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect:

• Cairo, Egypt: UTC+02; 01:00 on Tuesday
• Wellington, New Zealand: UTC+12; 11:00 on Tuesday

Some examples when UTC is 02:00 on Tuesday when or where daylight saving time is not in effect:

• Honolulu, Hawaii, United States: UTC−10; 16:00 on Monday
• Toronto, Ontario, Canada: UTC−05; 21:00 on Monday

The time-zone adjustment for a specific location may vary because of daylight saving time. For example New Zealand, which is usually UTC+12, observes a one-hour daylight saving time adjustment during the Southern Hemisphere summer, resulting in a local time of UTC+13.

Time zone conversions[link]

Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship

"time in zone A" − "UTC offset for zone A" = "time in zone B" − "UTC offset for zone B",

in which each side of the equation is equivalent to UTC. (The more familiar term "UTC offset" is used here rather than the term "zone designator" used by the standard.)

The conversion equation can be rearranged to

"time in zone B" = "time in zone A" − "UTC offset for zone A" + "UTC offset for zone B".

For example, what time is it in Los Angeles (UTC offset= −08) when the New York Stock Exchange opens at 09:30 (−05)?

time in Los Angeles = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (−08:00) = 06:30

In Delhi (UTC offset= +5:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at

time in Delhi = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (+5:30) = 20:00

These calculations become more complicated near a daylight saving boundary (because the UTC offset for zone X is a function of the UTC time).

Nautical time zones[link]

Since the 1920s a nautical standard time system has been in operation for ships on the high seas. Nautical time zones are an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system. Under the system, a time change of one hour is required for each change of longitude by 15°. The 15° gore that is offset from GMT or UT1 (not UTC) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two 7.5° gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours. A nautical date line is implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps. It follows the 180th meridian except where it is interrupted by territorial waters adjacent to land, forming gaps: it is a pole-to-pole dashed line.^[12][13][14]

A ship within the territorial waters of any nation would use that nation's standard time, but would revert to nautical standard time upon leaving its territorial waters. The captain is permitted to change the ship's clocks at a time of the captain’s choice following the ship's entry into another time zone. The captain often chooses midnight. Ships going in shuttle traffic over a time zone border often keeps the same time zone all the time, to avoid confusion about work, meal and shop opening hours. Still the time table for port calls must follow the land time zone.

Skewing of zones[link]

Difference between sun time and clock time during daylight saving time:

	0h ± 30m
	1h ± 30m ahead
	2h ± 30m ahead
	3h ± 30m ahead

  DST observed

  DST no longer observed

  DST never observed

Ideal time zones, such as nautical time zones, are based on the mean solar time of a particular meridian located in the middle of that zone with boundaries located 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian. In practice, zone boundaries are often drawn much farther to the west with often irregular boundaries, and some locations base their time on meridians located far to the east.

For example, even though the Prime Meridian (0°) passes through Spain and France, they use the mean solar time of 15 degrees east (Central European Time) rather than 0 degrees (Greenwich Mean Time). France previously used GMT, but was switched to CET (Central European Time) during the German occupation of the country during World War II and did not switch back after the war.^[15] Similarly, prior to World War II, the Netherlands observed "Amsterdam Time", which was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. They were obliged to follow German time during the war, and kept it thereafter. In the mid 1970s the Netherlands, as with other European states, began observing daylight saving (summer) time.

There is a tendency to draw time zone boundaries far to the west of their meridians. Many of these locations also use daylight saving time. As a result, in the summer, solar noon in the Spanish town of Muxia occurs at 2:37 pm by the clock. This area of Spain never experiences sunset before 6:00 pm local time even in midwinter, despite its lying more than 40 degrees north of the equator. Near the summer solstice, Muxia has sunset times similar to those of Stockholm, which is in the same time zone and 16 degrees further north.

A more extreme example is Nome, Alaska, which is at 165°24′W longitude—just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165°W). Nevertheless, Nome observes Alaska Time (135°W) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and over three in summer.^[16] Kotzebue, Alaska, also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has an annual event on 9 August to celebrate two sunsets in the same 24-hour day, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day.

Also, China extends as far west as 73°34′E, but all parts of it use UTC+08:00 (120°E), so solar "noon" can occur as late as 15:00.

Daylight saving time[link]

Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries, adopt daylight saving time (also known as "Summer Time") during part of the year. This typically involves advancing clocks by an hour near the start of spring and adjusting back in autumn ("spring" forward, "fall" back). Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a wartime measure aimed at conserving coal. Despite controversy, many countries have used it off and on since then; details vary by location and change occasionally. Most countries around the equator do not observe daylight saving time, since the seasonal difference in sunlight is minimal.

Additional information[link]

• France has twelve time zones including those of Metropolitan France, French Guiana and numerous islands, inhabited and uninhabited. Russia has nine time zones (and used to have 11 time zones before March 2010), eight contiguous zones plus Kaliningrad exclave on the Baltic Sea. The United States has ten time zones (nine official plus that for Wake Island and its Antarctic stations; no official time zone is specified for uninhabited Howland Island and Baker Island). Australia has nine time zones (one unofficial and three official on the mainland plus four for its territories and one more for an Antarctic station not included in other time zones). The United Kingdom has eight time zones for itself and its overseas territories. Canada has six official time zones. The Danish Realm has five time zones.
• In terms of area, China is the largest country with only one time zone (UTC+08). China also has the widest spanning time zone. Before 1949, China was separated into five time zones.
• Stations in Antarctica generally keep the time of their supply bases, thus both the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station (U.S.) and McMurdo Station (U.S.) use New Zealand time (UTC+12 southern winter, UTC+13 southern summer).
• The 27°N latitude passes back and forth across time zones in South Asia. Pakistan: +05:00, India +05:30, Nepal +05:45, +05:30, Myanmar +06:30. This switching was more odd in 2002, when Pakistan enabled daylight saving time. Thus from west to east, time zones were: +06:00, +05:30, +05:45, +05:30, +08:00, +06:00, +05:30 and +06:30.
• Because the earliest and latest time zones are 26 hours apart, any given calendar date exists at some point on the globe for 50 hours. For example, April 11 begins in time zone UTC+14 at 10:00 UTC April 10, and ends in time zone UTC−12 at 12:00 UTC April 12.
• There are 22 places where three or more time zones meet, for instance at the tri-country border of Finland, Norway and Russia. 28 countries present such triple points, with China being the most present (in 13 of the 22 triple points). Then come India (7), Russia, India and Afghanistan (4).
• There are 40 time zones. This is due to fractional hour offsets and zones with offsets larger than 12 hours near the International Date Line as well as one unofficial zone in Australia. See the list of time zones.
• The largest time gap along a political border is the 3.5 hour gap along the border of China (UTC+08) and Afghanistan (UTC+04:30).
• One of the most unusual time zones is the Australian Central Western Time zone (CWST), which is a small strip of Western Australia from the border of South Australia west to 125.5°E, just before Caiguna. It is 8¾ hours ahead of UTC (UTC+08:45) and covers an area of about 35,000 km², larger than Belgium, but has a population of about 200. Although unofficial, it is universally respected in the area—without it, the time gap in standard time at 129°E (the WA/SA border) would be 1.5 hours. See Time in Australia.

Computer systems and the Internet[link]

Computer operating systems include the necessary support for working with all (or almost all) possible local times based on the various time zones. Internally, operating systems typically use UTC as their basic time-keeping standard, while providing services for converting local times to and from UTC, and also the ability to automatically change local time conversions at the start and end of daylight saving time in the various time zones. (See the article on daylight saving time for more details on this aspect).

Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, perhaps with UTC time in brackets. More internationally-oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example the international English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time,^[17] whilst the US version shows Eastern Time.^[18] US Eastern Time and Pacific Time are also used fairly commonly on many US-based English-language websites with global readership. The format is typically based in the W3C Note "datetime".

Email systems and other messaging systems (IRC chat, etc.)^[19] time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender's time zone as part of the message, allowing the receiving program to display the message's date and time of sending in the recipient's local time.

Database records that include a time stamp typically use UTC, especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones. The use of local time for time-stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time due to the fact that once a year there is a one hour period when local times are ambiguous.

Operating systems[link]

Unix[link]

Most Unix-like systems, including Linux and Mac OS X, keep system time as UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). Rather than having a single time zone set for the whole computer, timezone offsets can vary for different processes. Standard library routines are used to calculate the local time based on the current timezone, normally supplied to processes through the TZ environment variable. This allows users in multiple timezones to use the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Time zone information most commonly comes from the IANA time zone database. In fact, many systems, including anything using the GNU C Library, can make use of this database.

Microsoft Windows[link]

Windows-based computer systems prior to Windows 2000 used local time, but Win2k and later can use UTC as the basic system time.^[20] The system registry contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. Terminal Servers allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session.

Programming languages[link]

Java[link]

While most application software will use the underlying operating system for timezone information, the Java Platform, from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own timezone database. This database will need to be updated whenever timezone rules change. Sun provides an updater tool for this purpose.^[21]

As an alternative to the timezone information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library.^[22] This library includes its own timezone data based on the IANA time zone database.^[23]

JavaScript[link]

There is very little in the way of timezone support for JavaScript. Essentially the programmer has to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time object, getting a GMT time from it, and differencing the two. This does not provide a solution for daylight savings variations.

PHP[link]

The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the PHP core since 5.2. This includes the ability to get and set the default script timezone, and DateTime is aware of its own timezone internally. PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this.^[24] As noted there, the most current timezone database can be implemented via the PECL timezonedb.

Python[link]

The standard module datetime stores and operates on the timezone information class tzinfo. The third party pytz module provides access to the full IANA time zone database.^[25] Negated time zone offset in seconds is stored time.timezone and time.altzone attributes.

Smalltalk[link]

Each Smalltalk dialect comes with its own built-in classes for dates, times and timestamps, only a few of which implement the DateAndTime and Duration classes as specified by the ANSI Smalltalk Standard. VisualWorks provides a TimeZone class that supports up to two annually recurring offset transitions, which are assumed to apply to all years (same behavior as Windows time zones). Squeak provides a Timezone class that does not support any offset transitions. Dolphin Smalltalk does not support time zones at all.

For full support of the tz database (zoneinfo) in a Smalltalk application (including support for any number of annually recurring offset transitions, and support for different intra-year offset transition rules in different years) the third-party, open-source, ANSI-Smalltalk-compliant Chronos Date/Time Library is available for use with any of the following Smalltalk dialects: VisualWorks, Squeak, Gemstone, or Dolphin.^[26]

Databases[link]

Some databases allow storage of a datetime type having time zone information. The SQL standard defines two standard time data types:

TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE

TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE

However, the standard has a somewhat naive understanding of time zones. It generally assumes a time zone can be specified by a simple offset from GMT. This causes problems when trying to do arithmetic on dates which span daylight saving time transitions or which span political changes in time zone rules.

Oracle[link]

Oracle Database is configured with a database time zone, and connecting clients are configured with session time zones. Oracle Database uses two data types to store time zone information:

TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE 

Stores date and time information with the offset from UTC

TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE 

Stores date and time information with respect to the dbtimezone (which cannot be changed so long as there is a column in the db of this type), automatically adjusting the date and time from the stored time zone to the client's session time zone.

PostgreSQL[link]

PostgreSQL uses the standard SQL data types but tries to impose an interpretation which avoids the problems described above.

TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE 

Stores date and time in UTC and converts to the client's local time zone (which could be different for each client) for display purposes.

TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE 

Stores date and time without any conversion on input or output.

Applications[link]

Microsoft Outlook[link]

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (August 2011)

Microsoft Outlook has a much-criticized^{[citation needed]} behavior regarding time zone handling. Appointments stored in Outlook move when the computer changes time zone, since they are assumed to be fixed against UTC not against the hour number. As a consequence, someone who inserts an appointment requiring a travel into another timezone will not get a correct time for the appointment after travelling to the other time zone. For example, a New Yorker plans to meet someone in Los Angeles at 9:00 AM. He inserts an appointment at 9:00 AM in Outlook while his computer is on New York time. He travels to Los Angeles and adjusts his computer time zone, which causes the meeting to show up at 6:00 AM (9:00 New York time) in Outlook. One workaround is to adjust the clock but not the timezone of the computer when travelling. This will give sent e-mail wrong time stamp, and new meeting invitations will be wrong. Microsoft recommends^[27] to not change the clock at all and show a second time scale in the calendar. This will give reminder popups at the wrong time, since the clock does not match local time. The Outlook functionality will give correct time if the organizer invites the guest to a meeting using the "invite attendees" feature (the Los Angeles meeting will show up as 12:00 noon in the New Yorkers calender, before he adjusted the time zone), but only if the time zone is adjusted when travelling. The Outlook functionality will also give correct time for telephone meetings.

For Outlook 2010 a new feature has been added, the possibility to specify which time zone an event occurs in. This solves most of these problems if properly used. An appointment at 9:00 AM Los Angeles time will show up as 12 AM but at 9 AM on the secondary scale if used.

Time zones in outer space[link]

Orbiting spacecraft typically experience many sunrises and sunsets in a 24-hour period, or in the case of Apollo program astronauts travelling to the moon, none. Thus it is not possible to calibrate time zones with respect to the sun, and still respect a 24-hour sleep/wake cycle. A common practice for space exploration is to use the Earth-based time zone of the launch site or mission control. This keeps the sleeping cycles of the crew and controllers in sync. The International Space Station normally uses Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

Timekeeping on Mars can be more complex, since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 39 minutes, known as a sol. Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day, because solar-powered rover activity on the surface was tied to periods of light and dark. The difference in day length caused the sleep/wake cycles to slowly drift with respect to the day/night cycles on Earth, repeating approximately once every 36 days.

See also[link]

The control panel of the Time Zone Clock in front of Coventry Transport Museum.

• Daylight saving time
• ISO 8601
• Jet lag
• List of time zone abbreviations
• List of time zones by country
• Lists of time zones
• Metric time
• Sunpendulum
• Time by country
• World clock

References[link]

External links[link]

• ITU LEGAL TIME 2011
• W3C Note Datetime
• US Official Time Clock Java-enabled clock to graphically display night and day around the globe.

v t e Time Major concepts Time Eternity Arguments for eternity Immortality History Past Present Future Futures studies Deep time Time Portal Measurement and standards Chronometry UTC UT TAI Second Minute Hour Sidereal time Solar time Time zone Metric time Decimal time Hexadecimal time Clock Astrarium History of timekeeping devices Horology Marine chronometer Sundial Water clock Calendar Day Week Month Year Tropical year Gregorian Islamic Julian Intercalation Leap second Leap year Chronology Astronomical chronology Calendar era Chronicle Dating methodologies Geochronology Geologic Time Geological history Periodization Regnal year Timeline Religion and mythology Dreamtime Kāla Kalachakra Prophecy Time and fate deities Wheel of time Philosophy A-series and B-series B-Theory of time Causality Endurantism Eternal return Eternalism Event Perdurantism Presentism Temporal finitism Temporal parts The Unreality of Time Physical sciences Time in physics Absolute time and space Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Planck epoch Planck time Proper time Spacetime Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain T-symmetry Biology Chronobiology Circadian rhythms Psychology Mental chronometry Sense of time Specious present Sociology and anthropology Long Now Foundation Time discipline Time use research Economics Time value of money Time-based currency Time Banking Related topics Carpe diem Duration Space System time Tempus fugit Time capsule Time signature Time travel

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2010)

Jason Schwartzman
Schwartzman on the Scott Pilgrim vs. the World panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic Con
Born	Jason Francesco Schwartzman (1980-06-26) June 26, 1980 (age 32) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation	Actor, musician
Years active	1998–present
Spouse	Brady Cunningham (2009-present; 1 child)

Jason Francesco Schwartzman (born June 26, 1980) is an American actor and musician. He is perhaps best known for his roles in the Hollywood films Rushmore, Spun, I Heart Huckabees, Shopgirl, Marie Antoinette, The Darjeeling Limited, Funny People, and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World. He currently releases music through solo-project Coconut Records; formerly, he was the drummer of the rock band Phantom Planet. Schwartzman was also the star of the HBO series Bored to Death, where he played a writer who moonlighted as an unlicensed detective, advertising himself on Craigslist.

Early life[link]

Schwartzman was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of actress Talia Shire (née Coppola) and the late producer Jack Schwartzman. Many of his family members are involved in film. His maternal grandparents were composer Carmine Coppola and Italia Coppola (née Pennino). His uncle is director Francis Ford Coppola, and his cousins are actor Nicolas Cage, director Sofia Coppola, Roman Coppola, and Christopher Coppola. His brother is actor/musician Robert Schwartzman (vocalist for the band Rooney), and his paternal half-brother is cinematographer John Schwartzman. His father was Ashkenazi Jewish and his mother is Italian American and Catholic. Schwartzman was raised without religion.^[1]

Career[link]

Acting[link]

Schwartzman's acting career began when he was 17 years old when he starred in Wes Anderson's Rushmore in 1998. Prior to Rushmore, Schwartzman had no acting experience.

He is also known for his roles in the films The Darjeeling Limited,Shopgirl with Steve Martin, I ♥ Huckabees, Spun, Funny People and Slackers. In 2006, he starred in Marie Antoinette under the direction of his cousin, Sofia Coppola, in which he appeared as King Louis XVI with Kirsten Dunst in the title role, and a role as a voice in the fantastic Mr. fox.

He made a cameo appearance in the Judd Apatow-produced musician biopic spoof Walk Hard as Ringo Starr. In 2009, he appeared in Apatow's third directorial feature entitled Funny People, in which he played Mark, a C-list television star.

Schwartzman starred in HBO's TV show Bored to Death in which he played a writer who moonlights as a private detective, and puts himself up for hire on Craigslist. In 2010, he performed as Gideon Graves in the film, Scott Pilgrim vs. The World, the movie adaptation of the comics by Bryan Lee O'Malley.

In 2011, Schwartzman made a cameo appearance as Vincent Van Gogh in the Beastie Boys short film Fight For Your Right Revisited.

Music[link]

Prior to acting, he was the drummer and a songwriter for the band Phantom Planet. Despite leaving the band for an acting career, music remains one of Schwartzman's passions and pastimes. He appears in the music video for the rock remix of "It's All About the Benjamins" by Puff Daddy. He also contributed to Ben Lee's 2005 album Awake Is the New Sleep.

In 2007, he created the indie rock solo act Coconut Records. The first CD, entitled "Nighttiming" was produced by Mike Einziger of Incubus and features a cover photo from Roman Coppola. The album was first released on iTunes on March 20, 2007. Songs include "West Coast", "Nighttiming", and "This Old Machine". In 2009, the second album Davy was released on iTunes on January 20, 2009. The first single off of the CD was "Microphone".

In addition, Schwartzman has composed and performs the musical score for Funny People and the theme song for Bored to Death.^[2] He has also written tracks for Smallville and Slackers.

Personal life[link]

Schwartzman married long-time girlfriend Brady Cunningham at their home in the San Fernando Valley on July 11, 2009. Cunningham is Art & Design Director and co-owner of TENOVERSIX based in Los Angeles.^[3] Schwartzman is a vegetarian and describes himself as "basically" a vegan due to not eating meat, dairy or eggs.^[4] He has one daughter, Marlowe Rivers Schwartzman, born on December 4, 2010.^[5]

Filmography[link]

• Schwartzman voiced Julius in the Paul Frank animated shorts Julius And Friends: Hole In One (2002) & Julius And Friends: Yeti, Set, Go (2003).

• Schwartzman's solo music project is called Coconut Records.

Awards[link] Schwartzman won the following awards: the 1999 Lone Star Film & Television Award for Best Actor (for Rushmore) the 1999 YoungStar Award for Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Comedy Film (for Rushmore) On February 17, 2009, Jason was named one of Top 10 Most Stylish Men in America by GQ magazine.[9] He was also nominated for the following: the 1999 Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Most Promising Actor (for Rushmore) See also[link] Coppola family tree References[link] ^ Nate Bloom. "Interfaith Celebrities: Five Beautiful Women, A Violinist and One Caveman". InterfaithFamily.com. http://www.interfaithfamily.com/arts_and_entertainment/popular_culture/Interfaith_Celebrities_Five_Beautiful_Women_A_Violinist_and_One_Caveman.shtml. Retrieved 9-15-11.  ^ Barrett, Annie (2009-09-04). "Jason Schwartzman exclusive: Hear the theme song for his new HBO show here | The Music Mix | EW.com". Music-mix.ew.com. http://music-mix.ew.com/2009/09/04/jason-schwartzman/. Retrieved 2011-09-19.  ^ Gina DiNunno (21 August 2009). "Jason Schwartzman Ties the Knot". TVGuide.com. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Jason-Schwartzman-Married-1009116.aspx. Retrieved 2009-08-21.  ^ Todd Gilchrist (2006-10-20). "Interview: Jason Schwartzman - Movies Feature at IGN". Movies.ign.com. http://movies.ign.com/articles/739/739727p3.html. Retrieved 2011-09-19.  ^ Sarah Michaud (3 January 2011). "Jason Schwartzman Welcomes Daughter Marlowe Rivers". People.com. http://celebritybabies.people.com/2011/01/03/jason-schwartzman-welcomes-daughter-marlowe-rivers/. Retrieved 2010-01-03.  ^ Fight for Your Right Revisited (2011) - IMDb ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2044729/ ^ "The O.C." The Chrismukk-huh? (TV episode 2006) - IMDb ^ "The 10 Most Stylish Men in America". New York Daily News. February 17, 2009. http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/fashion/galleries/justin_timberlake_gq_magazine_10_most_stylish_men_in_america/justin_timberlake_gq_magazine_10_most_stylish_men_in_america.html#ph2. Retrieved 2009-02-17.  External links[link] Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jason Schwartzman Jason Schwartzman at the Internet Movie Database Wunderkammer Magazine Retrospective on Schwarzman, 2009 Schwartzman Interview on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos Schwartzman's Guest DJ Set on KCRW KCRW Guest DJ Set Schwartzman interview - he talks life, food and movies v t e Coconut Records Jason Schwartzman Studio albums Nighttiming Davy Singles "Nighttiming" "West Coast" "Microphone" "Saint Jerome" "The Summer" v t e Phantom Planet Alex Greenwald Sam Farrar Darren Robinson Jeff Conrad Jason Schwartzman Jacques Brautbar Studio albums Phantom Planet Is Missing The Guest Phantom Planet Raise the Dead EPs Live 2001 California EP Live At Sony Connect: Phantom Planet Limited Edition Tour EP Live albums Live at the Troubadour Phantom Planet: Chicago, Chicagogoing, Chicagogone Phantom Planet: Live 2004 Compilations Polaroid Negatives Negatives 2 Singles "So I Fall Again" "Hey Now Girl" "California" "Always On My Mind" "Lonely Day" "Big Brat" "California 2005" "Our House" "Just" "Do the Panic" "Dropped" Labels Fueled by Ramen Daylight Epic MCA Records Geffen Records Interscope Related Discography Operation Aloha Mark Ronson Blackblack The Californian JJAMZ Maroon 5 The Young Veins Miniature Tigers Coconut Records The Brobecks Panic! At the Disco Media v t e Coppola family Francis Ford Coppola Eleanor Coppola Anton Coppola Carmine Coppola Italia Coppola Gian-Carlo Coppola Sofia Coppola Thomas Mars Roman Coppola Talia Shire David Shire Jack Schwartzman Robert Coppola Schwartzman Jason Schwartzman John Schwartzman Marc Coppola Christopher Coppola Nicolas Cage Persondata Name Schwartzman, Jason Alternative names Short description Date of birth June 26, 1980 Place of birth Los Angeles, California, U.S. Date of death Place of death