Areas of Responsibility

President George W. Bush and Secretary Robert Gates meeting with the joint chiefs and combatant commanders.

A Unified Combatant Command (UCC) is a United States Department of Defense command that is composed of forces from at least two Military Departments and has a broad and continuing mission.^[1] These commands are established to provide effective command and control of U.S. military forces, regardless of branch of service, in peace and war.^[2] They are organized either on a geographical basis (known as "Area of Responsibility", AOR) or on a functional basis. UCCs are "joint" commands with specific badges denoting their affiliation.^{[citation needed]}

The Unified Command Plan (UCP) is updated annually in conjunction with the DoD Fiscal Year and can modify areas of responsibility or combatant command alignments or assignments.^[3] As of September 2011, there are nine Unified Combatant Commands as specified in Title 10 and the latest annual UCP. Six have regional responsibilities, and three have functional responsibilities.^{[citation needed]}

Each unified command is led by a Combatant Commander (CCDR),^[4] who is a four-star general or admiral. CCDRs exercise combatant command (COCOM), a specific type of nontransferable command authority over assigned forces, regardless of branch of service, that is vested only in the CCDRs by federal law in 10 U.S.C. § 164.^[5] The Chain of Command for operational purposes (as per the Goldwater–Nichols Act) goes from the President through the Secretary of Defense to the Combatant Commanders.

Legal basis[link]

This section requires expansion.

The creation and organization of the Unified Combatant Commands is legally mandated in Title 10, U.S. Code Sections 161-168.^[6][7]

The Goldwater-Nichols Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 clarified and codified responsibilities that commanders-in-chief (CINCs) and their predecessors (theater or area commanders) had undertaken since World War II, and which were first given legal status in 1947.^{[citation needed]}

History[link]

The current system of unified commands in the US military emerged during World War II with the establishment of geographic theaters of operation composed of forces from multiple service branches that reported to a single commander who was supported by a joint staff.^[8] A unified command structure also existed to coordinate British and American military forces operating under the Combined Chiefs of Staff, which was composed the British Chiefs of Staff Committee and the American Joint Chiefs of Staff.^[9] In the European Theater, Allied military forces fell under the command of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF). After SHAEF was dissolved at the end of the war, the American forces were unified under a single command, the US Forces, European Theater (USFET), commanded by General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower. Unified commands in the Pacific Theater proved more difficult to organize as neither General of the Army Douglas MacArthur nor Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz were willing to become subordinate to the other. Nevertheless, the Joint Chiefs of Staff continued to advocate in favor of establishing permanent unified commands, and President Harry S. Truman approved the first plan on 14 December 1946.^[10] Known as the "Outline Command Plan," it would become the first in a series of Unified Command Plans.^{[citation needed]}

Although not part of the original plan, the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) also created specified commands that had broad and continuing missions but were composed of forces from only one service.^[11] Examples include the U.S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean and the US Air Force's Strategic Air Command. Like the unified commands, the specified commands reported directly to the JCS instead of their respective service chiefs.^[12] Although these commands have not existed since the Strategic Air Command was disestablished in 1992, federal law still contains a provision authorizing the President to establish a new specified command.^[13]

Under the original plan, each of the unified commands operated with one of the service chiefs (the Chief of Staff of the Army or Air Force, or the Chief of Naval Operations) serving as an executive agent representing the Joint Chiefs of Staff.^[14] This arrangement was formalized on 21 April 1948 as part of a policy paper titled the "Function of the Armed Forces and the Joint Chiefs of Staff" (informally known as the "Key West Agreement").^[15] The responsibilities of the unified commands were further expanded on 7 September 1948 when the commanders' authority was extended to include the coordination of the administrative and logistical functions in addition to their combat responsibilities.^[16]

The U.S. Atlantic Command became the Joint Forces Command in the 1990s after the Soviet threat to the North Atlantic had disappeared and the need rose for an integrating and experimentation command for forces in the continental United States. The Joint Forces Command was disbanded on August 3, 2011 and its components placed under the Joint Staff and other Combatant Commands.^{[citation needed]}

Regional CINCs were created in order to have a local supreme commander who could exercise unified command and control across service boundaries, ideally eliminating or diminishing interservice rivalries. CINCs reported directly to the United States Secretary of Defense, and through him to the President of the United States. One of the best known CINCs was Norman Schwarzkopf, commander of U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) during Operation Desert Storm.^{[citation needed]}

On 24 October 2002, Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld announced that in accordance with Title 10 of the US Code (USC), the title of "Commander-in-Chief" would thereafter be reserved for the President, consistent with the terms of Article II of the United States Constitution. Thereafter, the military CINCs would be known as "combatant commanders", as heads of the Unified Combatant Commands.^{[citation needed]}

The sixth geographical combatant command for Africa (USAFRICOM) was approved and established in 2007. It operated under U.S. European Command during its first year. It transitioned to independent Unified Command Status October 2008. In 2009, it focused on synchronizing hundreds of activities inherited from three regional commands that previously coordinated U.S. military relations in Africa.^[17]

Combatant Commanders[link]

Each combatant command is headed by a four-star general or admiral recommended by the Secretary of Defense, nominated by the President, confirmed by Congress and appointed by the President. The Goldwater-Nichols Act and its subsequent implementation legislation also resulted in specific Joint Professional Military Education (JPME) requirements for officers before they could attain flag or general officer rank thereby preparing them for duty in Joint assignments such as UCC staff or Joint Chiefs of Staff assignments, which are strictly controlled tour length rotations of duty. However, in the decades following enactment of Goldwater-Nichols, these JPME requirements have yet to come to overall fruition. This is particularly true in the case of senior naval officers, where sea duty/shore duty rotations and the culture of the naval service has often discounted PME and JPME as a measure of professional development for success. Although slowly changing, the JPME requirement still continues to be frequently waived in the case of senior admirals nominated for these positions.^[18]

The operational chain of command runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense to the combatant commanders of the Combatant Commands. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff may transmit communications to the Commanders of the Combatant Commands from the President and Secretary of Defense and advises both on potential courses of action, but the Chairman does not exercise military command over any combatant forces. Under Goldwater-Nichols, the service chiefs (also four stars in rank) are charged with the responsibility of the "strategic direction, unified operation of combatant commands, and the integration of all land, naval, and air forces in an efficient "unified combatant command" force. Furthermore, the Secretaries of the Military Departments (i.e. Secretary of the Army, Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force) are legally responsible to "organize, train and equip" combatant forces and, as directed by the Secretary of Defense, assign their forces for use by the combatant commands. The Secretaries of the Military Departments also do not exercise any operational control over their forces.^{[citation needed]}

Each combatant command can be led by a general or flag officer from any of the military services. Most commands have traditional service affiliations, but in recent years, non-traditional appointments have become more common. EUCOM was traditionally an Army command with USAF generals on occasion, but was held by a Marine from 2003 through 2006. CENTCOM was traditionally an Army and Marine command but William J. Fallon, commander from 2007 through 2008, was a Navy admiral. PACOM has always been commanded by a Navy admiral due to the wide expanse of ocean, although Air Force generals have been nominated for the post. U.S. Atlantic Command (USACOM) was also a traditional Navy assignment until it was successively commanded by Marine, Army, and Air Force generals, thereby becoming the first to have had commanders from all four services (USACOM was redesignated as JFCOM in 1999).^[19] CENTCOM and SOUTHCOM were traditionally Army general positions until the Marines received their first CinC assignments. This led the way for General Pace to become the first Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and ultimately Chairman from the Marine Corps. CCDRs are strong candidates for either position.^{[citation needed]}

Current Commands[link]

Emblem	Command	Acronym	Role	Established	Headquarters
	United States Africa Command	USAFRICOM	Geographic	2007-10-01	Kelley Barracks, Germany
	United States Central Command	USCENTCOM	Geographic	1983-01-01	MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
	United States European Command	USEUCOM	Geographic	1947-03-15	Patch Barracks, Germany
	United States Northern Command	USNORTHCOM	Geographic	2002-10-01	Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
75px	United States Pacific Command	USPACOM	Geographic	1947-01-01	Camp H. M. Smith, Hawaii
	United States Southern Command	USSOUTHCOM	Geographic	1963-06-06	Miami, Florida
	United States Special Operations Command	USSOCOM	Functional	1987-04-16	MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
	United States Strategic Command	USSTRATCOM	Functional	1992-06-01	Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska
	United States Transportation Command	USTRANSCOM	Functional	1987-07-01	Scott Air Force Base, Illinois

Notes[link]

References[link]

	United States Air Force portal
	Military of the United States portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Unified Combatant Command

• 10 U.S.C. § 161.
• "AFRICOM FAQs". United States Africa Command. http://www.africom.mil/africomFAQs.asp. Retrieved 27 August 2010. 
• "DefenseLINK - Unified Command Plan". United States Department of Defense. http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/unifiedcommand. Retrieved 15 January 2009. 
• Holder, Leonard; Murray, Williamson (Spring 1998), "Prospects for Military Education", Joint Force Quarterly 18, https://digitalndulibrary.ndu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ndupress&CISOPTR=16478&REC=1 
• Joint Chiefs of Staff (20 December 1977). "History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946-1977". http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/268.pdf. Retrieved 21 August 2010. 
• Joint Chiefs of Staff (July 1985). "History of the Unified Command Plan, 1977-1983". http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/269.pdf. Retrieved 21 August 2010. 
• "Joint Publication 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States". Joint Chiefs of Staff. 2 May 2007 (incorporating Change 1, 20 March 2009). http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1.pdf. Retrieved 22 August 2009. 
• "Joint Publication 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms". Joint Chiefs of Staff. 8 November 2010 (as amended through 31 January 2011). http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf. Retrieved 24 March 2011. 
• "Joint Warfighting Center History". United States Joint Forces Command. http://www.jfcom.mil/about/jwfc_history.htm. Retrieved 6 February 2007. 
• "Specified Command". Naval Advancement. http://www.tpub.com/content/advancement/14148/css/14148_21.htm. Retrieved August 2009. 
• Story, William C. (21 June 1999). "Military Changes to the Unified Command Plan: Background and Issues for Congress". Congressional Research Service. http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl30245.pdf. Retrieved 22 August 2010. 

External links[link]

• Interactive Map - US Africa Command (USAFRICOM) area of operation from the United States Army Africa
• Unified Command Plan Department of Defense
• Unified Command Plan GlobalSecurity.org

v t e  Unified Combatant Commands of the United States Department of Defense Regional responsibilities Africa Command - Central Command - European Command - Northern Command - Pacific Command - Southern Command Functional responsibilities Special Operations Command - Strategic Command - Transportation Command Inactivated Atlantic Command - Joint Forces Command - Space Command - Strike Command

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A combatant is someone who takes a direct part in the hostilities of an armed conflict. If a combatant follows the law of war, then they are considered a privileged combatant, and upon capture they qualify as a prisoner of war under the Third Geneva Convention (GCIII). An unprivileged combatant is someone, such as a mercenary, who takes a direct part in the hostilities but who upon capture does not qualify for prisoner of war status.^[1]

Privileged combatants[link]

The following categories of combatants qualify for prisoner-of-war status on capture:

1. Members of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict
2. Members of militias not under the command of the armed forces, with the following traits:
   • that of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates;
   • that of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance;
   • that of carrying arms openly;
   • that of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war.
3. Members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a government or an authority not recognized by the Detaining Power.
4. Inhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units, provided they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war.

For countries which have signed the "Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts" (Protocol I), combatants who do not wear a distinguishing mark still qualify as prisoners of war if they carry arms openly during military engagements, and while visible to the enemy when they are deploying to conduct an attack against them.

Unprivileged combatants[link]

There several types of combatants who do not qualify as privileged combatants:

• Combatant who would otherwise be privileged, but have breached other laws or customs of war (for example by fighting under a white flag).
• spies, mercenaries,^[1] child soldiers, and civilians who take a direct part in combat and do not fall into one of the categories listed in the previous section, (for example "inhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces" would qualify as privileged combatants).^[2][3]

If there is any doubt as to whether the person benefits from "combatant" status, they must be held as a POW until they have faced a "competent tribunal" (GCIII Art 5) to decide the issue.

Most unprivileged combatants who do not qualify for protection under the Third Geneva Convention do so under the Fourth Geneva Convention (GCIV),^[4] which concerns civilians, until they have had a "fair and regular trial". If found guilty at a regular trial, they can be punished under the civilian laws of the detaining power. The last time that American and British unlawful combatants were executed after "a regularly constituted court" was Luanda Trial in Angola in June 1976.

See also[link]

• Non-combatant
• Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b} Under Article 47 of Protocol I (Additional to the Geneva Conventions) it is stated in the first sentence "A mercenary shall not have the right to be a combatant or a prisoner of war." On 4 December 1989 the United Nations passed resolution 44/34 the International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries. It entered into force on 20 October 2001 and is usually known as the UN Mercenary Convention– International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries A/RES/44/34 72nd plenary meeting 4 December 1989 (UN Mercenary Convention). Article 2 makes it an offence to employ a mercenary and Article 3.1 states that "A mercenary, as defined in article 1 of the present Convention, who participates directly in hostilities or in a concerted act of violence, as the case may be, commits an offence for the purposes of the Convention." – International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries
2. ^ The relevance of IHL in the context of terrorism official statement by the ICRC 21 July 2005. "If civilians directly engage in hostilities, they are considered 'unlawful' or 'unprivileged' combatants or belligerents (the treaties of humanitarian law do not expressly contain these terms). They may be prosecuted under the domestic law of the detaining state for such action".
3. ^ This point is found in Article 51.3 of the Geneva Conventions Protocol II "Civilians shall enjoy the protection afforded by this section, unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities". (Geneva Conventions Protocol I Article 51.3)
4. ^ The exceptions are: "Nationals of a State which is not bound by the [Fourth Geneva] Convention are not protected by it. Nationals of a neutral State who find themselves in the territory of a belligerent State, and nationals of a co-belligerent State, shall not be regarded as protected persons while the State of which they are nationals has normal diplomatic representation in the State in whose hands they are." (GCIV Article 4)

External links[link]

• Humanitarian Law & Armed Conflict