Burning of Washington Part of the War of 1812 Burning of Washington 1814 Date August 24, 1814 Location Washington, D.C. Result British victory and razing of Washington, D.C. Belligerents United Kingdom  United States Commanders and leaders Robert Ross George Cockburn N/A Strength 4,250 [1] 7,640 Casualties and losses 1 KIA Approximately 30 accidental deaths Several killed from weather.[2] Unknown

v t e Chesapeake campaign Craney Island St. Michaels Chesapeake Bay Flotilla Bladensburg Washington Alexandria North Point Caulk's Field Baltimore Farnham Church

The Burning of Washington in 1814 was an armed conflict during the War of 1812 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United States of America. On August 24, 1814, after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg, a British force led by Major General Robert Ross occupied Washington, D.C. and set fire to many public buildings. The facilities of the U.S. government, including the White House and U.S. Capitol, were largely destroyed.^[3] The British commander's orders to burn only public buildings and strict discipline among the British troops are credited with preserving the city's private buildings.

This was the only time since the Revolutionary War that a foreign power captured and occupied the United States capital.^[4]

Reasons for the attack[link]

After the defeat and exile of Napoleon Bonaparte in April 1814, the British were able to collect newly available troops and ships to prosecute the war with the United States. The Earl of Bathurst, the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, dispatched troops to Bermuda, from where the blockade of the American coast and occupation of coastal islands had been overseen throughout the war. It was initially intended to use these forces to distract the United States government from its campaigns against Canada.^[5] Early in 1814, Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane had been appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Navy's North America and West Indies Station. He already had plans for carrying the war to the United States by launching attacks in Virginia and at New Orleans.^[6]

Rear Admiral George Cockburn had been commanding the squadron in Chesapeake Bay since the previous year. On June 25 he wrote to Cochrane, stressing that the defences of the region were weak, and several major cities were vulnerable to attack.^[7] Cochrane suggested attacking Baltimore, Washington and Philadelphia. On July 17, Cockburn recommended Washington as the target, because of the comparative ease of attack and "the greater political effect likely to result".^[8]

An added motive for the British to attack United States towns and cities was retaliation for what they saw as the "wanton destruction of private property along the north shores of Lake Erie" by American forces in May of that year, the most notable being the Raid on Port Dover.^[9] On 2 June 1814, Sir George Prévost, Governor General of The Canadas, had written to Cochrane at Admiralty House, in Bailey's Bay, Bermuda, calling for a retaliation against American depredations against non-combatant civilians and private property, as such acts at the time were considered to be against the laws of war. On July 18, Cochrane issued orders to Cockburn informing him that to "deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages...You are hereby required and directed to destroy and lay waste such towns and districts as you may find assailable".^[10]

Events[link]

Capture of the City of Washington, engraving from The History of England by Paul de Rapin-Thoyras

A force of 2,500 soldiers under Major General Robert Ross arrived in Bermuda aboard HMS Royal Oak, three frigates, three sloops, and ten other vessels. They sailed to the Washington area and, together with Royal Marines already under Cockburn's command, Ross landed at Benedict, Maryland on August 19. His forces routed the US Navy's Chesapeake Bay Flotilla, a detachment of US Marines, and the inexperienced American militia at the Battle of Bladensburg on August 24.

Immediately after the battle, the British sent an advance guard of soldiers to Capitol Hill. Major General Ross sent a party under a flag of truce to agree to terms, but they were attacked by partisans from a house at the corner of Maryland Avenue, Constitution Avenue, and Second Street NE. This was to be the only resistance the soldiers met within the city. The house was burned, and the British raised their Union Flag over Washington.^{[citation needed]}

The buildings housing the Senate and House of Representatives—construction on the central rotunda of the Capitol had not yet begun—were set ablaze not long after. The interiors of both buildings, which held the Library of Congress, were destroyed, although their thick walls and a torrential rainfall that was caused by a hurricane preserved the exteriors.^{[citation needed]} Thomas Jefferson later sold his personal library of more than 6,000 volumes to the government to restock the Library of Congress.^{[citation needed]}

White House[link]

The White House ruins after the conflagration of August 24, 1814. Watercolor by George Munger, displayed at the White House

The United States Capitol after the burning of Washington, D.C. in the War of 1812. Watercolor and ink depiction from 1814, restored.

The troops turned northwest up Pennsylvania Avenue toward the White House. After the US government officials fled, the First Lady Dolley Madison remained behind to organize the slaves and staff to save valuables from the British.^[11] Her role increased her popularity, even as it was embellished by newspapers.

James Madison's personal servant, the slave Paul Jennings, was an eyewitness at the age of 15.^[12] After purchasing his freedom later from the widow Dolley Madison, he published his memoir in 1865, considered the first from the White House:

It has often been stated in print, that when Mrs. Madison escaped from the White House, she cut out from the frame the large portrait of Washington (now in one of the parlors there), and carried it off. She had no time for doing it. It would have required a ladder to get it down. All she carried off was the silver in her reticule, as the British were thought to be but a few squares off, and were expected any moment.^[13]

Jennings said that the people who saved the painting and removed the objects were:

John Susé [Jean-Pierre Sioussat] (a Frenchman, then door-keeper, and still living) and Magraw [McGraw], the President's gardener, took it down and sent it off on a wagon, with some large silver urns and such other valuables as could be hastily got hold of. When the British did arrive, they ate up the very dinner, and drank the wines, &c., that I had prepared for the President's party.^[13][14][15]

The soldiers burned the president's house, and fuel was added to the fires that night to ensure they would continue burning into the next day. The smoke was reportedly visible as far away as Baltimore and the Patuxent River.^{[citation needed]}

In 2009 President Barack Obama held a ceremony at the White House to honor Jennings as a representative of slaves' contributions to saving the Gilbert Stuart painting and other valuables. "A dozen descendants of Jennings came to Washington, to visit the White House. For a few precious minutes, they were able to look at the painting their relative helped save".^[16] In an interview given to NPR, Jennings' great-great-grandson Hugh Alexander said, "We were able to take a family portrait in front of the painting, which was for me one of the high points."^[12] He confirmed that Jennings purchased his freedom later from the widow Dolley Madison.^[12]

Other property in Washington[link]

The burning of Washington forms the background to this portrait of Rear Admiral George Cockburn

The day after the destruction of the White House, Rear Admiral Cockburn entered the building of the D.C. newspaper, the National Intelligencer, intending to burn it down. However, several women persuaded him not to because they were afraid the fire would spread to their neighboring houses. Cockburn wanted to destroy the newspaper because its reporters had written so negatively about him, branding him as "The Ruffian." Instead, he ordered his troops to tear the building down brick by brick, ordering all the "C" type destroyed "so that the rascals can have no further means of abusing my name".^[17]

The British also burned the United States Treasury and other public buildings. The United States Patent Office building was saved by the efforts of William Thornton, the former Architect of the Capitol and then the Superintendent of Patents, who gained British cooperation to preserve it.

The Americans already had burned much of the historic Washington Navy Yard, founded by Thomas Jefferson, to prevent capture of stores and ammunition,^{[citation needed]} as well as the 44-gun frigate USS Columbia and the 18 gun USS Argus both new vessels nearing completion.^[18] The Navy Yard's Latrobe Gate, Quarters A, and Quarters B were the only buildings to escape destruction.^[19] Also spared were the Marine Barracks and Commandant's House, which Marine legend attributes to a gesture of respect for their conduct at Bladensburg.^[20]

In the afternoon of August 25, General Ross sent two hundred men to secure a fort on Greenleaf's Point. The fort, later known as Fort McNair, had already been destroyed by the Americans, but 150 barrels of gunpowder remained. While the British were trying to destroy it by dropping the barrels into a well, the powder ignited. As many as thirty men were killed in the explosion, and many others were maimed.^[21]

Less than a day after the attack began, a sudden heavy thunderstorm put out most of the fires. It also spun off a tornado that passed through part of the city, killing British troops and American civilians alike, and tossing cannons.^[22] The storm forced the British troops to return to their ships, many of which were badly damaged; the occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours. The Royal Navy reported that in the attack, it lost one man killed and six wounded, of whom the fatality and three of the wounded were from the Corps of Colonial Marines.^[23]

President Madison and the rest of the government quickly returned to the city.^{[citation needed]}

A separate British force captured Alexandria, on the south side of the Potomac River, while Ross's troops were leaving Washington. The mayor of Alexandria made a deal and the British refrained from burning the town.^[24]

Aftermath[link]

Most contemporary American observers, including newspapers representing anti-war Federalists, condemned the destruction of the public buildings as needless vandalism.^[25] Many of the British public were shocked by the burning of the Capitol and other buildings at Washington; such actions were denounced by most leaders of continental Europe. According to the The Annual Register, the burning had "..brought a heavy censure on the British character..", with some members of Parliament, including the anti-establishment MP Samuel Whitbread,^[25] joining in the criticism.

The majority of British opinion believed that the burnings were justified following the damage that United States forces had done with its incursions into Canada. In addition, they noted that the United States had been the aggressor, declaring war and initiating it.^[26] Several commentators regarded the damages as just revenge for the American destruction of the Parliament buildings and other public buildings in York, the provincial capital of Upper Canada, early in 1813. Sir George Prevost wrote that "as a just retribution, the proud capital at Washington has experienced a similar fate".^[27] The Reverend John Strachan, who as Rector of York had witnessed the American acts there, wrote to Thomas Jefferson that the damage to Washington "was a small retaliation after redress had been refused for burnings and depredations, not only of public but private property, committed by them in Canada".^[28]

When they ultimately returned to Bermuda, the British forces took two portraits, of King George III and his wife, Queen Charlotte Sophia, which had been discovered in one of the public buildings. Since then, they have hung in the Parliament of Bermuda.^[29]

Reconstruction[link]

The thick sandstone walls of the White House and Capitol survived, although scarred with smoke and scorch marks. There was a strong movement in Congress to relocate the nation's capital with many northern Congressmen pushing for a city north of the Mason-Dixon Line. Philadelphia was quick to volunteer as a temporary home as did Georgetown, where Mayor Thomas Corcoran offered Georgetown College as a temporary home for Congress. Ultimately, a bill to relocate the capital was defeated in Congress and Washington remained the seat of government.

Fearful that there might be pressure to relocate the capital altogether, Washington businessmen financed the construction of the Old Brick Capitol, where Congress met while the Capitol was reconstructed from 1815 to 1819. Madison resided in The Octagon House for the remainder of his term. Reconstruction of the White House began in early 1815 and was finished in time for President James Monroe's inauguration in 1817.^[30]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Adams, George R.; Christian, Ralph, eds. (November 1, 1975). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory — Nomination Form". National Park Service. pp. 1&ndas;18. http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/73002124.pdf. Retrieved July 17, 2009. 
• Cruikshank, Ernest (2006) [1814]. The Documentary History of the campaign upon the Niagara frontier. (Part 1-2). University of Calgary. http://www.nosracines.ca/e/page.aspx?id=769621. Retrieved May 11, 2009. 
• Elting, John R. (1995). Amateurs to Arms! A Military History of the War of 1812. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 220. ISBN 0-306-80653-3. 
• Fredriksen, John C. (2001). America's military adversaries: from colonial times to the present. ABC-CLIO. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-57607-603-3. 
• George, Christopher T (2000). Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay. White Mane Books. p. 111. ISBN ????. 
• Gura, Davie (August 24, 2009). "Descendants Of A Slave See The Painting He Saved". The Two-Way. NPR. http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2009/08/descendants_of_the_slave_who_s.html. Retrieved August 24, 2010. 
• Hickey, Donal R. (1989). The War of 1812, A Forgotten Conflict. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, Chicago and Urbana. ISBN 0-252-01613-0. 
• Hickey, Donald R. (1990). The War of 1812: A FORGOTTEN CONFLICT. University of Illinois Press. ISBN ????. 
• Hitsman, J. Mackay; Graves, Donald E. (1999). The Incredible War of 1812. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-13-3. 
• Jennings, Paul (1865). A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison. Brookyn: George C. Beadle. http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/jennings/jennings.html. 
• Joint Committee on Landmarks (June 30, 1972). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory — Nomination Form". National Capital Planning Commission. National Park Service. p. 5. http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Text/73002098.pdf. Retrieved July 17, 2009. 
• Landry, Peter (2009). Settlement, Revolution & War. Bloomington, IL: Trafford Publishing. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-4251-8791-0. 
• McCormick, J.H (1904). The First Master of Ceremonies of the White House. ^publisher?. 
• Morriss, Roger (1997). Cockburn and the British Navy in Transition: Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 1772-1853. University of Exeter Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=G2Cb30bdutcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
• NWS staff (June 15, 2011). "NWS Sterling, VA - D.C. Tornado Events". National Weather Service Eastern Region Headquarters. http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/lwx/Historic_Events/DC-tornado-events.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-24. 

• Myatt, Kevin (August 26, 2006). "Did tornado wreak havoc on War of 1812?". The Roanoke Times (Roanoke, VA). http://www.roanoke.com/weather/wb/79760. Retrieved 2010-08-24. 
• Roosevelt, Theodore (1902). The Naval War of 1812 or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans. Part II. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. http://www.archive.org/stream/navalwarorhisto00roosgoog#page/n13/mode/1up. 
• Siegel, Robert; Block, Melissa (August 24, 2009). "Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112182597. Retrieved 2010-08-24. 
• Willets, Gilson (1908). Inside History of the White House-the complete history of the domestic and official life in Washington of the nation's presidents and their families. The Christian Herald. 

Further reading[link]

• Latimer, Jon. 1812: War with America, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-674-02584-9
• Martin, John. "The British Are Coming: Historian Anthony Pitch Describes Washington Ablaze," LC Information Bulletin, September 1998
• Pack, A. James. The Man Who Burned The White House, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1987. ISBN 0-87021-420-9
• Phelan, Mary Kay. The Burning of Washington: August 1814, Ty Crowell Co, 1975. ISBN 0-690-00486-9
• Pitch, Anthony S. The Burning of Washington, White House History Magazine, Fall 1998
• Pitch, Anthony S. The Burning of Washington, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2000. ISBN 1-55750-425-3
• Siegel, Robert Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy NPR, August 24, 2009.
• Whitehorne, Joseph A. The Battle for Baltimore: 1814 (1997)
• Listing by surname of Royal Marines (2nd Battn, 3rd Battn, Colonial Marines) paid prize money for participating in the attack on Washington

External links[link]

• The War of 1812 and Relocating the Nation's Capital

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Burning Spear
Background information
Birth name	Winston Godfrey Rodney
Born	(1945-03-01) 1 March 1945 (age 67)
Genres	Reggae
Years active	1969–present
Labels	Studio One, Island, EMI, Heartbeat, Slash
Website	www.burningspear.net

Winston Rodney, OD (born 1 March 1945^[1][2]), also known as Burning Spear, is a Jamaican roots reggae singer and musician. Burning Spear is known for his Rastafari movement messages.

History[link]

Rodney was born in Saint Ann's Bay, Saint Ann, Jamaica, as were reggae singer Bob Marley and political activist Marcus Garvey who both had a great influence on Rodney's life: Garvey in his philosophy, which Burning Spear greatly took to, and Marley in directly helping Burning Spear get started in the music industry (by some accounts) by introducing him to Clement Dodd.^[3] Rodney met Marley at the latter's farm in 1969, and having told him that he wanted to get into the music business, Marley advised him to start at Dodd's Studio One label.^[3][4] Reggae singer Larry Marshall claimed that it was he, while visiting St. Ann's Bay with Jackie Mittoo, who was approached by Rodney, and gave him this advice, and arranged the introduction.^[5]

Burning Spear was originally Rodney's group, named after a military award given by Jomo Kenyatta, the first Prime Minister and President of an independent Kenya,^[6] and including bass singer Rupert Willington. This duo auditioned for Dodd in 1969, and recorded the debut single "Door Peep".^[3] They were joined by tenor Delroy Hinds (brother of Justin Hinds).^[3] The trio recorded several more singles for Dodd, and two albums, before they moved on to work with Jack Ruby in 1975.^[3] Their first recording with Ruby, "Marcus Garvey", was intended as an exclusive track for Ruby's Ocho Rios-based Hi-Power sound system, but was released as a single, giving them an immediate hit, and was followed by "Slavery Days".^[3] These recordings featured the backing band The Black Disciples, which included Earl "Chinna" Smith, Valentine Chin, Robbie Shakespeare and Leroy Wallace.^[3] The group worked with Ruby on their third album, Marcus Garvey (1976), which was immediately successful and led to a deal with Island Records to give the album a wider release.^[3] Island remixed and altered the speed of some of the tracks, much to the annoyance of fans and the group,^[7] leading Rodney to set up his own Spear label for future releases where he would have full control, although further releases followed on Island including a dub album (Garvey's Ghost) and the Man in the Hills album.^[3] In late 1976, Rodney split from both Ruby and group members Willington and Hinds, and from that point on used the name Burning Spear for himself alone. Dry and Heavy followed in 1977, self-produced but still on Island, and with a sizeable following by now in the United Kingdom,^[7] he performed in London that year with members of Aswad acting as his backing band for a sold-out show at the Rainbow Theatre, which was recorded and released as Live!.^[3] Aswad also provided backing on his next studio album, Social Living (1978), which also featured Sly Dunbar and Rico Rodriguez.^[3] A dub version of the album, Living Dub (1979), was mixed by Sylvan Morris.^[3] His profile was raised further by an appearance in the film Rockers, performing "Jah no Dead".^[7]

In 1980, Rodney left Island Records, and set up the Burning Spear label, which he signed to EMI,^[7] debuting on the label with Hail H.I.M., recorded at Marley's Tuff Gong studio and co-produced by Aston Barrett.^[3] A Sylvan Morris dub version followed in the form of Living Dub Volume Two.^[3] In 1982, Rodney signed with Heartbeat Records with a series of well-received albums following, including the 1985 Grammy-nominated Resistance.^[3] He returned to Island in the early 1990s, releasing two albums before rejoining Heartbeat.

Burning Spear tours extensively, and several live albums have been issued. His 1999 album, Calling Rastafari brought his first Grammy Award in 2000,^[6] a feat which he repeated with Jah Is Real in 2009.^[8]

In the mid 1990s, he set up the Burning Music Production company, handling his own bookings, and in 2002, he and his wife, Sonia Rodney who has produced a number of his albums, restarted Burning Spear Records, giving him a greater degree of artistic control.^[4][9][10] Since the mid-1990s, he has been based in Queens, New York.^[11]

Burning Spear was awarded the Order of Distinction in the rank of Officer on 15 October 2007.^[12]

The Track "We Are Going" was featured in cycling documentary "Roam" by The Collective.

Discography[link]

Awards[link]

Burning Spear has won two Grammy Awards for Best Reggae Album; one at the 42nd Grammy Awards in 2000 for Calling Rastafari, and one for 2009's Jah Is Real. He has been nominated for a total of 12 Grammy Awards.^[10][13]

Nominations for Best Reggae Album:

• 1986 Resistance
• 1988 People of the World
• 1990 Live in Paris Zenith '88
• 1991 Mek We Dweet
• 1994 The World Should Know
• 1996 Rasta Business
• 1998 Appointment with His Majesty
• 2000 Calling Rastafari
• 2004 Free Man
• 2005 Our Music
• 2008 The Burning Spear Experience
• 2008 Jah Is Real

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site of Burning Spear
• Official Facebook Page
• Official Twitter
• Winston Rodney's Blog
• Our Music: Past, Present, and Future with Burning Spear - The Music Box, Vol. 12, #11
• Live performance images

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2010)

Chris Pureka is an American acoustic singer-songwriter from Northampton, Massachusetts.^[1] Raised in Connecticut,^[1] she began writing songs at the age of eight and began playing the guitar at 16.^[1] She soon became a frequent performer at local coffee houses and open mics. As a young performer, she opened shows for such artists as Erin McKeown and Pamela Means while completing a degree in biology at Wesleyan University.^[1] After graduating, she worked in a microbiology research lab at Smith College in Northampton, eventually leaving to focus on her music full-time. In June 2001, she recorded a self-titled seven-song EP in preparation for a three-month nationwide tour with lesbian folk poet Alix Olson.^[1] The EP, which was home-recorded in two weeks and featured her playing back-up accompaniment on the mandolin and bass, was later mastered and reprinted for her 2005 summer tour.

In 2004, Pureka released Driving North, her first full-length album, earning rave reviews from fans and fellow artists alike. In 2006, she released Dryland, and toured the US a second time as a headlining act. The album received rave reviews and was featured on the Paste Magazine Sampler in February 2007.

In May 2007, Pureka was a member of the month-long New American Songwriter Tour in New York City, Philadelphia, and Massachusetts. The tour also featured Krystle Warren, Jesse Harris and Ryan Scott.^[2] In August, Pureka played at the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival.

In July 2007, Pureka's song, "Swann Song" won 1st Place in the Acoustic competition on the independent music site OurStage.com.^[3] Because of her excellent performance there, she won a spot to perform at the Virgin Music Festival in Baltimore, Maryland, where she performed on August 5.^{[citation needed]} Pureka had previously also won the Acoustic competition in April for her song "31 and Falling".^[4]

In October 2007, Pureka was nominated for 2007's Outstanding Folk Act by the Boston Music Awards. She was also awarded an ASCAPLUS award in the summer of 2007.

Pureka has sold over 7000 copies of her latest album, How I Learned to See in the Dark, independently, on her own label, Sad Rabbit Music. She has gained popularity by performing with artists such as Dar Williams, The Cowboy Junkies, Peter Mulvey, Ani Difranco, Martin Sexton, Jeffrey Foucault, Kris Delmhorst, Melissa Ferrick, Catie Curtis, and Girlyman.

Pureka is the founder of her label, Sad Rabbit Music. She has been compared to artists like early Bruce Springsteen, Ryan Adams, Patty Griffin, Gillian Welch and Mary Gauthier. Pureka covered Welch's song "Everything Is Free" on Dryland and has expressed admiration for her music as well as that of Griffin. She cites influences from Peter Mulvey and Pamela Means, as well as Ani DiFranco, though she says that her music differs greatly from DiFranco's often-outspoken political messages. Pureka has lent her vocals and guitar playing to several tracks by artists like Olson and Arjuna Greist; a notable track is "Checking My Pulse" with Olson, which went on to become a relative hit for Olson.

Pureka identifies as genderqueer^[5] and cultivates an androgynous appearance. She has received positive reviews in the long-running radical feminist publication off our backs^[6] and other magazines. Pureka's music does not deal explicitly with LGBT issues, focusing instead on emotional interactions between individuals.

On January 20, 2009, Pureka released a fourth album, an EP entitled Chimera. The EP has seven tracks; one new, original song (with a prelude as the first track), a reworked studio version of a song off of her 2001 EP, three live tracks, and a cover of Bob Dylan and Ketch Secor's Wagon Wheel. The hard copy of Chimera is complete with written commentary from Pureka on each track.

In April 2010, Pureka released her fifth album, How I Learned To See In The Dark, which she co-produced with Merrill Garbus.^{[7][8][9][10]}

Discography[link]

• 2001 - Chris Pureka EP
• 2004 - Driving North
• 2006 - Dryland
• 2009 - Chimera (EP)
• 2010 - How I Learned To See In The Dark

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Swartz, Shauna (June 11, 2007). "7 Out Musicians to Watch — Chris Pureka". AfterEllen.com. http://www.afterellen.com/music/2007/6/outmusicians?page=0%2C3. Retrieved January 27, 2010. 
2. ^ Kristen Beam (11 May 2007). "New American Songwriter Tour breezing through town". Sound Check. masslive.com. http://blog.masslive.com/soundcheck/2007/05/new_american_songwriter_tour_b.html. Retrieved 20 April 2010. 
3. ^ "The Winners for July 2007". OurStage.com. http://www.ourstage.com/winners/2007/7. Retrieved 16 April 2010. 
4. ^ "The Winners for April 2007". OurStage.com. http://www.ourstage.com/winners/2007/4. Retrieved 16 April 2010. 
5. ^ Azzopardi, Chris (August 30, 2007). "Goodbye, guitar". PrideSource. http://www.pridesource.com/article.html?article=26714. Retrieved January 27, 2010. 
6. ^ Young, Angie (July 1, 2005). "An interview with Chris Pureka: Feminist. Lesbian. Singer. Guitarist extraordinaire". off our backs. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9705323_ITM. Retrieved January 27, 2010 
7. ^ Cory Albertson (15 April 2010). "Best of What's Next: Chris Pureka". Paste. http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2010/04/best-of-whats-next-chris-pureka.html. Retrieved 20 April 2010. 
8. ^ http://host.madison.com/entertainment/music/article_74967464-51fd-11df-86ba-001cc4c002e0.html
9. ^ Pareles, Jon (2010-05-18). "Vintage Rock and Midlife Heartaches". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/23/arts/music/23play.html. 
10. ^ http://newsletter.blogs.wesleyan.edu/2010/06/07/pureka-01-confronts-her-sorrows-in-third-album/#more-11785

External links[link]

• Official website

Jonathan (Jon) Rodney Brockman (born March 20, 1987 in Snohomish, Washington) is an American basketball player who currently plays for the Milwaukee Bucks. He was the starting power forward and team captain for the University of Washington men's basketball team. He is the all-time leading rebounder and 2nd all-time scorer in University of Washington history. He grabbed the 1,000th rebound of his career on December 30, 2008 in a win over Morgan State,^[1] and became Washington's all-time leading rebounder on January 15, 2009 in a win over Oregon, breaking Doug Smart's school record of 1,051.^[2]

College career[link]

Freshman Year[link]

Games: 33
Games Started: 32
Team Record: 26-7
Field Goal Pct: 51.8%
Point Avg: 8.4
Rebound Avg: 6.5
F-Throw Pct: 66.7%
Steals: 35
Avg Minutes: 22.1

Played with future NBA players Brandon Roy and Bobby Jones. Was named to the PAC-10 all Freshman team. Played in the NCAA Tournament, lost to UConn in the Sweet 16. Led Huskies in rebounds and was 7th in the Pac-10. He ended the season with 4 double-doubles. Second highest total rebounds by a freshman in Husky history. Was ranked 2nd in the Pac-10 with his 51.8 field goal percentage.

High school career[link]

Senior Year
Point Avg.: 30.2
Rebound Avg: 14

Junior Year
Point Avg.: 22.4
Rebound Avg: 13

Brockman attended Snohomish High School and was a 4-year letterman and played alongside his brother for two years. Ranked as the 20th prospect in the country and 5th among power forwards by Scout.com. Named to the McDonald's All-American Game in 2005. Made the semifinals in the 2005 High School Slam Dunk Competition. Third leading scorer in the state of Washington in the 2004-05 season. One of the best rebounders in the class of 2005.

NBA career[link]

Brockman was selected 38th overall in the 2009 NBA Draft by the Portland Trail Blazers, and his rights were later traded to the Sacramento Kings for the rights to Jeff Pendergraph. He averaged 5.4 points and 9.2 rebounds in the Las Vegas Summer League following the draft.

On July 21, 2010, he was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks for Darnell Jackson and a 2011 second round pick.^[3]

NBA career statistics[link]

Regular season[link]

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• http://gohuskies.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/brockman_jon00.html
• http://gohuskies.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/041107aaa.html
• http://gohuskies.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/022405aaa.html
• http://nbadraft.net/2005mcdonalds001.asp
• http://www.nba.com/playerfile/jon_brockman/

James Phillip Rome (born on October 14, 1964), known as Jim Rome, is an American sports radio talk show host syndicated by Premiere Radio Networks, a subsidiary of Clear Channel Communications.

Broadcasting from a studio near Los Angeles, California, Rome hosts The Jim Rome Show on radio. For a number of years Rome hosted a television show Jim Rome Is Burning (formerly Rome Is Burning), which aired on ESPN in the United States and TSN2 in Canada. In 2011, Rome ended his relationship with ESPN to join the CBS network where it is reported he will host his own show, as well as an interview-format show on the Showtime channel.^[1] His past hosting jobs included sports discussion television shows Talk2 (ESPN2), The FX Sports Show (FX), and The Last Word (Fox Sports Net). The Jim Rome Show is tied for the #21 most listened to talk radio show in the United States ^[2] and Rome is the #29 most influential talk radio personality^[3] according to Talkers Magazine.

Born in Tarzana, California, Rome graduated from Calabasas High School in 1982^[4] and the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) with a degree in Communications in 1987.^[5][6] He lives in Irvine, California with his wife Janet and their two children.^[5]

Early broadcasting start[link]

Rome started his radio career at college radio station KCSB-FM while at UCSB, where he was Sports Director for one quarter, and at news station KTMS, also located in Santa Barbara. He eventually moved to XTRA Sports 690 in San Diego, where he started what is now known as The Jim Rome Show, or "The Jungle," with a loop of the instrumental intro of Iggy Pop's song "Lust for Life" and the instrumental intro of Guns N' Roses' song "Welcome to the Jungle" as the show's signature music. The show became syndicated in 1996. It can now be heard on over 200 radio stations across the United States and Canada. In 1998, Rome released an album entitled Welcome to the Jungle, which featured memorable sound bites and music from the show.

In early 2003, Rome was interviewing friend Mark Shapiro, executive producer of programming and production at ESPN, on his radio program. Unexpectedly, the two began to discuss a possible return of Rome to ESPN, and within a few months, Rome was officially rehired to host Rome Is Burning. Rome openly attributes that interview as the impetus to his return to television.

In July 2006, Rome announced that his nationally syndicated radio show would remain on terrestrial radio instead of going to satellite radio. The radio show is heard on more than 200 stations across the United States and Canada and has an audience of approximately 2.5 million.^[6]

Controversy and incidents[link]

Rome gained notoriety for an incident in his ESPN2 show Talk2 in 1994 when his guest was NFL quarterback Jim Everett. Rome had previously referred to Everett as "Chris" (after Chris Evert, the female tennis player), suggesting that Everett shied away from getting hit. Appearing as a guest on the show, Everett warned Rome about repeating the insult. Rome continued his taunt, causing Everett to overturn the table between them and shove Rome to the floor while still on the air. This situation never resulted in a lawsuit for either party. Rome considers this event one of his early career mistakes.

In 1997, hockey legend Gordie Howe announced an attempt to play a shift with the International Hockey League's Detroit Vipers, which would allow Howe to claim having played professional hockey in six decades. Rome challenged the 69-year-old ex-hockey star, offering a bounty of $3,000 to any player on the team playing against the Vipers to take Howe out of the game permanently by saying, "Putting this old fool back to reality." Howe and his wife threatened Rome with a lawsuit, and the bounty went away.

Celebrity appearances[link]

Rome made cameo appearances in the movies Space Jam, Two for the Money, and the 2005 remake of The Longest Yard. He appeared in Blink-182's music video "What's My Age Again?" and appeared on the HBO sitcom Arliss.

On May 3, 2004, Rome hosted the memorial service for Pat Tillman.^[7] On January 28, 2006, Rome was elected to the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.^[8]

The Oliver Stone film Any Given Sunday features John C. McGinley playing the brash sportscaster "Jack Rose," a character based on Jim Rome.^[9]

Horse racing[link]

After poking fun at horse racing for some years, saying "it's not a sport, it's a bet," Rome seemed to take more interest in horse racing after interviewing great jockey Kent Desormeaux many times on his radio talk show. Rome has recently taken up a stronger interest in buying thoroughbreds. He was a part owner in Wing Forward, who, in his North American debut, made a dramatic last-to-first comeback to win the race. Rome mentioned it as "one of the most amazing experiences I've ever had."

In 2008, Jim and his wife Janet purchased a stake in a two-year-old colt, giving them a potential shot at the Triple Crown stakes races in 2009. Listeners have suggested names for the horse. The colt was eventually named Gallatin's Run.^[10]

Jim now owns part or all of seven horses in connection with Little Redfeather Racing and Billy Koch, including:

• El Manuel
• Hot n' Dusty
• Gallatin's Run
• Surfer Girl (owns outright)

Tour Stops[link]

Jim Rome's Tour Stops (also referred to as The Jim Rome World Tour) was a series of limited access live shows, often held in arenas, or other outdoor venues, which features sports-related guests and activities. The tour originated from The Jim Rome Show radio program, which is featured on over 200 affiliate radio stations in the United States and Canada. Generally, Rome would hold a few Tour Stops each year, with a very irregular schedule. They were quietly and informally discontinued after the Tour Stop at Cleveland in 2004. Rome has cited a more demanding television and radio schedule for the discontinuation of tour stops, most notably because of the inception of Jim Rome is Burning on ESPN. Show listeners, referred to as the "Clones," considered the Tour Stops a way of celebrating the popularity of the show, and a means of meeting other fans of the program. Since 2000 Rome promised to hold a Tour Stop in the city whose NFL team finished the season 0-16, his so called "dream season." The Detroit Lions finally accomplished the feat in 2008, but no Tour Stop has been held thereafter in Detroit.

Tickets to a Tour Stop were normally free, but needed to be acquired from the local affiliate. Some Tour Stops have reportedly had over 10,000 in attendance. One of the Tour Stops' main attractions was the appearance of sports figures from local teams. Tour Stops were not broadcast on the radio, but Rome typically played clips from the activities and guests on the next regular program.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jim Rome Rome's official website
• Jim Rome Is Burning Video on ESPN Video Archive
• Jim Rome's Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame Page