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Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), a Christian linguistic service organization, which studies lesser-known languages, to provide the speakers with Bibles in their native language and support their efforts in language development.^[1]

The Ethnologue contains statistics for 7,358 languages in the 16th edition, released in 2009 (up from 6,912 in the 15th edition, released 2005 and 6,809 in the 14th edition, released 2000) and gives the number of speakers, location, dialects, linguistic affiliations, availability of the Bible and so forth. It is currently the most comprehensive existing language inventory, along with the Linguasphere Observatory Register. But, some information is dated.

In 1984, the Ethnologue released a three-letter coding system, called a SIL code, to identify each language that it describes. This set of codes significantly exceeded the scope of previous standards, e.g., ISO 639-1. The 14th edition, published in 2000, included 7148 language codes which generally did not match the ISO 639-2 codes. In 2002 the Ethnologue was asked to work with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to integrate its codes into a draft international standard. The Ethnologue now uses this standard, called ISO 639-3. The 15th edition, which was published in 2005, includes 7299 codes. A 16th edition was released in the middle of 2009.

What counts as a language depends on socio-linguistic evaluation: see Dialect. As the preface says, "Not all scholars share the same set of criteria for what constitutes a 'language' and what features define a 'dialect.'" Ethnologue follows the criteria used by ISO 639-3,^[2] which are based primarily on mutual intelligibility.

In addition to choosing a primary name for the language, Ethnologue also gives some of the names by which a language is called by its speakers, by the government, by foreigners and by neighbors, as well as how it has been named and referenced historically, regardless of which designation is considered official, politically correct or offensive or by whom.

William Bright, then editor of Language: Journal of the Linguistic Society of America, wrote of Ethnologue that it "is indispensable for any reference shelf on the languages of the world." (1986:698).^[3]

Language families[link]

Following are the 121 language families listed in the Ethnologue language family index of the 16th edition. The first column gives the Ethnologue name for the group, followed by the location by continent and Ethnologue's count of the number of languages in the family. In addition to language families, Ethnologue lists 1 artificial language, 82 creoles, 17 pidgins, 130 Deaf sign languages, 23 mixed languages, 50 language isolates, and 73 unclassified languages.

See also[link]

• Lists of languages
• List of language families

References[link]

External links[link]

• Web version of The Ethnologue
  • Ethnologue – History
• Review of the 15th edition, by Ole Stig Andersen (Danmarks Radio)
• How Linguists and Missionaries Share a Bible of 6,912 Languages (The New York Times)

Levi Strauss
Born	Löb Strauß February 26, 1829 Buttenheim, Bavaria, German Confederation
Died	September 26, 1902(1902-09-26) (aged 73) San Francisco, California, U.S.
Known for	Founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans, known as Levi Strauss & Co.

Levi Strauss ( /ˌliːvaɪ ˈstrɔːs/, born Löb Strauß, German pronunciation: [løːb ˈʃtʁaʊs]; February 26, 1829 – September 26, 1902) was a German-born American businessman who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans. His firm, Levi Strauss & Co., began in 1853 in San Francisco, California.^[1]

Origins[link]

Levi Strauss was born in Buttenheim, in the Franconian region of Bavaria, Germany, to an Ashkenazi Jewish family.^[2] He was the son of Hirsch Strauss and his wife Rebecca (Haass) Strauss. At the age of 18, Strauss, his mother and two sisters sailed for the United States to join his brothers Jonas and Louis, who had begun a wholesale dry goods business in New York City called J. Strauss Brother & Co.^[3]

Business career[link]

The family decided to open a West Coast branch of the family dry goods business in San Francisco, which was the commercial hub of the California Gold Rush. Levi was chosen to represent the family, and after becoming an American citizen in January 1853, he then caught another steamship for San Francisco, arriving in early March 1853.

Strauss opened his dry goods wholesale business as Levi Strauss & Co. and imported fine dry goods—clothing, bedding, combs, purses, handkerchiefs—from his brothers in New York. He sold the goods to the small general stores and men's mercantiles of California and the West. Around 1856 Levi's sister Franny, her husband David Stern and their infant son Jacob moved from New York to San Francisco to join the business.

Levi's Jeans[link]

Levi's 506 back pocket with Arcuate stitching

In late 1872 Jacob Davis, a Reno, Nevada tailor, started making men's work pants with metal points of strain for greater strength. He wanted to patent the process but needed a business helper, so he turned to Levi Strauss, from whom he purchased some of his fabric.^[4] On May 20, 1873, Strauss and Davis received United States patent^[5] for using copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of denim work pants. Levi Strauss & Co. began manufacturing the famous Levi's brand of jeans, using fabric from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, New Hampshire.

The "Arcuate", the double arch stitching on the back pocket, is a Levi's trademark, which the company has repeatedly defended in court. During World War II it was deemed by the US Government to be decorative only, and prohibited from being stitched into the pockets because items needed for the war effort, including thread, were being rationed. Rather than lose its trademark, the company had the Arcuate hand-painted onto the pockets.^[6]

Death[link]

Levi Strauss died on September 26, 1902 in San Francisco at the age of 73. He never married, so he left the business to his four nephews, Jacob, Sigmund, Louis, and Abraham Stern, the sons of his sister Fanny and her husband David Stern. He also left bequests to a number of charities such as the Pacific Hebrew Orphan Asylum and the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum. Levi's fortune was estimated to be around 6 million dollars.^[7] He was buried in Colma, California.

Legacy[link]

A Levi Strauss museum is maintained in Buttenheim, Germany, located in the 1687 house where Strauss was born. There is also a Visitors Center at Levi Strauss & Co. world headquarters in San Francisco, which features a number of historical exhibits.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Levi Strauss

• Levi Strauss & Company
• Biography of Levi Strauss from the Official Levi Strauss Site.
• Levi Strauss at Findagrave
• Levi's
• Levi's India
• Levi Strauss Museum in Buttenheim, Germany (German)
• Levi Strauss designer profile at Fashion Model Directory

Born	Timothy Severin 1940 (age 71–72) Assam, India
Occupation	explorer, historian and writer
Period	1978-present
Genres	Historical fiction, Non-fiction
www.timseverin.net

Tim Severin (born 1940) is a British explorer, historian and writer. Severin is noted for his work in retracing the legendary journeys of historical figures. Severin was awarded both the Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society and the Livingstone Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society. He received the Thomas Cook Travel Book Award for his 1982 book The Sinbad Voyage.

Early life and career[link]

He was born Timothy Severin in Assam, India in 1940. Severin attended Tonbridge School and studied geography and history at Keble College, Oxford.

Recreating Ancient Voyages[link]

Tracking Marco Polo (1961)[link]

While he was an undergraduate at Oxford University, Severin, Stanley Johnson and Michael de Larrabeiti retraced Marco Polo’s thirteenth century journey through Asia on motorcycles, using Polo’s elephants have large noses The Description of the World as a guide. They traveled from Venice through Turkey, Persia, and Afghanistan, surviving sandstorms, floods, motorcycle accidents, and time spent in jail. Severin and his guides rode camels through Deh Bakri pass to identify the Persian “apples of Paradise” and the hidden hot springs described by Polo. They were unable to complete the voyage due to visa problems at the border of China.

Explorers of the Mississippi (1967)[link]

From conquistadors to nineteenth-century gentlemen explorers, Severin follows the routes and tells the stories of the adventurers who have traveled the mighty Mississippi for hundreds of years—and does so while navigating the length of the river by canoe and launch.

The Brendan Voyage (1976-1977)[link]

Latin texts of Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis (The Voyage of St. Brendan the Abbot) dating back to at least 800 A.D. tell the story of Brendan’s (c. 489-583) seven year voyage across the Atlantic Ocean to a new land and his return. Convinced that the legend was based in historical truth, in 1976 Severin built a replica of Brendan’s currach. Handcrafted using traditional tools, the 36-foot, two masted boat was built of Irish ash and oak, hand-lashed together with nearly two miles of leather thong, wrapped with 49 traditionally tanned ox hides, and sealed with wool grease. Between May 1976 and June 1977, Severin and his crew sailed the Brendan 4,500 miles from Ireland to Peckford Island, Newfoundland, stopping at the Hebrides and Iceland en route. He considered that his recreation of the voyage helped to identify the bases for many of the legendary elements of the story: the Island of Sheep, the “Paradise of Birds,” pillars of crystal, mountains that hurled rocks at voyagers, and the Promised Land. Severin’s account of the expedition, The Brendan Voyage, became an international best seller, translated into 16 languages.

The Sindbad Voyage (1980-1981)[link]

The famous adventures of the medieval sailor Sindbad, as recorded in One Thousand and One Nights, became the inspiration for Severin’s next voyage. After three years of researching the legend and early Arab and Persian sketches of medieval ships, he brought the project to Sur, Oman in 1980. Sponsored by His Majesty Qaboos sin Said, Sultan of Oman, he guided Omani shipwrights in the construction of the "Sohar", an 87 foot replica of a ninth century, lateen-rigged, cotton-sailed Arab dhow. The ship was constructed in seven months of hand-sawn wooden planks sewn together with nearly 400 miles of hand-rolled, coconut-husk rope. Sohar left Oman on 21 November 1980. Navigating by the stars, Severin and his crew of 25 traveled nearly 6000 miles in eight months. From Sur they sailed east across the Arabian Sea, south down India’s Malabar Coast to the Laccadive Islands and on to Calicut, India. The next phase of their voyage took them down the coast of India to Sri Lanka. They were becalmed in the doldrums for nearly a month, suffered broken spars, and were nearly run down by freighters, but arrived in Canton^{[disambiguation needed ]} on 6 July.

The Jason Voyage (1984)[link]

The epic poem Argonautica, first written down by Apollonius of Rhodes in Alexandria in the late 3rd century B.C., became the basis for Severin’s next expedition. He began his research into ancient Greek ships and the details of the text in 1981. Master shipwright Vasilis Delimitros of Spetses hand built a 54-foot replica of a Bronze Age galley based on a detailed scale model of the Argo. In 1984, with twenty volunteer oarsmen, Severin rowed and sailed from northern Greece through the Dardanelles, crossed the Marmara Sea, and passed through the Straits of Bosphorus to the Black Sea—a voyage of 1500 miles. Along the way they identified many of the landmarks visited by Jason and his Argonauts, and found a likely explanation for the legend of the Golden Fleece. Severin recounted the expedition in The Jason Voyage (1985).

The Ulysses Voyage (1985)[link]

Once again making use of the Argo from The Jason Voyage, in 1985 Severin followed the route of Ulysses’ voyage home in The Odyssey, from Troy to Ithaca in the Ionian islands. Along the way, Severin made tentative or conclusive identifications of The land of the Lotus-eaters, King Nestor’s palace, the Halls of Hades, the Roving Rocks, the Sirens, Scylla, and Charybdis. The Ulysses Voyage, published in 1987, tells the story of the expedition, the historical research that went into it, and the discoveries Severin and his crew made along the way.

In Search of Genghis Khan (1990)[link]

While still a student at Oxford University, Severin wrote his thesis on the first European travelers in Central Asia during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. With this background, to commemorate the 800th birthday of Genghis Khan he rode with Mongol herdsmen along the route once used by couriers of the Mongolian empire, mingled with camel herders in the Gobi Desert, and ate with Kazakhs in their yurts. In addition to finding evidence that the bubonic plague had been introduced into Europe by Mongolian traders, Severin gave the world a rare view into this little-known country. His story, part travelogue, part research paper, was published in 1993 under the title In Search of Genghis Khan.

The China Voyage (May-November 1993)[link]

Ancient Chinese texts tell the story of Hsu Fu, a navigator and explorer sent by the first Emperor of China in 218 B.C. into the “Eastern Ocean” in search of life-prolonging drugs. Hsu Fu completed the voyage on a bamboo raft, which some believe took him to America and back. Severin set out to prove that such a voyage really could have been made. On the beach at Sam Son, Vietnam, he oversaw the construction of a 60 foot long, 15 foot wide raft built of 220 bamboos and rattan cording, and driven by an 800 square foot, junk-rigged sail. After leaving Asia in May of 2009, Severin and his crew faced monsoons, pirates, and typhoons before the rattan began rotting and the raft began falling apart in the mid-Pacific. After traveling 5,500 miles in 105 days, they were forced to abandon the raft about 1000 miles short of their destination. Although the Hsu Fu, as the craft was named, did not complete the trip, Severin believed the voyage had accomplished its purpose. In The China Voyage, published in 1994, he wrote that the expedition had proved that a bamboo raft of the second century B.C. could, indeed, have made a voyage across the Pacific, just as Hsu Fu’s account recorded.

In Search of Moby Dick: Quest for the White Whale (1999)[link]

Following the path of the Pequot, Severin sets out to find a living, white sperm whale. His quest takes him to the remotest parts of the south Pacific: the Philippine island of Pamilacan, whose people hunt whale sharks with their hands and grappling hooks; the Indonesian island of Lamalera, whose people hunt sperm whales with harpoons from open boats. Throughout his expedition, Severin is able to compare Melville’s account with the reality he discovers, and to show that much of Melville’s material was either borrowed or fabricated.

Fiction[link]

Severin has also written historical fiction. The Viking Series, first published in 2005, concerns a young Viking adventurer who travels the world. In 2007 he published The Adventures of Hector Lynch series set in the late 17th century about a 17-year-old Corsair.

Works[link]

Fiction[link]

Viking Series[link]

• Odinn's Child (2005)
• Sworn Brother (2005)
• King's Man (2005)

The Adventures of Hector Lynch[link]

• Corsair (2007)
• Buccaneer (2008)
• Sea Robber (2009)

Non fiction[link]

• Tracking Marco Polo (1964) - Motorcycle ride from Venice to Central Asia along the Silk Road
• Explorers of the Mississippi (1968)
• The Golden Antilles (1970)
• The African Adventure (1973)
• Vanishing Primitive Man (1973)
• The Oriental Adventure: Explorers of the East (1976) - A history of European explorers in Asia
• The Brendan Voyage (1978) - Sailing a leather currach from Ireland to Newfoundland
• The Sinbad Voyage (1983) - Sailing an Arab dhow from Muscat, Oman to China
• The Jason Voyage: The Quest for the Golden Fleece (1986) - Sailing from Greece to Georgia
• The Ulysses Voyage (1987) - Sailing from Troy to Ithaca
• Crusader (1989) - Riding a heavy horse from France to the Middle East
• In Search of Genghis Khan (1991) - See Genghis Khan
• The China Voyage (1994) - Across the Pacific Ocean (almost) on a bamboo raft named Hsu-Fu
• The Spice Islands Voyage (1997) - See Alfred Russel Wallace, a voyage through the Indonesian archipelago
• In Search of Moby-Dick (1999) - See Herman Melville
• Seeking Robinson Crusoe (aka In Search of Robinson Crusoe ^[1]) (2002) - See Robinson Crusoe

Awards and honours[link]

• Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society
• Livingstone Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society
• Honorary Doctor of Letters, Trinity College, Dublin
• Honorary Doctor of Letters, University College, Cork^[2]
• Gold Medal of the Maritime Institute of Ireland

References[link]

External links[link]

• The official Tim Severin Site
• "The Jason Voyage," From the Cradle of Wine

Boris Cyrulnik (birth 26 July 1937 in Bordeaux) is a French doctor, ethologist, neurologist, and psychiatrist.

Being of Jewish origin, he was entrusted to protection from a foster family. In 194x he was taken with adults in a nazi-led capture in Bordeaux. He avoided detention by hiding for a while in the restrooms and later being hidden from Nazi searches as a working boy under the false name Jean laborde in a farm until the end of the war. His survival of nazi destruction motivated his career into psychiatry.^[1] Both his parents were arrested and murdered during World War II. He studied medicine at the University of Paris. He wrote several books of popular science on psychology. He is known in France for developing and explaining to the public the concept of Psychological resilience.

He is a professor at the University of the South, Toulon-Var. He was awarded the 2008 Prix Renaudot de l'essai.

List of some of his books (in English)[link]

• The Dawn of Meaning (Mcgraw-Hill Horizons of Science Series) (1992)

Translation of La Naissance du sens Hachette Littérature (1998) ISBN :9782012788916

• The Whispering of Ghosts: Trauma and Resilience (2005)

Translation of : Le Murmure des fantômes, éd. Odile Jacob, 2003

• Talking of Love on the Edge of a Precipice (2007)

Translation of : Parler d'amour au bord du gouffre, éd. Odile Jacob, 2004.

• Resilience: How Your Inner Strength Can Set You Free from the Past Published by Tarcher, 320 pages, ISBN 1-58542-850-7, 2011

External links[link]

• An interview with him
• An interview with him

References[link]

1. ^ Boris Cyrulnik "Je me souviens…, Publisher: L'Esprit du temps, collection. « Textes essentiels », 2009 (Publisher: Odile Jacob - poches, 2010) (ISBN 978-2-7381-2471-5).