- published: 18 Feb 2011
- views: 44076
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Loading...
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Abdelaziz Bouteflika
- Abdou Diouf
- Acholi
- Acholiland
- African Union
- Ahmadou Ahidjo
- AIDS
- AIDS in Africa
- Amama Mbabazi
- Andrew Mwenda
- Anglican
- Ankole
- Apolo Nsibambi
- Baganda
- Balance of payments
- Bank of Uganda
- Bantu languages
- Banyankole
- Banyarwanda
- Bazilio Olara-Okello
- Belgium
- Big man syndrome
- Bingu wa Mutharika
- Biodiversity
- Blaise Compaoré
- Bob Geldof
- Bodaboda
- Boston Globe
- Buganda
- Burundi
- Bushenyi
- Busia town
- Cabinet of Uganda
- Charles Onyango-Obbo
- Checks and balances
- Church of Uganda
- CIA
- Civil war
- Cold war
- Counties of Uganda
- Covert cell
- Culture of Uganda
- Cyprien Ntaryamira
- Daniel arap Moi
- De facto
- Debt relief
- Defamation
- Denis Sassou Nguesso
- Districts of Uganda
- Economic development
- Economics
- Economy of Uganda
- Ecosystem
- Editorial cartoon
- Education in Uganda
- Edward Ssekandi
- Elections in Uganda
- Energy in Uganda
- English language
- Eriya Kategaya
- Ethnic group
- First Congo War
- Fishing in Uganda
- Forced migration
- Forestry in Uganda
- Fort Portal
- Frantz Fanon
- Fred Rwigema
- Frederick Chiluba
- FRELIMO
- Gaafar Nimeiry
- Gamal Abdel Nasser
- Geography of Uganda
- George Cosmas Adyebo
- Gilbert Bukenya
- Gnassingbé Eyadéma
- Godfrey Binaisa
- Granary
- Great Lakes (Africa)
- Gulu
- Haile Selassie I
- Hassan II of Morocco
- Health in Uganda
- Hinduism in Uganda
- History of Uganda
- HIV
- HIV AIDS
- HIV AIDS in Africa
- Holy Spirit Movement
- Hosni Mubarak
- Houari Boumediène
- Human Rights Watch
- Hyperinflation
- Ibid.
- Ibrahim Babangida
- Idem
- Idi Amin
- Incumbent
- Indian Ocean
- Islam in Uganda
- Ituri conflict
- Jakaya Kikwete
- Janet Kataha
- Janet Museveni
- Joaquim Chissano
- Joe Oloka-Onyango
- John Garang
- John Howard
- John Kufuor
- Johnnie Carson
- Joseph Arthur Ankrah
- Julia Gillard
- Julius Nyerere
- Juvénal Habyarimana
- Kagera Region
- Kakwa
- Kampala
- Karamojong
- Kenneth Kaunda
- Kenya
- Khartoum
- Kigali
- Kigezi
- Kintu Musoke
- Kisangani
- Kizza Besigye
- Kwame Nkrumah
- Lake Albert (Africa)
- Lake Victoria
- Langi people
- Languages of Uganda
- Laurent Kabila
- Lawrence Gonzi
- Levy Mwanawasa
- Loc. cit.
- Local Council
- Luganda language
- Lugbara
- Luwero Triangle
- Mabira Forest
- Madeleine Albright
- Marxism
- Mbarara
- Mbarara High School
- Media of Uganda
- Meles Zenawi
- Millenarianism
- Milton Obote
- Minerals
- Minister of Defence
- Mobutu Sese Seko
- Mobutu Sésé Seko
- Mohamed Mayanja
- Moktar Ould Daddah
- Mombasa
- Moses Ali
- Moshi
- Mount Elgon
- Moussa Traoré
- Mozambique
- Muammar Gaddafi
- Mubende
- Multiparty politics
- Music of Uganda
- Mutesa II of Buganda
- Nairobi
- Nelson Mandela
- Netherlands
- New Vision
- New York Times
- Nomad
- Norway
- Ntare School
- Ntungamo
- Ntungamo District
- Olusegun Obasanjo
- Omar Bongo
- Omara Atubo
- Otto von Bismarck
- Oyite Ojok
- Pan-Africanism
- Parliament of Uganda
- Patrick Manning
- Paul Biya
- Paul Kagame
- Paul Ssemogerere
- Paulo Muwanga
- Political corruption
- Political party
- Political science
- Politics of Uganda
- Polling station
- Portal Biography
- Portal Politics
- Portal Uganda
- President of Uganda
- Privatisation
- Rebecca Kadaga
- Regions of Uganda
- Religion in Uganda
- Resistance Council
- Reuters
- Robert Mugabe
- Ronald Reagan
- Runyankole language
- Rwanda
- Rwandan Genocide
- Rwandan genocide
- Salim Saleh
- Samson Kisekka
- Second Congo War
- Secretary of State
- Sectarianism
- Sedition
- Siad Barre
- Siaka Stevens
- Somalia
- South Sudan
- Specioza Kazibwe
- Sudan
- Swahili language
- Sweden
- Tanzania
- Template Refref
- Terrorism in Uganda
- Teso
- Thabo Mbeki
- The Guardian
- The Monitor (Uganda)
- The New York Times
- The Times
- Timber
- Tito Okello
- Tito Okello Lutwa
- Transport in Uganda
- Tutsi
- Uganda
- Uganda Protectorate
- Uganda since 1979
- Uganda-Tanzania War
- Ugandan Bush War
- Ugandan shilling
- Violet Kajubiri
- Virunga Mountains
- Walter Rodney
- Washington D.C
- West Nile Bank Front
- West Nile sub-region
- Western world
- White House
- Wikipedia Footnotes
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikipedia Media help
- Wikipedia Persondata
- Wikisource
- Wildlife of Uganda
- Wilson Center
- World Bank
- World War II
- Yakubu Gowon
- Yayi Boni
- Yoweri Museveni
- Yusuf Kironde Lule
- Yusuf Lule
- Yusufu Lule
- Zaire
- Zimbabwe
-
African Union
The African Union (abbreviated AU in English, and UA in its other official languages) is a union consisting of 54 African states. The only all-African state not in the AU is Morocco. Established on 9 July 2002, the AU was formed as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The most important decisions of the AU are made by the Assembly of the African Union, a semi-annual meeting of the heads of state and government of its member states. The AU's secretariat, the African Union Commission, is based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Among the objectives of the AU's leading institutions are:
The African Union is made up of both political and administrative bodies. The highest decision-making organ is the Assembly of the African Union, made up of all the heads of state or government of member states of the AU. The Assembly is chaired by Yayi Boni, president of Benin, elected at the 18thordinary meeting of the Assembly in January 2012. The AU also has a representative body, the Pan African Parliament, which consists of 265 members elected by the national parliaments of the AU member states. Its president is Idriss Ndele Moussa.
wn.com/African_Union -
Belgium
Belgium (
i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
wn.com/Belgium -
Buganda
Buganda is a subnational kingdom within Uganda. The kingdom of the Ganda people, Buganda is the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day Uganda, comprising all of Uganda's Central Region, including the Ugandan capital Kampala. The 5.5 million Baganda (singular Muganda; often referred to simply by the root word and adjective, Ganda) make up the largest Ugandan ethnic group, representing approximately 16.9% of Uganda's population.
Buganda has a long and extensive history. Unified in the fourteenth century under the first king Kato Kintu, the founder of Buganda's Kintu Dynasty, Buganda grew to become one of the largest and most powerful states in East Africa during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. During the Scramble for Africa, and following unsuccessful attempts to retain its independence against British imperialism, Buganda became the centre of the Uganda Protectorate in 1894; the name Uganda, the Swahili term for Buganda, was adopted by British officials. Under British rule, many Baganda acquired status as colonial administrators, and Buganda became a major producer of cotton and Coffee.
wn.com/Buganda -
Burundi
Burundi (pronounced /bəˈɹʊndɨ/), officially the Republic of Burundi (Kirundi: Republika y'u Burundi, [buˈɾundi]; French: République du Burundi, [byˈʁyndi]), is a landlocked country in the Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Its capital is Bujumbura. Although the country is landlocked, much of the southwestern border is adjacent to Lake Tanganyika.
The Twa, Tutsi, and Hutu peoples have occupied Burundi since the country's formation five centuries ago. Burundi was ruled as a kingdom by the Tutsi for over two hundred years. However, at the beginning of the twentieth century, Germany and Belgium occupied the region, and Burundi and Rwanda became a European colony known as Ruanda-Urundi.
Political unrest occurred throughout the region, in part, because of social differences between the Tutsi and Hutu, provoking civil war in Burundi throughout the middle twentieth century. Presently, Burundi is governed as a presidential representative democratic republic.
wn.com/Burundi -
Bushenyi
Bushenyi is a town in Western Uganda. It is the 'chief town' of Bushenyi District and the district headquarters are located there. The district is named after the town, in keeping with the practice in most of the districts in the country.
Bushenyi is located approximately 65 kilometres (40 mi), by road, west of Mbarara, the largest city in the sub-region.Kampala, the national capital and largest city in the country lies approximately 337 kilometres (209 mi), by road to the east. The coordinates of the town are:00 32 19N, 30 11 06E (Latitude:-0.5385; Longitude:30.1850).
The 2002 national census estimated the population of Bushenyi at 22,422. In 2008, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), estimated the town's population at 25,200. In 2011, UBOS estimated the mid-year population of Bushenyi at 26,800.
The landmarks in the town and near the town limits of Bushenyi include:
Coordinates: 00°32′19″S 30°11′06″E / 0.53861°S 30.185°E / -0.53861; 30.185
wn.com/Bushenyi -
Fort Portal
Fort Portal is a town in Western Uganda. It is the seat of both Kabarole District and Toro Kingdom.
Fort Portal is located approximately 320 kilometres (200 mi) by road, west of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city, on an all-tarmac two-lane highway. The coordinates of the town are: 0° 39' 36" North, 30° 16' 30" East (Latitude:0.6600; Longitude:30.2750).
Fort Portal is named for Sir Gerald Portal, a British Special Commissioner for Uganda, whose statue graces the main road of the town. Situated between the Rwenzori Mountains, Kibale National Park and Queen Elizabeth National Park, it is an important market town. Several crater lakes and the Semliki Valley also lie near the town.
The 2002 national census estimated the population of Fort Portal at about 41,000. In 2008 the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), estimated the population of the town at 44,900. The estimated population of Fort Portal in 2011 was approximately 47,100, according to UBOS. See table below:
wn.com/Fort_Portal -
Gulu
Gulu is a city in Northern Uganda. It is the commercial and administrative centre of Gulu District. The city is located at 2˚46'48N 32˚18'00E, on the metre gauge railway from Tororo to Pakwach. Gulu is located approximately 200 miles (320 km), by road, north of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The town is served by Gulu Airport.
During British colonial rule in the 18th and 19th centuries, the northern Uganda was deprived of development, the people were conscripted into the army and policing as a source for the security. Many were sent to fight in World War I and World War II.
Uganda gained independence in 1962, however, this did not improve the situation for the people in the north. The local people have always been targeted from the rule of Idi Amin to that of Yoweri Museveni. In 1986 attacks against civilians were initiated by the Museveni's government force called the National Resistance Army, now known as Uganda People's Defence Force.
As the Museveni's force continued to commit atrocities against the civilian, several rebel groups were formed by the end of 1986. However these rebel groups were ex soldiers i.e. the UNLA from previous government prior to Museveni. By 1987 majority of such rebels joined Museveni's force. Then came another rebel group led by Alice Lakwena between 1988 to 1989. The Lord's Resistance Army sprang up in the 1990s after Alice Lakwena had left Uganda and went to Kenya. The LRA became increasing violent in Gulu and the surrounding communities. The UPDF government army have equally been accused of brutality against the civilian population.
wn.com/Gulu -
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by the Indian Subcontinent and Arabian Peninsula (or, more generally, by southern and western Asia); on the west by eastern Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, by Antarctica). The ocean is named after the geographic location of India.
As one component of the interconnected global ocean, the Indian Ocean is delineated from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20° east meridian running south from Cape Agulhas, and from the Pacific by the meridian of 146°55' east. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30° north in the Persian Gulf. This ocean is nearly 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) wide at the southern tips of Africa and Australia; its area is 73,556,000 square kilometres (28,350,000 sq mi), including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
wn.com/Indian_Ocean -
Kagera Region
Coordinates: 1°55′S 31°18′E / 1.917°S 31.3°E / -1.917; 31.3
Kagera Region is located in the northwestern corner of Tanzania. Bukoba, Kagera Region's capital, is a fast growing town situated on the shore of Lake Victoria. Bukoba lies only 1 degree south of the Equator and is Tanzania's second largest port on the lake. The region neighbors Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi and lies across the lake from Kenya. It is possible to arrive in Kagera by air from Mwanza, road from Rwanda or Uganda or by ferry from Mwanza.
Kagera Region is situated in the northwestern corner of Tanzania. The regional capital is Bukoba Town, which is about 1,500 km from Dar es Salaam by road. Kagera Region shares borders with Uganda to the north, Rwanda and Burundi to the west, the Kigoma Region and Mwanza Regions to the south and Lake Victoria to the East. The region is known for its agriculture, it's beautiful lush landscapes as well as having thousands of different species of wildlife, most of the animals that can be seen in the Serengeti can also be seen in the Kagera Region in different parts of the region at different times of the year.
wn.com/Kagera_Region -
Kampala
Kampala is the largest city and capital of Uganda. The city is divided into five boroughs that oversee local planning: Kampala Central Division, Kawempe Division, Makindye Division, Nakawa Division and Lubaga Division. The city is coterminous with Kampala District.
Mutesa I, the Kabaka (king) of Buganda, had chosen the area that was to become Kampala as one of his favorite hunting grounds. The area was made up of hills and wetlands. It was an ideal breeding ground for various game, particularly a species of antelope, the impala (Aepyceros melampus).
The city grew as the capital of the Buganda kingdom, from which several buildings survive, including the Kasubi Tombs (built in 1881), the Lubiri Palace, the Buganda Parliament and the Buganda Court of Justice. Severely damaged in the Uganda-Tanzania War, the city has since then been rebuilt with constructions of new buildings including hotels, banks, shopping malls, educational institutions, hospitals and improvement of war torn buildings and infrastructure. Traditionally, Kampala was a city of seven hills, but over time it has come to have a lot more.
wn.com/Kampala -
Kenya
Kenya (
/ˈkɛnjə/ or /ˈkiːnjə/), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator. With the Indian Ocean to its south-east, it is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya has a land area of 580,000 km2 and a population of nearly 41 million, representing 42 different peoples and cultures. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi.
Kenya has a warm and humid climate along its coastline on the Indian Ocean which changes to wildlife-rich savannah grasslands moving inland towards the capital Nairobi. Nairobi has a cool climate that gets colder approaching Mount Kenya, which has three permanently snow-capped peaks. The warm and humid tropical climate reappears further inland towards lake Victoria, before giving way to temperate forested and hilly areas in the western region. The North Eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes. Lake Victoria, the world's second largest fresh-water lake (after Lake Superior in the US and Canada) and the world's largest tropical lake, is situated to the southwest and is shared with Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya is famous for its safaris and diverse world-famous wildlife reserves such as Tsavo National Park, the Maasai Mara, Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park.
wn.com/Kenya -
Khartoum
Khartoum (Arabic: الخرطوم al Ḫarṭūm) is the capital and second largest city of Sudan and of Khartoum State. It is located at the confluence of the White Nile flowing north from Lake Victoria and the Blue Nile flowing west from Ethiopia. The location where the two Niles meet is known as "al-Mogran", meaning the Confluence. The main Nile continues to flow north towards Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea.
Divided by the Niles, Khartoum is a tripartite metropolis with an estimated overall population of over five million people consisting of Khartoum proper[clarification needed], and linked by bridges to Khartoum North called (al-Khartūm Bahrī) and Omdurman (Umm Durmān) to the west.
The origin of the word is uncertain. One tradition is that khartoum derives from Arabic kartūm الخرطوم meaning 'end of an elephant’s trunk', probably referring to the narrow strip of land extending between the Blue and White Niles. Captain J. A. Grant, who reached Khartoum in 1863 with Captain Speke’s expedition, thought that the derivation was most probably from the Arabic qurtum, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), which was cultivated extensively in Egypt for its oil, used in burning.[citation needed]
wn.com/Khartoum -
Kigali
Kigali (rarely Kigale), with population of almost 1 million (2009), is the capital and largest city of Rwanda. It is situated near the geographic centre of the nation. The city has been the economic, cultural, and transport hub of Rwanda since it became capital at independence in 1962. The main residence and offices of the President of Rwanda are located in the city, as are the government ministries. The city is coterminous with the province of Kigali City, which was enlarged in January 2006, as part of local government reorganisation in the country. The city's urban area covers about 70% of the municipal boundaries. The city population has varied around the national percentages: Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15% and Twa (Pygmy) at 1%.
Kigali was founded in 1907 under German colonial rule, but did not become the capital until Rwandan independence in 1962. The traditional capital was the seat of the mwami (king) in Nyanza, while the colonial seat of power was in Butare, then known as Astrida. Butare was initially the leading contender to be the capital of the new independent nation, but Kigali was chosen because of its more central location. Since then the city has grown very quickly and is now the major political, economic and cultural centre of Rwanda.
wn.com/Kigali -
Kisangani
Kisangani /kiːsəŋˈɡɑːni/ is the capital of Orientale Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is the third largest urbanized city in the country and the largest of the cities that lie in the tropical woodlands of the Congo.
Formerly known as Stanleyville in French (or Dutch as Stanleystad (help·info)), the city takes its present name from Boyoma, the seven-arched falls located south of the city, whose name was also initially given to the landscape on which the city is located, Singitini (or Singatini) as rendered in Lingala, (Kisangani is from present Swahili), each of which share the same meaning “the City on the Island”, in reference to the surrounding tributaries (whose waters separate much of Kisangani from the mainland). It is also known as "Kisangani Boyoma", and the demonym for Kisangani is Boyoman (or Boyomais in French).
The languages most spoken at home by the population in the city are Swahili and Lingala, followed by French. The official language of Kisangani is French as defined by the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
wn.com/Kisangani -
Mbarara
Mbarara is a town in Western Uganda. It is the main municipal, administrative and commercial center of Mbarara District and the location of the district headquarters. It is also the largest urban centre in Western Uganda.
Mbarara is located about 290 kilometres (180 mi), by road, southwest of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. Mbarara is an important transport hub, lying west of Masaka on the road to Kabale, near Lake Mburo National Park. The coordinates of Mbarara city center are:00 36 48S, 30 39 30E (Latitude:-0.6132; Longitude:30.6582).
The name 'Mbarara' has its roots in the English Colonialist's mispronunciation of the word 'Mburara'a certain type of grass; a favorite for the cows. Mbarara was formerly the capital for the southern region.
Mbarara is mainly divided in three divisions which are Kamukuzi, Nyamitanga and Kakoba. It is further sub-divided into six sub-divisions including Ruharo, Nyamitanga, Nyamityobora, Kamukuzi, Kakoba and Lutti.
Mbarara has a number of streets which include Mbarara High Street (named after one of the town's most prominent secondary schools, Mbaguta Street (named after a former prime minister of Ankole), Bishop Willis Street (named after Bishop Willis, one of the first whites to visit Ankole and Mbarara), Garage Street, Markhan Singh Street, Bulemba Road and Bucuku Street.
wn.com/Mbarara -
Mbarara High School
Mbarara High School (MHS), is a boys-only boarding middle and high school located in the city of Mbarara, in Mbarara District in Western Uganda.
The school is located in the Western Ugandan city of Mbarara, approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi), by road, southwest of Kampala, the capital and largest city in the country.. The school campus is located in the suburb of Ruharo, approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi), along the Mbarara-Ishaka Road, west of the central business district of Mbarara. The coordinates of MHS are: Latitude:-0.6155S; Longitude:30.6335E.
It was established in 1911 by Anglican, Christian missionaries affiliated with the Church of England. Mbarara High School is the oldest secondary school in Western Uganda. It has both ordinary level and advanced level classes. The land on which the school was built is owned by East Ankole Diocese, of the Church of Uganda. While the church has ownership and conrol of the school, the Uganda Government, through the Ministry of Education, contributes to the school's budget. The Kumanyana protest movement of the 1940s, which demanded equality for the Bairu people of Ankole with the Hima, had its roots at the school.
wn.com/Mbarara_High_School -
Mombasa
Mombasa is the second-largest city in Kenya. Lying next to the Indian Ocean, it has a major port and an international airport. The city also serves as the centre of the coastal tourism industry.
Also known as Mombas in colonial times, its name derives from Manbasa. This was the Arabic name of the former sultanate of Mvita, which had its capital here. In modern times the town is the headquarters of Mombasa District, which, like most other districts in Kenya, is named after its chief town.
The city has a population of 939,370, as per the 2009 census,[citation needed] and is located on Mombasa Island, which is separated from the mainland by two creeks: Tudor Creek and Kilindini Harbour. The island is connected to the mainland to the north by the Nyali Bridge, to the south by the Likoni Ferry and to the west by the Makupa Causeway, alongside which runs the Kenya-Uganda Railway. The port serves both Kenya and countries of the interior, linking them to the Ocean. The city is served by Moi International Airport located in the northwest mainland suburb of Chaani, northwest of Changamwe area.
wn.com/Mombasa -
Mozambique
Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Portuguese: Moçambique or República de Moçambique, pronounced: [ʁɛˈpublikɐ di musɐ̃ˈbiki]), is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. The capital city is Maputo, formerly known as Lourenço Marques.
Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD, Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west. Swahili, and later also Arab, commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans. The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonized by Portugal in 1505. Mozambique became independent in 1975, and became the People's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter. It was the scene of an intense civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992.
Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources. The country's economy is based largely on agriculture, but with industry, mainly food and beverages, chemical manufacturing, aluminium and petroleum production, is growing fast. The country's tourism sector is also growing. South Africa is Mozambique's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment. Portugal, Spain, and Belgium are also among the country's most important partners. Since 2001 Mozambique is one of the world's top ten for annual average GDP growth. However, Mozambique still has one of the lowest GDP per capita, one of the worst human development index and one of the highest inequality in the world, as well as having the world's lowest life expectancy.
wn.com/Mozambique -
Mubende
Mubende is a town in Central Uganda. It is the main municipal, administrative and commercial center of Mubende District and is the location of the district headquarters. Mubende is the sister city of Tumwater, Washington, USA.
Mubende is located approximately 172 kilometres (107 mi), by road, west of Kampala, the capital of Uganda and the largest city in that country. The coordinates of the town are:00 33 27N, 31 23 42E (Latitude:0.5575; Longitude:31.3950).
Mubende is home to the Nakayima Shrine, said to hold the spirit of Ndahura, a former Bacwezi king. The site, located about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) outside of the central business district of the town, is marked by Nakayima tree, at the base of which lie large root buttresses, forming nooks and fissures.
The shrine is located on top of Mubende Hill, that rises 213 metres (699 ft) above the surrounding terrain, to a peak level of 1,560 metres (5,120 ft) above sea level. The hill has a flat table-like top where an ancient palace once stood. The top of Mubende Hill provides an excellent view of Mubende town and the surrounding area. The shrine is visited by the people paying homage to the matriarch Nakayima of the Bachwezi, believed to be semi-gods, whose dynasty ruled this region in the period prior to 1,300 AD.
wn.com/Mubende -
Nairobi
Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/) is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The city and its surrounding area also forms the Nairobi County. The name "Nairobi" comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to "cold water," the Maasai name of the Nairobi river, which in turn lent its name to the city. However, it is popularly known as the "Green City in the Sun" and is surrounded by several expanding villa suburbs. Residents of Nairobi are known as Nairobians.
Founded by the British in 1899 as a simple rail depot on the railway linking Mombasa to Uganda, the town quickly grew to become the capital of British East Africa in 1907 and eventually the capital of a free Kenyan republic in 1963. During Kenya's colonial period, the city became a centre for the colony's coffee, tea and sisal industry. Nairobi is also the capital of the Nairobi Province and of the Nairobi District. The city lies on the Nairobi River, in the south of the nation, and has an elevation of 1795 m above sea-level.
Nairobi is the most populous city in East Africa, with a current estimated population of about 3 million. According to the 2009 Census, in the administrative area of Nairobi, 3,138,295 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 (269 sq mi). Nairobi is currently the 12th largest city in Africa, including the population of its suburbs.
wn.com/Nairobi -
Netherlands
The Netherlands (
i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
wn.com/Netherlands -
Nomad
Nomadic people (Greek: νομάδες, nomádes, "those who let pasture herds"), commonly known as itinerants in modern-day contexts, are communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. There are an estimated 30-40 million nomads in the world.
Many cultures have traditionally been nomadic, but traditional nomadic behavior is increasingly rare in industrialized countries. Nomadic cultures are discussed in three categories according to economic specialization: hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads, and "peripatetic nomads".
Nomadic hunting and gathering, following seasonally available wild plants and game, is by far the oldest human subsistence method. Pastoralists raise herds, driving them or moving with them, in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover. Peripatetic nomads, who offer the skills of a craft or trade to those with whom they travel, are most common in industrialized nations.
Many groups of 'nomadic' hunter-gatherers (also known as foragers) moved from campsite to campsite, following game and wild fruits and vegetables. Hunting and gathering was the ancestral subsistence mode of Homo, and all modern humans were hunter-gatherers until around 10,000 years ago.
wn.com/Nomad -
Norway
Norwayi/ˈnɔrweɪ/ (Norwegian: Norge (Bokmål) or Noreg (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of about 5 million. It is the second least densely populated country in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; in its south Norway borders the Skagerrak Strait across from Denmark. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
wn.com/Norway -
Ntungamo
Ntungamo is a town in Western Uganda. It is the largest town in Ntungamo District and the district headquarters are located there. The district is named after the town.
Ntungamo is located about 66 kilometres (41 mi), by road, southwest of the town of Mbarara, the largest metropolitan area in the sub-region, on the highway between Mbarara and Kabale. This location lies approximately 360 kilometres (220 mi), by road, southwest of Kampala, the capital of Uganda and the largest city in that country. The coordinates of the town are: 00 52 55S, 30 15 55E.
In 1982 Muntuyera and G.Rutawheire changed Ntungamo by developing the district and their own personal area Rwashamire,Till today it is still being developed by the Sons of Muntuyera and Rutawheire,(Asiimwe's,Bijurenda's,Mugisha Muntu,Kwesiga's,Habert Muntu,Byarugaba's and the rest of their family,these are all family members of the Muntuyera-Rutawheire CLAN.They are many things still being brought into Rwashamire like:Cinemas,Shopping malls,Bars,Schools and Churches)It has also been sugested recently that,Rwashamire and Ntungamo,become a County with A Town hall which will have clerks,Leaders and Various other positions.God has really helped Uganda and Ntungamo/Kabale especially.God is Great.
wn.com/Ntungamo -
Ntungamo District
Ntungamo District is a district in Western Uganda. Like most Ugandan districts, it named after its 'chief town', Ntungamo, the location of the district headquarters.
In the past, Ntungamo District was part of the Ankole Kingdom, a traditional monarchy that dates back to the 18th century. The kingdom was abolished by Milton Obote in 1967. The current President of Uganda, Yoweri Museveni, and his wife, Janet Museveni, were both born in Ntungamo District. The Ankole Kingdom is coterminous with Ankole sub-region, home to an estimated 2.2 inhabitants in 2002, according to the national census conducted that year. The districts that constitute the sub-region are:
Ntungamo District is bordered to the north, from west to east by Mitooma District, Sheema District and Mbarara District. Isingiro District lies to the east, the Republic of Rwanda to the south, Kabale District to the southwest and Rukungiri District to the northwest. The general coordinates of the district are: 00 53S, 30 16E. The district covers 2,056 square kilometres (794 sq mi) of which approximately 0.2% is open water, 3.4% is wetland and about 0.01% is forest.
wn.com/Ntungamo_District -
Rwanda
Rwanda /ruːˈɑːndə/ or /ruːˈændə/, officially the Republic of Rwanda (Kinyarwanda: Repubulika y'u Rwanda; French: République du Rwanda), is a country in central and eastern Africa with a population of approximately 11.7 million (2012). Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. All of Rwanda is at high elevation, with a geography dominated by mountains in the west, savanna in the east, and numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons every year.
The population is young and predominantly rural, with a density among the highest in Africa. Rwandans form three groups: the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa. The Twa are a pygmy people who descend from Rwanda's earliest inhabitants, but scholars disagree on the origins of and differences between the Hutu and Tutsi; some believe that they are derived from former social castes, while others view them as being races or tribes. Christianity is the largest religion in the country, and the principal language is Kinyarwanda, which is spoken by most Rwandans. Rwanda has a presidential system of government. The President is Paul Kagame of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). Rwanda has low corruption compared with neighbouring countries, but human rights organisations allege suppression of opposition groups, intimidation, and restrictions on freedom of speech. The country has been governed by a strict administrative hierarchy since precolonial times; there are currently five provinces, which are delineated by borders drawn in 2006.
wn.com/Rwanda -
Rwandan genocide
The Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass murder of an estimated 800,000 people in the small East African nation of Rwanda. Over the course of approximately 100 days (from the assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira on April 6) through mid-July, over 500,000 people were killed, according to a Human Rights Watch estimate. Estimates of the death toll have ranged between 500,000 and 1,000,000, or as much as 20% of the country's total population. It was the culmination of longstanding ethnic competition and tensions between the minority Tutsi, who had controlled power for centuries, and the majority Hutu peoples, who had come to power in the rebellion of 1959–62 and overthrown the Tutsi monarchy.
In 1990, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a rebel group composed mostly of Tutsi refugees, invaded northern Rwanda from Uganda in an attempt to defeat the Hutu-led government. They began the Rwandan Civil War, fought between the Hutu regime, with support from Francophone Africa and France, and the RPF, with support from Uganda. This exacerbated ethnic tensions in the country. In response, many Hutu gravitated toward the Hutu Power ideology, with the prompting of state-controlled and independent Rwandan media.
wn.com/Rwandan_genocide -
Rwandan Genocide
The Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass murder of an estimated 800,000 people in the small East African nation of Rwanda. Over the course of approximately 100 days (from the assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira on April 6) through mid-July, over 500,000 people were killed, according to a Human Rights Watch estimate. Estimates of the death toll have ranged between 500,000 and 1,000,000, or as much as 20% of the country's total population. It was the culmination of longstanding ethnic competition and tensions between the minority Tutsi, who had controlled power for centuries, and the majority Hutu peoples, who had come to power in the rebellion of 1959–62 and overthrown the Tutsi monarchy.
In 1990, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a rebel group composed mostly of Tutsi refugees, invaded northern Rwanda from Uganda in an attempt to defeat the Hutu-led government. They began the Rwandan Civil War, fought between the Hutu regime, with support from Francophone Africa and France, and the RPF, with support from Uganda. This exacerbated ethnic tensions in the country. In response, many Hutu gravitated toward the Hutu Power ideology, with the prompting of state-controlled and independent Rwandan media.
wn.com/Rwandan_Genocide -
Somalia
Somalia (
/soʊˈmɑːliə/ soh-MAH-lee-ə; Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: الصومال aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, Arabic: جمهورية الصومال Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory. The internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government controls only a small part of the country. Somalia has been characterized as a failed state and is one of the poorest and most violent states in the world.
Somalia lies in the easternmost part of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. It has the longest coastline on the continent, and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Hot conditions prevail year-round, along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.
wn.com/Somalia -
South Sudan
South Sudan (i/ˌsaʊθ suːˈdæn/ or /suːˈdɑːn/), officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in the east-central African region of northeastern Africa. It is also part of the North Africa UN subregion. Its current capital is Juba, which is also its largest city; the capital city is planned to be moved to the more centrally located Ramciel in the future. South Sudan is bordered by Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest, the Central African Republic to the west, and Sudan to the north. South Sudan includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd formed by the White Nile, locally called the Bahr al Jabal.
The modern states of South Sudan and Sudan were part of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali Dynasty, later being governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium until Sudanese independence was achieved in 1956. Following the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983. A second Sudanese civil war soon developed and ended with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005. Later that year, southern autonomy was restored when an Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed.
wn.com/South_Sudan -
Sudan
Sudan (i/suːˈdæn/ or /suːˈdɑːn/;Arabic: السودان, as-Sūdān), officially the Republic of the Sudan (Arabic: جمهورية السودان, Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān), sometimes called North Sudan, is an Arab state in North Africa (sometimes also considered to be part of the Middle East). It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. The population of Sudan is a combination of indigenous inhabitants of Nile Valley, and descendants of migrants from the Arabian Peninsula. Due to the process of Arabisation common throughout the rest of the Arab World, today Arab culture predominates in Sudan. The majority of the population of Sudan adheres to Islam. The Nile divides the country between east and west sides.
The people of Sudan have a long history extending from antiquity which is intertwined with the history of Egypt. Sudan suffered seventeen years of civil war during the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972) followed by ethnic, religious and economic conflicts between the Muslim Arab northern Sudanese and the mostly animist and Christian Nilotes of Southern Sudan. This led to the Second Sudanese Civil War in 1983. Because of continuing political and military struggles, Sudan was seized in a bloodless coup d'état by colonel Omar al-Bashir in 1989, who thereafter proclaimed himself President of Sudan. The civil war ended with the signing of a Comprehensive Peace Agreement which granted autonomy to what was then the southern region of the country. Following a referendum held in January 2011, South Sudan seceded on 9 July 2011 with the consent of Sudan's President al-Bashir.
wn.com/Sudan -
Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] (
listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
wn.com/Sweden -
Tanzania
Coordinates: 6°18′25″S 34°51′14″E / 6.307°S 34.854°E / -6.307; 34.854 Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern border lies on the Indian Ocean.
Tanzania is a state composed of 26 regions (mikoa), including those of the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar. The head of state is President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, elected in 2005. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where Parliament and some government offices are located. Between independence and 1996, the main coastal city of Dar es Salaam served as the country's political capital. Today, Dar es Salaam remains the principal commercial city of Tanzania and the de facto seat of most government institutions. It is the major seaport for the country and its landlocked neighbours.
wn.com/Tanzania -
Uganda
Coordinates: 1°17′N 32°23′E / 1.28°N 32.39°E / 1.28; 32.39
Uganda ( /juːˈɡændə/ yew-GAN-də or /juːˈɡɑːndə/ yew-GAHN-də), officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also shared by Kenya and Tanzania.
Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country including the capital Kampala.
The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago, when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country. Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962.
The official languages are English and Swahili, although multiple other languages are spoken in the country.
wn.com/Uganda -
Virunga Mountains
The Virunga Mountains are a chain of volcanoes in East Africa, along the northern border of Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Uganda. The mountain range is a branch of the Albertine Rift Mountains, which border the western branch of the East African Rift. They are located between Lake Edward and Lake Kivu. The name "Virunga" is an English version of the Kinyarwanda word ibirunga, which means "mountains".
The mountain range consists of eight major volcanoes. Most of them are dormant, except Mount Nyiragongo 3,462 metres (11,358 ft) and Mount Nyamuragira 3,063 metres (10,049 ft), both in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Recent eruptions occurred in 2006, and in January, 2010. Mount Karisimbi at 4,507 metres (14,787 ft), is the highest volcano. The oldest mountain is Mount Sabyinyo which rises 3,634 metres (11,923 ft), above sea level.
The Virunga Mountains are home of the critically endangered mountain gorilla, listed on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species due to habitat loss, poaching, disease, and war (Butynski et al. 2003). The Karisoke Research Center, founded by Dian Fossey to observe gorillas in their native habitat, is located between Mount Karisimbi and Mount Bisoke.
wn.com/Virunga_Mountains -
White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829. Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. The third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.
wn.com/White_House -
Zaire
Zaire ( /zɑːˈɪər/), officially the Republic of Zaire (French: République du Zaïre; French pronunciation: [za.iʁ]), was the name of the present Democratic Republic of the Congo between 27 October 1971 and 17 May 1997. The name of Zaire derives from the Portuguese: Zaire, itself an adaptation of the Kongo word nzere or nzadi, or "the river that swallows all rivers".
In 1965, as in 1960, the division of power between president and prime minister led to a stalemate and threatened the country's stability. Joseph-Désiré Mobutu again seized power. Unlike the first time, however, Mobutu assumed the presidency, rather than remaining behind the scenes.
From 1965, Mobutu dominated the political life of Congo (Léopoldville), restructuring the state on more than one occasion, and claiming the title of "Father of the Nation".
When, under the authenticity policy of the early 1970s, Zairians were obliged to adopt "authentic" names, Mobutu dropped Joseph-Désiré and officially changed his name to Mobutu Sésé Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga—or, more commonly, Mobutu Sésé Seko, roughly meaning "the all-conquering warrior, who goes from triumph to triumph".
wn.com/Zaire -
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe (/zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ/ zim-BAHB-way; officially the Republic of Zimbabwe) is a landlocked country of southern Africa. It shares a 125-mile (200-kilometre) border on the south with the Republic of South Africa and is bounded on the southwest and west by Botswana, on the north by Zambia, and on the northeast and east by Mozambique. The capital is Harare (formerly called Salisbury). Zimbabwe achieved majority rule and internationally recognised independence in April 1980 following a long period of colonial rule and a 15-year period of white-dominated minority rule, instituted after the minority regime’s so-called Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965.
Zimbabwe has three official languages: English, Shona and Ndebele. Zimbabwe began as the British self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia, created from land held by the British South Africa Company. President Robert Mugabe is the head of State and Commander in Chief of the armed forces. Morgan Tsvangirai is the Prime Minister. Mugabe has been in power since the country's internationally recognised independence in 1980.
wn.com/Zimbabwe
-
Abayudaya
The Abayudaya (Abayudaya is Luganda for "People of Judah", analogous to Children of Israel) are a Baganda community in eastern Uganda near the town of Mbale who practice Judaism. Although they are not genetically or historically related to other ethnic Jews, they are devout in their practice of the religion, keeping their version of kashrut, and observing Shabbat. There are several different villages where the Ugandan Jews live. Most of these are recognized by the Reform and Conservative movements of Judaism. However, the villagers of Putti are still seeking an Orthodox conversion and practice strict Rabbinical Judaism.
Their population is estimated at approximately 1,100, having once been as large as 3,000 (prior to the persecutions of the Idi Amin regime); like their neighbors, they are subsistence farmers. Most Abayudaya are of Bagwere origin, except for those from Namutumba who are Basoga. They speak Luganda, Lusoga or Lugwere, although some have learned Hebrew as well.
wn.com/Abayudaya -
Abdelaziz Bouteflika
Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Arabic pronunciation: [ʕaːbd lʕziz butfliqaː]; Arabic: عبد العزيز بوتفليقة) (born 2 March 1937) is an Algerian politician who has been the fifth President of Algeria since 1999. He presided over the end of the bloody Algerian Civil War in 2002, and he ended emergency rule in February 2011 amidst regional unrest.
He has also served as president of the United Nations General Assembly.
Abdelaziz Bouteflika was born on 2 March 1937 in Oujda, Morocco. He was the first child of his mother and the second child of his father (Fatima, his half-sister, preceded him). His father (Ahmed Bouteflika) and mother (Mansouria Ghezlaoui) originated from the region of Tlemcen. Bouteflika has three half-sisters (Fatima, Yamina, and Aïcha), as well as four brothers (Abdelghani, Mustapha, Abderahim and Saïd) and one sister (Latifa). Saïd serves as Abdelaziz Bouteflika's personal physician, and is said by some to be an important figure in Bouteflika's inner circle of advisers.
Bouteflika was raised in Oujda, where his father had emigrated as a youngster. He successively attended three schools there: "Sidi Ziane", "El Hoceinia" and the "Abdel Moumen" high-school, where he reportedly excelled academically. He was also affiliated with Kadiri Zaouia in Oujda.
wn.com/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika -
Abdou Diouf
Abdou Diouf (Serer: Abdu Juuf; born September 7, 1935) is a Senegalese politician, and served as the second President of Senegal from 1981 to 2000. Diouf is notable both for coming to power by peaceful succession, and leaving willingly after losing the 2000 presidential election to Abdoulaye Wade. He has been the Secretary-General of La Francophonie since 2003.
Diouf was born in Louga, Senegal, the child of an Hal Pulaar mother and a Serere father. He went to primary and secondary school at the Lycée Faidherbe in Saint-Louis, and studied law at Dakar University and then at the Sorbonne, Paris. Diouf graduated in 1959.
After graduation, Diouf returned to Senegal, where in September 1960 he was appointed Director of International Technical Cooperation. In November 1960 he became assistant of the Secretary-General of the Government, and in June 1961 he became Secretary-General of the Ministry of Defense. In 1961 he joined the Senegalese Progressive Union (Union Progressiste Sénégalaise, UPS), which later became the Socialist Party of Senegal. In December 1961 he became Governor of the Sine-Saloum Region, serving in that position until December 1962, when he became Director of the Cabinet of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In May 1963 he was moved to the position of Director of the Cabinet of President Léopold Senghor, where he remained until December 1965. In January 1964 he became Secretary-General of the Presidency, serving in that post until March 1968, when he became Minister of Planning and Industry. He remained in the latter position until February 1970, when he was named Prime Minister.
wn.com/Abdou_Diouf -
Ahmadou Ahidjo
Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo (24 August 1924 – 30 November 1989) was the first President of Cameroon from 1960 until 1982.
Ahidjo was born in Garoua, a major river port along the Benue River in northern Cameroun, which was at the time a French mandate territory. His father was a Fulani village chief, while his mother was a Fulani of slave descent.
Ahidjo's mother raised him as a Muslim and sent him to Quranic school as a child. In 1932, he began attending local government primary school. After failing his first school certification examination in 1938, Ahidjo worked for a few months in the veterinary service. He returned to school and obtained his school certification a year later. Ahidjo spent the next three years attending secondary school at the Ecole Priamaire Superieure in Yaoundé, the capital of the mandate, studying for a career in the civil service. At school, Ahidjo also played soccer and competed as a cyclist.
In 1942, Ahidjo joined the civil service as a radio operator for a postal service. As part of his job, he worked on assignments in several major cities throughout the country, such as Douala, Ngaoundéré, Bertoua, and Mokolo. According to his official biographer, Ahidjo was the first civil servant from northern Cameroun to work in the southern areas of the territory. His experiences throughout the country were, according to Harvey Glickman, professor emeritus of political science at Haverford College and scholar of African politics, responsible for fostering his sense of national identity and provided him the sagacity to handle the problems of governing a multiethnic state.
wn.com/Ahmadou_Ahidjo -
Amama Mbabazi
Patrick Amama Mbabazi (born 16 January 1949) is a senior Ugandan lawyer and politician. He is the current Prime Minister of Uganda, a position he has held since 24 May 2011. Prior to his current position, he served as the Minister for Security in the Ugandan Cabinet, from February 2009 until May 2011. He also served as the Secretary General of the National Resistance Movement political party from June 2010 until June 2011. Amama Mbabazi also serves as the Member of Parliament for Kinkiizi West constituency in Kanungu District, a position he has held since 2003.
He was born in Mparo village, Rukiga County, in present-day Kabale District.
Mbabazi holds a law degree, Bachelor of Laws (LLB), from Makerere University, obtained in 1975. He also holds the postgraduate Diploma in Legal Practice obtained from the Law Development Center in Kampala. He is an Advocate of the Courts of Judicature of Uganda and a member of the Uganda Law Society since 1977.
Prior to joining politics, he worked as State Attorney in the Attorney General's Chambers, rising to the position of Secretary of the Uganda Law Council. Between 1986 and 1991 he served as Director General of the External Security Organization (ESO), being the first person to serve in that position. In 1994, he served as a delegate to the Constituent Assembly that drew up the 1995 Ugandan Constitution. He became the Chairman of the National Resistance Movement Delegates Caucus.
wn.com/Amama_Mbabazi -
Andrew Mwenda
Andrew Mwenda is a Ugandan journalist, founder and owner of The Independent, Uganda's premier current affair's news magazine. He attended Busoga College Mwiri in eastern Uganda before attending Makerere University. He was arrested and released on bail by the Ugandan government for "being in possession of seditious material and of publishing inflammatory articles". He earned a master's degree in Development Studies at the University of London in the UK. He was previously the political editor of The Monitor newspaper and presenter of Andrew Mwenda Live on the KFM radio station. In 2005, he was among sixteen senior journalists invited by the British government to meet prime minister Tony Blair to discuss the forthcoming report of the Commission for Africa.
In August 2005 he was charged with sedition for broadcasting a discussion of the cause of death of Sudanese vice-president John Garang. Garang was killed when the Ugandan presidential helicopter crashed in a storm over a rebel area, on the way back from talks in Uganda. During his radio programme, the journalist accused the Ugandan government of "incompetence" and said they had put Garang on "a junk helicopter...at night...in poor weather...over an insecure area". He also criticized President Yoweri Museveni, calling him a failure, a coward and a "villager", and said the president's days were numbered if he "goes on a collision course with me".
wn.com/Andrew_Mwenda -
Apolo Nsibambi
Apolo Robin Nsibambi is a Ugandan academic and politician who was Prime Minister of Uganda from 5 April 1999 until 24 May 2011. He was succeeded as Prime Minister by Amama Mbabazi on 24 May 2011.
Apolo Nsibambi was born on 27 November 1938. He is the son of Simeon Nsibambi, who together with John E. Church led what is commonly known as the East African Revival.
Nsibambi attended King's College Budo for his high school education. He holds a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree with Honors in Economics from the University of London. He also holds a Masters of Arts (MA) degree in Political Science from the University of Chicago in the United States of America. His Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree was obtained from the University of Nairobi.
Professor Nsibambi served as the Dean of Faculty of Social Science at Makerere University from 1978 until 1983 and from 1985 until 1987. He was appointed Head of the Department of Political Science at Makerere University in 1987, a position he held until 1990. He was Director of the Makerere Institute of Social Research (MISR) from 1994 to 1996.
wn.com/Apolo_Nsibambi -
Baganda
The Ganda (ethnonym: Baganda; singular Muganda) are an ethnic group native to Buganda, a subnational kingdom within Uganda. Traditionally comprising 52 tribes (although since a 1993 survey, only 46 are currently officially recognised), the Baganda are currently the largest ethnic group in Uganda.
Sometimes described as "The King's Men" because of the importance of the king, or Kabaka, in their society, the Ganda number an estimated three million in Uganda. In addition, there is a significant diaspora abroad, with organised communities in Canada, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. Their language is called Luganda.
The early history of the Ganda is unclear, with various conflicting traditions as to their origins. One tradition holds that they are descendants of the legenday figure of Kintu, the first human according to Ganda mythology. He was said to have married Nambi, the daughter of the creator deity Ggulu. A related tradition holds that Kintu came from the east, from the direction of Mount Elgon, and passed through Busoga on the way to Buganda.
wn.com/Baganda -
Banyarwanda
Banyarwanda (literally "those who come from Rwanda") actually means the people of Hutu, Tutsi and Batwah. Some lived on the present territory of the DRC before colonization, while others have migrated from neighboring Rwanda in waves. They live in the provinces of North Kivu and South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. There are 1 million Banyarwanda in Uganda. They live in Western Uganda; Umutara and Kitara are the centers of their pastoral and agricultural areas.
wn.com/Banyarwanda -
Bingu wa Mutharika
Bingu wa Mutharika (born Brightson Webster Ryson Thom; 24 February 1934 – 5 April 2012) was a Malawian politician and economist who was President of Malawi from May 2004 until his death. He was also the president of the ruling Democratic Progressive Party, which has a majority in Malawi's parliament as a result of the 2009 general election. During his two terms in office he was noted for presiding over the African Union, as well as several domestic controversies. He died of a heart attack in Lilongwe on 5 April.
Bingu wa Mutharika was born Brightson Webster Ryson Thom on 24 February 1934 in Thyolo. Mutharika's parents, Ryson Thom Mutharika and Eleni Thom Mutharika, were both members of the Church of Scotland Mission which later became Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian. His father was a teacher for 37 years and his mother taught the women of the Mvano group.[citation needed]
Upon completing his primary education at Ulongwe Mission and Chingoli, Mulanje, Ntambanyama, Malamulo, in Thyolo and Henri Henderson Institute in Blantyre, Mutharika obtained a Grade A Cambridge Overseas School Leaving Certificate at Dedza Secondary School in 1956. In 1964, he was one of the 32 Malawians selected by Hastings Kamuzu Banda (President of Malawi 1961–1994) to travel to India on an Indira Gandhi scholarship for 'fast track' diplomas. The BBC reports that he went to India to "escape then President Hastings Banda's crackdown on political opponents". At some point during the 1960s, he also changed his name, to Bingu wa Mutharika. In India, Mutharika earned his Bachelor's degree in Economics. Subsequently, he attended the Delhi School of Economics graduating with a M.A. degree in Economics. He later obtained a PhD degree in Development Economics from Pacific Western University. Mutharika also completed short courses on Business Management, Financial Analysis, Trade Promotion, Political Leadership, regional Economic Co-operation and Human Relations.
wn.com/Bingu_wa_Mutharika -
Blaise Compaoré
Blaise Compaoré (born February 3, 1951) is a Burkinabé politician who has been the President of Burkina Faso since 1987. He was a top associate of President Thomas Sankara during the 1980s, and in October 1987 he led a coup d'état that ousted Sankara; subsequently he introduced a policy of "rectification", overturning the left-wing policies pursued by Sankara. He won elections in 1991, 1998, 2005, and 2010.
Compaoré was born in Ziniaré, 34 km from Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso (then named Upper Volta). He reached the rank of Captain in the Voltaïc army. Compaoré met Thomas Sankara in 1976 in a military training center in Morocco, and subsequently Compaoré and Sankara were considered close friends. Compaoré played a major role in the coups d'état against Saye Zerbo and Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo. He has been married to Chantal Compaoré (née Chantal Terrasson) since 1985.
Under Sankara's leadership, which lasted from 1983 to 1987, Compaoré was his deputy and was a member of the National Revolutionary Council. He served as Minister of State at the Presidency and subsequently as Minister of State for Justice.
wn.com/Blaise_Compaoré -
Bob Geldof
Robert Frederick Zenon "Bob" Geldof, KBE, (born 5 October 1951) is an Irish singer, songwriter, author, occasional actor and political activist. He rose to prominence as the lead singer of the Irish rock band The Boomtown Rats in the late 1970s and early 1980s alongside the punk rock movement. The band had hits with his compositions "Rat Trap" and "I Don't Like Mondays". He co-wrote "Do They Know It's Christmas?", one of the best-selling singles of all time. He starred as Pink in Pink Floyd's 1982 film Pink Floyd The Wall.
Geldof is widely recognised for his activism, especially anti-poverty efforts concerning Africa. In 1984 he and Midge Ure founded the charity supergroup Band Aid to raise money for famine relief in Ethiopia. They went on to organise the charity super-concert Live Aid the following year and the Live 8 concerts in 2005. Geldof currently serves as an adviser to the ONE Campaign, founded by fellow Irish humanitarian Bono. A single father, Geldof has also been outspoken for the fathers' rights movement. Geldof has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, was granted an honorary knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II, and is a recipient of the Man of Peace title which recognises individuals who have made "an outstanding contribution to international social justice and peace", among numerous other awards and nominations.
wn.com/Bob_Geldof -
Cyprien Ntaryamira
Cyprien Ntaryamira (6 March 1955 – 6 April 1994), was President of Burundi from 5 February 1994 until his death when his plane was shot down on 6 April 1994.
Ntaryamira was born in the Mageyo zone's commune of Mubimbi, Bujumbura Rural Province, in what was then the Belgian-dominated United Nations Trust Territory of Burundi. He entered school in Bujumbura, but after an abortive Hutu rebellion in 1972, he and thousands of other ethnic Hutus fled the country.
Ntaryamira eventually received a degree in agriculture from the National University of Rwanda in Butare in 1982. During this time, he became politically active in socialist movements. He returned to his native country in 1983 to work as an agricultural official. He was a political prisoner of the regime of Colonel Jean-Baptiste Bagaza briefly in 1985.
In August 1986, he became a founding member and economic policy director of the Hutu-dominated Front for Democracy in Burundi party (FRODEBU). His party gained power after Burundi's first democratic elections in 1993, ending a long history of rule by the Tutsi minority and the Union for National Progress (UPRONA). New president, Melchior Ndadaye, appointed Ntaryamira Minister of Agriculture.
wn.com/Cyprien_Ntaryamira -
Daniel arap Moi
Daniel Toroitich arap Moi (born 2 September 1924) is a Kenyan politician who was the President of Kenya from 1978 to 2002. Previously, under President Jomo Kenyatta, he was Vice-President from 1967 to 1978; he succeeded Kenyatta as President upon the latter's death.
Daniel arap Moi is popularly known to Kenyans as "Nyayo", a Swahili word for "footsteps", as he was said to be following the footsteps of the first Kenyan President, Jomo Kenyatta.
Moi was born in Kurieng'wo village, Sacho division, Baringo District, Rift Valley Province, and was raised by his mother Kimoi Chebii following the early death of his father. He is of the Kalenjin people. After completing his secondary education, he attended Tambach Teachers Training College in the Keiyo District. He worked as a teacher from 1946 until 1955.
In 1955 Moi entered politics when he was elected Member of the Legislative Council for Rift Valley. In 1960 he founded the Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) with Ronald Ngala to challenge the Kenya African National Union (KANU) led by Jomo Kenyatta. KADU pressed for a federal constitution, while KANU was in favour of centralism. The advantage lay with the numerically stronger KANU, and the British government was finally forced to remove all provisions of a federal nature from the constitution.
wn.com/Daniel_arap_Moi -
Denis Sassou Nguesso
Denis Sassou Nguesso (born November 23, 1943) is a Congolese politician who has been the President of Congo-Brazzaville since 1997; he was previously President from 1979 to 1992. During his first period as President, he headed the single-party regime of the Congolese Labour Party (PCT) for 12 years. Under heavy pressure, he introduced multiparty politics in 1990 and was then stripped of executive powers by the 1991 National Conference, remaining in office as a ceremonial head of state. He stood as a candidate in the 1992 presidential election but was defeated, placing third.
Sassou Nguesso was an opposition leader for five years before returning to power at the conclusion of the June–October 1997 civil war, in which his rebel forces ousted President Pascal Lissouba. Following a transitional period, he won the 2002 presidential election, which lacked meaningful opposition participation; he was again re-elected under controversial circumstances in the 2009 presidential election.
Sassou Nguesso is backed by a variety of political parties, the most important of which is the PCT. He is the President of the PCT Central Committee.
wn.com/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso -
Edward Ssekandi
Edward Kiwanuka Ssekandi (born 19 January 1943), is a Ugandan lawyer and politician. He is the current Vice President of Uganda. He was appointed to that position on 24 May 2011. Prior to that, he served as the Speaker of Parliament of Uganda, a position he served in from 2001 until 2011. He is also the current Member of Parliament, representing "Bukoto County Central", a constituency he has continuously represented since 1996.
Ssekandi was born in Masaka District on 19 January 1943. He graduated with honors from the University of East Africa with the degree of Bachelor of Laws (LLB). He also holds the Diploma in Legal Practice from the Law Development Center in Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city.
From 1973 until 1978, he served as a lecturer at the Uganda Law Development Center. Between 1978 and 1979, he served as the Acting Director of the Law Development Center. He was the lead counsel on the Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights, between 1986 and 1993. He was a delegate to the Constitutional Assembly, which drafted the 1995 Ugandan constitution from 1994 until 1995.
wn.com/Edward_Ssekandi -
Eriya Kategaya
Eriya Kategaya is a Ugandan lawyer and politician. Currently, he is Uganda's First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for East African Community Affairs. He is also an ex officio Member of the Ugandan Parliament, on account of being a cabinet minister.
He was born on 4 July, 1945 in Kyamate, Ntungamo District district, in western Uganda. Eriya Kategaya is a long time associate of President Yoweri Museveni, starting from their school days in Ntare School in the early 1960s.
Kategaya holds a Bachelor of Law (LLB), degree from the University of Dar-es-Salaam. At the time of his graduation the university was part of the University of East Africa. His friend, Yoweri Museveni, attended Dar-es-Salaam University at the same time.
Kategaya was part of Museveni's Front for National Salvation (FRONASA), a group of Ugandan exiles in Tanzania who eventually helped topple Idi Amin in 1979 with the help of the Tanzania People's Defence Force. In 1980, he was a founder of the Uganda Patriotic Movement, headed by Museveni to contest in the elections. When Museveni launched the guerrilla struggle against the Milton Obote II administration (1981 - 1985), Kategaya served in the 'External Wing' of the rebel National Resistance Movement (NRM) and National Resistance Army (NRA). The NRM transformed into the National Resistance Movement political party, while the NRA became the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF).
wn.com/Eriya_Kategaya -
First Congo War
The First Congo War (November 1996 to May 1997) was a revolution in Zaire that replaced President Mobutu Sésé Seko, a decades-long dictator, with rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Destabilization in eastern Zaire that resulted from the Rwandan genocide was the final factor that caused numerous internal and external actors to align against the corrupt and inept government in Kinshasa. The new government renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo, although it brought little true change. Kabila alienated his allies and failed to address the issues that had led to the war, ultimately allowing the Second Congo War to begin in 1998, mere months after coming to power. In fact, some experts prefer to view the two conflicts as one war.
Mobutu, an ethnic Ngbandi, came to power in Kinshasa in 1965 and enjoyed support from the United States during the Cold War. However, his authoritarian rule and policies allowed the Zairian state to decay, evidenced by a 65 percent decrease in Zairian GDP between independence in 1960 and the end of Mobutu's rule in 1997. Following the end of the Cold War, the United States stopped supporting Mobutu in favor of what it called a "new generation of African leaders," including Rwanda's Kagame and Uganda's Museveni.
wn.com/First_Congo_War -
Frantz Fanon
Frantz Fanon (July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a Martinique-born French psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary and writer whose work is influential in the fields of post-colonial studies, critical theory and Marxism. Fanon is known as a radical existential humanist thinker on the issue of decolonization and the psychopathology of colonization.
Fanon supported the Algerian struggle for independence and became a member of the Algerian National Liberation Front. His life and works have incited and inspired anti-colonial liberation movements for more than four decades.
He is remembered as "a very soft man, very tender".
Frantz Fanon was born on the Caribbean island of Martinique, which was then a French colony and is now a French département. His father was a descendant of African slaves; his mother was said to be an illegitimate child of African, Indian and European descent, whose white ancestors came from Strasbourg in Alsace. Fanon's family was socio-economically middle-class and they could afford the fees for the Lycée Schoelcher, then the most prestigious high school in Martinique, where the writer Aimé Césaire was one of his teachers.
wn.com/Frantz_Fanon -
Frederick Chiluba
Frederick Jacob Titus Chiluba (April 30, 1943 – June 18, 2011) was a Zambian politician who was the second President of Zambia from 1991 to 2002. Chiluba, a trade union leader, won the country's multi-party presidential election in 1991 as the candidate of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), defeating long-time President Kenneth Kaunda. He was re-elected in 1996. As he was unable to run for a third term in 2001, former Vice President Levy Mwanawasa instead ran as the MMD candidate and succeeded him. After leaving office, Chiluba was the subject of a long investigation and trial regarding alleged corruption; he was eventually acquitted in 2009.
He was born to Jacob Titus Chiluba Nkonde and Diana Kaimba and grew up in Kitwe, Zambia. Chiluba has married twice. Frederick Chiluba did his secondary school of education at Kawambwa Secondary School in Kawambwa, where he was expelled in the second year for political activities. He became co-boy and later a bus driver. It was there that he found his ability to become a politician due to his charismatic personality. He later worked as city councilor before becoming an accounts assistant at Atlas Copco, and rose in his rankings, in Ndola where he joined the National Union of Building.
wn.com/Frederick_Chiluba -
Gaafar Nimeiry
Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry (otherwise spelled in English as Jaafar Nimeiry, Gaafar Nimeiry or Ga'far Muhammad an-Numayri; 1 January 1930 – 30 May 2009) (Arabic: جعفر محمد النميري) was the Nubian President of Sudan from 1969 to 1985. He was born in Wad Nubawi Omdurman in central Sudan, and was the son of a postman and the great grandson of a local tribal monarch from the Wad Nimeiry region in Dongola, ash-Shamaliyah the Northern State. His great grand daughter, Amal Kunna Khairy was a political activist and advocate for gender equality.
In an incident in 1948, when protesting against British rule in Sudan by leading students to strike in his school, he was temporarily expelled. He studied at the prestigious Hantoub School, one of only three in Sudan at the time.
In 1952 Nimeiry graduated from the Sudan Military College, where he was greatly influenced by the ideas of Gamal Abdel Nasser's Free Officers Movement, which gained power in Egypt that same year. Later he joined the Khartoum garrison.
wn.com/Gaafar_Nimeiry -
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر حسين, IPA: [ɡæˈmæːl ʕæbdenˈnɑːsˤeɾ ħeˈseːn]; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death. A colonel in the Egyptian army, Nasser led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 along with Muhammad Naguib, the first president, which overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, and heralded a new period of modernization, and socialist reform in Egypt together with a profound advancement of pan-Arab nationalism, including a short-lived union with Syria.
Nasser is seen as one of the most important political figures in both modern Arab history and politics in the 20th century. Under his leadership, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal Company and came to play a central role in anti-imperialist efforts in the Arab World and Africa. The imposed ending to the Suez Crisis made him a hero throughout the Arab world. He was also instrumental in the establishment of the international Non-Aligned Movement. He is well known for his nationalist policies and version of pan-Arabism, also referred to as Nasserism, which won a great following in the Arab World during the 1950s and 1960s. Although his status as "leader of the Arabs" was badly damaged by the Israeli victory over the Arab armies in the Six-Day War, as well as Egypt's failure to win the subsequent War of Attrition against Israel, many in the general Arab population still view Nasser as a symbol of Arab dignity and freedom.
wn.com/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser -
George Cosmas Adyebo
George Cosmas Adyebo (18 June 1947 – 19 November 2000) was a Ugandan politician and economist. He became prime minister of Uganda on 22 January 1991 when prime minister Samson Kisekka became vice-president. Adyebo served as prime minister for nearly 4 years, until 18 November 1994. Six years later he died at the International Hospital in Kampala after a long illness.
wn.com/George_Cosmas_Adyebo -
Gilbert Bukenya
Gilbert Balibaseka Bukenya is a Ugandan physician and politician who was Vice President of Uganda from 23 May 2003 until 23 May 2011. He also represents the constituency of Busiro North in the Ugandan Parliament, a position he has served in since 1996.
Gilbert Bukenya was born on 8 May 1949, in the village of Lwantama in Kakiri sub-county, in Busiro County, in present-day Wakiso District, about 30 kilometres (19 mi), by road, northwest of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city.
He was educated by the Brothers of Christian Instruction order in Uganda. He had his early education at St. Savio Primary School, Kisubi, St. Mary's College Kisubi, St. Edward Secondary School, Bukuumi and St. Henry's College Kitovu.
Later, he joined Makerere University School of Medicine in the 1970s where he graduated with the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB). He worked briefly as a Medical Officer at Mbale Hospital up to 1982 when he left Uganda for Papua New Guinea.
While outside Uganda, he obtained the degrees of Master of Science (MSc) from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine UK, and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Australia, specializing in Public Health.
wn.com/Gilbert_Bukenya -
Gnassingbé Eyadéma
General Gnassingbé Eyadéma (born Étienne Eyadéma, December 26, 1935 – February 5, 2005), was the President of Togo from 1967 until his death in 2005. He participated in two successful military coups, in January 1963 and January 1967, and became President on April 14, 1967. As President, he created a political party, the Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), and headed a single-party regime until the early 1990s, when reforms leading to multiparty elections began. Although his power was seriously challenged by the events of the early 1990s, he ultimately consolidated power again and won multiparty presidential elections in 1993, 1998, and 2003; the opposition boycotted the 1993 election and denounced the 1998 and 2003 election results as fraudulent. At the time of his death, Eyadéma was the longest-serving ruler in Africa.
Eyadéma was born on the 26th of December 1935 in Pya, a village in the prefecture of Kozah in the Kara Region, to a peasant family in the Kabye tribe. According to Comi M. Toulabor, his official date of birth is “based on a fertile imagination” and it would be more accurate to say that he was born around 1930. In 1953, Eyadema joined the French army where he was trained in weapon use and the art of war. Eyadema participated in the French Indochina War and the Algerian War. After nearly 10 years in the French army, Eyadema returned to Togo in 1962. In 1963, he conducted a military coup against President Sylvanus Olympio, who died during the attack. He helped establish Nicolas Grunitzky as the new President of Togo. In 1967, Colonel Eyadema of the Togolese Army led a second military coup against Grunitzky. Eyadema installed himself as president on 14 April 1967 as well as Minister of National Defense, an office that he assumed for 38 years.
wn.com/Gnassingbé_Eyadéma -
Godfrey Binaisa
Godfrey Lukongwa Binaisa QC (30 May 1920 – 5 August 2010) was a Ugandan lawyer who was Attorney General of Uganda from 1962 to 1968 and later served as President of Uganda from June 1979 to May 1980. At his death he was Uganda's only surviving former president.
Binaisa was initially a lawyer. He was educated at King's College Budo and Makerere College. He then earned a LLB in law from King's College London in 1955 and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1956. He was appointed a Queen's counsel (QC) and had a private law practice in Kampala.
Binaisa was a member of the political parties Uganda National Congress and United Congress Party during the 1950s. He later joined Uganda People's Congress which in 1962 formed the first post-independence government of Uganda. He was appointed the Attorney General in 1962, a position in which he served until 1968, when he resigned over disagreements with President Milton Obote concerning constitutional matters, particularly the presidential powers of detention.
wn.com/Godfrey_Binaisa -
Haile Selassie I
Haile Selassie I (Ge'ez: ኃይለ፡ ሥላሴ, "Power of the Trinity") (23 July 1892 – 27 August 1975), born Tafari Makonnen, was Ethiopia's regent from 1916 to 1930 and Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He was the heir to a dynasty that traced its origins to the 13th century, and from there by tradition back to King Solomon and Queen Makeda, Empress of Axum, known in the Abrahamic tradition as the Queen of Sheba. Haile Selassie is a defining figure in both Ethiopian and African history.
At the League of Nations in 1936, the emperor condemned the use of chemical weapons by Italy against his people. His internationalist views led to Ethiopia becoming a charter member of the United Nations, and his political thought and experience in promoting multilateralism and collective security have proved seminal and enduring. His suppression of rebellions among the nobles (mekwannint), as well as what some perceived to be Ethiopia's failure to modernize adequately, earned him criticism among some contemporaries and historians.
wn.com/Haile_Selassie_I -
Hassan II of Morocco
HM King Hassan II (Arabic: الحسن الثاني, class. pron. (a)l-ḥasan aṯ-ṯānī, dial. (Mar.) el-ḥasan ett(s)âni); July 9, 1929 – July 23, 1999) was King of Morocco from 1961 until his death in 1999. He was the eldest son of Mohammed V, Sultan, then King of Morocco (1909–1961) and his wife Lalla Abla bint Tahar (1889–1992).
King Hassan was educated at the Imperial College at Rabat and earned a law degree from the University of Bordeaux.
He was exiled to Corsica by French authorities on 20 August 1953, together with his father Sultan Mohammed V. They were transferred to Madagascar in January 1954. Prince Moulay Hassan acted as his father's political advisor during the exile. Mohammed V and his family returned from exile on 16 November 1955.
Prince Moulay Hassan participated in the February 1956 negotiations for Morocco's independence with his father, who later appointed him Chief of Staff of the newly founded Royal Armed Forces in April 1956. In the unrest of the same year, he led army contingents battling rebels in the mountains of the Rif. Mohammed V changed the title of the Moroccan sovereign from Sultan to King in 1957. Hassan was proclaimed Crown Prince on 19 July 1957, and became King on 26 February 1961, after his father's death. U.S. Ambassador Charles W. Yost saw King Mohammed V hours before his death and was among those who suspected that Hassan II had a hand in his father's sudden death.
wn.com/Hassan_II_of_Morocco -
Hosni Mubarak
Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (Arabic: محمد حسني السيد مبارك, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mæˈħæmːæd ˈħosni ˈsæjjed moˈbɑːɾˤɑk], Muḥammad Ḥusnī Sayyid Mubārak; born 4 May 1928) is a former Egyptian politician and military commander. He served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.
Mubarak was appointed Vice President of Egypt in 1975, and assumed the presidency on 14 October 1981, following the assassination of President Anwar El Sadat. His almost thirty-year presidency made him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force, serving as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rising to the rank of air chief marshal.
Mubarak was ousted after 18 days of demonstrations during the 2011 Egyptian revolution when, on 11 February, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned as president and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. On 13 April, a prosecutor[which?] ordered Mubarak and both his sons to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power. He was then ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protestors during the revolution. These trials officially began on 3 August 2011. Egypt’s military prosecutors then also proclaimed that they are investigating Mubarak's role in the assassination of his predecessor Anwar Sadat.
wn.com/Hosni_Mubarak -
Ibrahim Babangida
General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida CFR DSS mni (born August 17, 1941), popularly known as IBB, was a Nigerian Army officer and military ruler of Nigeria. He ruled Nigeria from his coup against Major General Muhammadu Buhari on August 27, 1985 until his departure from office on August 27, 1993 after his annulment of elections held on June 12 that year. There is evidence of a severe lack of human rights under his regime.
Ibrahim Babangida was born in 1941 in Minna, Niger State; he hails from the Gwari ethnic group. Babangida studied at the India Military School in 1964, the Royal Armoured Centre from January 1966 until April 1966, at the Advanced Armoured Officers' course at Armored school from August 1972 to June 1973, at the Senior officers' course, Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Jaji from January 1977 until July 1977, and the Senior International Defence Management Course, Naval Post graduate school, U.S in 1980.
He joined the Nigerian Army's officer corps on December 10, 1962, and served in an administrative capacity under the military government of Olusegun Obasanjo. He was heavily involved in the Nigerian coup of 1976, when he was to ‘liberate’ a radio station from one of the coup plotters, Col B.S. Dimka (a close friend of his), to prevent him making further announcements over the air waves. Although he did prevent further broadcasts, Col Dimka managed to escape.
wn.com/Ibrahim_Babangida -
Idi Amin
Idi Amin Dada (c. 1924 – 16 August 2003) was the military dictator and third President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles in 1946. Eventually he held the rank of Major General in the post-colonial Ugandan Army and became its Commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971, deposing Milton Obote. He later promoted himself to Field Marshal while he was the head of state. While serving in the British Regiment he toured Kenya.
Amin's rule was characterised by gross human rights abuse, political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings, nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. The number of people killed as a result of his regime is estimated by international observers and human rights groups to range from 100,000 to 500,000. During his years in power, Amin shifted in allegiance from being a pro-Western ruler enjoying considerable Israeli support to being backed by Libya's Muammar al-Gaddafi, the Soviet Union and East Germany.
wn.com/Idi_Amin -
Jakaya Kikwete
Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete (born October 7, 1950) is a Tanzanian politician who has been the 4th President of Tanzania since December 2005. Previously he was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1995 to 2005. Kikwete was also the Chairperson of the African Union from 31 January 2008 to 2 February 2009.
Kikwete was born at Msoga, located in the Bagamoyo District of Tanganyika, in 1950. Graduating with a degree in economics in 1975, he opted for a low-paying job as an executive functionary/officer of the ruling Party (TANU later CCM). This gave him the opportunity to work at the grassroots in rural regions and districts of Tanzania.
Kikwete sharpened his leadership acumen in the military. He first had basic military training at Ruvu National Service Camp (1972) and later underwent a basic officers course at the famous Tanzania Military Academy at Monduli, Arusha, Tanzania's top military training institution. On successful completion of the course, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in 1976. He also undertook the Company Commander's Course in 1983 at the same academy. In his military career, he rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. From 1984 to 1986, Kikwete was Chief Political Instructor and Political Commissar at the Military Academy. He retired from the military as a lieutenant-colonel when political pluralism was reintroduced to Tanzania in 1992 when he chose to become a full time politician. Prior to that, he was permitted to be both in the military and political leadership.
wn.com/Jakaya_Kikwete -
Janet Museveni
Janet Kataaha Museveni (née Kainembabazi, born June 24, 1948) is the First Lady of Uganda since May 1986. She is married to Yoweri Museveni, with whom she has four children.. She is the current Minister for Karamoja Affairs in Uganda's Cabinet She was appointed to that position on 27 May 2011. She is also the elected Member of Parliament representing "Ruhaama County", Ntungamo District.
Janet Kainembabazi Kataaha Museveni was born in Bwongyera village in Kajara county, Ntungamo district, Uganda to Mr and Mrs Edward Kataaha. She attended Kyamate primary school.
Janet Museveni went into exile in 1971, when Idi Amin toppled the Obote I regime in a military coup. She married Yoweri Museveni in August 1973. When Idi Amin's regime fell from power in April 1979, she moved back to Uganda from Tanzania where she had been living in exile with her husband.
In February 1981 when Yoweri Museveni launched his guerrilla war against the government of President Milton Obote, Janet Museveni and her children re-located to Nairobi, Kenya, where they lived with family friends until 1983. In 1983, they moved to Gothenburg, Sweden, and stayed there until May 1986, four months after Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Army had seized power in Kampala.
wn.com/Janet_Museveni -
Joaquim Chissano
Joaquim Alberto Chissano (born 22 October 1939) served as the second President of Mozambique for nineteen years from 6 November 1986 until 2 February 2005. Since stepping down as president, Chissano has become an elder statesman and is called upon by international bodies, such as the United Nations, to be an envoy or negotiator. He currently chairs the Joaquim Chissano Foundation and the Forum of Former African Heads of State and Government. In 2007, he was awarded the inaugural Prize for Achievement in African Leadership by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation.
Joaquim Chissano was born in the remote village of Malehice, Chibuto district, Gaza Province of the Portuguese colony of Mozambique (then called Portuguese East Africa). Chissano was the first black student to attend the only high school in the colony, Liceu Salazar in Lourenço Marques (present day Maputo).[citation needed] He became a member, and subsequently the leader of the Mozambican "African Secondary School Students' Organisation" (NESAM).[citation needed]
wn.com/Joaquim_Chissano -
John Garang
John Garang de Mabior (June 23, 1945 – July 30, 2005) was a Sudanese politician and leader. From 1983 to 2005, he led the Sudan People's Liberation Army during the Second Sudanese Civil War, and following a peace agreement he briefly served as First Vice President of Sudan from January 2005 until he died in a July 2005 helicopter crash.
A member of the Dinka ethnic group, Garang was born into a poor family in Buk village in the upper Nile region of Sudan. An orphan by the age of ten, he had his fees for school paid by a relative, going to schools in Wau and then Rumbek. In 1962 he joined the first Sudanese civil war, but because he was so young, the leaders encouraged him and others his age to seek an education. Because of the ongoing fighting, Garang was forced to attend his secondary education in Tanzania. After winning a scholarship, he went on to earn a B.A.[clarification needed] in economics in 1969 from Grinnell College in Iowa, USA. He was known there for his bookishness. He was offered another scholarship to pursue graduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley, but chose to return to Tanzania and study East African agricultural economics as a Thomas J. Watson Fellow at the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM). At UDSM, he was a member of the University Students' African Revolutionary Front. However, Garang soon decided to return to Sudan and join the rebels.[citation needed] There is much erroneous reporting that Garang met and befriended Yoweri Museveni, future president of Uganda, at this time; while both Garang and Museveni were students at UDSM in the 1960s, they did not attend at the same time.
wn.com/John_Garang -
John Howard
John Winston Howard, OM, AC, SSI, (born 26 July 1939) was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia, from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. He was the second-longest serving Australian Prime Minister after Sir Robert Menzies.
Howard was a member of the House of Representatives from 1974 to 2007, representing the Division of Bennelong, New South Wales. He served as Treasurer in the Fraser government of from 1977 to 1983. He was Leader of the Liberal Party and Coalition Opposition from 1985 to 1989, which included the 1987 federal election against Bob Hawke. He was re-elected as Leader of the Opposition in 1995.
Howard led the Liberal-National coalition to victory at the 1996 federal election, defeating Paul Keating's Labor government and ending a record 13 years of Coalition opposition. The Howard Government was re-elected at the 1998, 2001 and 2004 elections, presiding over a period of strong economic growth and prosperity. Major issues for the Howard Government included taxation, industrial relations, immigration, the Iraq war, and Aboriginal relations. Howard's coalition government was defeated at the 2007 election by the Labor Party led by Kevin Rudd. Howard also lost his own parliamentary seat at the election; he was the second Australian Prime Minister, after Stanley Bruce in 1929, to do so.
wn.com/John_Howard -
John Kufuor
John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor (born 8 December 1938) was the second president of the 4th Republic of Ghana (2001–2009) and Chairperson of the African Union (2007–2008). His victory over John Atta-Mills after the end of Jerry Rawlings' second term marked the first peaceful democratic transition of power in Ghana since the country's independence in 1957.
Kufuor's career has been spent on the liberal-democratic side of Ghanaian politics, in the parties descended from the United Gold Coast Convention and the United Party. He was a minister in Kofi Abrefa Busia's Progress Party government during Ghana's Second Republic, and a Popular Front Party opposition frontbencher during the Third Republic. In the Fourth Republic he stood as the New Patriotic Party's candidate at the 1996 election, and then led it to victory in 2000 and 2004. Having served two terms, in 2008 he was no longer eligible for the presidency.
An Asante, Kufuor married Theresa Kufuor (née Mensah) in 1962, with whom he has had five children. Kufuor and his family belong to the Roman Catholic Church. He was born in Kumasi and educated at Osei Tutu Boarding School (1951–53), Prempeh College (1954–58), Lincoln's Inn, London (1959–1961) and Exeter College, University of Oxford (1961–1964). In the Second Republic's Parliamentary Register Kufuor lists as his hobbies and interests table tennis, reading, football, and film shows.
wn.com/John_Kufuor -
Johnnie Carson
Johnnie Carson (born April 7, 1943) is a career diplomat from the United States who has served as United States Ambassador to several African nations. In 2009 he was nominated to become U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs by President Barack Obama.
Carson was born April 7, 1943, in Chicago, IL. Carson is married, has three children, and resides in Reston, VA. He graduated from Drake University with a B.A. in History and Political Science in 1965 and later obtained a Master of Arts in International Relations from the prestigious School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London in 1975. Before joining the Foreign Service, Ambassador Carson was a Peace Corps volunteer in Tanzania from 1965-1968.
In March 2009, Carson was nominated to become U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs by President Barack Obama.
Carson joined the United States National Intelligence Council as National Intelligence Officer for Africa in September 2006 after a 37-year career in Foreign Service. Prior to this appointment, Carson served as the Senior Vice President of the National Defense University in Washington D.C. (2003–2006). Carson's Foreign Service career includes ambassadorships to Kenya (1999–2003), Zimbabwe (1995–1997), and Uganda (1991–1994); and Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of African Affairs (1997–1999).
wn.com/Johnnie_Carson -
Joseph Arthur Ankrah
Lieutenant General Joseph Arthur Ankrah (18 August 1915 – 25 November 1992) served as the first commander of the Army of Ghana and from 1966 and 1969 as the second head of state.
Ankrah was born on 18 August 1915 in Accra to the Ga family of Samuel Paul Cofie Ankrah, an overseer for the Christian Missionary Society and Beatrice Abashie Quaynor, a trader. Ankrah began his schooling in 1921 at the Wesleyan Methodist School in Accra, where his nickname was 'Ankrah Patapaa' for his "forcefulness in arguments and always playing leadership role among his mates". In 1932, he entered Accra Academy, one of the leading secondary schools in Ghana, where he established himself as a good football player. He obtained the Senior Cambridge School Certificate in 1937. He then joined the Ghana Civil Service.
wn.com/Joseph_Arthur_Ankrah -
Julia Gillard
Julia Eileen Gillard (born 29 September 1961) is the 27th and current Prime Minister of Australia, in office since 24 June 2010.
Gillard was born in Barry, Wales and migrated with her family to Adelaide, Australia in 1966, attending Mitcham Demonstration School and Unley High School. In 1982 Gillard moved to Melbourne. She graduated from the University of Melbourne with Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws degrees in 1986. In 1987, Gillard joined the law firm Slater & Gordon working in industrial law, before entering politics.
Gillard was elected at the 1998 federal election to the House of Representatives seat of Lalor, Victoria, for the Australian Labor Party. Following the 2001 federal election, Gillard was elected to the shadow cabinet with the portfolios of Population and Immigration. The Reconciliation and Indigenous Affairs and the Health portfolios were added in 2003. In December 2006, Kevin Rudd was elected Labor leader and Leader of the Opposition, with Gillard as deputy leader.
wn.com/Julia_Gillard -
Julius Nyerere
Julius Kambarage Nyerere (13 April 1922 – 14 October 1999) was a Tanzanian politician who served as the first President of Tanzania and previously Tanganyika, from the country's founding in 1961 until his retirement in 1985.
Born in Tanganyika to Nyerere Burito (1860–1942), Chief of the Zanaki, Nyerere was known by the Swahili name Mwalimu or 'teacher', his profession prior to politics. He was also referred to as Baba wa Taifa (Father of the Nation). Nyerere received his higher education at Makerere University in Kampala and the University of Edinburgh. After he returned to Tanganyika, he worked as a teacher. In 1954, he helped form the Tanganyika African National Union.
In 1961, Nyerere was elected Tanganyika's first Prime Minister, and following independence, in 1962, the country's first President. In 1964, Tanganyika became politically united with Zanzibar and was renamed to Tanzania. In 1965, a one-party election returned Nyerere to power. During the first years Nyerere created a single-party system and used "preventive detention" to eliminate trade unions and opposition.
wn.com/Julius_Nyerere -
Juvénal Habyarimana
Juvénal Habyarimana (March 8, 1937 – April 6, 1994) was the third President of the Republic of Rwanda, the post he held longer than any other president to date, from 1973 until 1994. During his 20-year rule he favored his own ethnic group, the Hutus, and supported the Hutu majority in neighboring Burundi against the Tutsi government.[citation needed] He was nicknamed "Kinani", a Kinyarwanda word meaning "invincible". On April 6, 1994, he was killed when his airplane, also carrying the President of Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira, was shot down close to Kigali International Airport. His assassination ignited ethnic tensions in the region and helped spark the Rwandan Genocide.
On July 5, 1973, while serving as Army Chief of Staff, Habyarimana seized power by overthrowing Grégoire Kayibanda and ousting the then-ruling Parmehutu party. In 1975, he created the Mouvement Révolutionaire National pour le Développement as the country's only legal party. The government stayed almost entirely in military hands until 1978, when a new constitution was approved in a referendum. As a result, the MRND was reaffirmed as the official "State-party". Local administrations simultaneously represented the official party as well as the local authority. Legal and party policies were communicated and enforced from the Head of State down through the local administrative units, especially the general policy of Umuganda where Rwandans were required to “allocate half a day's labour per week” to infrastructural projects.
wn.com/Juvénal_Habyarimana -
Kenneth Kaunda
Kenneth David Kaunda (born April 28, 1924), also known as KK, served as the first President of Zambia, from 1964 to 1991.
Kaunda is the youngest of eight children. He was born at Lubwa Mission in Chinsali, Northern Province of Northern Rhodesia, now Zambia. His father was the Reverend David Kaunda, an ordained Church of Scotland missionary and teacher, who was born in Malawi and had moved to Chinsali to work at Lubwa Mission. He attended Munali Training Centre in Lusaka (August 1941–1943).
Kaunda was a teacher at the Upper Primary School and Boarding Master at Lubwa and then Headmaster at Lubwa from 1943 to 1945. He was for a time working at the Salisbury and Bindura Mine. In early 1948, he became a teacher in Mufulira for the United Missions to the Copperbelt (UMCB). He was then assistant at an African Welfare Centre and Boarding Master of a Mine School in Mufulira. In this period, he was leading a Pathfinder Scout Group and was Choirmaster at a Church of Central Africa Congregation. He was also for a time Vice-Secretary of the Nchanga Branch of Congress.
wn.com/Kenneth_Kaunda -
Kintu Musoke
Kintu Musoke, also known as Kinto Musoke (born 5 August 1938) is a Ugandan politician, closely associated with President Yoweri Museveni. He served as Prime Minister of Uganda from 18 November 1994 to 5 April 1999. He was later appointed to head a task force on fighting AIDS in Uganda.
wn.com/Kintu_Musoke -
Kizza Besigye
Warren Kizza Besigye Kifefe, commonly known as Kizza Besigye, is a Ugandan physician, politician and former military officer, in the UPDF. He currently serves as the Chairman of the Forum for Democratic Change (FDC) political party. He was a contestant in Uganda's 2001, 2006 and 2011 presidential elections and lost in all of them to the incumbent Yoweri Museveni, who has been President of Uganda since 26 January 1986.
Besigye, the second child in a family of six, attended primary school at Kinyasano Primary school and Mbarara Junior School. While at primary school, both his parents died. He did his O-levels at Kitante High School and A-levels at Kigezi High School. In 1975 he joined Makerere University School of Medicine and graduated in 1980 with a Medical degree (MBChB).
After leaving a medical job in Aga Khan Hospital in Nairobi, he underwent military training and joined the 1980-1986 National Resistance Army (NRA) guerilla rebellion against Milton Obote's government. He was responsible for the guerillas' health and particularly attended to the Chairman, Yoweri Museveni.
wn.com/Kizza_Besigye -
Kwame Nkrumah
The Rt. Hon. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972), P.C., was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1951 to 1966. Overseeing the nation's independence from British colonial rule in 1957, Nkrumah was the first President of Ghana and the first Prime Minister of Ghana. An influential 20th-century advocate of Pan-Africanism, he was a founding member of the Organization of African Unity and was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963.
Kwame Nkrumah was born in 1909 to Madam Nyaniba in Nkroful, Gold Coast. Nkrumah trained to be a teacher at Achimota School in Accra from 1927 to 1930 . For the following 5 years he worked as a teacher in several schools in the Gold Coast including a Catholic school in Axim, whilst saving money to continue his education in the USA. In 1935 he sailed from Takoradi, the Gold Coast's main port, to Liverpool in England, and made his way to London where he obtained his student visa from the US Embassy. It was while he was in London in late 1935 thet he heard the news of Fascist Italy's invasion of Abyssinia, an event that outraged the young Nkrumah and influenced his political development. In October 1935 Nkrumah sailed from Liverpool to the United States and enrolled in Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. He graduated with a BA in 1939, and received a Bachelor of Sacred Theology in 1942. Nkrumah earned a Master of Science in education from the University of Pennsylvania in 1942, and a Master of Arts in philosophy the following year. While lecturing in political science at Lincoln he was elected president of the African Students Organization of America and Canada. As an undergraduate at Lincoln he participated in at least one student theater production and published an essay on European government in Africa in the student newspaper, The Lincolnian.
wn.com/Kwame_Nkrumah -
Langi people
Lango live in the Lango sub-region (politically Northern Region, but geographically central Uganda), north of Lake Kyoga.The Lango sub-region includes the districts of Amolatar, Alebtong, Apac, Dokolo, Kole, Lira, Oyam, and Otuke. The population is about 1.5 million people according to the 2002 population census.
The "Langi" is recent (Tosh, 1978), and not found in earlier written records of the Lango people (Hutchinson, 1902; Driberg, 1923). Lango leaders (scholars and Lango Cultural Foundation) have not questioned and/or challenged the use of "Langi". The term is wrongly used by Lango and non-Lango as fact. Lango history is complex, by using "Langi", you are limiting "Lango race" to an ethnic group.
Lango speak "Leb-Lango" a Western Nilotic (Luo) language, closely related to Acholi and Alur to the north. Lango identify with the Luo-speaking people, refuting the theory that they are Ateker even though they share some clan names with them. One possible explanation for this is that the Ateker clans were overpowered by or sought protection from Lango warriors and were assimilated.
wn.com/Langi_people -
Lawrence Gonzi
Lawrence Gonzi (born July 1, 1953) is a Maltese politician who has been Prime Minister of Malta since 2004. He was Speaker of the House of Representatives of Malta from 1988 to 1996, Minister of Social Policy from 1998 to 1999, and Deputy Prime Minister from 1999 to 2004. As Prime Minister, he has also been leader of the Nationalist Party (Maltese: Partit Nazzjonalista) since 2004.
In 1987 Lawrence Gonzi contested the general elections unsuccessfully with the Nationalist Party. He was appointed Speaker of the House in 1988 and, in 1992, he was reappointed to the post with a unanimous vote. Gonzi contested the general elections again in 1996 and this time he was successful. As an opposition MP he served as Shadow Minister for social policy, secretary of the Nationalist parliamentary group, party whip and later general secretary of the party.
In 1998 he was returned and appointed Minister for Social Policy. In May 1999 he successfully contested the post of Deputy Leader of the party and was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Leader of the House. Following another Nationalist victory at the polls in 2003, Lawrence Gonzi was reconfirmed as Deputy Prime Minister and Leader of the House.
wn.com/Lawrence_Gonzi -
Levy Mwanawasa
Levy Patrick Mwanawasa (September 3, 1948 – August 19, 2008) was the third President of Zambia. He ruled the country from January 2002 until his death in August 2008. He is credited for having initiated a campaign to rid the country of corruption. Prior to his election, Mwanawasa served as vice president from 1991 to 1994 whilst an elected Member of Parliament for Chifubu Constituency.
Mwanawasa was born in Mufulira, Northern Rhodesia, as the second of 10 children. He held a law degree from the University of Zambia. He worked in private law firms from 1974 until 1978 when he formed his own firm: Mwanawasa & Company. In 1985, Mwanawasa served as Solicitor General in the Zambian government but he went back to private practice in 1986.[citation needed]
In 1989, he led the legal defense team for Lt. Gen Christon Tembo, who was accused by the Kenneth Kaunda government of conspiracy to overthrow the government, which was judged as an act of treason worthy of the death penalty; Tembo won the case against the state, and Mwanawasa's fame among the anti-Kaunda opposition grew. After Frederick Chiluba was elected as President, he appointed Mwanawasa as Vice-President in December 1991. Mwanawasa left his firm in March 1992.
wn.com/Levy_Mwanawasa -
Madeleine Albright
Madeleine Korbelová Albright (born May 15, 1937) was the first woman to become the United States Secretary of State. She was appointed by US President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996, and was unanimously confirmed by a U.S. Senate vote of 99–0. She was sworn in on January 23, 1997.
Albright currently serves as a Professor of International Relations at Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service. She holds a PhD from Columbia University. She holds honorary degrees from Brandeis University (1996); the University of Washington (2002); Smith College (2003); University of Winnipeg (2005); the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2007), and Knox College (2008). In May 2012, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President Barack Obama. Secretary Albright also serves as a Director on the Board of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Albright is fluent in English, French, Russian, and Czech; she speaks and reads Polish and Serbo-Croatian as well.
Albright was born Marie Jana Korbelová (Czech pronunciation: [ˈmarɪjɛ ˈjana ˈkorbɛlovaː]) in the Smíchov district of Prague, Czechoslovakia. At the time of her birth, Czechoslovakia had been independent for less than twenty years, having gained independence from Austria after World War I. Her father, Josef Korbel, was a Czech Jewish diplomat and supporter of the early Czech democrats, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš. She was his first child with his Jewish wife, Anna (née Spieglová), who later also had another daughter Katherine (a schoolteacher) and son John (an economist).
wn.com/Madeleine_Albright -
Meles Zenawi
Meles Zenawi Asres (Ge'ez: መለስ ዜናዊ አስረስ Mäläs Zenawi Äsräs; born 8 May 1955) has been the Prime Minister of Ethiopia since 1995. He was President of Ethiopia from 1991 to 1995. Since 1985, he has been chairman of the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front (TPLF), and he is head of the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF).
Meles was born in Adwa, Tigray in Northern Ethiopia, to an Ethiopian father from Adwa, Ethiopia, and a mother from Adi Quala, Eritrea. He graduated from the General Wingate high school in Addis Ababa, then studied medicine at Addis Ababa University (at the time known as Haile Selassie University) for two years before interrupting his studies in 1975 to join the TPLF. While a member of the TPLF, he founded the Marxist-Leninist League of Tigray. His first name at birth was "Legesse" (thus Legesse Zenawi, Ge'ez: ለገሰ ዜናዊ legesse zēnāwī) but he is better known by his nom de guerre Meles. He later changed his first name to "Meles" in honor of a University student and a revolutionary radical who was executed by the previous government in 1975.
wn.com/Meles_Zenawi -
Milton Obote
Apolo Milton Obote (28 December 1925 – 10 October 2005) was a Ugandan socialist political leader who led Uganda towards independence from the British colonial administration in 1962. Following the nation's independence, he served as Prime Minister of Uganda from 1962 to 1966 and President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971, then again from 1980 to 1985. He was overthrown by Idi Amin in 1971, but regained power after Amin's 1979 overthrow. His second rule was marred by repression and the deaths of many civilians as a result of a civil war known as the Ugandan Bush War.
Milton Obote was born at Akokoro village in Apac district in northern Uganda. He was the son of a local chief of the Lango ethnic group. He began his education in 1940 at the Protestant Missionary School in Lira, and later attended Gulu Junior Secondary School, Busoga College and eventually university at Makerere University. Having intended to study law, a subject not taught at the university, Obote instead took a general arts course, including English and geography. At Makerere, Obote honed his natural oratorical skills, he may have been expelled for participating in a student strike, or alternatively left after a place to study law abroad was not funded by the protectorate government. He worked in Buganda in southern Uganda before moving to Kenya, where he worked as a construction worker at an engineering firm.
wn.com/Milton_Obote -
Mobutu Sese Seko
Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (born Joseph-Desiré Mobutu; 14 October 1930 – 7 September 1997), commonly known as Mobutu or Mobutu Sese Seko ( /məˈbuːtuː ˈsɛseɪ ˈsɛkoʊ/), was the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (also known as Zaire for much of his rule) from 1965 to 1997. While in office, he formed an authoritarian regime, amassed vast personal wealth, and attempted to purge the country of all colonial cultural influence, while also maintaining an anti-communist stance.
Mobutu, a member of the Ngbandi ethnic group, was born in Lisala, Belgian Congo. Mobutu's mother Marie Madeleine Yemo, was a hotel maid who fled to Lisala to escape the harem of a local village chief. There she met and married Albéric Gbemani, a cook for a Belgian judge. Shortly she gave birth to Mobutu. The name "Mobutu" was selected by an uncle. Gbemani died when Mobutu was eight.
The wife of the Belgian judge took a liking to Mobutu and taught him to speak, read and write fluently. Yemo relied on the help of relatives to support her four children, and the family moved often. Mobutu's earliest studies were in Léopoldville, but his mother eventually sent him to an uncle in Coquilhatville, where he attended the Christian Brothers School, a Catholic mission boarding school. A physically imposing figure, he dominated school sports. He also excelled in academics and ran the class newspaper. He was also known for his pranks and impish sense of humor. A classmate recalled that when the Belgian priests, whose first language was Dutch, misspoke in French, Mobutu would leap to his feet in class and point out the mistake. In 1949 Mobutu stowed away aboard a boat to Léopoldville and met a girl. The priests found him several weeks later, and at the end of the school year he was sent to the Force Publique (FP), the Belgian Congolese army. Enlistment, which came with a seven-year commitment, was a punishment for rebellious students.
wn.com/Mobutu_Sese_Seko -
Moktar Ould Daddah
Moktar Ould Daddah (Arabic: مختار ولد داداه; December 25, 1924 - October 14, 2003) was the President of Mauritania from 1960, when his country gained its independence from France, to 1978, when he was deposed in a military coup d'etat.
Daddah was born to an important marabout family of the Ouled Birri tribe in Boutilimit, Mauritania. As a law student in Paris, he graduated as the first Mauritanian to hold a university degree. On his return to Mauritania in the late 1950s, Daddah joined the centre-left Progressive Mauritanian Union, and was elected President of the Executive Council. In 1959, however, he established a new political party, the Mauritanian Regrouping Party. In the last pre-independence legislative elections held later that year, his party won every seat in the National Assembly, and he was appointed Prime Minister.
He was known for his ability to establish a consensus among different political parties, as well as between the White Moors, Black Moors and Black Africans, Mauritania's three main ethnic groups. The balanced representation of different ethnic and political groups in his government won the confidence of the French authorities, who granted independence to Mauritania under his leadership in 1960. Daddah was named Acting President of the new republic, and was confirmed in office in the first post-independence election in August 1961.
wn.com/Moktar_Ould_Daddah -
Moses Ali
Lieutenant General (Retired) Moses Ali (born 5 April 1939) is a Ugandan lawyer, politician and former military officer. He is the current Third Deputy Prime Minister and Leader of Government Business. He was appointed to that position in May 2011. He is also the elected Member of Parliament for "East Moyo County", Adjumani District from 2011 until 2016.
Moses Ali hails from Adjumani District, West Nile sub-region, in Northern Uganda. He was born on 5 April 1939. He is currently working on a book titled "CARAVANI OF JUSTICE OR INJUSTICE" which he expects to finish by February 2012.
He holds the degree of Bachelor of Laws (LLB), obtained from Uganda's oldest university, Makerere University. He also holds the Diploma in Legal Practice, from the Law Development Center in Kampala, Uganda. Moses Ali also holds military qualifications from military educational institutions in Uganda, Israel and the United Kingdom. Over the years, he rose to the rank of Lieutenant General, within the Ugandan military.
wn.com/Moses_Ali -
Moussa Traoré
Moussa Traoré (born 25 September 1936) is a Malian soldier and politician. As a Lieutenant, he led the military ouster of President Modibo Keïta in 1968. Thereafter he served as Head of State (by various titles) from 1968–1979, and President of Mali from 1979 to 1991, when he was overthrown by popular protests and military coup. He was twice condemned to death in the 1990s, but eventually pardoned on both occasions and freed in 2002. He has since retired from political life.
Born in Kayes Region, he studied at Kita and at the military academy in Fréjus, France. He returned to Mali in 1960, after its 1959 independence. He became second lieutenant in 1961, and lieutenant in 1963. He went to Tanganyika (now Tanzania) as military instructor to its liberation movements. He then became instructor at the École militaire interarmes in Kati.
On 19 November 1968 he took part in the coup d'état which deposed President Modibo Keïta. He became president of the Comité militaire de libération nationale, which made him effective Head of State of the Republic of Mali. All political activity was banned. A police state was run by Captain Tiécoro Bagayoko. Informers monitored academics and teachers, mostly hostile to the military rule. The socialist economic policies of Modibo Keïta were partially dropped. In 1972-1973, a major drought hit Mali. International aid money was corruptly appropriated. In 1974, he issued a changed constitution for a Malian Second Republic, which was inaugurated in 1978, and was proported to move Mali toward civilian rule. However, the military leaders remained in power. In September 1976, a new political party was established, the Democratic Union of the Malian People (UDPM), based on the concept of non-ideological democratic centralism. Single- party presidential and legislative elections were held in June 1979. Traoré, the only candidate for president, was elected with 99 percent of the vote.
wn.com/Moussa_Traoré -
Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي) (June 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Muammar Gaddafi /ˈmoʊ.əmɑr ɡəˈdɑːfi/ (Arabic: مُعَمَّر القَذَّافِي Muʿammar al-Qaḏḏāfī audio (help·info)) or Colonel Gaddafi, was the official ruler of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then the "Brother Leader" of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Gaddafi seized power in a bloodless military coup in 1969 and served as the country's head of state until 1977, when he stepped down from his official executive role as Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya, and claimed subsequently to be merely a symbolic figurehead. He styled himself as "Leader of the Revolution"; in 2008 a meeting of traditional African rulers bestowed on him the title "King of Kings". A leading advocate for a United States of Africa, he served as Chairperson of the African Union (AU) from 2 February 2009 to 31 January 2010.
Gaddafi replaced the Libyan Constitution of 1951 with laws based on the political ideology he had formulated, which he called the Third International Theory and published in The Green Book. After establishing the Jamahiriya (جماهيرية, "state of the masses") system in 1977, he officially stepped down from power and after that time held a largely symbolic role within the country's official governance structure. Rising oil prices and extraction in Libya led to increasing revenues. By exporting as much oil per capita as Saudi Arabia and through various welfare programs, Libya achieved the highest living standards in Africa; Libya remained debt-free.
wn.com/Muammar_Gaddafi -
Mutesa II of Buganda
Major General Sir Edward Frederick William David Walugembe Mutebi Luwangula Mutesa II KBE (19 November 1924 – 21 November 1969), was Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda from 22 November 1939 until his death. He was the thirty-fifth Kabaka of Buganda and the first President of Uganda. He was widely known as King Freddie.
Mutesa was born at the house of Sir Albert Cook in Makindye, Kampala, on 19 November 1924, the fifth son of Sir Daudi Chwa II KCMG KBE, Kabaka of Buganda, who reigned between 1897 and 1939. His mother was Lady Irene Drusilla Namaganda, of the Nte clan. He was educated at King's College Budo, a prestigious school in Uganda.
At the age of fifteen, upon the death of his father on 22 November 1939, he was proclaimed Kabaka, and was installed outside the Lubiri at Mengo on 26 November 1939. Thereafter he reigned under a Council of Regents until he came of age and assumed full powers.
He attended Kings College Budo before he went to England to complete his education at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he joined the University Officer Training Corps and was subsequently commissioned as a captain in the Grenadier Guards.
wn.com/Mutesa_II_of_Buganda -
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; born 18 July 1918) is a South African politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first ever to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before being elected President, Mandela was a militant anti-apartheid activist, and the leader and co-founder of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Mandela went on to serve 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela led his party in the negotiations that led to the establishment of democracy in 1994. As President, he frequently gave priority to reconciliation, while introducing policies aimed at combating poverty and inequality in South Africa.
In South Africa, Mandela is often known as Madiba, his Xhosa clan name; or as tata (Xhosa: father). Mandela has received more than 250 awards over four decades.
wn.com/Nelson_Mandela -
Olusegun Obasanjo
Oluṣẹgun Mathew Okikiọla Arẹmu Ọbasanjọ, GCFR (/oʊˈbɑːsəndʒoʊ/; Yoruba: [olúʃɛ̙́ɡũ ɒ̙básandʒɒ̙́]; born circa 5 March 1937) is a former Nigerian Army general and former President of Nigeria. A Nigerian of Yoruba descent, Obasanjo was a career soldier before serving twice as his nation's head of state, as a military ruler between 13 February 1976 to 1 October 1979; and as elected President from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007.
His current home is Abeokuta, the Capital City of Ogun State, where he is a nobleman as the holder of the titles of the Balogun of the Owu Lineage and the Ekerin Balogun of the Egba clan of Yorubaland.
Ọbasanjọ was born in Ogun State; and grew up in Owu (Abeokuta). His first name, Olusegun, means "The Lord is victorious".
As a young man of 21, he enlisted in the Nigerian Army in 1958. He trained at Aldershot, and was commissioned as an officer in the Nigerian Army. He served at 1 Area Command in Kaduna. Promoted to Chief Army Engineer, he was made commander of 2 Area Command from July 1967, which was redesignated 2 Division Rear, and then the Ibadan Garrison Organisation. He was also trained in DSSC, Wellington. During the Nigerian Civil War, he commanded the Army's 3 Marine Commando Division that took Owerri, effectively bringing an end to the civil war.
wn.com/Olusegun_Obasanjo -
Omar Bongo
El Hadj Omar Bongo Ondimba (30 December 1935 – 8 June 2009), born as Albert-Bernard Bongo, was a Gabonese politician who was President of Gabon for 42 years from 1967 until his death in office in 2009.
Omar Bongo was promoted to key positions as a young official under Gabon's first President Leon M'ba in the 1960s, before being elevated to Vice-President from 1966 to 1967, eventually succeeding M'ba to become Gabon's second President upon the latter's death in 1967.
Bongo headed the single-party regime of the Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG) until 1990, when he was forced to introduce multi-party politics in Gabon in the face of great public pressure. He then survived intense opposition to his rule in the early 1990s, succeeding in consolidating power again mainly by bringing most of the major opposition leaders of the 1990s over to his side. He was re-elected in extremely controversial 1993 presidential election, and again in the subsequent elections of 1998 and 2005, with his respective majorities increasing and the opposition becoming more subdued on each election. After Cuban President Fidel Castro stepped down in February 2008, Bongo became the world's longest-serving non-monarch ruler. He is still one of the longest serving rulers in history.
wn.com/Omar_Bongo -
Omara Atubo
Daniel Omara Atubo is a Ugandan lawyer, educator and politician. He is the former Minister of Land, Housing and Urban Development, in the Ugandan Cabinet, a position he served in from May 2006 until May 2011. He represented "Otuke County", in pressent-day Otuke District in the Ugandan Parliament, between 1987 and 2011. He lost his re-election bid to parliament in March 2011. In the cabinet reshuffle on 27 May 2011, he was dropped from the Cabinet.
He was born in Otuke District, which at the time was part of Lira District, on 14 August 1947.
Omara Atubo holds the degree of Bachelor of Laws (LLB). The university where he obtained his law degree is not publicly known. He also holds the Diploma in Legal Practice from the Law Development Center in Kampala.
He started practicing law in 1974 and continues to practice up to today. He worked as a Senior State Attorney from 1972 until 1976. Between 1977 and 1979, he was a Senior Lecturer in Law in Moshi, Tanzania. Between 1985 and 1987, he served as Secretary, Bank of Uganda. During the late 1980s Omara Atubo served as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs. He was first elected to parliament in 1987 and was continuously a Member of Parliament until 2011. He was appointed as Minister of Lands, Housing & Urban Development, serving in that capacity from May 2006 until he was dropped from the Cabinet in May 2011.
wn.com/Omara_Atubo -
Otto von Bismarck
Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), simply known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative German statesman who dominated European affairs from the 1860s to his dismissal in 1890. After a series of short victorious wars he unified numerous German states into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership, then created a "balance of power" that preserved peace in Europe from 1871 until 1914.
As Minister President of Prussia 1862–90, Bismarck provoked wars that made Prussia dominant over Austria and France, and lined up the smaller German states behind Prussia. In 1867 he also became Chancellor of the North German Confederation. Bismarck designed and created the German Empire in 1871, becoming its first Chancellor and largely controlling its affairs until he was removed by Kaiser (Emperor) William II in 1890. His diplomacy of Realpolitik and powerful rule gained him the nickname the "Iron Chancellor". As Henry Kissinger has noted, "The man of 'blood and iron' wrote prose of extraordinary directness and lucidity, comparable in distinctiveness to Churchill's use of the English language."
wn.com/Otto_von_Bismarck -
Patrick Manning
Patrick Augustus Mervyn Manning (born 17 August 1946) was the fourth and sixth Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, as well as the former Political Leader of the People's National Movement (PNM). He served as Prime Minister from 17 December 1991 to 9 November 1995 and held that office again from 24 December 2001 until 26 May 2010. He was also the Leader of the Opposition from 1986 to 1990 and from 1995 to 2001. He was the Political Leader of the PNM from 1987 to 2010. A geologist by training, Manning has served as Member of Parliament for the San Fernando East constituency since 1971 and is currently the longest-serving member of the House of Representatives.
Manning was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College, San Fernando, and his Bachelor's Degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona, in 1969. After graduation he returned to Trinidad where he worked as a geologist for Texaco. He entered Parliament in 1971 representing the San Fernando East constituency.
wn.com/Patrick_Manning -
Paul Biya
Paul Biya (born Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo, 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician who has been the President of Cameroon since 6 November 1982. A native of Cameroon's south, Biya rose rapidly as a bureaucrat under President Ahmadou Ahidjo in the 1960s, serving as Secretary-General of the Presidency from 1968 to 1975 and then as Prime Minister of Cameroon from 1975 to 1982. He succeeded Ahidjo as President upon the latter's surprise resignation in 1982 and consolidated power in a 1983–1984 power struggle with his predecessor.
Biya introduced political reforms within the context of a single-party system in the 1980s. Under pressure, he accepted the introduction of multiparty politics in the early 1990s. He narrowly won the 1992 presidential election with 40% of the plural, single-ballot vote and was re-elected by large margins in 1997, 2004, and 2011. Opposition politicians and Western governments have alleged voting irregularities and fraud on each of these occasions.
Biya has maintained Cameroon's close relationship with France, Cameroon's former colonial ruler.
wn.com/Paul_Biya -
Paul Kagame
Paul Kagame ( /kəˈɡɑːmeɪ/ kə-GAH-may; born 23 October 1957) is the sixth and current President of the Republic of Rwanda. He rose to prominence as the leader of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), whose military victory over the incumbent government in July 1994 effectively ended the Rwandan genocide. Under his leadership, Rwanda has been called Africa’s “biggest success story” and Kagame has become a public advocate of new models for foreign aid designed to help recipients become self-reliant. However, President Kagame's rule has been criticized for his domestic policies, which have been described as authoritarian. In addition Kagame has been accused of war crimes during Rwanda's invasion of the DR Congo in 1996, and of having led a subsequent proxy war against the DR Congo by arming the CNDP until January 20, 2009.
Kagame was born to a Tutsi family in Tambwe, Rwanda-Urundi in October 1957 to Deogratius and Asteria Rutagambwa. In November 1959, an increasingly restive Hutu population sparked a revolt, eventually resulting in the overthrow of Mwami Kigeri V Ndahindurwa in 1961. During the 1959 revolt and its aftermath, more than 150,000 people were killed in the fighting, with the Tutsis suffering the greatest losses. Several thousand fled to neighbouring countries including Burundi and Uganda. In all, some 20,000 Tutsis were killed. In 1960 Kagame left with his family at the age of two and moved to Uganda with many other Tutsis. In 1962 they settled in the Gahunge refugee camp, Toro, where Kagame spent the rest of his childhood years. He attended Ntare Secondary School in Uganda. During much of this time Kagame was a "motivated student" and bore an early fascination with revolutionaries such as Che Guevara.
wn.com/Paul_Kagame -
Paul Ssemogerere
Paul Kawanga Ssemongere (born 1932) was the leader of the Democratic Party in Uganda for 25 years and one of the main players in Ugandan politics until his retirement in 2005. He is also a member of the Roman Catholic.
Ssemogerere was born in Kalangala District of Uganda. He attended St. Henry's College Kitovu for his high school. He received a Diploma in Education from the Makerere University in Kampala, subsequently he studied the Politics and Government Program at Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania. In 1979 he obtained a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in Public Administration from Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York. Between 1957 and 1973 he taught at various colleges in Uganda. He is married to Germina Namatovu Ssemogerere, a Professor of Economics at Makerere University.
In 1961-1962 Ssemogerere was Elected Member of the Uganda Legislative Council and afterwards of the National Assembly of Uganda as MP for North Mengo Constituency. In 1972, he replaced Benedicto Kiwanuka as the leader of the Democratic Party.
wn.com/Paul_Ssemogerere -
Paulo Muwanga
Paulo Muwanga (c. 1921 – 1 April 1991) was the chairman of the governing Military Commission, and the de-facto President of Uganda for a few days in May 1980 until the establishment of the Presidential Commission of Uganda. The Presidential Commission, with Muwanga as chairman, held the office of President of Uganda between 22 May and 15 December 1980. This was after Muwanga, together with Yoweri Museveni, Oyite Ojok and Tito Okello had deposed Godfrey Binaisa in a coup on 12 May 1980.
From 1 August to 25 August 1980, he served as Prime Minister.
Following the elections held on 10 December 1980, Muwanga installed himself as the head of the Electoral Commission and declared Milton Obote's Uganda People's Congress the winner. The elections were contested. Yoweri Museveni waged a guerilla war in protest, eventually becoming president.
Also served as Ugandan ambassador to Frace in the late 60's or there abouts.
wn.com/Paulo_Muwanga -
Rebecca Kadaga
Rebecca Alitwala Kadaga is a Ugandan lawyer and politician. She is the current Speaker of the Ugandan Parliament. She was elected to that position on Thursday 19 May 2011. She is the first female to be elected Speaker in the history of Parliament in Uganda. She succeeds Edward Ssekandi, who served as speaker between 2001 until 2011. She is also the current Member of Parliament (MP) for the Kamuli District Women's Constituency, Busoga sub-region, a position she has served in since 1989.
She was born in Eastern Uganda in Kamuli District on 24 May 1956.
Rebecca Kadaga attended Namasagali College for her high school education. She graduated with a law degree (LLB) from Makerere University in 1978. She went on to obtain the Diploma in Legal Practice from the Law Development Center in Kampala in 1979. In 2000, she obtained the Diploma in Women's Law from the University of Zimbabwe. In 2003, she obtained the degree of Master of Arts (MA), specializing in Women's Law, also from the University of Zimbabwe.
wn.com/Rebecca_Kadaga -
Robert Mugabe
Robert Gabriel Mugabe (Shona pronunciation: [muɡaɓe],[needs tone]English: /muːˈɡɑːbiː/ moo-GAH-bee; born 21 February 1924) is the President of Zimbabwe. As one of the leaders of the liberation movement against white-minority rule, he was elected into power in 1980. He served as Prime Minister from 1980 to 1987, and as the first executive head of state since 1987.
Mugabe rose to prominence in the 1960s as the Secretary General of the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) during the conflict against the white-minority rule government of Ian Smith. Mugabe was a political prisoner in Rhodesia for more than 10 years between 1964 and 1974. Upon release with Edgar Tekere, Mugabe left Rhodesia in 1975 to re-join the Zimbabwe Liberation Struggle (Rhodesian Bush War) from bases in Mozambique.
At the end of the war in 1979, Mugabe emerged as a hero in the minds of many Africans. He won the general elections of 1980, the second in which the majority of black Africans participated in large numbers (though the electoral system in Rhodesia had allowed black participation based on qualified franchise). Mugabe then became the first Prime Minister after calling for reconciliation between formerly warring parties, including white Rhodesians and rival political groups.
wn.com/Robert_Mugabe -
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈrɒnəld ˈwɪlsən ˈreɪɡən/; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989. Prior to that, he was the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975 and a radio, film and television actor.
Born in Tampico, Illinois and raised in Dixon, Reagan was educated at Eureka College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology. After his graduation, Reagan moved first to Iowa to work as a radio broadcaster and then in to Los Angeles in 1937 where he began a career as an actor, first in films and later television. Some of his most notable films include Knute Rockne, All American, Kings Row, and Bedtime for Bonzo. Reagan served as president of the Screen Actors Guild, and later as a spokesman for General Electric (GE); his start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party, his positions began shifting rightward in the late 1950s, and he switched to the Republican Party in 1962. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976, but won both the nomination and general election in 1980, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter.
wn.com/Ronald_Reagan -
Salim Saleh
General Salim Saleh (born Caleb Akandwanaho, 14 January 1960), is an adviser to the President of Uganda on military matters. Formerly, he was the Ugandan Minister of State for Microfinance. Before that, he was a high ranking military official of UPDF, the armed forces of Uganda. He is a brother of the current President of Uganda, Yoweri Museveni. Salim Saleh has featured in controversies regarding corruption, including being implicated by the UN Security Council for plundering natural resources in Congo (DRC).
In 1976, aged 16, he left Kako Secondary School in Masaka to join the Front for National Salvation (FRONASA), a Tanzania-based rebel group formed and led by his brother Yoweri Museveni to fight against the regime of Idi Amin. Together with his friend Fred Rwigyema and his brother Museveni, he trained in Mozambique with Samora Machel's FRELIMO rebels. It was there that he adopted Salim Saleh as his nom de guerre. In 1978, FRONASA merged with other anti-Amin groups in Tanzania and formed the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA), who together with Tanzanian armed forces captured Kampala in April 1979 – sending Idi Amin to exile. Saleh was later made a platoon commander of a UNLA unit in Moroto District. Following the bitterly contested December 1980 elections, Museveni declared an armed rebellion against the UNLA and the government of Milton Obote.
wn.com/Salim_Saleh -
Samson Kisekka
Samson Babi Mululu Kisekka (23 June 1912 - 25 October 1999) was a Vice President of Uganda. He also worked as a medical doctor, politician and diplomat. He was closely associated with Yoweri Museveni and served as prime minister and vice-president under him.
Dr. Kisekka Samson was born in the evening of Friday 23 June 1912 in Mengo, Kampala, Uganda and grew up near what would become Uganda's capital, Kampala. The third child out of only five sons of his parents, belonging to the Lion clan of Buganda tribe. His father was Paul M. Babikulya, a Muluka Chief, and mother Yaeri N. Babikulya were strong believers of Anglican Church.
At only nine years, young Samson was taken to Kira and Ngogwe Central Schools away from his home in Nakifuma County. After five years, as a result of his impressive performance, was awarded a scholarship for a period of three years for secondary education tenable at King's College Buddo. After Buddo, he gained another scholarship, this time for six years to study medicine at the Makerere University Medical School and became a respected doctor. He was a First Class Scholar, Administrator, and an ardent sportsman as he was part of the "first eleven" team footballer (representing Uganda Vs Kenya) winning the Archer all round prize for the best all rounder at Makerere University in December 1935.
wn.com/Samson_Kisekka -
Siad Barre
Mohamed Siad Barre (Somali: Maxamed Siyaad Barre, Arabic: محمّد زياد بري) (October 6, 1919 – January 2, 1995) was the military dictator and President of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 to 1991. During his rule, he styled himself as Jaalle Siyaad ("Comrade Siad").
At the time of independence in 1960, Somalia was touted in the West as the model of a democracy in Africa. However, clanism and extended family loyalties and conflicts were social problems the civilian government failed to eradicate and eventually succumbed to itself.
The Barre-led military junta that came to power after a coup d'état in 1969 said it would adapt scientific socialism to the needs of Somalia. It drew heavily from the traditions of China. Volunteer labour harvested and planted crops, and built roads and hospitals. Almost all industry, banks and businesses were nationalised, and cooperative farms were promoted. The government forbade clanism and stressed loyalty to the central authorities. A new writing script for the Somali language was also adopted. To spread the new language and the methods and message of the revolution, secondary schools were closed in 1974 and 25,000 students from fourteen to sixteen years of age and an additional 3,000 military and civil service employees were sent to rural areas to educate their nomadic relatives.
wn.com/Siad_Barre -
Siaka Stevens
Siaka Probyn Stevens (24 August 1905 – 29 May 1988) was the 3rd prime minister of Sierra Leone from 1967–1971 and the 1st president of Sierra Leone from 1971–1985. Stevens is generally criticised for dictatorial methods of government in which many of his political opponents were executed, as well as for mismanaging the economy. On a positive note, he reduced the ethnic polarisation in the government of Sierra Leone by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into the government.
Stevens and his All People's Congress (APC) party won the closely contested 1967 Sierra Leone general elections over the incumbent Prime Minister Sir Albert Margai of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP). In April 1971, Stevens made Sierra Leone a republic and he became the first President of Sierra Leone a day after the constitution had been ratified by the Parliament of Sierra Leone.
Stevens served as Chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) from 1 July] 1980 to 24 June 1981, and engineered the creation of the Mano River Union, a three country economic federation of Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea.
wn.com/Siaka_Stevens -
Specioza Kazibwe
Specioza Naigaga Wandira Kazibwe, MBChB, MMed (Surgery), PhD (Health Policy), is a Ugandan physician, politician and mother. She is sometimes referred to as Nalongo because of her twin daughters. She was elected Vice President of Uganda, serving in that position from 1994 until 2003. She is the first woman in Africa to hold that position.
She was born in Iganga District on 1 July 1955.
Specioza Kazibwe attended Mount Saint Mary's College Namagunga, a prestigious all-female boarding high school affiliated with the Catholic Church, located on the Kampala-Jinja Highway, near the town of Lugazi. In 1974 she entered Makerere University School of Medicine, where she studied human medicine, graduating with the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB) degree in 1979. She later obtained the Master of Medicine (MMed) degree, also from Makerere University Medical School, specializing in General Surgery. In 2006, she was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), by Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Population and International Health, majoring in Health Policy Analysis. There is some contradiction here on whether she finished or still pursuing the PhD degree.
wn.com/Specioza_Kazibwe -
Thabo Mbeki
Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (pronunciation: [tʰaɓɔ mbɛːkʼi]; born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician who served two terms as the second post-apartheid President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008. He is also the brother of Moeletsi Mbeki. On 20 September 2008, he announced his resignation after being recalled by the African National Congress's National Executive Committee, following a conclusion by Judge Nicholson of improper interference in the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), including the prosecution of Jacob Zuma for corruption. On 12 January 2009, the Supreme Court of Appeal unanimously overturned Judge Nicholson’s judgment but the resignation stood.
Thabo Mbeki was the executive face of government in South Africa from 1994. During his time in office the economy grew at an average rate of 4.5% per annum. Mbeki created employment in the middle sectors of the economy and oversaw a fast growing black middle class with the implementation of BEE. This growth exacerbated the demand for trained professionals strained by emigration due to violent crime, but failed to address unemployment amongst the unskilled bulk of the population. He attracted the bulk of Africa’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and made South Africa the focal point of African growth. He was the architect of NEPAD whose aim is to develop an integrated socio-economic development framework for Africa. He also oversaw the successful building of economic bridges to BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) nations with the eventual formation of the India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum to "further political consultation and co-ordination as well as strengthening sectoral co-operation, and economic relations".
wn.com/Thabo_Mbeki -
Tito Okello
General Tito Lutwa Okello (1914–1996), was a Ugandan Military officer and politician. He was the President of Uganda from 29 July 1985 until 26 January 1986.
Tito Okello was born in 1914 in Kitgum District. He joined the King's African Rifles in 1940 and served in the East African Campaign of World War II. He was one of the commanders in the coalition between the Tanzania People's Defence Force and the Uganda National Liberation Army, who removed Idi Amin from power in 1979. He was selected to be the Commander of the Ugandan National Liberation Army from 1980 to 1985.
In July 1985, together with Bazilio Olara-Okello, Tito Lutwa Okello staged the coup d'état that ousted president Milton Obote. He ruled as president for six months until he was overthrown by the National Resistance Army (NRA) operating under the leadership of the current president, Yoweri Museveni. He went into exile in Kenya, after he was ousted.
Tito Okello's son Henry Oryem Okello is the current State Minister for Foreign Affairs responsible for International Affairs. The former president's younger brother, Erisanweri Opira, was abducted from his home in Kitgum District by a rebel group, the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), in 2002. His abduction was considered unusual as the LRA usually kidnaps teenagers and young people to turn into prospective soldiers or sex slaves. Opira was aged in his late seventies at the time of his abduction.
wn.com/Tito_Okello -
Tutsi
The Tutsi ( /ˈtʊtsi/;Rwanda-Rundi pronunciation: [tūtsī]), or Abatutsi, are an ethnic group in Central Africa. Historically, they were often referred to as the Watutsi and the Wahuma. They are the second largest population division among the three largest groups in Rwanda and Burundi, the other two being the Hutu (largest) and the Twa (smallest). Small numbers of Hema, Kiga and Furiiru people also live in Rwanda.
Conceptions of the supposed ethnic groups in Rwanda and Burundi have a long history. The definitions of "Hutu" and "Tutsi" people may have changed through time and location. Social structures were not stable throughout Rwanda, even during colonial times under the Belgian rule. The Tutsi aristocracy or elite was distinguished from Tutsi commoners, and wealthy Hutu were often indistinguishable from upper-class Tutsi. When the European colonists conducted censuses, they wanted to identify the people throughout Rwanda-Burundi according to a simple classification scheme. They defined "Tutsi" as anyone owning more than ten cows (a sign of wealth) or with the physical feature of a longer nose, or longer neck, commonly associated with the Tutsi. A person could change from Hutu to Tutsi by obtaining enough cows to acquire the status.[citation needed]
wn.com/Tutsi -
Ugandan Bush War
The Ugandan Bush War (also known as the Luwero War, the Ugandan civil war or the Resistance War) refers to the guerrilla war waged between 1981 and 1986 in Uganda by the National Resistance Army (NRA) against the government of Milton Obote, and later that of Tito Okello.
Following the Uganda-Tanzania War that removed Idi Amin in 1979, a period of intense competition and fighting for power between different groups that had helped the Tanzania People's Defence Force against Idi Amin's army, followed. These groups, who had united as the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA) and its political wing, the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), formed a quasi-parliamentary organ known as the National Consultative Commission (NCC). NCC removed the interim government of Yusuf Lule and installed Godfrey Binaisa as president. Binaisa was himself removed from power by the Military Commission, a powerful organ within the UNLF headed by Paulo Muwanga, and whose deputy was Yoweri Museveni (then leader of Uganda Patriotic Movement). The country was then led by the Presidential Commission of Uganda with among others Paulo Muwanga, Yoweri Museveni, Oyite Ojok and Tito Okello. The Presidential Commission ruled Uganda until the December 1980 general elections which were won by Milton Obote's Uganda Peoples Congress.
wn.com/Ugandan_Bush_War -
Violet Kajubiri
Dr. Violet Kajubiri Froelich served as the General Secretary of the Wildlife Clubs of Uganda. She is also the sister of Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni.
wn.com/Violet_Kajubiri -
Walter Rodney
Walter Rodney (March 23, 1942 – June 13, 1980) was a prominent Guyanese historian and political activist, who was assassinated in Guyana in 1980.
Born to a working class family, Rodney was a bright student, attending Queen's College in Guyana and then attending university on a scholarship at the University of the West Indies (UWI) in Jamaica, graduating in 1963.
Rodney earned his PhD in 1966 at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, England. His dissertation focused on the slave trade on the upper Guinea coast. The thesis was published in 1970 under the title A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545-1800, and it was widely acclaimed for its originality in challenging the conventional wisdom on the topic.
He traveled widely and became very well known around the world as an activist and scholar. He taught for a time in Tanzania, and later in Jamaica at his alma mater - UWI Mona. Rodney was sharply critical of the middle class for its role in the post-independence Caribbean. He was also a critic of capitalism and argued for a socialist development template.
wn.com/Walter_Rodney -
Wikipedia Persondata
wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata -
Yakubu Gowon
General Yakubu "Jack" Dan-Yumma Gowon (born 19 October 1934) was the head of state (Head of the Federal Military Government) of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. He took power after one military coup d'état and was overthrown in another. During his rule, the Nigerian government successfully prevented Biafran secession during the 1966–1970 Nigerian Civil War.
Gowon is an Ngas (Angas) from Lur, a small village in the present Kanke Local Government Area of Plateau State. His parents, Nde Yohanna and Matwok Kurnyang, left for Wusasa, Zaria as Church Missionary Society (CMS) missionaries in the early days of Gowon's life. His father took pride in the fact that he married the same day as the future Queen Mother Elizabeth married the future King George VI. Gowon was the fifth of eleven children. He grew up in Zaria and had his early life and education there. At school Gowon proved to be a very good athlete: he was the school football goalkeeper, pole vaulter, and long distance runner. He broke the school mile record in his first year. He was also the boxing captain.
wn.com/Yakubu_Gowon -
Yayi Boni
Dr. Thomas Yayi Boni (born 1 July 1952) is a Beninese banker and politician who has been President of Benin since 6 April 2006. He took office after winning the March 2006 presidential election and was re-elected to a second term in March 2011. Since January 2012, he has also been Chairperson of the African Union, having been elected at the 18th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Union.
Boni was born in Tchaourou, in the Borgou Department in northern Benin, then the French colony of Dahomey. He was educated in the regional capital, Parakou, and later studied economics at the National University of Benin. He studied banking at Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar, Senegal, and later economics and politics at the University of Orléans in France and at Paris Dauphine University, where he completed a doctorate in economics in 1976.
From 1980 to 1988 Boni worked for the Central Bank of the States of West Africa (BCEAO), becoming its Deputy Director, based in Dakar. In 1988 he became Deputy Director for Professional Development at the West African Centre for Banking Studies, also in Dakar. From 1992 to 1994 he worked in the office of the President of Benin, Nicéphore Soglo, in charge of monetary and banking policy. Finally in 1994 he was appointed President of the West African Development Bank (BOAD). For his work on West African development he was appointed Chevalier de l'Ordre National de Mérite of the French Republic.
wn.com/Yayi_Boni -
Yoweri Museveni
Yoweri Kaguta Museveni ( pronunciation (help·info); born c. 1944) is a Ugandan politician who has been President of Uganda since 26 January 1986.
Museveni was involved in the war that deposed Idi Amin Dada, ending his rule in 1979, and in the rebellion that subsequently led to the demise of the Milton Obote regime in 1985. With the notable exception of northern areas, Museveni has brought relative stability and economic growth to a country that has endured decades of government mismanagement, rebel activity and civil war. His tenure has also witnessed one of the most effective national responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa.
In the mid-to-late 1990s, Museveni was lauded by the West as part of a new generation of African leaders. His presidency has been marred, however, by invading and occupying Congo during the Second Congo War (the war in the Democratic Republic of Congo which has resulted in an estimated 5.4 million deaths since 1998) and other conflicts in the Great Lakes region. Recent developments, including the abolition of presidential term limits before the 2006 elections and the harassment of democratic opposition, have attracted concern from domestic commentators and the international community.
wn.com/Yoweri_Museveni -
Yusuf Lule
Yusuf Kironde Lule (1912 – 21 January 1985) was provisional president of Uganda between 13 April and 20 June 1979. His name is sometimes spelled Yusufu.
Lule has been student at Fort Hare University at Alice, South Africa. He was a great sportsman in the thirties, mainly in athletics (880 yards) where he was national champion. Lule served as a minister in the pre-independence British colonial government and later as an assistant secretary general of the Commonwealth secretariat. He went into exile after Amin came to power.
As the leader of the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), Lule was installed as President after neighbouring Tanzania ousted Idi Amin with help from the UNLF after his failed attempt to annexe portions of Tanzania (see Uganda–Tanzania War). Lule was the first of a swift succession of Ugandan leaders before the eventual return of Milton Obote in 1980.
Lule's government adopted a ministerial system of administration and created a quasi-parliamentary organ known as the National Consultative Commission (NCC). The NCC and the Lule cabinet reflected widely differing political views. In June 1979, following a dispute over the extent of presidential powers, the NCC replaced Lule with Godfrey Binaisa.
wn.com/Yusuf_Lule
Famous quotes by Yoweri Museveni:
"If (the rebels) don't negotiate, it will be chaotic, ... A military option will be successful but will plunge Zaire into chaos."
"If we don't catch them, we shall kill them, ... These bandits are not able to permanently engage us because they will be wiped out. Now that they have invited us, I think they are going to find out that it was not a wise decision."
"I've never heard an agency say, 'Unless you industrialize I will not support you.'"
"one based on speculation, smuggling. [There was] a black market on foreign currency and revenues were not being collected. So we cured all that."
"Do you want to pamper these killers?"
"You have been fighting but you did not have the expertise. You are like that the unprofessional cook who cooks malakwang (an Acholi delicacy), but now we said come here and become better cooks, if you have been quack doctors, we have trained you and made you professional doctors ,"
"If Gen. Omar el Bashir's government gives me permission to pursue Kony beyond the red line, it will only take me 30 minutes to finish him and his fighters,"
"We used to fight the LRA with only one dimensional force that only walks on foot, but now, we have got multiple forces to fight the rebels,"
"Some people say accident. It may be an accident, it may be something else, ... very well equipped . . . the one I am flying all the time. I am not ruling anything out. Either the pilot panicked, or there was some side wind, or the instruments failed, or there was an external factor."
"I myself will not rule out anything. It may be an accident, it may be something else. I am looking at all possibilities."
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Talk to Al Jazeera - Yoweri Museveni
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:56
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
For 25 years just one man has occupied the Ugandan seat of power - President Yoweri Museveni. Today he has joined the league of African leaders whose only wish seems to be to remain in power forever. He is now seeking another five years in power and Al Jazeera's Mohammed Adow asks him what he hopes to achieve in the next five years that he was unable to in the past quarter of a century.
http://wn.com/Talk_to_Al_Jazeera_Yoweri_Museveni
For 25 years just one man has occupied the Ugandan seat of power - President Yoweri Museveni. Today he has joined the league of African leaders whose only wish seems to be to remain in power forever. He is now seeking another five years in power and Al Jazeera's Mohammed Adow asks him what he hopes to achieve in the next five years that he was unable to in the past quarter of a century.
Face to face with Yoweri Museveni
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:02
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
NTV's Linus Kaikai takes on the Ugandan President over issues ranging from the arrest of opposition leader Dr. Kizza Besigye, the parallels between the Museveni and Amin regimes down to the removal of the presidential term limits from the Ugandan constitution.
http://wn.com/Face_to_face_with_Yoweri_Museveni
NTV's Linus Kaikai takes on the Ugandan President over issues ranging from the arrest of opposition leader Dr. Kizza Besigye, the parallels between the Museveni and Amin regimes down to the removal of the presidential term limits from the Ugandan constitution.
- published: 01 May 2011
- views: 43747
- author: NTVKenya
YOWERI MUSEVENI ON HARD TALK pt,1-2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:18
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/YOWERI_MUSEVENI_ON_HARD_TALK_pt,1-2
True face of UGANDA's President Yoweri Museveni and his child soldiers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
The True face of Uganda's President and US puppet Yoweri Museveni & his child soldiers.
http://wn.com/True_face_of_UGANDA's_President_Yoweri_Museveni_and_his_child_soldiers
The True face of Uganda's President and US puppet Yoweri Museveni & his child soldiers.
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 5149
- author: 911spreadthetruth
Capital Talk_President Yoweri Museveni Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:17
- Updated: 28 May 2011
http://wn.com/Capital_Talk_President_Yoweri_Museveni_Part_1
Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Speaks at Funeral Service for Ethiopian PM Meles Zenawi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:35
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
www.ethiopian.tv Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Speaks at Funeral Service for the late Ethiopian PM Meles Zenawi in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on September 2, 2012
http://wn.com/Ugandan_President_Yoweri_Museveni_Speaks_at_Funeral_Service_for_Ethiopian_PM_Meles_Zenawi
www.ethiopian.tv Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Speaks at Funeral Service for the late Ethiopian PM Meles Zenawi in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on September 2, 2012
- published: 03 Sep 2012
- views: 987
- author: ethiopiantv
President Yoweri Museveni rap OFFICIAL HD with Lyrics Do you want another rap
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
simply transilated as follows: Verse 1: The stick I cut strayed into Igara where Ntambiko reigns. Ntambiko gave me a knife which I gave to millet harvesters, who gave me millet, that I gave to a hen, which gave me an egg, that I gave to children who gave me a monkey that I gave to the king,...
http://wn.com/President_Yoweri_Museveni_rap_OFFICIAL_HD_with_Lyrics_Do_you_want_another_rap
simply transilated as follows: Verse 1: The stick I cut strayed into Igara where Ntambiko reigns. Ntambiko gave me a knife which I gave to millet harvesters, who gave me millet, that I gave to a hen, which gave me an egg, that I gave to children who gave me a monkey that I gave to the king,...
- published: 27 Oct 2010
- views: 172412
- author: Afroberliner Afrohifi
Yoweri Museveni Keynote: London Summit on Family Planning | Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:24
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
Uganda President Yoweri Museveni addresses the London Summit on Family Planning on July 11, 2012. www.LondonFamilyPlanningSummit.co.uk
http://wn.com/Yoweri_Museveni_Keynote_London_Summit_on_Family_Planning_|_Bill_Melinda_Gates_Foundation
Uganda President Yoweri Museveni addresses the London Summit on Family Planning on July 11, 2012. www.LondonFamilyPlanningSummit.co.uk
- published: 16 Jul 2012
- views: 822
- author: GatesFoundation
Akalulu kasitudde Pulezidenti Yoweri Museveni
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
Atabaganyizza enjuuyi ezirumaggana
http://wn.com/Akalulu_kasitudde_Pulezidenti_Yoweri_Museveni
President Yoweri Museveni has addressed the nation on a wide range of issues
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:39
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
In keeping with the annual tradition, President Yoweri Museveni has addressed the nation on a wide range of issues in the year 2012. He spoke mainly on matters economic and political and called on Ugandans to rally behind development for a better country;
http://wn.com/President_Yoweri_Museveni_has_addressed_the_nation_on_a_wide_range_of_issues
In keeping with the annual tradition, President Yoweri Museveni has addressed the nation on a wide range of issues in the year 2012. He spoke mainly on matters economic and political and called on Ugandans to rally behind development for a better country;
- published: 01 Jan 2013
- views: 80
- author: WBSTVUganda
Uganda vision meets President YOWERI MUSEVENI in LONDON (UK)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 14 Jul 2012
Exclusive to Uganda Vision Programme on BENtv sky channel 184 Mondays 7-8pm youtu.be
http://wn.com/Uganda_vision_meets_President_YOWERI_MUSEVENI_in_LONDON_UK
Exclusive to Uganda Vision Programme on BENtv sky channel 184 Mondays 7-8pm youtu.be
- published: 24 Feb 2012
- views: 1550
- author: AMBTV1
The US backed CORRUPT Uganda President "Yoweri Museveni"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
The True face of Uganda's President and US puppet Yoweri Museveni & his child soldiers - www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/The_US_backed_CORRUPT_Uganda_President_Yoweri_Museveni
The True face of Uganda's President and US puppet Yoweri Museveni & his child soldiers - www.youtube.com
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 950
- author: 911spreadthetruth
Museveni addresses Parliament.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
President Yoweri Museveni has threatened to cancel licenses of oil companies that do not adhere to laws governing the production and regulation of oil in Uganda. Museveni sounded the warning this afternoon during his address to parliament on national issues, ranging from oil and aid cuts to corruption that caused protests on kampala streets.
http://wn.com/Museveni_addresses_Parliament
President Yoweri Museveni has threatened to cancel licenses of oil companies that do not adhere to laws governing the production and regulation of oil in Uganda. Museveni sounded the warning this afternoon during his address to parliament on national issues, ranging from oil and aid cuts to corruption that caused protests on kampala streets.
- published: 14 Dec 2012
- views: 507
- author: ntvuganda
Museveni mediates 'Congo crisis talks'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
In the strongest worded statements yet to come out as Regional heads of States grapple with the Crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Presidents Yoweri Museveni and Rwanda's Paul Kagame have ordered m23 rebels out of Congo.
http://wn.com/Museveni_mediates_'Congo_crisis_talks'
In the strongest worded statements yet to come out as Regional heads of States grapple with the Crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Presidents Yoweri Museveni and Rwanda's Paul Kagame have ordered m23 rebels out of Congo.
- published: 22 Nov 2012
- views: 1950
- author: ntvuganda
Yoweri Museveni, Raila Odinga in Kisumu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 20 Feb 2012
Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Met Kenya's Prime Minister Raila Odinga the Kenyan lakeside city of Kisumu for a fundraising event in aid of the Great Lakes University of Kisumu.
http://wn.com/Yoweri_Museveni,_Raila_Odinga_in_Kisumu
Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Met Kenya's Prime Minister Raila Odinga the Kenyan lakeside city of Kisumu for a fundraising event in aid of the Great Lakes University of Kisumu.
- published: 18 Feb 2012
- views: 9831
- author: standardgroupkenya
Uganda President Yoweri Museveni Denies Anti-Gay Discrimination Exists
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
full story at ontopmag.com: www.ontopmag.com
http://wn.com/Uganda_President_Yoweri_Museveni_Denies_Anti-Gay_Discrimination_Exists
President Yoweri Museveni - LIVE ON LONDON (UK) TV - "UGANDA VISION" by AMBtv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:52
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Uganda Vision (UV) - Kings of Comedy - Segujja Herbert as Member Museveni Executive Producer: Anthony Kadama (www.ambtv.com Productions - Richard Cunningham) youtu.be
http://wn.com/President_Yoweri_Museveni_LIVE_ON_LONDON_UK_TV_UGANDA_VISION_by_AMBtv
Uganda Vision (UV) - Kings of Comedy - Segujja Herbert as Member Museveni Executive Producer: Anthony Kadama (www.ambtv.com Productions - Richard Cunningham) youtu.be
- published: 13 Jul 2011
- views: 30664
- author: AMBTV1
PRESIDENT YOWERI MUSEVENI You want another Rap 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
PRESIDENT YOWERI MUSEVENI R You Want another Rap This is his first single museven English Translation "He was given a knife, gave it to the people who harvested millet, gave the millet to the cattle keepers who exchange gave him a cow which he took to the king and the king gave him a wife. The Wife gave birth to a son called Mugarura (Meaning bringing back)." The story goes on...
http://wn.com/PRESIDENT_YOWERI_MUSEVENI_You_want_another_Rap_2010
PRESIDENT YOWERI MUSEVENI R You Want another Rap This is his first single museven English Translation "He was given a knife, gave it to the people who harvested millet, gave the millet to the cattle keepers who exchange gave him a cow which he took to the king and the king gave him a wife. The Wife gave birth to a son called Mugarura (Meaning bringing back)." The story goes on...
- published: 25 Oct 2010
- views: 71470
- author: DjDinTV
Political feature: Museveni's focus on the oil & gas sector.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:38
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
President Yoweri Museveni vowed to resist any foreign interference in Uganda's oil sector. Museveni as he addressed parliament during a special sitting of parliament on Thursday. President Museveni's address focused on oil and gas, the energy sector and what his government has so far done to boost the sector. The Parliament was prompted to address parliament following a standoff by MP's and the executive over the oil bill which is now an act of parliament awaiting his assent. In our weekend political feature, Our reporter Jjingo Francis examines president Museveni address.
http://wn.com/Political_feature_Museveni's_focus_on_the_oil_gas_sector
President Yoweri Museveni vowed to resist any foreign interference in Uganda's oil sector. Museveni as he addressed parliament during a special sitting of parliament on Thursday. President Museveni's address focused on oil and gas, the energy sector and what his government has so far done to boost the sector. The Parliament was prompted to address parliament following a standoff by MP's and the executive over the oil bill which is now an act of parliament awaiting his assent. In our weekend political feature, Our reporter Jjingo Francis examines president Museveni address.
- published: 17 Dec 2012
- views: 320
- author: ntvuganda
Museveni postpones oil debate address.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
President Yoweri Museveni has postponed his address to Parliament which had been scheduled for tomorrow and instead replaced it with an NRM caucus meeting. The meeting is expected to discuss the contentious oil bill which seeks to give the oil minister full authority to regulate the production and exploration of oil in Uganda.
http://wn.com/Museveni_postpones_oil_debate_address
President Yoweri Museveni has postponed his address to Parliament which had been scheduled for tomorrow and instead replaced it with an NRM caucus meeting. The meeting is expected to discuss the contentious oil bill which seeks to give the oil minister full authority to regulate the production and exploration of oil in Uganda.
- published: 06 Dec 2012
- views: 876
- author: ntvuganda
Museveni stops speculation on Hon. Nebanda's death
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
www.ntvuganda.co.ug President Yoweri Museveni says that progress has been made in the investigations into the death of Butalejja's Woman MP Cerinah Nebanda. The President was addressing mourners at the family home in Kitubulu, Entebbe. President Museveni also warned against the spread of unofficial reports regarding Nebanda's death.
http://wn.com/Museveni_stops_speculation_on_Hon_Nebanda's_death
www.ntvuganda.co.ug President Yoweri Museveni says that progress has been made in the investigations into the death of Butalejja's Woman MP Cerinah Nebanda. The President was addressing mourners at the family home in Kitubulu, Entebbe. President Museveni also warned against the spread of unofficial reports regarding Nebanda's death.
- published: 17 Dec 2012
- views: 3864
- author: ntvuganda
Museveni attacks MPs opposing Govt Report on Nebanda
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
www.ntvuganda.co.ug President Yoweri Museveni described MPs whom he accuses of peddling lies about the death of Butalejja district Woman member of parliament Cerinah Nebanda as being unfit leaders who should never be trusted with power. The President who was addressing journalists at Nakasero State house said all those who have been making such statements will be dealt with as he sought to distance his Government from having any hand in her death.
http://wn.com/Museveni_attacks_MPs_opposing_Govt_Report_on_Nebanda
www.ntvuganda.co.ug President Yoweri Museveni described MPs whom he accuses of peddling lies about the death of Butalejja district Woman member of parliament Cerinah Nebanda as being unfit leaders who should never be trusted with power. The President who was addressing journalists at Nakasero State house said all those who have been making such statements will be dealt with as he sought to distance his Government from having any hand in her death.
- published: 24 Dec 2012
- views: 5659
- author: ntvuganda
Museveni launches highway construction.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
President Yoweri Museveni has commended the bilateral relations with China.He spoke at the commissioning of the Entebbe Highway project, the president said China has proffered unconditional aid to Uganda. The project is financed by a concessional loan from China EXIM bank with additional funding from the government of Uganda and is expected to take four years.
http://wn.com/Museveni_launches_highway_construction
President Yoweri Museveni has commended the bilateral relations with China.He spoke at the commissioning of the Entebbe Highway project, the president said China has proffered unconditional aid to Uganda. The project is financed by a concessional loan from China EXIM bank with additional funding from the government of Uganda and is expected to take four years.
- published: 22 Nov 2012
- views: 827
- author: ntvuganda
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Talk to Al Jazeera - Yoweri Museveni
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:56
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
For 25 years just one man has occupied the Ugandan seat of power - President Yoweri Museveni. Today he has joined the league of African leaders whose only wish seems to be to remain in power forever. He is now seeking another five years in power and Al Jazeera's Mohammed Adow asks him what he hopes to achieve in the next five years that he was unable to in the past quarter of a century.
http://wn.com/Talk_to_Al_Jazeera_Yoweri_Museveni
For 25 years just one man has occupied the Ugandan seat of power - President Yoweri Museveni. Today he has joined the league of African leaders whose only wish seems to be to remain in power forever. He is now seeking another five years in power and Al Jazeera's Mohammed Adow asks him what he hopes to achieve in the next five years that he was unable to in the past quarter of a century.
- published: 18 Feb 2011
- views: 43866
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Face to face with Yoweri Museveni
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:02
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
NTV's Linus Kaikai takes on the Ugandan President over issues ranging from the arrest of opposition leader Dr. Kizza Besigye, the parallels between the Museveni and Amin regimes down to the removal of the presidential term limits from the Ugandan constitution.
http://wn.com/Face_to_face_with_Yoweri_Museveni
NTV's Linus Kaikai takes on the Ugandan President over issues ranging from the arrest of opposition leader Dr. Kizza Besigye, the parallels between the Museveni and Amin regimes down to the removal of the presidential term limits from the Ugandan constitution.
- published: 01 May 2011
- views: 43609
- author: NTVKenya
Capital Talk_President Yoweri Museveni Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:17
- Updated: 28 May 2011
http://wn.com/Capital_Talk_President_Yoweri_Museveni_Part_1
True face of UGANDA's President Yoweri Museveni and his child soldiers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
The True face of Uganda's President and US puppet Yoweri Museveni & his child soldiers.
http://wn.com/True_face_of_UGANDA's_President_Yoweri_Museveni_and_his_child_soldiers
The True face of Uganda's President and US puppet Yoweri Museveni & his child soldiers.
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 5114
- author: 911spreadthetruth
President Yoweri Museveni rap OFFICIAL HD with Lyrics Do you want another rap
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
simply transilated as follows: Verse 1: The stick I cut strayed into Igara where Ntambiko reigns. Ntambiko gave me a knife which I gave to millet harvesters, who gave me millet, that I gave to a hen, which gave me an egg, that I gave to children who gave me a monkey that I gave to the king,...
http://wn.com/President_Yoweri_Museveni_rap_OFFICIAL_HD_with_Lyrics_Do_you_want_another_rap
simply transilated as follows: Verse 1: The stick I cut strayed into Igara where Ntambiko reigns. Ntambiko gave me a knife which I gave to millet harvesters, who gave me millet, that I gave to a hen, which gave me an egg, that I gave to children who gave me a monkey that I gave to the king,...
- published: 27 Oct 2010
- views: 172309
- author: Afroberliner Afrohifi
YOWERI MUSEVENI ON HARD TALK pt,1-2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:18
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/YOWERI_MUSEVENI_ON_HARD_TALK_pt,1-2
Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Speaks at Funeral Service for Ethiopian PM Meles Zenawi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:35
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
www.ethiopian.tv Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Speaks at Funeral Service for the late Ethiopian PM Meles Zenawi in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on September 2, 2012
http://wn.com/Ugandan_President_Yoweri_Museveni_Speaks_at_Funeral_Service_for_Ethiopian_PM_Meles_Zenawi
www.ethiopian.tv Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Speaks at Funeral Service for the late Ethiopian PM Meles Zenawi in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on September 2, 2012
- published: 03 Sep 2012
- views: 980
- author: ethiopiantv
Museveni interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni makes his first appearance on the show!
http://wn.com/Museveni_interview
Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni makes his first appearance on the show!
- published: 06 Nov 2010
- views: 42270
- author: thexyzshow
PRESIDENT YOWERI MUSEVENI You want another Rap 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
PRESIDENT YOWERI MUSEVENI R You Want another Rap This is his first single museven English Translation "He was given a knife, gave it to the people who harvested millet, gave the millet to the cattle keepers who exchange gave him a cow which he took to the king and the king gave him a wife. The Wife gave birth to a son called Mugarura (Meaning bringing back)." The story goes on...
http://wn.com/PRESIDENT_YOWERI_MUSEVENI_You_want_another_Rap_2010
PRESIDENT YOWERI MUSEVENI R You Want another Rap This is his first single museven English Translation "He was given a knife, gave it to the people who harvested millet, gave the millet to the cattle keepers who exchange gave him a cow which he took to the king and the king gave him a wife. The Wife gave birth to a son called Mugarura (Meaning bringing back)." The story goes on...
- published: 25 Oct 2010
- views: 71458
- author: DjDinTV
The US backed CORRUPT Uganda President "Yoweri Museveni"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
The True face of Uganda's President and US puppet Yoweri Museveni & his child soldiers - www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/The_US_backed_CORRUPT_Uganda_President_Yoweri_Museveni
The True face of Uganda's President and US puppet Yoweri Museveni & his child soldiers - www.youtube.com
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 948
- author: 911spreadthetruth
Uganda vision meets President YOWERI MUSEVENI in LONDON (UK)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 14 Jul 2012
Exclusive to Uganda Vision Programme on BENtv sky channel 184 Mondays 7-8pm youtu.be
http://wn.com/Uganda_vision_meets_President_YOWERI_MUSEVENI_in_LONDON_UK
Exclusive to Uganda Vision Programme on BENtv sky channel 184 Mondays 7-8pm youtu.be
- published: 24 Feb 2012
- views: 1547
- author: AMBTV1
Yoweri Museveni Keynote: London Summit on Family Planning | Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:24
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
Uganda President Yoweri Museveni addresses the London Summit on Family Planning on July 11, 2012. www.LondonFamilyPlanningSummit.co.uk
http://wn.com/Yoweri_Museveni_Keynote_London_Summit_on_Family_Planning_|_Bill_Melinda_Gates_Foundation
Uganda President Yoweri Museveni addresses the London Summit on Family Planning on July 11, 2012. www.LondonFamilyPlanningSummit.co.uk
- published: 16 Jul 2012
- views: 804
- author: GatesFoundation
President Yoweri Museveni - LIVE ON LONDON (UK) TV - "UGANDA VISION" by AMBtv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:52
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Uganda Vision (UV) - Kings of Comedy - Segujja Herbert as Member Museveni Executive Producer: Anthony Kadama (www.ambtv.com Productions - Richard Cunningham) youtu.be
http://wn.com/President_Yoweri_Museveni_LIVE_ON_LONDON_UK_TV_UGANDA_VISION_by_AMBtv
Uganda Vision (UV) - Kings of Comedy - Segujja Herbert as Member Museveni Executive Producer: Anthony Kadama (www.ambtv.com Productions - Richard Cunningham) youtu.be
- published: 13 Jul 2011
- views: 30522
- author: AMBTV1
Frost over the World - Michael Frendo - 23 Nov 07
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:38
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
From Uganda where Commonwealth heads of states are meeting, Sir David asks Michael Frendo, the Maltese foreign minister, about Pakistan's situation within the organisation. Yoweri Museveni, Uganda's president, tells Sir David how his country changed since Idi Amin's coup d'etat in 1971. The current president led the rebellion against Amin for 13 years.
http://wn.com/Frost_over_the_World_Michael_Frendo_23_Nov_07
From Uganda where Commonwealth heads of states are meeting, Sir David asks Michael Frendo, the Maltese foreign minister, about Pakistan's situation within the organisation. Yoweri Museveni, Uganda's president, tells Sir David how his country changed since Idi Amin's coup d'etat in 1971. The current president led the rebellion against Amin for 13 years.
- published: 24 Nov 2007
- views: 4392
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Uganda President Yoweri Museveni Denies Anti-Gay Discrimination Exists
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
full story at ontopmag.com: www.ontopmag.com
http://wn.com/Uganda_President_Yoweri_Museveni_Denies_Anti-Gay_Discrimination_Exists
Yoweri Museveni, Raila Odinga in Kisumu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 20 Feb 2012
Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Met Kenya's Prime Minister Raila Odinga the Kenyan lakeside city of Kisumu for a fundraising event in aid of the Great Lakes University of Kisumu.
http://wn.com/Yoweri_Museveni,_Raila_Odinga_in_Kisumu
Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Met Kenya's Prime Minister Raila Odinga the Kenyan lakeside city of Kisumu for a fundraising event in aid of the Great Lakes University of Kisumu.
- published: 18 Feb 2012
- views: 9812
- author: standardgroupkenya
Face to face with Yoweri Museveni
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 14 Aug 2012
Face to face with Yoweri Museveni, NTV's Linus Kaikai takes on the Ugandan President over issues ranging from the arrest of opposition leader Dr. Kizza Besigye, the parallels between the Museveni and Amin regimes down to the removal of the presidential term limits from the Ugandan constitution.
http://wn.com/Face_to_face_with_Yoweri_Museveni
Face to face with Yoweri Museveni, NTV's Linus Kaikai takes on the Ugandan President over issues ranging from the arrest of opposition leader Dr. Kizza Besigye, the parallels between the Museveni and Amin regimes down to the removal of the presidential term limits from the Ugandan constitution.
- published: 30 Apr 2011
- views: 12636
- author: NTVKenya
Capital Talk_President Yoweri Museveni Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:12
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Capital_Talk_President_Yoweri_Museveni_Part_2
Capital Talk_President Yoweri Museveni Part 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:55
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Capital_Talk_President_Yoweri_Museveni_Part_3
Capital Talk_President Yoweri Museveni Part 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:46
- Updated: 07 Mar 2012
http://wn.com/Capital_Talk_President_Yoweri_Museveni_Part_4
Invisible Children supports Dictator Yoweri Museveni's Army of Uganda: Child Soldiers - Kony 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
CLICK SHOW MORE FOR LINKS: Kony 2012 - EXPOSED DEBUNKED - Invisible Children Inc. supports crimes against humanity and lies! KONY 2012/Invisible Children is Pro-Museveni and supports UGANDAN Government Military Army and they had child soldiers before. Museveni's child army on Video. www.youtube.com (Jason Russell founder and CEO of Invisible Children/Kony 2012 Movement) and his crew with Ugandan presidential troops so shady! i.imgur.com KONY 2012/Invisible Children is Pro-Museveni and supports UGANDAN Government Army and their child soldiers - Yoweri Museveni Dictator of Uganda: From 1986 -- Present More Information on Museveni: en.wikipedia.org Yoweri Museveni -The worlds most corrupt leader, wealth estimated at over 11 billion USD -The worlds most brutal leader, attributed deaths: 6 million -Known for child soldier abductions and torture -Some of his Key Lieutenants like Piere Bemba(the fat boy) and Thomas Lubanga are already in the international Criminal Court at the Hague. www.newsrescue.com Click on my name to check out my channel and other videos -- EleninNWO - - - - - - - - NOTE PLEASE READ - - - - - - - - - - Why the name Elenin NWO? Elenin the "doomsday comet" and NWO because many on youtube claim Elenin was code name for the end and a New World Order. Failed Doomsday - September 27 2011. I like doing research, and helping others by sharing information. I only debunk conspiracy theories that make no sense, and scams with research and critical thinking. NOT all ...
http://wn.com/Invisible_Children_supports_Dictator_Yoweri_Museveni's_Army_of_Uganda_Child_Soldiers_Kony_2012
CLICK SHOW MORE FOR LINKS: Kony 2012 - EXPOSED DEBUNKED - Invisible Children Inc. supports crimes against humanity and lies! KONY 2012/Invisible Children is Pro-Museveni and supports UGANDAN Government Military Army and they had child soldiers before. Museveni's child army on Video. www.youtube.com (Jason Russell founder and CEO of Invisible Children/Kony 2012 Movement) and his crew with Ugandan presidential troops so shady! i.imgur.com KONY 2012/Invisible Children is Pro-Museveni and supports UGANDAN Government Army and their child soldiers - Yoweri Museveni Dictator of Uganda: From 1986 -- Present More Information on Museveni: en.wikipedia.org Yoweri Museveni -The worlds most corrupt leader, wealth estimated at over 11 billion USD -The worlds most brutal leader, attributed deaths: 6 million -Known for child soldier abductions and torture -Some of his Key Lieutenants like Piere Bemba(the fat boy) and Thomas Lubanga are already in the international Criminal Court at the Hague. www.newsrescue.com Click on my name to check out my channel and other videos -- EleninNWO - - - - - - - - NOTE PLEASE READ - - - - - - - - - - Why the name Elenin NWO? Elenin the "doomsday comet" and NWO because many on youtube claim Elenin was code name for the end and a New World Order. Failed Doomsday - September 27 2011. I like doing research, and helping others by sharing information. I only debunk conspiracy theories that make no sense, and scams with research and critical thinking. NOT all ...
- published: 10 Mar 2012
- views: 2317
- author: EleninNWO
President Yoweri K Museveni- You Want Another Rap Remix with LYRICS Dj Jojo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
LYRICS: Natema akati kalala, Kalala nikaza igara. Igara Owa Ntambiko Ntambiko yampa akasyo, Akasyo nakaha abagyesi, Abagyesi bampa oruro, Oruronaruha walukoko, Walukoko yampa ihuri, Ihuri narihereza abaana, Abaana bampa engyeyo, Engyeyo nagiha omukama, Omukama yampa...
http://wn.com/President_Yoweri_K_Museveni_You_Want_Another_Rap_Remix_with_LYRICS_Dj_Jojo
LYRICS: Natema akati kalala, Kalala nikaza igara. Igara Owa Ntambiko Ntambiko yampa akasyo, Akasyo nakaha abagyesi, Abagyesi bampa oruro, Oruronaruha walukoko, Walukoko yampa ihuri, Ihuri narihereza abaana, Abaana bampa engyeyo, Engyeyo nagiha omukama, Omukama yampa...
- published: 26 Oct 2010
- views: 23045
- author: jojomahm
Wikileak President Yoweri Museveni resigns to Gaddafi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 03 Aug 2012
Barbed wire cracks you up again with this satire, mimicking our President Yoweri Museven and the Libyan man in power.Just for laughs and only for those who understand alittle fun
http://wn.com/Wikileak_President_Yoweri_Museveni_resigns_to_Gaddafi
Barbed wire cracks you up again with this satire, mimicking our President Yoweri Museven and the Libyan man in power.Just for laughs and only for those who understand alittle fun
- published: 16 Sep 2010
- views: 4455
- author: Afroberliner Afrohifi
24:56
Talk to Al Jazeera - Yoweri Museveni
For 25 years just one man has occupied the Ugandan seat of power - President Yoweri Museve...
published: 18 Feb 2011
author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Talk to Al Jazeera - Yoweri Museveni
For 25 years just one man has occupied the Ugandan seat of power - President Yoweri Museveni. Today he has joined the league of African leaders whose only wish seems to be to remain in power forever. He is now seeking another five years in power and Al Jazeera's Mohammed Adow asks him what he hopes to achieve in the next five years that he was unable to in the past quarter of a century.
- published: 18 Feb 2011
- views: 43866
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
19:02
Face to face with Yoweri Museveni
NTV's Linus Kaikai takes on the Ugandan President over issues ranging from the arrest of o...
published: 01 May 2011
author: NTVKenya
Face to face with Yoweri Museveni
NTV's Linus Kaikai takes on the Ugandan President over issues ranging from the arrest of opposition leader Dr. Kizza Besigye, the parallels between the Museveni and Amin regimes down to the removal of the presidential term limits from the Ugandan constitution.
- published: 01 May 2011
- views: 43609
- author: NTVKenya
1:37
True face of UGANDA's President Yoweri Museveni and his child soldiers
The True face of Uganda's President and US puppet Yoweri Museveni & his child soldiers....
published: 09 Mar 2012
author: 911spreadthetruth
True face of UGANDA's President Yoweri Museveni and his child soldiers
The True face of Uganda's President and US puppet Yoweri Museveni & his child soldiers.
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 5114
- author: 911spreadthetruth
1:58
President Yoweri Museveni rap OFFICIAL HD with Lyrics Do you want another rap
simply transilated as follows: Verse 1: The stick I cut strayed into Igara where Ntambiko ...
published: 27 Oct 2010
author: Afroberliner Afrohifi
President Yoweri Museveni rap OFFICIAL HD with Lyrics Do you want another rap
simply transilated as follows: Verse 1: The stick I cut strayed into Igara where Ntambiko reigns. Ntambiko gave me a knife which I gave to millet harvesters, who gave me millet, that I gave to a hen, which gave me an egg, that I gave to children who gave me a monkey that I gave to the king,...
- published: 27 Oct 2010
- views: 172309
- author: Afroberliner Afrohifi
12:35
Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Speaks at Funeral Service for Ethiopian PM Meles Zenawi
www.ethiopian.tv Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Speaks at Funeral Service for the late ...
published: 03 Sep 2012
author: ethiopiantv
Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Speaks at Funeral Service for Ethiopian PM Meles Zenawi
www.ethiopian.tv Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Speaks at Funeral Service for the late Ethiopian PM Meles Zenawi in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on September 2, 2012
- published: 03 Sep 2012
- views: 980
- author: ethiopiantv
4:24
Museveni interview
Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni makes his first appearance on the show!...
published: 06 Nov 2010
author: thexyzshow
Museveni interview
Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni makes his first appearance on the show!
- published: 06 Nov 2010
- views: 42270
- author: thexyzshow
1:49
PRESIDENT YOWERI MUSEVENI You want another Rap 2010
PRESIDENT YOWERI MUSEVENI R You Want another Rap This is his first single museven English ...
published: 25 Oct 2010
author: DjDinTV
PRESIDENT YOWERI MUSEVENI You want another Rap 2010
PRESIDENT YOWERI MUSEVENI R You Want another Rap This is his first single museven English Translation "He was given a knife, gave it to the people who harvested millet, gave the millet to the cattle keepers who exchange gave him a cow which he took to the king and the king gave him a wife. The Wife gave birth to a son called Mugarura (Meaning bringing back)." The story goes on...
- published: 25 Oct 2010
- views: 71458
- author: DjDinTV
1:53
The US backed CORRUPT Uganda President "Yoweri Museveni"
The True face of Uganda's President and US puppet Yoweri Museveni & his child soldiers - w...
published: 09 Mar 2012
author: 911spreadthetruth
The US backed CORRUPT Uganda President "Yoweri Museveni"
The True face of Uganda's President and US puppet Yoweri Museveni & his child soldiers - www.youtube.com
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 948
- author: 911spreadthetruth
4:17
Uganda vision meets President YOWERI MUSEVENI in LONDON (UK)
Exclusive to Uganda Vision Programme on BENtv sky channel 184 Mondays 7-8pm youtu.be...
published: 24 Feb 2012
author: AMBTV1
Uganda vision meets President YOWERI MUSEVENI in LONDON (UK)
Exclusive to Uganda Vision Programme on BENtv sky channel 184 Mondays 7-8pm youtu.be
- published: 24 Feb 2012
- views: 1547
- author: AMBTV1
17:24
Yoweri Museveni Keynote: London Summit on Family Planning | Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Uganda President Yoweri Museveni addresses the London Summit on Family Planning on July 11...
published: 16 Jul 2012
author: GatesFoundation
Yoweri Museveni Keynote: London Summit on Family Planning | Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Uganda President Yoweri Museveni addresses the London Summit on Family Planning on July 11, 2012. www.LondonFamilyPlanningSummit.co.uk
- published: 16 Jul 2012
- views: 804
- author: GatesFoundation
6:52
President Yoweri Museveni - LIVE ON LONDON (UK) TV - "UGANDA VISION" by AMBtv
Uganda Vision (UV) - Kings of Comedy - Segujja Herbert as Member Museveni Executive Produc...
published: 13 Jul 2011
author: AMBTV1
President Yoweri Museveni - LIVE ON LONDON (UK) TV - "UGANDA VISION" by AMBtv
Uganda Vision (UV) - Kings of Comedy - Segujja Herbert as Member Museveni Executive Producer: Anthony Kadama (www.ambtv.com Productions - Richard Cunningham) youtu.be
- published: 13 Jul 2011
- views: 30522
- author: AMBTV1
15:38
Frost over the World - Michael Frendo - 23 Nov 07
From Uganda where Commonwealth heads of states are meeting, Sir David asks Michael Frendo,...
published: 24 Nov 2007
author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Frost over the World - Michael Frendo - 23 Nov 07
From Uganda where Commonwealth heads of states are meeting, Sir David asks Michael Frendo, the Maltese foreign minister, about Pakistan's situation within the organisation. Yoweri Museveni, Uganda's president, tells Sir David how his country changed since Idi Amin's coup d'etat in 1971. The current president led the rebellion against Amin for 13 years.
- published: 24 Nov 2007
- views: 4392
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Vimeo results:
7:02
Uganda Presidential Detection to God October 8, 2012 Kampala, Uganda
President Yoweri Museveni and The First Lady Janet Museveni with Pastor Joshua Lwere Dedic...
published: 18 Oct 2012
author: CFAN
Uganda Presidential Detection to God October 8, 2012 Kampala, Uganda
President Yoweri Museveni and The First Lady Janet Museveni with Pastor Joshua Lwere Dedicate Uganda to God on the fiftieth anniversary of Uganda's independence. October 8, 2012 in Kampala, Uganda.
3:33
Nii Akuetteh on Uganda Pro-democracy Uprising - AL Jazeera
Washington based Africa policy expert Nii Akuetteh discusses the violent crackdown on pro ...
published: 15 May 2011
author: African Great Lakes Coalition
Nii Akuetteh on Uganda Pro-democracy Uprising - AL Jazeera
Washington based Africa policy expert Nii Akuetteh discusses the violent crackdown on pro democracy protesters in Uganda. Uganda has been ruled by Yoweri K. Museveni for the last 25 years. Museveni came to power through war and had ruled the Uganda with an iron fist since 1985. Ugandan pro democracy protesters have been killed and other jailed by forces loyal to Museveni.
4:42
Got Democracy? Uganda's Dilemma: Oil Rich, Growing Unrest
Riots which took place from September 11-12 2009 in Uganda's capital city were violently c...
published: 04 Oct 2009
author: Lumumba Lives
Got Democracy? Uganda's Dilemma: Oil Rich, Growing Unrest
Riots which took place from September 11-12 2009 in Uganda's capital city were violently crushed by the army and miiitary police, resulting in the deaths of a reported 27 people and nearly 900 arrests. Freedom of the press has been severely restricted in the aftermath of the violence. Uganda's western donors continue to support President Yoweri Museveni, who's been in power for 23 years.
29:40
Betty Bigombe: The Conflict in Northern Uganda
Former Ugandan Government Minister in-charge of Northern Uganda, Ms. Betty Bigombe speakin...
published: 02 May 2009
author: Okema Productions
Betty Bigombe: The Conflict in Northern Uganda
Former Ugandan Government Minister in-charge of Northern Uganda, Ms. Betty Bigombe speaking to students of the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill on March 26, 2009.
Bigombe was part of the first team of Ugandan peace team that initiated negotiation between rebels of the Lord's Resistant Army - LRA and the Uganda army, National Resistant Army- NRA and Government. The Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni ordered the cancellation of the peace talks and subsequent talks have also failed including the most recent, the Juba peace talks of 2006-2008. Both the rebels and the government have been blamed for failing these talks. Bigombe seen here explains why and what happened.
Youtube results:
3:35
Uganda President Yoweri Museveni Denies Anti-Gay Discrimination Exists
full story at ontopmag.com: www.ontopmag.com...
published: 19 Apr 2012
author: OTMnow
Uganda President Yoweri Museveni Denies Anti-Gay Discrimination Exists
full story at ontopmag.com: www.ontopmag.com
- published: 19 Apr 2012
- views: 6089
- author: OTMnow
2:20
Yoweri Museveni, Raila Odinga in Kisumu
Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Met Kenya's Prime Minister Raila Odinga the Kenyan lakes...
published: 18 Feb 2012
author: standardgroupkenya
Yoweri Museveni, Raila Odinga in Kisumu
Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Met Kenya's Prime Minister Raila Odinga the Kenyan lakeside city of Kisumu for a fundraising event in aid of the Great Lakes University of Kisumu.
- published: 18 Feb 2012
- views: 9812
- author: standardgroupkenya
4:22
Face to face with Yoweri Museveni
Face to face with Yoweri Museveni, NTV's Linus Kaikai takes on the Ugandan President over ...
published: 30 Apr 2011
author: NTVKenya
Face to face with Yoweri Museveni
Face to face with Yoweri Museveni, NTV's Linus Kaikai takes on the Ugandan President over issues ranging from the arrest of opposition leader Dr. Kizza Besigye, the parallels between the Museveni and Amin regimes down to the removal of the presidential term limits from the Ugandan constitution.
- published: 30 Apr 2011
- views: 12636
- author: NTVKenya
photo: Creative Commons / INABA Tomoaki
16 Jan 2013
YURI KAGEYAMA. AP Business Writers= TOKYO (AP) — Boeing Co.'s 787 planes were grounded for safety checks Wednesday by two major Japanese airlines after one was forced to make an emergency landing in the latest blow for the new jet ... The 787, known as the Dreamliner, is Boeing's newest and most technologically advanced jet, and the company is counting heavily on its success ... The grounding was done voluntarily by the airlines ... The U.S ... U.S....(size: 11.1Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 Jan 2013
AMY TEIBEL. Associated Press= JERUSALEM (AP) — Israel's premier on Wednesday dismissed President Barack Obama's reported displeasure with his hard-line policies toward the Palestinians, a sisgn that the two could be headed for a showdown. Polls suggest Benjamin Netanyahu is poised to win Israel's elections next week and continue in office ... could suffer in unprecedented ways if the Israeli government doesn't change its policies....(size: 10.2Kb)
photo: GFDL
17 Jan 2013
TOKYO. Aviation regulators on Thursday grounded most of the world's 787 Dreamliner fleet until a fire risk linked to the plane's batteries can been fixed, deepening a crisis for its US manufacturer Boeing. Regulators in Japan, India and Chile followed the lead of the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in ordering an indefinite halt to all operations, after a Japanese Dreamliner on Wednesday was forced into an emergency landing ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: US Army / Staff Sgt. Michael R. Noggle
18 Jan 2013
“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction” is Newton’s third law of physics. Its counterpart in geopolitics is “blowback,” when military action in one sphere produces an unintended and undesirable consequence in another. September 11, 2001, was blowback. George H.W. Bush had sent an army of half a million to hurl Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait, a triumph ... bases in Saudi Arabia ... Patrick J....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: French MoD photo
16 Jan 2013
BAMAKO, Mali -- After a punishing bombing campaign failed to halt the advance of al-Qaida-linked fighters, France pledged Tuesday to triple the size of its force in Mali, sending in hundreds more troops as it prepared for a land assault to dislodge the militants occupying the country's northern half ... On Tuesday, France announced that it was increasing the number of troops from 800 to 2,500 ... "We have one objective ... On Tuesday, U.S ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
Xinhua
19 Jan 2013
• Malian authorities have declared control of the central town of Konna after days of fierce battle. • France intervened a week ago to launch air raids on rebels ... BAMAKO, Jan ... Related.. AU chairman supports military intervention in Mali. KAMPALA, Jan ... The remark was made when Boni, also the president of Benin was meeting with Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni about the ongoing military operation in the West African state of Mali ... 18 to Nov....(size: 3.2Kb)
All Africa
18 Jan 2013
News24
17 Jan 2013
Bujumbura - African Union President Thomas Boni Yayi on Wednesday praised the "remarkable work" of the French military in Mali, saying its troops were "practically saving" Africa ... France "has sent more than a thousand soldiers who today are practically saving us," said the AU chairperson ... Boni Yayi is set to meet with Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni in Kampala on Thursday. ....(size: 2.0Kb)
All Africa
13 Jan 2013
The MPs, who said they started collecting the signatures following the ......(size: 0.4Kb)
noodls
12 Jan 2013
(Source ... President Yoweri Museveni has warned leaders against cheap politicking and political interference calling on them to reorient society from laziness and parasitism to production and generating of profits in the respective enterprises. "Let's learn from our past mistakes ... According to the records the NRM government under President Museveni's leadership has seen the size of the economy grow to US$ 20 billion from 5billion in 1986....(size: 6.8Kb)
All Africa
10 Jan 2013
Business Day
10 Jan 2013
Related articles. DRC rebels declare unilateral ceasefire South African troops arrive to ‘secure’ Bangui — source In this article. Companies and organisations. United Nations ... "President (Yoweri) Museveni has confirmed that it is not their intention to contribute troops, given the fact that they are already deployed in Somalia and that he is playing a key political role in the whole process," he said. Mr Makwetla said ... With Nick Kotch. ....(size: 5.2Kb)
Business Day
10 Jan 2013
Related articles. DRC rebels declare unilateral ceasefire South African troops arrive to ‘secure’ Bangui — source In this article. Companies and organisations. United Nations ... "President (Yoweri) Museveni has confirmed that it is not their intention to contribute troops, given the fact that they are already deployed in Somalia and that he is playing a key political role in the whole process," he said. Mr Makwetla said ... With Nick Kotch. ....(size: 5.2Kb)
All Africa
07 Jan 2013
| Yoweri Museveni | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| President of Uganda | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 29 January 1986 |
|
| Prime Minister | Samson Kisekka George Cosmas Adyebo Kintu Musoke Apolo Nsibambi Amama Mbabazi |
| Vice President | Samson Kisekka Specioza Wandera Kazibwe Gilbert Bukenya Edward Kiwanuka Ssekandi |
| Preceded by | Tito Okello Lutwa |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1944 (age 67–68)[1] Ntungamo, Uganda |
| Political party | National Resistance Movement |
| Spouse(s) | Janet Kataha |
| Religion | Anglican |
Yoweri Kaguta Museveni ( pronunciation (help·info); born c. 1944)[2] is a Ugandan politician who has been President of Uganda since 26 January 1986.
Museveni was involved in the war that deposed Idi Amin Dada, ending his rule in 1979, and in the rebellion that subsequently led to the demise of the Milton Obote regime in 1985. With the notable exception of northern areas, Museveni has brought relative stability and economic growth to a country that has endured decades of government mismanagement, rebel activity and civil war. His tenure has also witnessed one of the most effective national responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa.[3]
In the mid-to-late 1990s, Museveni was lauded by the West as part of a new generation of African leaders. His presidency has been marred, however, by invading and occupying Congo during the Second Congo War (the war in the Democratic Republic of Congo which has resulted in an estimated 5.4 million deaths since 1998) and other conflicts in the Great Lakes region. Recent developments, including the abolition of presidential term limits before the 2006 elections and the harassment of democratic opposition, have attracted concern from domestic commentators and the international community.
Early life and career (1944–1972)[link]
Born in Ntungamo, Uganda Protectorate,[4] Museveni is a member of the Banyankole ethnic group and his surname, Museveni, means "Son of a man of the Seventh", in honour of the Seventh Battalion of the King's African Rifles, the British colonial army in which many Ugandans served during World War II.
Museveni gets his middle name from his father, Amos Kaguta, a cattle herder. Amos Kaguta is also the father of Museveni's brother Caleb Akandwanaho, popularly known in Uganda as "Salim Saleh",[5] and sister Violet Kajubiri.[6]
Museveni attended Kyamate Elementary School, Mbarara High School, and Ntare School. It was while at high school that he became a born-again Christian.[citation needed] In 1967, he went to the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. There, he studied economics and political science and became a Marxist, involving himself in radical pan-African politics. While at university, he formed the University Students' African Revolutionary Front activist group and led a student delegation to FRELIMO territory in Portuguese Mozambique, where he received guerrilla training. Studying under the leftist Walter Rodney, among others, Museveni wrote a university thesis on the applicability of Frantz Fanon's ideas on revolutionary violence to post-colonial Africa.[7]
In 1970, Museveni joined the intelligence service of Ugandan President Dr. Apolo Milton Obote. When Major General Idi Amin seized power in a January 1971 military coup, Museveni fled to Tanzania with other exiles, including the deposed president. The power bases of Amin and Obote were very different, leading to a significant ethnic and regional aspect to the resulting conflict. Obote was from the Lango ethnic group of the central north, while Amin was a Kakwa from the northwestern corner of the country. The British colonial government had organized the colony's internal politics so that the Lango and Acholi dominated the national military, while people from southern parts of the country were active in business. This situation endured until the coup, when Amin filled the top positions of government with Kakwa and Lugbara and violently repressed the Lango and their Acholi allies.[8]
FRONASA and the toppling of Amin (1972–80)[link]
The exile forces opposed to Idi Amin, who were predominantly Lango and Acholi, invaded Uganda from Tanzania in September 1972 and were repelled, suffering heavy losses. The situation of the rebels was compounded by a peace agreement signed later in the year by Tanzania and Uganda, in which rebels were denied the use of Tanzanian soil for aggression against Uganda.[9] Museveni briefly worked as a lecturer at a co-operative college in Moshi, in northern Tanzania, before breaking away from the mainstream opposition and forming the Front for National Salvation (FRONASA) in 1973.[10] In August of the same year, he married Janet Kataha, a former secretary and airline stewardess with whom he would have four children.
Main article: Uganda-Tanzania War
 |
This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2008) |
In October 1978, Amin ordered the invasion of Tanzania in order to claim the Kagera province for Uganda. From 24 to 26 March 1979, Museveni and FRONASA attended a gathering of exiles and rebel groups in the northern Tanzanian town of Moshi. Overcoming ideological differences, for the time being at least, the various groups established the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF). Museveni was appointed to an 11-member Executive Council, chaired by Yusuf Kironde Lule. This was accompanied by a National Consultative Council (NCC) with one member for each of the 28 groups represented at the meeting. The UNLF joined forces with the Tanzanian army to launch a counter-attack which culminated in the toppling of the Amin regime in April 1979. Museveni was named the new Minister of State for Defence in the new UNLF government. He was the youngest minister in Yusuf Lule's administration. The thousands of troops which Museveni recruited into FRONASA during the war were incorporated into the new national army. They retained their loyalty to Museveni, however, and would be crucial in later rebellions against the second Obote regime.
The NCC selected Godfrey Binaisa as the new chairman of the UNLF after infighting led to the deposition of Yusuf Lule in June 1979. Machinations to consolidate power continued with Binaisa in a similar manner to his predecessor. In November, Museveni was reshuffled from the Ministry of Defence to the Ministry of Regional Cooperation, with Binaisa himself taking over the key defence role. In May 1980, Binaisa himself was placed under house arrest after an attempt to dismiss Oyite Ojok, the army chief of staff – in what was a de facto coup led by Paulo Muwanga, Yoweri Museveni, Oyite Ojok and Tito Okello. A Presidential Commission, with Museveni as Vice-Chairman, was installed and quickly announced plans for a general election in December.
Now a relatively well-known national figure, Museveni established a new political party, the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM), which he would lead in the elections. He would be competing against three other political groupings: the Uganda People's Congress (UPC), led by former president Milton Obote; the Conservative Party (CP); the Democratic Party (DP). The main contenders were seen to be the UPC and DP. The official results declared UPC the winner with Museveni's UPM gaining only one of the 126 available seats. A number of irregularities compromised the credibility of the poll. In the planning of the election, the leader of the ruling commission, Paulo Muwanga, supported the UPC's view that each candidate should have a separate ballot box. This was fiercely opposed by the other parties, which maintained that it would make the poll easier to manipulate. The configuration of political boundaries may also have aided the UPC. Constituencies in generally pro-UPC northern Uganda contained proportionally less voters than the anti-UPC Buganda, giving more power to Obote's party. Suspicions of fraud were compounded by Muwanga's announcement on the day of the election that all results should be cleared by him before they were announced publicly. The losing parties refused to recognise the legitimacy of the new regime, citing widespread electoral irregularities.
The war in the bush (1981–86)[link]
Main article: Ugandan Bush War
Obote II and the National Resistance Army[link]
| Uganda |
 This article is part of the series: |
|
|
|
Other countries · Atlas Politics portal |
Museveni returned with his supporters to their rural strongholds in the Bantu-dominated south and southwest to form the Popular Resistance Army (PRA). There they planned a rebellion against the second Obote regime, popularly known as "Obote II", and its armed forces, the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA). The insurgency began with an attack on an army installation in the central Mubende district on 6 February 1981. The PRA later merged with former president Yusufu Lule's fighting group, the Uganda Freedom Fighters (UFF), to create the National Resistance Army (NRA) with its political wing, the National Resistance Movement (NRM). Two other rebel groups, the Uganda National Rescue Front (UNRF) and Former Uganda National Army (FUNA), formed in West Nile from the remnants of Amin's supporters, engaged Obote's forces.[11]
The NRM/A developed a "Ten-point Programme" for an eventual government, covering democracy, security, consolidation of national unity, defending national independence, building an independent, integrated and self-sustaining economy, improvement of social services, elimination of corruption and misuse of power, redressing inequality, cooperation with other African countries and a mixed economy.[12]
By July 1985, Amnesty International estimated that the Obote regime had been responsible for more than 300,000 civilian deaths across Uganda, although the CIA World Factbook puts the number at over 100,000.[13] The human rights organisation had made several representations to the government to improve its appalling human rights record from 1982. Abuses were particularly conspicuous in an area of central Uganda known as the Luweero Triangle. Reports from Uganda during this period brought international criticism to the Obote regime and increased support abroad for Museveni's rebel force. Within Uganda, the brutal suppression of the insurgency aligned the Buganda, the most numerous of Uganda's ethnic groups, with the NRA against the UNLA, which was seen as being dominated by northerners, especially the Lango and Acholi. Until his death in 2005, Milton Obote blamed the Luwero abuses on the NRA.
1985 Nairobi Agreement[link]
File:NairobiAgreement1985.jpg
Museveni and Okello sign the fated peace deal.
Main article: Nairobi Agreement, 1985
On 27 July 1985, subfactionalism within the UPC government led to a successful military coup against Obote by his former army commander, Lieutenant-General Tito Okello, an Acholi. Museveni and the NRM/A were angry that the revolution for which they had fought for four years had been "hijacked" by the UNLA, which they viewed as having been discredited by gross human rights violations during Obote II.[14] Despite these reservations, however, the NRM/A eventually agreed to peace talks presided over by a Kenyan delegation headed by President Daniel arap Moi.
The talks, which lasted from 26 August to 17 December, were notoriously acrimonious and the resultant ceasefire broke down almost immediately. The final agreement, signed in Nairobi, called for a ceasefire, demilitarisation of Kampala, integration of the NRA and government forces, and absorption of the NRA leadership into the Military Council.[15] These conditions were never met.
The prospects of a lasting agreement were limited by several factors, including the Kenyan team's lack of an in-depth knowledge of the situation in Uganda and the exclusion of relevant Ugandan and international actors from the talks, inter alia. In the end, Museveni and his allies refused to share power with generals they did not respect, not least while the NRA had the capacity to achieve an outright military victory.
The push for Kampala[link]
While supposedly involved in the peace negotiations, Museveni had courted General Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire in an attempt to forestall the involvement of Zairean forces in support of Okello's military junta. On 20 January 1986, however, several hundred troops loyal to Idi Amin were accompanied into Ugandan territory by the Zairean military. The forces intervened in the civil conflict following secret training in Zaire and an appeal from Okello ten days previously.[16] Mobutu's support for Okello was a score Museveni would settle years later, ordering Ugandan forces into the conflict which would finally topple the Zairean leader.
File:MuseveniInauguration.jpg
Museveni's swearing in on 29 January 1986
By 22 January, government troops in Kampala had begun to quit their posts en masse as the rebels gained ground from the south and south-west.[15] On the 25th, the Museveni-led faction finally overran the capital. The NRA toppled Okello's government and declared victory the next day.
Museveni was sworn in as president on 29 January. "This is not a mere change of guard, it is a fundamental change," said Museveni, after a ceremony conducted by British-born chief justice Peter Allen. Speaking to crowds of thousands outside the Ugandan parliament, the new president promised a return to democracy: "The people of Africa, the people of Uganda, are entitled to a democratic government. It is not a favour from any regime. The sovereign people must be the public, not the government."[17][18]
Museveni in power (1986–96)[link]
Political and economic regeneration[link]
The post-Amin regimes in Uganda were characterised by corruption, factionalism and an inability to restore order and acquire popular legitimacy. Museveni needed to avoid repeating these mistakes if his new government was not to befall the same fate. The NRM declared a four-year interim government, composing a broader ethnic base than its predecessors. The representatives of the various factions were nevertheless hand-picked by Museveni. The sectarian violence which had overshadowed Uganda's recent history was put forward as a justification for restricting the activities of the political parties and their ethnically distinct supporter bases. The non-party system did not prohibit political parties, but prevented them from fielding candidates directly in elections. The so-called "Movement" system, which Museveni said claimed the loyalty of every Ugandan, would be a cornerstone in politics for nearly twenty years.
A system of Resistance Councils, directly elected at the parish level, was established to manage local affairs, including the equitable distribution of fixed-price commodities. The election of Resistance Councils representatives was the first direct experience many Ugandans had with democracy after many decades of varying levels of authoritarianism, and the replication of the structure up to the district level has been credited with helping even people at the local level understand the higher-level political structures.
The new government enjoyed widespread international support, and the economy that had been damaged by the civil war began to recover as Museveni initiated economic policies designed to combat key problems such as hyperinflation and the balance of payments. Abandoning his Marxist ideals, Museveni embraced the neoliberal structural adjustments advocated by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Uganda began participating in an IMF Economic Recovery Program in 1987. Its objectives included the restoration of incentives in order to encourage growth, investment, employment and exports; the promotion and diversification of trade with particular emphasis on export promotion; the removal of bureaucratic constraints and divestment from ailing public enterprises so as to enhance sustainable economic growth and development through the private sector; the liberalisation of trade at all levels.[19]
Regional relations and conflict[link]
|
|
This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2008) |
After January 1986, Field Marshal Morgan Kabugo and Museveni managed as Commanders-in-Chief of the NRA. The Kenyan government of Daniel arap Moi was initially suspicious of the new NRM government's alleged support for Kenyan dissident groups. Tensions culminated in a non-violent military standoff at Busia on the Kenya-Uganda border in late 1987. Any closure of borders with Kenya would have been extremely damaging to landlocked Uganda's economy, whose access to the Indian Ocean via the port at Mombasa depends upon Kenya.
During their guerrilla war against the government of Milton Obote, the National Resistance Army recruited anyone who was willing to fight, regardless of nationality. Persecution at the hands of the Obote regime encouraged many Rwandan exiles living in Uganda to join the ranks of the NRA. Several years into the Museveni government, the Ugandan army still had several thousand Rwandans on its payroll. On the night of 30 September 1990, 4,000 Rwandan members of the NRA left their barracks in secrecy, joining other forces to invade Rwanda from Ugandan territory. It transpired that the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) was operating a large membership within the NRA using a clandestine cell structure.
The RPF was a movement of Rwandan exiles opposed to the government of Juvénal Habyarimana. RPF leaders included Fred Rwigema and Paul Kagame, both Rwandan exiles and founder members of the NRM. During the initial stages of the invasion, Museveni and Habyarimana were both attending a UN summit in the United States. It has been claimed by who? that the date for the RPF mobilisation was set to allow Museveni to distance himself from their actions until it was too late to stop them. The Rwandan army managed to expel the invasion only after extensive reinforcement from Belgium, France and Zaire.
Museveni was blamed for complicity in the September 1990 invasion and/or not having control of his army. The RPF melted away into the Virunga Mountains straddling the Rwanda-Uganda border. The Habyarimana government accused Uganda of allowing the RPF to use its territory as a rear base, responding by shelling Ugandan villages on the border. Uganda is widely believed to have returned fire, which would probably have protected RPF positions.[who?] These exchanges forced more than 60,000 from their homes. Despite the negotiation of a security pact, in which both countries agreed to cooperate in maintaining security along their common border, a resurgent RPF had occupied much of the northern territory of Rwanda by 1992.
In April 1994, a plane carrying President Habyarimana of Rwanda and President Cyprien Ntaryamira of Burundi was shot down over Kigali airport. This precipitated the Rwandan genocide in which an estimated 800,000 people perished. The Rwandan Patriotic Front overran Kigali and took power.
In April 1995, Uganda cut off diplomatic relations with Sudan in protest at Khartoum's support for the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a rebel group active in northern Uganda. Sudan, in turn, claimed that Uganda was providing support to the Sudan People's Liberation Army. Both groups were suspected of operating across the porous Uganda-Sudan border. Disputes between Uganda and Sudan date back to at least 1988. Ugandan refugees sought shelter in southern Sudan during the Amin and Obote II regimes. After the NRM had come to power in 1986, however, many of these refugees joined the Ugandan rebel groups including the West Nile Bank Front and later the LRA. For a significant period, the Museveni government viewed Sudan as the most significant threat to Ugandan security.
Internal security and human rights[link]
The NRM came to power promising to restore security and respect for human rights. Indeed, this was part of the NRM's ten-point programme, as Museveni noted in his swearing in speech:
The second point on our programme is security of person and property. Every person in Uganda must [have absolute] security to live wherever he wants. Any individual, any group who threatens the security of our people must be smashed without mercy. The people of Uganda should die only from natural causes which are beyond our control, but not from fellow human beings who continue to walk the length and breadth of our land.
Although Museveni now headed up a new government in Kampala, the NRM could not project its influence fully across Ugandan territory, finding itself fighting a number of insurgencies. From the beginning of Museveni's presidency, he drew strong support from the Bantu-speaking south and southwest, where Museveni had his base. Museveni managed to get the Karamojong, a group of semi-nomads in the sparsely populated north-east that had never had a significant political voice, to align with him by offering them a stake in the new government. However, the northern region along the Sudanese border proved more troublesome. In the West Nile sub-region, inhabited by Kakwa and Lugbara (who had previously supported Amin), the UNRF and FUNA rebel groups fought for years until a combination of military offensives and diplomacy pacified the region; the leader of the UNRF, Moses Ali, gave up his struggle to become Second Deputy Prime Minister. People from the northern parts of the country viewed the rise of a government led by a person from the south with great trepidation. Rebel groups sprang up among the Lango, Acholi and Teso, though they were overwhelmed by the strength of the NRA except in the far north where the Sudanese border provided a safe haven. The Acholi rebel Uganda People's Democratic Army (UPDA) failed to dislodge the NRA occupation of Acholiland, leading to the desperate chiliasm of the Holy Spirit Movement (HSM). The defeat of both the UPDA and HSM left the rebellion to a group that eventually became known as the Lord's Resistance Army, which would turn upon the Acholi themselves.
The NRA subsequently earned a reputation for respecting the rights of civilians, – although Museveni later received criticism for using child soldiers. Undisciplined elements within the NRA's soon tarnished a hard-won reputation for fairness. "When Museveni's men first came they acted very well – we welcomed them," said one villager, "but then they started to arrest people and kill them."[20][21]
In March 1989, Amnesty International published a human rights report on Uganda, entitled Uganda, the Human Rights Record 1986–1989. It documented gross human rights violations committed by NRA troops. In one of the most intense phases of the war, between October and December 1988, the NRA forcibly cleared approximately 100,000 people from their homes in and around Gulu town. Soldiers committed hundreds of extrajudicial executions as they forcibly moved people, burning down homes and granaries.[22] However, there were few reports of the systematic torture, equivalent to those committed during Amin and Obote's regimes. In its conclusion, the report offered some hope:
| “ | Any assessment of the NRM government's human rights performance is, perhaps inevitably, less favourable after four years in power than it was in the early months. However, it is not true to say, as some critics and outside observers, that there has been a continuous slide back towards gross human rights abuse, that in some sense Uganda is fated to suffer at the hands of bad government. | ” |
A new democratic mandate (1996–2001)[link]
File:MuseveniCampaign1996.jpg
Crowds throng the convoy of Museveni during the 1996 presidential election.
Elections[link]
|
|
This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2008) |
The first Elections under Museveni's governance were held on 9 May 1996. Museveni defeated Paul Ssemogerere of the Democratic Party, who contested the election as a candidate for the "Inter-party forces coalition", and the upstart candidate, Mohamed Mayanja. Museveni won with a landslide 75.5 per cent of the vote from a turnout of 72.6 per cent of eligible voters. Although international and domestic observers described the vote as valid, both the losing candidates rejected the results. Museveni was sworn in as president for the second time on 12 May 1996.
The main weapon in Museveni's campaign was the restoration of security and economic normality to much of the country. A memorable electoral image produced by his team depicted a pile of skulls in the Luwero Triangle. This powerful symbolism was not lost on the inhabitants of this region, who had suffered rampant insecurity during the civil war. The other candidates had difficulty matching Museveni's efficacy in communicating his key message. Museveni seemed to have a remarkable ability to relate political messages by using grass-roots language, especially with people from the south. The metaphor of "carrying a grindstone for leadership", referring to an "authoritative individual, bearing the burden of authority", was just one of many imaginative images he created for his campaign. He would often deliver these in the appropriate local colloquial language, demonstrating respect and attempting to transcend tribalistic politics. Museveni's fluency in English, Luganda, Runyankole and Swahili often helped him forward his message.
Until the prospect of presidential elections, Ssemogerere (Museveni's concurrent political rival) had been a minister in the NRM government. His decision to challenge the record of Museveni and the NRM, rather than claim a stake in Museveni's "movement", was seen as naive opportunism, and regarded as a political error. Ssemogerere's alliance with the UPC was anathema to the Baganda, who might otherwise have lent him some support as the leader of the Democratic Party. Ssemogerere also accused Museveni of being a Rwandan, a statement often repeated by Museveni's opponents because of his birthplace near the Uganda-Rwanda border, and his supposedly Rwandan origins (Museveni claims to be an ethnic Munyankole, kin to the Banyarwanda of Rwanda), and his army of being dominated by Rwandans, which included current Rwandan president Paul Kagame.
In 1997 he introduced free primary education.[23]
The second set of elections were held in 2001. President Museveni beat his rival Kizza Besigye as he sailed through with 69% of the vote. Dr Besigye had been a close confidant of the president and he was his bush war physician. They however had a fallout shortly before the 2001 elections, when Dr Besigye decided to stand for presidency. The 2001 election campaigns were a heated affair with president Museveni threatening his rival to put him "six feet under".
The election culminated into a petition filed by Dr Besigye at the Supreme Court of Uganda. The court ruled that the elections were not free and fair but declined to nullify the outcome by a 3:2 majority decision. It was held that the many cases of election malpractice did not however affect the result in a substantial manner. Justices Benjamin Odoki (Chief justice), Alfrerd Karokora, and Joseph Mulenga ruled in favor of the respondents while Justices Aurthur Haggai Oder (RIP) and John Tsekoko ruled in favor of Dr Besigye.
The most recent presidential elections were held in 2006 where again Museveni prevailed over Dr Besigye scoring 59% of the vote. The election petition in this case had more evidence of election malpractice but by a 4:3 decision, the result was upheld. As before, the judges ruled as they ruled in the 2001 petition. The additional two judges were Justice George W. Kanyeihamba ruling in favor of Dr Besigye and Justice Bart Katureebe in favor of President Museveni and the electoral commission. Dr Besigye predicted that that could be the last presidential election petition filed in the then constituted Supreme court.
International recognition[link]
Museveni has won praise from Western governments for his adherence to IMF Structural adjustment programs, i.e. privatising state enterprises, cutting government spending and urging African self-reliance. Museveni was elected chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1991 and 1992. He permitted a free atmosphere within which the news media could operate, and private FM radio stations flourished during the late 1990s. Perhaps Museveni's most widely noted accomplishment has been his government's successful campaign against AIDS. During the 1980s, Uganda had one of the highest rates of HIV infection in the world, but now Uganda's rates are comparatively low, and the country stands as a rare success story in the global battle against the virus (see AIDS in Africa). One of the campaigns headed by Museveni to fight against AIDS was the ABC program. The ABC program had three main parts "Abstain, Be faithful, or use Condoms if A and B are not practiced.[24] In April 1998, Uganda became the first country to be declared eligible for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative, receiving some US$700 million in aid.[25] Museveni was lauded for his affirmative action program for women in the country, he was served by a female vice-president, Specioza Kazibwe, for nearly a decade, and has done much to encourage women to go to college. On the other hand, Museveni has resisted calls for greater women's family land rights (the right of women to own a share of their matrimonial homes).[26]
From the mid-1990s, Museveni was seen to exemplify a new breed of African leadership, the antithesis of the "big men" who had dominated politics in the continent since independence. This section from a New York Times article in 1997 is illustrative of the high esteem in which Museveni was held by certain western media, governments and academics:
- These are heady days for the former guerilla who runs Uganda. He moves with the measured gait and sure gestures of a leader secure in his power and his vision. It is little wonder. To hear some of the diplomats and African experts tell it, President Yoweri K. Museveni started an ideological movement that is reshaping much of Africa, spelling the end of the corrupt, strong-man governments that characterized the cold-war era. These days, political pundits across the continent are calling Mr. Museveni an African Bismarck. Some people now refer to him as Africa's "other statesman," second only to the venerated South African President, Nelson Mandela.[27]
In official briefing papers from Madeleine Albright's December 1997 Africa tour as Secretary of State, Museveni was called a "beacon of hope" who runs a "uni-party democracy," despite Uganda not permitting multiparty politics.[28]
Regional conflict[link]
In Uganda, there were significant numbers of ethnic Rwandan Tutsi immigrants – who comprised a significant numbers of NRA fighters. The Uganda-based Tutsi-dominated Rwandese Patriotic Front rebel group were close allies of the NRA, and once Museveni had solidified his hold on central power, he lent his support to their cause. Unsuccessful attacks were launched by the RPF against the Hutu government of Rwanda in the first half of the 1990s from bases in southwest Uganda. It was not until the Rwandan Genocide of 1994 that the RPF took power and its head, Paul Kagame (a former soldier in Museveni's army), became president.
Following the Rwandan Genocide, the new Rwandan government felt threatened by the presence (across the Rwandan border in Congo - known then as Zaïre) of former Rwandan soldiers and members of the previous regime. These soldiers were aided by Mobutu Sese Seko – leading Rwanda (with the aid of Museveni) and Laurent Kabila's rebels to overthrow him and take power in Congo. (see main article: First Congo War).[29]
In August 1998, Rwanda and Uganda undertook to invade Congo again, this time to overthrow Museveni and Kagame's former ally - Kabila (see main article: Second Congo War). Museveni and a few close military advisers alone made the decision to send the UPDF into Congo. A number of highly placed sources indicate that the Ugandan parliament and civilian advisers were not consulted over the matter, as is required by the 1995 constitution.[30] Museveni apparently persuaded an initially reluctant High Command to go along with the venture. "We felt that the Rwandese started the war and it was their duty to go ahead and finish the job, but our President took time and convinced us that we had a stake in what is going on in Congo", one senior officer is reported as saying.[31] The official reasons Uganda gave for the intervention were to stop a "genocide" against the Banyamulenge in DRC in concert with Rwandan forces,[32] and that Kabila had failed to provide security along the border and was allowing the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) to attack Uganda from rear bases in DRC. In reality, the UPDF were not deployed in the border region but more than 1,000 kilometres (over 600 miles) to the west of Uganda's frontier with Congo[33] and in support of the Mouvement de Libération du Congo (MLC) rebels seeking to overthrow Kabila. As such, they were unable to prevent the ADF from invading the major town of Fort Portal and taking over a prison in Western Uganda.
Troops from Rwanda and Uganda plundered the country's rich mineral deposits and timber. The United States responded to the invasion by suspending all military aid to Uganda, a disappointment to the Clinton administration, which had hoped to make Uganda the centrepiece of the African Crisis Response Initiative. In 2000, Rwandan and Ugandan troops exchanged fire on three occasions in the Congolese city of Kisangani, leading to tensions and a deterioration in relations between Kagame and Museveni. The Ugandan government has also been criticised for aggravating the Ituri conflict, a sub-conflict of the Second Congo War. In December 2005, the International Court of Justice ruled that Uganda must pay compensation to the Democratic Republic of the Congo for human rights violations during the Second Congo War.[34]
In the north, Uganda had supported Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in the Second Sudanese Civil War against the government in Khartoum even before Museveni's rise. The continued support for the SPLA, led by Museveni's old acquaintance John Garang, led Sudan to support the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and other anti-Museveni rebel groups in the mid-1990s. The resulting insecurity and conflicts have caused widespread human displacement, death and destruction in southern Sudan and northern Uganda. Subsequent warming of relations with Sudan led to a pledge to stop supporting hostile proxy forces (from both sides) and the granting of approval to the UPDF to attack the LRA within Sudan itself.
A second term (2001–2006)[link]
2001 elections[link]
In 2001 Museveni won the presidential elections by a substantial majority, with his former friend and personal physician Kizza Besigye as the only real challenger. In a populist publicity stunt, a pentagenarian Museveni travelled on a bodaboda motorcycle taxi to submit his nomination form for the election. Bodaboda is a cheap and somewhat dangerous (by western standards) method of transporting passengers around towns and villages in East Africa.[35]
There was much recrimination and bitterness during the 2001 presidential elections campaign, and incidents of violence occurred following the announcement of the results – which were won by Museveni. Besigye challenged the election results in the Supreme Court of Uganda. Two of the five judges concluded that there were such illegalities in the elections, and that the results should be rejected. The other three judges decided that the illegalities did not affect the result of the election in a substantial manner, but stated that "there was evidence that in a significant number of polling stations there was cheating" and that in some areas of the country, "the principle of free and fair election was compromised."[36] Besigye was briefly detained and questioned by the police, allegedly in connection with the offense of treason. In September he fled to the USA claiming his life was in danger.
Political pluralism and constitutional change[link]
After the elections, political forces allied to Museveni began a campaign to loosen constitutional limits on the presidential term, allowing him to stand for election again in 2006. The 1995 Ugandan constitution provided for a two-term limit on the tenure of the president. Given Uganda's history of dictatorial regimes, this check and balance was designed to prevent a dangerous centralisation of power around a long-serving leader. This period witnessed the removal of key and influential Museveni supporters from his administration, including his childhood friend Eriya Kategaya and cabinet minister Jaberi Bidandi Ssali.
Moves to alter the constitution and alleged attempts to suppress opposition political forces have attracted criticism from domestic commentators, the international community and Uganda's aid donors. In a press release, the main opposition party, the Forum for Democratic Change (FDC), accused Museveni of engaging in a "life presidency project", and for bribing members of parliament to vote against constitutional amendments, FDC leaders claimed:
- The country is polarized with many Ugandans objecting to [the constitutional amendments]. If Parliament goes ahead and removes term limits this may cause serious unrest, political strife and may lead to turmoil both through the transition period and there after ... We would therefore like to appeal to President Museveni to respect himself, the people who elected him and the Constitution under which he was voted President in 2001 when he promised the country and the world at large to hand over power peacefully and in an orderly manner at the end of his second and last term. Otherwise his insistence to stand again will expose him as a consummate liar and the biggest political fraudster this country has ever known.[37]
As observed by some political commentators, including Wafula Oguttu, Museveni had previously stated that he considered the idea of clinging to office for "15 or more" years ill-advised.[38] Comments by the Irish anti-poverty campaigner Bob Geldof sparked a protest by Museveni supporters outside the British High Commission in Kampala. "Get a grip Museveni. Your time is up, go away," said the former rock star in March 2005, explaining that moves to change the constitution were compromising Museveni's record against fighting poverty and HIV/AIDS.[39] In an opinion article in the Boston Globe and in a speech delivered at the Wilson Center, former U.S. Ambassador to Uganda Johnnie Carson heaped more criticism on Museveni. Despite recognising the president as a "genuine reformer" whose "leadership [has] led to stability and growth", Carson also said, "we may be looking at another Mugabe and Zimbabwe in the making".[40] "Many observers see Museveni's efforts to amend the constitution as a re-run of a common problem that afflicts many African leaders – an unwillingness to follow constitutional norms and give up power".[41]
File:GadoMuseveni.png
Satirical cartoon commenting on attempts to change the constitution. The Movement is depicted here as a puppet controlled by Museveni, writing "third term" into the Ugandan constitution.
In July 2005, Norway became the third European country in as many months to announce symbolic cutbacks in foreign aid to Uganda in response to political leadership in the country. The UK and Ireland made similar moves in May. "Our foreign ministry wanted to highlight two issues: the changing of the constitution to lift term limits, and problems with opening the political space, human rights and corruption", said Norwegian Ambassador Tore Gjos.[42] Of particular significance was the arrest of two opposition MPs from the Forum for Democratic Change. Human rights campaigners charged that the arrests were politically motivated. Human Rights Watch stated that "the arrest of these opposition MPs smacks of political opportunism".[43] A confidential World Bank report leaked in May suggested that the international lender might cut its support to non-humanitarian programmes in the Uganda. "We regret that we cannot be more positive about the present political situation in Uganda, especially given the country's admirable record through the late 1990s", said the paper. "The Government has largely failed to integrate the country's diverse peoples into a single political process that is viable over the long term...Perhaps most significant, the political trend-lines, as a result of the President's apparent determination to press for a third term, point downward."[44]
Museveni responded to the mounting international pressure by accusing donors of interfering with domestic politics and using aid to manipulate poor countries. "Let the partners give advice and leave it to the country to decide ... [developed] countries must get out of the habit of trying to use aid to dictate the management of our countries."[45] "The problem with those people is not the third term or fighting corruption or multipartism," added Museveni at a meeting with other African leaders, "the problem is that they want to keep us there without growing.".[46]
File:MuseveniStraw.jpg
Museveni meeting British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw in January 2004.
In July 2005, a constitutional referendum lifted a 19-year restriction on the activities of political parties. In the non-party "Movement system" (so called "the movement") instituted by Museveni in 1986, parties continued to exist, but candidates were required to stand for election as individuals rather than representative of any political grouping. This measure was ostensibly designed to reduce ethnic divisions, although many observers have subsequently claimed that the system had become nothing more than a restriction on opposition activity. Prior to the vote, the Forum for Democratic Change (FDC) spokesperson stated "Key sectors of the economy are headed by people from the president's home area... We have got the most sectarian regime in the history of the country in spite the fact that there are no parties."[47] Many Ugandans saw Museveni's conversion to political pluralism as a concession to donors – aimed at softening the blow when he announces he wants to stay on for a third term.[48] Opposition MP Omara Atubo has said Museveni's desire for change was merely "a facade behind which he is trying to hide ambitions to rule for life".[49]
Death of an ally[link]
On 30 July 2005, Sudanese vice-president John Garang was killed when the Ugandan presidential helicopter crashed while he was travelling to Sudan from talks in Uganda. The incident was acutely embarrassing for the Ugandan government and a personal blow for Museveni – Garang had been a political ally since their days together at university. Garang had only been Sudanese vice-president for a matter of weeks before his death, which damaged hopes of a regional order based on a Uganda-South Sudan alliance.
Widespread speculation as to the cause of the crash led Museveni, on 10 August, to threaten the closure of media outlets which published "conspiracy theories" about Garang's death. In a statement, Museveni claimed such speculation was a threat to national security. "I will no longer tolerate a newspaper which is like a vulture. Any newspaper that plays around with regional security, I will not tolerate it – I will close it."[50] The following day, popular radio station KFM had its license withdrawn for broadcasting a debate on Garang's death. Radio presenter Andrew Mwenda was eventually arrested for sedition in connection with comments made on his KFM talk show.[51]
February 2006 elections[link]
Main article: Ugandan general election, 2006
On 17 November 2005, Museveni was chosen as NRMs presidential candidate for the February 2006 elections. His candidacy for a further third term sparked criticism, as he had promised in 2001 that he was contesting for the last term. The arrest of the main opposition leader Kizza Besigye on 14 November – charged with treason, concealment of treason and rape – sparked demonstrations and riots in Kampala and other towns. Museveni's bid for a third term, the arrest of Besigye, and the besiegement of the High Court during a hearing of Besigye's case (by a heavily armed Military Intelligence (CMI) group dubbed by the press as "Black Mambas Urban Hit Squad"), led Sweden, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom to withhold economic support to Museveni's government due to concerns about the country's democratic development. On 2 January 2006 Besigye was released after the High Court ordered his immediate release.[52][53][54][55]
The 23 February 2006 elections were Uganda's first multi-party elections in 25 years, and was seen as a test of its democratic credentials. Although Museveni did less well than in the previous election, he was elected for another five-year tenure, having won 59% of the vote against Besigye's 37%. Besigye, who alleged fraud, rejected the result. The Supreme Court of Uganda later ruled that the election was marred by intimidation, violence, voter disenfranchisement, and other irregularities. However, the Court voted 4-3 to uphold the results of the election.[56]
Third term (2006–2011)[link]
In 2007, Museveni deployed troops to the African Union's peacekeeping operation in Somalia.
Another significant issue in Museveni's third term is his decision to open the Mabira Forest to sugarcane planting. While Museveni argues that new plantations are important for Uganda's economic development, environmental activists worry about the loss of ecosystems and biodiversity that will result. This suggestion led to a riot in 2007 that claimed two lives.
Also in this term Museveni held meetings with investors that included Wisdek, to promote Uganda's call centre and outsourcing industry and create employment to the country.[57]
September 2009 riots[link]
In September 2009 Museveni refused Kabaka Muwenda Mutebi, the Baganda King, permission to visit some areas of Buganda Kingdom, particularly the Kayunga district. Riots occurred and over 40 people were killed while others remain imprisoned to this date.
Fundamentalist Christianity[link]
In 2009, many news sources reported on Jeff Sharlet's investigation regarding ties between Museveni and the American fundamentalist Christian organization The Fellowship (also known as "The Family").[58][59] Sharlet reports that Douglas Coe, leader of The Fellowship, identified Museveni as the organization's "key man in Africa."[59] Further international scrutiny accompanied the 2009 Ugandan efforts to institute the death penalty for homosexuality, with leaders from Canada, the UK, the US, and France expressing concerns for human rights.[60][61] British newspaper The Guardian reported that President Museveni "appeared to add his backing" to the legislative effort by, among other things, claiming "European homosexuals are recruiting in Africa", and saying gay relationships were against God's will.[62] The 2009 effort for harsher penalties for homosexual behavior further strengthens existing laws criminalizing homosexuality.
Fourth term (2011–)[link]
Main article: Ugandan general election, 2011
Museveni was re-elected on 20 February 2011 with a 68% majority with 59% of registered voters having voted. The election results were disputed by both the European Union and the opposition. "The electoral process was marred with avoidable administrative and logistical failures", according to the European Union election observer team.[63][64]
Following the fall of Egypt's Hosni Mubarak and Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, the reelection of Museveni means he is the fifth longest serving African leader.[65]
In October 2011, the annual inflation rate reached 30.5%, principally due to food and fuel increases.[66] Earlier in 2011, opposition leader Kizza Besigye staged "Walk to Work" protests against the high cost of living. On 28 April 2011, Besigye was arrested because Museveni said Besigye had attacked first, a charge he denied.[67] Besigye's arrest led to more riots in Kampala.[68] Besigye promised that "peaceful demonstrations" would continue. The government's response to the riots has been condemned by donor nations.[69]
See also[link]
- Uganda
- Uganda since 1979, part of the History of Uganda series.
- President of Uganda
- Politics of Uganda
- Political parties of Uganda
- Tokyo International Conference on African Development
References[link]
 |
Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. (March 2010) |
- ^ [1]
- ^ Sources are divided on Museveni's exact year and place of birth. While the year of 1938 is the most prominent in discourse on Museveni (Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopedia.com[dead link], Encarta and Columbia Encyclopedia), 1945 or 1946 have also been suggested as possible years of birth (Oloka-Onyango 2003 Project MUSE).
- ^ "Declining HIV Prevalence, Behavior Change, and the National Response", Janice A. Hogle, US Agency for International Development, September 2002
- ^ Different biographical sources will commonly list various birthplaces for Museveni due to reorganization of districts in Uganda, Conspiracy theorists also claim that He is a Tutsi From the Republic of Rwanda. In 1944, there were four provinces one of which was Western, encompassing Museveni's birthplace. By 1966, there were 19 administrative divisions, including the Ankole kingdom. In 1976, the districts became provinces. Southern province encompassed both Ankole and Kigezi and had Mbarara as a capital. In 1989, the 10 provinces were reorganized into 33 districts, one of which was Mbarara, and in 1994 the district of Ntungamo was formed from parts of Mbarara and Bushenyi. Museveni's birthplace has fallen, at various times, in administrative regions known as Western, Ankole, Southern, Mbarara and Ntungamo, without any contradiction. The article is reflecting the most recent region, Ntungamo. (Source: Statoids). The following sources are up to date in the respect that they give Museveni's birthplace as Ntungamo: Encyclopedia.com[dead link], Encarta, Norwegian Council for Africa and Columbia Encyclopedia.
- ^ "New-Breed Leadership, Conflict, and Reconstruction in the Great Lakes Region of Africa: A Sociopolitical Biography of Uganda's Yoweri Kaguta Museveni", Joseph Oloka-Onyango, Africa Today - Volume 50, Number 3, Spring 2004, pp. 29–52
- ^ "Mutebi's Exit, And The Tale Of Kaguta's Clan"[dead link], Charles Onyango-Obbo, The Monitor, 25 August 1999
- ^ "Fanon's Theory on Violence: Its Verification in Liberated Mozambique", Yoweri Museveni, from Essays on the Liberation of Southern Africa, ed. Nathan Shamuyarira (Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House) 1971, pp. 1–24[dead link]
- ^ Self-Determination Conflict Profile: Uganda, J. Clark[dead link]; and Causes and consequences of the war in Acholiland, O. Otunnu, Accord magazine, 2002
- ^ Chronology, from "Protracted conflict, elusive peace - Initiatives to end the violence in northern Uganda", ed. Okello Lucima, Accord issue 11, Conciliation Resources, 2002
- ^ ibid.
- ^ "Causes and consequences of the war in Acholiland", Ogenga Otunnu, from Lucima et al., 2002
- ^ "Profiles of the parties to the conflict", Balam Nyeko and Okello Lucima, from Lucima et al., 2002
- ^ CIA Factbook - Uganda
- ^ Uganda, 1979–85: Leadership in Transition, Jimmy K. Tindigarukayo, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 26, No. 4. (Dec., 1988), pp. 619. (JSTOR)
- ^ a b "Kampala troops flee guerrilla attacks", The Times, 23 January 1986
- ^ "Troops from Zaire step up Uganda civil war", The Guardian, 21 January 1986
- ^ "Museveni sworn in as President", The Times, 30 January 1986
- ^ "UGANDA: Profile of Yoweri Kaguta Museveni". IRIN. 15 February 2006. http://www.irinnews.org/Report/58146/UGANDA-Profile-of-Yoweri-Kaguta-Museveni. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^ "Structural Adjustment in Uganda"
- ^ "Africa’s child soldiers", Daily Times, 30 May 2002
- ^ "Uganda: A Killer Before She Was Nine", Sunday Times, 15 December 2002
- ^ Uganda:Breaking the Circle", Amnesty International, 17 March 1999
- ^ "Uganda's first Batwa pygmy graduate", BBC, October 29, 2010
- ^ Leone, Daniel A., ed. Responding to the AIDS Epidemics. Farmington Hills: Greenhaven press, 2008.
- ^ "Uganda: Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC)", World Bank
- ^ "Gender implications for opening up political parties in Uganda", Dr. Sylvia Tamale, Faculty of Law, Makerere University, from the Women of Uganda Network
- ^ Uganda Leader Stands Tall in New African Order, James C. McKinley, New York Times, 15 June 1997
- ^ "Albright in Africa: The Embraceable Regimes?". The New York Times. 1997-12-16. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05EED6143FF935A25751C1A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
- ^ "Explaining Ugandan intervention in Congo: evidence and interpretations", John F. Clark, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 39, pp. 267–268, 2001 (Cambridge Journals)
- ^ ibid. pp. 262–263 (Cambridge Journals)
- ^ "Uganda and Rwanda: friends or enemies?", International Crisis Group, Africa Report No. 14, 4 May 2000
- ^ New Vision, 26 and 28 August 1998
- ^ "L'Ouganda et les guerres Congolaises", Politique Africaine, 75: 43–59, 1999
- ^ "Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda)"[dead link], ICJ Press Release, 19 December 2005
- ^ "'Boda-boda' men keep Museveni in driving seat", Telegraph, 13 August 2005
- ^ "State of Pain:Torture in Uganda" - Part III, Human Rights Watch
- ^ "Press release: FDC Position on amending article 105(2) of the constitution", Forum for Democratic Change, 27 June 2005
- ^ "The Travails and Antics of Africa's "Big Men" - How Power Has Corrupted African Leaders", Wafula Okumu, The Perspective, 11 April 2002
- ^ "Ugandans march against Bob Geldof", BBC News, 22 March 2005
- ^ "Uganda: An African Success Turning Sour", Johnnie Carson, speech delivered at the Wilson Center, 2 June 2005
- ^ "A threat to Africa's success story", Johnnie Carson, Boston Globe, 1 May 2005
- ^ "Norway cuts aid to Uganda over political concerns", Reuters, 19 July 2005
- ^ "Uganda: Key Opposition MPs Arrested", Human Rights Watch, 27 April 2005
- ^ "World Bank may cut aid", Paul Busharizi, New Vision, 17 May 2005
- ^ "Museveni advises donors", New Vision, 27 May 2005
- ^ "Donors Fear Me, Says Museveni", Frank Nyakairu, The Monitor, 26 May 2005
- ^ Uganda: Nation decides on political parties, UNOCHA-IRIN, 27 July 2005
- ^ "Uganda backs return to multiparty politics", Reuters, 30 July 2005
- ^ "Referendum ends 20-year ban on political parties", Reuters, 1 August 2005
- ^ "Museveni warns press over Garang", BBC, 10 August 2005
- ^ "Banned Ugandan radio back on air", BBC, 19 August 2005
- ^ "Uganda riots over treason charge", BBC, 14 November 2005
- ^ "Col Besigye Case Opens", New Vision, 16 November 2005
- ^ "Sweden withholds Uganda aid due to democracy worry"[dead link], Reuters, 19 December 2005
- ^ "Netherlands withholds 6 mln euros aid to Uganda", Reuters, 30 November 2005
- ^ "Uganda's Museveni wins election", BBC, 25 February 2006
- ^ "President Receives Call Centre Investors Says Project Will Create Employment, State House of the republic of Uganda, 8 October 2010.
- ^ [2], Rachel Maddow Show transcript, 30 November 2009.
- ^ a b "The Secret Political Reach of 'The Family'", NPR Fresh Air transcript, 24 November 2009.
- ^ "Harper lobbies Uganda on anti-gay bill", The Globe and Mail (Toronto), 29 November 2009.
- ^ "British PM against anti-gay legislation", Monitor Online, 29 November 2009
- ^ "Uganda considers death sentence for gay sex in bill before parliament", Guardian, 29 November 2009.
- ^ Kron, Josh (20 February 2011). "President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda Easily Wins Election". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/21/world/africa/21uganda.html.
- ^ "Uganda's Museveni wins disputed presidential vote". Reuters. 20 February 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/20/us-uganda-election-idUSTRE71J1XL20110220.
- ^ "Who among the seven longest serving African leaders will be deposed next?". Reuters. 21 October 2011. http://blogs.reuters.com/africanews/2011/10/21/who-among-the-seven-longest-serving-african-leaders-will-be-deposed-next/.
- ^ "Ugandan Inflation Rate Climbs to 18-Year High on Food, Fuel". Business Week. 31 October 2011. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-10-31/ugandan-inflation-rate-climbs-to-18-year-high-on-food-fuel.html.
- ^ "Uganda: Besigye vows protests will continue". BBC. 1 May 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13255025.
- ^ "Ugandans Riot over Kizza Besigye's arrest". BBC. 30 April 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13237058.
- ^ "Deadly Crackdown on Uganda's Walk-to-Work Protests". Time. 23 April 2011. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2067136,00.html.
Further reading[link]
- Books
- Museveni, Yoweri. Sowing the Mustard Seed: The Struggle for Freedom and Democracy in Uganda, Macmillan Education, 1997, ISBN 0-333-64234-1.
- Museveni, Yoweri. What Is Africa's Problem?, University of Minnesota Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8166-3278-2
- Ondoga Ori Amaza, Museveni's Long March from Guerrilla to Statesman, Fountain Publishers, ISBN 9970-02-135-4
- Tripp, Aili Mari, Museveni's Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime, Lynne Rienner Publishers, ISBN 978-1-58826-707-8
- Academic papers
- Uganda, 1979–85: Leadership in Transition, Jimmy K. Tindigarukayo, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 26, No. 4. (Dec., 1988), pp. 607–622. (JSTOR)
- Neutralising the Use of Force in Uganda: The Role of the Military in Politics, E. A. Brett, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1. (Mar., 1995), pp. 129–152. (JSTOR)
- Called to Account: How African Governments Investigate Human Rights Violations, Richard Carver, African Affairs, Vol. 89, No. 356. (Jul., 1990), pp. 391–415. (JSTOR)
- Uganda after Amin: The Continuing Search for Leadership and Control, Cherry Gertzel, African Affairs, Vol. 79, No. 317. (Oct., 1980), pp. 461–489. (JSTOR)
- Social Disorganisation in Uganda: Before, during, and after Amin, Aidan Southall, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4. (Dec., 1980), pp. 627–656. (JSTOR)
- Ugandan Relations with Western Donors in the 1990s: What Impact on Democratisation?, Ellen Hauser, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 37, No. 4. (Dec., 1999), pp. 621–641. (JSTOR)
- Reading Museveni: Structure, Agency and Pedagogy in Ugandan Politics, Ronald Kassimir, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 2/3, Special Issue: French-Speaking Central Africa: Political Dynamics of Identities and Representations. (1999), pp. 649–673. (JSTOR)
- Uganda: The Making of a Constitution, Charles Cullimore, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 32, No. 4. (Dec., 1994), pp. 707–711. (JSTOR)
- Uganda's Domestic and Regional Security since the 1970s, Gilbert M. Khadiagala, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2. (Jun., 1993), pp. 231–255. (JSTOR)
- Exile, Reform, and the Rise of the Rwandan Patriotic Front, Wm. Cyrus Reed, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3. (Sep., 1996), pp. 479–501. (JSTOR)
- Operationalising Pro-Poor Growth, A Country Case Study on Uganda, John A. Okidi, Sarah Ssewanyana, Lawrence Bategeka, Fred Muhumuza, October 2004
- "New-Breed" Leadership, Conflict, and Reconstruction in the Great Lakes Region of Africa: A Sociopolitical Biography of Uganda's Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, Joseph Oloka-Onyango, Africa Today - Volume 50, Number 3, Spring 2004, pp. 29–52 (Project MUSE)
- "No-Party Democracy" in Uganda, Nelson Kasfir, Journal of Democracy - Volume 9, Number 2, April 1998, pp. 49–63 (Project MUSE)
- "Explaining Ugandan intervention in Congo: evidence and interpretations", John F. Clark, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 39: 261–287, 2001 (Cambridge Journals)
- "Uganda's 'Benevolent' Dictatorship"[dead link], J. Oloka-Onyango, University of Dayton website
- "The Uganda Presidential and Parliamentary Elections 1996", James Katorobo, No. 17, Les Cahiers d'Afrique de l'est
- "Hostile to Democracy: The Movement System and Political Repression in Uganda", Peter Bouckaert, Human Rights Watch, 1 October 1999
- [3] "Uganda: From one party to multi-party and beyond", Ronald Elly Wanda, The Norwegian Council for Africa, October 2005.
- Protracted conflict, elusive peace - Initiatives to end the violence in northern Uganda, editor Okello Lucima, Accord issue 11, Conciliation Resources, 2002
- Profiles of the parties to the conflict, Balam Nyeko and Okello Lucima
- Reaching the 1985 Nairobi Agreement, Bethuel Kiplagat
External links[link]
 |
Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Yoweri Museveni |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Yoweri Museveni |
- Presidency State House Official Website
- Official website - www.museveni.co.ug
- Museveni profile on NNDB
- Is Museveni a Revolutionary Or Mercenary? by Sam Mugumya, April 15, 2009
- The War in the Bush, GlobalSecurity.org
- Elections in Uganda, African Elections Database
- Third term bid irks donors, News from Africa, 12 May 2005
- Human Rights Watch
- Press Freedom in Uganda
- Profile: President Yoweri Museveni, BBC News, 1 March 2001
- In Uganda, when does brash talk radio become sedition?, Christian Science Monitor, 23 August 2005
- Buganda and Uganda news website
- Interviews
|
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- A Conversation with Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, Council on Foreign Relations, 21 September 2005
- Murray Oliver CTV interview (related article), August 2002
- IRIN interview, 9 June 2005
- BBC Talking Point, July 2005
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Unknown |
Minister of Defence 1979 |
Succeeded by Godfrey Binaisa |
| Preceded by Unknown |
Minister for Regional Cooperation 1979–1980 |
Succeeded by Unknown |
| Preceded by Office created |
Presidential Commission Vice-Chairman 1980 |
Succeeded by Office abolished |
| Preceded by Tito Okello |
President of Uganda 1986–present |
Incumbent |
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by Tito Okello |
Commander in Chief of Ugandan Army First NRA then renamed UPDF 1986–present |
Incumbent |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by Lawrence Gonzi |
Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office 2007 –2009 |
Succeeded by Patrick Manning |
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Musevini, Yoweri Kaguta |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | President of Uganda |
| Date of birth | circa 1944 |
| Place of birth | Ntungamo District, Uganda |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Yoweri_Museveni
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Yoweri Museveni
http://cs.wn.com/Yoweri Museveni
http://id.wn.com/Yoweri Museveni
http://es.wn.com/Yoweri Museveni
http://ru.wn.com/Мусевени, Йовери Кагута
http://pt.wn.com/Yoweri Museveni
http://pl.wn.com/Yoweri Museveni
http://fr.wn.com/Yoweri Museveni
http://de.wn.com/Yoweri Museveni
http://nl.wn.com/Yoweri Museveni
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (May 2008) |
|
|
This article's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points. (December 2009) |
| Meles Zenawi መለስ ዜናዊ |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Meles Zenawi at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012 | |
| Prime Minister of Ethiopia | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 23 August 1995 |
|
| President | Negasso Gidada Girma Wolde-Giorgis |
| Preceded by | Tamirat Layne |
| President of Ethiopia | |
| In office 28 May 1991 – 22 August 1995 |
|
| Prime Minister | Tesfaye Dinka Tamirat Layne |
| Preceded by | Tesfaye Gebre Kidan (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Negasso Gidada |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1955-05-08) 8 May 1955 (age 57) Adwa, Ethiopia |
| Political party | Tigrayan People's Liberation Front Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front |
| Spouse(s) | Azeb Mesfin |
| Alma mater | Open University Erasmus University Rotterdam |
| Religion | Ethiopian Orthodoxy |
 |
This article contains Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ethiopic characters. |
Meles Zenawi Asres (Ge'ez: መለስ ዜናዊ አስረስ Mäläs Zenawi Äsräs; born 8 May 1955) has been the Prime Minister of Ethiopia since 1995. He was President of Ethiopia from 1991 to 1995. Since 1985, he has been chairman of the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front (TPLF), and he is head of the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF).
Contents
|
Background[link]
Meles was born in Adwa, Tigray in Northern Ethiopia, to an Ethiopian father from Adwa, Ethiopia, and a mother from Adi Quala, Eritrea.[1] He graduated from the General Wingate high school in Addis Ababa, then studied medicine at Addis Ababa University (at the time known as Haile Selassie University) for two years before interrupting his studies in 1975 to join the TPLF.[2] While a member of the TPLF, he founded the Marxist-Leninist League of Tigray. His first name at birth was "Legesse" (thus Legesse Zenawi, Ge'ez: ለገሰ ዜናዊ legesse zēnāwī) but he is better known by his nom de guerre Meles. He later changed his first name to "Meles" in honor of a University student and a revolutionary radical who was executed by the previous government in 1975.[3]
The TPLF was one of many armed groups struggling against Lieutenant Colonel Mengistu Hailemariam. Zenawi was elected Leader of the Leadership Committee in 1979 and Leader of the Executive Committee in 1983. He has been the chairperson of both the TPLF and the EPRDF since the EPRDF assumed power at the end of the Ethiopian Civil War in 1991. He was president of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE), during which Eritrea seceded from the country and the experiment of ethnic federalism started.
Education and personal life[link]
Meles Zenawi acquired an MBA (Master of Business Administration) from the Open University of the United Kingdom in 1995 and an MSc. (Masters of Science) in Economics from the Erasmus University of the Netherlands in 2004.[4] In July 2002 Meles received an honorary doctoral degree in political science from the Hannam University in South Korea.[5]
Meles Zenawi is married to Azeb Mesfin and is the father of three children. Azeb Mesfin is now the chair of the Social Affairs Standing Committee of Parliament, and in January 2007, she was given the "Legacy of a Dream" award for her leadership against HIV/AIDS during a ceremony held in memory of America's civil rights activist Dr. Martin Luther King.[6] In addition, Azeb Mesfin and various government agencies have addressed child mortality issues in Ethiopia. According to UNICEF, the child mortality rate in Ethiopia has declined by 40% since the current ruling party took office.[7]
Prime Minister of Ethiopia[link]
Meles Zenawi thinks EPRDF's victory is[weasel words] a triumph for the thousands of TPLF-fighters who were killed, for the millions of Ethiopians who were victims of the country's biggest famine during the Derg regime when some estimates put up to 1.5 million deaths of Ethiopians from famine and the Red Terror. Accordingly, the big support it received from peasants and rural areas helped EPRDF maintain peace and stability. Foreign support was diverse; the Arab League, as well as Western nations, supported the EPRDF rebels against the communist Moscow-supported government (although the TPLF was at the time Marxist) at the height of the Cold War.
"What the implications of this will be in terms of relations between Ethiopia and the European Union, we will have to wait and see but I don't think you will be surprised if Ethiopia were to insist that it should not be patronised.”[8]
The United States helped the EPRDF rebels to get power in Ethiopia and many angry demonstrators in Addis Ababa protested against Herman Cohen, the U.S. State Department's chief of African affairs who attended a conference that demonstrators viewed as legitimizing the EPRDF. A New York Times editorial commented in 1991,
- Demonstrators cursing the Americans ignore two realities. The cold war is over in Africa, and Ethiopia is no longer a focus of superpower rivalry. Otherwise it would have been unthinkable for four contending Marxist groups to turn to Washington for help. The other reality is that Mr. Cohen cannot undo at the conference table what has happened on the battlefield[9]
Even though EPRDF's success was welcomed as a relief from DERG strong anti-EPRDF sentiments were present in many areas and strongly visible in Addis Ababa. These were just the beginning of the opposition to Meles Zenawi's EPRDF party after it gained power and more strong opposition followed. Addis Ababa has since been the center of peaceful opposition to the EPRDF, while the eastern Somali Region has been the most active region for armed opposition.
Following the defeat and exile of Mengistu Haile Mariam in 1991, the July Convention of Nationalities was held. It was the first Ethiopian multinational convention where delegates of various nations and organizations were given fair and equal representation and observed by various international organizations including the United Nations, Organization for African Unity, European Economic Community, and the United States and the United Kingdom.
Of the 24 groups, the ones with the largest delegations at the Convention were the EPRDF (32), the Oromo Liberation Front (12), Afar Liberation Front (3), the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia (3), and the Western Somali Liberation Front (3). Near the end of the year, Meles Zenawi became the President of the TGE, and following the first elections in 1995 1995 Meles was elected as Prime Minister and Dr. Negasso Gidada as President. International Election Observers concluded that had opposition parties contested, they could have won seats.
In the 2000 general elections, Meles was again elected Prime Minister, and his ruling EPRDF party shared parliament seats with the opposition party United Ethiopian Democratic Forces (UEDF). According to observers organized by Ethiopian Human Rights Council, local U.N. staff, diplomatic missions, political parties, and domestic non-governmental organizations, both the general and the regional elections that year were generally free and fair in most areas; however, serious election irregularities occurred in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region (SNNPR), particularly in the Hadiya Zone.[10]
Meles encountered his first real challenge in the 2005 elections. His party was declared winner and kept his prime minister seat for another term, although the major opposition groups (the Coalition for Unity and Democracy (CUD), UEDF, and the Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement) gained a number of seats in the national parliament. More than 30 other political parties participated in the election.[11] These elections have been the most contested and the most controversial in Ethiopia's short democratic history, with some opposition parties arguing that the election was stolen by the ruling party. Allegations of fraud were especially strong in the rural areas, as the opposition parties won in most urban areas, whereas the EPRDF won mostly in rural districts.
The aftermath of the election led to riots and demonstrations against the results, particularly in the capital, which had to be stopped by peace officers. Some opposition parties blamed the government for the violence, even though they were tried and convicted in the court of the countries law. At the end of the demonstration, along with seven police officers 193 citizens were killed and 763 civilians wounded.[12][13] Tens of thousands of Ethiopians were also jailed. Many protesters and around 75 police officers were injured.[14] This led to many rounds of accusations between the government and the protesters where the Information Minister Berhan Hailu said the government was "sorry and sad", but blamed the violence on the CUD.[15] The opposition parties have continuously accused the government of a massacre. EU election observers concluded the election failed to meet international standards for free and fair elections while the Carter Center concluded the election was fair but with many irregularities and a lot of intimidation by both sides especially the government.[16][17] The Carter Center didn't publish its final report at the time. Meanwhile CUD opposition members continued to accuse the ruling party of fraud. However some accusations of fraud coming from opposition parties were very strange. For instance, a day before the final count of votes in Addis Ababa, the CUD opposition party accused the ruling party of fraud and decided not to accept the result in Addis Ababa. But it ended up that the CUD party was actually refusing its own victory, since the vote count showed that the CUD won 100% of the votes in Addis Ababa.[18] According to critics, this strange event led to speculations that the main opposition party, CUD, had already planned not to accept the result no matter what, in order to paint a bad image of Meles's ruling party and the elections and gain the support of the international community following the predestined failure of the election.[19]
In an interview, the United States AID director repeated that the Carter Center understood that the ruling party (EPRDF) won the election and most of his peers confirmed that as well. The USAID director also criticized some EU observers, accusing them of bias and favoring the opposition. He said some European observers practiced outside of their jobs and went "overboard in encouraging the opposition and making them think that somehow they had won the election."[20] He concluded that the American government never believed the opposition won the election.[21]
An inquiry into the violence found the property damage caused by the rioters and protesters in Addis Ababa and other cities totaled to 4.45 million Ethiopian Birr, including 190 damaged buses and 44 cars as police officers tried to restrain the rioters. The SBS journalist, Olivia Rousset, indicated that the government used too much force to subdue the rioters. She also said that "stone-throwing rioters" tried to take the guns from the security forces.[22] Some EU observers have also shown their discontent at the post-election violence, suggesting that the police response was disproportionate, and blamed the government. In a rare response, Meles Zenawi said that he was disappointed that "some people have misunderstood the nature of the problem and misinterpreted it." In its final report, the independent commission concluded that the aggressive steps taken by the police force were to "avoid large scale violence and to protect the constitution" and that the reason behind the riotings might have been the protestors' unfamiliarity with the "process of democratization" e.g., respecting election results. However, the commission also acknowledged that there were serious errors that needed to be addressed regarding the capabilities of the Ethiopian Security forces to control riots.[23] However, three members of the Inquiry Commission have defected and given their testimonies to members of the U.S. Congress and the International Media. The former Supreme Court Judge of the Southern Ethiopian nations and nationalities, Judge Frehiwot Samuel, who was also Chairman of the Inquiry Commission, and his Deputy, Judge Wolde-Michael Meshesha, have fled Ethiopia with a video and final report of the Commission’s findings that shows the commission deciding, through an eight to two vote, that the government had used excessive force and that there were grave human rights violations.[24] Some leaders, including the UK's Tony Blair, condemned the violence but repeated that Meles's ruling party "won the election."[25] Other European organizations also praised the election saying it was a "free and fair multi-party election."[26] So far, most of the US representatives have not changed their outlook and the US government supports the Ethiopian government in both military and aid assistance. Other analysts also described progress in Ethiopia's first multi-party parliament in history.[27]
Meanwhile many international media outlets continued to display the post-election bloodshed, followed by criticism of Meles's ruling party. At the same time, some people implied that opposition members were planning to use violence or provoke it as a means to gain power.[28] In fact, various events were said to show that many opposition supporters, even in universities, try to provoke the police hoping that the security forces will overreact and create chaos.[29] About the violence U.S. state department reports said some opposition supporters were engaged in a peaceful movement to "create greater democratic space" but some opposition supporters were "demonstrating to overthrow the government" and were engaged in "violent protests."[30][31] Other reaction to the election issue was condemnation of the EU election observers. An Irish committee said "the situation in Ethiopia had not been helped by inaccurate leaks from the EU election monitoring body which led the opposition to wrongly believe they had been cheated of victory."[32]
In early 2004 Meles Zenawi received medical treatment in the UK for an unspecified condition. Flanked by numerous UK police officers and diplomatic protection officers he was observed at the Parkside Hospital in southwest London, a private hospital staffed by numerous specialist consultants.
Domestic policy[link]
Structural reforms[link]
Economic structure[link]
The Ethiopian economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for about 45% of GDP and 85% of employment. Agricultural commodities also dominate the export sector, mainly coffee, qat, and hides and skins.
After the Meles Zenawi government gained power, major new players in the Ethiopian economy have been "endowment companies," as the ruling party calls them, commonly known as party companies. EFFORT, the biggest of all, is a conglomerate which is owned by Meles Zenawi's party, the TPLF. Some criticize this as the previous "government parastatals" during DERG regime being replaced by "party parastatals". In recent developments, Bloomberg reported that Guna Trading, owned by EFFORT,[33] plans to become one of the biggest coffee exporters.[34]
Land and agriculture[link]
Ethiopian agriculture is predominantly rain-fed subsistence agriculture, troubled by recurrent droughts. After Meles came to power in 1991, there were three major droughts in 1999/2000,[35] 2002/2003[36] and 2009/2010.[37]
The most significant reform regarding land use after Meles took power was the dissolution of the collective farms and redistribution of land at local levels. The demand for land ownership, expressed in the slogan "Land to the tiller," was central in toppling the feudal monarchy. The demand, however, was not fully answered. The new constitution, in Article 40, section 3, states that, "The right to own rural and urban land as well as natural resources belongs only to the state and the people".[38] The farmers have land use rights, but uncertain transfer rights. Starting in 2008, this land policy was set back after the government announced that it would begin leasing large areas of "empty" farm lands to foreign investors. Derided internationally as "land grabs,"[citation needed] these operations threaten some smallholders with the loss of their plots. Reporting on this issue, the New York Times, quoting an expert, wrote, "One thing that is very clear, that seems to have escaped the attention of most investors, is that this is not simply empty land"[39]
The government defends its land policy, given the common occurrences of natural disasters such as drought or bad weather. The argument is that had farmers been allowed to own land, they might have been forced to sell it during drought. To prevent this, the EPRDF government believes land ownership should not be privatized. Accordingly, the government states that it should focus on its agriculture sector while it is developing its industrial sector simultaneously, so that it can balance everything once the other sectors are developed and increase productivity. Government transformation of the construction sector, for example, led to a rare construction boom from the early 2000s until cement and other shortages caused it to slow down. The government believes privatization should be employed in the future but not presently. Knowing that constitutional change is required to privatize lands, the government assumed that it would hold a long-term super majority in parliament, to enable it to make the transition.
Since this approach to land ownership is unconventional (especially to western nations), and very controversial, opposition political parties have used this to their advantage during elections, arguing that land ownership has to be privatized. Yet the government seems unfaltering and states that flexibility is needed to address the lack of industrial development in the country despite accusations from the opposition.[40]
Multi-party system[link]
Meles Zenawi is the first leader in Ethiopia to develop a multi-party system (including an opposition) in parliament.[41] Though the country had its first national elections in 1995, a multi-party representative government was established in 2005, after the election of some candidates of the UEDF opposition party. Outspoken critics of the CUD included not only the top UEDF leaders, Dr. Merera Gudina and Dr. Beyene Petros, but also Bulcha Demeksa, Lidetu Ayalew, Hailu Shawel, Birtukan Mideksa, Temesgen Zewdie and Hailu Araya. Birtukan Mideksa was imprisoned at the start of 2009. Most opposition politicians are known for openly displaying deep anger for the ruling party's semblance of democracy, with some labeling Meles a "dictator" and others calling for his resignation.[42] After the disputed 2005 national elections, opposition party members, led by the CUD, UEDP-Medhin, UEDF and Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (OFDM), filled almost one third of the Ethiopian parliament seats.[43] Despite the fact that the Ethiopian constitution dictates a multi-party system, Meles Zenawi's full control of the military forces has promoted the reality of a single-party state.
Ethnic federalism[link]
The Meles Zenawi government created an ethnic-based federalism, which came under attack by some Ethiopians. Meles Zenawi's TPLF party believed that there was no choice—this was the only solution to the centuries-old oppression by centralist governments, and to domination of culture, language, politics and economy by one ethnic group, namely the Amhara. On the other hand, some parties like the OLF (Oromo Liberation Front), which was a partner in drafting the constitution, see Amhara and Tigrayan domination of the country. The aim of the government policy was to empower all ethnicities and develop their cultures and languages. Also it was widely seen as a solution to the demand of governance preferred by the ethnic-based liberation fronts and parties participating in the July Convention of Nationalities in 1991. In response to critics who say ethnic federalism can bring divisions, Meles Zenawi said this policy serves many interests, including equitable distribution of wealth and empowerment of ethnicities. He also said that since this was how the nationalities were before colonization, ethnicity was the language they understood best. He said the "ethnic basis of Ethiopia's democracy stemmed from the government's fight against poverty and the need for an equitable distribution of the nation's wealth: peasants must be enabled to make their own decisions in terms of their own culture. Power must be devolved to them in ways that they understand, and they understand ethnicity.... Other approaches to development had been hegemonic and exploitative and had led to internecine strife and civil war."
Meles Zenawi has claimed that there are two basic views about ethnic federalism: "if you think it is a threat, it will be; if you think it a benefit, then it will be." Making this statement, he concluded that "ethnicity will become less an issue as the economy grows and Ethiopia's process of assimilation does its job."[44]
Opposition to ethnic federalism[link]
Meles Zenawi's policy of ethnic federalism has been attacked by two groups of opposition parties. Pan-Ethiopian opposition parties like AEUP, UEDP-medhin and Andenet accuse Meles Zenawi of harming the stability and unity of Ethiopia by dividing the country on language lines. They express their fear for the future unity of the country, pointing out a rise in ethnic conflicts after the ethnic federalism policy introduced, whereas in the past Ethiopia's economic marginalization of groups or ethnicities was a cause of warfare in the country, as experts indicated.[45]
On the other hand, ethnic-based opposition parties like the OFDM, Oromo National Congress (renamed OPC) as well as armed groups like the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) and Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) accuse Meles Zenawi's government that the powers given to the regions by the constitution are only on paper. Recently Dr Merara Gudina (from ONC) said, "The only thing EPRDF’s federalism has achieved is that it helped the party hold a tight grip on the people through a divide-and-rule system"[46]
Most of the opposition on both sides want to change the existing ethnic-federal system if they gain power. Those who reject ethnic federalism propose that administrative regions should be carved out on consideration of more factors than language alone. On the other hand, armed groups who favor ethnic federalism want to apply Article 39 and declare full independence for their own ethnic regions like Eritrea did in 1993.
It is important to underline opposition from both sides which are legally registered, and participated in the disputed 2005 election, won considerable seats.
Equity and growth[link]
Throughout its operation, the government and the Prime Minister have advocated "pro-poor" domestic policies. According to World Bank's East African leadership, the Ethiopian government ranks number one in Africa on spending as a share of GDP going to pro-poor sectors.[47]
The administration has also created self-governing regional development organizations like Amhara Development Association,[48] Tigray Development Association,[49] Oromia Development Association and many others.[50]
Even though Meles Zenawi's administration inherited one of the worst, if not the lowest, economies in the world, the country's economy has been growing steadily since he took office. During the last three years, Ethiopia's GDP has shown a rate of growth of about 9 percent a year. The country was also in the top category for “policies of social inclusion and equity,” in the domain of “economic management,” and Ethiopia did exceptionally well in the domain of “structural policies” and “public sector management and institutions." Gross primary enrollment rates, a standard indicator of investment in the poor, went up to 93 percent in 2004 from 72 percent in 1990, contributing to a rise in literacy rates from 50 percent in 1997 to 65 percent in 2002.[51] Still some opposition parties in the Ethiopian parliament doubted the economic growth. During the House's 31st regular session where the parliament reserved its monthly "Opposition Day," some opposition MPs condemned the ruling party, pointing to double-digit inflation as a sign of the government's economic failures.[52] The African Development Bank and the Paris-based OECD Development Center stated that Ethiopia has become one of the fastest growing countries in Africa.[53]
Water[link]
One of the most important resources of the country, water (the Nile), has also been a focus of Meles's administration. Due to the potential conflict that can occur between Egypt and Ethiopia, Meles's EPRDF-led government has chosen to initiate and support programs that would benefit all sides in the use of the Nile. So far many small scale dams have been constructed in Ethiopia but large dams have been rare because of limited financial capabilities. Two of the big projects include the Tekeze hydro-electric power project in Tigray and the largest hydroelectric plant in Ethiopia located in Achefer Woreda of the Amhara State[54][55] Yet the building of the Tekeze power project has dominated the media since it was built in the Tigray region, the home state of Meles. The country is planning to export electricity to Sudan and Djibouti by 2010, and has currently began the newest project in western Ethiopia to construct Africa's biggest hydroelectric dam which is located on the Ethiopia-Sudan border.[56]
Freedom of religion[link]
Even though Muslims and Orthodox Christians lived together for many centuries, complete religious freedom was only formalized in 1991. Many of the pre-existing issues—dominance of the state religion to 1974, seizure of the church properties by the Mengistu regime, 1974–91, state-sponsored persecution of non-Orthodox Christians, second-class citizenship accorded to Ethiopian Muslims, landownership problems and similar issues for non-Orthodox believers—have subsided for the most part. Currently, there are between 12 and 15 million Protestant Christians, as well as other new non-Orthodox Christians. Even though there was one big religious war in Ethiopia many centuries ago, since then clashes have been very rare with the domination of the Orthodox. Most analysts say that since such equality and full religious freedom didn't exist before, the infrequent clashes might occur until the culture of tolerance grows between all old and new religions and denominations.
Private property of means of communication[link]
Meles Zenawi's administration was the first to introduce private press in Ethiopia.[57][58][59][60][61][62] However, he has been under fire often for imprisonment of journalists and lately[when?] for some website censorship.[63] The Meles government defends its action on the ground that the banned media outlets advocated "a certain population should be quarantined" and incited "violence among different ethnic groups in the country," including using hate-filled text messages on mobile phones asking people to attack ethnic groups.[64][65] Some sources blame certain websites and papers who have been caught inciting violence and asking for bombings on companies.[66] A couple of them have even been sued for provoking uprising.[67] Others claim that the supporters of the previous dictatorship government are trying to use the new opportunity to freely express themselves by defaming the current government officials.[68] But the government critics say that the ruling party is not willing to be criticised. Many reports of international organizations support their claim. Strong criticism came from the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). In its 2007 press freedom summary it wrote, "Ethiopia [is] the world's worst backslider on press freedom over the previous five years".[69][70] At the start of 2010, the Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that an Ethiopian journalist has been jailed for a year for criticising the prime minister Meles Zenawi.[71]
Because of pressure from the government, the number of private media outlets is significantly lower than before 2005. In addition, its composition is also changing. While previously most of the media were politically oriented, following the government crackdowns on media after 2005 election the number of political media is going down while entertainment and business media are on the rise. On the other hand, for what is believed to be the first time in Ethiopia's history, the government granted private commercial FM radio licenses, to two domestic pro-government operators.[72][73] As of 2009, there are over 56 radio stations in the country that are owned and operated by regional governments, community organisations, and private companies. The government has issued licenses for seven regional states' television transmissions agencies, but there are still no private broadcasters in the country.[74]
Language policy[link]
Meles Zenawi's government introduced a diverse but controversial policy of decentralization of the language system in Ethiopia. Most Ethiopians are taught using their mother tongue in primary schools and they are encouraged to develop their own language. Some critics have said that this policy harms the unity and national identity of the country, while others have supported and praised the policy. Currently, many regional states have their own official state language. For instance, Afaan Oromo is the official language of the Oromia regional state but Amharic is still the official language in the State of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples.[citation needed]
Other[link]
To bring order and transparency to the agricultural sector, the country started its first market exchange program and company, called the The Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX).[75] In April 2008, the country finalized the ECX, to, according to Meles Zenawi, "revolutionalize the country's backward and inefficient marketing system." [76]
Other than the dominant coffee industry, the government has made the floriculture industry another sector where Ethiopia can have comparative advantage. Various Kenyan investors have already moved to Ethiopia and the industry seems to be growing rapidly.[77][78] Flower growers from other countries were also said to be relocating to Ethiopia.[79] Ethiopia recently became Africa’s second largest flower exporter after Kenya, with its export earnings growing by 500 per cent over the past year.[80] According to the Oromia Investment Commission, foreign investors are taking advantage of the new favorable investment opportunity in the sugar sector, where recently $7.5 billion has been invested.[81] Ethiopia also depends on livestock exports as well. Issues relating to wildlife conservation have been tackled aggressively under Meles Zenawi. The World Wildlife Fund praised the Ethiopian government's progress, saying, "Ethiopia has set a fine example for other countries to emulate."[82]
Another issue promoted by Meles Zenawi has been economic development in "green fashion." Discussing during an annual meeting under the Clinton Global Initiative in September 2007, Meles debated with Tony Blair and other world leaders about global warming and trade.[83][84] According to Reuters,Meles stated the need for a cap and trade mechanism and for different strategies towards Africa, since it did not contribute as much towards global warming.[85]
A recent issue has been the shortage of cement to sustain the construction boom in the country. However, foreign and native investment, including the recent investment in a US$5 billion cement factory in Misraq Gojjam Zone of the Amhara Region, are an attempt to stabilize the situation.[86] Still the brief severe shortage that occurred in 2005 was blamed on Meles Zenawi's policies that were alleged to ignore urban development. Other recent development in the country included a first car factory in Ethiopia that assembles cars to sell for local- and export-markets, as well as cars that use liquefied petroleum gas, bus manufacturing in Mek'ele and taxi manufacturing in Modjo city, Oromia state.[87][88][89][90] The dramatic development of most sectors in Ethiopia–including textiles, leather, garments, agriculture, beverages, construction, and others–has caused Ethiopia to be labeled the "East African land of opportunity" by the World Investment News.[91]
Some economists state that Ethiopia's economic growth has come at the expense of inflation.[92] The World Bank, in Ethiopia's country profile in 2010, mentioned the underlying inflation threat that started in 2008 might continue.[93] Despite the inflation and differences in the rate of economic growth in reports among several international organizations, they continued to praise the economic growth. The African Development Bank claimed that Ethiopia "is registering a remarkable economic growth in recent years."[94] On top of that various social concerns exist and the Ethiopian section of VOA news on its Amharic language program has reported about problems facing farmers and growers who often get less profit due to the market exploitation of middlemen.
Education policies[link]
School expansion[link]
Since the 1990s Ethiopia has experienced more increase of schools and colleges despite still not covering all regions.[95][96] Millions of Ethiopian birr (ETB) continue to be spent on building educational institutions and many new schools have been constructed since Meles Zenawi took office. However, the government's focus on the agricultural sector has slowed the growth of jobs in the urban areas of Ethiopia, which is reflected in the anger of the urban population and its students as well as the landslide victory of opposition parties in these areas during the recent national election.[97] Statistics showed that in 1991 only 27 percent of Ethiopian children attended school, but in 2004 gross enrollment rate was up to 77 percent and it reached 85 percent in November 2006.[98]
As of 2005[update], there were 13,500 elementary schools and 550 secondary schools. A majority of them are newly constructed and the secondary schools are connected by satellite in a new programme called School-Net.[99]
More colleges and Universities have been constructed and/or expanded during the last few years than in whole history of Ethiopia. These colleges and Universities include Adama University (Oromia), an expansion of Nazreth technical college, Jimma University (started earlier), Mekelle University newly built under Meles, Debub University, an expansion of Awassa college, Bahir Dar (Amhara state) University, an expansion of a polytechnic college and teacher's college, and others.[99][100] Also most of the older colleges have added various new departments, including faculties of law, business, etc. Other new growing colleges include Jijiga (Somali state) University, institutions in Debre Markos, Semera (Afar), Aksum, Tepi, Nekemte (Oromia), Kombolcha (Amhara State), Dire Dawa and in Debre Birhan. Wollega University in the Oromia state is the most recently finished university in Ethiopia with various modern facilities, with 20 new fields of study[101] and the new Wolaita Soddo University started taking in students in February 2007.[102][103] Including the new Axum University, 12 new universities are starting operation in 2007[104] Other fairly new universities like Dilla University in the Gedeo Zone SNNP region launched new facilities, expanded laboratories for research, and initiated new post-graduate studies.[105][106]
In the last decade, more than 30 new private colleges & universities have been created, including Unity College. The University Capacity Building Program (UCBP) is a leading project in this sector.[107]
Women's rights[link]
The TPLF has associated itself with gender equality since the days of armed conflict, when, in the northern states, Tigrean and some Amhara women soldiers fought together with men against the Derg dictatorship. Meles Zenawi's administration, along with First Lady Azeb Mesfin, have strongly advocated for more equal rights and opportunities for women in Ethiopia. Despite the country having a rich history of respected queens and empresses, Meles inherited a national situation in which Ethiopian women did not have equality or basic rights. Since his administration began, there has been a steady growth of women's organizations, women activists and employment opportunities and a forum where women discuss backward cultural issues on national television.[108] In their long fight against destructive traditional practices, HIV transmission, early marriage, lack of legal rights for women, unfair public policies, job opportunity and other issues, various organizations continue to work with the government including the Ethiopian Women’s Lawyers Association (EWLA), Network of Ethiopian Women's Associations, the Ethiopia Media Women’s Association (MWA), the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), Women in Self Employment (WISE), the Ethiopian Medical Women's Association (EMWA), the Women’s Association of Tigray (WAT), the Kembatti Mentti Gezzima-tope (KMG), the Ethiopian Nurse Midwives Association (ENA) and others.[109] The Ethiopian leadership has made significant advances to protect women's rights in recent years. It has its first Minister of Women's Affairs and has overhauled legislation on rape, female genital mutilation, and other offences.[110]
Foreign policies[link]
Egypt[link]
Meles Zenawi, just like previous Ethiopian governments, wants Ethiopia to have a larger share of the Nile River. In order to end its decade-long dependency on foreign aid Ethiopia needs to develop its irrigation system. The country has already lost millions of people to poverty due to its inability to use the Nile water, 85% of which runs through Ethiopia.
Eritrea[link]
Although Meles Zenawi and his administration claim they preferred a united but federal nation that included the Eritrean state, since Zenawi's TPLF fought together with EPLF, Zenawi originally left the decision of independence to the Eritrean citizens. According to Time magazine's 1991 analyses, Zenawi and the TPLF endorsed the right of the Eritreans to their referendum but wanted a unified Ethiopia and so hoped that the vote, if held, would go against secession.[111]
However, after the EPLF secured their borders when Mengistu's regime fell, and after the majority of Eritreans voted for independence on 24 May 1993, Isaias Afewerki Isaias became the leader of Eritrea after it seceded from Ethiopia. Many people in Meles Zenawi's Ethiopian government and the opposition parties were angry over the decision to grant Eritrea its independence in 1993.[112]
Despite working together against the Derg regime, Meles and Issaias' positive relationship turned sour after Meles succumbed to US pressure to deliver elections within a year and Issaias abandoned his original promise to create a transitional government in the early 1990s.[113] The Eritrean-Ethiopian War began in May 1998.[114] After the Ethiopian breach of the western front and subsequent capture of parts of western Eritrea, the Ethiopian President Negaso Gidada gave a victory speech and a peace treaty was signed a few weeks later. According to the peace treaty Ethiopia then pulled out.[115] The stance of the EPRDF-led Ethiopian government to pull out its troops and let go of Barentu and eastern Eritrea led to one of the many reasons for EPRDF's unpopularity in Ethiopian cities. Although the Ethiopian government accepted the border ruling "in principle" with 5-point conditions, tensions between these two nations still exist.
Somalia[link]
Meles Zenawi and his government have a strong relationship with the internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia. Two of the main points of agreement are state borders and secular values.
Both the TFG and Ethiopia respect the current Ethiopia-Somalia border while the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) in Somalia rejects it and considers the Ogaden region part of “Greater Somalia.” Both the TFG and Ethiopia share secular values in which religion and state are separate. The United States accused the leadership of the ICU of harboring the suspects of the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States. Ethiopia labels the ICU “Jihadists” due to the assistance ICU receives from terrorist groups (for example, Al-Itihaad) and others, mainly crossing the border to Africa from Arab nations of the Middle East.[116]
According to RAND corporation, several Al-Qaeda fugitives had "found sanctuary in Somalia" and exploited the lack of government.[117] There were also several Al-Qaeda operatives identified in southern Somalia.[118] Despite Western interest in solving the problems in Somalia, RAND claims that world powers have failed to exert their will, particularly in financing peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance. Other analysts have identified documents and Al-Qaeda letters discussing an increase in their involvement in Somalia.[119]
Even though the ICU and its Al-Qaeda militant foreign allies received support from various sources, the war was a short-lived one with Ethiopia and the Somalia government defeating the ICU and its allies[120] The battle between the allied Ethiopian/Somali forces and ICU forces ended abruptly and placed the Somali Transitional Federal Government back in control of the capital Mogadishu, but an insurgency developed since then. According to Al Jazeera, Ethiopian troops got "a very welcoming reception" from the people of Somalia and the Somalis were "very glad that the Ethiopians came in."[121] But other sources said the people opposed them. It is reported that the ICU lost hundreds of its fighters but the most important factor might have been the self-destruction of ICU's allies and united militia.
The transitional government still faced many security issues and the hundreds of Somali refugees that left Somalia because of the insurgency are not willing to return to Mogadishu.[122] According to the Somali media Garowe Online, clan-based Mogadishu media outlets like radios were used as propaganda against the TFG and its Ethiopian allies.[123] According to Wikileaks, Meles Zenawi told US officials in a confidential 2006 meeting that the ICU needed to be divided into two groups to alienate the jihadists. Ethiopia's "limited military action might precipitate this divorce," Meles predicted.[124]
Some political parties in Ethiopia opposed Meles Zenawi's policies and demanded the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops from Somalia. Merera Gudina, leader of the opposition party United Ethiopian Democratic Forces (UEDF) said "the military victory against the Islamic Courts forces was not followed by political victory or national reconciliation."[125] He also said staying in Somalia harms the Ethiopian economy and some of the leaders in the transitional Somali government were not reaching out to civil society members in Somalia. With the exception of the SPDP, UEDP-Medhin (EDUP) and ONC opposition parties, not many opposition parties in Ethiopia supported the choice of intervention in Somalia by Meles Zenawi's ruling party.[126] Some members of the Somali parliament expressed their appreciation of Ethiopia's help publicly, but opposition remained against the intervention, which was portrayed as an invasion instead.[127] Ethiopia withdrew from Somalia in 2009 according to a UN peace agreement between the Sheikh Sharif-led opposition and President Abdullahi-led TFG. The ICU was divided into two, as Meles predicted, after Ethiopian intervention, and the new Sheikh Sharif-led TFG continues to receive AU and UN assistance.
Climate change[link]
Meles Zenawi has played an important role in shaping the African Union position on climate change and was a 'friend of the Chair' at the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The following details his role in international climate change policy.
On 31 August 2009 Meles Zenawi was appointed Chair of the African Heads of State and Government on Climate Change (CAHOSCC). The group had been established following the 4 February 2009 decision at the 12th AU Assembly of Heads of States to build a common Africa position on climate change in preparations for COP15.
Prior to Meles Zenawi's appointment but in light of the AU decision and the ‘Algiers Declaration on the African Common Platform to Copenhagen’, on 19 May 2009 the Africa Group made a submission to the UNFCCC that included demands for $67 billion per year in finance for adaptation funding and $200 billion per year for mitigation and set targets in terms of reductions of emissions by developed countries not by reference to temperature.[128]
On 3 September 2009 Meles Zenawi made a speech to the Africa Partnership Forum where he said:
"We will never accept any global deal that does not limit global warming to the minimum unavoidable level, no matter what levels of compensation and assistance are promised to us… While we will reason with everyone to achieve our objective, we will not rubber stamp an agreement by the powers that be as the best we could get for the moment. We will use our numbers to delegitimize any agreement that is not consistent with our minimal position. If needs be we are prepared to walk out of any negotiations that threaten to be another rape of our continent.”[129]
On 12 December 2009 at COP15 the Africa Group made a further submission to the UNFCCC that called for 45% emission reductions by developed countries by 2020, finance for adaptation of $150 billion immediately as special drawing rights from the IMF, $400 billion in fast-track financing, and 5% of developed countries' GNP in longer-term financing.[130]
On 15 December 2009 Meles Zenawi made a joint press release with the President of France, Nicolas Sarkozy, which declared that the African Union position at Copenhagen was a 2 °C temperature target, 10 billion Euros in 'fast-track financing,' and 100 billion euros in 'long-term financing.'[131]
This new position from Meles Zenawi was observed to be the same as the European Union's position[132] and received widespread condemnation by other African leaders including Namibian Prime Minister Nahas Angula, Lesotho’s Bruno Sekoli, Ugandan chief negotiator and minister of water and environment, Maria Mutagamba, and Sudan’s Ambassador and Chair of G77, Lumumba Di-Aping. African civil society condemned the position as a betrayal of Africa. Archbishop Desmond Tutu said the 2 degree target ‘condemns Africa to incineration and no modern development.'[133]
The Copenhagen Accord went on to reflect the EU's position as adopted by Meles Zenawi.
Criticism and scandals[link]
Widespread repression in Oromia[link]
According to Freedom House, under the government of Meles Zenawi discrimination against and repression of Oromo people has been widespread.[134] Human Rights Watch (HRW) notes that local government in the Oromia Region has "routinely commit[ted] various human rights violations against people they believe to be critical or unsupportive of the government."[135] After relations between the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) and the ruling government broke down in 1992, the government banned the OLF, and has since regularly accused political detainees of being OLF operatives.[135] HRW further notes that "according to former Ethiopian President Negasso Gidada, when he left office in 2001 roughly 25,000 people were in prison on OLF-related charges throughout Oromia and in Addis Ababa and no public moves have since been made to substantially reduce the number of detainees."[136] Oromia is the largest and most populous of Ethiopia's nine regional states, but remains so far under heavy repression.[137][not in citation given]
Ethio-Eritrea War[link]
When Eritrea invaded Ethiopia in 1998, a costly war led to the death of tens of thousands of people on both sides.[138] By the end of the devastating war, the Ethiopian army had recovered the town of Badme and driven back Eritrean forces until they controlled around one-third of Eritrean territory, including the Barentu region.
However, Meles Zenawi signed a controversial UN peace treaty that was seen to favor Eritrea. This decision angered many Ethiopians and caused an internal division inside the Ethiopian ruling party. The faction critical of Meles, led by Defense Minister Siye Abraha, disagreed with those aligned with Meles over "key issues of ideology" and accused his supporters of corruption and Meles of failing to act quickly or decisively enough over the crisis with Eritrea. "Meles was certainly seen as a reluctant warrior," according to a source quoted by the UN's Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN).[139] This led to a showdown at a meeting of the Politburo of the EPRDF, where Meles won a 15–13 vote on his proposed statement that "the greatest threat that Ethiopia was facing was corruption and undemocratic tendencies." Meles said afterwards that the dissenting members had at that point insisted that the meeting be aborted and called for a general meeting of the TPLF, a move Meles described as "a violation of democratic principles and the statute of the front." A number of the dissenting members of the TPLF, including Siye, were quickly arrested and imprisoned. Siye was later released after 6 years in prison, and joined opposition parties.[140] This rift is thought to have led to the murder of Kinfe Gebremedhin, a former TPLF commander, Chief of Security and Immigration, and a right-hand man of Zenawi.
In addition to accusations about his handling of the post-war events, Meles Zenawi was criticized for his pre-war decisions that ignored Eritrean incursions and delayed Ethiopian response to the invasion. Ethiopia did not mobilize its defense forces for a full-scale border war after Eritrea attacked the country until a week had passed. By June 1998, the Eritrean air force had attacked northern Ethiopia, including a massacre of dozens of school children and teachers in Ayder Elementary school of Mekele. The Ayder Memorial Library Project was established by Diaspora Ethiopians to remember the victims and facilitate the school.[141]
Meles Zenawi, whose mother is Eritrean, has been accused of being too soft on the Eritrean government by many Ethiopians, including members of his own TPLF party.[citation needed] Some believe Meles wants Eritrean President Isaias to remain in power, despite their deep disagreements.[142] According to a BBC Monitoring report, Meles reportedly blocked four million dollars of support from being transferred from Yemen and Sudan to the Eritrean National Alliance opposition group which was trying to overthrow the Eritrean regime.[142]
Anuak conflict[link]
On 13 December 2003 an ethnic conflict in the Gambela Region led to the death of 61 Anuaks in one day and hundreds more over the coming months. It is alleged that highlanders were being helped by the Ethiopian Defense forces. According to Amnesty International, federal soldiers participated in the killings and regional authorities did not take necessary preventative measures against the violence.[143]
The highlanders are mostly from the northern regions of Amhara and Tigray (but also Oromia). They populated the Gambela region after they were forced to move southwest from the north in the mid-1980s. When Mengistu Haile Mariam ruled in the 1980s, more than 1.5 million Ethiopians were forced to relocate, which led to more than 200,000 Ethiopian dead and many more sick in what is described as one of the worst humanitarian crises of that decade. Since then some northern highlanders have been living in Gambela, adding fuel to an already existing conflict between the Nuar and the Anuaks.
In December 2003, some of the highlanders who worked for the Ethiopian refugee agency were looking for new camps to shelter the thousands of Sudanese fleeing from their country's internal battles. Early that month, a group of armed Anuak killed many highlanders.[144] Anuak rebels had also killed eight people in an attack on a United Nations vehicle.[145] Ethiopian Defense Forces set up their headquarters at the refugee camp and took the bodies of the dead highlanders to Gambella town for burial, triggering an attack against Anuak civilians on 13 December 2003, which continued for several days.[144] The massacres were labeled a "genocide" by Genocide Watch, which has since charged that genocidal massacres have also been committed against ethnic Ogadenis, and other groups, and has called for investigation of the human rights record of the Meles regime in an open letter to the UN Commissioner for Human Rights.[146]
The Anuak people maintain they have been gradually displaced from their traditional lands.[147] Despite 5,000 Ethiopian troops being deployed to keep peace in the area, tensions are still high. Anuak tribesmen interviewed by BBC correspondents said they appreciated the government's effort to keep peace against Anuak rebels, yet ordinary Anuaks still fear for their lives.[148] In October 2005, Anuak rebels attacked a Catholic church and a police station.[149]
The Ethiopian government, including Meles Zenawi, stated that both the Anuak insurgents and the highlander militias were responsible for the conflict and "without the intervention of the army, the killings would have continued indefinitely." Regional security forces made an effort to restrain the tension between the ethnic groups, which are historically enemies. After an independent investigation, four town soldiers were put in prison for favoring one ethnicity over another during the ethnic conflicts. Many regional government officials claim the number of dead was not 400, but that around 200 armed Anuaks and highlanders were killed after the ethnic violence.[150]
The government and other critical analysts often disregard pro-Anuak sources of information and testimonies, seeing them as biased against other local ethnicities. However some Anuak sources gave diverse accounts. For instance, Anuak refugees and witnesses who claimed they saw the conflict and massacre said that the bloodshed was started by anti-government civilians as well as anti-government soldiers and anti-government officials in order to create problems for the government. One witness said,
I think that among the mob and the soldiers there was a group of people who were against the government and wanted to use this opportunity to put the government in a problem. I think that there were anti-government and anti-Anywaa elements within the army who orchestrated this type of killing.[151]
Despite progress to curb the historical ethnic divisions and political tensions, there still remains a relatively tense political situation in the Gambella region. Recently[when?] the Gambella Peace Olympics, a sport festival promoting peace and development amongst the Gambella region's ethnic groups, including Anuaks and Nuars, was held in a bid to bring about constructive dialogue and long-term peace among the region's often feuding ethnic groups.[152]
Post-election violence[link]
On 18 October 2006 an independent report said Ethiopian police massacred 193 protesters, mostly in the capital Addis Ababa, in the violence of June and November following the May 2005 elections. The information was leaked before the official independent report was handed to the parliament. The leak made by Ethiopian judge Wolde-Michael Meshesha found that the government had concealed the true extent of deaths at the hands of the police.[153]
This leak also brought more accusations that the opposition party which provoked the riots was trying to damage the reputation of the government by leaking the inquiry unlawfully. Gemechu Megerssa, a member of the independent Inquiry commission, which Mr. Meshesha once worked with, said Mr. Meshesha taking the report "out of context and presenting it to the public to sensationalise the situation for his political end is highly unethical."[154]
The judge in Europe described the deaths as a massacre and said the toll could well have been higher. The judge was filing for asylum and is currently living in Europe, bringing speculation that he was biased to begin with in support of the opposition party, but he claimed that he had to leave the country because he thought he would be "harassed" by the government. He speculated that Zenawi ordered troops to shoot at protesters. But according to the New York Times, Meles said "he did not authorize the police to use live bullets."[155]
The official report described by the parliament and the government gave exactly the same details as the leaked inquiry. It said that 193 people had been killed, including 40 teenagers. Six policemen were also killed and some 763 people injured. Police records showed 20,000 people were initially arrested during the anti-government protests.[153] The government said various witnesses from the Kinijit (CUD) opposition party have testified that CUD leaders assured them of a demise of Zenawi's party and government in order to start an armed rebellion. The witnesses stated that CUD leaders encouraged them to start military training and planning to overthrow the government.[156] The commission members living in Addis Ababa criticised the government saying;
We are not saying the government was totally clean. The government has a lot to be accountable for. The mentality of the police needs to be changed, and then we will be able to minimize those kinds of casualties in the future. Building of [democratic] institutions is required, but that is going to take time. The government was not prepared to tackle violence like that which took place last year. They could have brought an alternative way of dispersing rioting crowds.[157][158]
The independent Inquiry commission members added Mr. Meshesha going to Europe and reporting information out of context was "dishonest" and ugly politics, as well as insensitive to the process of developing Ethiopia's young democracy. The commission said Ethiopians need to solve their problems themselves so that this kind of violence will not occur again, that respecting authority and each other and working together is important, and that changing the mentality of the police is what the "government has to think about seriously."[159]
Despite all these post-election issues and complications, in addition to the Carter Center and the US government British MPs continued to praise the democratic process in Ethiopia. After meeting with some opposition parties, British MPs stated that the Ethiopian government should always stand firmly against those who try to use "undemocratic and unconstitutional means" to change government.[160]
Presently, all except 20 of the elected opposition members have joined the Ethiopian parliament along with the EPRDF party members. Top opposition parties, UEDF and UEPD-Medhin, are peacefully working with the government for negotiations on the democratic process.[161] Many opposition parties are represented in the Ethiopia Parliament, where representatives from Oromia state hold the most seats and representatives from the Amhara State hold the second-most seats, in correlation with the population order of the corresponding states.[162] Various opposition parties including UEDF, UEPD-Medhin, Somali People's Democratic Party (SPDP), EDL, Gambella People's Democratic Movement (GPDM), All Ethiopian Unity Organization (AEUO), Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (OFDM) and Benishangul-Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front (BGPDUF) hold seats in the parliament.[162] Despite pressure to release the CUD leaders who were rounded up after the post election violence, an Ethiopian court convicted 38 of the top CUD leaders.[163] After various negotiations to solve the deadlock via a political agreement, the convicted CUD leaders signed a document, which many believe was coerced out of them, accepting their "mistakes" and an accountability ranging from partial to full responsibility for the post-election violence.[164][165]
Prisoners[link]
Currently, all of the leaders of the main opposition party (CUD) are out of jail after an alleged attempt to initiate the post-election violence and overthrow the government. All of these charges are denied by the CUD leadership both in and outside Ethiopia, and the European Union continues to plea for the political prisoners to be released after a speedy trial. Some of these elected CUD officials endure very harsh conditions inside Ethiopia's poorly maintained prisons and they are at risk of various medical complications. As a result of the violence after the elections, many thousands were arrested and imprisoned. Even though most have been freed a few still remain in prison. Up to the end of 2005, around 8,000 Ethiopian rioters had been freed.[166]
After long and slow judicial proceedings an Ethiopian judge dropped the controversial charges of attempted genocide and treason against 111 people arrested after election protests. Twenty-five accused, mostly journalists and publishers, have also been acquitted of all charges. However several opposition leaders remain in custody, accused of trying to violently overthrow the government.[167] After the original arrests the Prime Minister told the parliament that releasing "these hardliners" would embolden them to think "whatever their action, they will not be held accountable." Thus, he stated, "the government has made it abundantly clear that interfering with the judicial process for the release of hardliners is out of the question. The government has taken this unwavering position not because of stubbornness or for a lack of willingness to resolve issues through dialogue and negotiation."[168] The ruling party has accused the group of trying to utilize street uprising techniques as a way to change regimes. Various supporters of the government and supporters of peaceful opposition parties who function in the parliament continue to accuse the imprisoned opposition group of "extremism" and accuse them of following the textbook directions given by Dr. Negede. An exiled and educated Ethiopian, Dr. Negede is known for the famous book he wrote on how to overthrow the government through street uprising.[169][170] However Amnesty International and the supporters of the group in jail claim that the detainees are "prisoners of conscience" who are innocent and should be freed immediately and unconditionally. In June 2007, the Ethiopian court found the CUD opposition party's 38 senior figures guilty of the charges.[171] After CUD's top leaders signed a paper accepting responsibility for the violence, some sources claimed the leaders would be freed in a short time.[172] All of the leadership of the CUD party were released after the pardon board accepted their apology letter. According to VOA news, a CUD spokesman Hailu Araya said, "We signed it voluntarily. We apologized to the people, to the government. Yes, we did. That’s what the paper said, and that’s what we signed."[173]
Somalia intervention[link]
Following a declaration of jihad by al-Qaeda-linked Islamists in Mogadishu, the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia invited Ethiopia to send troops into southern Somalia at the end of December 2006. With the help of Puntland and together with TFG forces, Ethiopian troops captured Mogadishu and installed the transitional government.
Since the Ethiopian intervention, the fighting has led to the deaths of over 10,000 civilians in southern Somalia. Charges of war crimes were made and denied on both sides of the fighting.
Ogaden conflict[link]
Main article: 2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden
Meles Zenawi's government has allegedly carried out brutal counter-insurgency techniques against the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF), particularly after the ONLF killed more than 70 Ethiopic and Ethiopian Oil facility workers in the region in April, 2007. Both sides accuse each other of human rights abuses. In June 2008, HRW criticized the lack of Western condemnation of Meles Zenawi's counter-insurgency policy and the military activities by Ethiopian Defence forces in reaction to ONLF's attacks.
Both fighting forces accuse each other of killing civilians and burning villages, with HRW claiming that accounts by refugees fleeing out of the country support ONLF's accusations. Both Ethiopia and its allies claim refugees fleeing out of Ethiopia, instead of taking shelter from the conflict inside Ethiopia, were supporters of the ONLF who cannot be used as an independent source of evidence.
Western governments continued to state that they will check into the various allegations from all sides.
Inflation and drought management[link]
Ethiopia has seen a rise in the general level of prices since around 2004, which has worsened the drought problems caused by the lack of rain, as reported by UN humanitarian organizations. The inflation rate was reportedly in the low teens in 2005–2006, high teens during 2007 and in the 20s in 2008. This inflation crisis has deeply affected the urban population in Ethiopia.
According to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Food Program, the inflation problem is occurring because more income for farmers is causing higher prices in shops. Ethiopian farmers are the driving force of the rural based economy where only 15% of the population is urban. The UN report says "as markets get less centralized, and farmers become more sophisticated and better informed traders are starting to complain about the market power of the farmers." The "farmers are now better off, and able to wait and spread their grain sales through the year, rather than having to rush everything to market immediately after harvest when prices are at their lowest." The UN report says that "grain prices in Ethiopia, however much they may have risen, however unaffordable they may be to the urban poor, are still below world prices and below prices in most neighboring countries."[174]
International accolades[link]
Awards[link]
Prime Minister Meles Zenawi has received various international awards for setting up a good foundation for the development of Ethiopia. Even though Ethiopia remains one of the poorest countries in the world, the near double-digit annual economic growth rate recently is seen as the beginning of Ethiopia's long marathon struggle to eliminate poverty. Acknowledging the rapid GDP growth of the country, the UK newspaper The Economist said in December 2007 that "Ethiopia's economy has been growing at record speed in recent years."[175] In 2008, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) described the speed of Ethiopia's economic growth in recent years as the "fastest for a non-oil exporting country in Sub-Saharan Africa",[176] with Ethiopia ranked as the second-most attractive African country for investors.[177]
Although many opposition parties and parliamentarian critics disagree, some Ethiopians also portray the arrival date of Meles Zenawi's government, 28 May 1991 (Ginbot 20), as the "birth of democracy" in Ethiopia, while diplomats and analysts say the country is slowly moving towards democracy.[178][179][180]
- Before he joined the Medical Faculty of Addis Ababa University, Prime Minister Meles Zenawi was awarded the Haile Selassie I Prize Trust, a highly selective award given only to the most outstanding graduating students.[181][182]
- The Rwanda government awarded Meles Zenawi Rwanda’s National Liberation Medal, the "Uruti," in July 2009 for helping to liberate Rwanda and end the genocide in the country. Alongside two other African leaders, Meles was also given Rwanda's highest accolade, the "Umurinzi" medal, Rwanda’s Campaign Against Genocide Medal.[183][184]
- PM Meles Zenawi was awarded the World Peace Prize for his contributions to global peace and his effort to stabilize the Horn of Africa through cooperation with Inter-Governmental Authority for Development (IGAD).[185]
- Tabor 100, an African American entrepreneur’s organization, honored PM Meles Zenawi for his contribution toward economic and social transformation in Africa with its prestigious Crystal Eagle International Leadership Award in April 2005.[186] Tabor 100, a U.S.-based nongovernmental organization, calling Meles Zenawi “international leader of the year 2005”, also honored the efforts of the Ethiopian government in general for its war on poverty and backwardness.[187]
- PM Meles Zenawi was awarded the Good Governance Award of the Global Coalition for Africa for leading Ethiopia along a democratic path during the challenging period of transition.[188][189] He was selected for the good governance award by the US-based Corporate Council on Africa.[190]
- PM Meles Zenawi received the Norway-based 2005 Yara Prize for Green Revolution (Yara) for initiating a good foundation for economic progress in Ethiopia, particularly in the agricultural sector, where the poor country has doubled its food production. During the award ceremony held in the Norwegian capital of Oslo on 3 September, the director of the UN project for Africa said, "With our support, Ethiopia can lift itself from poverty and hunger. Under Prime Minister Meles the country has created the grass roots structure to enable this to happen."[191]
- Meles Zenawi was given the Africa Political Leadership Award of 2008 by the US-based newspaper, Africa Times. Previous winners of the award include Desmond Tutu, Nelson Mandela and others.[192]
- Ethiopia’s military honored Prime Minister Meles Zenawi for his leadership during the 1998–2000 war with its northern neighbour when Eritrea invaded Ethiopia in 1998.[138][193]
- Residents of the historic and ancient UNESCO town of Axum in Ethiopia honored Prime Minister Meles Zenawi for his political and diplomatic leadership role in the return and re-erection of the Obelisk of Axum after a 68-year stay in Rome, Italy.[194]
- Meles Zenawi received a Gold Order of Merit award from the Confederation of African Football (CAF) in February 2007. PM Zenawi was given the CAF organisation's highest award for his services in advancing the progress of African football. Ethiopia was one of the founding countries of the CAF (1957) and the organization, with the dedication of AU leaders like Mr. Zenawi, was celebrating the International Year of African Football in 2007.[195]
Positions[link]
- Prime Minister Meles Zenawi is also a Co-Chairperson of the Global Coalition for Africa (GCA.)[196] The Global Coailition for Africa brings together senior African policy makers and their partners to deepen dialogue and build consensus on Africa's priority development issues.
- The Prime Minister was the co-chairperson of the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (Nov.2006) Ethiopia is the Forum's co-chair country.[197] It led to the adoption of the Beijing Action Plan (2007–2009) for partnership for economic progress and cultural exchanges. It also stated to support Africa's "development [of] international political, economic, trade and financial systems."
- In 2004, Prime Minister Tony Blair of the United Kingdom appointed Prime Minister Meles Zenawi as one of the Commissioners taking part in the Commission for Africa.[198]
Prime Minister Zenawi served as the Chairman of the Organization for African Unity (OAU, now the African Union – AU) from June 1995 to June 1996.
- In 2007, the African Union elected Prime Minister Meles Zenawi to chair the executive committee of the NEPAD (the New Partnership for Africa's Development)
- Prime Minister Meles Zenawi was chosen to represent Africa at the G8 Summit and the G20 summit in London.[199][200][201]
- The African Union selected Meles Zenawi to lead an African Delegation to the Global Conference on Climate Change at Copenhagen in 2009.
- In February 2010, the UN named Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi as co-chair of the Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing, a new high-level U.N. advisory group on climate change financing.[202]
Milestones[link]
Several social, economic, religious and political developments and systems were established for the first time in Ethiopia under Meles Zenawi's rule.[203]
- First regional referendum for peaceful Secession (Eritrea 1991–)
- First Multi-party National election for opposition (2000,2005,2010)
- First institutionalized linguistic freedom at local level (1994–)
- First ethnic based federalism (since 1994)
- First private media outlets in Ethiopian history (since 1994)
- First consecutive double-digit GDP growth – International Monetary Fund (since 2006)
- First multi-party parliament with opposition MPs (since 2000)
- First unrestricted freedom of religion for evangelicals/Pentecostals (since 1994)
Foundation[link]
Meles Zenawi was given the Green Revolution award and a financial prize of 200,000 dollars by the Norwegian Yara Foundation in September 2005 "in recognition of past accomplishments and encouragement to achieve economic development for the people of Ethiopia."
Meles donated his $200,000 financial award to a foundation called "Fre—Addis Ethiopia Women Fund" (Fre-Addis Ethiopia Yesetoch Merja Mahiber).[204] The Fre-Addis Ethiopia Women Fund has an objective "to empower girls through providing educational opportunities" and it currently supports 514 needy and orphan rural girls to pursue their education throughout the country.
Books/thesis by Meles[link]
- The Eritrean Struggle: From Where to Where? (1980)
- African Development: Dead Ends and New Beginnings (2006)
- Agricultural Development-Led Industrialisation (ADLI) strategy
Media appearances[link]
See also[link]
- Ethiopian Orthodox
- Azeb Mesfin
- Girma Wolde-Giorgis
- Haile Selassie
- Yohannes III
- Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD-IV), 2008.
- Blanco Chivite, Manuel. Diario de Etiopía, Madrid, Vosa Ediciones, 1991
References[link]
- ^ Amimo, Uduak (10 August 2005). "Profile: Ethiopian leader Meles Zenawi". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 31 December 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051231052602/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4545711.stm. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ Aregawi Berhe, a former member of the TPLF, notes that in their histories of the TPLF both John young and Jenny Hammond "vaguely indicate" that Meles was one of the founders of the TPLF. Aregawi insists that both he and Sibhat Nega joined the Front "months" after it was founded. A Political history of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975–1991) (Los Angeles: Tsehai, 2009), p. 62
- ^ Ivo Romein. "Nom de guerre Meles". Home.planet.nl. http://home.planet.nl/~romei017/ethiopianet-peoples-section-tigrayans.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ More information on Meles Zenawi
- ^ "Honorary doctoral degree". Ethioembassy.org.uk. 19 July 2002. http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/news/press%20releases/July%20-%2002/19-July-02.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Azeb Mesfin given Legacy of Dream award
- ^ "Millennium Development Goals". Reliefweb.int. 24 February 2007. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KHII-6YS4CL?OpenDocument. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ ThinkExist.com Quotations. "Meles Zenawi quotes". Thinkexist.com. http://thinkexist.com/quotes/meles_zenawi/. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Good Deeds in Ethiopia, Punished", New York Times published 1 June 1991
- ^ "Ethiopia: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices", Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US State Department . Retrieved 9 July 2009.
- ^ Election results with detailed map of Ethiopia[dead link]
- ^ "Inquiry on post-election Violence : List of the names of civilians killed by police" (PDF). http://www.abbaymedia.com/pdf/list_of_people_shot.pdf. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethiopian protesters 'massacred'". BBC News. 19 October 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6064638.stm.
- ^ Inquiry on post-election violence[dead link]
- ^ "Post election violence". BBC News. 2 November 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4398806.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ election intimidation of EPRDF supporters and others[dead link]
- ^ "Post election comments and conclusions". Cartercenter.org. http://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc2097.html#links. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ strange issues of 2005 elections[dead link]
- ^ critics claim opposition staged chaos to gain outside support[dead link]
- ^ US official says European observers did a bad job and "went overboard"[dead link]
- ^ USAID says opposition lost the election[dead link]
- ^ SBS journalist on election violence[dead link]
- ^ Final report on the causes of riots and the property damage of the violent demonstrations[dead link]
- ^ "defected inquiry members". Ethiomedia.com. http://www.ethiomedia.com/addfile/ethiopian_inquiry_commission_briefs_congress.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Tony Blair on the 2005 election". Sudantribune.com. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article14065. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Group says election was free and fair". The Irish Times. 2 February 2006. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2006/0214/breaking75.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Progress in multiparty parliament[dead link]
- ^ using violence to overthrow government[dead link]
- ^ "opposition supporters hoping for violence". Addisfortune.com. 31 October 2011. http://www.addisfortune.com/agenda.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Violent protests[dead link]
- ^ "Trying to overthrow government". Fpc.state.gov. 17 July 2008. http://fpc.state.gov/fpc/57627.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ committee condemns corruption in European Union election monitoring body
- ^ "Guna Trading House P.L.C". Guna-trading.com. http://www.guna-trading.com/aboutus.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ McLure, Jason (27 October 2009). "Guna, Owned by Ethiopian Ruling Party, Eyes Coffee-Export Share". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601116&sid=anDS2stgKazE. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Urgent plea for famine aid". BBC News. 12 April 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/710467.stm. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "Radio 4 – Today Programme International Report". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/international/ethiopia_20031118.shtml. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Woolridge, Mike (23 October 2009). "Lasting legacy of Ethiopia's famine". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8321043.stm. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "Ethiopian Constitution". Africa.upenn.edu. http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/Ethiopian_Constitution.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Rice, Andrew (22 November 2009). "Is There Such a Thing as Agro-Imperialism?". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/22/magazine/22land-t.html?pagewanted=3&_r=1. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "World Security Network". World Security Network. http://www.worldsecuritynetwork.com/showArticle3.cfm?article_id=12095&topicID=67. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "political history of Ethiopia". Africanelections.tripod.com. http://africanelections.tripod.com/et.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Temesgen Zewdie calls for the resignation of Meles Zenawi[dead link]
- ^ "2005 Ethiopian national elections". Africanelections.tripod.com. http://africanelections.tripod.com/et_2005state.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethnicity will become less an issue". Hartford-hwp.com. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/33/008.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "ETHIOPIA: Ethnic Federalism Could Lead to Election Violence – IPS". Ipsnews.net. 21 September 2009. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48518. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Ethiopian government's rank in Africa on spending policies[dead link]
- ^ "Amhara Development Association". Ada.org.et. http://www.ada.org.et/. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Tigrai Development Association". Tdaint.org. http://www.tdaint.org/. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Oromia Developmemt Association". Oda.org.et. 21 January 2010. http://www.oda.org.et/. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethiopia's GPD increasing". Businessinafrica.net. http://www.businessinafrica.net/news/east_africa/401324.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ some opposition parties question the economic growth
- ^ ADB and OECD praise development
- ^ Tekeze power project[dead link]
- ^ Shaun Madison – MBendi Information Services. "largest hydroelectric plant in Amhara state". Mbendi.co.za. http://www.mbendi.co.za/a_sndmsg/news_view.asp?I=81002&PG=35. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethiopia to Export power to Sudan and Djibouti". Africanews.com. 18 December 2007. http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/13982. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Africa monitor, a private paper from addis ababa". Theafricamonitor.com. http://www.theafricamonitor.com/aboutus/index.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "the private media in Ethiopia and issues". BBC News. 9 August 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1072164.stm#media. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "capital ethiopia paper on business". Capitalethiopia.com. http://www.capitalethiopia.com/archive/2007/july/week3/about.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ sub sahara informer, a private paper on various African nations[dead link]
- ^ "Ethiopian reporter, an English private paper". Ethiopianreporter.com. 9 November 2011. http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/index.php. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Addis fortune, an English business private paper". Addisfortune.com. http://www.addisfortune.com/About_Addis_Fortune.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Ethiopia criticized on press freedom[dead link]
- ^ "some journalists asking for ethnic violence". Csmonitor.com. 13 December 2006. http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1213/p04s01-woaf.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (29 October 2007). "banned journalists asking for an ethnic group to be quarantined". Voanews.com. http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-10-29-voa39.cfm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "issues with irresponsible journalism". Hagerfikerradio.com. http://hagerfikerradio.com/FCCemail.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Journalists inciting violence[dead link]
- ^ Ethiopia responds on press freedom issues[dead link]
- ^ [2]
- ^ "Backsliders: The 10 countries where press freedom has most deteriorated – Reports – Committee to Protect Journalists". Cpj.org. http://cpj.org/reports/2007/05/backsliders.php. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "AFP: Ethiopian journalist jailed for criticising leader". Google. 1 February 2010. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i28ddrhc_NCFgAdyfiwNgaHZ619g. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "government grants licences to two domestic private commercial FM radio operators". News.monstersandcritics.com. http://news.monstersandcritics.com/africa/article_1096746.php/Ethiopia_licenses_first_private_commercial_radio_operators. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Adow, Mohammed (2 June 2004). "Ethiopia legalises private radio". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3770689.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Radio and tv stations in Ethiopia". Capitalethiopia.com. http://www.capitalethiopia.com/archive/2009/April/week3/local_news.htm#12. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Ethiopian Commodity Exchange (ECEX)[dead link]
- ^ "Zenawi claims ECX would revolutionalize the marketing system". Feedstuffs.com. 14 April 2008. http://www.feedstuffs.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=F4D1A9DFCD974EAD8CD5205E15C1CB42&nm=Breaking+News&type=news&mod=News&mid=A3D60400B4204079A76C4B1B129CB433&tier=3&nid=87B6682EDF7C4BA0A37B4F7D9A82E0BC. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Henshaw, Amber (25 May 2006). "flower industry". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5016834.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Floriculture sector growing in Ethiopia" (PDF). http://aigaforum.com/hortinews_compleet_lowres.pdf. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ flower growers relocate to Ethiopia[dead link]
- ^ Ethiopia's export earnings growing by 500 per cent[dead link]
- ^ $7.5 billion invested on sugar[dead link]
- ^ "Ethiopia is a good example on wild life". Panda.org. http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=102180. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Africa climate change woes aired at Clinton summit[dead link]
- ^ No Author. ""cap and trade mechanism" is vital- PM Zenawi". Jimmatimes.com. http://jimmatimes.com/article.cfm?articleID=17137. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Africa climate change woes aired at Clinton summit". Africa.reuters.com. 9 February 2009. http://africa.reuters.com/top/news/usnBAN824905.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ $5 billion birr cement factory[dead link]
- ^ "car factory for local and export markets". Holland-car.com. http://www.holland-car.com. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ "Selam bus factory". Selambus.com. http://www.selambus.com/selambus/. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Taxi manufacturing". Capitalethiopia.com. http://www.capitalethiopia.com/archive/2007/march/week3/local_news.htm#3. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "East African land of opportunity". Winne.com. 26 July 1999. http://www.winne.com/ethiopia/to07anexo1.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ [4]
- ^ "Ethiopia – Country Brief". Web.worldbank.org. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/ETHIOPIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:295939~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:295930,00.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethiopia registering growth". People's Daily. 7 July 2005. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200602/27/print20060227_246333.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Over 16mln birr secondary school built in Diredawa town". 7 June 2006. Archived from the original on 7 April 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070407180213/http://eprdforgans.org/EPRDF_doc/Articles/News/From_Dec/Dire_S.htm.
- ^ "Focus On Higher Education". Ucbp-ethiopia.com. http://www.ucbp-ethiopia.com/e547/index_eng.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Over 19,000 children get access to education in North Western Tigray". 18 November 2005. Archived from the original on 8 April 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070408151051/http://eprdforgans.org/EPRDF_doc/Articles/News/finewsfo/Tigaccess_educ.htm.
- ^ "Ethiopia is showing "good" economic progress". Businessinafrica.net. http://www.businessinafrica.net/news/east_africa/401324.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ a b Educational improvements[dead link]
- ^ "other new colleges". Ethiopiafirst.com. http://www.ethiopiafirst.com/news/2000/news665.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Wollega University expanding[dead link]
- ^ New university and facilities[dead link]
- ^ Woliata Soddo U[dead link]
- ^ 12 new universities in 2007[dead link]
- ^ "Dilla University expansion". Qabridahare.com. 6 April 2007. http://qabridahare.com/newsdetails.php?subaction=showfull&id=1175870918&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ new University research project[dead link]
- ^ "University Capacity Building Program". Ucbp-ethiopia.com. http://www.ucbp-ethiopia.com/. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Government supports better role, status for women
- ^ "women's organizations". Newa.info. http://www.newa.info/aboutus.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Heavens, Andrew (27 March 2007). "protecting women's rights". Uk.reuters.com. http://uk.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKL2331917720070327?feedType=RSS&pageNumber=2. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Beyer, Lisa (10 June 1991). "TIME magazine 1991 June 10". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,973133-3,00.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ opposition and government members angry on Meles granting Eritrean independence[dead link]
- ^ Beyer, Lisa (1991-06-10). "Ethiopia: Rebels Take Charge". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,973133-3,00.html. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ "Ethiopian troops celebrate(2000)". BBC News. 20 May 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/756845.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Negaso Gidada victory speech". BBC News. 28 May 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/media_reports/767936.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Intelligence Brief Somalia, and with Ethiopia
- ^ "Al-qaeda in Somalia". Rand.org. http://www.rand.org/commentary/011407SDUT.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Al-qaeda operatives in Somalia[dead link]
- ^ "Al-Qaeda letter for Somalia". Familysecuritymatters.org. http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/global.php?id=826551&PHPSESSID=0629141871b85057d2359c7aaadceec0. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethiopian Victory in Somalia". Gulf-times.com. http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=125559&version=1&template_id=46&parent_id=26. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Friendly" Ethiopian troops get welcoming reception- al jazeera[dead link]
- ^ "Somali refugees fleeing ICU still live in Ethiopia". The Scotsman (UK). http://news.scotsman.com/latest.cfm?id=111292007. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ ""Mogadishu radio stations incited the public" – Garowe". Garoweonline.com. 7 June 2009. http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Editorial_29/Somalia_Somalis_are_victims_of_ignorance_Editorial.shtml. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethiopia wikileaks Somalia". Wikileaks.org. http://wikileaks.org/cable/2006/12/06ADDISABABA3206.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ UEDF leader demands troop withdrawal from Somalia
- ^ Support for the Somalia intervention[dead link]
- ^ Somali parliament members thank Ethiopia for assistance[dead link]
- ^ "Africa Group submission". Unfccc.int. http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/3594.php?rec=j&priref=600005245#beg. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Meles Zenawi speech to Africa Partnership Forum". Uneca.org. 3 September 2009. http://www.uneca.org/apf/remarks-meles.asp. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Africa Group submission to Copenhagen". Unfccc.int. http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/3594.php?rec=j&priref=600005663#beg. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Press Release from Sarkozy's Office on Meles Zenawi's "proposal"
- ^ See, EU Position Paper, "Stepping up international climate finance: A European blueprint for the Copenhagen Deal" [5]
- ^ [6] and [7]
- ^ Freedom House, http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2009&country=7606
- ^ a b Human Rights Abuses and Political Repression in Ethiopia's Oromia Region, Human Right Watch, May 2005. http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11759/section/6
- ^ HRW http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11759/section/6
- ^ CIA World factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html
- ^ a b "Eritrea broke law in border war", BBC News website, published 21 December 2005
- ^ "Ethiopia: Government moves on dissident group", IRIN, published 27 March 2001 . Retrieved 20 November 2009.
- ^ "Ethiopia: Meles wins out over dissident threat", IRIN, published 26 March 2001 . Retrieved 20 November 2009.
- ^ Ayder Memorial Library Project website . Retrieved 20 November 2009.
- ^ a b "Eritrean opposition leader disagrees with Ethiopian prime minister", Asia Africa Intelligence Wire website, published 23 September 2003
- ^ Report 2005, Amnesty International.
- ^ a b Lacey, Marc (2004-06-15). "Gambella Journal; A River Washes Away Ethiopia's Tensions, for a Moment". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20A11FE3A540C768DDDAF0894DC404482. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
- ^ "Anuaks attacking United Nations workers". BBC News. 12 January 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3389405.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethiopia: Genocide Warning". 2010-03-10. http://www.genocidewatch.org/ethiopia.html. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
- ^ Plaut, Martin (12 February 2004). "Anuaks rebels attack traditional goldminers". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3483531.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Adow, Mohammed (4 February 2004). "Ordinary Anuaks support government's efforts". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3452681.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Anuak rebels attack a catholic church and police station". BBC News. 31 October 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4392856.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Anuak and highlanders ethnic violence
- ^ anti-government civilians and soldiers allegedly started the revenge attacks on Anuaks[dead link]
- ^ steps to solve ethnic tensions and bring long-term peace in Gambella
- ^ a b "Africa |Ethiopian protesters 'massacred'". BBC News. 2006-10-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6064638.stm. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ Post-election violence inquiry commission
- ^ Associated, The (19 October 2006). "Inquiry on ballot violence". The New York Times (Ethiopia;Kenya;Europe). http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/19/world/africa/19ethiopia.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Eyewitnesses testify in court about CUD's alleged "coup-plot"
- ^ The Inquiry Commission's report in Addis Ababa
- ^ Commission members speak out
- ^ The Inquiry Commission's final report in Addis Ababa
- ^ "British Parliamentary delegation praises the democratic process in Ethiopia". Sudantribune.com. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article18432. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Opposition parties negotiating with the government
- ^ a b "Opposition parties and EPRDF in the Ethiopian Parliament". Ethiopar.net. http://www.ethiopar.net/English/hopre/hormemb.html#1. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethiopian CUD leaders convicted by the court". BBC News. 11 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6740929.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "38 Ethiopian opponents claim responsibility for post-poll violence". Sudantribune.com. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article22543. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethiopian Prisoners sign paper to accept partial guilt". The Washington Post. 21 June 2007. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/20/AR2007062002416.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "8,000 post election rioters freed from prison". BBC News. 15 November 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4440232.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Genocide charges dropped". BBC News. 9 April 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6538779.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "On interfering with judicial process". Financial Times. 8 February 2006. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/7354c524-9848-11da-816b-0000779e2340.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Dr.Negede's role in Ethiopian politics[dead link]
- ^ "Diaspora politics and Dr.Negede". Ethiopiafirst.com. http://www.ethiopiafirst.com/news2007/Feb/Organisers_of_Defeat.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "38 CUD senior leaders found guilty of charges". BBC News. 11 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6740929.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethiopian Prisoners Sign Paper in Bid for Release". The Washington Post. 21 June 2007. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/20/AR2007062002416.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ CUD spokesman said the party apologized and signed pardon letter voluntarily[dead link]
- ^ Blunt, Elizabeth (21 March 2008). "the Food and Agriculture Organization claims farmers better off, rising prices". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7308578.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethiopia's economy growing at record speed". The Economist. 5 December 2007. http://www.economist.com/agenda/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10241592. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethiopia has fastest growing economy for a "non-oil exporting country in Sub-Saharan Africa"". Imf.org. 19 May 2008. http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2008/pr08115.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Apps, Peter (18 February 2009). "Nigeria, Ethiopia top Africa investment index". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/privateEquity/idUSLH9083320090218. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Birth of democracy in Ethiopia
- ^ "Political history of Ethiopia and start of democracy". Africanelections.tripod.com. http://africanelections.tripod.com/et.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Analysts and diplomats say Ethiopia is moving towards democracy[dead link]
- ^ "Zenawi given the Haile Selassie I Prize Trust". Nilefall.com. http://www.nilefall.com/people.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Meles awarded the Haile Selassie I Prize Trust[dead link]
- ^ "Meles, Yoweri and Nyerere given Rwanda’s highest accolades for their contribution to the liberation struggle". Newtimes.co.rw. 3 July 2009. http://www.newtimes.co.rw/index.php?issue=13946&article=17166. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Museveni, Zenawi, Nyerere to receive national honours". Newtimes.co.rw. 3 July 2009. http://www.newtimes.co.rw/index.php?issue=13945&article=17153. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "World Peace Prize, Zenawi". People's Daily. 16 July 2002. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200207/16/eng20020716_99777.shtml. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Crystal Eagle International Leadership Award 2005[dead link]
- ^ International Leader of the year[dead link]
- ^ "Good governance award". Saudigazette.com.sa. 30 May 2009. http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009053039468. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Good Governance Award of the Global coalition for Africa". Sellassie.ourfamily.com. http://sellassie.ourfamily.com/culture/links.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Corporate Council on Africa for the good governance award". Highbeam.com. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-18043442.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Yara Prize international award
- ^ "Africa Political Leadership Award given to Meles Zenawi" (PDF). http://aigaforum.com/PM_Meles_Zenawi_Received_Africa_Leadership_Award.pdf. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Ethiopian army honours PM[dead link]
- ^ "Axum town residents award Meles Zenawi". Nazret.com. http://nazret.com/blog/index.php?title=ethiopia_axum_town_residents_award_meles&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Meles Zenawi receives merit award from CAF". BBC News. 20 February 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/6378535.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Global Coailition for Africa". Gcacma.org. 1 January 2011. http://www.gcacma.org/zenawi.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Co-op". Chinaconsulatesf.org. http://www.chinaconsulatesf.org/eng/xw/t279645.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Commission For Africa
- ^ By Barney Jopson in Dar es Salaam. "Ethiopian PM and IMF to represent Africa’s voice at G20 summit". En.afrik.com. http://en.afrik.com/article15423.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethiopia – Meles Zenawi G8 Summit in Pictures". Nazret.com. http://nazret.com/blog/index.php?blog=15&title=ethiopia_meles_zenawi_g8_summit_in_pictu&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Ethiopia – Meles Zenawi to represent Africa on G20 Summit". Nazret.com. http://nazret.com/blog/index.php?title=ethiopia_meles_zenawi_to_represent_afric&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ [UN taps prime ministers to seek new climate money http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jqJmnNVzfiUOeSlVG4f8nQMbwQYQD9DQRRH00]
- ^ Meles accomplished many other "firsts" in the politics of his country: Monitor
- ^ "Fre-Addis Ethiopia Women Fund". Freaddis.org. 15 August 2011. http://www.freaddis.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=44&Itemid=54. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
Quotations[link]
 |
This section is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process. |
- “I regret the deaths but these were not normal demonstrations. You don't see hand grenades thrown at normal demonstrations”--on post election issue
- "Africa's downfall has always been the cult of the personality. And their names always seem to begin with M. We've had Mobutu and Mengistu and I'm not going to add Meles to the list.”--Dimbleby questioning Meles on his exposure to the people.
- "We have taken measures and beefed up our defense capabilities around the border since December to prevent any miscalculation by the other side,” post-Eritrean-Ethiopian war complications
- "..countries pretend their foreign policy is based on democratisation when this is clearly not the case. For all the challenges in Zimbabwe, for example, it is a bit of a stretch to say it is less democratic than some of the sheikhdoms of the Gulf. But none of the sheikdoms has a problem visiting Europe."- Meles Zenawi's response about European sanctions and travel ban on Zimbabwe's Mugabe
- "If it is presumed that the Kenyans will democratise in order to eat the peanuts of development assistance from the European Union... it would be a big mistake"- Meles Zenawi's reaction to European threat of sanctions on Kenya.
- "Democracy is the expression of a sovereign people. To impose it from outside is inherently undemocratic."- Meles interviewed by The Guardian
- "It's true we have our disagreements on border issues, we have disagreements on trade and related issues, but you don't go invading a country whenever you have a dispute on trade issues, ... We have more civilized mechanisms on resolving such problems.” – after Eritrea's attack on Mekele, Ethiopia
- "America didn’t give us any money because of Somalia intervention. This doesn’t mean America hasn’t given us food aid or money for HIV prevention before. It certainly has. But we aren’t going to fight Somalia using Condoms." – Meles’s reply to MP Bulcha Demeksa’s teasing question on whether America gave financial support to Ethiopia for the Somalia intervention.
- "This is not your run-of-the-mill demonstration. This is an Orange Revolution gone wrong" – PM Zenawi accusing opposition parties for the violence.
- "I have never heard of any convincing reason as to why we should privatize land at this stage." Part of PM Zenawi's controversial reply to Dr. Abdul Mejid Hussien.
- "The violence has marred the image of Ethiopia,... The worst is clearly behind us and we do not expect any such violence in the near future.” --on post-election events
- "Even when we obey international laws after exhausting all peaceful means, some countries might not support our move to defend Ethiopia because of their own national interests or diplomatic rationale. So what do we do? Two choices: either we seat & welcome our enemies to invade our homes or we stand up for ourselves. I hope parliament chooses the second option...we don’t need the blessing of other nations to defend our country." --Meles speaking to parliament about Somali Islamic courts. (from amharic translation)
- "I am proud to be an Ethiopian. I am proud to be a part of that history."--Meles speaking to American intellectuals about Ethiopia and its history.
- "When they (Somali Jihadists) control the whole of Somalia it would be very naive to assume that they will mend their ways, cease to be terrorists and become very civilized and very tame pussycats." --Interview with AP on Somali extremists.
- "As we respond to the assault of our enemy and defend our country, we must never break international laws. Crime can not be solved by more crime." – Meles Zenawi speaking to Parliament 23 November 2006. (from Amharic translation)
- "We believe the problem between ourselves and Eritrea will have to be resolved through dialogue, but it takes two to tango"--on border dispute with Eritrea
- "The rest of the contextual factors have no relevance whatsoever to the investigative process. Indeed, they remind me of the famous Tina Turner song. 'What’s love got to do with it?'" --Meles Zenawi's response to EU-EOM implying Mrs. Ana Gomez's alleged contradicting accusations.
- "So why don't you give them additional concessions?' We said, 'What concessions? Concessions from our sovereignty? That has never been done by any government in Ethiopia in 3,000 years.' That is the only thing of great value what we have inherited from our past, our unflinching determination to keep our...country independent even if we are dying of hunger."--Response to EU's demands for Eritrea
- "While they are entitled to their own opinion, this government and this country are incapable, unwilling and unable to be run like some banana republic from Capitol Hill. It is very worrisome that some of these individuals appear to have entertained such views."-- In response Rep. Donald Payne's pressure for Hailu Shawel & Co.
External links[link]
Media related to Meles Zenawi at Wikimedia Commons
- Biography with child photos
- Biography
- Column archive at The Guardian
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Meles Zenawi at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Meles Zenawi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Meles Zenawi collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Meles Zenawi at the Notable Names Database
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Tesfaye Gebre Kidan Acting |
President of Ethiopia 1991–1995 |
Succeeded by Negasso Gidada |
| Preceded by Tamirat Layne |
Prime Minister of Ethiopia 1995–present |
Incumbent |
|
||||||||||||||
.svg){kind=small}
|
|||||||||||||||||
.svg){kind=small}
|
|||||
|
|
|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Meles Zenawi |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 8 May 1955 |
| Place of birth | Adwa, Tigray, Ethiopia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Meles_Zenawi
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Meles Zenawi
http://id.wn.com/Meles Zenawi
http://es.wn.com/Meles Zenawi
http://ru.wn.com/Мелес Зенауи
http://pt.wn.com/Meles Zenawi
http://pl.wn.com/Meles Zenawi
http://fr.wn.com/Meles Zenawi
http://de.wn.com/Meles Zenawi
http://nl.wn.com/Meles Zenawi
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meles_Zenawi
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Melinda Gates | |
|---|---|
 Melinda Gates at the World Economic Forum in 2011 |
|
| Born | Melinda Ann French (1964-08-15) August 15, 1964 (age 47) Dallas, Texas, U.S. |
| Residence | Medina, Washington, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Duke University |
| Occupation | Co-Chair, operator of Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Spouse | Bill Gates (m. 1994) «start: (1994)»"Marriage: Bill Gates to Melinda Gates" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Melinda_Gates) |
| Children | Jennifer Katharine Gates - (b. 1996) Rory John Gates - (b. 1999) Phoebe Adele Gates - (b. 2002) |
| Website | |
| Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Home Page | |
Melinda French Gates (born Melinda Ann French; August 15, 1964)[1] is an American businesswoman and philanthropist. She is the wife of Bill Gates. She is the co-founder and co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and a former unit manager for several Microsoft products such as Publisher, Microsoft Bob, Encarta, and Expedia.
Contents |
Personal life[link]
.JPG)
Melinda was born in Dallas, Texas. She was the second of four children born to Raymond Joseph French, Jr., an engineer, and Elaine Agnes Amerland, a homemaker. She has an older sister and two younger brothers.[2] Gates, a Roman Catholic, attended St. Monica Catholic School,[3][4] where she was the top student in her class year. She graduated as valedictorian from Ursuline Academy of Dallas in 1982. Gates earned a bachelor's degree in computer science and economics from Duke University in 1986 and an MBA from Duke's Fuqua School of Business in 1987.
Shortly thereafter, she joined Microsoft and participated in the development of many of Microsoft’s multimedia products including Publisher, Microsoft Bob, Encarta, and Expedia.[5]
In 1994, she married Bill Gates in a private ceremony held in Lanai, Hawaii. Shortly thereafter, she left Microsoft to focus on starting and raising her family. Her last position was Microsoft’s General Manager of Information Products. Melinda and Bill Gates have three children: daughters Jennifer Katharine Gates (born 1996) and Phoebe Adele Gates (born 2002), and son Rory John Gates (born 1999).
Melinda served as a member of Duke University's board of trustees from 1996 to 2003.[6] Gates attends Bilderberg Group conferences and holds a seat on the board of directors of the Washington Post company.[7] She retired from the board of Drugstore.com in August 2006 to spend more time working for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.[8]
As of 2009, Melinda and Bill Gates have donated more than US$24 billion to the Foundation.[9]
Awards and recognition[link]
In December 2005, Melinda and Bill Gates were named by Time as Persons of the Year alongside Bono. Melinda and Bill Gates received the Spanish Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on May 4, 2006 in recognition of their world impact through charitable giving.[10] In November 2006, Melinda and Bill Gates were awarded the Order of the Aztec Eagle for their philanthropic work around the world in the areas of health and education, particularly in Mexico, and specifically in the program "Un país de lectores".
She was ranked #40 in Forbes 2008 list of the 100 Most Powerful Women,[11] #24 in 2007,[12] and #12 in 2006.[13]
On June 12, 2009, Melinda and Bill Gates received honorary degrees from the University of Cambridge. Their benefaction of $210 million in 2000 set up the Gates Cambridge Trust, which funds postgraduate scholars from outside the UK to study at the University.
Melinda has also donated over 10 million dollars to her high school Ursuline Academy of Dallas. She is one of the major donors of their Facing the Future Campaign and was honored in their dedication ceremony on May 7, 2010.
References[link]
- ^ Texas Births, 1926-1995
- ^ "Melinda Gates goes public (pg. 2)". CNN. January 7, 2008.
- ^ Business week, Issues 3649-3652. McGraw-Hill. http://books.google.com/books?id=vo2ZAAAAIAAJ&q=Melinda+Gates+roman+catholic&dq=Melinda+Gates+roman+catholic. Retrieved 10 March 2011. "Raised a Roman Catholic and educated at a girls' Catholic high school, Melinda was encouraged to pursue he love of science"
- ^ Jeanne M. Lesinski. Bill Gates: Entrepreneur and Philanthropist. Twenty First Century Books. http://books.google.com/books?id=ubYgIB0TgUYC&pg=PA61&dq=Melinda+Gates+roman+catholic#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 10 March 2011. "Melinda, a devout Catholic, wanted a religious wedding."
- ^ "Profile: Bill Gates". BBC News. 2004-01-26. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3428721.stm. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ Gates Joins Trustees
- ^ "Biography: Melinda French Gates". The Washington Post Company. 2007. http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=62487&p=IROL-govHistBioDirectors&t=Regular&id=123743&. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ "Officers and Directors". Drugstore.com. 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-02-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20060207063601/http://investor.shareholder.com/drugstore/management.cfm. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ Melinda Gates on Charlie Rose.com
- ^ Jason Cowley (22 May 2006). "Heroes of Our time: The Top 50". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/200605220016. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women". Forbes. 2008-08-27. http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/27/most-powerful-women-biz-powerwomen08-cz_me_cs_0827women_land.html.
- ^ "#24 Melinda Gates - Forbes.com". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/11/biz-07women_Melinda-Gates_7UR5.html.
- ^ "#12 Melinda Gates - Forbes.com". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/11/06women_Melinda-Gates_7UR5.html.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Melinda Gates |
- The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Melinda Gates on Charlie Rose
- Melinda Gates at TED Conferences
- Melinda Gates at the Internet Movie Database
- Melinda Gates at the Notable Names Database
- Melinda Gates collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about Melinda Gates in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Melinda Gates Goes Public, Fortune magazine, January 4, 2008
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gates, Melinda French |
| Alternative names | French, Melinda Ann |
| Short description | American philanthropist |
| Date of birth | 1964-08-15 |
| Place of birth | Dallas, Texas, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Melinda_Gates
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Melinda Gates
http://id.wn.com/Melinda Gates
http://es.wn.com/Melinda Gates
http://ru.wn.com/Гейтс, Мелинда
http://pt.wn.com/Melinda Gates
http://pl.wn.com/Melinda Gates
http://fr.wn.com/Melinda Gates
http://de.wn.com/Melinda Gates
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_Gates
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other events that might be called the "Congo crisis", see Congo Civil War (disambiguation).
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) |
| Congo Crisis | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Cold War and the Congo conflicts | ||||||||
 Belgian paracommandos preparing for a hostage rescue operation, November 1964 |
||||||||
|
||||||||
| Belligerents | ||||||||
 Congo (Stanleyville) Simba Maoists
|
 Belgium Katanga South Kasai South Africa (Mercenaries) Rhodesia (Mercenaries) |
 Congo (Léopoldville)
Supported by: |
||||||
| Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
Patrice Lumumba † Antoine Gizenga Pierre Mulele Gaston Soumialot Dag Hammarskjöld † Nikita Krushchev Che Guevara Gamal Abdel Nasser Ahmed Ben Bella Alphonse Massamba-Débat Julius Nyerere.svg){kind=small} King Mwambutsa IV Mao Zedong |
King Baudouin I Moise Tshombe Albert Kalonji Mike Hoare Jean Schramme |
Joseph Kasa-Vubu Joseph-Désiré Mobutu Cyrille Adoula Dwight Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson |
||||||
| Total killed: 100,000–200,000[2] | ||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||
| History of the DRC
|
|
.svg)
The Congo Crisis (1960–1966) was a period of turmoil in the First Republic of the Congo that began with national independence from Belgium and ended with the seizing of power by Joseph Mobutu. At various points, it had the characteristics of anti-colonial struggle, a secessionist war with the province of Katanga, a United Nations peacekeeping operation, and a Cold War proxy battle between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Crisis resulted in the deaths of some 100,000 people (King Léopold II’s rule had resulted in the deaths of around 10,000,000 Congolese people).[3] It led to the assassination of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba, as well as a traumatic setback to the United Nations following the death of UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld in a plane crash as he sought to mediate.
Contents
|
Background[link]
Prior to the establishment of the First Republic in 1960, the native Congolese elites had formed semi-political organizations which gradually evolved into the main parties striving for independence. These organizations were formed on one of three foundations: ethnic kinship, connections formed in schools, and urban intellectualism[citation needed].
The largest of these was Association des Bakongo (ABAKO), founded in 1950, which was an ethnic association which promoted the interests and language of the Bakongo (or Kongo) people, as well as Bakongo-related ethnic groups. ABAKO, led by Joseph Kasa-Vubu during the Crisis, was at the forefront of the more insistent demands for both independence and federalism. Other less successful ethnic associations included the Liboke lya Bangala, who championed needs of the Bangala ethno-linguistic group (a grouping created by Western ethnographers), and the Fédékaléo – who included people from the Kasai region. Fédékaléo later split into several groups. Though these organizations represented ethnic groups from all over the Congo, they usually based themselves in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa), since one reason for their existence was the need to maintain ethnic ties after the mass migration to urban areas[citation needed].
Another source of political groupings was the various Alumni Associations—whose membership came from former students of colonial Christian schools in the Congo. Most of the major politicians of the period were Alumni members, and the associations were used to create networks of advisors and supporters.
The third political tributary were the Cercles, urban associations that sprang up in the cities of the Congo, which were designed to foster solidarity amongst the évolués (the educated, westernized middle class). In the words of Patrice Lumumba, the head of the Cercles of Stanleyville (now Kisangani), the Cercles were created to "improve intellectual, social, moral and physical formation" of the évolués[citation needed].
In 1958, together with Cyrille Adoula and Joseph Ileo, Lumumba founded the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), a national independence party intended to be non-tribal. It later split into two, MNC-L led by Lumumba and the MNC-K led by Albert Kalonji in Kasai[citation needed].
The thirty year plan[link]
In the early 1950s the Belgian government came under increasing pressure to allow the Belgian Congo to become a self-governing state. Belgium had ratified article 73 of the United Nations Charter, which advocated self-determination, and both superpowers put pressure on Belgium to reform its Congo policy. The Belgian government's response was largely dismissive. However, Belgian professor A.J. van Bilsen, in 1955, published a treatise called Thirty Year Plan for the Political Emancipation of Belgian Africa. The timetable called for gradual emancipation of the Congo over a thirty year period—the time Van Bilsen expected it would take to create an educated elite who could replace the Belgians in positions of power. The Belgian government and many of the évolués were suspicious of the plan — the former because it meant eventually giving up the Congo, and the latter because Belgium would still be ruling Congo for another three decades. A group of Catholic évolués responded positively to the plan with a manifesto in a Congolese journal called Conscience Africaine, with their only point of disagreement being the amount of native Congolese participation. The ethnic association ABAKO decided to distance themselves from the plan, in part because most of the Catholic évolués who wrote the Conscience Africaine manifesto were not from the Kongo ethnic group favoured by ABAKO, but also because they had decided to take a more radical, less gradualist approach to ending colonialism. ABAKO demanded immediate self-government for Congo[citation needed].
This plan was never made official. All early political efforts were hampered because Belgium had made no plans for Congolese independence. There were only nine university degree holders,[4] and no Congolese in the entire military with a rank higher than Sergeant.
1959 Leopoldville and Stanleyville Riots[link]
ABAKO gathered steam over the following few years, consolidating political control over much of the lower Congo and Léopoldville. By early 1959, much of the lower Congo was beyond the control of Belgian authorities. The Belgian authorities prohibited ABAKO from meeting and this caused widespread rioting in Léopoldville from 4–7 January 1959 during which 34 Africans died.[5] On January 12 Joseph Kasa-Vubu was arrested and the Belgians stated that he would be released on March 13. Subsequently, the Belgian government announced constitutional reforms intended to bring more Congolese into government, but only in an advisory capacity. They also indicated that the end result of the process would eventually be independence. With this plan the Belgians hoped to satisfy the demands of the more moderate Congolese for inclusion in the political process while neutralizing the more extreme Congolese nationalists with the promise of eventual independence. The end result was the opposite of what was intended. There was a surge of political activity, over fifty political parties were registered, nearly all of them based on tribal groups. Nationalist demands grew more extreme as parties competed with each other. There was further rioting, during which 24 people were killed, in Stanleyville on October 31, 1959 after Patrice Lumumba was arrested following a meeting of the MNC.[6]
The Roundtable Conference, Brussels 18–27 January 1960[link]
Faced with increasing instability, the Belgians held a "Roundtable Conference" in Brussels for the leaders of the different Congolese parties. The MNC demanded that Lumumba should be released from prison so he could attend. The Belgians agreed to independence but tried to negotiate for a transitional period of three to four years. The Congolese insisted that independence be granted immediately and the most that they would concede was a few months. At the end of the conference on 27 January 1960 it was agreed that elections would be held by 22 May 1960, and independence granted on 30 June 1960. The experience of the French in the ongoing Algerian War for independence was something the Belgians desperately wanted to avoid[citation needed].
22 May 1960 elections[link]
Main article: Belgian Congo general election, 1960
In order to create political institutions to govern Congo after its independence on 30 June 1960, the elections were held on 22 May 1960.
Only the two biggest parties presented themselves in more than one province:
- The MNC-L (Patrice Lumumba) had won the elections: with about a quarter of the seats it ended first. It obtained a majority in the Eastern (Oriental) province.
- The Parti National du Progrès or PNP, was second, was defeated as national party by the MNC-L. It was favored by the Belgians.
Every other party was based in only one province; their strongholds followed ethnic divisions:
- In the province of Léopoldville, Parti Solidaire Africain or PSA (Antoine Gizenga) narrowly defeated ABAKO (Joseph Kasa-Vubu).
- In the province of Katanga, Confédération des Associations Tribales de Katanga or (CONAKAT) led by Moise Tshombé narrowly defeated Association Générale des Baluba de Katanga or BALUBAKAT (Jason Sendwe).
- In the province of Kivu, Centre de Regroupement Africain, CEREA (Anicet Kashamura) won but didn't obtain a majority; MNC-L came second.
- In the province of Kasaï, MNC-L and MNC-K (Albert Kalonji, Joseph Iléo and Cyrille Adoula) fought a duel over the first place. MNC-L could count on two smaller parties (UNC and Coalition Kasaienne (COAKA).
- In the Eastern province, MNC-L won a clear majority; the PNP was its only adversary.
- In the province of the Equator, parties were very weak, but PUNA (Jean Bolikango) and UNIMO (Justin Bomboko) could be called the local parties.
In the national parliament, Lumumba could count on a coalition of (in order of loyalty) MNC-L, UNC and COAKA (Kasaï), CEREA (Kivu), PSA (Léopoldville) and BALUBAKAT (Katanga). It was opposed by PNP, MNC-K (Kasaï), ABAKO (Léopoldville), CONAKAT (Katanga), PUNA and UNIMO (Equator) and RECO (Kivu).
As part of a deal, on June 24, 1960, Kasa-Vubu was elected president and the Lumumba government obtained the confidence of Chamber and Senate.
Independence[link]
The independent Republic of the Congo was declared on 30 June 1960, with Joseph Kasa-Vubu as President and Patrice Lumumba as Prime Minister. It shared a name with the neighboring Republic of the Congo to the west, a French colony that also gained independence in 1960, and the two were normally differentiated by also stating the name of the relevant capital city, so Congo (Léopoldville) versus Congo (Brazzaville).
Course of the Crisis[link]
The First Republic[link]
Independence day[link]
On June 30, 1960, the country's first day as an independent nation, Baudouin I of Belgium, the King of the Belgians, arrived for the formal handover of power. What was intended to be a day of pomp and national celebration turned into a public relations disaster. This was clear almost from the moment the king stepped off the plane. On his way from the airport, a man, Ambroise Boimbo,[7][8] snatched his ceremonial sword and began dancing around in the road with it. At his arrival in the parliament building on the following morning, the king was shown more respect. However he then made an ill-advised speech praising the "genius" and "tenacious courage" of his great uncle King Leopold II.[9] In the Congo, Leopold II is mainly remembered as the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private project undertaken by the King. The extraction of rubber and ivory in the Congo during this period relied on forced labour and resulted in the massacre and mutilation of millions of Congolese. President Kasa-Vubu altered his prepared speech to exclude ending remarks of praise for King Baudouin. Prime Minister Lumumba was not due to give a speech; according to some reports this was a deliberate exclusion. However, he rose and gave a speech which extolled the independence struggle "of tears, fire and blood". He attacked the Belgian Congo's "regime of injustice, oppression and exploitation".[10] Some media reported that Lumumba told Baudouin: "Nous ne sommes plus vos singes" (We are no longer your monkeys),[11][12][13] but this is not found in the text of his speech and may be apocryphal.
This speech was well received by the Congolese who heard it. For many Congolese, hearing any European dignitary, let alone a king, being addressed this way was extraordinary. For the king and his entourage, this speech was an insult and they nearly decided to fly straight back to Belgium and skip the rest of the ceremonies. They stayed for the official lunch, at which Lumumba made a somewhat more conciliatory speech saying "At the moment when the Congo reaches independence, the whole Government wishes to pay solemn homage to the King of the Belgians and to the noble people he represents for the work done here over three quarters of a century. For I would not wish my feelings to be wrongly interpreted."[9] However, it was his first speech that was remembered and broadcast throughout the Congo[citation needed].
Military mutiny[link]
At independence, the Congo armed forces, the Force Publique, had both military functions and served as a gendarmerie. All officers and senior non-commissioned officers were Belgians. After 30 June 1960, resentment rose in the army whose privates and NCOs saw little opportunity for advancement. Further discontent was caused by the decision by Lumumba to raise the pay of all government employees except the military. On 5 July 1960, the commander of the Force Publique, Lieutenant General Émile Janssens, called a meeting of the Léopoldville garrison. Janssens was not a man of diplomatic talent. In an attempt to remind the soldiers of their oaths of loyalty and obedience, he wrote on a blackboard, "After independence = before independence." This was not a message the rank and file members of the army were prepared to hear. By the end of the day the garrison had mutinied against its white officers and attacked numerous European targets. Armed bands of mutineers roamed the capital looting and terrorizing the white population. This caused the flight of thousands of European refugees to Brazzaville and Stanleyville. The credibility of the new government was ruined as it proved unable to control its own armed forces[citation needed].
This led to a military intervention into Congo by Belgian forces in an ostensible effort to secure the safety of its citizens. Whilst the danger to Belgian citizens and other foreigners was real, the intervention of these forces was a violation of the national sovereignty of the new nation, as it had not requested Belgian assistance[citation needed].
In the midst of the mutiny, the Congolese government decided to "Africanize" the army. All personnel were promoted by one rank and its name was changed to the Armee Nationale Congolaise (ANC).
The flight of officers left the 25,000 man force still armed but totally uncontrolled. This left the new country without an effective instrument of central control and was an important causative factor in the rapid descent of the country into chaos[citation needed].
Secession of Katanga[link]
Main article: State of Katanga
On 11 July 1960, with the support of Belgian business interests and over 6000 Belgian troops, the province of Katanga in the southeast declared independence as the State of Katanga under the leadership of Moise Tshombe, leader of the local CONAKAT party. Tshombe was known to be close to the Belgian industrial companies which mined the rich resources of copper, gold and uranium. Katanga was one of the richest and most developed areas of the Congo. Without Katanga, Congo would lose a large part of its mineral assets and consequently government income. In defense of the decision to declare independence, Tshombe said Katanga was "seceding from chaos". In particular Tshombe believed if he allowed the mutinous ANC to enter it would result in lawlessness and bloodshed. With Belgian assistance Katanga's Gendarmerie was converted into an effective military force. At the core of the Katangese forces were several hundred European mercenaries many of which were recruited in Belgium. Almost from the beginning, the new state faced a rebellion in the north in Luba areas. This was led by a political party called Association of the Luba People of Katanga (BALUBAKAT). In January 1961, Katanga faced a secession crisis of its own when BALUBAKAT leaders declared independence from Katanga. Throughout the period of the secession, Katangese forces were never able to completely control the province[citation needed]. Katanga received assistance from numerous foreign mercenaries, mostly white South Africans, Belgians and other Europeans, including the Irish right-wing fighter Mike Hoare. Major Mike Hoare's first mercenary action was in Katanga, as the province first attempted to break away from the newly independent Congo in 1960-61. His unit of mercenary fighters was called "4 Commando". South Africa's Apartheid government supported Katanga's secession bid, and facilitated the entrance of mercenaries to aid the Katangese cause.
UN military intervention[link]
On 14 July 1960, in response to requests by Prime Minister Lumumba, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 143. This called upon Belgium to remove its troops and for the UN to provide 'military assistance' to the Congolese forces to allow them 'to meet fully their tasks'. Lumumba demanded that Belgium remove its troops immediately, threatening to seek help from the Soviet Union if they did not leave within two days. The UN reacted quickly and established United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC). The first UN troops arrived the next day but there was instant disagreement between Lumumba and the UN over the new force's mandate. Because the Congolese army had been in disarray since the mutiny, Lumumba wanted to use the UN troops to subdue Katanga by force. Referring to the resolution, Lumumba wrote to UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld, ‘From these texts it is clear that, contrary to your personal interpretation, the UN force may be used to subdue the rebel government of Katanga.’[14] Secretary General Hammarskjöld refused. To Hammarskjöld, the secession of Katanga was an internal Congolese matter and the UN was forbidden to intervene by Article 2 of the United Nations Charter. Disagreements over what the UN force could and could not do continued throughout its deployment, despite the passage of two further Security Council resolutions. Passed on 22 July, Security Council Resolution 145 affirmed that Congo should be a unitary state and strengthened the call for Belgium to withdraw its forces. On 9 August, Security Council Resolution 146 mentioned Katanga for the first time, and explicitly allowed UN forces to enter Katanga whilst forbidding their use to 'intervene in or influence the outcome of any internal conflict'.[15]
Secession of South Kasai[link]
Main article: South Kasai
File:South Kasai stamps.jpg
South Kasai created stamps by altering old Belgian Congo stamps.
The South Kasai region sought independence in similar circumstances to neighboring Katanga during the crisis. Ethnic conflicts and political tensions between leaders of the central government and local leaders plagued the diamond-rich region. Communal violence broke out between the Baluba and Lulua on 11 October 1959 in Luluabourg. In response, the colonial administration sponsored reconciliation talks at Lake Munkamba. These ended in January 1960 with a call for all Luba peoples scattered throughout the Congo to be "repatriated" to Kasai. On 14 June 1960, days before the colony was to become independent, officials declared the independence of Kasai (not of Congo) and proclaimed the Federal State of South Kasai. Lumumba appointed Barthelemy Mukenge, a Lulua, as provincial governor, appearing to favor one side in the conflict. On 8 August 1960, the autonomous Mining State of South Kasai was proclaimed with its capital at Bakwanga. Albert Kalonji, a Luba chief, was named president of South Kasai and Joseph Ngalula was appointed head of government.[16]
Soviet & US interventions[link]
Lumumba was determined to quickly subdue the renegade provinces of Kasai and Katanga. Dissatisfied with the UN, on August 17, 1960 Lumumba followed through on his threat to request military assistance from the Soviet Union. The USSR quickly responded with an airlift of ANC troops into Kasai and a supply of military trucks. A bloody campaign ensued causing the deaths of hundreds of Baluba tribesmen and the flight of a quarter of a million refugees. Lumumba's decision to accept Soviet help angered the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower in the United States who via the CIA, increasingly supported Mobutu and Kasa-Vubu. Referring to the Communist takeover in Cuba in 1959, the CIA station chief in Leopoldville cabled the director to saying "Congo [is] experiencing [a] classic communist effort [to] takeover government... there may be little time to take action to avoid another Cuba". Eisenhower authorized the CIA to initiate a plan to assassinate Lumumba using poison to be placed in his food or toothpaste, although this plan was aborted.[17][18]
See: Larry Devlin
Political disintegration[link]
Color Key
-
- Yellow: National Government based in Léopoldville
- Red: Rival National Government based in Stanleyville
- Green: Katanga (Independent)
- Blue: Mining State of South Kasai (Autonomous)
On 5 September 1960, state president Joseph Kasa-Vubu dismissed prime minister Patrice Lumumba and announced the decision over Leopoldville radio. In his place, he appointed Joseph Ileo, a respected moderate. Lumumba refused to accept his dismissal and in turn announced over the radio, that Kasa-Vubu was deposed. Ileo tried to form a new government but did not manage to get his new government approved by parliament. In contrast, Lumumba's position was confirmed by a parliamentary vote of confidence[citation needed].
In order to instill calm, the UN closed all Congolese airports under their control along with the radio station in Leopoldville. This halted the Soviet supported airlift of Congolese troops to Kasai. Kasa-Vubu was able to continue broadcasts from Brazzaville across the border and made a further announcement on September 10 that the Lumumba government was dissolved.
On September 12, forces loyal to the Chief of Staff of the Army, Joseph Mobutu, placed Lumumba under house arrest at the prime minister's residence, however he was soon released by Congolese troops loyal to him[citation needed].
On September 14, with U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) help, Mobutu seized power in a military coup, suspending parliament and the constitution. Mobutu declared Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu "neutralised" but left the latter in office. All Soviet advisors were ordered to leave. Lumumba was again placed under house arrest, but this time with a guard of UN troops for his protection.
Following the dismissal of Lumumba, his Vice Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga set up a rival government in the eastern city of Stanleyville with the help of pro-Lumumba forces.
There were now four different regimes in the former Belgian Congo:
- Joseph Mobutu in Leopoldville was supported by Western governments
- Antoine Gizenga in Stanleyville, was supported by the Soviet bloc, Fidel Castro's Cuba, the Algerian FLN led by the revolutionary Ahmed Ben Bella, Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt, as well as the newly independent left-wing African nations Ghana, Guinea and Tanganyika.
- Albert Kalonji in South Kasai.
- Moise Tshombe in Katanga, also supported by Belgium and western mining interests, and militarily assisted by South African and European mercenaries. Notable mercenaries in Katanga in 1960-61 included Alastair Wicks, Mike Hoare, Jean Schramme, and Bob Denard.[19]
Lumumba assassinated in Katanga[link]
See: Death of Lumumba
On 27 November Lumumba left house arrest and attempted to reach his supporters in Stanleyville. On December 1 he was captured in Kasai by soldiers loyal to Mobutu.
Even in captivity, Lumumba was a threat to Mobutu[citation needed]. He was a figurehead for the regime in Stanleyville and Mobutu feared a pro-Lumumba coup. There was a mutiny (over pay) in Thysville barracks where Lumumba was being held and there were fears that he would turn the guards to his side. Belgian advisors convinced Mobutu that Lumumba was a liability that needed to be eliminated[citation needed].
On 17 January 1961 Mobutu sent Lumumba to Élisabethville (now Lubumbashi), capital of Katanga. In full view of the press he was beaten and forced to eat copies of his own speeches. For the next three weeks, he was not seen or heard from. Then Katangese radio announced implausibly that he had escaped and been killed by some villagers. In fact he had been tortured and killed along with two others shortly after his arrival. It was soon clear that he had been murdered in custody. In 2001, a Belgian inquiry established that he had been shot by Katangese gendarmes in the presence of Belgian officers, under Katangese command. Lumumba was beaten, placed in front of a firing squad with 2 other allies, cut up, buried, dug up and what remained was dissolved in acid.[20]
UN authorized to use force[link]
The UN Security Council met in the wake of Lumumba's death in a highly emotional atmosphere charged with anti-colonial feeling and rhetoric. The Soviet Government even went as far as to blame Hammarskjöld for Lumumba's death, calling for his dismissal. Hammarskjöld refused to resign and remained in office. On 21 February 1961 the Security Council adopted resolution 161, which authorised 'all appropriate measures' to 'prevent the occurrence of civil war in the Congo, including ... the use of force, if necessary, in the last resort'.[21] This resolution demanded the expulsion from the Congo of all Belgian troops and mercenaries, but did not explicitly mandate the UN to conduct offensive operations. This resolution was ultimately interpreted by the local UN forces to justify military operations to end the secession of Katanga. In death, Lumumba had finally succeeded in getting UN support for his campaign against Katanga. Despite this new resolution, during the next six months the UN undertook no major military operations, instead concentrating on facilitating several rounds of political negotiations[citation needed].
Political negotiations, election of Cyrille Adoula[link]
Between January and May, 1961, several conferences were held to resolve the constitutional crisis brought on by the dismissal of Lumumba by President Kasa-Vubu. In January, roundtable talks were held in Leopoldville. In March a conference was held in Tananarive, Madagascar. The Tananarive conference was boycotted by pro-Lumumbist Antoine Gizenga. This conference recommended a loose confederation of states and was opposed by the central government in Leopoldville. A third conference was held in Coquilhatville, capital of the Equateur province in April. The leaders agreed to form a federal state of Congolese provinces. This plan was opposed by Tshombe, who wanted more independence for Katanga. As he was leaving Coquilhatville, Tshombe was arrested on charges of criticizing President Kasa-Vubu. He was released in June after pledging to reunite Katanga with the Congo. On August 2, the parliament voted to elect Cyrille Adoula as Prime Minister, ostensibly bringing stability to the central government[citation needed].
UN launches Operation Rumpunch[link]
By the end of August, it was clear that Tshombe had no intention of implementing his pledge to reunite Katanga with the rest of the country. In particular, he had not complied with the UN security council resolution demanding the expulsion of foreign mercenaries. On August 28, under "Operation Rumpunch", UN forces started to disarm Katangese troops, capture key Katangese military assets and arrest all the foreign mercenaries who formed the core of the Katangese gendarmerie. This operation was initially successful, but stopped when the Belgian consul in Elizabethville persuaded the local UN officials that he would complete the operation. This was a ruse, however, as ultimately only regular Belgian officers and not mercenaries were expelled from the province. Many mercenaries who were repatriated found their way back into Katanga via Rhodesia.
UN launches Operation Morthor[link]
On September 9, when it became clear that Tshombe's mercenaries were still in control of the Katangese gendarmerie, the UN launched "Operation Morthor" to again round up foreign mercenaries and political advisors. In addition the Congolese central government issued the UN with arrest warrants for Tshombe and other key Katangese officials. The UN was able to act on these warrants because the new government of Cyrille Adoula was the internationally recognized authority. Operation Morthor was a political and military fiasco. Originally intended as an arrest operation Morthor quickly escalated into open warfare, as blood was shed on both sides.
It went badly from the start. The Katangese gendarmerie were forewarned and mounted resistance to UN attempts to gain control. The UN did manage to capture the post office and radio station, and arrested the Vice President, however, through miscommunication or confusion, the Presidential Palace was never secured and Tshombe was able to escape. At the end of the first day of the operation, the UN special representative announced over Katangese radio that the secession was at an end. This statement was premature and caused controversy because the UN was not specifically mandated to end the secession, only to prevent civil war and expel foreign mercenaries. On 13 September Tshombe fled to Ndola in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) from where he urged the gendarmerie to continue resistance. Reports of UN attacks on civilian installations came from Elizabethville and caused anger in Europe. A company of 155 UN troops from Ireland was attacked and trapped in Jadotville. Katangese forces made use of a Fouga Magister jet, piloted by a Belgian mercenary, to strafe the company and prevent resupply[citation needed].
Death of Dag Hammarskjöld and military standoff[link]
In the midst of Operation Morthor, UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld decided to intervene personally and negotiate a ceasefire with Tshombe. On the night of 17–18 September his plane crashed en route to Ndola, killing him and fifteen others on board. The exact cause of this was never determined.[22]
With death of the Secretary General, the fighting continued in Katanga. The next day the besieged Irish UN company at Jadotville, after holding out for 6 days, surrendered to the Katangese Gendamerie having run out of water and ammunition (See Siege of Jadotville). After these reversals the UN agreed to a ceasefire on poor terms, giving back public buildings and military posts to Katangese control. On September 20 Tshombe returned to Elizabethville. The Irish troops remained in Katangese custody until October 25 when a prisoner swap was agreed. On October 30, Congolese government forces attacked Katanga but were repulsed with heavy casualties[citation needed].
UN Security Council Resolution 169, Operation Unokat[link]
File:IrishArmy 36Btn Congo 1961.jpg
Irish ONUC troops (36 Bn) man a position over a road tunnel in Elizabethville during the Congo Crisis, December 1961.
On November 2, 1961, the UN General Assembly unanimously appointed U Thant as Secretary General to replace Dag Hammarsköld. Skirmishes involving UN forces continued in Katanga. On November 8, a party of Irish soldiers were ambushed and killed by Baluba tribesmen in Niemba, Northern Katanga. On November 24, UN Security Council Resolution 169 was adopted, “to take vigorous action, including the use of the requisite measure of force, if necessary,” to remove foreign military and other personnel not under the U.N. Command. The UN discovered that the Katangese gendarmerie were planning an offensive against them. The gendarmerie were setting up roadblocks in order to isolate UN units from one another. This prompted another major military operation called Unokat launched on December 5, to remove the roadblocks and take control of strategic positions around Elizabethville. After heavy fighting and casualties on both sides UN strategic objectives were achieved. Katangese military assets were neutralised including the newly created Katangese Air Force. In response Tshombe threatened to blow up the dams and copper mines around Kolwezi. On December 18, Tshombe agreed to unity talks which would last a year without reaching agreement[citation needed].
Congolese forces re-conquer South Kasai[link]
On December 30, 1961, after a four month military campaign, troops of the Congolese central government re-conquered South Kasai and arrested Kalonji, thus ending the South Kasai secession. Kalonji escaped prison in September 1962 and attempted to set up a new government but it was dissolved a few weeks later.[23]
Gizenga deposed[link]
Antoine Gizenga remained head of the breakaway Eastern (Orientale) province throughout most of 1961. After the death of Lumumba, several African and Eastern European governments recognized the Stanleyville government as legitimate. Gizenga's government also received arms from China. Following talks with Prime Minister Cyrille Adoula, Gizenga agreed to join the central government under the understanding that it would follow the policies of Lumumba, however relations broke down and on January 14, 1962 ANC forces defeated the Stanleyville gendarmerie and arrested Gizenga[citation needed].
UN Operation Grand Slam ends Katanga secession[link]
Throughout 1962, Tshombe maintained the independence of Katanga. In August, UN Secretary General U Thant proposed a plan that Katanga become an autonomous region in a federal state. Tshombe initially agreed with the proposal but agreement was never concluded. In December 1962 the UN launched "Operation Grand Slam" on Katanga's political and military infrastructure. This proved to be a decisive attack and by January, 1963 Elizabethville was under full UN control. This ended the secession of Katanga.[24]
Rural insurgencies in Eastern Provinces[link]
Main article: Simba Rebellion
In early 1964, a new crisis broke out as Congolese rebels calling themselves "Simba" (Swahili for "Lion") rebelled against the government. They were led by Pierre Mulele, Gaston Soumialot and Christophe Gbenye who were former members of Gizenga's Parti Solidaire Africain (PSA). Mulele was an avowed Maoist, and for this reason his insurgency was supported by communist China.[25] The rebellion affected Kivu and Eastern (Orientale) provinces. By August they had captured Stanleyville and set up a rebel government there. As the rebel movement spread, discipline became more difficult to maintain, and acts of violence and terror increased. Thousands of Congolese were executed, including government officials, political leaders of opposition parties, provincial and local police, school teachers, and others believed to have been Westernized. Many of the executions were carried out with extreme cruelty, in front of a monument to Lumumba in Stanleyville.[26]
In July 1964, Moise Tshombe replaced Cyrilla Adoula as Prime Minister of a new national government with a mandate to end the regional revolts. Tshombe had been the leader of Katanga when that province tried to secede. It is therefore highly ironic that he was chosen to lead the Congolese central government in a war against another rebellious province. Among his first moves, Tshombe recalled the exiled Katangese gendarmerie and recruited white mercenaries, integrating them with the ANC. Many of these mercenaries had fought for Katanga when Tshombe was leader of the breakaway province.[24]
Foreign involvement in the Simba Rebellion[link]
In October 1963 an antigovernment coalition calling itself the National Liberation Council (CNL) had been formed by a potpourri of former Lumumbist government officials and disaffected regional, often tribally based, strongmen. The council had offices in the city of Brazzaville, capital of the People's Republic of Congo-Brazzaville. The Marxist-Leninist leader of the Congo-Brazzaville People's Republic, Alphonse Massemba-Debat, was one of the strongest backers of the Lumumbist rebels, and provided them with a headquarters and logistical support.[27]
The central figure behind the eastern rebellion was Soumialot, who, in January 1964, was sent to Burundi by the CNL, with the mission of organizing the rebellion. With the full support of the Burundian authorities, Soumialot set up a CNL headquartes in Burundi. Thanks to his own skill in exploiting local conflicts and working out tactical alliances with Tutsi exiles from Rwanda, Soumialot was able to recruit thousands of dedicated supporters in eastern Kivu, along the border with Burundi. [28]
The leaders of the Lumumba-inspired rebellion were leftist or Marxist, but most of the foot soldiers were tribal fighters, who resented what they perceived as the exploitation of their land and resources by the government and its foreign masters. These fighters and their Marxist commanders, led by Soumialot in Kivu and the Maoist Mulele in Kwilu, formed what became the Simba Rebellion, which aimed to topple the national government.
The insurgents managed to attract Chinese and some Soviet aid. The various allied rebel leaders took over huge portions of the ill-defended national territory. One Chinese-backed rebel column commanded by Gbenye seized the Northern city of Stanlyville in August 1964 and declared the "People's Republic of the Congo". Soumialot was named President of all rebel-held territory.[29] The People's Republic of Congo-Stanlyville was not to be confused with the People's Republic of Congo-Brazzaville, the latter being an independent nation and separate political entity. Soumialot's People's Republic instituted a rival national government in Stanlyville and claimed to be the rightful rulers of the entire former Belgian Congo, as opposed to the Kasa-Vubu regime based in Leopoldville.[30] Just as it did in 1960-61, the Congo once again had two rival national governments based in Stanlyville and Leopoldville.
By September 1964 the Leopoldville government responded in earnest to insurgency, and were aided by the West. The tripartite of Kasa-Vubu, Tshombe and Mobutu took quick action to bolster their threadbare army's fighting strength, calling in South African mercenary commander Mike Hoare and asking him to recruit a thousand white fighters from South Africa and Rhodesia. The American CIA also backed the efforts to destroy the rebellion.
The Soviets, the Chinese, the Americans and their Western allies were now all involved in the Congo, providing money, arms and advisors to their chosen factions. In addition, the "Radical" Leftist leaders of the African continent were outraged at the specter of white mercenaries and "Neocolonial" Western powers intervening on behalf of the Leopoldville regime, and openly supported the Stanlyville rebel government. In addition to Massemba-Debat's Marxist "Congo-Brazzaville" People's Republic, these supporters included: Ahmed Ben Bella in newly independent Algeria, Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt, and Julius Nyerere in the neighboring socialist nation of Tanzania, among others.[31]
By early August 1964 Congolese government forces, with the help of the groups of white mercenaries under their own command, were making headway against the Simba rebellion. Fearing defeat, the rebels started taking hostages of the local white population in areas under their control. Several hundred hostages were taken to Stanleyville and placed under guard in the Victoria Hotel.
Operation Dragon Rouge[link]
The Congolese government turned to Belgium and the United States for help. In response, the Belgian army sent a task force to Leopoldville, airlifted by the 322nd Air Division United States Air Force.
Washington and Brussels tried to come up with a rescue plan. Several ideas were considered and discarded, while attempts at negotiating with the Simbas failed.
The task force was led by the Belgian colonel Charles Laurent.[32] On 24 November 1964, five US Air Force C-130 transports dropped 350 Belgian paratroopers of the Para-Commando Regiment onto the airfield at Stanleyville.[33] Once the paratroopers had secured the airfield and cleared the runway they made their way to the Victoria Hotel, prevented Simbas from killing all but some 60 of the hostages, and evacuated them via the airfield. Over the next two days over 1,800 Americans and Europeans were evacuated as well as around 400 Congolese[citation needed].
The operation coincided with the arrival of ANC and other mercenary units (seemingly including the hurriedly formed 5th Mechanised Brigade) at Stanleyville which was quickly captured. It took until the end of the year to completely put down the remaining areas of rebellion.
Despite the success of the raid, Tshombe's prestige was damaged by the joint Belgian-US operation which saw white mercenaries and western forces intervene once again in the Congo. In particular, Tshombe had lost the support of both Kasa-Vubu and Mobutu.
Che Guevara in the Congo[link]
In early 1965 Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara travelled to Congo to offer his knowledge and experience as a guerrilla to the insurgents. According to Algerian President Ahmed Ben Bella, Guevara thought that Africa was imperialism's weak link and therefore had enormous revolutionary potential.[34] Guevara led the Cuban operation in support of the Marxist Simba movement. Guevara, his second-in-command Victor Dreke, and 12 other Cuban expeditionaries arrived in the Congo on April 24, 1965 and a contingent of approximately 100 Afro-Cubans joined them soon afterward.[35][36] They collaborated for a time with guerrilla leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila, who had previously helped supporters of Lumumba lead an unsuccessful revolt months earlier. As an admirer of the late Lumumba, Guevara declared that his "murder should be a lesson for all of us".[37] Guevara's aim was to export the revolution by instructing local anti-Mobutu Simba fighters in Marxist ideology and foco theory strategies of guerrilla warfare. However, Guevara soon became disillusioned with the discipline of Kabila's troops and later dismissed him, stating "nothing leads me to believe he is the man of the hour".[38]
As an additional obstacle, white South African mercenaries, led by Hoare in concert with Cuban exiles and the CIA, worked with the Congo National Army to thwart Guevara in the mountains near the village of Fizi on Lake Tanganyika. They were able to monitor his communications and so pre-empted his attacks and interdicted his supply lines. Despite the fact that Guevara sought to conceal his presence in the Congo, the U.S. government was aware of his location and activities.
In his Congo Diary, he cites the incompetence, intransigence and infighting of the local Congolese forces as key reasons for the revolt's failure.[39] Later that year on November 20, 1965, Guevara left the Congo with the Cuban survivors, six members of his 12-man column having died.
Mobutu seizes power[link]
On 25 November 1965, just five days after Guevara's departure, Joseph Mobutu seized power from President Kasa-Vubu with the help of the CIA.[40] Mobutu had the political and military support of Western countries, who saw him as an ally against communism in Africa. He established a one-party state, banning all other political organizations except his own. Tshombe was charged with treason and fled the country once again, this time to Spain.[40]
Aftermath[link]
Kisangani Mutinies[link]
Main article: Kisangani Mutinies
Although Mobutu succeeded in taking power, his position was soon threatened by the Kisangani Mutinies, also known as the Stanleyville Mutinies or Mercenaries' Mutinies, which were a direct continuation of the Congo Crisis and involved the same political actors. The First Kisangani Mutiny was in 1966, the Second was in 1967.
Amid rumours that the ousted prime minister Tshombe was plotting a comeback from his exile in Spain, some 2,000 of Tshombe's former Katangese gendarmes, led by mercenaries, mutinied in Kisangani (formerly Stanleyville) in July 1966. The mutiny was unsuccessful and was crushed[citation needed].
Exactly a year after the failure of the first mutiny, another broke out, again in Stanleyville, apparently triggered by the news that Tshombe's airplane had been hijacked over the Mediterranean and forced to land in Algiers, where he was held prisoner. On the morning of 5 July 1967 10 Commando ANC, Jean Schramme's unit, launched surprise attacks on Stanleyville, Kindu, and Bukavu.[41] Involving approximately 100 former Katangese gendarmes and about 1,000 Katangese, the mutineers held their ground against the 32,000-man Armée Nationale Congolaise until November 1967, when Schramme and his mercenaries crossed the border into Rwanda and surrendered to the local authorities. The country settled into a semblance of political stability for the next several years, allowing Mobutu to focus on his unsuccessful strategies for economic progress.[citation needed].
Mobutu and the Second Republic[link]
Main article: Zaire
Over the next three decades, Mobutu led one of the most enduring regimes in Africa; it was also one of the most dictatorial and corrupt.
Despite the country's obvious natural resources, including copper, gold and diamonds, much of Zaire's population sank further into poverty. Mobutu amassed a personal fortune estimated to be as much as US$5 billion, while what infrastructure the country had was left to decay.[40]
After changing the country's name to Zaire in 1971, Mobutu also pursued a policy expunging remnants of colonialism. In addition to changing the names of the country and many of its cities, major industries were nationalized.
End of Mobutu era[link]
Main article: First Congo War
As the Cold War waned in the early 1990s, so did Western support for Mobutu. Belgium, France and the United States all suspended military and financial assistance to the regime.[40]
As the economic and political situation worsened, Laurent Kabila began a military drive from eastern Zaire in October 1996 to depose Mobutu. As the rebels advanced, Mobutu—who had been out of the country receiving medical treatment—returned to Zaire, vowing to crush the rebellion.[40]
But by May of the following year, with his regime in shambles, Mobutu fled, first to Togo and then to Morocco. He had reportedly requested permission to travel to France for medical treatment, but the French government refused. Less than four months after he was forced into exile, Mobutu died in September 1997 in Morocco.[40]
See also[link]
- History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo#The First Republic (1960–1965)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo#Post-independence wars (1960–1965)
- Siege of Jadotville
Notes[link]
- ^ Che: A Revolutionary Life. By Jon Lee Anderson. ISBN 0-8021-4411-X. p.609-11
- ^ http://necrometrics.com/20c100k.htm#Crisis
- ^ Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
- ^ "DR Congo: Celebrating 50 years of chaos". BBC News. 30 June 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10449507.
- ^ "Order Restored in Congo Capital After Riots Fatal to 34 Africans". The New York Times. 7 January 1959. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50A12FD3E59107B93C5A9178AD85F4D8585F9&scp=6&sq=leopoldville&st=p.
- ^ "24 KILLED IN RIOT IN BELGIAN CONGO; Troops Sent to Stanleyville to Quell Outbreak Laid to African Nationalists". The New York Times. 1 November 1959. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60711FF3E551B7B93C3A9178AD95F4D8585F9&scp=2&sq=Stanleyville&st=p.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ a b "Guardian Article on Independence Day Speeches". London: Guardian Unlimited. July 31, 2002. http://www.guardian.co.uk/congo/story/0,,766933,00.html. Retrieved August 3, 2006.
- ^ "Patrice Lumumba's Independence Day Speech". Africa Within. http://www.africawithin.com/lumumba/independence_speech.htm. Retrieved August 3, 2006.
- ^ Oliver, Roland & Atmore, Anthony (1994). Africa Since 1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 232.
- ^ Legum, Colin (1962). The Life and Death of Patrice Lumumba, Foreward to Congo, My Country. Pall Mall Press. p. xiv.
- ^ Meredith, Martin (2005). The State of Africa, A History of Fifty Years of Independence. Free Press.
- ^ "The UN in the Congo". Keith Kyle. http://lugh.incore.ulst.ac.uk/home/publication/occasional/kyle.html. Retrieved September 12, 2006. [dead link]
- ^ "Security Council Resolutions 1960". United nations. http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1960/scres60.htm. Retrieved September 20, 2006.
- ^ Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2002). The Congo from Leopold to Kabila. Zed Books. p. 105.
- ^ "CIA assassination attempt on Lumumba". http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/jan2001/lum-j10.shtml. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
- ^ Senate Church Committee on Lumumba
- ^ Anthony Mockler, 'The New Mercenaries,' Corgi Books, 1985, 71-73.
- ^ De Witte, Ludo: The Assassination of Lumumba, Verso, 2001.
- ^ "Security Council Resolutions 1961". United Nations. http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1961/scres61.htm. Retrieved September 20, 2006.
- ^ United Nations General Assembly session 17 Report of the Commission of investigation into the conditions and circumstances resulting in the tragic death of Mr. Dag Hammarskjold and members of the party accompanying him. on 24 April 1962(direct link: http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/5069)
- ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile. Africa 1960 - 1970: Chronicle and Analysis. p. 28.
- ^ a b Robert Craig Johnson. "Heart of Darkness: the Tragedy of the Congo, 1960-67". http://worldatwar.net/chandelle/v2/v2n3/congo.html.
- ^ http://www.irinnews.org/print.asp?ReportID=52245
- ^ M. Crawford Young. Post-Independence Politics in the Congo. JSTOR 2934325.
- ^ Che: A Revolutionary Life. By Jon Lee Anderson. ISBN 0-8021-4411-X. p.609-10
- ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/congo-in.htm
- ^ Che: A Revolutionary Life. By Jon Lee Anderson. ISBN 0-8021-4411-X. p.621
- ^ Che: A Revolutionary Life. By Jon Lee Anderson. ISBN 0-8021-4411-X. p.610
- ^ Che: A Revolutionary Life. By Jon Lee Anderson. ISBN 0-8021-4411-X. p.610-11
- ^ http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/20_21_century/3033941.html?featured=y&c=y
- ^ Dragon Operations: Hostage Rescues in the Congo, 1964-1965, Maj. T. Odom, Combat Studies Institute, accessed January 2009
- ^ Ben Bella 1997.
- ^ Gálvez 1999, p. 62.
- ^ Gott 2004 p. 219.
- ^ Kellner 1989, p. 86.
- ^ BBC News January 17, 2001.
- ^ Ireland's Own 2000.
- ^ a b c d e f "Obituary: Mobutu Sese Soko". The Independent (London). 30 June 2010. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-mobutu-sese-seko-1238238.html.
- ^ Anthony Mockler, 'The New Mercenaries,' Corgi Books, ISBN 0 552 12558 X, 1986, 140.
Further reading[link]
- Cruise O'Brien, Conor (1962) To Katanga and Back, London, Hutchinson.
- Devlin, Larry "Chief of station, Congo : a memoir of 1960-67". PublicAffairs (2007). ISBN 978-1-58648-564-1.
- De Witte, Ludo. (2001) The Assassination of Lumumba, Verso. Publication of book resulted in Belgian parliamentary commission and official apology from Belgium for role in the assassination of Lumumba.
- Epstein, Howard (ed). (1974) Revolt in the Congo, 1960-1964, Armor Books. Essays by various authors.
- Gondola, Ch. Didier. (2002) The History of Congo, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-31696-1.
- Kanza, Thomas. (1979) The Rise and Fall of Patrice Lumumba, Schenkman.
- Legum, Colin. (1961) Congo Disaster, Penguin Books.
- Lemarchand, René, (1964) Political Awakening in the Belgian Congo, University of California Press.
- Lumumba, Patrice. (1962) Congo, My Country, Pall Mall Press. Speeches and selected writing by Lumumba.
- Meredith, Martin. (2005) The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years Since Independence, The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-3222-7
- Oliver, Roland & Atmore, Anthony. (1994) Africa since 1800, Cambridge University Press
- Weiss, Herbert. (1967) Political Protest in the Congo: The Parti Solidaire Africain during the Independence Struggle, Princeton University Press.
- Weissman, Stephen R. (1974) American Foreign Policy in the Congo, 1960-1964, Cornell University Press.
- Young, Crawford (1965) Politics in the Congo, Princeton University Press
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Congo Crisis |
- One-page synopsis of the conflict broken into four phases from MIT
- List of resources on the interventions compiled by the US Air Force
- U.S. State Department central files
- Republic of Congo Post-Independence War
- Map of the 1964-65 insurgencies
- Retracing Che Guevara's Congo Footsteps by BBC News, November 25, 2004
- "Back from the Precipice". Time Magazine. 1960-08-01. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869658-1,00.html. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
- Paul Berthoud, A Professional Life Narrative, 2008, worked with ONUC and offers testimony from the inside
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||
http://wn.com/Congo_Crisis
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Конголезский кризис
http://fr.wn.com/Crise congolaise
http://nl.wn.com/Congocrisis
http://pt.wn.com/Crise do Congo
http://pl.wn.com/Kryzys kongijski 1960-1965
http://es.wn.com/Crisis del Congo
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Raila Odinga | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Prime Minister of Kenya | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 17 April 2008 |
|
| President | Mwai Kibaki |
| Preceded by | Jomo Kenyatta |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1945-01-07) 7 January 1945 (age 67) Maseno, Kenya |
| Political party | Orange Democratic Movement |
| Spouse(s) | Ida Odinga |
| Children | Fidel Rosemary Raila Jr. Winnie |
| Alma mater | University of Leipzig Technical University, Magdeburg |
| Religion | Anglicanism |
Raila Amollo Odinga (born January 7, 1945), also popularly known to Kenyans as Agwambo, is the Prime Minister of Kenya in a coalition government. Odinga, a Member of Parliament for Langata since 1992, served as Minister of Energy from 2001 to 2002 and as Minister of Roads, Public Works, and Housing from 2003 to 2005. He was the main opposition candidate in the 2007 presidential election. Following a violent post-electoral crisis, Odinga took office as Prime Minister in April 2008, serving as supervisor of a national unity coalition government.
Odinga is the son of the first Vice President of Kenya, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga; Raila's brother, Oburu Odinga, is also currently a Member of Parliament (MP). Raila is commonly known by his first name due to coincidence: he was an MP at the same time as his father between 1992 and 1994, and is currently in the House with Oburu. Raila was a presidential contender in the 1997 elections, coming third after President Daniel arap Moi of KANU and Mwai Kibaki, the current president of Kenya and then a member of the Democratic Party. Odinga campaigned to run for president in the December 2007 elections on an Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) ticket.
On September 1, 2007, Raila Odinga was elected as the presidential candidate of the ODM. He garnered significant support in the 2007 General Election, with majority of the votes in Rift Valley, Western, his native Nyanza, Coast, Nairobi (Capital) and North Eastern provinces. Kibaki led in his native Central province and beat Raila in Eastern province. Out of the 2007 elections, his party, ODM, got 99 out of 210 seats in the parliament, making the ODM the single largest party in parliament.
On December 30, 2007, the chairman of the Kenyan election commission controversially declared Raila's opponent, incumbent president Kibaki, the winner of the presidential election by a margin of about 230,000 votes. Raila disputed the results, alleging fraud by the election commission but refused to adhere to the constitutional procedure and present an election petition before the courts. Most opinion polls had speculated that Odinga would defeat president Kibaki. Independent international observers have since stated that the poll was marred by irregularities favouring both PNU and ODM, especially at the final vote tallying stages.[1] Many ODM supporters across the country rioted against the announced election results.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Raila Odinga was born at Maseno Church Missionary Society Hospital, in Maseno, Kisumu District, Nyanza Province on January 7, 1945 to Oginga and Mary Juma Odinga. He went to Kisumu Union Primary School, Maranda Primary and High School where he stayed until 1962. He spent the next two years at the Herder Institut, a part of the philological faculty at the University of Leipzig in East Germany.[2] He received a scholarship that in 1965 sent him to the Technical University, Magdeburg (now a part of Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg) in the GDR. In 1970, he graduated with a degree in Mechanical Engineering. While studying in East Berlin during the Cold War, as a Kenyan he was able to visit West Berlin through the Checkpoint Charlie. When visiting West Berlin, he used to buy goods not available in East Berlin and bring them to his friends in East Berlin.[3]
On returning to Kenya in 1970, he worked as a lecturer at the University of Nairobi. In 1971 he established the Standard Processing Equipment Construction & Erection Ltd (later renamed East African Spectre), a company manufacturing liquid petroleum gas cylinders. In 1974, he was appointed group standards manager of the Kenya Bureau of Standards, in 1978 he was promoted to its Deputy Director, a post he held until his 1982 detention[citation needed].
Detention[link]
Raila was placed under house arrest for seven months after being suspected of collaborating with the plotters of a failed coup attempt against President Daniel arap Moi in 1982. He was later charged with treason and detained without trial for six years.[4]
A biography released in July 2006 indicated that Raila was far more involved in the attempted coup than he had previously claimed. After its publication, some MPs called for Raila to be arrested and charged,[5] but the statute of limitations had already passed and, since the information was contained in a biography, Raila could not be said to have openly confessed his involvement.[6] His mother died in 1984, but the prison warders told him about it only two months later[citation needed].
Released on February 6, 1988, he was rearrested in September, 1988 for his involvement with human rights and pro-democracy activists[7] pressing for multi-party democracy in Kenya, which was then a one-party state. To his political followers, he is also referred as "Agwambo" meaning difficult to predict, or "Jakom" meaning Chairman.
Raila was released on June 12, 1989, only to be incarcerated again on July 5, 1990, together with Kenneth Matiba, and former Nairobi Mayor Charles Rubia.[8] Raila was released on June 21, 1991, and in October, he fled the country to Norway alleging government attempts to assassinate him.[9]
Multi-party politics[link]
At the time of Raila's departure to Norway, the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD), a movement formed to agitate for the return of multi-party democracy to Kenya, was newly formed. In February 1992, Raila returned to join FORD, then led by his father Jaramogi Oginga Odinga. He was elected Vice Chairman of the General Purposes Committee of the party. In the months running up to the 1992 General Election, FORD split into Ford Kenya, led by Raila's father Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, and FORD-Asili led by Kenneth Matiba. Raila became Ford-Kenya's Deputy Director of Elections. Raila won the Langata Constituency parliamentary seat, previously held by Philip Leakey of KANU.[10]
When Jaramogi Oginga Odinga died in January 1994, and Michael Wamalwa Kijana succeeded him as FORD-Kenya chairman, Raila challenged him for the party leadership. The elections were marred by controversy after which Raila resigned from FORD-Kenya to join the National Development Party (NDP). In the 1997 General Election, Raila finished third after President Moi, the incumbent, and Democratic Party candidate Mwai Kibaki. He retained his position as the Langata MP.[10]
After the election, Raila supported the Moi government, and led a merger between his party, NDP, and Moi's KANU party. He served in Moi's Cabinet as Energy Minister from June 2001 to 2002, during Moi's final term.
In the subsequent KANU elections held later that year, he was elected the party's secretary general. In 2002, the then President, Daniel Arap Moi, pulled a surprise by endorsing Uhuru Kenyatta – a son of Kenya's first president Jomo Kenyatta to be his successor. Moi publicly asked Raila and others to support Uhuru as well.[11]
Raila and other KANU members, including Kalonzo Musyoka, George Saitoti and Joseph Kamotho, opposed this step arguing that the then 38 year old Uhuru, was politically inexperienced and lacking leadership qualities to lead government. The Rainbow Movement went on to join the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which later teamed up with Mwai Kibaki's National Alliance Party of Kenya (NAK), a coalition of several other parties, to form the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) that eventually defeated Moi's protege, Uhuru Kenyatta.
Dissent from within[link]
President Kibaki did not appoint Raila Odinga Prime Minister on assuming office as perceived to have been agreed in the memorandum of understanding (Kenya's current constitution does not recognize a Prime minister); neither did he give LDP half the cabinet positions. He instead sought to shore up support for his NAK faction by appointing MPs from the opposition parties (KANU and FORD people) to the cabinet.[12]
The perceived "betrayal" led to an open rebellion and a split within the cabinet, which culminated in disagreements over a proposed new constitution for the country. The government-backed constitutional committee submitted a draft constitution that was perceived to consolidate powers of the presidency and weaken regional governments as had been provided for under an earlier draft before the 2002 Elections. Raila opposed this, and when the document was put to a referendum on November 21, 2005, the government lost by a 57% to 43% margin. Following this, President Kibaki sacked the entire cabinet on November 23, 2005. When it was formed two weeks later, Raila and the entire LDP group were left out. This led to the formation of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) - an Orange was the symbol for the "no" vote in the constitutional referendum.
In January 2006, Raila Odinga was reported to have told police that he believed his life was in danger, having received assassination threats.[13]
2007 presidential election[link]
On July 12, 2007, Odinga alleged that the government was withholding identity cards from voters in places supportive of the opposition and that the intended creation of 30 new constituencies was a means by which the government sought to ensure victory in the December 2007 parliamentary election.[14]
In August 2007, the Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya split in two, with Odinga becoming head of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) while the other faction, the ODM-K, was headed by Kalonzo Musyoka.[15] On September 1, 2007, the ODM elected Odinga as its presidential candidate in a National Delegates Conference held at the Moi International Sports Centre in Nairobi. Odinga received 2,656 votes; the only other candidates receiving significant numbers of votes were Musalia Mudavadi with 391 and William Ruto with 368. Earlier, Najib Balala had withdrawn his candidature and endorsed Raila.[16] The defeated candidates expressed their support for Odinga afterward, and Mudavadi was named as his running mate.[17]
Odinga launched his presidential campaign in Uhuru Park in Nairobi on October 6, 2007, which saw a record attendance in this or any other venue in independent Kenya. The police estimated an attendance of close to 50,000.[18]
Following the presidential election held on December 27, the Electoral Commission in controversial circumstances declared Kibaki the winner on December 30, 2007, placing him ahead of Odinga by about 232,000 votes. Jeffrey Sachs (Professor of Economics and Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, and Special Advisor to former UN Secretary General) faulted the United States' approach to the post-election crisis and recommended an independent recount of the vote.[19]
Odinga accused Kibaki of fraud, and violence broke out in the country as ODM supporters attempted to make the country ungovernable.[20] Following two months of unrest, a deal between Odinga and Kibaki, which provided for power-sharing and the creation of the post of Prime Minister, was signed in February 2008; it was brokered by former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan. Odinga was sworn in as Prime Minister, along with the power-sharing Cabinet, on April 17, 2008. Previously the post of Prime Minister had not existed since 1964, when it was briefly held by Jomo Kenyatta following independence; Odinga is thus the second person in Kenya's history to hold the position.[21]
Political role[link]
Raila Odinga has progressively transcended beyond his original base support among his native Luo mainly occupying Kenya's Nyanza province, to wield considerable support in the Coast, Western, North Eastern, Rift Valley and Nairobi provinces. A Gallup/USA poll taken in September 2008 found him to have an 85 percent approval rate.[22]
Further to this, there have been recent calls from the Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, Martha Karua, for Raila to answer allegations regarding impropriety in the purchase and subsequent sale of land on the Kisumu Molasses Plant.[23]
Currently Raila is eyeing the presidency of Kenya come the next general elections. There are calls from some MPs who want Kibaki to choose him as his successor.
Political positions[link]
Homosexuality[link]
Odinga has called for the arrest of homosexuals. In November 2010 he said "If found the homosexuals should be arrested and taken to relevant authorities". He also stated that homosexuality is unnatural and it is mad for men to fall in love with each other while there are plenty of women available.[24] Odinga retracted his statements days later, saying he only meant that same-sex marriages are illegal in Kenya.[25]
Economics[link]
Due to an economic downturn and extreme drought, Odinga suspended taxes on fuels and certain foods that disproportionately impact the poor.[26]
Personal life[link]
Baptised as an Anglican in his youth[27] Odinga later became a Born-Again Christian[28] through an Evangelical church in Nairobi.
Odinga is married to Ida Odinga (born Ida Anyango Oyoo). They live in Karen, Nairobi (but have a second home at Opoda Farm, Bondo District). They have four children—two sons and two daughters: Fidel (born 1973), Rosemary (1977), Raila Jr (1979) and Winnie (1990). Fidel is named after Fidel Castro[29] and Winnie after Winnie Mandela. Winnie is currently studying Communication and International Area Studies as a double major student at Drexel University of Philadelphia, PA.[29]
In a January 2008 BBC interview, Odinga asserted that he was the first cousin of U.S. president Barack Obama through Obama's father.[30] However, Barack Obama's paternal uncle denied any direct relation to Odinga, stating "Odinga's mother came from this area, so it is normal for us to talk about cousins. But he is not a blood relative."[31] Obama's father came from the same Luo community as Odinga.[30]
He briefly played soccer for Luo Union[29] (later known as Re-Union) as a midfielder.
Raila Odinga is an industrialist with interests in liquefied gas cylinder manufacturing (the East African Spectre), industrial ethanol production and Petroleum import and distribution.
Mr. Odinga has been appointed by African Union to mediate in Ivory Coast between Outarra and Gbagbo.
Controversy[link]
During his premiership Raila appointed Mr. Miguna Miguna as Adviser on coalition affair who he later Suspended (Aug 2011)[32] citing "gross Misconduct". Daily Nation quoted reason for suspension as... "...is accused of misrepresenting the Office of the Prime Minister, possibly a reference to his having aired strong views which may have embarrassed the PM."
His suspension came at a time when electoral body (IIEC) was in is in uproar and unsettled by anonymously authored complaints which the commissioners characterise as a hate campaign but which raise troubling questions on corruption and nepotism. Later Miguna MIguna after suspension issued a statement that "I was instructed to write my article on the IIEC chairman and the position he had taken with respect to the party's decision to kick out rebellious MPs and Councillors." He later denied According to the Nairobi star[33]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Observers criticize poll standards", Daily Nation, January 18, 2008.
- ^ Daily Nation, December 9, 2007: aila Odinga: I’m the bridge
- ^ Newsweek Web Exclusive, January 22, 2008: The Man Who Would Be President
- ^ Human rights Watch, 1992: Kenya: Human Rights Developments
- ^ The Standard, July 17, 2006: ’82 coup: Arrest Raila, say MPs
- ^ The Standard, July 21, 2006: Why A-G won’t charge Raila
- ^ University of Pennsylvania, African Studies Centre, East Africa Living Encyclopedia: Kenya: IRIN Election Briefing, 12/13/97
- ^ University of Pennsylvania, African Studies Centre, East Africa Living Encyclopedia: Kenya - History
- ^ The Standard, July 16, 2006: Day Raila fled disguised as priest
- ^ a b Center for Multiparty Democracy: Politics and Parliamentarians in Kenya 1944-2007
- ^ BBC News, September 16, 2002: Anti-Moi alliance emerging
- ^ BBC News, September 30, 2003: Uproar over Kenya leader's decree
- ^ BBC News, January 10, 2006: Kenyan opponent 'fears for life'
- ^ David Schlesinger and Barry Moody, "Presidential hopeful doubts free, fair polls", Reuters (IOL), July 13, 2007.
- ^ Peter Clottey, "Kenya's Opposition Split Brightens Kibaki's Second Term Bid", VOA News, August 16, 2007.
- ^ "Kenya: It's Raila for President", The Standard, September 1, 2007.
- ^ Maina Muiruri, "ODM ‘pentagon’ promises to keep the team intact", The Standard (Kenya), September 2, 2007.
- ^ Anthony Kaikai, "ODM party launches its Presidential campaigns", Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, October 6, 2007.
- ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. 2008-01-25. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/?page=2008%5C01%5C25%5Cstory_25-1-2008_pg3_4. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
- ^ "Kibaki re-elected Kenyan president: official results", AFP (abc.net.au), December 31, 2007.
- ^ Eric Ombok, "Kenya's Raila Odinga Sworn in as Prime Minister, Ending Crisis", Bloomberg.com, April 17, 2008.
- ^ "Kibaki, Odinga lead recovery: News24: Africa: News". News24. 2008-09-19. http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_2394246,00.html. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
- ^ The Standard, October 1, 2006: Minister: No sacred cows in war on graft
- ^ Daily Nation, November 28, 2010: Kenya PM orders gays' arrest
- ^ Daily Nation, December 2, 2010: Raila denies gays' arrest order
- ^ Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, June 1, 2011: Principles Unite in Addressing High Cost of Living
- ^ The Standard, November 5, 2007: ODM promises smooth transition if it wins
- ^ "'Doomsday' man baptises Kenya PM". BBC News. 2009-05-05. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8033376.stm. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
- ^ a b c Daily Nation, June 2, 2001 The Price of being Raila Odinga's wife
- ^ a b Odinga says Obama is his cousin, BBC News, 1/8/08.
- ^ Some Kenyans forget crisis to root for Obama, Reuters, 1/8/08.
- ^ Daily Nation. 4th Aug 2011. Raila kick out Key aid. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/Raila+kicks+out+key+aide/-/1064/1213684/-/irw5r6z/-/index.html
- ^ Nairobi Star. August 13 2011.Miguna Slam Raila. http://www.the-star.co.ke/national/national/35896-miguna-slams-raila
- http://allafrica.com/stories/201002100793.html
- http://www.biddho.com/horn-of-africa/kenya/21456-raila-odinga-embroiled-in-261-million-maize-scandal-in-kenya-newstime-africa.html
External links[link]
- Office of the Prime Minister - Kenya
- Raila Odinga - Profile, Biography & Timeline
- Raila Odinga political biography
- An Audience with Raila - (video - London Sep 7th 2007)
- An open letter to Hon. Raila Amolo Odinga by Jerry Okungu, Posted On: 2007-11-28
| Assembly seats | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Philip Leakey |
Member of the National Assembly for Langata 1992–present |
Incumbent |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Jomo Kenyatta |
Prime Minister of Kenya 2008–present |
Incumbent |
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||
|
|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Odinga, Raila |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | January 7, 1945 |
| Place of birth | Maseno, Kenya |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Raila_Odinga
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Raila Odinga
http://id.wn.com/Raila Odinga
http://es.wn.com/Raila Odinga
http://ru.wn.com/Одинга, Раила
http://nl.wn.com/Raila Odinga
http://pt.wn.com/Raila Odinga
http://pl.wn.com/Raila Odinga
http://fr.wn.com/Raila Odinga
http://de.wn.com/Raila Odinga
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raila_Odinga
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
