Barclays PLC (LSE: BARC, NYSE: BCS) is a British multinational banking and financial services company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It has operations in over 50 countries and territories across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America and around 48 million customers.[3] As of 31 December 2010 it had total assets of US$2.33 trillion, the fourth-largest of any bank worldwide (after BNP Paribas, Deutsche Bank and HSBC).[4]
Barclays is a universal bank and is organised within two business 'clusters': Corporate and Investment Banking and Wealth and Investment Management; and Retail and Business Banking.[3] The Corporate and Investment Banking and Wealth and Investment Management cluster comprises three business units: Corporate banking; Investment banking; and Wealth and investment management.[3] The Retail and Business Banking cluster comprises four business units: Africa Retail and Business Banking; Barclaycard (credit card and loan provision); Europe Retail and Business Banking; and UK Retail and Business Banking.[3]
Barclays has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It had a market capitalisation of approximately £21.8 billion as of 23 December 2011, the 22nd-largest company of any company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange.[5] It has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange.
Barclays traces its origins back to 1690 when John Freame and Thomas Gould started trading as goldsmith bankers in Lombard Street, London. The name "Barclays" became associated with the business in 1736, when James Barclay, the son-in-law of John Freame, one of the founders, became a partner in the business.[6] In 1728 the bank moved to 54 Lombard Street, identified by the 'Sign of the Black Spread Eagle', which in subsequent years would become a core part of the bank's visual identity.[7]
In 1776 the firm was styled "Barclay, Bevan and Bening" and so remained until 1785, when another partner, John Tritton, who had married a Barclay, was admitted, and the business then became "Barclay, Bevan, Barclay and Tritton".[8]
In 1896 several banks in London and the English provinces, notably Backhouse's Bank of Darlington and Gurney's Bank of Norwich, united under the banner of Barclays and Co., a joint-stock bank.
A plaque in Enfield, United Kingdom commemorating the installation of the world's first ATM by Barclays in 1967
Between 1905 and 1916 Barclays extended its branch network by making acquisitions of small English banks. Further expansion followed in 1918 when Barclays amalgamated with the London, Provincial and South Western Bank and in 1919 when the British Linen Bank was acquired by Barclays Bank, although the British Linen Bank retained a separate board of directors and continued to issue its own bank notes (see Banknotes of the pound sterling). Then in 1924 the planned takeover of National Bank of Kingston reached near-completion but was halted three days before finalisation.
In 1965, Barclays established a US affiliate, Barclays Bank of California in San Francisco.[9][10]
Barclays launched the first credit card in the UK, Barclaycard, in 1966. On 27 June 1967, Barclays deployed the world's first ATM, in Enfield, north London.[11][12] The British actor Reg Varney was the first one to use the ATM.[12]
In 1969, a planned merger with Martins Bank and Lloyds Bank was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission but the acquisition of Martins Bank on its own was allowed. Also that year the British Linen Bank subsidiary was sold to the Bank of Scotland in exchange for a 25% stake, a transaction that became effective from March 1971.
In August 1975, following the secondary banking crash, Barclays acquired Mercantile Credit Company.[13]
In 1980, Barclays Bank International expanded its business to include commercial credit and took over American Credit Corporation, renaming it Barclays American Corporation.[14]
Barclays became the first bank to re-open branches on Saturday mornings in 1982, twenty years after the practice ended. Two years later, in 1984, Barclays posted record profits.
The following year Barclays Bank and Barclays Bank International merged, and as part of the corporate reorganisation the former Barclays Bank PLC became a group holding company, renamed Barclays PLC, and UK retail banking was integrated under the former BBI, and renamed Barclays Bank PLC.
In 1986 Barclays sold its South African business operating under the Barclays National Bank name after protests against Barclays' involvement in South Africa and its apartheid government. Also that year Barclays bought de Zoete & Bevan and Wedd Durlacher (formally Wedd Jefferson) [15] to form BZW and to take advantage of the Big Bang on the London Stock Exchange.
Barclays introduced the Connect card in June 1987, the first debit card in the United Kingdom.[16][17] The Connect brand is still being used on their debit cards today.
In 1988, Barclays sold Barclays Bank of California, which at that time was the 17th-largest bank in California measured by assets, to Wells Fargo for US$125 million in cash.[18]
Edgar Pearce, the "Mardi Gras Bomber", began a terror campaign against the bank and the supermarket chain Sainsbury's in 1994.[19]
In 1996, Barclays bought Wells Fargo Nikko Investment Advisors (WFNIA) and merged it with BZW Investment Management to form Barclays Global Investors.[20]
Two years later, in 1998, the BZW business was broken up and parts were sold to Credit Suisse First Boston: Barclays retained the debt business which formed the foundation of what is now Barclays Capital.[21]
In 1999, in an unusual move as part of the trend at the time for free ISPs, Barclays launched an internet service called Barclays.net: this entity was acquired by British Telecom in 2001.[22]
The year 2000 saw the acquisition of Woolwich plc (formerly the Woolwich Building Society).[23]
Barclays on Queen Street in
Morley, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
In 2001 Barclays closed 171 branches in the UK, many of them in rural communities: Barclays called itself "THE BIG BANK" but this name was quickly given a low profile after a series of embarrassing PR stunts.[24]
In 2003, Barclays bought the American credit card company Juniper Bank from CIBC, re-branding it as "Barclays Bank Delaware".[25] The same year saw the acquisition of Banco Zaragozano, the 11th Spanish bank.[26]
Barclays took over sponsorship of the Premier League from Barclaycard in 2004.[27] In May 2005 Barclays moved its group headquarters from Lombard Street in the City of London to One Churchill Place in Canary Wharf. Also in 2005 Barclays sealed a £2.6bn takeover of Absa Group Limited, South Africa's largest retail bank, acquiring a 54% stake on 27 July 2005.[28]
Then in 2006, Barclays purchased the HomEq Servicing Corporation for US$469 million in cash from Wachovia Corp.[29] That year also saw the acquisition of the financial website Comparetheloan[30] and Barclays announcing plans to rebrand Woolwich branches as Barclays, migrating Woolwich customers onto Barclays accounts and migrating back-office processes onto Barclays systems – the Woolwich brand was to be used for Barclays mortgages.[31]
In January 2007, Barclays announced that it has purchased the naming rights to the Barclays Center, a proposed 18,000-seat arena in Brooklyn, New York, where the New Jersey Nets planned to relocate.[32] Barclays cancelled its secondary listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in 2008.
In March 2007, Barclays announced plans to merge with ABN AMRO, the largest bank in the Netherlands.[33][34] However, on 5 October 2007 Barclays announced that it had abandoned its bid,[35] citing inadequate support by ABN shareholders. Fewer than 80% of shares had been tendered to Barclay's cash-and-shares offer.[36] This left the consortium led by Royal Bank of Scotland free to proceed with its US$99.9 cents counter-bid for ABN AMRO.
To help finance its bid for ABN AMRO, Barclays sold a 3.1% stake to China Development Bank and a 3% stake to Temasek Holdings, the investment arm of the Singaporean government.[37]
Also in 2007, Barclays agreed to purchase Equifirst Corporation from Regions Financial Corporation for US$225 million.[38] That year also saw Barclays Personal Investment Management announcing the closure of their operation in Peterborough and its re-siting to Glasgow, laying off nearly 900 members of staff.[39]
On 30 August 2007, Barclays was forced to borrow £1.6 billion (US$3.2 billion) from the Bank of England sterling standby facility. This is made available as a last-resort when banks are unable to settle their debts to other banks at the end of daily trading.[40] Despite rumours about liquidity at Barclays, the loan was necessary due to a technical problem with their computerised settlement network. A Barclays spokesman was quoted as saying "There are no liquidity issues in the U.K markets. Barclays itself is flush with liquidity."[41]
On 9 November 2007, Barclays shares dropped 9% and were even temporarily suspended for a short period of time, due to rumours of a £4.8 billion (US$10 billion) exposure to bad debts in the US. However, a Barclays spokesman denied the rumours.[42] Subsequent write-downs at the bank were announced to be £1 billion (US$1.9 billion), much less than feared.
In July 2008, Barclays attempted to raise £4.5 billion through a non-traditional rights issue to shore up its weakened Tier 1 capital ratio, which involved a rights offer to existing shareholders and the sale of a stake to Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation. Only 19% of shareholders took up their rights leaving investors China Development Bank and Qatar Investment Authority with increased holdings in the bank.[43]
In 2008, Barclays bought the credit card brand Goldfish for US$70 million gaining 1.7 million customers, and US$3.9 billion in receivables.[44] Barclays also bought a controlling stake in the Russian retail bank Expobank for US$745 million.[45] Later in the year Barclays commenced its Pakistan operations with initial funding of US$100 million.[46]
On 16 September 2008, Barclays announced its agreement to purchase, subject to regulatory approval, the investment-banking and trading divisions of Lehman Brothers, a United States financial conglomerate that had filed for bankruptcy. In the deal, Barclays also acquired the New York headquarters building of Lehman Brothers.
On 20 September 2008, a revised version of the deal, a US$1.35 billion (£700 million) plan for Barclays plc to acquire the core business of Lehman Brothers (mainly Lehman's US$960 million Midtown Manhattan office skyscraper, with responsibility for 9,000 former employees), was approved. Manhattan court bankruptcy Judge James Peck, after a 7 hour hearing, ruled: "I have to approve this transaction because it is the only available transaction. Lehman Brothers became a victim, in effect the only true icon to fall in a tsunami that has befallen the credit markets. This is the most momentous bankruptcy hearing I've ever sat through. It can never be deemed precedent for future cases. It's hard for me to imagine a similar emergency."[47]
Luc Despins, the creditors committee counsel, said: "The reason we're not objecting is really based on the lack of a viable alternative. We did not support the transaction because there had not been enough time to properly review it." In the amended agreement, Barclays would absorb US$47.4 billion in securities and assume US$45.5 billion in trading liabilities. Lehman's attorney Harvey R. Miller of Weil, Gotshal & Manges, said "the purchase price for the real estate components of the deal would be US$1.29 billion, including US$960 million for Lehman's New York headquarters and US$330 million for two New Jersey data centers. Lehman's original estimate valued its headquarters at US$1.02 billion but an appraisal from CB Richard Ellis this week valued it at US$900 million." Further, Barclays will not acquire Lehman's Eagle Energy unit, but will have entities known as Lehman Brothers Canada Inc, Lehman Brothers Sudamerica, Lehman Brothers Uruguay and its Private Investment Management business for high net-worth individuals. Finally, Lehman will retain US$20 billion of securities assets in Lehman Brothers Inc that are not being transferred to Barclays.[48] Barclays had a potential liability of US$2.5 billion to be paid as severance, if it chooses not to retain some Lehman employees beyond the guaranteed 90 days.[49][50]
The former headquarters of Barclays Global Investors in San Francisco, United States. Barclays sold Barclays Global Investors to
BlackRock in 2009.
Reuters later reported that the British government would inject £40 billion (US$69 billion) into three banks including Barclays, which might seek over £7 billion.[51] Barclays later confirmed that it rejected the Government’s offer and would instead raise £6.5 billion of new capital (£2 billion by cancellation of dividend and £4.5 billion from private investors).[52]
In January 2009, the press reported that further capital may be required and that while the government might be willing to fund this, it may be unable to do so because the previous capital investment from the Qatari state was subject to a proviso that no third party might put in further money without the Qataris receiving compensation at the value the shares had commanded in October 2008.[53] In March 2009, it was reported that in 2008, Barclays received billions of dollars from its insurance arrangements with AIG, including US$8.5bn from funds provided by the United States to bail out AIG.[54][55]
On 12 June 2009, Barclays sold its Global Investors unit, which includes its exchange traded fund business, iShares, to BlackRock for US$13.5bn.[56] Standard Life sold Standard Life Bank plc to Barclays plc in October 2009. The sale was completed on 1 January 2010.[57] On 11 November 2009, Barclays and First Data, a global technology provider of information commerce, have entered into an agreement according to which Barclays will migrate a range of card portfolios to First Data's issuing and consumer finance platform.[58] On 13 February 2010, Barclays announced it would pay more than £2 billion in bonuses.[59] In March 2011 it was reported that Barclays had overtaken Banco Santander to claim top spot as the UK's most complained against bank, with the country's official banking regulator, the Financial Services Authority having recorded 276,315 new customer complaints against Barclays Bank during the second half of 2010.[60] Barclays nevertheless ranks only third in the UK among the mainstream clearing banks in terms of the number of its branches.
Inline with cut costs, Barclays cut 1,400 jobs during the first half of 2011 and will cut another 1,600 jobs for the rest of 2011.[61]
In November 2009 Barclays' activities were reorganised into two business "clusters": Global Retail Banking and Corporate and Investment Banking and Wealth Management. Global Retail Banking comprises UK Retail Banking, Barclaycard, the retail operations in Western Europe and Emerging Markets businesses, and retail operations and technology. Corporate and Investment Banking and Wealth Management comprises Barclays Capital, Barclays Commercial Bank and Barclays Wealth.
The headquarters of
Absa Group in Johannesburg, South Africa
- Barclays Bank PLC – UK retail clearing bank
- Barclays Bank Delaware (formerly Barclaycard US, originally Juniper Bank, acquired 2003)
- Barclays Corporate – Dealing with medium and larger corporate businesses worldwide.
- Barclays Wealth – Stockbrokers, Offshore and Private bank
- Barclays Private Clients International Ltd. – subsidiary based in the Isle of Man with branches in the Channel Islands
- Barclays Private Equity
- Barclaycard – Global credit card business
- Barclaycard US – Separate from the Barclaycard global operation, this is the corporation's US credit card operation (formerly known as "Juniper Bank"). Issues branded credit cards such as US Airways, Midwest Airlines, Frontier Airlines MasterCard, Airtran Airways Visa card, and Apple Store Visa and MasterCard accounts.
- Barclays Investment Bank – Investment bank
- Barclays Africa
- Barclays Russia (17 branches)
- Barclays Spain (550 branches)[62]
- Barclays Portugal (162 branches)[62]
- Barclays France
- Barclays Morocco
- Barclays Bank LLC (Russia)
- Barclays Pakistan
- Absa Group Limited (South Africa)
- Firstplus Financial Group PLC
- Barclays Partner Finance (formerly Clydesdale Financial Services)
- Barclays India
- Barclays Technologies Centre China
- Barclays Technologies Centre India
- Barclays Technologies Centre Lithuania
- PT Bank Barclays Indonesia, formerly known as PT Bank Akita (due to be rebranded Barclays Bank Indonesia)[63][64]
- Barclays Croatia
- Barclays Shared Services (BSS)
A barclays branch in
Wetherby, West Yorkshire.
Barclays has over 4,750 branches across over 50 countries.[65] Barclays has over 1,600 branches in the UK (including former Woolwich branches) and it has also joined up with the Post Office Ltd to provide personal banking services.
Most Barclays branches have 24/7 cash machines. Barclays customers and customers of many other banks can use Barclays ATMs for free in the UK, however, in other parts of the world there maybe small fees charged, for instance in Ghana Barclays charge gh¢0.25 per withdrawal from their ATMs and gh¢1.00 when the card is used on other bank's ATMS
Barclays Corporate, another subsidiary of the Barclays group provides banking solutions to organisations with an annual turnover of more than £5 million. These solutions include Deposits and Liquidity, Cash Management and Trade, Financing, Foreign Exchange, Risk Management and Online Banking.[66] It serves over 8000 companies spread across 23 countries worldwide.[66]
Barclays is a member of the Global ATM Alliance, an alliance of international banks which allows each banks' customers to use their ATM card or check card at all other member banks with no ATM access fees when travelling internationally.[67]
Barclays is headed by Marcus Agius, the Group Chairman, who joined the Board on 1 September 2006 and succeeded Matthew Barrett as Chairman from 1 January 2007. Agius is also the senior executive Director of the BBC and was formerly Chairman of BAA PLC, Chairman of Lazard in London and a Deputy Chairman of Lazard LLC until 31 December 2006.
Reporting directly to the Group Chairman is Robert Diamond, the Group Chief Executive, who is responsible for the strategic direction and planning of all Barclays operations. John Silvester Varley was appointed to the role in September 2004 prior to which he served as Deputy Chief Executive (January–September 2004) and Group Finance Director (2000–2003).
Barclays world headquarters in
Canary Wharf, London, United Kingdom
The current members of Barclays' Executive Committee are:
- Bob Diamond (Group Chief Executive, Barclays PLC);
- Chris Lucas (Group Finance Director, Barclays PLC);
- Antony Jenkins (Chief Executive, Global Retail Banking);[68]
- Jerry del Missier (Co-Chief Executive, Barclays Corporate & Investment Banking);
- Rich Ricci (Co-Chief Executive, Barclays Corporate & Investment Banking);
- Tom Kalaris (Chief Executive, Barclays Wealth Management);
- Maria Ramos (CEO, Absa);
- Mark Hardinga (Group General Counsel, Barclays PLC);
- Robert Le Blancb (Chief Risk Officer, Barclays PLC); and
- Sally Bottc (Group Human Resources Director, Barclays PLC).
Notes:
a reports to Bob Diamond
b reports to Chris Lucas
c responsible for HR, Strategy, Corporate Affairs, Brand & Marketing, reports to Bob Diamond
Barclays has no COO or CIO. Paul Idzik, the former COO, completed an organisational redesign that saw IT functions devolved to the core business divisions – Global Retail & Commercial Banking and Investment Banking – and, following completion Idzik resigned from his post.
The current members of Barclays' Board of Directors are:[69]
- Marcus Agius (Chairman);
- Bob Diamond (Chief Executive, Barclays PLC);
- Chris Lucas (Group Finance Director);
- David Booth (Non Executive Director);
- Sir Richard Broadbent (Non Executive Director);
- Alison Carnwarth (Non Executive Director);
- Fulvio Conti (Non Executive Director);
- Simon Fraser (Non Executive Director);
- Reuben Jeffery III (Non Executive Director);
- Sir Andrew Likierman (Non Executive Director);
- Dambisa Moyo (Non Executive Director);
- Sir Michael Rake (Non Executive Director); and
- Sir John Sunderland (Non Executive Director).
Barclays has sponsored the Premier League since 2001 (from 2001 to 2004 under the Barclaycard brand) and, from 2006, the Churchill Cup. Barclays also sponsored The Football League from 1987 until 1993, succeeding Today newspaper and being replaced by Endsleigh Insurance. It also sponsored the 2008 Dubai Tennis Championships.[70] In 2009 it became the official sponsor of the ATP World Tour Finals.
Barclays is a major sponsor of professional golf tournaments worldwide, the Barclays Scottish Open on the PGA European Tour at Loch Lomond since 2002, the Barclays Classic on the PGA Tour from 2005–2006, which became The Barclays in 2007, the first of four playoff tournaments for the FedEx Cup, and since 2006 Barclays has been title sponsor to the Singapore Open, the richest national open in Asia, and since 2009 has been co-sanctioned with the European Tour. Barclays also sponsors PGA Tour star Phil Mickelson and European Tour player Darren Clarke.
Barclays is the sponsor of the Barclays Cycle Hire scheme in London, as part of a £25 million deal with Transport for London.[71][72]
Barclays bank was known overseas in the financial industry in the 1980s as 'Boerclaysbank', due to its continued involvement in South Africa during the apartheid regime.[73] A student boycott of the bank led to a drop in its share of the UK student market from 27 per cent to 15 per cent by the time it pulled out in 1986.[74]
In 2006, a South African activist group, the Jubilee South Africa backed Khulumani Support Group, sought reparations from Barclays in addition to Citigroup, BP, Royal Dutch Shell, Ford, GM, and Deutsche Bank for their roles indirectly supporting the apartheid government in South Africa during the 1970s and 1980s. The legal proceedings are being heard at the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in New York, and the South African Ministry of Justice is seeking dismissal of the case on the grounds that it undermines its national sovereignty.[75]
Barclays helps to fund President Robert Mugabe's government in Zimbabwe.[76] The most controversial of a set of loans provided by Barclays is the £30m it gives to help sustain land reforms that saw Mugabe seize white-owned farmland and drive more than 100,000 black workers from their homes. Opponents have called the bank's involvement a 'disgrace' and an 'insult' to the millions who have suffered human rights abuses.[77] Barclays spokesmen say the bank has had customers in Zimbabwe for decades and abandoning them now would make matters worse, "We are committed to continuing to provide a service to those customers in what is clearly a difficult operating environment".[78]
Barclays also provides two of Mugabe’s associates with bank accounts, ignoring European Union sanctions on Zimbabwe.[79] The men are Elliot Manyika and minister of public service Nicholas Goche. Barclays has defended its position by insisting that the EU rules do not apply to its 67%-owned Zimbabwean subsidiary because it was incorporated outside the EU.[80]
In March 2009, Barclays was accused of violating international anti-money laundering laws. According to the NGO Global Witness, the Paris branch of Barclays held the account of Equatorial Guinean President Teodoro Obiang's son, Teodorin Obiang, even after evidence that Obiang had siphoned oil revenues from government funds emerged in 2004. According to Global Witness, Obiang purchased a Ferrari and maintains a mansion in Malibu with the funds from this account.[81]
A 2010 report by the Wall Street Journal described how Credit Suisse, Barclays, Lloyds Banking Group, and other banks were involved in helping the Alavi Foundation, Bank Melli, the Iranian government, and/or others circumvent US laws banning financial transactions with certain states. They did this by 'stripping' information out of wire transfers, thereby concealing the source of funds. Barclays settled with the government for US$298 million.[82]
Bob Diamond, then the head of Barclays Capital, was set to receive a £14.8m bonus in 2008, as Barclays Capital made a profit of £2.3bn in the year, despite the subprime mortgage crisis in the US forcing the division to take a £1.6bn hit in 2007.[83]
In March 2009, Barclays obtained an injunction against The Guardian to remove from its website confidential leaked documents describing how SCM, Barclays' structured capital markets division, planned to use more than £11bn of loans to create hundreds of millions of pounds of tax benefits, via "an elaborate circuit of Cayman Islands companies, US partnerships and Luxembourg subsidiaries".[84] In an editorial on the issue, the Guardian pointed out that, due to the mismatch of resources, tax-collectors (HMRC) have now to rely on websites such as WikiLeaks to obtain such documents,[85] and indeed the documents in question have now appeared on WikiLeaks.[86][87] Separately, another Barclays whistleblower revealed several days later that the SCM transactions had produced between £900m and £1bn in tax avoidance in one year, adding that "The deals start with tax and then commercial purpose is added to them."[88]
In February 2012 Barclays was forced to pay back £500 million in tax which it had tried to avoid. Barclays was accused by HMRC of designing two schemes that were intended to avoid substantial amounts of tax. Tax rules forced the bank to tell the UK authorities about its plans. [89]
David Gauke, Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury, said that "We do not take today's action lightly, but the potential tax loss from this scheme and the history of previous abuse in this area mean that this is a circumstance where the decision to change the law with full retrospective effect is justified." [89]
One tax scheme involved Barclays claiming it should not have to pay corporation tax on profits made when buying back its own IOUs. [89] The second tax avoidance scheme, also designed by Barclays, involved investment funds claiming that non-taxable income entitled the funds to tax credits that could be reclaimed from HMRC. The treasury described this as "an attempt to secure 'repayment' from the Exchequer of tax that has not been paid". [89]
In December 2008, the British anti-poverty charity War on Want released a report documenting the extent to which Barclays and other UK commercial banks invest in, provide banking services for and make loans to arms companies. The charity writes in its report that Barclays is the world's largest arms investor, holding £7.3 billion in shares in the arms manufacturers. The report also details Barclays' dealings with known producers of cluster munitions and depleted uranium.[90]
Barclays' investment banking division, Barclays Capital, might be one of the world's largest investors in commodities, along with Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley. A report by World Development Movement published in April 2011, speculates that Barclays might make up to £340 million a year from investments in commodities, including food. [91]
In a 2011 Delaware Chancery Court decision, Barclays was criticized for failing to disclose conflicts of interest to its client, Del Monte, in connection with Del Monte's buyout, which was led by KKR.[92] Barclays subsequently agreed to pay US$24 million and give up a $22 million fee from Del Monte, as part of a settlement of a lawsuit brought on behalf of Del Monte shareholders.[93]
Barclays was Britain's most complained about bank in the last six months of 2011. Between 1 July and 31 December the financial ombudsman dealt with 11,524 complaints about Barclays, finding in favour of customers in 84% of cases. [94] The majority of complaints were about the bank's sales of Payment protection insurance (PPI). Antony Jenkins, chief executive of Barclays Retail and Business Banking said that the figures showed a 36% reduction in new cases, which followed a 30% year-on-year reduction in FSA-reportable banking complaints. [94]
- Barclays Bank (1951). The Eagle Looks Back. a Silver Jubilee Anthology of Twenty-Five Years' Contributions to "the Spread Eagle," the Staff Magazine of Barclays Bank Limited. [with Illustrations]. London: Spread Eagle. OCLC 556739074.
- Tuke, A. W.; Gillman, R. J. H. (1972). Barclays Bank Limited, 1926-1969: Some Recollections. London: Barclays Bank Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9500442-8-6.
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- ^ Espiner, Tom (27 January 2010). "Barclays axes 422 UK tech jobs | Business of IT | ZDNet UK". Zdnet.co.uk. http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/business-of-it/2012/01/13/barclays-axes-422-uk-tech-jobs-40094815/. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
- ^ a b c d "Barclays.com - Key facts". Group.barclays.com. 5 August 2011. http://group.barclays.com/About-us/Barclays-at-a-glance/Key-facts. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
- ^ "World's 50 biggest banks 2011". Global Finance. 7 September 2011. http://www.gfmag.com/tools/best-banks/11382-worlds-50-biggest-banks-2011.html#axzz1tLR12YMk. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ "FTSE All-Share Index Ranking". stockchallenge.co.uk. http://www.stockchallenge.co.uk/ftse.php. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
- ^ "Company History". Barclays Newsroom: Business History. Barclays. http://www.aboutbarclays.co.uk/content/detail.asp?NewsAreaID=138. Retrieved 30 January 2007. See also: Barclays: The Business of Banking, 1690–1996 by Margaret Ackrill and Leslie Hannah; Cambridge UP, 2001 ISBN 0-521-79035-2
- ^ "Company History". Barclays.lk. Barclays. http://www.aboutbarclays.co.uk/content/detail.asp?NewsAreaID=138. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
- ^ (Gamble 1923,46).
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- ^ Leith McGrandle (5 December 1969). Accountancy 85: pp. 54.
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- ^ a b "The man who invented the cash machine". BBC News. 25 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6230194.stm. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
- ^ Reid, Margaret (1982). The secondary banking crisis, 1973-75: its causes and course. Macmillan. p. 128. ISBN 0-333-28376-7, 9780333283769. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_XmuAAAAIAAJ&q=The+secondary+banking+crisis,+1973-75:+its+causes+and+course&dq=The+secondary+banking+crisis,+1973-75:+its+causes+and+course&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vwSkT4X3M4O80QX6zeGtCQ&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
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- ^ http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/2762/
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