- published: 25 Oct 2009
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Adelaide
Adelaide (
/ˈædəleɪd/) is the capital city of South Australia and the fifth-largest city in Australia. Adelaide has an estimated population of more than 1.2 million. The demonym "Adelaidean" is used in reference to the city and its residents. Adelaide is located north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges which surround the city. Adelaide stretches 20 km (12 mi) from the coast to the foothills, and 90 km (56 mi) from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south.
Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort to King William IV, the city was founded in 1836 as the planned capital for a freely settled British province in Australia.Colonel William Light, one of Adelaide's founding fathers, designed the city and chose its location close to the River Torrens in the area originally inhabited by the Kaurna people. Light's design set out Adelaide in a grid layout, interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares, and entirely surrounded by parkland. Early Adelaide was shaped by religious freedom and a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties, which led to the moniker "City of Churches".
wn.com/Adelaide -
Belfast
Coordinates: 54°35′49″N 5°55′48″W / 54.597°N 5.930°W / 54.597; -5.930
Belfast (from Irish: Béal Feirste, meaning "mouth of the shoal") is the capital of and largest city in Northern Ireland. By population, it is the fourteenth largest city in the United Kingdom and second largest on the island of Ireland. It is the seat of the devolved government and legislative Northern Ireland Assembly. The city of Belfast has a population of 267,500 and lies at the heart of the Belfast urban area, which has a population of 579,276. The Larger Urban Zone, as defined by the European Union, has a total population 641,638. Belfast was granted city status in 1888.
Historically, Belfast has been a centre for the Irish linen industry (earning the nickname "Linenopolis"), tobacco production, rope-making and shipbuilding: the city's main shipbuilders, Harland and Wolff, which built the well-known RMS Titanic, propelled Belfast on to the global stage in the early 20th century as the biggest and most productive shipyard in the world. Belfast played a key role in the Industrial Revolution, establishing its place as a global industrial centre until the latter half of the 20th century. Industrialisation and the inward migration it brought made Belfast, if briefly, the biggest city in Ireland at the turn of the 20th century and the city's industrial and economic success was cited by Ulster unionist opponents of Home Rule as a reason why Ireland should shun devolution and later why Ulster in particular would fight to resist it.
wn.com/Belfast -
Brisbane
Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/) is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbane's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.1 million, and the South East Queensland urban conurbation, centred around Brisbane, encompasses a population of more than 3 million. The Brisbane central business district stands on the original European settlement and is situated inside a bend of the Brisbane River, approximately 23 km (14 mi) from its mouth at Moreton Bay. The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the floodplain of the Brisbane River valley between the bay and the Great Dividing Range. While the metropolitan area is governed by several municipalities, a large portion of central Brisbane is governed by the Brisbane City Council, which is by far Australia's largest Local Government Area by population. The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite.
Brisbane is named after the river on which it sits, which, in turn, was named after Scotsman Sir Thomas Brisbane, the Governor of New South Wales from 1821 to 1825. The first European settlement in Queensland was a penal colony at Redcliffe, 28 kilometres (17 mi) north of the Brisbane central business district, in 1824. That settlement was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825. Free settlers were permitted from 1842. Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859.
wn.com/Brisbane -
Dunfermline
Coordinates: 56°04′19″N 3°26′21″W / 56.07192°N 3.43930°W / 56.07192; -3.43930
Dunfermline ( listen (help·info); Scots: Dunfaurlin, Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Phàrlain) is a town and former Royal Burgh in Fife, Scotland, on high ground 3 miles (4.8 km) from the northern shore of the Firth of Forth. According to a 2008 estimate, Dunfermline has a population of 46,430, making it the second-biggest settlement in Fife. The town’s name comes from the Gaelic words "dun" (meaning "fortified hill"), "fearam" (crooked) and "linn" (stream). The area around Dunfermline became home to the first settlers in the Neolithic period, but did not gain recognition, until the Bronze Age as a place of importance. The town was first recorded in the 11th century, with the marriage of Malcolm III, King of Scotland and Saint Margaret at the church in Dunfermline. As his Queen consort, Margaret established a new church dedicated to the Holy Trinity which evolved into an Abbey under their son, David I in 1128. The graveyard of this abbey would become the burial place for many of Scotland’s kings and queens.
wn.com/Dunfermline -
Durham
Coordinates: 54°46′34″N 1°34′24″W / 54.7761°N 1.5733°W / 54.7761; -1.5733
Durham ( /ˈdʌrəm/, locally /ˈdɜrəm/) is a city in north east England. It is within the County Durham local government district, and is the county town of the larger ceremonial county. It lies to the south of Newcastle upon Tyne, Chester-le-Street and Sunderland and to the north of Darlington.
Durham is well known for its Norman cathedral and 11th-century castle, both designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986. The castle has been the home of Durham University since 1832. HM Prison Durham is also located close to the city centre.
The name "Durham" comes from the Old English "dun", meaning hill, and the Old Norse "holme", which translates to island. The Lord Bishop of Durham takes a Latin variation of the city's name in his official signature, which is signed "N. Dunelm." Some attribute the city's name to the legend of the Dun Cow and the milkmaid who in legend guided the monks of Lindisfarne carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert to the site of the present city in 995 AD. Dun Cow Lane is said to be one of the first streets in Durham, being directly to the east of Durham Cathedral and taking its name from a depiction of the city's founding etched in masonry on the south side of the cathedral. The city has been known by a number of names throughout history. The original Nordic Dun Holm was changed to Duresme by the Normans and was known in Latin as Dunelm. The modern form Durham came into use later in the city's history. The north eastern historian, Robert Surtees chronicled the name changes in his History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham but states that it is an "impossibility" to tell when the city's modern name came into being.
wn.com/Durham -
Essex
Essex ( /ˈɛsɨks/) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East of England, and one of the home counties. It is located to the northeast of Greater London. It borders with Cambridgeshire and Suffolk to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent to the South and London to the south west. Essex County Council is the principal local authority for much of the county, sharing functions with twelve district councils. The county town is Chelmsford. The southern Essex boroughs of Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea are governed separately as unitary authorities. It was established in antiquity and formed the eastern portion of the Kingdom of Essex. Sections of the county closer to London are part of the Metropolitan Green Belt, which prohibits development. It is the location of the regionally significant Lakeside Shopping Centre and London Stansted Airport; and the new towns of Basildon and Harlow.
The name Essex originates in the Anglo-Saxon period of the Early Middle Ages and has its root in the Old English Ēastseaxe (i.e. the "East Saxons"), the eastern kingdom of the Saxons. Originally (in 527 AD) it occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and most of what later became Hertfordshire, though its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea.Colchester in the north east of the county is Britain's oldest recorded town, dating back to before the Roman conquest, when it was known as Camulodunum and was sufficiently well-developed to have its own mint. Subsequently the Kingdom of Essex was subsumed into the Kingdom of England and Essex eventually became a county.
wn.com/Essex -
Free Trade Hall
The Free Trade Hall, Peter Street, Manchester, was a public hall constructed in 1853–6 on St Peter's Fields, the site of the Peterloo Massacre and is now a hotel. The hall was built to commemorate the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. The architect was Edward Walters. The hall subsequently was owned by Manchester Corporation, was bombed in the Manchester Blitz and rebuilt. It was Manchester's premier concert venue until the construction of the Bridgewater Hall in 1996. It was designated a Grade II* listed building on 18 December 1963.
The Free Trade Hall was built as a public hall between 1853 and 1856 by Edward Walters on land given by Richard Cobden in St Peter's Fields, the site of the Peterloo Massacre. Two earlier halls had been constructed on the site, one, a large timber pavilion built in 1840, and its brick replacement of 1842. The halls were "vital to Manchester's considerable role in the long campaign for the repeal of the Corn Laws." The hall was funded by public subscription and became a concert hall and home of the Hallé Orchestra in 1858. A blue plaque records it was built on the site of the Peterloo Massacre in 1819.
wn.com/Free_Trade_Hall -
Hersham
Coordinates: 51°22′05″N 0°24′03″W / 51.3681°N 0.4008°W / 51.3681; -0.4008
Hersham is a village in Surrey, within the M25. Its housing is low-rise and diverse, its road connections are good and it has four technology/trading estates. The main A3 London to Portsmouth road runs by Painshill on its southern boundary with a roundabout junction. Close by towns include Esher, Walton-on-Thames, closely associated with Hersham and Weybridge.
Hersham Green, in the nucleus of the village, is three and a half acres of open space where regular events take place throughout the summer months. Within a few minutes walk of the built-up area of Hersham to the east are green fields and meadows alongside the River Mole and countryside footpaths.
House prices vary from small bedsits at £160,000 to popstar mansions in Burwood Park at £10 million. Many stars use the Hersham Village Golf Club where snooker player John Virgo is the president. Another golf course is Burhill near Burwood Park.
Hersham is served by Hersham railway station and Walton-on-Thames railway station both on the main London Waterloo Southwest line.
wn.com/Hersham -
Kenmore Square
Kenmore Square is a square in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, consisting of the intersection of several main avenues (including Beacon Street and Commonwealth Avenue) as well as several other cross streets, and Kenmore Station, an MBTA subway stop. Kenmore Square is close to or abuts Boston University, Fenway Park, and Lansdowne Street, a center of Boston nightlife. It is also the eastern terminus of U.S. Route 20, the longest road in the United States.
The land that is now Kenmore Square was originally the swampy, uninhabited corner of the mainland, which marked where the narrow Charles River fed into the wide, marshy Back Bay. It was part of the colonial settlement of Boston until 1705, when the hamlet of Muddy River incorporated as the independent town of Brookline. The land ended up in Brookline because the Muddy River - several blocks to the east - formed the eastern border of the new city.
Known as Sewell's Point at the time, an 1821 map shows the Great Dam, Brighton Road (Brighton Ave and Commonwealth Ave), and Punch Bowl Road (now Brookline Ave) intersecting at Kenmore which was now connected to the mainland to the west, in addition to the southern connection shown in 1777.
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Leeds
Coordinates: 53°47′59″N 1°32′57″W / 53.79972°N 1.54917°W / 53.79972; -1.54917 Leeds (
i/ˈliːdz/) is a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. In 2001 Leeds' main urban subdivision had a population of 443,247, while the entire city has a population of 798,800 (2011 est.), making it the 24th-most populous city in the European Union
Leeds is the cultural, financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which at the 2001 census had a population of 1.5 million, and the Leeds-Bradford Metropolitan Area, of which Leeds is the integral part, had a population of around 2.3 million, making it the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom. In addition, the Leeds city region, an economic area with Leeds at its core, had a population of 2.9 million. Leeds is the UK's largest centre for business, legal, and financial services outside London, and its office market is the best in Europe for value. Leeds is considered a Gamma World City, alongside cities such as Phoenix, St. Petersburg and Valencia.
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Lower Manhattan
Lower Manhattan is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the City of New York. Lower Manhattan or "downtown" is defined most commonly as the area delineated on the north by 14th Street, on the west by the Hudson River, on the east by the East River, and on the south by New York Harbor (also known as Upper New York Bay). When referring specifically to the lower Manhattan business district and its immediate environs, the northern border is commonly designated by thoroughfares approximately a mile-and-a-half south of 14th Street and a mile north of the island's southern tip: Chambers Street from near the Hudson east to the Brooklyn Bridge entrances and overpass. Two other major arteries are also sometimes identified as the northern border of "lower" or "downtown Manhattan": Canal Street, roughly half a mile north of Chambers Street, and 23rd Street, roughly half a mile north of 14th Street. Anchored by Wall Street, in Lower Manhattan, New York City functions as the financial capital of the world and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies.
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Melbourne
Melbourne ([ˈmelbən, -bn̩, ˈmæl-],rhotically /ˈmɛlbərn/) is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2010, the greater geographical area had an approximate population of four million. Inhabitants of Melbourne are called Melburnians or Melbournians.
The metropolis is located on the large natural bay known as Port Phillip, with the city centre positioned at the estuary of the Yarra River (at the northernmost point of the bay). The metropolitan area then extends south from the city centre, along the eastern and western shorelines of Port Phillip, and expands into the hinterland. The city centre is situated in the municipality known as the City of Melbourne, and the metropolitan area consists of a further 30 municipalities.
Melbourne was founded in 1835 (47 years after the European settlement of Australia) by settlers from Launceston in Van Diemen's Land. It was named by governor Richard Bourke in 1837, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb—the 2nd Viscount Melbourne. Melbourne was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria in 1847. In 1851, it became the capital city of the newly created colony of Victoria. During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the world's largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it then served as the interim seat of government of the newly created nation of Australia until 1927.
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Mercer Arts Center
Coordinates: 40°43′40″N 73°59′45″W / 40.727893°N 73.995731°W / 40.727893; -73.995731 The Mercer Arts Center was a group of live theaters on Mercer Street in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, and was part of the Broadway Central Hotel until its collapse on August 3, 1973.
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Michigan
Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating. The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds. A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline. It is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
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Queens
Queens is the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City and the largest in area and the second-largest in population. Since 1899, Queens has had the same boundaries as Queens County, which is now the second most populous county in New York State and the fourth-most densely populated county in the United States. Queens, as well as neighboring borough Brooklyn, sits on the west end of geographic Long Island. Queens is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world with a population of over 2.2 million, 46% of whom are foreign-born, representing over 100 different nations and speaking over 138 different languages.
Were each New York City borough an independent city, Queens would be the nation's fourth largest city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens has the second-largest and most diversified economy of all the five boroughs of New York City.Long Island City, on the Queens waterfront across from Manhattan on the East River, is the site of the Citicorp Building, the tallest skyscraper in New York City outside of Manhattan and the tallest building on geographic Long Island.
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Royal Leamington Spa
Coordinates: 52°17′31″N 1°32′13″W / 52.292°N 1.537°W / 52.292; -1.537
Royal Leamington Spa, commonly known as Leamington Spa or Leamingtoni/ˈlɛmɪŋtən/ or Leam /ˈlɛm/ to locals, is a spa town in central Warwickshire, England. Formerly known as Leamington Priors, its expansion began following the popularisation of the medicinal qualities of its water by Dr Kerr in 1784, and by Dr Lambe around 1797. During the 19th century, the town experienced one of the most rapid expansions in England.
Six electoral wards make up the urban town of Leamington Spa; Brunswick, Milverton, Manor, Crown, Clarendon and Willes. The estimated total population for those wards in 2008 was 39,940.
It is named after the River Leam which flows through the town.
Formerly known as Leamington Priors, Leamington began to develop as a town at the start of the 19th century. It was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Lamintone. For 400 years, the settlement was under the control of Kenilworth Priory, from which the older suffix derived. Its name came from Anglo-Saxon Leman-tūn or Lemen-tūn = "farm on the River Leam". The healing properties of the spa waters had been known in Roman times and their rediscovery in 1784 by William Abbotts and Benjamin Satchwell, led to their commercialisation.[not in citation given]
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Sheffield
Sheffield
i/ˈʃɛfiːld/ is a city and metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England. Its name derives from the River Sheaf, which runs through the city. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and with some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is 555,500 (2010 est.) and it is one of the eight largest regional English cities that make up the English Core Cities Group.
During the 19th century, Sheffield gained an international reputation for steel production. Many innovations were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel, fuelling an almost tenfold increase in the population during the Industrial Revolution. Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in traditional local industries during the 1970s and 1980s, coinciding with the collapse of coal mining in the area.
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South London
South London is the southern part of London, England, United Kingdom.
According to the 2011 official Boundary Commission for England definition, South London includes the London boroughs of Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Greenwich, Kingston, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Southwark, Sutton and Wandsworth.
The River Thames divides Greater London into two parts. The southern part includes the historic central areas of Southwark, Lambeth and Bankside and also maritime Greenwich. The area has only a small section of the London Underground network, but has a much more extensive suburban railway system than North London and is the location of all of London's tram services.
This area is made up of the London boroughs of Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Greenwich, Kingston, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Richmond, Southwark, Sutton and Wandsworth. This definition is used by the Boundary Commission for England. The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames includes sections on both sides of the River Thames and the boundary commission class the entire district as part of South London, pairing it with Kingston upon Thames for the purposes of devising constituencies.
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South Shields
Coordinates: 54°59′31″N 1°25′44″W / 54.992°N 1.429°W / 54.992; -1.429
South Shields (or locally known just as Shields) is a coastal town in Tyne and Wear, England, located at the mouth of the River Tyne to Tyne Dock, and about 4.84 miles (7.79 km) downstream from Newcastle upon Tyne. The town has a population of 82,854, the second largest population centre in the Tyneside conurbation after Newcastle. It is part of the metropolitan borough of South Tyneside, which includes the riverside towns of Jarrow and Hebburn and the villages of Boldon, Cleadon and Whitburn. South Shields is represented in parliament by Labour MP David Miliband.
The first settlers of the area were the Brigantes, although there is no evidence they built a settlement within the town of South Shields. Earlier Celtic inscriptions were found as evident in CAER URFA, the original name for south Shields. The Romans built a fort here around AD 160, and expanded it around AD 208 to help supply their soldiers along Hadrian's Wall. Divisions living at the fort included Tigris bargemen (from Persia/modern day Iraq), Spanish/French soldiers, and Syrian archers/spearmen. The fort was abandoned as the Roman Empire declined in the fourth century AD. Many ruins still exist today, and some structures have been rebuilt as part of a modern museum.
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Southall
Coordinates: 51°30′44″N 0°22′40″W / 51.5121°N 0.3779°W / 51.5121; -0.3779
Southall is a large suburban district of west London, England, and part of the London Borough of Ealing. It is situated 10.7 miles (17.2 km) west of Charing Cross. Neighbouring places include Yeading, Hayes, Hanwell, Heston, Hounslow, Greenford and Northolt. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
Southall is located on the Grand Union Canal (formerly the Grand Junction Canal) which first linked London with the rest of the growing canal system. It was one of the last canals to carry significant commercial traffic (through the 1950s) and is still open to traffic and is used by pleasure craft.
The town has one of the largest concentrations of South Asian people outside of the Indian sub-continent.
The name Southall derives from the Anglo-Saxon dative æt súð healum, "At the south corner (of the land or wood)" and súð heal, "South corner" and separates it from Northolt which was originally norþ heal, "North corner" which through a later association with Anglo-Saxon holt, "Wood, copse" developed into Northolt.[citation needed]
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Southern California
Southern California (SoCal) is a megaregion, or megapolitan area, in the southern area of the U.S. state of California. Large urban areas include Greater Los Angeles and Greater San Diego. The urban area stretches along the coast from Ventura through the Southland and Inland Empire to San Diego. The United States - Mexico border makes up the southern border. Southern California is a major economic center for the state of California and the nation.
Southern California's population encompasses five metropolitan, or MSA, areas: Los Angeles County and Orange County together make up the Los Angeles metropolitan area; the Inland Empire consists of such cities as Riverside, Ontario, and San Bernardino; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura metro area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas; the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over 4 million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Los Angeles metropolitan area; with San Diego as Southern California's other CSA metropolitan area. With over 22 million people, roughly 60% of California's population resides in Southern California.
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Surrey
Surrey /ˈsʌri/ is a county in the South East of England, and one of the home counties. The county borders Greater London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Hampshire, and Berkshire. The historic county town is Guildford.Surrey County Council sits at Kingston upon Thames, although this has been part of Greater London since 1965. The London boroughs of Lambeth, Wandsworth and Southwark were considered part of Surrey until 1889; and Croydon, Kingston, Merton, Sutton, Barnes and Richmond - all now reclassified as part of Greater London - were part of Surrey until 1965.
Surrey is divided into 11 boroughs and districts: Elmbridge, Epsom and Ewell, Guildford, Mole Valley, Reigate and Banstead, Runnymede, Spelthorne, Surrey Heath, Tandridge, Waverley, Woking. After the elections of 1 May 2008, the Conservatives are in control of 10 out of 11 councils in Surrey, with Epsom and Ewell in Residents Association control. The Conservatives hold all 11 Parliamentary constituencies within the county borders.
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Sydney
Sydney ( /sɪdni/) is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is classified as an Alpha+ World City indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world.
Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population.
The site of the first British colony in Australia, Sydney was established in 1788 at Sydney Cove by Arthur Phillip, commodore of the First Fleet as a penal colony. The city is built on hills surrounding Port Jackson which is commonly known as Sydney Harbour, where the iconic Sydney Opera House and the Harbour Bridge feature prominently. The hinterland of the metropolitan area is surrounded by national parks, and the coastal regions feature many bays, rivers, inlets and beaches including the famous Bondi Beach and Manly Beach. Within the city are many notable parks, including Hyde Park and the Royal Botanic Gardens.
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Vancouver
Vancouver (/vænˈkuːvər/) is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. The 2011 census recorded more than 603,000 people in the city, making it the eighth largest among Canadian cities. The metropolitan area, with more than 2.3 million residents, is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country and the most populous in Western Canada. With 5,249 people per square kilometre (13,590 per sq mile), the City of Vancouver is the most densely populated Canadian municipality among those with 5,000 residents or more. Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, with 52% for whom English is not their first language.
The original settlement, named Gastown, grew around the Hastings Mill logging sawmill and a nearby tavern, both established in 1867. Enlarging to become the townsite of Granville, with the announcement that the railhead would reach the site it was renamed "Vancouver" and incorporated as a city in 1886. By 1887, the transcontinental railway was extended to the city to take advantage of its large natural seaport, which soon became a vital link in a trade route between the Orient, Eastern Canada, and London. As of 2009, Port Metro Vancouver is the busiest and largest port in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, making tourism its second-largest industry. Major film production studios in Vancouver and Burnaby have turned Metro Vancouver into the third-largest film production centre in North America after Los Angeles and New York City, earning it the film industry nickname, Hollywood North.
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Adam Parfrey
Adam Parfrey (born April 12, 1957) is an American journalist, editor, and the publisher of Feral House books, whose work in all three capacities frequently centers on unusual, extreme, or "forbidden" areas of knowledge.
He was born in New York the son of actor Woodrow Parfrey and Rosa Ellovich; his mother was Jewish, his father was not.[citation needed] He moved to Los Angeles, California in 1962.[citation needed] Upon graduating from Santa Monica High School, the young Parfrey enrolled at UCLA before transferring to UC, Santa Cruz where he studied theater and history without graduating.[citation needed] While at UCLA, he wrote for the student newspaper, the Daily Bruin, and later became co-editor.
He collaborated on George Petros' Exit magazine.[citation needed]
Following a stint at the tabloid newspaper Idea Magazine, Parfrey returned to New York. In 1989 he started Feral House with $5,000.[citation needed]
He now lives in Port Townsend, Washington.[citation needed] Parfrey also publishes through Process Media, an imprint he established in 2005.[citation needed]
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Alan Vega
Alan Vega (born Boruch Alan Bermowitz on June 23, 1938) is an American vocalist, primarily known for his work with electronic protopunk duo, Suicide. He is also an established sculptor.
Alan Bermowitz was raised in a Jewish household in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. In the late 1950s he attended Brooklyn College, where he studied both physics and fine art, studying painting and drawing under Ad Reinhardt and Kurt Seligmann and graduating in 1960. In the 60s he became involved with the Art Workers' Coalition, a radical artists group that harassed museums, once barricading the Museum of Modern Art. In 1969 funding from the New York State Council on the Arts made possible the founding of MUSEUM:A Project of Living Artists – an artist-run 24 hour multimedia gallery at 729 Broadway in Manhattan. Calling himself Alan Suicide, he graduated from painting to light sculptures, many constructed of electronic debris. He gained a residency at the OK Harris Gallery in SoHo where he continued to exhibit until 1975.Barbara Gladstone continued to show his work into the 80s.
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Andy Greenwald
Andy Greenwald (born May 19, 1977) is an author, screenwriter and critic. He is currently a staff writer for Grantland.com. Previously, he was a senior contributing writer at Spin Magazine, and has also written for such publications as The Washington Post, Blender, Entertainment Weekly, The Village Voice, MTV Magazine, Complex, and Magnet. He is the author of the books Nothing Feels Good: Punk Rock, Teenagers, and Emo and Miss Misery: A Novel.
Greenwald grew up in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) and currently lives in Brooklyn, New York. He graduated from Friends' Central School in Philadelphia and Brown University in Providence.
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Andy McCoy
Antti Hulkko (born 11 October 1962 in Pelkosenniemi, Finland), better known as Andy McCoy, is a Finnish musician. He is most famous for his role as the lead guitarist and main songwriter of Hanoi Rocks, but has also played with Iggy Pop.
Artistically McCoy's works cover a wide range of music forms, including rock 'n' roll, punk rock, flamenco, glam punk, glam rock, blues rock and hard rock.
Antti Hulkko was born in Pelkosenniemi, Finnish Lapland to Finnish parents. At the age of 9 his family moved to Stockholm, Sweden, where he grew fluent in Swedish and learned basic English language (his neighbour was half-Jamaican). At the age of 14 his family returned to Finland - this time to Helsinki. Hulkko has said that this was something of a cultural shock to him as he had started to forget the Finnish language. In Helsinki his family lived in the suburb of Vuosaari, where Antti went to Botby Högstadieskolan school.
Before Hanoi Rocks, McCoy had become well known in his home country, Finland, due to his work in the punk rock band Pelle Miljoona Oy. During this time McCoy was talking with Matti Fagerholm (better known as Michael Monroe) to start a band of their own, but because McCoy was currently in Pelle Miljoona Oy, he told Monroe to start the band without him in 1979. After McCoy left Pelle Miljoona Oy, he joined Monroe in Hanoi Rocks, with another former-Pelle Miljoona Oy member, Sam Yaffa. At this point, the Hanoi Rocks line-up consisted of Michael Monroe (lead vocals), Andy McCoy (lead guitar), Nasty Suicide (rhythm guitar), Sam Yaffa (bass) and Swedish Gyp Casino (drums).
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Ari Up
Ariane Daniele Forster (17 January 1962 – 20 October 2010), known by her stage name Ari Up, was a German-born vocalist best known as a member of the English punk group, The Slits.
Ariane Daniele Forster was born in Munich, Germany, the granddaughter of a wealthy German newspaper proprietor. Her mother, Nora, was known in the music industry, as she was a friend of Jimi Hendrix and dated Chris Spedding for three years. Ari noted that Jon Anderson, the singer of the group Yes, was her godfather.
Nora would later date and marry the Sex Pistols' lead singer, John Lydon. Their home was known to be something of a punk domain, where Nora would take in poor musicians. The constant presence of punk music led to Ari Up experimenting in it herself, learning guitar skills from The Clash's Joe Strummer.
Ari Up was fourteen years old when she formed The Slits with drummer Palmolive in 1976. Within a short time, guitarist Viv Albertine joined the group and found herself deeply impressed by the young singer. "English was her second language," Albertine noted in an interview. "It was not easy for her and she had to fight to be taken seriously." She succeeded: "Ari was the most dynamic woman I have ever known," said Albertine. "The way she carried herself was a revolution."
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Baretta
Baretta is an American detective television series which ran on ABC from 1975 to 1978. The show was a milder version of a successful 1973–74 ABC series, Toma, starring Tony Musante as chameleon-like, real-life New Jersey police officer David Toma. While popular, Toma received intense criticism at the time for its realistic and frequent depiction of police and criminal violence. When Musante left the series after a single season, the concept was retooled as Baretta, with Robert Blake in the title role.
Detective Anthony Vincenzo "Tony" Baretta is an unorthodox plainclothes cop (badge #609) with the 53rd precinct, who lives with Fred, his Triton Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, in apartment 2C at the run-down King Edward Hotel in an unnamed Eastern city (presumably Newark, New Jersey). The actual location was obviously Los Angeles.[citation needed]
Supporting characters include:
Like his model David Toma, Tony Baretta wore many disguises on the job. When not in disguise, Baretta wore a T-shirt, jeans and a soft cap. He often carried an unlit cigarette in his lips or behind his ear. His catchphrases included "You can take dat to da bank" and "And dat‘s the name of dat tune." When exasperated he would occasionally speak in asides to his late father, Louie Baretta.
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Barney Hoskyns
Barney Hoskyns (born 1959) is a British music critic and editor of the online music journalism archive Rock's Backpages.
Hoskyns graduated from Oxford with a First Class degree in English. He began writing about music for Melody Maker and New Musical Express, quitting his job as staff writer at NME to research a book about soul music. The result was Say It One Time For The Brokenhearted: Country Soul In The American South (UK: Fontana, 1987; Bloomsbury reissue 1998).
Hoskyns has written regularly on pop culture and the arts for British Vogue, where for five years he was a Contributing Editor, and for The Times, The Guardian, The Independent, The Observer and Arena magazine. He has also contributed to Harper's Bazaar, Interview magazine, Spin magazine and Rolling Stone, as well as to Amazon.com and CDNOW.
Between 1993 and 1999, Hoskyns worked as Associate Editor and then U.S. Editor of Mojo magazine. Faber (UK) and Simon & Schuster (US) published his Glam! Bowie, Bolan & The Glitter Rock Revolution in 1998, tying in with Todd Haynes’ Velvet Goldmine. Haynes provided an introduction. 1999 saw the publication of the bestselling The Mullet: Hairstyle Of The Gods, written with Mark Larson and published by Bloomsbury.
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Ben Myers
Ben Myers or Benjamin Myers (born 1976 in Durham) is an English writer.
His first novel The Book Of Fuck, a fictionalised account about a hapless music journalist, was published to underground acclaim in 2004 through Wrecking Ball Press. Myers claimed it was written in six days "as a joke". It was published in Italian in 2005.
Myers' second novel, Richard: A Novel, was published by Picador in October 2010. He recently announced the publication of a new novel Pig Iron under his full name Benjamin Myers in 2012. His short stories and poems have appeared in numerous anthologies since 1999.
As a teenager Myers began writing for British weekly Melody Maker. In 1997 he became their staff writer. As of 2009 he has written about literature, music and the arts for a number of publications including Mojo, The Guardian, NME, Alternative Press, Kerrang!, Plan B, Arena, Bizarre, The Quietus, Vice, Shortlist, Caught By The River, Classic Rock, 3:AM Magazine, Mineshaft and Time Out. In 2011 he published an article about his brief time as an intern at News Of The World
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Bernard Rhodes
Bernard Rhodes is the former manager of English punk rock band The Clash. He previously worked with Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren and once claimed to have "invented punk".
[Rhodes]'s had a load of influence — especially at the start. He put the group together. And he also put us on the right track — mainly about song content.
Rhodes claims he was responsible for spotting John Lydon (aka Johnny Rotten) in the Kings Road and recommended that he audition as singer for the Sex Pistols in McLaren and Westwood's shop SEX.
After his offer to co-manage the Sex Pistols was rejected, Rhodes was instrumental in The Clash's formation in 1976. His acceptance from CBS Records of an overly onerous and poorly financed record contract on behalf of the group caused tensions, and he was replaced in 1978 by the journalist and Release founder Caroline Coon. In turn Coon was replaced by management company Blackhill and, in 1981, Rhodes was brought back in and managed The Clash until their break-up in 1986, having been instrumental in manipulating the departure of principal songwriter and musical overseer Mick Jones.
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Bikini Kill
Bikini Kill was an American punk rock band formed in Olympia, Washington in October 1990. The group consisted of vocalist and songwriter Kathleen Hanna, guitarist Billy Karren, bassist Kathi Wilcox, and drummer Tobi Vail. The band is widely considered to be the pioneer of the riot grrrl movement, and was notorious for its radical feminist lyrics and fiery performances. Their music is characteristically abrasive and hardcore-influenced. After two full-length albums, several EPs and two compilations, they disbanded in 1998.
While occasionally collaborating with high-profile acts such as Nirvana and Joan Jett, Bikini Kill was well known for shunning major labels and the mainstream rock press.
The band formed in Olympia, Washington, in October 1990, by Kathleen Hanna (vocals), Billy Karren (guitar), Kathi Wilcox (bass), and Tobi Vail (drums). They began working together on a fanzine called Bikini Kill and, with the addition of former Go Team guitarist Billy Karren, formed a band of the same name. The band wrote songs together and encouraged a female-centric environment at their shows, urging women to come to the front of the stage and handing out lyric sheets to them.
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Bill Grundy
William "Bill" Grundy (18 May 1923 – 9 February 1993) was an English television presenter and former host of Today, a regional news programme broadcast on Thames Television. He became nationally notorious because of a foul-mouthed interview with the Sex Pistols on his show in 1976.
The son of a factory owner, William Grundy was born in Manchester in 1923 and educated at Manchester University, where he read geology. Grundy began his career as a geologist and as a part-time journalist. When Granada Television began broadcasting in 1956, Grundy auditioned for the post of newsreader, which at first he held in tandem with his geological work. He was the first television presenter to present The Beatles on Granada Television on 17 October 1962. He appeared on several TV shows, including People and Places and Man About the House, but his greatest claim to fame was as host of the Today show.
Grundy became notorious in a matter of two minutes owing to an incident that occurred when the punk band Sex Pistols and their entourage appeared at short notice on the Today show of 1 December 1976. They were a last minute stand-in for Queen, who were forced to cancel. The Today show was broadcast live and uncensored during daytime hours at a time when obscenities were forbidden.
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Billie Joe Armstrong
Billie Joe Armstrong (born February 17, 1972) is an American rock musician and occasional actor, best known as the lead vocalist, main songwriter and lead guitarist for the American punk rock band Green Day. He is also a guitarist and vocalist for the punk rock band Pinhead Gunpowder and provides lead vocals for Green Day's side project Foxboro Hot Tubs.
Raised in Rodeo, California, Armstrong developed an interest in music at a young age, and recorded his first song at the age of five. He met Mike Dirnt while attending elementary school, and the two instantly bonded over their mutual interest in music, forming the band Sweet Children when the two were 15 years old. The band changed its name to Green Day, and would later achieve massive commercial success. Armstrong has also pursued musical projects outside of Green Day's work, including numerous collaborations with other musicians as well as serving as the primary vocalist for the bands Pinhead Gunpowder and Foxboro Hot Tubs.
Billie Joe Armstrong was born in Piedmont, California, a small town surrounded by the city of Oakland, and was raised in Rodeo, California, as the youngest of six children to Andrew "Andy" Armstrong and Ollie Jackson. His father worked as a jazz musician and truck driver for Safeway Inc. to support his family. He died of esophageal cancer on September 10, 1982. The song "Wake Me Up When September Ends" is a memorial to his father. He has five older siblings: David, Alan, Marci, Hollie, and Anna. His mother worked at Rod's Hickory Pit restaurant in El Cerrito. Armstrong and Mike Dirnt's first live performance was at Rod's Hickory Pit in 1987; their first performance under the name Green Day was in Davis, a college town approximately an hour's drive northeast of San Francisco Bay.
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Billy Joel
William Martin "Billy" Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American pianist, singer-songwriter, and composer. Since releasing his first hit song, "Piano Man," in 1973, Joel has become the sixth best-selling recording artist and the third best-selling solo artist in the United States, according to the RIAA.
Joel had Top 40 hits in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, achieving 33 Top 40 hits in the United States, all of which he wrote himself. He is also a six-time Grammy Award winner, a 23-time Grammy nominee and has sold over 150 million records worldwide. He was inducted into the Songwriter's Hall of Fame (1992), the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1999), the Long Island Music Hall of Fame (2006), and the Hit Parade Hall of Fame (2009). In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles chart's 50th anniversary, with Billy Joel positioned at No. 23. With the exception of the 2007 songs "All My Life" and "Christmas in Fallujah," Joel stopped recording pop/rock material after 1993's River of Dreams, but he continued to tour extensively until 2010.
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Blue Cheer
Blue Cheer was an American rock band that initially performed and recorded in the late 1960s and early 1970s and was sporadically active until 2009. Based in San Francisco, Blue Cheer played in a psychedelic blues-rock style, and is also credited as being pioneers of heavy metal (their cover of "Summertime Blues" is sometimes cited as the first in the genre), punk rock,stoner rock,doom metal,experimental rock, and grunge. According to Tim Hills in his book, The Many Lives of the Crystal Ballroom, "Blue Cheer was the epitome of San Francisco psychedelia." Jim Morrison of The Doors called the group "The single most powerful band I've ever seen."
The band is said to have been named after a street brand of LSD and promoted by renowned LSD chemist and former Grateful Dead patron, Owsley Stanley.
Blue Cheer came together in 1966. It was co-founded by Eric Albronda and Jerry Russell, music aficionados who wanted to become involved with the San Francisco music scene of the 1960s. Both moved with Dickie Peterson from Davis, California, to San Francisco. Peterson had previously been with the Davis-based band Andrew Staples & The Oxford Circle, as well as future Blue Cheer members Paul Whaley and Gary Lee Yoder. The original Blue Cheer personnel were singer/bassist Dickie Peterson, guitarist Leigh Stephens and Eric Albronda as drummer. Albronda was later replaced by Paul Whaley, who was joined by Dickie's brother Jerre Peterson (guitar), Vale Hamanaka (keyboards), and Jerry Whiting (vocals, harmonica). Albronda continued his association with Blue Cheer as a member of Blue Cheer management, as well as being the producer or co-producer of five Blue Cheer albums.
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Brendan Mullen
Brendan Mullen (October 9, 1949 – October 12, 2009) was born in Paisley, Scotland and moved to Manchester, England when he was 8. He spent his early teen years writing for various British music magazines. In 1973, Mullen moved to the United States where he remained for the remainder of his life. Mullen had just started working toward U.S. citizenship at the time of his death. Through Mullen's support at various nightclubs in California, the scene gave birth to such bands as the Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Go-Go's, X, The Weirdos and the The Germs.
Mullen is best known as the founder of The Masque, a small punk rock club in central Hollywood, California, which existed intermittently from 1977 to 1979. Mullen originally only wanted a place to practice music however the owner of the building offered him the 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) basement for $850 a month allowing him to set up numerous rehearsal spaces for the burgeoning punk music community. The Masque became ground zero for punk music in Los Angeles however city officials refused to approve permits required to run it as a legal nightclub and shut the club down in 1978. Fire marshalls sued Mullen to end the lease and many bands came to his aid with two nights of benefit concerts to raise money to pay legal fees. Both shows culminated in rioting.
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Brett Gurewitz
Brett W. Gurewitz (born May 12, 1962), nicknamed Mr. Brett, is the guitarist and a songwriter of Bad Religion. He is also the owner of the music label Epitaph Records (which has handled many Bad Religion releases) and sister-labels ANTI-, Burning Heart Records, Fat Possum Records, and Hellcat Records. He has produced albums for Bad Religion as well as Epitaph Records labelmates NOFX, Rancid, and Pennywise, among others. Gurewitz also had a project called Error, which also featured Atticus Ross, Leopold Ross, and Greg Puciato.
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Britney Spears
Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an American recording artist and entertainer. Born in McComb, Mississippi, and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, Spears began performing as a child, landing acting roles in stage productions and television shows. She signed with Jive Records in 1997 and released her debut album ...Baby One More Time in 1999, which became the best-selling album by a teenage solo artist. During her first decade in the music industry, she became a prominent figure in mainstream popular music and popular culture, followed by a much-publicized personal life. Her first two albums established her as a pop icon and broke sales records, while title tracks "...Baby One More Time" and "Oops!... I Did It Again" became international number-one hits. Spears was credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s, and became the 'best-selling teen aged artist of all time' before she turned 20, garnering her the honorific title of "Princess of Pop".
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Bruce Springsteen
Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949), nicknamed "The Boss," is an American singer-songwriter-performer who records and tours with the E Street Band. Springsteen is widely known for his brand of heartland rock, poetic lyrics, and Americana sentiments centered on his native New Jersey.
Springsteen's recordings have included both commercially accessible rock albums and more somber folk-oriented works. His most successful studio albums, Born in the U.S.A. and Born to Run, showcase a talent for finding grandeur in the struggles of daily American life; he has sold more than 65 million albums in the United States and more than 120 million worldwide and he has earned numerous awards for his work, including 21 Grammy Awards, two Golden Globes and an Academy Award. He is widely regarded by many as one of the most influential songwriters of the 20th century, and in 2004, Rolling Stone ranked him as the 23rd Greatest Artist of all time.
Springsteen was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, and spent his childhood and high school years in Freehold Borough. He lived on South Street in Freehold Borough and attended Freehold Borough High School. His father, Douglas Frederick Springsteen, was of Dutch and Irish ancestry and worked, among other vocations, as a bus driver, although he was frequently unemployed; his surname is Dutch for jump stone. His mother, Adele Ann (née Zerilli), was a legal secretary and was of Italian ancestry. His maternal grandfather was born in Vico Equense, a city near Naples. He has two younger sisters, Virginia and Pamela. Pamela had a brief film career, but left acting to pursue still photography full time; she took photos for the Human Touch and Lucky Town albums.
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Captain Beefheart
Don Van Vliet ( /væn ˈvliːt/, born Don Glen Vliet; January 15, 1941 – December 17, 2010) was an American musician, singer-songwriter, artist and poet best known by the stage name Captain Beefheart. His musical work was conducted with a rotating ensemble of musicians called The Magic Band, active between 1965 and 1982, with whom he recorded 13 studio albums. Noted for his powerful singing voice with its wide range, Van Vliet also played the harmonica, saxophone and numerous other wind instruments. His music blended rock, blues and psychedelia with avant-garde and contemporary experimental composition. Beefheart was also known for exercising an almost dictatorial control over his supporting musicians, and for often constructing myths about his life.
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Carrie Brownstein
Carrie Rachel Grace Brownstein (born September 27, 1974) is an American musician, writer, and actress, known as a guitarist and vocalist in the now-defunct band Sleater-Kinney. Since 2010 Brownstein has sung and played guitar for the band Wild Flag; they released their self-titled debut album in September 2011. Brownstein stars with co-developer Fred Armisen in Portlandia, a sketch comedy show which began airing in January 2011 on the Independent Film Channel.
Brownstein was born in Seattle, Washington, and raised in Redmond, Washington. Her mother was a homemaker and her father was a corporate lawyer; her parents divorced when she was fourteen, and she was raised by her father. She attended Lake Washington High School before transferring to The Overlake School for her senior year. She began playing guitar at 15, and received lessons from future Sunny Day Real Estate/The Fire Theft frontman Jeremy Enigk. She later said "he lived in the neighborhood next to mine, so I would just walk my guitar over to his house. He showed me a couple of open chords and I just took it from there. I'd gone through so many phases as a kid with my interests that my parents put their foot down with guitar. So [the instrument] ended up being the [first] thing that I had to save up my own money for-and maybe that was the whole reason that I actually stuck with it."
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Charged GBH
Charged GBH are an English Street punk band, formed in 1978 by vocalist Colin Abrahall, guitarist Colin "Jock" Blyth, bassist Sean McCarthy and Drummer Andy " Wilf" Williams. GBH were early pioneers of English street punk, often nicknamed "UK82", along with Discharge, Broken Bones, The Exploited and The Varukers. They have gone on to influence several punk rock musicians. The name GBH was inspired by then-bassist Sean McCarthy's trial for grievous bodily harm.
Charged GBH embarked on several English and mainland US tours during the early 1980s, including several gigs at the 100 Club. 1982 saw GBH's first LP, City Baby Attacked By Rats. Lyrically, the album dealt with criticism of British and European culture, violence, morbidity (especially in reference to the song "Passenger On The Menu", which describes in graphic detail the experiences of the passengers on the Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571), atheism, nihilism and humour. Musically, the album was loud and fast, with few songs exceeding three minutes. In 1984 the band changed their name to GBH (grievous bodily harm).
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Chris Spedding
Chris Spedding (born Peter Robinson, 17 June 1944) is an English rock and roll and jazz guitarist, best known for his session work. Allmusic states - "Spedding is one of the UK's most versatile session guitarists, and has had a long career on two continents that saw him tackle nearly every style of rock and roll, as well as sporadically attempting a solo career. The fact that he never quite broken through to stardom, except in his native England and parts of Europe, and in professional music circles, is more a result of bad timing and worse luck than any lack of talent or commitment on his part."
Spedding was born in Staveley, Derbyshire, but was raised in Sheffield and Birmingham by adoptive parents Muriel and Jack Spedding, and renamed Christopher John Spedding.
Whilst still with the Battered Ornaments, which without the departing Pete Brown left Spedding as the frontman, he joined the Frank Ricotti Quartet, and played guitar on the album Our Point of View, released in July 1969. He was also invited to play on Jack Bruce's first and third solo albums, Songs for a Tailor (1969) and Harmony Row (1971).
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Chuck Berry
Charles Edward Anderson "Chuck" Berry (born October 18, 1926) is an American guitarist, singer and songwriter, and one of the pioneers of rock and roll music. With songs such as "Maybellene" (1955), "Roll Over Beethoven" (1956), "Rock and Roll Music" (1957) and "Johnny B. Goode" (1958), Chuck Berry refined and developed rhythm and blues into the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive, with lyrics focusing on teen life and consumerism and utilizing guitar solos and showmanship that would be a major influence on subsequent rock music.
Born into a middle class family in St. Louis, Missouri, Berry had an interest in music from an early age and gave his first public performance at Sumner High School. While still a high school student he served a prison sentence for armed robbery between 1944 and 1947. On his release, Berry settled into married life and worked at an automobile assembly plant. By early 1953, influenced by the guitar riffs and showmanship techniques of blues player T-Bone Walker, he was performing in the evenings with the Johnnie Johnson Trio. His break came when he traveled to Chicago in May 1955, and met Muddy Waters, who suggested he contact Leonard Chess of Chess Records. With Chess he recorded "Maybellene"—Berry's adaptation of the country song "Ida Red"—which sold over a million copies, reaching No. 1 on Billboard's Rhythm and Blues chart. By the end of the 1950s, Berry was an established star with several hit records and film appearances to his name as well as a lucrative touring career. He had also established his own St. Louis-based nightclub, called Berry's Club Bandstand. But in January 1962, Berry was sentenced to three years in prison for offenses under the Mann Act—he had transported a 14-year-old girl across state lines.
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Clinton Heylin
Clinton Heylin (born 8 April 1960 in Manchester) is an English author who has written extensively about popular music and the work of Bob Dylan.
Heylin attended Manchester Grammar School. He read History at Bedford College, University of London, followed by getting an M.A. in History at the University of Sussex.
Heylin has written extensively on the life and work of Bob Dylan, combining interviews with discographical research. He has published a full-length biography Dylan: Behind the Shades (1991) which was republished in a revised second edition: Bob Dylan: Behind The Shades - Take Two (UK edition, 2000), Bob Dylan: Behind The Shades Revisited (US edition, 2001). Heylin has published a detailed analysis of every song by Dylan in two volumes: Revolution In The Air: The Songs of Bob Dylan: Vol. 1: 1957-73 (2009), and Still On The Road: The Songs of Bob Dylan: Vol. 2: 1974-2008 (2010).
In 2011, to mark Dylan's 70th birthday, Heylin published Behind the Shades: The 20th Anniversary Edition, which contained 60,000 words of new material to cover Dylan's work since 2000.
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Corin Tucker
Corin Lisa Tucker (born November 9, 1972) is a singer and guitarist, best known for her work with rock band Sleater-Kinney.
In the early 1990s, Tucker attended Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, where she studied film, political economy, and social change. Although Sleater-Kinney was formed in Olympia, and later relocated to Portland, Oregon, Tucker still describes herself as "a small-town girl" from Eugene, Oregon. Before forming Sleater-Kinney, Tucker played in Heartless Martin with Becca Albee of Excuse 17. Heartless Martin would release one EP, entitled Tonight.
Tucker was also a founding member of Heavens to Betsy, an influential Riot Grrrl band, which recorded a split single with Bratmobile, and a number of singles for independent record labels. They frequently played shows with Excuse 17, and the two bands both appeared on the compilation LP Free to Fight. Heavens to Betsy would release one album, Calculated, in 1993.
After Heavens to Betsy split, Tucker formed Sleater-Kinney with Excuse 17 member Carrie Brownstein and friend Lora McFarlane. She sang lead vocals and played second guitar to Brownstein's lead. Tucker released seven albums with Sleater-Kinney over the span of 11 years before going on hiatus in 2006. According to Brownstein in March 2010, Sleater-Kinney may reunite and release an album of new material within the next 5 years.
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Darby Crash
Darby Crash (born Jan Paul Beahm) (September 26, 1958 – December 7, 1980) was an Americanpunk musician who, along with long time friend Pat Smear (born Georg Ruthenberg), co-founded The Germs. He died of a heroin overdose.
Beahm had a troubled childhood; His older brother died of a drug overdose and he grew up believing that his biological father left the family. When in his teens, his sister revealed in an argument that his biological father was really a Swedish sailor named William Björklund.
Beahm attended IPS (Innovative Program School), a school within University High School in Los Angeles. The IPS program combined elements of est large group awareness training and Scientology.
Before the Germs, Beahm and Pat Smear called themselves "Sophistifuck and the Revlon Spam Queens", but had to shorten this name because they didn't have enough money to put the full name on a t-shirt. After a short stint under the name Bobby Pyn, Beahm changed his name to Darby Crash. The Germs can be seen in the 1981 film The Decline of Western Civilization, directed by Penelope Spheeris. Crash discussed taking drugs onstage to avoid feeling injuries from fan violence and "creeps out there with grudges".
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Dave Marsh
Dave Marsh (born March 1, 1950, Detroit, Michigan) is an American music critic, author, editor and radio talk show host. He was a formative editor of Creem magazine, has written for various publications such as Newsday, The Village Voice, and Rolling Stone, and has published numerous books about music and musicians, mostly focused on rock music.
Marsh briefly attended Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan.
In 1979, Marsh wrote a now-famous review in Rolling Stone of the album Jazz by Queen, in which he wrote, "Queen may be the first truly fascist rock band." (Rolling Stone, Feb. 8th 1979). Previously, he had described lead singer Freddie Mercury as possessing a merely "passable pop voice."
In his 1980 review on Bob Seger's album Against the Wind, Marsh stated, "I'd like to say that this is not only the worst record Bob Seger has ever made, but an absolutely cowardly one as well."
In the 1983 Rolling Stone Record Guide on Journey, Marsh wrote, "Journey was a dead end for San Francisco area rock." He awarded all of the band's albums the minimum possible score of 1/5 stars.
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David Bowie
David Bowie ( /ˈboʊ.i/ BOH-ee; born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947) is an English musician, actor, record producer and arranger. A major figure for over four decades in the world of popular music, Bowie is widely regarded as an innovator, particularly for his work in the 1970s. He is known for his distinctive voice and the intellectual depth and eclecticism of his work.
Bowie first caught the eye and ear of the public in July 1969, when his song "Space Oddity" reached the top five of the UK Singles Chart. After a three-year period of experimentation he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with the flamboyant, androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust, spearheaded by the hit single "Starman" and the album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars. Bowie's impact at that time, as described by biographer David Buckley, "challenged the core belief of the rock music of its day" and "created perhaps the biggest cult in popular culture." The relatively short-lived Ziggy persona proved merely one facet of a career marked by continual reinvention, musical innovation and striking visual presentation.
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Dee Dee Ramone
Dee Dee Ramone (born Douglas Glenn Colvin) (September 18, 1951 – June 5, 2002) was an American songwriter and musician, best known as founding member, songwriter, and bassist for punk rock band the Ramones.
Though nearly all of the Ramones' songs were credited equally to all the band members, Dee Dee was the band's most prolific lyricist and songwriter, writing many of the band's most well-known songs, such as "53rd & 3rd", "Commando", "Rockaway Beach", and "Poison Heart". He was initially the band's lead vocalist, though his (then) inability to sing and play bass at the same time resulted in original drummer Joey Ramone taking over the lead vocalist duties. Dee Dee would serve as the band's bassist and songwriter from 1974 through 1989, when he left to pursue a short-lived career in hip hop music under the name Dee Dee King. He soon returned to his punk roots and released three solo albums featuring brand new songs, many of which were later recorded by the Ramones. He toured the world playing his new songs, Ramones songs and some old favorites in small clubs, and continued to write songs for the Ramones until 1996, when the band officially retired.
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Deniz Tek
Deniz Tek is an American singer, guitarist and songwriter and a founding member of Australian group Radio Birdman who broke up, for the last time, after their last European tour in 2007. He has played in many of the underground rock bands of the 1970s including Australian bands The Visitors, and New Race but is most known for exerting his burning Detroit style guitar influence over the punk rock genre in Australia. Legend has it that Tek's navy codename 'Iceman' was appropriated by visiting screenwriters for a character in the hit movie Top Gun.
Tek was raised in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. He spent 1967 in Sydney, Australia with his family and was greatly attracted to the Australian landscape, moving there permanently in 1972 to commence his medical studies at The University of NSW in Sydney. Deniz Tek is a trained ER doctor and ex-navy flight surgeon who currently splits his time working in emergency departments in hospitals in NSW, Australia and Hawaii, USA while still taking time to record and tour.
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Dick Hebdige
Richard "Dick" Hebdige (born 1951) is an expatriate British media theorist and sociologist most commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society.
Hebdige received his M.A. from the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies in Birmingham, United Kingdom. He is best known for his influential book in subcultural studies, Subculture: The Meaning of Style, originally published in 1979. He has been teaching in art schools since the mid-1970s, having served as the Dean of Critical Studies and the Director of the experimental writing program at the California Institute of the Arts before going to UCSB. He is currently a professor of film and media studies and art at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Hebdige's Subculture: The Meaning of Style builds on earlier work at Birmingham on youth subcultures. But whereas much of this research was concerned with the relation between subcultures and social class in postwar Britain, Hebdige saw youth cultures in terms of a dialogue between Black and white youth. He argues that punk emerged as a mainly white style when Black youth became more separatist in the 1970s in response to discrimination in British society. Whereas previous research described a homology between the different aspects of a subcultural style (dress, hairstyle, music, drugs), Hebdige argues that punk in London in 1976-77 borrowed from all previous subcultures and its only homology was chaos. In making this argument he was drawing on the early work of Julia Kristeva who also found such subversion of meaning in French poets such as Mallarmé and Lautréamont.
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Ed Kuepper
Ed Kuepper (born Edmund Kuepper in Bremen, West Germany, 20 December 1955) is an Australian guitarist, vocalist and songwriter. He co-founded the seminal punk band The Saints, the experimental post-punk group Laughing Clowns and later the grunge-like The Aints. He has also recorded over a dozen albums in his own name with a variety of backing bands, notably Ed Kuepper and the Yard Goes On Forever, Ed Kuepper and his Oxley Creek Playboys, Ed Kuepper and The Institute Of Nude Wrestling, The Exploding Universe of Ed Kuepper, Ed Kuepper and the New Imperialists and presently Ed Kuepper and the Kowalski Collective.
In 1976 Kuepper and the Saints were one of the first Australian acts to form their own record label[citation needed], Fatal Records, to release that band's first single "(I'm) Stranded". In 1980 Kuepper started up Prince Melon Records to release his work with Laughing Clowns.
Kuepper was awarded ARIAs for Best Independent Australian Release in 1993, for Black Ticket Day, and 1994 for Serene Machine and was nominated for similar awards in 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998. He was one of Australia's most prolific recording artists in the early nineties.
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Ed Sanders
Ed Sanders (born August 17, 1939) is an American poet, singer, social activist, environmentalist, author, publisher and longtime member of the band The Fugs. He has been called a bridge between the Beat and Hippie generations.
Sanders was born in Kansas City, Missouri. He dropped out of the University of Missouri in 1958 and hitchhiked to New York City's Greenwich Village to attend New York University. He graduated in 1964, with a degree in Greek.
Sanders wrote his first notable poem, "Poem from Jail", on toilet paper in his cell after being jailed for protesting the launch of nuclear submarines armed with nuclear missiles in 1961. In 1962, he founded the avant-garde journal Fuck You. Sanders opened the Peace Eye Bookstore at 383 East Tenth Street in what was then the Lower East Side; the store became a gathering place for bohemians, writers and radicals. On January 1, 1966, police raided Peace Eye Bookstore and charged Sanders with obscenity, charges he fended off with the aid of the ACLU. Notoriety generated by the case led to his appearance on the February 17, 1967 cover of Life Magazine, which proclaimed him "a leader of New York's Other Culture."
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Ellen Willis
Ellen Jane Willis (December 14, 1941 – November 9, 2006) was an American left-wing political essayist, journalist, activist, feminist, and pop music critic.
Willis was born in Manhattan to a Jewish family, and grew up in the boroughs of the Bronx and Queens in New York City. Her father was a police lieutenant in the New York City Police Department. Willis attended Barnard College as an undergraduate and did graduate study at University of California, Berkeley, where she studied comparative literature for a semester but left graduate school shortly afterwards.[citation needed]
In the late 1960s and 1970s, she was the first pop music critic for The New Yorker, and later wrote for, among others, the Village Voice, The Nation, Rolling Stone, Slate, and Salon, as well as Dissent, where she was also on the editorial board. She was the author of several books of collected essays.
At the time of her death, she was a professor in the journalism department of New York University and the head of its Center for Cultural Reporting and Criticism. She lived in Queens with her husband Stanley Aronowitz and her daughter, Nona Willis-Aronowitz.
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Elvis Costello
Elvis Costello (born Declan Patrick MacManus, 25 August 1954) is an English singer-songwriter. He came to prominence as an early participant in London's pub rock scene in the mid-1970s and later became associated with the punk/New Wave genre. Steeped in word play, the vocabulary of Costello's lyrics is broader than that of most popular songs. His music has drawn on many diverse genres; one critic described him as a "pop encyclopaedia", able to "reinvent the past in his own image".
Costello has won multiple awards in his career, including a Grammy Award, and has twice been nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Male. In 2003, Elvis Costello & the Attractions were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Costello number 80 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
Costello was born Declan Patrick MacManus in St Mary's Hospital, London, the son of Lilian Alda (née Ablett, b. 1927, Liverpool) and Ross MacManus (1927–2011), a musician and bandleader. He is of Irish heritage. Costello lived in Twickenham, attending Hounslow Secondary Modern School, which is now St Mark's Catholic Secondary School, in neighbouring Hounslow. With a musically inclined father (who was a jazz trumpeter and sang with The Joe Loss Orchestra), Costello's first broadcast recording was alongside his dad in a television commercial for R. White's Lemonade (I'm a Secret Lemonade Drinker). His father wrote and sang the song; Costello provided backing vocals. The advertisement won a silver award at the 1974 International Advertising Festival.
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Elvis Presley
Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was one of the most popular American singers of the 20th century. A cultural icon, he is widely known by the single name Elvis. He is often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll" or simply "the King".
Born in Tupelo, Mississippi, Presley moved to Memphis, Tennessee, with his family at the age of 13. He began his career there in 1954, working with Sun Records owner Sam Phillips, who wanted to bring the sound of African American music to a wider audience. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was the most important popularizer of rockabilly, an uptempo, backbeat-driven fusion of country and rhythm and blues. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, who would manage the singer for over two decades. Presley's first RCA single, "Heartbreak Hotel", released in January 1956, was a number one hit. He became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll with a series of network television appearances and chart-topping records. His energized interpretations of songs, many from African American sources, and his uninhibited performance style made him enormously popular—and controversial. In November 1956, he made his film debut in Love Me Tender.
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Extreme Noise Terror
Extreme Noise Terror (often abbreviated to ENT) are a British crust punk / grindcore band originally formed in Ipswich, England in 1985. The band are widely considered one of the earliest and most influential European grindcore bands, and particularly the forefathers of the crustgrind subgenre.
Notable for one of the earliest uses of dual vocalists in hardcore punk, and for recording a number of sessions for BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel, Extreme Noise Terror started as a crust punk band and helped characterise the early, archetypal grindcore sound with fiercely political lyrics, grinding guitars, extremely fast tempo and often very short songs.
Extreme Noise Terror were formed in early 1985 in Ipswich, England, originally consisting of dual vocalists Dean Jones and Phil Vane, guitarist Pete Hurley, bassist Jerry Clay and drummer Pig Killer. Prior to ENT, Vane and Hurley had played with Discharge-influenced acts Freestate and Victims of War, whilst Jones had been singing with Raw Noise. Hurley claims that the band name came from an insert for an album by the Dutch band Lärm: "It featured a bandanna-ed hardcore kid with 'Extreme Noise Terror' surrounding him. Those three words summed up exactly what we were aiming at." Aside from Discharge, the band cite as early influences Anti Cimex, Rattus and Antisect, another early proponent of the "one high, one low" vocal approach. ENT signed to the small UK-based indie label Manic Ears after a solitary gig supporting fellow UK punks Chaos UK. Their first release for the label was a split LP with Chaos UK in 1986, entitled Radioactive Earslaughter. Although there were still musical similarities between the two bands, ENT were already beginning to twist hardcore into what would later become known as "grindcore". ENT have however expressed misgivings about the use of the term:
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Flux of Pink Indians
Flux of Pink Indians were an English anarcho-punk/post punk band, that originated from Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, England.
The band formed from the remaining members of the Epileptics (who later changed their name to Epi-X due to letters of complaint from The British Epilepsy Association) by Colin Latter (vocals) and Derek Birkett (bass guitar) with guitarists Andy Smith, Neil Puncher, and drummer Sid Ation (who was also a member of Rubella Ballet). Their debut EP, Neu Smell, was released on Crass Records in 1981.
Ation departed FOPI to work full time with his other band Rubella Ballet, and was soon replaced by Bambi, formerly of Discharge, while Smith was replaced by Simon Middlehurst. However, both departed quickly for their original band, The Insane. While auditioning for their replacements, Puncher also left, and the line up was completed by former Darlex and Epileptics guitarist Kevin Hunter and drummer Martin Wilson. The band's debut album, Strive to Survive Causing the Least Suffering Possible was premiered on the band's own Spiderleg label.
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Garry Bushell
Garry Bushell (born 13 May 1955, Woolwich, South East London) is an English newspaper columnist, rock music journalist, television presenter, author and political activist. Bushell also sings in the Oi! band The Gonads and manages the New York City Oi! band Maninblack. Bushell's recurring topical themes are comedy, country and class. He has campaigned for an English Parliament, a Benny Hill statue and for variety and talent shows on TV. Although his TV column Bushell On The Box still appears weekly in the Daily Star Sunday, Bushell currently focuses on his band, novels and his one-man stand-up show.
The son of a fireman, Bushell attended Charlton Manor school and Colfe's School (which was then a grammar school). He first performed at secondary school in the group Pink Tent, which was heavily influenced by Monty Python. They wrote songs and comedy sketches; performing at parties and at each other's houses. Bushell was involved in The National Union of School Students and The Schools Action Union, a socialist organisation that had a strong situationist streak that led them to mix schoolboy hijinks with student activism. He worked for Shell as a messenger, and then the London Fire Brigade before attending North East London Polytechnic (now University of East London) and the London College of Printing simultaneously. Bushell was an amateur boxer and a musician before becoming a full-time journalist.[citation needed]
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Gaye Advert
The Adverts were an English punk band who formed in 1976 and broke up in late 1979. They were one of the first punk bands to enjoy chart success in the UK, and their line-up included Gaye Advert, whom The Virgin Encyclopedia of 70s Music called the "first female punk star".
The band was formed in 1976 by T.V. Smith and Gaye Advert. Smith and Advert were both from Bideford, a small coastal town in Devon, and were later married. After relocating to London the two young punks recruited guitarist Pickup and drummer Driver, and the Adverts were born.
The Roxy, London's first live punk venue, played a crucial role in the Adverts’ early career. They were one of the pioneering bands who played at the club during its first 100 days. The Adverts played at the club no less than nine times between January and April 1977. In January 1977, after their first gig supporting Generation X, the band impressed Michael Dempsey so much that he became their manager. Their second gig supporting Slaughter & the Dogs was recorded, and their anthem "Bored Teenagers" was included on the UK Top 30 album Live at the Roxy WC2. In February, shortly after the band's third gig supporting The Damned, they signed a recording contract with Stiff Records. In March, the band supported The Jam at the Roxy.
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Geoff Travis
Geoff Travis (born 2 February 1952) is the founder of both Rough Trade Records and the Rough Trade chain of record shops. A former drama teacher and owner of a punk record shop, Travis founded the Rough Trade label in 1978.
Travis was born on 2 February 1952 in Stoke Newington, London. Travis is an alumnus of Owens School and Churchill College, Cambridge. He worked as a drama teacher before opening the original Rough Trade record shop in Kensington Park Road, Notting Hill, London on 23 February 1976, setting up the record label two years later. He claimed that he chose the location because it was close to Powis Square, where Performance, one of his favourite films, was made. Travis was also instrumental in the foundation of the independent distribution network The Cartel. While Rough Trade was a key independent label, Travis also co-ran labels with major record companies, including Blanco y Negro (with WEA) and Trade2 (with Island Records).
Rough Trade was home to The Smiths, but by 1986, after three years on the label, the band were in dispute over finances. The song "Frankly Mr. Shankly" from The Queen is Dead was reportedly a jibe at Travis. The label was wound up in 1994 after briefly being revived in partnership with One Little Indian, but revived by Travis in 2001 with breakthrough acts The Strokes and The Libertines..
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George Gimarc
George Gimarc (born 1957) is an American disc jockey, record and radio program producer and author based in Texas. He is known for his extensive and authoritative knowledge about the classic rock radio format, recorded music in general, and specifically the era of punk rock. His broadcast programs have been heard in various formats in the US, Europe and New Zealand, via licensed stations and unlicensed pirate radio transmitters.
After attending Wallace Elementary School in Dallas, George Gimarc graduated from Lake Highlands High School in the Class of 1975.
Gimarc began his career as an intern at WRR AM in Dallas, then worked at college as a disc jockey on the University of North Texas radio station KNTU. In the spring of 1977, he started a new weekly show, that eventually became known as The Rock & Roll Alternative. This was one of the first regular New Wave or punk radio shows in the United States.
The Rock & Roll Alternative program was responsible for introducing acts such as R.E.M., The Go-Go's, U2, The Psychedelic Furs, The Sex Pistols, Devo, The B-52's, XTC, The Smiths, The Cult, and hundreds of others to the listening audience of the Dallas and Fort Worth metroplex listening area from 1977 onwards. It went through three different theme songs, but it's most familiar was the one provided by new friends The Bangles when they were recording their first album.
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Greg Shaw
Greg Shaw (January 1949 – October 19, 2004) was a Los Angeles-based fanzine publisher, music historian and record label owner. He grew up near San Francisco, California.
It was as a young teenager that he started writing about rock and roll music. His first zines were Tolkien related, but among them was also a mimeographed sheet called Mojo Navigator (full title, "Mojo-Navigator Rock and Roll News") started in 1966 by David Harris with Greg's help, and is said to have been an early inspiration for Rolling Stone magazine. In the 1970s he moved to Los Angeles with wife and partner Suzy Shaw and started another fanzine, called Who Put the Bomp, popularly known as simply Bomp!, or Bomp magazine. Greg's writing appeared in Bomp!, of which he was editor and publisher, as well as Creem, Phonograph Record Magazine, and occasionally, Rolling Stone. He also wrote a book about Elton John while on staff as a writer for United Artists records. Bomp featured many writers who would later become prominent, including Lester Bangs, Greil Marcus, Richard Meltzer, and Ken Barnes.
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Greil Marcus
Greil Marcus (born June 19, 1945) is an American author, music journalist and cultural critic. He is notable for producing scholarly and literary essays that place rock music in a much broader framework of culture and politics than is customary in pop music journalism.
Marcus was born in San Francisco and earned an undergraduate degree in American Studies from the University of California, Berkeley, where he also did graduate work in political science. He has been a rock critic and columnist for Rolling Stone (where he was the first reviews editor, at $30 a week) and other publications, including Creem, The Village Voice, and Artforum. From 1983 to 1989, Marcus was on the Board of Directors for the National Book Critics Circle.
His 1975 book, Mystery Train, was notable for placing rock and roll within the context of American cultural archetypes, from Moby-Dick to The Great Gatsby to Stagger Lee. Marcus's "recognition of the unities in the American imagination that already exist" inspired countless rock scribes. On 30 August 2011, TIME magazine published a list of what they consider the 100 best non-fiction books since 1923, when the magazine was first published and included "Mystery Train" on the list, one of only five dealing with culture, and the only one dealing on the subject of American music.
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Hilly Kristal
Hilly Kristal (September 23, 1931 – August 28, 2007) was an American club owner and musician who was the owner of the iconic New York City club, CBGB, which opened in 1973 and closed in 2006 over a rent dispute.
Kristal was born in New York, New York in 1931, but his family moved to Hightstown, New Jersey when he was an infant. He studied music from a young age and eventually attended the Settlement Music School in Philadelphia. Kristal also spent a period of time in the Marines.
He moved back to New York City, where he worked as a singer, appearing on stage in the men's choral group at Radio City Music Hall. He later became the manager of the Village Vanguard, a jazz club in Greenwich Village, where he booked Miles Davis and other musicians.
He married in 1951 and had two children: Lisa Kristal Burgman and Mark Dana Kristal.
In 1966 he co-founded the Central Park Music Festival sponsored by Rheingold Beer with Ron Delsener; by 1968, Delsner had changed beer sponsors to Shaefer and Kristal was no longer involved; the festival took place every year until 1976 in NYC's Central Park and featured superstars from all music genres like The Who, Miles Davis, Chuck Berry, Bob Marley, B.B. King, Led Zeppelin, The Beach Boys, Frank Zappa, Ray Charles, Patti LaBelle, Ike & Tina Turner, Fleetwood Mac, The Allman Brothers, Kris Kristofferson, Curtis Mayfield, Bruce Springsteen, Aerosmith and The Doors, amongst many other bands.
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Iggy Pop
Iggy Pop (born James Newell "Jim" Osterberg, Jr.; April 21, 1947) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. Though considered an innovator of punk rock, Pop's music has encompassed a number of styles over the years, including pop, metal, jazz and blues. Pop became known as 'Iggy' in high school, during which time he served as drummer for local blues band The Iguanas. He is vocalist of influential protopunk band The Stooges (Pop and the other surviving members of the group reunited in 2003), having become known, since the late 1960s, for his outrageous and unpredictable stage antics.
Though the singer's popularity has waned and waxed throughout his career, Pop has recorded a number of well-known songs, including "Lust for Life", "Real Wild Child", "I Wanna Be Your Dog," "Candy" (a duet with Kate Pierson of The B-52's), "China Girl", "Nightclubbing", "Search and Destroy", and "The Passenger". The Stooges were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010
Iggy Pop (AKA Iggy Stooge) was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, the son of Louella (née Christensen) and James Newell Osterberg, Sr., a former high school English teacher and baseball coach at Fordson High School in Dearborn, Michigan. Osterberg was raised in a trailer park in Ypsilanti, Michigan. He is of Irish and English descent on his father's side, and of Norwegian and Danish ancestry on his mother's. His father was adopted by a Swedish American family and took on their surname (Österberg).
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Ike Turner
Ike Wister Turner (November 5, 1931 – December 12, 2007) was an American musician, bandleader, songwriter, arranger, talent scout, and record producer. In a career that lasted more than half a century, his repertoire included blues, soul, rock, and funk. He is most popularly known for his 1960s work with his then wife Tina Turner in the Ike & Tina Turner revue. Growing up in Clarksdale, Mississippi, he began playing piano and guitar when he was eight, forming his group, the Kings of Rhythm as a teenager at high school. He employed the group as his backing band for the rest of his life. His first recording, "Rocket 88" with the Kings of Rhythm credited as "Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats", in 1951, is considered a possible contender for "first rock and roll song". Relocating to St. Louis, Missouri in 1954, he built the Kings into one of the most renowned acts on the local club circuit. It was there he met singer Anna Mae Bullock, whom he married and renamed Tina Turner, forming the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, which over the course of the sixties became a soul/rock crossover success.
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James Chance
James Chance, also known as James White (born 20 April 1953 as James Siegfried in Milwaukee, Wisconsin), is an American saxophonist, songwriter and singer.
A key figure in No Wave, Chance has been playing a combination of improvisational jazz-like music and punk in the New York music scene since the late 1970s, in such bands as Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, James Chance and the Contortions, James White and the Blacks (as he appeared in the film Downtown 81), The Flaming Demonics, James Chance & the Sardonic Symphonics, and James Chance and Terminal City.
Chance differed from some of his No Wave compatriots by possessing (and demanding from his band) a certain level of musical skill and talent. His music can be described as combining the freeform playing of Ornette Coleman with the solid funk rhythm of James Brown, though filtered through a punk rock lens.
Born and raised in Milwaukee and Brookfield, Wisconsin, Chance attended Michigan State University, then the Wisconsin Conservatory of Music in Milwaukee, dropped out and moved to New York City in 1976. He quickly became active in both the free jazz and no wave punk rock scenes.His first band in New York in 1976 was an instrumental quartet with violin, drums and bass called Flaming Youth. After studying for a short time under David Murray, Chance formed The Contortions, who fused jazz improvisation and funk rhythms, with live shows often ending in violence when Chance would confront audience members. The Contortions reached a wider audience with their contribution to the Brian Eno-compiled No New York collection of No Wave acts.
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Jamie Reid
Jamie Reid (born 1947) is a British artist and anarchist with connections to the Situationists. His work, featuring letters cut from newspaper headlines in the style of a ransom note, came close to defining the image of punk rock, particularly in the UK. His best known works include the Sex Pistols album Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols and the singles "Anarchy in the UK", "God Save The Queen" (based on a Cecil Beaton photograph of Queen Elizabeth II, with an added safety pin through her nose and swastikas in her eyes, described by Sean O'Hagan of The Observer as "the single most iconic image of the punk era"), "Pretty Vacant" and "Holidays in the Sun".
He was educated at John Ruskin Grammar School in Croydon. With Malcolm McLaren, he took part in a sit-in at Croydon Art School.
Reid produced a series of screen prints in 1997, the twentieth anniversary of the birth of punk rock. Reid has also produced artwork for the world music fusion band Afro Celt Sound System.
Jamie Reid created the ransom-note look used with the Sex Pistols graphics while he was designing Suburban Press, a radical political magazine he ran for five years.
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Jayne County
Jayne County (born Wayne Rogers in 1947), formerly known as Wayne County, is an American performer, musician and actress whose career has spanned several decades. County would go on to be known as rock's first transsexual singer. Though she has never been a commercial success, she has been an influence on musicians such as David Bowie, The Ramones, Patti Smith, and Lou Reed. Pianist Jools Holland's first studio outing was with County on her single "Fuck Off".
She is known for her outrageous stage antics and her songs "Are You Man Enough To Be A Woman", "Fuck Off", "Stuck On You," and "Night Time".
County was previously an actress at Andy Warhol's The Factory.
Born Wayne Rogers in 1947, County left her hometown of Dallas, Georgia in 1968 to move to New York City, where she became a regular at the Stonewall Inn and took part in the historic riots. In 1969, County was asked by Warhol superstar and playwright Jackie Curtis to appear in her play, Femme Fatale, at the La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club, which also starred Patti Smith. In her autobiography, County says of Curtis, "She was my biggest influence, the person who really got me started." After a successful run of Femme Fatale, County wrote World - Birth Of A Nation which she also appeared in, bringing her to the attention of Andy Warhol, who cast her in his own theatrical production, Pork. After a run in New York, the play, with the New York cast, was performed in London. Upon returning to New York, County appeared in another play, Island, by Tony Ingrassia, again with Patti Smith.
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Jerry Nolan
Jerry Nolan (May 7, 1946–January 14, 1992) was an American rock drummer, best known for his work with The New York Dolls and Johnny Thunders and The Heartbreakers.
A native of Williamsburg, Brooklyn, Nolan joined The New York Dolls in the autumn of 1972 to replace Billy Murcia, who had died of asphixiation in a failed attempt to revive him from a drug overdose while on tour in England, early in the band's career. The Dolls got a record deal with Mercury Records in 1973. Nolan also was a childhood friend of Peter Criss (KISS' original drummer) who auditioned for The New York Dolls at the same time. He previously played with Wayne (Jayne) County's "Queen Elizabeth", Billy Squier's "Kicks" and was the only male member of Suzi Quatro's Detroit-based band Cradle. Jerry was drumming for the power trio "Shaker", a New York band that frequently opened for the Dolls, when he was recruited to replace Billy. Nolan played on the Dolls´ first two albums (New York Dolls and Too Much Too Soon).
After much internal fighting and a short stint under the helm of future Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren, Nolan left the Dolls together with Johnny Thunders in the spring of 1975. The two then placed a call to bassist Richard Hell, formerly of the Neon Boys and Television, to form The Heartbreakers. Soon, Walter Lure was brought into the fold and Hell was replaced by Billy Rath. In 1976, The Heartbreakers were invited to tour with the Sex Pistols on their infamous "Anarchy In The U.K." tour which also included support from The Clash and The Damned. Soon after the tour, The Heartbreakers took up permanent residence in London and played many shows throughout 1976-1977. Nolan quit the band soon after they released their only studio album, L.A.M.F. in October 1977 because he felt the album was poorly mixed. Nolan still continued to play with The Heartbreakers, but as a "hired drummer" until the end of 1977.
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Jimi Hendrix
James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) was an American musician and singer-songwriter. He is widely considered to be the greatest electric guitarist in music history, and one of the most influential musicians of his era despite mainstream exposure limited to just three years. After initial success in Europe with his group The Jimi Hendrix Experience, he achieved fame in the United States following his 1967 performance at the Monterey Pop Festival. Later, he headlined the iconic 1969 Woodstock Festival and the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival. He often favored raw overdriven amplifiers with high gain and treble and helped develop the previously undesirable technique of guitar amplifier feedback.
Hendrix helped to popularize use of the wah-wah pedal in mainstream rock, which he often used to deliver tonal exaggerations in his solos, particularly with high bends, complex guitar playing, and use of legato. As a record producer, he also broke new ground in using the recording studio as an extension of his musical ideas. He was one of the first to experiment with stereophonic phasing effects for rock recording.[citation needed] He was influenced by blues artists such as B.B. King, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Albert King and Elmore James,rhythm and blues and soul guitarists Curtis Mayfield and Steve Cropper, and the jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery. Hendrix began dressing and wearing a moustache like Little Richard when he performed and recorded in his band from March 1, 1964 through to the spring of 1965. In 1966, he stated, "I want to do with my guitar what Little Richard does with his voice".
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Joe Strummer
John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002), best remembered by his stage name Joe Strummer, was an English musician who was the co-founder, lyricist, rhythm guitarist and lead vocalist of the British punk rock band The Clash. His musical experience included his membership of The 101ers, Latino Rockabilly War, The Mescaleros and The Pogues, in addition to his own solo music career. Strummer's work as a musician allowed him to explore other interests, which included acting, creating film scores for television and movies, songwriting, radio broadcasting, and a position as a radio host. Strummer is one of the iconic figures of the British punk movement.
Strummer and The Clash were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in January 2003. In his remembrance, Strummer's friends and family have established the Strummerville Foundation for the promotion of new music, and each year there are many festivals and both organised and spontaneous ceremonies worldwide to celebrate his memory.
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Joey Ramone
Joey Ramone (May 19, 1951 – April 15, 2001) was an American musician, vocalist and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist of the punk rock band the Ramones. Joey Ramone's image, voice and tenure as front man of the Ramones made him a countercultural icon.
Born Jeffry Ross Hyman to parents Noel and Charlotte Hyman, he was raised in the Jewish tradition. They lived in Forest Hills, Queens, New York, where Jeffry and his future Ramones bandmates attended Forest Hills High School. Jeffry was happy but something of an outcast[citation needed]. When he was 18 years old he was diagnosed with OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder). He grew up with brother Mickey Leigh and stepbrother John. His mother divorced and remarried three times.
Jeffry was a fan of The Beatles,The Who, David Bowie and The Stooges among other bands (particularly oldies and the Phil Spector-produced "girl groups"). His idol was Pete Townshend of The Who (with whom he shared a birthday). Jeffry took up drums at 13, and played throughout his teen years. Before he joined the Ramones, he was the singer in a band called Snipers.
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John Cale
John Davies Cale, OBE (born 9 March 1942) is a Welsh musician, composer, singer-songwriter and record producer who was a founding member of the experimental rock band The Velvet Underground.
Though best known for his work in rock music, Cale has worked in various genres including drone and classical. Since departing from the Velvet Underground in 1968 he has released approximately 30 albums. Of his solo work, Cale is perhaps best known for his album Paris 1919, and his cover version of Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah", plus his mid-1970s Island Records trilogy of albums: Fear, Slow Dazzle, and Helen of Troy.
Cale has produced or collaborated with Lou Reed, Nico, La Monte Young, John Cage, Terry Riley, Cranes, Nick Drake, Mike Heron, Kevin Ayers, Brian Eno, Patti Smith, The Stooges, The Modern Lovers, Art Bergmann, Manic Street Preachers and frontman James Dean Bradfield, Marc Almond, Squeeze, Happy Mondays, LCD Soundsystem and Siouxsie and the Banshees.
John Cale was born 9 March 1942 in Garnant in the heavily industrial Amman Valley of Wales to Will Cale and Margaret Davies. His mother was a primary teacher and his father was a coal miner. Although Will only spoke English, Margaret brought John up to speak only Welsh. Being unable to speak the same language as his father naturally hindered their relationship. John finally began learning English around age seven at primary. Cale was molested by two different men during his childhood; one of the men was a priest, and the incident occurred in a church.
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John Holmstrom
John Holmstrom is an American underground cartoonist and writer. He is best known for illustrating the covers of the Ramones albums Rocket to Russia and Road to Ruin, as well as his characters Bosko and Joe (published in Scholastic's Bananas magazine from 1975–1984).
As the founding editor of Punk Magazine at the age of 21 in late 1975, Holmstrom's work became the visual representation of the Punk era. After Punk ceased publication in 1979, he worked for several publications, including The Village Voice, Video Games magazine, K-Power, and Heavy Metal.
In 1986, Holmstrom contributed a comic-based chronology of punk rock for Spin magazine's special Punk issue. In 1987, Holmstrom began to work for High Times magazine as Managing Editor, was soon promoted to Executive Editor, and in 1991 was promoted to Publisher and President. In 1996 he stepped aside to launch the High Times website.
He left High Times in 2000, and went on to work on other projects. He relaunched Punk for a few issues (before the events of 9/11 ended it), published a Bosko comic book, and got involved in several Japanese clothing deals. In September 2007, he was interviewed during the closing of CBGB.
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John Lydon
John Joseph Lydon (born 31 January 1956), also known by the former stage name Johnny Rotten, is a singer-songwriter and television presenter, best known as the lead singer of punk rock band the Sex Pistols from 1975 until 1978, and again for various revivals during the 1990s and 2000s. He is the lead singer of the post-punk band Public Image Ltd, which he founded and fronted from 1978 until 1993, and again from 2009. Throughout his career, Lydon has made controversial or dismissive comments about the royal family and other subjects. There has been a recent revival of a 1980s movement to have Lydon knighted for his achievements with the Sex Pistols. Q Magazine remarked that "somehow he's assumed the status of national treasure."
Lydon's personally crafted image and fashion style led to him being asked to become the singer of the Sex Pistols by their manager, Malcolm McLaren. With the Pistols, he penned singles including "Anarchy in the U.K.", "God Save the Queen" and "Holidays in the Sun", the content of which precipitated the "last and greatest outbreak of pop-based moral pandemonium" in Britain. The band caused nationwide uproar in much of the media, who objected to the content of Lydon’s lyrics, and their antics, which included swearing on live television, in which Steve Jones called Bill Grundy a "fucking rotter". Due to the band's appearance in the media, Lydon was largely seen as the figurehead of the punk movement in the public image although this idea was not widely supported amongst the punk movement itself. Despite the negative reaction that they provoked, they are now regarded as one of the most influential acts in the history of popular music.
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Johnny Thunders
Johnny Thunders (July 15, 1952 – April 23, 1991), born John Anthony Genzale, Jr., was an American rock and roll/punk rock guitarist, singer and songwriter.
He came to prominence in the early 1970s as a member of the New York Dolls. He later played with The Heartbreakers and as a solo artist.
John Genzale was born in Queens, NY, where he first lived in East Elmhurst and then Jackson Heights.
His first musical performance was in the winter of 1967 with The Reign. Shortly thereafter, he played with "Johnny and the Jaywalkers," under the name Johnny Volume, at Quintano's School for Young Professionals, around the corner from Carnegie Hall, on 58th Street near 7th Avenue.
In 1968 he began going to the Fillmore East on weekends. In late 1969 he got a job as a sales clerk at D'Naz leather shop, on Bleecker Street in the West Village. In the summer of 1970 he went to England for the Isle of Wight Festival. In London he hung out at the Speakeasy Club and bought clothes on King's Road. Toward the end of 1970 he started hanging out at Nobodys, a club also on Bleecker Street in the West Village. It was near there that he met future Dolls Arthur Kane and Rick Rivets. He joined their band "Actress" which, after firing Rivets and adding David Johansen, Sylvain Sylvain and Billy Murcia, became the New York Dolls. At this time John Genzale renamed himself Johnny Thunders, after the DC comic book figure.
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Jon Savage
Jon Savage (born 1953), real name Jonathon Sage, is a Cambridge-educated writer, broadcaster and music journalist, best known for his award winning history of the Sex Pistols and punk music, England's Dreaming, published in 1991.
He was a high-profile writer during the glory days of British punk and wrote articles on all the major punk acts. Savage wrote and published a fanzine called London's Outrage in 1976, and in 1977 began working as a journalist for Sounds. Sounds was, at that time, one of the UK's three major music papers, along with the New Musical Express and Melody Maker. Savage interviewed punk, New Wave and electronic music artists for Sounds. At that time, he also wrote for the West Coast fanzines Search and Destroy, BOMP and Slash (fanzine).
In 1979 he moved to Melody Maker. A year later he moved to the newly founded pop culture magazine The Face. Throughout the decade, Savage wrote for The Observer and the New Statesman, providing high-brow commentary on popular culture.
In 1991, Savage designed a record sleeve for the (then little-known) Welsh rock band Manic Street Preachers. The single was called "Feminine Is Beautiful".
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Jonathan Richman
Jonathan Michael Richman (born May 16, 1951) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. In 1970 he founded The Modern Lovers, an influential proto-punk band. Since the mid-1970s, Richman has worked either solo or with low-key, generally acoustic backing. He is known for his wide-eyed, unaffected and child-like outlook, and music that, while rooted in rock and roll, often draws on influences from around the world.
Born in Natick, Massachusetts, Richman began playing music and writing his own songs in the mid-1960s. He became infatuated with The Velvet Underground, and in 1969 he moved to New York City, lived on the couch of their manager, Steve Sesnick, worked odd jobs and tried to break in as a professional musician. Failing at this, he returned to Boston.
While in Boston, Richman formed The Modern Lovers, a proto-punk garage rock band. Other notable members of the group were keyboard player Jerry Harrison and drummer David Robinson, who later joined Talking Heads and The Cars, respectively. Many of the group's songs feature Boston-based topics.
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Jonh Ingham
Jonh Ingham is the nom de typewriter for John Ingham, a music journalist best known for writing the first interview with The Sex Pistols for the UK music paper Sounds in April 1976.
Ingham was born in Australia to English parents and grew up in Australia, Canada, and the USA. As a student at CalArts in Los Angeles he took a course from Village Voice music critic Robert Christgau, who taught him to be a music critic and helped him get his first bylines. While still at college his work appeared in Rolling Stone, Creem, and other contemporary magazines. With Greg Shaw he was instrumental in launching the influential music fanzine Who Put The Bomp.
Moving to London, UK, in 1972 to attend film school, he was a freelance writer for the NME and other British music magazines before joining Sounds.
As a staff writer from 1975–1977 he wrote high-profile interviews with major rock artists such as The Rolling Stones, Jimmy Page, Roxy Music and Queen, and was one of the first journalists to champion the Punk music movement. As well as the first interview with The Sex Pistols he wrote the first reviews of The Damned and The Clash.
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Julie Burchill
Julie Burchill (born 3 July 1959, Frenchay, Bristol) is an English writer and journalist. Beginning as a writer for the New Musical Express at the age of 17, she has written for newspapers such as The Sunday Times and The Guardian. She is a self-declared "militant feminist". She has several times been involved in legal action resulting from her work. She is also an author and novelist: her 1989 novel Ambition became a best-seller, and her 2004 novel Sugar Rush was adapted for television.
Julie Burchill was born in Bristol, England. "Her father was a Communist union activist who worked in a distillery. Her mother had a job in a cardboard box factory." In 2010, Burchill wrote of her parents: "I don't care much for families. I adored my mum and dad, but to be honest I don't miss them much now they're dead." She did not attend university, leaving the A-levels she had started a few weeks earlier to begin writing for the New Musical Express (NME).
Burchill was briefly married to Tony Parsons (whom she met at NME), moving in with him in 1981, at age 21. She left three years later, leaving behind a son, and subsequently there has been "a steady stream of vitriol in both directions"; she claims to have got through the "sexual side" of their marriage "by pretending that my husband was my friend Peter York". Her relationships, particularly with Parsons, have featured regularly in her work; Parsons later wrote that "It's like having a stalker. I don't understand her fascination with someone whom she split up with 15 years ago."
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Justin Sane
Justin Sane is the lead guitarist and singer/songwriter of the United States-based musical group Anti-Flag, a punk rock band formed in 1988 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania known for its outspoken left-wing views. He holds dual US and Irish citizenship and lives in Pittsburgh. His stage name was bestowed upon him by friends in Pittsburgh's punk scene.
Sane was born the youngest child in a working class Irish-American family, and cites his parents as inspirations. They opened the first vegetarian restaurant in Pittsburgh, inspiring Sane to become a vegetarian and animal rights advocate. As a boy he saw his parents participate in rallies, and as he got older he participated.
Sane's sister Lucy gave him his first guitar which got him into punk rock and hardcore. The first song Sane wrote was about a young person overdosing, and his second was about televangelists.
In 1988, Sane formed Anti-Flag with friend Pat Thetic. In 1996, they released their first album, Die for the Government. Later that year, Andy Flag left the band as a result of personal disputes. Various band members came and went during 1997 and 1998, after which they finally settled on a permanent line-up consisting of Sane as guitarist/vocalist, Thetic as drummer, Chris Head as lead guitarist/backing vocalist, and Chris "#2" Barker as bassist/second vocalist. In 1998, the band released their second album, Their System Doesn't Work For You.
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Kathleen Hanna
Kathleen Hanna (born November 12, 1969) is an American musician, feminist activist, and punk zine writer. In the early- to mid-1990s she was the lead singer and songwriter of Bikini Kill, before fronting Le Tigre in the late 1990s and early 2000s. In 1998, Hanna released a solo album under the name Julie Ruin and since 2010 has been working on a project called The Julie Ruin.
Born in Portland, Oregon, Hanna moved with her family to Calverton, Maryland in 1971. As Hanna's father changed occupations, the family moved several more times. Hanna's parents were divorced while she was in high school.
Hanna first became interested in feminism around the age of nine, after her mother took her to a rally in Washington D.C. where feminist icon Gloria Steinem spoke.
Though several years would pass before she became an outspoken feminist, the event left an impression on her. In a 2000 interview with BUST magazine, Hanna recalled:
In the 2006 documentary, Don't Need You: the Herstory of Riot Grrrl, Hanna elaborates on the effect feminism had on her in childhood, recalling that her interest grew when her mother checked out a copy of Betty Friedan's "The Feminine Mystique" from the library. Yet Hanna and her mother's involvement in the women's rights movement had to be done quietly in the years before her parents' divorce, due to her father's disapproval. Hanna has also appeared in the documentary Who's Afraid of Kathy Acker? Don't Need You: The Herstory of Riot Grrrl is titled after a Bikini Kill song.
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Kim Gordon
Kim Althea Gordon (born April 28, 1953, Rochester, New York) is an American musician, vocalist, artist, record producer, video director and actress. She has sung and played bass and guitar in the alternative rock band Sonic Youth, and in Free Kitten with Julia Cafritz (of Pussy Galore). Gordon has collaborated with a number of musicians, including Ikue Mori, DJ Olive, William Winant, Lydia Lunch, Courtney Love, Alan Licht, Mike Watt, and Chris Corsano.
The daughter of a seamstress and a high school guidance counselor who worked in Ferguson, Missouri, Gordon and her family moved to Rochester, New York in 1958. The next year, Gordon's family relocated to Los Angeles so that her father could take a job with the UCLA sociology department. After her high school years, Gordon attended the Otis Art Institute of Los Angeles County and York University in Toronto where she played in an experimental heavy metal art group.[citation needed]
After graduating, she moved to New York City and joined the short-lived band CKM with Christine Hahn and Stanton Miranda. Through Miranda, Gordon met her future Sonic Youth bandmates Lee Ranaldo and Thurston Moore. When she began dating Moore, the three formed Sonic Youth in 1981.
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Kim Salmon
Kim Leith Salmon is an Australian indie rock musician and songwriter, who attained fame in June 2004, when he was inducted into the West Australian Music Industry Association Hall of Fame.
He is noted for work with The Scientists, and later with the Beasts of Bourbon, Kim Salmon and the Surrealists and Kim Salmon and the Business.
In 1976, Kim Salmon formed Perth's first punk band the Cheap Nasties, who later became The Manikins.
Salmon's work with The Scientists in the 1980s influenced grunge music, which rose to prominence around Seattle, United States, before impacting on popular music in the early 1990s. The Scientists relied on unorthodox bass-heavy rhythms and distorted guitars, the latter being a direct precursor for grunge. The term itself was coined by Salmon in the mid 1980s to describe The Scientists' sound, as noted in a documentary on Australian music, Long Way to the Top, in 2001.
In 1979, the debut single from The Scientists was released, "Frantic Romantic", the original line-up was Kim Salmon and Roddy Radalj on guitars and vocals, James Baker on drums and Boris Sujdovic on bass. The band broke up and re-formed, spawning the single, "This Is My Happy Hour" at the end of 1982.
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Kurt Cobain
Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967 – April 5, 1994) was an American singer-songwriter, musician and artist, best known as the lead singer and guitarist of the grunge band Nirvana. Cobain formed Nirvana with Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen, Washington in 1985 and established it as part of the Seattle music scene, having its debut album Bleach released on the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989.
After signing with major label DGC Records, the band found breakthrough success with "Smells Like Teen Spirit" from its second album Nevermind (1991). Following the success of Nevermind, Nirvana was labeled "the flagship band" of Generation X, and Cobain hailed as "the spokesman of a generation". Cobain, however, was often uncomfortable and frustrated, believing his message and artistic vision to have been misinterpreted by the public, with his personal issues often subject to media attention. He challenged Nirvana's audience with its final studio album In Utero (1993).
During the last years of his life, Cobain struggled with heroin addiction, illness and depression. He also had difficulty coping with his fame and public image, and the professional and lifelong personal pressures surrounding himself and his wife, musician Courtney Love. On April 8, 1994, Cobain was found dead at his home in Seattle, the victim of what was officially ruled a suicide by a self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head. The circumstances of his death at age 27 have become a topic of public fascination and debate. Since their debut, Nirvana, with Cobain as a songwriter, has sold over 25 million albums in the U.S. alone, and over 50 million worldwide.
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Kurt Loder
Kurt Loder (born May 5, 1945) is an American film critic, author, columnist, and television personality. He served in the 1980s as editor at Rolling Stone, during a tenure that Reason later called "legendary". He has contributed to articles in Reason, Esquire, Details, New York, and Time. He has also made cameos on several films and television series. Prior to Rolling Stone, Loder had worked for Circus magazine and had been drafted into the United States Army. He is currently best known for his role at MTV News and for appearing in numerous other MTV-related television specials.
Loder was born in Ocean City, New Jersey. He graduated in 1963 from Ocean City High School in Ocean City. He spent two years in college "and just hated it". He was drafted into the United States Army and joined its journalism school. He later said that he "just fell into" his field, elaborating that his "entire journalism background is four weeks... That's it. Nothing else. You can learn journalism in four weeks. It's not an overcomplicated thing. It's very, very simple." He was in the military for three years.
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Legs McNeil
Roderick Edward "Legs" McNeil (b. January 27, 1956 in Cheshire, Connecticut, United States) is a writer and rock music historian. He is the co-founder and a writer for Punk Magazine; he is also a former senior editor at Spin Magazine, and the founder and editor of Nerve magazine (print only; 1992).
At the age of 18, McNeil gathered with two high school friends, John Holmstrom and Ged Dunn, and decided to create "some sort of media thing" for a living. They settled upon a magazine, assuming that people would "think [they were] cool and hang out with [them]" as well as "give [them] free drinks". The name "Punk" was decided upon because "it seemed to sum up...everything...obnoxious, smart but not pretentious, absurd, ironic, and things that appealed to the darker side". In Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk, McNeil said that the magazine was inspired by two chief influences: Harvey Kurtzman and The Dictators' debut album The Dictators Go Girl Crazy!, indicating that the magazine was started strictly so that its creators could "hang out with the Dictators".
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Lenny Kaye
Lenny Kaye (born December 27, 1946) is an American guitarist, composer and writer who is best known as a member of the Patti Smith Group.
Lenny was born on December 27, 1946, in the Washington Heights area of upper Manhattan, New York, along the Hudson River in the shadow of the George Washington Bridge. Growing up in Queens and Brooklyn, Lenny originally began playing accordion, but by the end of the 1950s, had dropped the instrument in favor of collecting records. His family moved to North Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1960 where Lenny attended high school, and later, college, graduating Rutgers in 1967. Though he majored in American History, his true avocation was musical, and it was there that he first began playing in bands, on a college mixer and fraternity circuit later immortalized in National Lampoon's Animal House. His first gig, with the Vandals ("Bringing down the house with your kind of music"), was at Alpha Sigma Phi on November 7, 1964.
As musician, writer, and record producer, Lenny Kaye has been intimately involved with an array of artists and bands. He has been a guitarist for poet-rocker Patti Smith since her band's inception more than thirty years ago, and is the co-author of Waylon, The Life Story of Waylon Jennings. He has worked in the studio with such artists as R.E.M., Suzanne Vega, Jim Carroll, Soul Asylum, Kristen Hersh and Allen Ginsberg, as well as his own solo muse. His seminal anthology of sixties' garage-rock, Nuggets, has long been regarded as defining a genre. You Call It Madness: The Sensuous Song of the Croon, an impressionistic study of the romantic singers of the 1930s, was published by Villard/Random House in 2004.
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Lester Bangs
Leslie Conway "Lester" Bangs (December 13, 1948 – April 30, 1982) was an American music journalist, author, and musician. He wrote for Creem and Rolling Stone magazines and was known for his leading influence in rock music criticism.
Bangs was born in Escondido, California, the son of Norma Belle (née Clifton) and Conway Leslie Bangs, a truck driver. His parents were both from Texas, his father from Enlow and his mother from Pecos County. His mother was a devout Jehovah's Witness; his father died in a fire when Bangs was young. In 1969, Bangs began writing freelance after reading an ad in Rolling Stone soliciting readers' reviews. His first piece was a negative review of the MC5 album, Kick Out The Jams, which he sent to Rolling Stone with a note requesting that if the magazine were to pass on publishing the review, that he receive a reason for their decision; however, no reply was forthcoming as the magazine did indeed publish the review.
Bangs wrote about Janis Joplin's death by drug overdose, "It's not just that this kind of early death has become a fact of life that has become disturbing, but that it's been accepted as a given so quickly". In 1973, Jann Wenner fired Bangs from Rolling Stone, a negative review of Canned Heat being the final event. He moved to Detroit to edit and write for Creem. After leaving Creem, he wrote for The Village Voice, Penthouse, Playboy, New Musical Express, and many other publications.
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Lora Logic
Lora Logic (born Susan Whitby c. 1960) is a British saxophonist and singer. She was briefly a member of the band X-Ray Spex, although she had been sacked from that group by the time they recorded their first album, which nevertheless used her (uncredited) saxophone arrangements. A year later she formed Essential Logic. This group recorded one self-titled EP, four singles and an album, Beat Rhythm News (Waddle Ya Play?). Logic was briefly also a member of the Red Krayola, appearing on two singles and the album Kangaroo?. Her saxophone lent a unique quality to the bands she was in. She also played on recordings by The Raincoats, The Stranglers and the Swell Maps and, later, Boy George. During the recording of the second Essential Logic album the group broke up, and she finished the recording as a solo Lora Logic album, Pedigree Charm.
Along with X-Ray Spex bandmate Poly Styrene she left the music industry in the 1980s to join the Hare Krishna religion. She spent some time in a mansion donated to the Hare Krishnas by George Harrison. In 1995 she rejoined X-Ray Spex when Styrene reformed the group. In 2003, the Kill Rock Stars label reissued most of the early Essential Logic material, alongside new recordings by Logic under the same name as Fanfare in the Garden.
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Lou Reed
Lewis Allan "Lou" Reed, born March 2, 1942, is an American rock musician, songwriter, and photographer. He is best known as guitarist, vocalist, and principal songwriter of The Velvet Underground, and for his solo career, which has spanned several decades. Though the Velvet Underground were a commercial failure in the late 1960s, the group has gained a considerable cult following in the years since its demise and has gone on to become one of the most widely cited and influential bands of the era. As the Velvet Underground's principal songwriter, Reed wrote about subjects of personal experience that rarely had been examined so openly in rock and roll, including sexuality and drug culture.
After his departure from the group, Reed began a solo career in 1971. He had a hit the following year with "Walk on the Wild Side", although he subsequently lacked the mainstream commercial success its chart status seemed to indicate. Reed's work as a solo artist frustrated critics wishing for a return of the Velvet Underground. In 1975, Reed released a double album of feedback loops, Metal Machine Music, upon which he later commented, "No one is supposed to be able to do a thing like that and survive."
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Lydia Lunch
Lydia Lunch (born Lydia Anne Koch, June 2, 1959, Rochester, New York) is an American singer, poet, writer, and actress whose career was spawned by the New York No Wave scene. The Boston Phoenix named Lunch "one of the 10 most influential performers of the 1990s."
Her work typically features provocative and confrontational delivery and has maintained an anti-commercial ethic[citation needed], operating independently of major labels and distributors.
Lydia Lunch moved to New York City from Rochester at the age of 13 in 1973 with what she described having nothing but "a small red suitcase, a winter coat, and a big fucking attitude." Lunch moved into a communal household of artists and musicians in NYC, including Kitty Bruce, daughter of Lenny Bruce[citation needed]. Soon Willy DeVille gave her the name "Lunch" because she often stole lunches from The Dead Boys. After befriending Alan Vega and Martin Rev at Max's Kansas City, she founded the short-lived but influential No Wave band Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, with James Chance. Both Teenage Jesus and the Jerks and The Contortions, Chance's subsequent band, played on the No Wave compilation No New York, produced by Brian Eno. Lunch later appeared on two songs on James White and the Blacks album, Off-White.
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Malcolm McLaren
Malcolm Robert Andrew McLaren (22 January 1946 – 8 April 2010) was an English performer and impresario. He was manager of the Sex Pistols and the New York Dolls. As a solo artist, McLaren had an innovative career that helped introduce hip hop to the United Kingdom.
McLaren was born to Pete McLaren, a Scottish engineer, and Emmy Isaacs in post-World War II North London. His father left when he was two and he was raised by his maternal grandmother, Rose Corre Isaacs, the formerly wealthy daughter of Portuguese Sephardic Jewish diamond dealers, in Stoke Newington. McLaren told Andrew Denton on Enough Rope, that his grandmother always said to him, "To be bad is good... to be good is simply boring". In The Ghosts of Oxford Street he says Charles Clore (who bought Selfridges) became his mother's lover. When he was six, McLaren's mother married Martin Levi, a man working in London's rag trade. When McLaren was in his forties, a Sunday newspaper found Pete McLaren in an English "greasy spoon garage".
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Marc Spitz
Marc Spitz (born October 2, 1969) is a music journalist, author and playwright. Spitz's writings on rock n' roll and popular culture have appeared in Spin (where he was a Senior Writer) as well as The New York Times, Maxim, Blender, Harp, Nylon and the New York Post. He is currently the music blogger for Vanity Fair and a regular contributor to the British music magazine Uncut.
Spitz is the author of the novels, How Soon Is Never, and Too Much, Too Late and the biographies We Got the Neutron Bomb: The Untold Story of LA Punk (with Brendan Mullen), Nobody Likes You: Inside the Turbulent Life, Times and Music of Green Day, BOWIE: A Biography and Jagger: Rebel, Rock Star, Rambler, Rogue. He appears in the anthologies: The Encyclopedia of Ex-es, Howl: A Collection of the Best Contemporary Dog Wit and Rock N’ Roll Cage Match: Music’s Greatest Rivalries Decided. His books have been translated and published in French, German and Dutch.
Spitz has been an acclaimed "Downtown" playwright since emerging from the Ludlow Street scene around Todo Con Nada in 1998. His other theatrical work includes Retail Sluts, The Rise and Fall of the Farewell Drugs, “...Worry, Baby,” The Hobo Got Too High, I Wanna Be Adored, Shyness Is Nice, Gravity Always Wins, The Name of This Play is Talking Heads, Your Face Is A Mess, A Marshmallow World, Up For Anything and P.S. It's Poison. Shyness Is Nice was selected and anthologized as one of NY Theatre’s Best Plays of 2001, and its opening monologue appears in the Applause anthology One One One: Best Men’s Monologues of the 21st Century, published in October, 2008.
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Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS, née Roberts (born 13 October 1925) is a British politician and the longest-serving (1979–1990) British prime minister of the 20th century, and the only woman ever to have held the post. A Soviet journalist nicknamed her the "Iron Lady", which later became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As prime minister, she implemented conservative policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism.
Originally a research chemist before becoming a barrister, Thatcher was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Finchley in 1959. Edward Heath appointed her Secretary of State for Education and Science in his 1970 government. In 1975 Thatcher defeated Heath in the Conservative Party leadership election and became Leader of the Opposition, as well as the first woman to lead a major political party in the United Kingdom. She became prime minister after winning the 1979 general election.
After entering 10 Downing Street, Thatcher introduced a series of political and economic initiatives to reverse what she perceived as Britain's precipitous national decline. Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation (particularly of the financial sector), flexible labour markets, the privatisation of state-owned companies, and reducing the power and influence of trade unions. Thatcher's popularity during her first years in office waned amid recession and high unemployment, until economic recovery and the 1982 Falklands War brought a resurgence of support, resulting in her re-election in 1983. Thatcher was re-elected for a third term in 1987, but her Community Charge (popularly referred to as "poll tax") was widely unpopular and her views on the European Community were not shared by others in her Cabinet. She resigned as Prime Minister and party leader in November 1990, after Michael Heseltine launched a challenge to her leadership.
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Mary Harron
Mary Harron (born January 12, 1953) is a Canadian filmmaker and screenwriter best known for her films I Shot Andy Warhol, American Psycho and The Notorious Bettie Page.
Born in Bracebridge, Ontario, Canada, Harron grew up with a family that was entrenched in the world of film and theater. Her mother, Gloria Fisher, is a Kansas-born actress, and her father, Donald Harron, is an actor, author, director, comedian, and writer. Harron’s first stepmother, Virginia Leith, was discovered by Stanley Kubrick and acted in his first film, Fear and Desire. Leith's brief acting career partly inspired Harron's interest in making The Notorious Bettie Page. Harron’s stepfather is Stephen Vizinczey, a novelist and screen writer, and another of her stepmothers is the singer Catherine McKinnon. Harron’s sister, Kelley Harron, is an actor and producer.
Harron moved to England when she was thirteen and later attended St Anne's College, Oxford University. Whilst in England she dated Tony Blair, who would later become the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. She then moved to New York City and was part of its 1970s punk scene. She helped start and write for Punk magazine as a music journalist – she was the first journalist to interview the Sex Pistols for an American publication. During the 1980s she was a drama critic for The Observer in London for a time, as well as working as a music critic for The Guardian and The New Statesman.
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Michael Azerrad
Michael Azerrad is an American author, journalist and musician. He grew up in the New York City area and received his BA degree from Columbia College in 1983. During his college years, he was both a roommate and a bandmate of keyboard virtuoso Marc Capelle (who later went on to become a member of American Music Club.)
After college, Azerrad played drums in various small bands while pursuing a career in music journalism. Besides writing features for Spin, Musician and Details, and a stint at MTV News from 1987 through 1992, Azerrad wrote several hundred pieces for Rolling Stone magazine from 1987 through 1993, including cover stories on the B-52's and Nirvana, and was eventually named contributing editor. He has since written major features for The New Yorker, Mojo, Italian GQ and the New York Times, as well as cover stories for Spin and Revolver.
In 1993, Doubleday Books published Azerrad's definitive, best-selling biography of Nirvana, Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana, which appeared six months before bandleader Kurt Cobain died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Azerrad spent many months interviewing the band members and their friends, relatives and associates, and Cobain and the other members of the band shared a wide variety of archival materials with him, many of which are reproduced in the book. In 2000, Q magazine named Come as You Are one of the 50 greatest rock books ever written.
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Mike Watt
Michael David Watt (born December 20, 1957 in Portsmouth, Virginia) is an American bassist, singer and songwriter.
He is best known for co-founding the rock bands Minutemen, dos, and fIREHOSE; as of 2003[update], he is also the bassist for the reunited Stooges and a member of the art rock/jazz/punk/improv group Banyan as well as many other post-Minutemen projects.
CMJ New Music called Watt a "seminal post-punk bass player." In November 2008, Watt received the Bass Player Magazine lifetime achievement award, presented by Flea.
When he was young, Watt's family moved to San Pedro, California, where he became good friends with D. Boon. Watt and Boon picked up bass and guitar, respectively. Watt was a fan of T Rex and Blue Öyster Cult, while Boon's exposure to rock music was limited to Creedence Clearwater Revival, another Watt favorite.
By the mid-1970s, Watt and Boon formed a band called The Reactionaries with drummer George Hurley and vocalist Martin Tamburovich. The band later became Minutemen with another drummer named Frank Tonche, who only lasted two shows with the group; Hurley, who had been in the short-lived New Wave group Hey Taxi! at the time Minutemen first formed, rejoined Watt and Boon. After signing with SST Records in 1980, Minutemen began touring constantly, releasing a number of albums along the way. Their music was based on the speed, brevity and intensity of punk, but included elements of jazz, folk, and funk.
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Naomi Klein
Naomi Klein (born May 8, 1970) is a Canadian author and social activist known for her political analyses and criticism of corporate globalization.
Klein was born in Montreal, Quebec, and brought up in a Jewish family with a history of peace activism. Her parents had moved to Montreal from the U.S. in 1967 as war resisters to the Vietnam War. Her mother, documentary film-maker Bonnie Sherr Klein, is best known for her anti-pornography film Not a Love Story. Her father, Michael Klein, is a physician and a member of Physicians for Social Responsibility. Her brother, Seth Klein, is director of the British Columbia office of the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
Her paternal grandparents were communists who began to turn against the Soviet Union after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and had abandoned communism by 1956. In 1942 her grandfather Phil Klein, an animator at Disney, was fired after the Disney animators' strike, and went to work at a shipyard instead. Klein's father grew up surrounded by ideas of social justice and racial equality, but found it "difficult and frightening to be the child of Communists", a so-called red diaper baby.
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Napalm Death
Napalm Death are an extreme metal band formed in Birmingham, England in 1981. While none of its original members remain in the group, the lineup of vocalist Mark "Barney" Greenway, bassist Shane Embury, guitarist Mitch Harris and drummer Danny Herrera has remained consistent for most of the band's career.
Napalm Death are credited with defining the grindcore genre by incorporating elements of hardcore punk and death metal, short songs, fast tempos, deep guttural vocals and sociopolitical lyrics. The band's debut album Scum, released in 1987 by Earache Records, proved substantially influential throughout the global metal community.
Napalm Death have released fifteen studio albums and are listed by Nielsen SoundScan as the seventh best-selling death metal band in the United States.
Napalm Death were formed in the village of Meriden near Birmingham, in the United Kingdom, in May 1981 by Nic Bullen and Miles Ratledge while the duo were still in their early teenage years. The duo had been playing in amateur bands since 1980 as an extension of their fanzine writing, and went through a number of names (including "Civil Defence," "The Mess," "Evasion" and "Undead Hatred") before choosing Napalm Death in mid 1981.
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Nick Cave
Nicholas Edward "Nick" Cave (born 22 September 1957) is an Australian musician, songwriter, author, screenwriter, composer and occasional film actor.
He is best known for his work as a frontman of the critically acclaimed rock band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, established in 1983, a group known for its eclectic influences and musical styles. Before that, he had fronted the group The Birthday Party in the early 1980s, a band renowned for its highly gothic, challenging lyrics and violent sound influenced by free jazz, blues, and post-punk. In 2006, he formed the garage rock band Grinderman that released its debut the following year. Cave's music is generally characterised by emotional intensity, a wide variety of influences and lyrical obsessions with religion, death, love and violence.
Upon Cave's induction into the ARIA Hall of Fame, ARIA Awards committee chairman Ed St John said, “Nick Cave has enjoyed—and continues to enjoy—one of the most extraordinary careers in the annals of popular music. He is an Australian artist like Sidney Nolan is an Australian artist—beyond comparison, beyond genre, beyond dispute."
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Nick Kent
Nick Kent (born 24 December 1951) is a British rock critic and musician.
Along with writers including Paul Morley, Charles Shaar Murray, Paul Rambali and Danny Baker, Nick Kent is seen as one of the most important and influential UK music journalists of the 1970s. He wrote for the British music publication New Musical Express, moving to The Face later in his career. Kent is the author of two books: The Dark Stuff, a collection of his journalism and Apathy for the Devil: A 1970's Memoir which is an autobiographical account of his life and experiences in the 1970's published in March 2010. Kent's writing covers the lives and music of, predominantly, rock and roll musicians. His prose is laced with images of self-destruction and compassion, exploring the reality of being an artist in the late twentieth century.
He plays guitar, and rehearsed with a group of musicians then using the name London SS, some of whom would go on to form early British punk bands such as The Damned and The Clash. He also played guitar with an early incarnation of the Sex Pistols. Kent's relationship with the punk scene was strained, particularly by one episode in which future Sex Pistol Sid Vicious and entourage member Jah Wobble (later bassist with Public Image Ltd) attacked Kent, then already a well-known music critic and ostensibly a symbol of the music industry, at an early gig at the 100 Club. Kent relates the incident in Johnny Rogan's book on rock management, Starmakers & Svengalis; in The Filth and the Fury, director Julien Temple's 2000 documentary of the Sex Pistols; in The Dark Stuff; in Jon Savage's book England's Dreaming; and in Apathy for the Devil.
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Nick Tosches
Nick Tosches (born 1949) (pronounced ˈtɑːʃəs) is an American journalist, novelist, biographer, and poet of Albanian and Italian descent.
After different odd-jobs, Tosches started writing with poetry and rock-'n'-roll magazines, including Creem, Fusion, and Rolling Stone.
Tosches' second book, a biography of Jerry Lee Lewis named Hellfire was published in 1982. Subsequent biographies have covered the lives of Dean Martin, Michele Sindona, Sonny Liston, Emmett Miller, and Arnold Rothstein.
Tosches has also published a collection of poetry, and three novels. He has been published in Vanity Fair, Esquire and Open City. The Nick Tosches Reader collects writings from over the course of his career.
Tosches was featured on the popular Travel Channel show Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations in the episode "Disappearing Manhattan". He and Bourdain shared a drink at Sophie's in the East Village, a Manhattan dive bar, and they discussed the changing nature of the city.
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Nicky Crane
Nicola Vincenzio "Nicky" Crane (21 May 1958 - 8 December 1993) was a British neo-Nazi skinhead activist. He came out as gay before dying from an AIDS-related illness in 1993. Max Schaefer's 2010 novel Children of the Sun depicts an aspiring screenwriter's search to find out about who was the "real" Nicky Crane.
Nicky Crane joined the British Movement (BM) in the late 1970s, and by 1980, he had become the BM organiser for Kent. In 1980, he attacked a black family at a bus stop near Liverpool Street station. For this act, he was convicted of unlawfully fighting and making an affray, and given a suspended sentence. Crane appeared on several T-shirts and calendars produced by the Aldgate skinhead shop The Last Resort during the 1980s. In 1981, he appeared on the cover of the Oi! compilation album Strength Thru Oi! (due to his skinhead appearance, not his racist views), with his Nazi tattoos partially airbrushed out.
Also in 1981, he was convicted and jailed for four years for his role in a BM-organised attack on a group of black youths arriving on a train at Woolwich Arsenal railway station in 1980. He once led an attack on an anti-racist concert being held in Jubilee Gardens in London. Pictures of him storming the stage where singer Hank Wangford was performing appeared in national newspapers; although Crane was clearly identifiable, no action was taken. Released from jail in 1984, Crane soon began providing security for the white power skinhead band Skrewdriver, and remained associated with the band and its leader, Ian Stuart Donaldson, for the rest of the decade, designing two of the band's album covers and writing the lyrics for the song "Justice" on the LP Hail the New Dawn. He was jailed again in 1986 for six months following a fight on an Underground train. In 1987, he was instrumental in setting up the neo-Nazi network Blood and Honour with Donaldson.
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Pankrti
Pankrti (The Bastards in Slovene) were a punk rock band from Ljubljana, Slovenia, active in the late 1970s and during the 1980s. They were known for provocative and politically engaged songs. They billed themselves The First Punk Band Behind The Iron Curtain (one of their songs has a title Behind iron curtain old brods are pulling the red beet). They are one of the most important former Yugoslav Punk groups and one of the first punk rock bands ever formed in a communist country.
Gregor Tomc and Peter Lovšin, two young men from the Ljubljana suburb of Kodeljevo, came up with the idea of forming a band in 1977. From its beginnings, the band was heavily influenced by the UK punk scene. Tomc and Lovšin were the primary song writers. Lovšin was the singer of the band, while Tomc came up with the band name and was the band's manager.
The band started playing in fall of 1977, practicing in the basement of Kodeljevo's music school, and held the first concert at Moste High School. Initially they played covers of established punk bands including the Sex Pistols, The Clash and New York Dolls. Some of their first songs that became popular were "Za železno zaveso" (Behind The Iron Curtain), "Anarhist" (Anarchist) and "Lublana je bulana" (Ljubljana is Sick). They were included in the Novi Punk Val compilation album. They released their first album "Dolgcajt" (Boredom) in 1980 and gained the status of a cult band all over former Yugoslavia.
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Pansy Division
Pansy Division is an American punk rock band that formed in San Francisco, California in 1991. Featuring primarily gay musicians and focusing mostly on gay-related themes, Pansy Division is one of the more melodic-oriented bands to emerge from the "queercore" movement that began in the 1980s.
Frustrated by the lack of openly gay musicians in independent rock, Jon Ginoli formed Pansy Division (the name itself a pun on Panzer division and the word "pansy") in San Francisco in early 1991. The intent of the band was to defy the common stereotypes towards gay men, particularly that they were more or less limited to enjoying and/or performing disco and showtunes, and that rock was strictly heterosexual territory. Originally a solo act on guitar, Ginoli eventually recruited bassist Chris Freeman and drummer Jay Paget, forming the first openly all-gay rock band.
Pansy Division's sound was heavily influenced by 1960s pop and 1970s punk rock, most notably bands such as the Ramones, the Buzzcocks and early Beatles: short, catchy pop punk numbers with humorous, in-your-face lyrics that dealt with various aspects of both gay life and life in general. Most of their early repertoire featured explicit and near-pornographic (though firmly tongue-in-cheek) lyrical depictions of gay sex, though some songs focused on more universal, unisex topics such as loneliness, friendship and attraction.
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Patti Smith
Patricia Lee "Patti" Smith (born December 30, 1946) is an American singer-songwriter, poet and visual artist, who became a highly influential component of the New York City punk rock movement with her 1975 debut album Horses.
Called the "Godmother of Punk", her work was a fusion of rock and poetry. Smith's most widely known song is "Because the Night", which was co-written with Bruce Springsteen and reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1978. In 2005, Patti Smith was named a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Minister of Culture, and in 2007, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. On November 17, 2010, she won the National Book Award for her memoir Just Kids. She is also a recipient of the 2011 Polar Music Prize.
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Pauline Murray
Pauline Murray (born 8 March 1958, Durham, County Durham, England) was the lead singer of the punk rock band, Penetration, which was originally formed in 1976.
In May 1976 the 18-year-old Murray saw the Sex Pistols. Murray and her Ferryhill comrades became Pistols devotees, earning for themselves by late 1976 the title of 'Durham Contingent' (coined by the NME).
Penetration soon began gigging and debuted on vinyl with their single, "Don't Dictate". They released two albums, Moving Targets and Coming Up for Air, and later a Best of Penetration compilation album. After some brief success in 1978/79, they split up in 1980.
In 1980 Murray worked on her first solo album with record producer Martin Hannett's band The Invisible Girls, which also included ex-Penetration member Robert Blamire, as well as other Manchester musicians who drifted in and out such as Vini Reilly, guitarist in The Durutti Column. John Maher from Buzzcocks also drummed for the band. The resulting album, Pauline Murray and The Invisible Girls, reached Number 25 on the UK Albums Chart and spawned the singles "Dream Sequence" and "Mr X".
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Peggy Lee
Peggy Lee (May 26, 1920 – January 21, 2002) was an American jazz and popular music singer, songwriter, composer, and actress in a career spanning six decades. From her beginning as a vocalist on local radio to singing with Benny Goodman's big band, she forged a sophisticated persona, evolving into a multi-faceted artist and performer. She wrote music for films, acted, and created conceptual record albums—encompassing poetry, jazz, chamber pop, and art songs.
Lee was born Norma Deloris Egstrom in Jamestown, North Dakota, the seventh of eight children of Marvin Olof Egstrom, a station agent for the Midland Continental Railroad, and his wife Selma Amelia (Anderson) Egstrom. Her mother died when Lee was just four years old. Her father was Swedish American and her mother was Norwegian American.
Lee first sang professionally over KOVC radio in Valley City, North Dakota. She later had her own series on a radio show sponsored by a local restaurant that paid her a "salary" in food. Both during and after her high school years, Lee sang for paltry sums on local radio stations. Radio personality Ken Kennedy, of WDAY in Fargo, North Dakota (the most widely heard station in North Dakota), changed her name from Norma to Peggy Lee.[citation needed] Thereafter, Lee left home and traveled to Los Angeles at the age of 17.
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Pelle Miljoona
Pelle Miljoona (Literally “Clown Million”), real name Petri Samuli Tiili (born February 10, 1955 in Hamina, Finland) is a Finnish punk rock musician, who assembled his first band in 1977. His first single was Olen työtön (English: I am unemployed). His biggest hit was in 1980 with Moottoritie on Kuuma (English: The Freeway is Hot). This is also the title of his best-known album. Members of the band playing on that album include Andy McCoy and Sam Yaffa. Another well-known song by one of his groups is Tahdon rakastella sinua (English: I Want to Make Love to You). This is usually considered to be Pelle Miljoona's song although it was sung by Tumppi Varonen, Pelle Miljoona on drums. Pelle Miljoona has had several bands, e.g. Pelle Miljoona & N.U.S, Pelle Miljoona & 1980, Pelle Miljoona Oy and Pelle Miljoona Unabomber!.
Pelle Miljoona has also written several novels and poetry collections.
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Pete Townshend
Peter Dennis Blandford "Pete" Townshend (born 19 May 1945) is an English rock guitarist, vocalist, songwriter and author, known principally as the guitarist and songwriter for the rock group The Who, as well as for his own solo career. His career with The Who spans more than 40 years, during which time the band grew to be considered one of the most influential bands of the 1960s and 1970s, and, according to Eddie Vedder, "possibly the greatest live band ever."
Townshend is the primary songwriter for The Who, having written well over 100 songs for the band's 11 studio albums, including concept albums and the rock operas Tommy and Quadrophenia, plus popular rock and roll radio staples like Who's Next, and dozens more that appeared as non-album singles, bonus tracks on reissues, and tracks on rarities compilations like Odds & Sods. He has also written over 100 songs that have appeared on his solo albums, as well as radio jingles and television theme songs. Although known primarily as a guitarist, he also plays other instruments such as keyboards, banjo, accordion, synthesiser, bass guitar and drums, on his own solo albums, several Who albums, and as a guest contributor to a wide array of other artists' recordings. Townshend has never had formal lessons in any of the instruments he plays.
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Phranc
Phranc (born Susan Gottlieb on August 28, 1957 in Santa Monica, California) is an American singer-songwriter whose career has spanned several decades, and is also known for her cardboard and kraft paper fine art.
She began her performing career in the late 1970s and early 1980s punk scene in Los Angeles. She had a bleach blonde crewcut and wore male attire creating an androgynous persona for her first band Nervous Gender, which formed in 1978. The writer V/D wrote of her for the punk fanzine Slash, "On stage, Phranc looks like a 14-year-old runaway from a boys' reform school." The band was influential in the development of what later came to be known as 'Synthpunk'. In 1980 she left Nervous Gender to join Catholic Discipline, in which Claude Bessy, journalist for Slash punk fanzine, was the lead singer. She was also in Castration Squad, a feminist, all-girl punk band that was pivotal on the punk movement.
Phranc appears with Catholic Discipline in The Decline of Western Civilization, a documentary by Penelope Spheeris.
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Poly Styrene
Poly Styrene was the stage name of Marianne Joan Elliott-Said (3 July 1957 – 25 April 2011), a British musician, songwriter and singer, most notably in the pioneering punk rock band X-Ray Spex.
Marianne Elliott-Said was born in 1957 in Bromley, Kent, and raised in Brixton, London. Her mother, who raised her alone, was a Scots-Irish legal secretary. Her father was a dispossessed Somali aristocrat.
As a teenager, Marianne was a "barefoot hippie". At age 15, she ran away from home with £3 in her pocket, and hitchhiked from one music festival to another, staying at hippie crash pads. She thought of this as a challenge to survive. The adventure ended when she stepped on a rusty nail while bathing in a stream and had to be treated for septicaemia.
After seeing the Sex Pistols performance at the Pier Pavillion Hastings on 3 July 1976 (her nineteenth birthday) she thought that anyone could do what they were doing and so decided to form the punk band X-Ray Spex. She eventually became a passionate feminist and posted a blog dedicated to women's rights and defence of women.
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Prljavo kazalište
Prljavo kazalište (meaning in Croatian language: Dirty Theatre) is a rock and roll band from Zagreb, Croatia. Since its formation in 1977, the group changed several music styles and line ups but remained one of the top acts of both the Croatian and the former Yugoslav rock scenes.
Prljavo kazalište was formed in 1977 in Dubrava, part of Zagreb, the capital of the then SR Croatia. Founding members included: Jasenko Houra (rhythm guitar), Zoran Cvetković a.k.a. Zok (lead guitar), Nino Hrastek (bass guitar) and Tihomir Fileš (drums). Its first vocalist became Davorin Bogović, although they were thinking about taking Davor Gobac (later of Psihomodo pop) instead. All of them, except Houra, previously played in another band called Ciferšlus (Zipper), but after he joined them to form a new group, they opted for the name Prljavo kazalište after an episode of the satirical Italian comic book Alan Ford, which was very popular in the former Yugoslavia.
In its early beginnings, Prljavo kazalište's was a Punk band, although they initially wanted to sound like The Rolling Stones for whom they maintained a great admiration. The group performed live for a first time in 1978 at a gig organized by the magazine Polet where they were noted for their furious punk image and stage performance. In the same year, Prljavo kazalište released its first single, the punk rock sounding Televizori for the major record label Jugoton. It featured three songs: Televizori, Majka and Moje djetinjstvo. In 1979, Suzy Records released their second single Moj je otac bio u ratu. That song was included in the compilation album Novi Punk Val compiled by Igor Vidmar, along with Pankrti, Paraf and other prominent artists of the former Yugoslav Punk scene.
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Ramones
The Ramones were an American rock band that formed in the New York City neighborhood of Forest Hills, Queens, in 1974. They are often cited as the first punk rock group. Despite achieving only limited commercial success, the band was a major influence on the punk rock movement both in the United States and the United Kingdom.
All of the band members adopted pseudonyms ending with the surname "Ramone", though none of them were related. They performed 2,263 concerts, touring virtually nonstop for 22 years. In 1996, after a tour with the Lollapalooza music festival, the band played a farewell concert and disbanded. Little more than eight years after the breakup, the band's three founding members—lead singer Joey Ramone, guitarist Johnny Ramone, and bassist Dee Dee Ramone—had died.
Their only record with enough U.S. sales to be certified gold was the compilation album Ramones Mania. However, recognition of the band's importance built over the years, and they are now cited in many assessments of all-time great rock music, such as the Rolling Stone list of the 50 Greatest Artists of All Time and VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock. In 2002, the Ramones were ranked the second-greatest band of all time by Spin magazine, trailing only The Beatles. On March 18, 2002, the Ramones—including the three founders and drummers Tommy and Marky Ramone—were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2011, the group was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
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Randy Turner
Randy J. "Biscuit" Turner (November 25, 1949 – August 18, 2005) was an American punk singer and artist. He was born in Gladewater, Texas. He was the lead singer for the seminal hardcore punk band Big Boys, formed in Austin in the 1970s.
Big Boys, along with The Dicks, Really Red, and MDC, are credited with the development of hardcore punk in Texas, while it was simultaneously emerging in other cities as well. They were one of the earliest skate punk groups, were featured in Thrasher skateboarding magazine and videos, and had their own Big Boys skateboard. The group also is known for being the first punk band to introduce funk rhythms into hardcore, influencing later bands such as Red Hot Chili Peppers. Turner was noted for outrageous stage antics, such as wearing a tutu while performing. In 2004, in a song called "Ode", from the CD Complete Discography, the queercore band Limp Wrist pay homage to Randy Turner, along with Gary Floyd of The Dicks and Joshua Plague of Mukilteo Fairies and Behead the Prophet, No Lord Shall Live, for being pioneering gay punks in the hardcore scene who have paved the way for Limp Wrist. In his music career, he also played with Cargo Cult, Texas Biscuit Bombs and Swine Kings, who contributed the song "All Broke Down" to Outpunk Records seminal queercore compilation CD Outpunk Dance Party.
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Richard Hell
Richard Hell (born Richard Lester Meyers; October 2, 1949) is a singer, songwriter, bass guitarist, and writer.
Richard Hell was an innovator of punk music and fashion. He was one of the first to spike his hair and wear torn, cut and drawn-on shirts, often held together with safety pins.Malcolm McLaren, manager of the Sex Pistols, has credited Hell as a source of inspiration for the Sex Pistols' look and attitude, as well as the safety-pin and graphics accessorized clothing that McLaren sold in his London shop, Sex. Hell was in several important, early punk bands, including Neon Boys, Television, and The Heartbreakers, after which he formed Richard Hell & The Voidoids. Their 1977 album, Blank Generation, influenced many other punk bands. Its title song was named "One of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock" by music writers in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame listing and is ranked as one of the all-time top-ten punk songs by a 2006 poll of original British punk figures, as reported in the Rough Guide to Punk.
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Richard Meltzer
Richard Meltzer (born May 11, 1945) was one of the earliest rock music critics. His first book, The Aesthetics of Rock, evolved out of his undergraduate studies in philosophy at the State University of New York at Stony Brook and graduate studies at Yale University. At school, he developed a reputation as something of a prankster, although his actions were closer to the spirit of performance art happenings promoted by one of his professors, Allan Kaprow, than to fraternity hijinks.[citation needed] One of his actions involved sending a tape recorder to class with his comments for the day on tape. Fellow student Sandy Pearlman was responsible for pushing the button. Meltzer also dabbled in art, including "detourned" comic books in the style of the Situationists, which had various objects added to the pages.
Meltzer, along with Sandy Pearlman and several other students, earned money on the side as booking agents for the big musical acts that came to Stony Brook in the 1960s. Following that, the two started writing lyrics and arranging gigs for a musical group they were promoting called Soft White Underbelly, later renamed Blue Öyster Cult (BÖC). Meltzer wrote the lyrics to many of the band's songs, including the hit Burnin' for You.
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Robert Christgau
Robert Christgau (born April 18, 1942) is an American essayist, music journalist, and self-proclaimed "Dean of American Rock Critics".
One of the earliest professional rock critics, Christgau is known for his terse capsule reviews, published since 1969 in his Consumer Guide columns. He also spent 37 years as music editor for The Village Voice, during which time he created the annual Pazz & Jop poll.
Christgau grew up in New York City, where he says he became a rock and roll fan when disc jockey Alan Freed moved to the city in 1954. He left New York for four years to attend Dartmouth College, graduating in 1962 with a B.A. in English. While at college Christgau's musical interests turned to jazz, but he quickly returned to rock after moving back to New York.
He initially wrote short stories, before giving up fiction in 1964 to become a sportswriter, and later, a police reporter for the Newark Star-Ledger. Christgau became a freelance writer after a story he wrote about the death of a woman in New Jersey was published by New York magazine. He was asked to take over the dormant music column at Esquire, which he began writing in early 1967. After Esquire discontinued the column, Christgau moved to The Village Voice in 1969, and he also worked as a college professor.
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Robert Quine
Robert Wolfe Quine (December 30, 1942 – May 31, 2004) was an American guitarist, known for his innovative guitar solos.
A native of Akron, Ohio, Quine worked with a wide range of musicians, though he himself remained relatively unknown in comparison. Critic Mark Demming writes "Quine's eclectic style embraced influences from jazz, rock, and blues players of all stripes, and his thoughtful technique and uncompromising approach led to rewarding collaborations with a number of visionary musicians."
His collaborators included Richard Hell & the Voidoids, Lou Reed (notably on The Blue Mask), Brian Eno (on Nerve Net), John Zorn, Ikue Mori, Marc Ribot, Marianne Faithfull (Strange Weather), Lloyd Cole, Tom Waits (Rain Dogs), Matthew Sweet, Odds, Jody Harris (Escape), and many more, including a rare 7" by Lester Bangs.
Rock critic and friend Lester Bangs once said of him:
Someday Quine will be recognized for the pivotal figure that he is on his instrument — he is the first guitarist to take the breakthroughs of early Lou Reed and James Williamson and work through them to a new, individual vocabulary, driven into odd places by obsessive attention to On the Corner-era Miles Davis.
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Roy Carr
Roy Carr is an English music journalist. He joined the New Musical Express (NME) in the late 1960s and has edited NME, VOX and Melody Maker magazines. His books as author or co-author include:
Carr is also notable as a being the main compiler of free compilation albums for the UK music press for nearly 20 years. During the 1980s and 1990s Carr compiled the majority of free tape and CD compilations that were given away with music magazines such as NME, VOX and Melody Maker.
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Shanne Bradley
Shanne Bradley (born 1957, The Middlesex Hospital, London, England) is a punk musician, songwriter, and artist. She founded a punk band The Nipple Erectors (The Nips) in 1976 playing bass guitar with Shane MacGowan on vocals, and cofounded The Men They Couldn't Hang in 1984. Bradley was also known as Shanne Skratch and briefly as Shanne Hasler.
She is noted for playing the Bass Guitar.
Acoustic Guitar, Backing Vocals - Phil Odgers Bass - Shanne Bradley Drums - Jon Odgers Electric Guitar, Backing Vocals - Stefan Cush Producer, Electric Guitar [Rhythm] - Nick Lowe
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Sid Vicious
Sid Vicious (born John Simon Ritchie 10 May 1957 – 2 February 1979) was an English musician best known as the bassist of the influential punk rock group Sex Pistols. In 2006 he was inducted posthumously into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Sex Pistols.
Sid Vicious was born John Simon Ritchie in Lewisham, South East London, to John and Anne Ritchie (née McDonald). His mother dropped out of school early due to a lack of academic success and went on to join the RAF, where she met her husband-to-be, Ritchie's father. He was a guardsman at Buckingham Palace and a semi-professional trombone player on the London Jazz scene. Shortly after John's birth, he and his mother moved to Ibiza, where they expected to be joined by his father who, it was planned, would support them financially in the meantime. However, after the first few pay cheques failed to arrive, Anne realised that he would not be coming. Anne later married Christopher Beverley, a middle class man in 1965, before setting up a family home back in Kent. Ritchie took his stepfather's surname and was known as John Beverley.
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Simon Reynolds
Simon Reynolds (born June 19, 1963 in London, England; raised in Hertfordshire) is an English music critic who is well known for his writings on electronic dance music. Besides electronic dance music, Reynolds has written about a wide range of artists and musical genres, and has written books on post-punk and rock. He has contributed to Melody Maker (where he first made his name), The New York Times, Village Voice, Spin, The Guardian, Rolling Stone, The Observer, Artforum, New Statesman, The Wire, Mojo, Uncut, and others. He currently resides in the East Village in New York City, USA with his wife, Joy Press, and their children, Kieran and Tasmine.
Reynolds' first experience writing about music was with Monitor, a fanzine he helped to found in 1984 while he was studying history at Oxford. The publication only lasted for six issues.[citation needed] When it was discontinued in 1986, Reynolds was already making his name writing for Melody Maker, one of the three major British music magazines of the time (the other two being the New Musical Express and Sounds). His early Melody Maker writings often contained strong criticisms of the concept of "soul" (then being heavily promoted by the NME), and of the somewhat earnest politicisation associated with the Red Wedge movement. He has since stated[citation needed] that his apparent de-politicisation at the time was mainly a result of his sheer despair at Thatcherism and desire to escape - into a parallel world which was, as in the title of his first book, "blissed out". He also wrote a number of articles analysing what has since become known as twee pop from a somewhat sociological perspective, seeing in it a desire to escape the dominant 1980s values of commercialism and Americanisation and to return to a perceived innocent past.
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Siouxsie Sioux
Siouxsie Sioux (/ˈsuːziː suː/ born Susan Janet Ballion; 27 May 1957) is an English singer-songwriter. She is best known as the lead singer of rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees (1976–1996) and of its splinter group The Creatures (1981–2005). The Banshees produced eleven studio albums and a string of hit singles including "Hong Kong Garden", "Happy House", "Peek-a-Boo" and "Kiss Them for Me". With The Creatures, Siouxsie recorded four studio albums and the hit single "Right Now".
She has also sung with artists such as Morrissey and John Cale. In the mid 2000s, she began a solo career and released MantaRay in 2007.
Siouxsie is considered to be "one of the most influential British singers of the rock era". Her songs have been covered by Jeff Buckley,Tricky,Massive Attack, and LCD Soundsystem. Her records have also been praised by a wide range of other artists including PJ Harvey and TV on the Radio.
In 2011, she was awarded for Outstanding Contribution To Music at the Q Awards and in 2012, at the Ivor Novello Awards, she received the "Inspiration Award".
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Steven Wells
Steven Wells (10 May 1960 – 24 June 2009) was a British journalist, author, comedian and notable punk poet born in Swindon, Wiltshire. He is best remembered for ranting poetry and his provocative, unapologetic music journalism. In June 2006, he wrote in the Philadelphia Weekly about his treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ater being in remission for a short time, he was diagnosed with enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma in January 2009 and died on 24 June 2009 in Philadelphia.
Wells was born in Swindon but moved to Bradford at an early age. The son of a company director, he attended Hanson comprehensive school in Bradford,[citation needed] but left with minimal qualifications in 1977 and later worked in a factory and as a bus conductor. It was at this time that he became involved with punk rock, including the radical socialist Leeds art-punk band The Mekons.
In 1984, he began performing as a ranting poet and stand-up comedian under the names Seething Wells, Swells and Susan Williams. He was a support act to various northern English punk bands, such as The Fall, The Mekons and Gang of Four, along with fellow ranting poets Attila The Stockbroker, Swift Nick and Porky The Poet.
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The Beach Boys
The Beach Boys are an American rock band, formed in 1961 in Hawthorne, California. The group was initially composed of brothers Brian, Dennis and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love, and friend Al Jardine. They were managed early on by the Wilsons' father, Murry. The band's leader, composer, arranger and producer Brian Wilson was responsible for writing most of the band's early singles and albums. After signing with Capitol Records in mid-1962, Wilson wrote or co-wrote more than two dozen Top 40 hits including "Surfin' Safari", "Surfin' USA", "Surfer Girl", "Little Deuce Coupe", "Be True to Your School", "In My Room", "Fun, Fun, Fun", "I Get Around", "Dance Dance Dance", "Help Me Rhonda" and "California Girls". These songs and their accompanying albums were internationally popular, making The Beach Boys one of the biggest acts of their time. The band's early music gained popularity across the United States for its close vocal harmonies and lyrics reflecting a Southern California youth culture of surfing, cars, and romance. By the mid-1960s, Brian's growing creative ambition and songwriting ability would dominate the group's musical direction. The primarily Brian-composed Pet Sounds album and "Good Vibrations" single (both released in 1966) featured a complex, intricate and multi-layered sound.
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The Cure
The Cure are an English alternative rock band formed in Crawley, West Sussex in 1976. The band has experienced several line-up changes, with frontman, vocalist, guitarist and principal songwriter Robert Smith being the only constant member. The Cure first began releasing music in the late 1970s with its debut album Three Imaginary Boys (1979); this, along with several early singles, placed the band as part of the post-punk and New Wave movements that had sprung up in the wake of the punk rock revolution in the United Kingdom. During the early 1980s, the band's increasingly dark and tormented music helped form the gothic rock genre.
After the release of Pornography (1982), the band's future was uncertain and Smith was keen to move past the gloomy reputation his band had acquired. With the 1982 single "Let's Go to Bed" Smith began to place a pop sensibility into the band's music (as well as a unique stage look). The Cure's popularity increased as the decade wore on, especially in the United States where the songs "Just Like Heaven", "Lovesong" and "Friday I'm in Love" entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart. By the start of the 1990s, The Cure were one of the most popular alternative rock bands in the world. The band is estimated to have sold 27 million albums as of 2004. The Cure have released thirteen studio albums, 10 EPs and over thirty singles during the course of their career. Since 2010, they have been working on a fourteenth studio album.
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The Demics
The Demics were a Canadian punk rock band that formed in 1977 in London.
Originally formed in London, Ontario in 1977, the band consisted of vocalist Keith Whittaker, guitarist Rob Brent, bassist Iain Atkinson-Staines and drummer J. D. Weatherstone. Through 1978, the band were rising stars in the Canadian punk scene. They recorded their debut EP in the fall of that year, and subsequently moved to Toronto to be closer to the centre of the punk scene. The EP's single, "New York City" released on Ready Records, was the band's breakthrough hit on CFNY in 1979.
Brent left the band and was replaced by Steve Koch. The band released a self-titled full-length album in 1980, but subsequently broke up due to internal tensions.
In 1996, a new CD compiling both of the band's original albums titled New York City was released domestically on Huge Records. Also that year, "New York City" was named the greatest Canadian song of all time in a reader poll by the music magazine Chart.
Vocalist Keith Whittaker died of cancer 16 July 1996.
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The Dils
The Dils were an American punk rock band of the late 1970s, originally from Carlsbad, California, and fronted by brothers Chip Kinman and Tony Kinman. They appeared as the second act in the "battle of the bands" sequence in Cheech and Chong's film, Up In Smoke, where they can be heard performing "You're Not Blank" (which ends with drummer Buddy Hate complaining that he could not hear anything without stage monitors).
Soon after forming in 1977 the band relocated to San Francisco, where they would have a significant influence on that city's embryonic punk scene (bassist Tony Kinman would play very briefly with San Francisco punk band The Avengers during 1977), and then Los Angeles, becoming one of the major bands in the early Los Angeles punk scene too. They were known for their conspicuous radical left politics, and for a strong melodic sense that earned them the nickname "punk rock Everly Brothers".
Their debut single was "I Hate The Rich" / "You're Not Blank" (the latter most famously covered by Minneapolis punk band Dillinger Four), on Los Angeles-based label What? Records (also home to The Germs, amongst others), originally released in 1977 in what collectors refer to as the "Oils" sleeve - the lettering chosen for the band's logo looking more like "The Oils" than "The Dils" at first glance. This was later reissued by the same label in a more easy-to-decipher font. Their next record was their critical high-point, 1977's "Class War" / "Mr.Big" (the former most famously covered by Canadian punks D.O.A., issued on L.A.'s groundbreaking Dangerhouse label, in a pressing of 1500 copies entitled "198 Seconds Of The Dils". The last contemporary release was a three-sided double-7", "Made In Canada", which showed a gathering roots rock orientation. The Dils broke up in 1980.
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The Meteors
The Meteors are an English psychobilly band formed in 1980. Originally from London, England, they are often credited with giving the psychobilly subgenre—which fuses punk rock with rockabilly—its distinctive sound and style. Though the origins of psychobilly are debated, The Meteors are the first band to self-identify as psychobilly, and are often credited with the distinction of being the only "pure" psychobilly band among fans of the subgenre.
Fans of the band (known as the Wrecking Crew) are known to use the slogan, "Only The Meteors are Pure Psychobilly," (often shortened to "OTMAPP")
The Meteors were started in 1980 by P. Paul Fenech (guitar and vocals), Nigel Lewis (upright bass/electric bass) and vocals), and Mark Robertson (drums). This is considered as the definitive line-up by some fans. Fenech and Lewis had played in rockabilly bands before, but left their former band, Raw Deal, in order to experiment with a new sound that mixed horror and science fiction lyrics with a punk rock / rockabilly crossover (as distinct from the slower, psychedelic rockabilly sound of the Cramps . This sound would later be called psychobilly. What made them unique was that Fenech & Lewis each sang lead vocals on their own tracks. Their vocals were so different it was like having two bands in one.
wn.com/The_Meteors -
The Pogues
The Pogues are an Irish rock band from London, formed in 1982 and fronted by Shane MacGowan. The band reached international prominence in the 1980s and early 1990s. MacGowan left the band in 1991 due to drinking problems but the band continued first with Joe Strummer and then with Spider Stacy on vocals before breaking up in 1996. The band reformed in 2001, and has been playing regularly ever since, most notably on the US East Coast around St Patrick's Day and across the UK and Ireland every December. The group has yet to record any new music and, according to Spider Stacy on Pogues.com, has no inclination to do so.
Their politically tinged music was informed by MacGowan and Stacy's punk backgrounds, yet used traditional Irish instruments such as the tin whistle, cittern, mandolin and accordion.
The Pogues were founded in Kings Cross, a district of North London, in 1982 as Pogue Mahone—pogue mahone being the Anglicisation of the Irish póg mo thóin, meaning "kiss my arse".
The roots of The Pogues were formed when MacGowan (vocals), Peter "Spider" Stacy (tin whistle), and Jem Finer (banjo) were together in an occasional band called The Millwall Chainsaws in the late 1970s after MacGowan and Stacy met in the toilets at a Ramones gig at The Roundhouse in 1977. MacGowan was already with The Nips, though when they broke up in 1980 he concentrated a bit more on Stacy's Millwall Chainsaws who changed their name to The New Republicans. During this period MacGowan and Finer auditioned unsuccessfully for a licence to busk at Covent Garden. In 1982 James Fearnley (accordion) joined MacGowan, Stacy, and Finer, calling the band Pogue Mahone. The new group played their first gig at The Pindar of Wakefield on 4 October 1982.
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The Ruts
The Ruts were a reggae-influenced British punk rock band, notable for the 1979 Top 10 hit "Babylon's Burning", and an earlier single "In a Rut", which was not a hit but was much played and highly regarded by the UK BBC Radio 1 disc jockey, John Peel.
After meeting at the Deeply Vale Free Festival, The Ruts were formed on 18 August 1977, the band consisted of Malcolm Owen (vocals), Paul Fox (guitar), John "Segs" Jennings (bass) and Dave Ruffy (drums). As part of the Misty in Roots People Unite collective based in Southall, west London, the band were active in anti-racist causes and played a number of benefits for Rock Against Racism.
Schoolboy friends Fox and Owen shared a mutual interest in music. In the early 1970s they lived together in a commune on the Isle of Anglesey in Wales, where they performed their own musical compositions with Paul Mattocks, who played flute, guitar and keyboards. Mattocks later became The Ruts' first drummer.
Post Office telephone engineer Jennings met record shop manager Ruffy in 1976 and became interested in punk after discussing the latter's Ramones' T-shirt. Meanwhile, Owen's interest in punk was piqued when he saw the Sex Pistols playing live. At the time, Fox was playing with Ruffy in a funk band, Hit and Run, which included J.D. Nicholas who went on to join The Commodores in the U.S and sixteen year-old saxophone player Gary Barnacle, who later played on several Ruts songs. Hit and Run were a covers band who released one single, a version of Sam the Sham and the Pharoahs' 1965 hit "Wooly Bully". The Ruts initial history is described in an audio interview with Jennings, conducted by Alan Parker, which appears on the album Bustin' Out.
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Throbbing Gristle
Throbbing Gristle were an English industrial, avant-garde music and visual arts group that evolved from the performance art group COUM Transmissions. The band consisted of Genesis P-Orridge (born Neil Megson - bass guitar, violin, vocals, vibraphone), Cosey Fanni Tutti (guitars, cornet, vocals), Peter "Sleazy" Christopherson (tapes, found sounds, horns, piano, vibraphone, synthesizer), and Chris Carter (synthesizers, tapes, electronics).
Throbbing Gristle evolved from the performance art group COUM Transmissions, which was formed in Kingston Upon Hull, England, by a group of performers centered on Genesis P-Orridge and Cosey Fanni Tutti. The final performance of COUM Transmissions in 1976 was the debut of Throbbing Gristle.
Throbbing Gristle's confrontational live performances and use of often disturbing imagery, including pornography and photographs of Nazi concentration camps, gave the group a notorious reputation. However the group always maintained that their mission was to challenge and explore the darker and obsessive sides of the human condition rather than to make attractive music. Throbbing Gristle made extensive use of pre-recorded tape-based 'samples' and special effects to produce a distinctive, highly distorted background, usually accompanied by lyrics or spoken-word performances by Cosey Fanni Tutti or Genesis P-Orridge. Though they asserted they wanted to provoke their audience into thinking for themselves rather than pushing any specific agenda (as evidenced by the song "Don't Do As You're Told, Do As You Think" on Heathen Earth), Throbbing Gristle also frequently associated with the anarchist punk scene. They appeared in the fanzine Toxic Grafity, with a condensation of their own propaganda parody series, Industrial News.
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Toby Creswell
Toby Creswell (born 21 May 1955, Sydney, Australia) is an Australian music journalist and pop-culture writer. He was editor of Rolling Stone (Australia) and a founding editor of Juice. In 1986 he co-wrote, with Martin Fabinyi, his first book Too Much Ain't Enough a biography of pub rocker and former Cold Chisel vocalist Jimmy Barnes. Creswell has also written The Real Thing: Adventures in Australian Rock & Roll, 1957-now in 1999 and 1001 Australians you should know in 2006. The latter was written with his domestic partner, fellow writer and journalist, Samantha Trenoweth.
Creswell wrote his first article on rock & roll for Nation Review in 1972. He subsequently wrote articles about all aspects of popular culture and music for RAM, Billboard, Roadrunner and a range of national and international magazines and newspapers. He has worked for MTV and a variety of television programs as a writer and presenter. As a keyboard player for seminal post-punk band, Surfside 6, he wrote the B-side, "School's Out", to their 1980 hit single, "Cool in the Tube".
wn.com/Toby_Creswell -
Tom Verlaine
Tom Verlaine (born Thomas Miller, December 13, 1949, in Morristown, New Jersey) is a singer, songwriter and guitarist, best known as the frontman for the New York rock band Television.
Tom Verlaine began his life as Thomas Miller. He began studying piano at an early age but switched to saxophone in middle school after hearing a record by Stan Getz. Verlaine was initially unimpressed with the role of the guitar in both rock and jazz, and was only inspired to take up the instrument after hearing the Rolling Stones' "19th Nervous Breakdown" during his adolescence, at which point he began a long period of experimentation to develop a personal style. Verlaine also had an interest in writing and poetry from an early age. As a teen he was friends with future bandmate and punk icon Richard Hell (Richard Meyers) at Sanford School, a boarding school which they both attended. They quickly discovered that they shared a passion for music and poetry.
wn.com/Tom_Verlaine -
Tommy Ramone
Tommy Ramone, also known as Thomas Erdelyi (born Erdélyi Tamás; January 29, 1952), is a Hungarian American record producer and musician. He was the drummer of the influential punk rock band Ramones, and is the last surviving original member of the group.
Erdélyi was born in Budapest, Hungary to Jewish parents who had survived the Holocaust by being hidden by neighbors, though many of his relatives were victims of the Nazis. He grew up in Forest Hills, a neighborhood of New York City's Queens borough. Tommy and guitarist John Cummings (later to be dubbed "Johnny Ramone") performed together in a mid-60's four-piece garage band called the Tangerine Puppets while in high school. In 1970, Erdelyi was an assistant engineer for the production of the Jimi Hendrix album Band of Gypsys.
When the Ramones first came together, with Johnny Ramone on guitar, Dee Dee Ramone on bass and Joey Ramone on drums, Erdelyi was supposed to be the manager, but was drafted as the band's drummer when Joey became the lead singer and found that he couldn't keep up with the Ramones' increasingly fast tempos. "Tommy Ramone, who was managing us, finally had to sit down behind the drums, because nobody else wanted to," Dee Dee later recalled.
wn.com/Tommy_Ramone -
Tony Wilson
Anthony Howard Wilson known as Tony Wilson (20 February 1950 – 10 August 2007), was an English record label owner, radio presenter, TV show host, nightclub manager, impresario and journalist for Granada Television and the BBC.
Wilson was the music mogul behind some of Manchester's most successful bands. He was the founder and manager of The Haçienda nightclub, and was one of the five co-founders of Factory Records (Joy Division's label). Wilson was also known as Mr. Manchester, dubbed as such for his work in promoting the greater cultural status of Manchester throughout his career. He was portrayed by actor Steve Coogan in Michael Winterbottom's 2002 film 24 Hour Party People, and by Craig Parkinson in Anton Corbijn's 2007 film Control.
Wilson was born 20 February 1950 in Hope Hospital, Salford, Lancashire to Sydney Wilson and Doris Knupfer (who was 20 years her husband's senior), and moved to Marple, Stockport at the age of 5. His maternal grandfather was German. After passing his Eleven plus exam, Wilson attended the De La Salle Grammar School in Weaste Lane, Pendleton, Salford. He developed a love of literature and language, ignited by a performance of Hamlet at Stratford upon Avon. Wilson started his professional career in 1968 at the age of 17, working as an English and Drama teacher at Blue Coat School in Oldham. He later graduated with a degree in English from Jesus College, Cambridge.
wn.com/Tony_Wilson -
Violent Femmes
Violent Femmes were an American alternative rock band from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, initially active between 1980 and 1987 and again from 1988 to 2009. The band performed as a trio, including: singer, guitarist and songwriter Gordon Gano, bassist Brian Ritchie, and two drummers, Victor DeLorenzo (1980–1993 and 2002–2009) and Guy Hoffman (1993–2002).
The Violent Femmes released eight studio albums and fifteen singles during the course of their career. The band found immediate success with the release of their self-titled debut album in early 1983. Featuring many of their well-known songs, including "Blister in the Sun", "Kiss Off", "Add It Up" and "Gone Daddy Gone", Violent Femmes became the band's biggest-selling album and was eventually certified platinum by the RIAA. Violent Femmes went on to become one of the most commercially successful rock bands of the 1980s and 1990s, selling over 9 million albums by 2005. After the release of their third album The Blind Leading the Naked (1986), the band's future was uncertain and they split up in 1987, when Gano and Ritchie went solo. However, they regrouped a year later, releasing the album 3 (1989). Since then, Violent Femmes' popularity continued to grow, especially in the United States where the songs "Nightmares" and "American Music" cracked the top five on the Modern Rock Tracks chart.
wn.com/Violent_Femmes -
Vivienne Westwood
Dame Vivienne Westwood, DBE, RDI (born Vivienne Isabel Swire on 8 April 1941) is a British fashion designer and businesswoman, largely responsible for bringing modern punk and new wave fashions into the mainstream.
Westwood was born Vivienne Isabel Swire in the village of Tintwistle, Derbyshire on 8 April 1941, the daughter of Gordon Swire and Dora Swire (née Ball), who had married two years previously, two weeks after the outbreak of World War II. At the time of Vivienne's birth, her father was employed as a storekeeper in an aircraft factory; he had previously worked as a greengrocer.
Aged 17, Vivienne and her family moved to Harrow, London. She studied at the Harrow School of Art - University of Westminster, taking fashion and silversmithing, but she left after one term saying, "I didn't know how a working-class girl like me could possibly make a living in the art world". After taking up a job in a factory and studying at a teacher-training college, she became a primary school teacher. During this period, she also created her own jewellery, which she would sell at a stall on Portobello Road.
wn.com/Vivienne_Westwood -
Wilko Johnson
Wilko Johnson (born John Wilkinson, 12 July 1947, Canvey Island, Essex) is an English guitarist and songwriter, particularly associated with the UK rhythm and blues band Dr. Feelgood in the 1970s.
Johnson went to Westcliff High School for Boys and played in several local groups, before going to the University of Newcastle upon Tyne to study English. After graduating, he travelled overland to India, before returning to Essex to play with the Pigboy Charlie Band, which evolved into Dr. Feelgood – a mainstay of the 1970s pub rock movement.
Johnson developed his own style, coupling a choppy guitar style with a novel dress sense (he favoured a black suit and a highly unfashionable, unpopular and unique pudding bowl haircut) and jerky movements.
Johnson plays a vintage Fender Telecaster without using a pick, something that enables him to play rhythm guitar and riffs or solos at the same time, resulting in a highly percussive guitar style. Another reason for his unique style is that he is naturally left-handed, but plays guitar right-handed. His style - which allowed him to move around abruptly on stage with the jerky movements of an automaton without the fear of losing his pick - evolved from a failed attempt to copy Mick Green of Johnny Kidd and The Pirates, a guitarist he admired. During mid-song guitar breaks he would frequently wander across the stage and cut in front of the singer (usually playing a harmonica) with the aid of an unusually long guitar lead from his amplifier. He maintained this style even after leaving Dr. Feelgood.
wn.com/Wilko_Johnson -
Willie Alexander
For the football player of the same name see Willie Alexander (American football).
Willie "Loco" Alexander (born 13 January 1943 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American singer and keyboard player based in Gloucester, Massachusetts.
He played with The Lost, The Bagatelle and The Grass Menagerie before becoming a member of The Velvet Underground in late 1971, joining fellow Grass Menagerie alumni Doug Yule and Walter Powers and replacing Sterling Morrison, who had gone off to pursue an academic career.
With the Velvet Underground, Alexander toured England, Scotland and the Netherlands in support of then-current album Loaded. After completing the tour on November 21, 1971 in Groningen, the band planned to start recording a new album, but band manager Steve Sesnick sent all of the band but Yule home, presumably to retain maximum control of the product (the resulting album was Squeeze, released in 1973) and effectively ending Alexander's time with the band.
After leaving The Velvet Underground, he enjoyed a checkered career, both solo and with his Boom Boom Band, that lasts to this day. In-between, Alexander teamed up with Powers to tour France in 1982 for French punk record label New Rose Records, in 1987 opening for Dramarama and in 2006 for a tour with the legendary Boom Boom band.
wn.com/Willie_Alexander -
Woody Guthrie
Woodrow Wilson "Woody" Guthrie (July 14, 1912 – October 3, 1967) is best known as an American singer-songwriter and folk musician, whose musical legacy includes hundreds of political, traditional and children's songs, ballads and improvised works. He frequently performed with the slogan This Machine Kills Fascists displayed on his guitar. His best-known song is "This Land Is Your Land." Many of his recorded songs are archived in the Library of Congress. Such songwriters as Bob Dylan, Phil Ochs, Bruce Springsteen, John Mellencamp, Pete Seeger, Joe Strummer, Billy Bragg and Tom Paxton have acknowledged Guthrie as a major influence.
Guthrie traveled with migrant workers from Oklahoma to California and learned traditional folk and blues songs. Many of his songs are about his experiences in the Dust Bowl era during the Great Depression, earning him the nickname the "Dust Bowl Troubadour." Throughout his life Guthrie was associated with United States communist groups, though he was seemingly not a member of any.
wn.com/Woody_Guthrie -
Yobbo
Yobbo or yob is a slang term for an uncouth or thuggish working-class person. The word derives from a back slang reading of the word "boy" (boy or boyo reversed becomes yob or — slightly modified — yobbo).
The XYZ section of the Oxford English Dictionary, published in 1921, does not include the word, but a later supplement notes the use of 'yob' as meaning 'boy' in the working-class youth context, from 1859. In the dictionary supplement's references, it is possible to detect a slow drift in the word's meaning, towards the 'ruffian' interpretation, the new emphasis becoming clear from about 1927.[citation needed]
'Yobbo' appears from 1922 onwards; originally its meaning did not clearly emphasise the ruffian. Its meaning drifted clearly towards the 'ruffian' interpretation by 1956, though an article from 1938 calls a yobbo a 'street rough'.[citation needed]
In Britain today this word is sometimes superseded by the newer term "chav".
It is not unknown for a girl or woman to be described as a yob by the British media.
wn.com/Yobbo
I'll tell you about punk rock: punk rock is a word used by dillitante's and ah... and ah... heartless manipulators about music that takes up the energies and the bodies and the hearts and the souls and the time and the minds of young men who give what they have to it and give everything they have to it and it's a... it's a term that's based on contempt, it's a term that's based on fashion, style, elitism, satanism and everything that's rotten about rock'n'roll. I don't know Johnny Rotten but I'm sure... I'm sure he puts as much blood and sweat into what he does as Sigmund Freud did. You see, what sounds to you like a big load of trashy old noise is in fact the brilliant music of a genius, myself . And that music is so powerful that it's quite beyond my control and ah... when I'm in the grips of it I don't feel pleasure and I don't feel pain, either physically or emotionally. Do you understand what I'm talking about? Have you ever felt like that? When you just couldn't feel anything and you didn't want to either. You know? Like that? Do you understand what I'm saying sir?
Committed from the beginning
There is no fucking turning back
Forgotten youth, just wastes away
Always forward, never look back.
Break all fucking barriers
This street noise is all we've got
Fury and fucking anger
No more rules for the punx
Fuck you- no rule's made for me
Fuck you- I do as I please
Make some noise
Piss 'em off
Fuck 'em up
that's punk rock
So straight edge is the way?
I'll go out and drink all day
Tell me to shut up and drink
I'll stay sober and eat my beans
If being vegan is the fucking way
I'll eat hot dogs in your face
So you hate the PC crew?
I'll write a peace song just for you
Fuck you- no rules for me
Fuck you- I do as I please
Make some noise
Piss 'em off
Fuck 'em up
that's punk rock
So you hate the spikey hair?
I'll grow my mohawk and make you stare
All these rules you have created
Won't force the kids just for your sake
So get it through your fucking head
It's up to you what to eat and wear
Militant closed-minded fools
You're the church and schools of the youth
Fuck you- no rules for me
Fuck you- I do as I please
Make some noise
Piss 'em off
Fuck 'em up
that's punk rock
Too many rules
Fuck their rules!
Make some noise
Piss 'em off
Fuck 'em up
that's punk rock
Fuck you- no rules for me
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Bowling For Soup - Punk Rock 101
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
Music video by Bowling For Soup performing Punk Rock 101. (C) 2003, 2002 Zomba Recording LLC
http://wn.com/Bowling_For_Soup_Punk_Rock_101
Music video by Bowling For Soup performing Punk Rock 101. (C) 2003, 2002 Zomba Recording LLC
Rage: 20 Years Of Punk Rock
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 66:33
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
This 60 minute DVD documentary examines Punk, its beginnings and some of the top musicians who started it. Included are rare video clips, narrated by the people involved, also lots of great music. Featured performers include Jack Grisham, Jello Biafra, Duane Peters, Keith Morris, Gitane Demone, Don Bolles, TSOL, Dead Kennedys, US Bombs, Circle Jerks, Christian Death and Germs.
http://wn.com/Rage_20_Years_Of_Punk_Rock
This 60 minute DVD documentary examines Punk, its beginnings and some of the top musicians who started it. Included are rare video clips, narrated by the people involved, also lots of great music. Featured performers include Jack Grisham, Jello Biafra, Duane Peters, Keith Morris, Gitane Demone, Don Bolles, TSOL, Dead Kennedys, US Bombs, Circle Jerks, Christian Death and Germs.
- published: 19 Sep 2011
- views: 133162
- author: MVDmusicvideo
Street Dogs-"Punk Rock & Roll" ** OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO **
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
Official Music Video Filmed live at The Slide Bar in Fullerton CA and Las Vegas NV. Street Dogs is on Hell-Cat Records, song from the album "Street Dogs." LET 'EM HAVE IT! Productions.
http://wn.com/Street_Dogs-Punk_Rock_Roll_**_OFFICIAL_MUSIC_VIDEO_**
Official Music Video Filmed live at The Slide Bar in Fullerton CA and Las Vegas NV. Street Dogs is on Hell-Cat Records, song from the album "Street Dogs." LET 'EM HAVE IT! Productions.
- published: 18 Jul 2011
- views: 569795
- author: letemhaveitfilms
WWE: CM Punk VS. The Rock Royal Rumble 2013 WWE Championship Highlights ᴴᴰ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
WWE: Royal Rumble 2013 - CM Punk VS. The Rock WWE Championship Highlights ᴴᴰ Please head over and subscribe to StealthRevolver my new channel! www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/WWE_CM_Punk_VS_The_Rock_Royal_Rumble_2013_WWE_Championship_Highlights_ᴴᴰ
WWE: Royal Rumble 2013 - CM Punk VS. The Rock WWE Championship Highlights ᴴᴰ Please head over and subscribe to StealthRevolver my new channel! www.youtube.com
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- views: 154352
- author: Demonthehedgehog9000
Green Day - Basket Case [Official Music Video]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
"Basket Case" by Green Day from 'Dookie,' available now. Directed by Mark Kohr. Watch the best Green Day official videos here: www.youtube.com www.greenday.com www.facebook.com twitter.com www.youtube.com (subscribe) itunes.apple.com
http://wn.com/Green_Day_Basket_Case_Official_Music_Video_
"Basket Case" by Green Day from 'Dookie,' available now. Directed by Mark Kohr. Watch the best Green Day official videos here: www.youtube.com www.greenday.com www.facebook.com twitter.com www.youtube.com (subscribe) itunes.apple.com
- published: 27 Oct 2009
- views: 20916892
- author: greenday
Suicidal Tendencies - "Institutionalized" Frontier Records
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
www.BlankTV.com - Suicidal Tendencies - "Institutionalized" -Like this video? Come see thousands more at the Net's biggest, uncensored, completely diy punk, hardcore, indie and alternative music video site, BlankTV.com! We've got News, Games, Contests and the stuff that we can't show on YouTube! Free! Uncensored! Retarded! BlankTV.com! Director: Bill Fishman www.SuicidalTendencies.com Check out the BlankTV official website www.BlankTV.com Follow us on Twitter http Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Suicidal_Tendencies_Institutionalized_Frontier_Records
www.BlankTV.com - Suicidal Tendencies - "Institutionalized" -Like this video? Come see thousands more at the Net's biggest, uncensored, completely diy punk, hardcore, indie and alternative music video site, BlankTV.com! We've got News, Games, Contests and the stuff that we can't show on YouTube! Free! Uncensored! Retarded! BlankTV.com! Director: Bill Fishman www.SuicidalTendencies.com Check out the BlankTV official website www.BlankTV.com Follow us on Twitter http Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com
- published: 24 Feb 2008
- views: 2569554
- author: BlankTV
Edgy Punk Rocker Transformation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:27
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
Got a Nasty Cold and lost my Voice So Sorry I couldn't do a Voice-over for this Video but nevertheless Hope you enjoyed this Tutorial !!!This look was Inspired by the talented Glenn Arthurs sketch www.facebook.com Products Used : Urban Decay 'Smokey Eye Palette' Givenchy Black Kajal Prestige Black Eyeliner Shu Uemura Lash Curler Salon Perfect Wispy Lashes Too Faced Cosmetics Lashgasm Mascara Lancome Tropiques Bronzer Ben Nye Nose & Scar wax Circular Eyebrow Barbells & Silicone Plugs from Hot Topic Tattoos : Maybelline Red Lip liner & Make-up Forever Green Eye Liner Black Wig : Ebay ( I cut and razored a regular black wig ) Thanks for Watching !!!
http://wn.com/Edgy_Punk_Rocker_Transformation
Got a Nasty Cold and lost my Voice So Sorry I couldn't do a Voice-over for this Video but nevertheless Hope you enjoyed this Tutorial !!!This look was Inspired by the talented Glenn Arthurs sketch www.facebook.com Products Used : Urban Decay 'Smokey Eye Palette' Givenchy Black Kajal Prestige Black Eyeliner Shu Uemura Lash Curler Salon Perfect Wispy Lashes Too Faced Cosmetics Lashgasm Mascara Lancome Tropiques Bronzer Ben Nye Nose & Scar wax Circular Eyebrow Barbells & Silicone Plugs from Hot Topic Tattoos : Maybelline Red Lip liner & Make-up Forever Green Eye Liner Black Wig : Ebay ( I cut and razored a regular black wig ) Thanks for Watching !!!
- published: 06 Nov 2012
- views: 832137
- author: dope2111
Royal Rumble 2013: The Rock vs. Punk | PART 2 | LIVE 1-27-13
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:09
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
The Rock faces off against CM Punk for the WWE title. Original Airdate: Sunday January 27, 2013
http://wn.com/Royal_Rumble_2013_The_Rock_vs_Punk_|_PART_2_|_LIVE_1-27-13
The Rock faces off against CM Punk for the WWE title. Original Airdate: Sunday January 27, 2013
- published: 28 Jan 2013
- views: 238216
- author: CenaRumble2013
The Dead Milkmen - Punk Rock Girl HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
Punk Rock Girl in Hi-Def. I've always loved this band and i am learning about Editing Audio and Video in HD. I thought it would be a fun project.
http://wn.com/The_Dead_Milkmen_Punk_Rock_Girl_HD
Punk Rock Girl in Hi-Def. I've always loved this band and i am learning about Editing Audio and Video in HD. I thought it would be a fun project.
- published: 09 Jun 2011
- views: 478027
- author: TimothyTim30
Something Corporate - Punk Rock Princess
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Music video by Something Corporate performing Punk Rock Princess. (C) 2001 Geffen Records
http://wn.com/Something_Corporate_Punk_Rock_Princess
Music video by Something Corporate performing Punk Rock Princess. (C) 2001 Geffen Records
- published: 06 Oct 2009
- views: 2436938
- author: SmthngCorporateVEVO
Bad Religion - Punk Rock Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
So leute nachdem dieses Lied so für Pro und Contra gesorgt hat möchte ich doch mal meinen Bezug für diese Lied darstellen.Manch einer betitelt mich hier als kleines Kind oder irgendwelchen anderen üblen Sachen.Manchmal denk ich ihr nehmt euch alle die Freiheit der Meinung und lasst neben euch nichts stehn!!!!Alle die hier diesen Song gehört haben (sind immerhin 740.702) wollten ihn hören oder ppp haha zufällig drauf gestoßen!! Ein Danke ist dann an kaneda015 das er mich aufgeklärt hat!!Nein der Song ist nicht von linking park;;ich bin doch schon über 18;;;bin mit ganz vieler guter Musik aufgewachsen,,,und nein er hat doch ja recht!!!!ich liebe diesen Song wegen der Musik...verstehn muß ich nicht alles und jeden..So und ansonsten könnt ihr mir mal auf Herz an den POPO und sonstwo hingehn!!!Für sämtliche Klugscheißer und Omas und Opas und Punks und Klavierliebhaber gitarrenfetischisten BLABLABLA.Ich mag dieses Lied bin alt 44 habe 3 Kiddis und Hallo egal was ich noch schreib einer stinkt immer gegenan.VIEL SPAß MIT DEM LIED WEIL DARUM GEHTS HIER!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
http://wn.com/Bad_Religion_Punk_Rock_Song
So leute nachdem dieses Lied so für Pro und Contra gesorgt hat möchte ich doch mal meinen Bezug für diese Lied darstellen.Manch einer betitelt mich hier als kleines Kind oder irgendwelchen anderen üblen Sachen.Manchmal denk ich ihr nehmt euch alle die Freiheit der Meinung und lasst neben euch nichts stehn!!!!Alle die hier diesen Song gehört haben (sind immerhin 740.702) wollten ihn hören oder ppp haha zufällig drauf gestoßen!! Ein Danke ist dann an kaneda015 das er mich aufgeklärt hat!!Nein der Song ist nicht von linking park;;ich bin doch schon über 18;;;bin mit ganz vieler guter Musik aufgewachsen,,,und nein er hat doch ja recht!!!!ich liebe diesen Song wegen der Musik...verstehn muß ich nicht alles und jeden..So und ansonsten könnt ihr mir mal auf Herz an den POPO und sonstwo hingehn!!!Für sämtliche Klugscheißer und Omas und Opas und Punks und Klavierliebhaber gitarrenfetischisten BLABLABLA.Ich mag dieses Lied bin alt 44 habe 3 Kiddis und Hallo egal was ich noch schreib einer stinkt immer gegenan.VIEL SPAß MIT DEM LIED WEIL DARUM GEHTS HIER!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- published: 08 Jun 2010
- views: 885206
- author: maike kroll
PUNK ROCK PRINCESS! (6.20.12 - Day 1147)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:55
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
LAST CHANCE!! get your CTFxC hoodie here AND awesome shirts! ctfxcmerch.com also get a snazzy CTFxC posters here: bit.ly *Twitter: twitter.com & twitter.com *Yesterday's video: youtu.be Free month trial for CTFxCers on Netflix: netflix.com | netflix.co.uk | netflix.ie thanks to netflix for hooking us up! enjoy! *Facebook: facebook.com facebook.com *Our (We The Kings) Tour Dates: www.wethekingsmusic.com *Subscribe to our main skit channel if you haven't: youtube.com Google+: gplus.to
http://wn.com/PUNK_ROCK_PRINCESS!_62012_Day_1147
LAST CHANCE!! get your CTFxC hoodie here AND awesome shirts! ctfxcmerch.com also get a snazzy CTFxC posters here: bit.ly *Twitter: twitter.com & twitter.com *Yesterday's video: youtu.be Free month trial for CTFxCers on Netflix: netflix.com | netflix.co.uk | netflix.ie thanks to netflix for hooking us up! enjoy! *Facebook: facebook.com facebook.com *Our (We The Kings) Tour Dates: www.wethekingsmusic.com *Subscribe to our main skit channel if you haven't: youtube.com Google+: gplus.to
- published: 21 Jun 2012
- views: 162240
- author: CTFxC
![Deafheaven - Punk Rock/Cody [Mogwai]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130205010113im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/2GyIggA4b5w/default.jpg "Deafheaven - Punk Rock/Cody [Mogwai]")
Deafheaven - Punk Rock/Cody [Mogwai]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:37
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
◘ Deafheaven ◘ Deafheaven / Bosse-de-Nage Split EP [2012] ◘ Black Metal, Minimalist, USBM ◘ The Flenser Deafheaven: www.facebook.com Bosse-de-Nage: www.facebook.com buy: store.theflenser.com
http://wn.com/Deafheaven_Punk_Rock_Cody_Mogwai_
◘ Deafheaven ◘ Deafheaven / Bosse-de-Nage Split EP [2012] ◘ Black Metal, Minimalist, USBM ◘ The Flenser Deafheaven: www.facebook.com Bosse-de-Nage: www.facebook.com buy: store.theflenser.com
- published: 10 Oct 2012
- views: 13884
- author: vinodkumarkarki
The Ramones - Blitzkrieg Bop (With Lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
Edit:This video is out of synch i hope you understand what i was trying to do :P Hey ho, lets go hey ho, lets go! hey ho, lets go hey ho, lets go! Theyre forming in straight line theyre going through a tight wind The kids are losing their minds the blitzkrieg bop Theyre piling in the back seat theyre generating steam heat Pulsating to the back beat the blitzkrieg bop Hey ho, lets go shootem in the back now what they want, I dont know Theyre all reved up and ready to go! Theyre forming in straight line theyre going through a tight wind The kids are losing their minds the blitzkrieg bop Theyre piling in the back seat theyre generating steam heat Pulsating to the back beat the blitzkrieg bop Hey ho, lets go shootem in the back now What they want, I dont know theyre all reved up and ready to go! Theyre forming in straight line theyre going through a tight wind The kids are losing their minds the blitzkrieg bop Theyre piling in the back seat theyre generating steam heat Pulsating to the back beat the blitzkrieg bop Hey ho, lets go hey ho, lets go! Hey ho, lets go hey ho, lets go!
http://wn.com/The_Ramones_Blitzkrieg_Bop_With_Lyrics
Edit:This video is out of synch i hope you understand what i was trying to do :P Hey ho, lets go hey ho, lets go! hey ho, lets go hey ho, lets go! Theyre forming in straight line theyre going through a tight wind The kids are losing their minds the blitzkrieg bop Theyre piling in the back seat theyre generating steam heat Pulsating to the back beat the blitzkrieg bop Hey ho, lets go shootem in the back now what they want, I dont know Theyre all reved up and ready to go! Theyre forming in straight line theyre going through a tight wind The kids are losing their minds the blitzkrieg bop Theyre piling in the back seat theyre generating steam heat Pulsating to the back beat the blitzkrieg bop Hey ho, lets go shootem in the back now What they want, I dont know theyre all reved up and ready to go! Theyre forming in straight line theyre going through a tight wind The kids are losing their minds the blitzkrieg bop Theyre piling in the back seat theyre generating steam heat Pulsating to the back beat the blitzkrieg bop Hey ho, lets go hey ho, lets go! Hey ho, lets go hey ho, lets go!
- published: 11 May 2009
- views: 6929579
- author: EA0825
Punk vs Metal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
Charlie Parra del Riego playing his song Punk Vs Metal, with all punk and metal influences through his life. Who is the winner? Punk or metal? It's up to you. Buy games from here: www.gamefanshop.com directly support my channel and games delivered by email within minutes of purchase! All the music on Bandcamp: charlieparradelriego.bandcamp.com All the music on itunes :) itunes.apple.com itunes.apple.com and SPOTIFY open.spotify.com Facebook www.facebook.com Twitter: www.twitter.com www.twitter.com Handsigned cd's at: charlieparradelriego.com Free MP3 at: charlieparradelriego.com
http://wn.com/Punk_vs_Metal
Charlie Parra del Riego playing his song Punk Vs Metal, with all punk and metal influences through his life. Who is the winner? Punk or metal? It's up to you. Buy games from here: www.gamefanshop.com directly support my channel and games delivered by email within minutes of purchase! All the music on Bandcamp: charlieparradelriego.bandcamp.com All the music on itunes :) itunes.apple.com itunes.apple.com and SPOTIFY open.spotify.com Facebook www.facebook.com Twitter: www.twitter.com www.twitter.com Handsigned cd's at: charlieparradelriego.com Free MP3 at: charlieparradelriego.com
- published: 25 Jun 2011
- views: 2189072
- author: charlieparradelriego
rock vs cm punk royal rumble highlights 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
wwe royal rumble rock win 2013 royal rumble 2013 rock vs cm punk original vedio rock vs cm punk rock win higlights 2013 royal rumble rock beats cm punk highlights
http://wn.com/rock_vs_cm_punk_royal_rumble_highlights_2013
wwe royal rumble rock win 2013 royal rumble 2013 rock vs cm punk original vedio rock vs cm punk rock win higlights 2013 royal rumble rock beats cm punk highlights
- published: 29 Jan 2013
- views: 17175
- author: MrRoyalraghav
die ärzte - Ist das noch Punkrock? (Performance)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
"auch", das neue Album mit 16 neuen Songs von die ärzte. "auch" ist erschienen auf CD, Vinyl (mit Downloadcode-Ersatz) und als Download. Mehr auf www.bademeister.com Download bit.ly Regie: Yehonatan Richter-Levin, Thomas Bausenwein Kamera: Philip Vogt, Gerd Breiter, Jana Fitzner Schnitt: Adam Snyder Produktion: Filmmeisterei Filmproduktion Executive Producer Filmakademie: Yves Alain Lambert A Filmmeisterei Production - www.filmmeisterei.de - commissioned by Filmakademie Baden-Württemberg - http © Hot Action Records 2012
http://wn.com/die_ärzte_Ist_das_noch_Punkrock?_Performance
"auch", das neue Album mit 16 neuen Songs von die ärzte. "auch" ist erschienen auf CD, Vinyl (mit Downloadcode-Ersatz) und als Download. Mehr auf www.bademeister.com Download bit.ly Regie: Yehonatan Richter-Levin, Thomas Bausenwein Kamera: Philip Vogt, Gerd Breiter, Jana Fitzner Schnitt: Adam Snyder Produktion: Filmmeisterei Filmproduktion Executive Producer Filmakademie: Yves Alain Lambert A Filmmeisterei Production - www.filmmeisterei.de - commissioned by Filmakademie Baden-Württemberg - http © Hot Action Records 2012
- published: 12 Apr 2012
- views: 1299964
- author: bademeisterTV
Lollipop Chainsaw - Lollipop Chainsaw Part 6 Punk Rock Zombie Zed, Urine Included!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:05
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Buy Lollipop Chainsaw: amzn.to Follow mah twitta for some shenanigans! ;-) twitter.com Welcome to my first walkthrough in what will be the beginning of what is to come. I plan on doing many different games, and though this walkthrough will be uncommentated, I plan to commentate my future walkthroughs of the games I play. I hope you enjoy and if you would like make sure to hit that subscribe button, I've got a lot of variety of content Im sure you are bound to enjoy ;) In this episode we meet Jimmy Urine, aka Punk Rock Zombie Zed! Suns going down, better drink my own pee!
http://wn.com/Lollipop_Chainsaw_Lollipop_Chainsaw_Part_6_Punk_Rock_Zombie_Zed,_Urine_Included!
Buy Lollipop Chainsaw: amzn.to Follow mah twitta for some shenanigans! ;-) twitter.com Welcome to my first walkthrough in what will be the beginning of what is to come. I plan on doing many different games, and though this walkthrough will be uncommentated, I plan to commentate my future walkthroughs of the games I play. I hope you enjoy and if you would like make sure to hit that subscribe button, I've got a lot of variety of content Im sure you are bound to enjoy ;) In this episode we meet Jimmy Urine, aka Punk Rock Zombie Zed! Suns going down, better drink my own pee!
- published: 27 Jul 2012
- views: 1412
- author: dawnXashforever17
KOLICO - Punk Rock
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
Mp3 de la canción "Punkrock" de nuestro CD "cosas que hacer en Benikalap..." ¡PUEDES DESCARGARTE NUESTRO NUEVO DISCO DESDE ESTE ENLACE! KÓLICO - Hay algo grande en no ser nada (2011) www.megaupload.com +Info visitanos en: www.myspace.com/kolico www.facebook.com www.kolico.es
http://wn.com/KOLICO_Punk_Rock
Mp3 de la canción "Punkrock" de nuestro CD "cosas que hacer en Benikalap..." ¡PUEDES DESCARGARTE NUESTRO NUEVO DISCO DESDE ESTE ENLACE! KÓLICO - Hay algo grande en no ser nada (2011) www.megaupload.com +Info visitanos en: www.myspace.com/kolico www.facebook.com www.kolico.es
- published: 05 Nov 2008
- views: 163262
- author: Kólico PunkRock
PUNK ROCK BOWLING 2013 PROMO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
www.punkrockbowling.com www.byorecords.com
http://wn.com/PUNK_ROCK_BOWLING_2013_PROMO
www.punkrockbowling.com www.byorecords.com
- published: 31 Jan 2013
- views: 3136
- author: Senator Zoltan
Top 10 polski Punk Rock
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:52
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Po top 10 psycho i top 10 rapu czas na 10 najlepszych moim zdaniem utworów polskiego Punk Rocka. To tylko moje zdanie. Sami oceńcie czy Wam sie podoba :) by Chrapo.
http://wn.com/Top_10_polski_Punk_Rock
Po top 10 psycho i top 10 rapu czas na 10 najlepszych moim zdaniem utworów polskiego Punk Rocka. To tylko moje zdanie. Sami oceńcie czy Wam sie podoba :) by Chrapo.
- published: 20 Jan 2012
- views: 36195
- author: Wideofonika
Complete Control - Punk Rock Activists Anti-Flag and Fmr. Tennis Pro & Comedian Michael Kosta
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:55
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
EPISODE SYNOPSIS: Who does more drugs, tennis pros or punk rockers? We brought Anti-Flag and the hilarious Michael Kosta to get the answer to this question and more. A panel of talented guys and good sports, Anti-Flag are in the midst of the Warped tour and Michael Kosta, discusses his shift from pro-tennis to stand-up comedy. We talk about sports obsessions, superstitions, and the terror of bombing in front of an audience. Enjoy! GUEST BIO: Anti-Flag hails from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and formed in 1988. The band is well known for its left-wing political views, focusing on anti-war activism, imperialism, class struggle, human rights, and various socio-political sentiments. Anti-Flag is known also for their advocacy of progressive political action groups such as Greenpeace and Amnesty International. Most recently, the band has declared solidarity with the global Occupy Together movement. They are performing on the Vans Warped Tour through mid-July. Michael Kosta is a former professional tennis player turned comedian. He regularly appears on the The Tonight Show, and has had his own stand-up special, "Comedy Central Presents: Michael Kosta." In the fall of 2011 he made his debut on Conan. He was also chosen to host the backstage live show for the 63rd Annual Emmy Awards. ADD'L LINKS: www.anti-flag.com www.myspace.com www.michaelkosta.com twitter.com vanswarpedtour.com EPISODE BREAKDOWN: 00:01 Welcome to Complete Control. 01:11 Introducing Justin Sane and No. 2 from Anti ...
http://wn.com/Complete_Control_Punk_Rock_Activists_Anti-Flag_and_Fmr_Tennis_Pro_Comedian_Michael_Kosta
EPISODE SYNOPSIS: Who does more drugs, tennis pros or punk rockers? We brought Anti-Flag and the hilarious Michael Kosta to get the answer to this question and more. A panel of talented guys and good sports, Anti-Flag are in the midst of the Warped tour and Michael Kosta, discusses his shift from pro-tennis to stand-up comedy. We talk about sports obsessions, superstitions, and the terror of bombing in front of an audience. Enjoy! GUEST BIO: Anti-Flag hails from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and formed in 1988. The band is well known for its left-wing political views, focusing on anti-war activism, imperialism, class struggle, human rights, and various socio-political sentiments. Anti-Flag is known also for their advocacy of progressive political action groups such as Greenpeace and Amnesty International. Most recently, the band has declared solidarity with the global Occupy Together movement. They are performing on the Vans Warped Tour through mid-July. Michael Kosta is a former professional tennis player turned comedian. He regularly appears on the The Tonight Show, and has had his own stand-up special, "Comedy Central Presents: Michael Kosta." In the fall of 2011 he made his debut on Conan. He was also chosen to host the backstage live show for the 63rd Annual Emmy Awards. ADD'L LINKS: www.anti-flag.com www.myspace.com www.michaelkosta.com twitter.com vanswarpedtour.com EPISODE BREAKDOWN: 00:01 Welcome to Complete Control. 01:11 Introducing Justin Sane and No. 2 from Anti ...
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 1379
- author: TheLipTV
Lollipop Chainsaw - Pt.7 - Stage 1 Boss - Zed the Punk Rock Zombie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:59
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
"READ DESCRIPTION" "Subscribe for more Lollipop Chainsaw" "Will Contain Full spoilers" www.twitch.tv "Follow my stream if you get the chance" We finally face the first boss of the game, Zed, the punk rock zombie and the first Dark Purveyor. Now, the first time you face Zed, he might be some trouble but here are some tips. During the first stage of the boss, always evade and wait for him to stab towards you with his guitar. After that, throw in some chainsaw attacks because cheer attacks will do little to his HP bar. During the second stage of the boss, Zed will jump from speaker to speaker, chase him down and just attack the speakers, he'll continue to jump from one to another, throwing boomerang like attacks at you. Running forward and jumping should help you evade the attack. If you fail to keep the destroying the amps, he'll simply conjurer up more speakers. Once that's done, he'll summon a big speaker and you need to simply claw it down, follow the onscreen commands 3rd stage is a variation of the first only he's faster and throws more those boomerang attacks at you. when he charges towards you, simply evade him and wait for the boomerangs to counter back, dodge and he'll be stunned. When you have to do the final chainsaw attack, evading the flying words will look harder than it really is. Dodge through the letters, not out of their way.
http://wn.com/Lollipop_Chainsaw_Pt7_Stage_1_Boss_Zed_the_Punk_Rock_Zombie
"READ DESCRIPTION" "Subscribe for more Lollipop Chainsaw" "Will Contain Full spoilers" www.twitch.tv "Follow my stream if you get the chance" We finally face the first boss of the game, Zed, the punk rock zombie and the first Dark Purveyor. Now, the first time you face Zed, he might be some trouble but here are some tips. During the first stage of the boss, always evade and wait for him to stab towards you with his guitar. After that, throw in some chainsaw attacks because cheer attacks will do little to his HP bar. During the second stage of the boss, Zed will jump from speaker to speaker, chase him down and just attack the speakers, he'll continue to jump from one to another, throwing boomerang like attacks at you. Running forward and jumping should help you evade the attack. If you fail to keep the destroying the amps, he'll simply conjurer up more speakers. Once that's done, he'll summon a big speaker and you need to simply claw it down, follow the onscreen commands 3rd stage is a variation of the first only he's faster and throws more those boomerang attacks at you. when he charges towards you, simply evade him and wait for the boomerangs to counter back, dodge and he'll be stunned. When you have to do the final chainsaw attack, evading the flying words will look harder than it really is. Dodge through the letters, not out of their way.
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 2074
- author: RatchetFuZions
photo: AP / Manish
02 Feb 2013
NEW DELHI — A crowd of Tibetans came here to India’s capital last week, bearing flags and political banners and a bittersweet admixture of hope and despair. A grim countdown was under way. The number of Tibetans who have set themselves on fire to protest Chinese rule in Tibet had reached 99, one short of an anguished milestone. Enlarge This Image. Freetibet.org, via Associated Press ... Related ... Connect With Us on Twitter ... (Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 10.7Kb)
photo: AP / SANA
04 Feb 2013
Tweet. London, Feb. 4 (ANI). Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has accused Israel of trying to 'destabilise' his country. Assad's comments came as he claimed that last week's airstrike showed the Jewish state was behind the revolution seeking to overthrow his regime ... Assad insisted however, that his country could still meet 'current threats and aggression' ... (ANI) ... Israel ... ... ) .. ). ... . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 3.0Kb)
photo: UN / John Isaac
04 Feb 2013
About 800,000 people died during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. ....(size: 0.5Kb)
photo: US Navy / MCS2 Matthew D. Leistikow
03 Feb 2013
At least 33 people were killed on Sunday after a suicide bomber and two gunmen attacked a police headquarters in Kirkuk, northern Iraq, official sources said, the third major attack in the region in several weeks. By News Wires (text). ... The huge car bomb blast tore into the police directorate's concrete facade, destroyed cars outside, and left bodies under rubble at nearby government offices ... Double suicide bombing rocks Baghdad ... ....(size: 8.5Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
04 Feb 2013
French warplanes have carried out air strikes in Mali's far north as they try to secure the final rebel stronghold of Kidal after a three-week offensive. Thirty jets targeted Islamist militants' training and communication centres around Tessalit - a mountainous area near the Algerian border. French President Francois Hollande has pledged to help rebuild Mali after the rebels who seized its north are beaten ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
05 Feb 2013
Posted ... "Unknown Pleasures ... Still, in that limited window of time, the four 20-somethings from Britain's industrial north helped change the landscape of post-punk rock, exerting influence not only on contemporaries such as U2 and The Cure, but also playing a role in spurring the `80s-era alternative rock movement ... NFL ... The pages ooze with tales of sex, drugs and rock `n' roll, all told in the author's plain-spoken, if not coarse, style ... ....(size: 15.2Kb)
New Straits/Business Times
04 Feb 2013
Paul McCartney cited Jimi Hendrix as a big influence in how the Beatles evolved into a more hard-rocking band in the late 1960s ... The Police’s stunning music is a combined influence of punk rock, reggae and jazz. Sting had a jazz-rock background, Stewart Copeland had his beginnings in punk and Andy Summers was a rocker....(size: 4.3Kb)
The Examiner
04 Feb 2013
And no wonder; they play a refreshingly original mix of punk, folk and bluegrass and nowhere is that better showcased than on their latest EP Hobo’s Lament ... John Moore, Philadelphia Punk Music Examiner ... Moore has covered punk rock for the past 15 years, writing for Blurt, AMP, Loud Fast Rules, Innocent Words and a slew of other magazines ... SubscribePhiladelphia Punk Music....(size: 7.9Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
04 Feb 2013
WESTCLIFF-ON-SEA (Reuters) - Wilko Johnson, cult guitarist from 1970s beat band Dr Feelgood and herald of English punk rock, is on a high - even though he is dying of pancreatic cancer ... Johnson's initial heyday was in the early 1970s when Dr Feelgood was bashing out driving R&B; rock in pubs and clubs while others such as Pink Floyd and David Bowie grabbed the headlines with prog and glitter....(size: 4.4Kb)
The Examiner
04 Feb 2013
Rating for The Acoustic Basement Tour at The Space. 4 ... Honestly singer/songwriter material along with punk rock which is where all these artists have their roots has never been big on musical composition or guitar skills. However, what the music that comes out of the "punk tribe" as Koji so aptly termed it, is about the words ... Her tastes range from classical to pop punk ... Beyoncé and Destiny's Child rocked the Super Bowl halftime show ... ....(size: 8.4Kb)
The Inquisitr
04 Feb 2013
Cult musician Wilko Johnson is dying, but the rock and roll legend has vowed to make the most of however many days he has left ... Feelgood is seen as one of the most influential British bands, employing a style of R&B rock that would influence punk rock bands of the 1970s....(size: 2.8Kb)
Rollingstone
04 Feb 2013
Taking the title from Steve Carell's memorable line as Brick Tamland in Anchorman ... Related. Q&A; ... The Best Punk Rock Bands of All Time - Bad Brains. ....(size: 1.2Kb)
Zap2it
04 Feb 2013
Wilko Johnson has two separate careers, and is famous for both ... In Europe, though, he's likely more well-known as the guitarist of 1970s English punk rock band, Dr. Feelgood. Unfortunately, Johnson recently learned he likely has less than a year to live ... ....(size: 1.2Kb)
Seattle Post
04 Feb 2013
"Unknown Pleasures ... Still, in that limited window of time, the four 20-somethings from Britain's industrial north helped change the landscape of post-punk rock, exerting influence not only on contemporaries such as U2 and The Cure, but also playing a role in spurring the '80s-era alternative rock movement ... The pages ooze with tales of sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll, all told in the author's plain-spoken, if not coarse, style ... ___. Online.....(size: 3.2Kb)
Star Tribune
04 Feb 2013
"Unknown Pleasures ... Still, in that limited window of time, the four 20-somethings from Britain's industrial north helped change the landscape of post-punk rock, exerting influence not only on contemporaries such as U2 and The Cure, but also playing a role in spurring the `80s-era alternative rock movement ... The pages ooze with tales of sex, drugs and rock `n' roll, all told in the author's plain-spoken, if not coarse, style ... ___ ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
Skiddle
04 Feb 2013
FAC 251 The Factory, Manchester Thu 7th February 2013. A self-confessed conscientious objector to work as a youth, Steve and fellow Buzzcocks-to-be Pete Shelley and Howard Devoto rehearsed the band in three weeks to. Date. Thursday 7th February 2013. Venue. FAC 251 The Factory ». Location. Manchester ». Doors. 7.30pm til 11.00pm (last entry 11.00am). Short url. http.//skdl.it/WCGzZU. Buy tickets for this event. ... Accepted. ... Punk, Rock....(size: 2.5Kb)
Scoop
04 Feb 2013
Tuesday, 5 February 2013, 9.50 am. Press Release. Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy. Activist Husband of Pussy Riot Prisoner to Headline Geneva Rights Summit on Feb. 19, 2013 ... Performance artist Pyotr Verzilov, who has emerged as a de facto spokesman for the feminist punk rock group which dared to criticize Russian strongman Vladimir Putin, will be calling for the release of his wife and artistic collaborator ... His wife, Ms ... ENDS....(size: 3.4Kb)
The Examiner
04 Feb 2013
Pittsburgh girls have style and they do it on a budget! Whether they are still living in the city or bringing their style to another place, Pittsburgh girls know how to bargain hunt and look fabulous! Ashly, a 27 year-old receptionist from Tarentum talks about her style, her best bargain, and that dream purchase! ... Bohemian like punk rock and hippie ... Tweet. 0 Email ... Comments ... Beyoncé and Destiny's Child rocked the Super Bowl halftime show....(size: 7.2Kb)
This article is about the music genre. For the play of the same name, see Punk Rock (play).
Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed between 1974 and 1976 in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in garage rock and other forms of what is now known as protopunk music, punk rock bands eschewed perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock. Punk bands created fast, hard-edged music, typically with short songs, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic; many bands self-produced recordings and distributed them through informal channels.
By late 1976, bands such as the Ramones, in New York City, and the Sex Pistols and The Clash, in London, were recognized as the vanguard of a new musical movement. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, and it became a major cultural phenomenon in the United Kingdom. For the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment and a variety of anti-authoritarian ideologies.
By the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and Oi! had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a broad range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk and the alternative rock movement. By the turn of the century, pop punk had been adopted by the mainstream, as bands such as Green Day and The Offspring brought the genre widespread popularity.
Contents |
Characteristics[link]
Philosophy[link]
File:Ramones - Ramones cover.jpg
The Ramones' 1976 debut album laid down the musical "blueprint for punk",[1] while its cover image had a similarly formative influence on punk visual style.[2]
The first wave of punk rock aimed to be aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast and sentimentality of early 1970s rock.[3] According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, "In its initial form, a lot of [1960s] stuff was innovative and exciting. Unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere. By 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock 'n' roll."[4] John Holmstrom, founding editor of Punk magazine, recalls feeling "punk rock had to come along because the rock scene had become so tame that [acts] like Billy Joel and Simon and Garfunkel were being called rock and roll, when to me and other fans, rock and roll meant this wild and rebellious music."[5] In critic Robert Christgau's description, "It was also a subculture that scornfully rejected the political idealism and Californian flower-power silliness of hippie myth."[6] Patti Smith, in contrast, suggests in the documentary 25 Years of Punk that the hippies and the punk rockers were linked by a common anti-establishment mentality.
Throughout punk rock history, technical accessibility and a DIY spirit have been prized. In the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands.[7] Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion. According to Holmstrom, punk rock was "rock and roll by people who didn't have very much skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music".[5] In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published a now-famous illustration of three chords, captioned "This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. Now form a band."[8] The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, "Loud Fast Rules!", inscribed a catchphrase for punk's basic musical approach.[9]
Some of British punk rock's leading figures made a show of rejecting not only contemporary mainstream rock and the broader culture it was associated with, but their own most celebrated predecessors: "No Elvis, Beatles or the Rolling Stones in 1977", declared The Clash song "1977".[10] The previous year, when the punk rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural "Year Zero".[11] Even as nostalgia was discarded, many in the scene adopted a nihilistic attitude summed up by the Sex Pistols slogan "No Future";[3] in the later words of one observer, amid the unemployment and social unrest in 1977, "punk's nihilistic swagger was the most thrilling thing in England."[12] While "self-imposed alienation" was common among "drunk punks" and "gutter punks", there was always a tension between their nihilistic outlook and the "radical leftist utopianism"[13] of bands such as Crass, who found positive, liberating meaning in the movement. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummer's outlook, "Punk rock is meant to be our freedom. We're meant to be able to do what we want to do."[14]
The issue of authenticity is important in the punk subculture—the pejorative term "poseur" is applied to those who associate with punk and adopt its stylistic attributes but are deemed not to share or understand the underlying values and philosophy. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that "attaining authenticity in the punk identity can be difficult"; as the punk scene matured, he observes, eventually "everyone got called a poseur".[15]
Musical and lyrical elements[link]
Punk rock bands often emulate the bare musical structures and arrangements of 1960s garage rock.[16] Typical punk rock instrumentation includes one or two electric guitars, an electric bass, and a drum kit, along with vocals. Punk rock songs tend to be shorter than those of other popular genres—on the Ramones' debut album, for instance, half of the fourteen tracks are under two minutes long. Most early punk rock songs retained a traditional rock 'n' roll verse-chorus form and 4/4 time signature. However, punk rock bands in the movement's second wave and afterward have often broken from this format. In critic Steven Blush's description, "The Sex Pistols were still rock'n'roll...like the craziest version of Chuck Berry. Hardcore was a radical departure from that. It wasn't verse-chorus rock. It dispelled any notion of what songwriting is supposed to be. It's its own form."[17]
Punk rock vocals sometimes sound nasal,[18] and lyrics are often shouted instead of sung in a conventional sense, particularly in hardcore styles.[19] The vocal approach is characterized by a lack of variety; shifts in pitch, volume, or intonational style are relatively infrequent.[20] Complicated guitar solos are considered self-indulgent and unnecessary, although basic guitar breaks are common.[21] Guitar parts tend to include highly distorted power chords or barre chords, creating a characteristic sound described by Christgau as a "buzzsaw drone".[22] Some punk rock bands take a surf rock approach with a lighter, twangier guitar tone. Others, such as Robert Quine, lead guitarist of The Voidoids, have employed a wild, "gonzo" attack, a style that stretches back through The Velvet Underground to the 1950s recordings of Ike Turner.[23] Bass guitar lines are often uncomplicated; the quintessential approach is a relentless, repetitive "forced rhythm",[24] although some punk rock bass players—such as Mike Watt of The Minutemen and Firehose—emphasize more technical bass lines. Bassists often use a pick due to the rapid succession of notes, which makes fingerpicking impractical. Drums typically sound heavy and dry, and often have a minimal set-up. Compared to other forms of rock, syncopation is much less the rule.[25] Hardcore drumming tends to be especially fast.[19] Production tends to be minimalistic, with tracks sometimes laid down on home tape recorders[26] or simple four-track portastudios. The typical objective is to have the recording sound unmanipulated and "real", reflecting the commitment and "authenticity" of a live performance.[27] Punk recordings thus often have a lo-fi quality, with the sound left relatively unpolished in the mastering process; recordings may contain dialogue between band members, false starts, and background noise.
Punk rock lyrics are typically frank and confrontational; compared to the lyrics of other popular music genres, they frequently comment on social and political issues.[28] Trend-setting songs such as The Clash's "Career Opportunities" and Chelsea's "Right to Work" deal with unemployment and the grim realities of urban life.[29] Especially in early British punk, a central goal was to outrage and shock the mainstream.[30] The Sex Pistols classics "Anarchy in the U.K." and "God Save the Queen" openly disparage the British political system and social mores. There is also a characteristic strain of anti-sentimental depictions of relationships and sex, exemplified by "Love Comes in Spurts", written by Richard Hell and recorded by him with The Voidoids. Anomie, variously expressed in the poetic terms of Hell's "Blank Generation" and the bluntness of the Ramones' "Now I Wanna Sniff Some Glue", is a common theme. Identifying punk with such topics aligns with the view expressed by V. Vale, founder of San Francisco fanzine Search and Destroy: "Punk was a total cultural revolt. It was a hardcore confrontation with the black side of history and culture, right-wing imagery, sexual taboos, a delving into it that had never been done before by any generation in such a thorough way."[31] However, many punk rock lyrics deal in more traditional rock 'n' roll themes of courtship, heartbreak, and hanging out; the approach ranges from the deadpan, aggressive simplicity of Ramones standards such as "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend"[32] to the more unambiguously sincere style of many later pop punk groups.
Visual and other elements[link]
The classic punk rock look among male U.S. musicians harkens back to the T-shirt, motorcycle jacket, and jeans ensemble favored by American greasers of the 1950s associated with the rockabilly scene and by British rockers of the 1960s. The cover of the Ramones' 1976 debut album, featuring a shot of the band by Punk photographer Roberta Bayley, set forth the basic elements of a style that was soon widely emulated by rock musicians both punk and nonpunk.[2] Richard Hell's more androgynous, ragamuffin look—and reputed invention of the safety-pin aesthetic—was a major influence on Sex Pistols impresario Malcolm McLaren and, in turn, British punk style.[33][34] (John Morton of Cleveland's Electric Eels may have been the first rock musician to wear a safety-pin-covered jacket.)[35] McLaren's partner, fashion designer Vivienne Westwood, credits Johnny Rotten as the first British punk to rip his shirt, and Sex Pistols bassist Sid Vicious as the first to use safety pins.[36] Early female punk musicians displayed styles ranging from Siouxsie Sioux's bondage gear to Patti Smith's "straight-from-the-gutter androgyny".[37] The former proved much more influential on female fan styles.[38] Over time, tattoos, piercings, and metal-studded and -spiked accessories became increasingly common elements of punk fashion among both musicians and fans, a "style of adornment calculated to disturb and outrage".[39] The typical male punk haircut was originally short and choppy; the Mohawk later emerged as a characteristic style.[40] Those in hardcore scenes often adopt a skinhead look.
The characteristic stage performance style of male punk musicians does not deviate significantly from the macho postures classically associated with rock music.[41] Female punk musicians broke more clearly from earlier styles. Scholar John Strohm suggests that they did so by creating personas of a type conventionally seen as masculine: "They adopted a tough, unladylike pose that borrowed more from the macho swagger of sixties garage bands than from the calculated bad-girl image of bands like The Runaways."[37] Scholar Dave Laing describes how bassist Gaye Advert adopted fashion elements associated with male musicians only to generate a stage persona readily consumed as "sexy".[42] Laing focuses on more innovative and challenging performance styles, seen in the various erotically destabilizing approaches of Siouxsie Sioux, The Slits' Ari Up, and X-Ray Spex' Poly Styrene.[43]
The lack of emphatic syncopation led punk dance to "deviant" forms. The characteristic style was originally the pogo.[44] Sid Vicious, before he became the Sex Pistols' bassist, is credited with initiating the pogo in Britain as an attendee at one of their concerts.[45] Moshing is typical at hardcore shows. The lack of conventional dance rhythms was a central factor in limiting punk's mainstream commercial impact.[46]
Breaking down the distance between performer and audience is central to the punk ethic.[47] Fan participation at concerts is thus important; during the movement's first heyday, it was often provoked in an adversarial manner—apparently perverse, but appropriately "punk". First-wave British punk bands such as the Sex Pistols and The Damned insulted and otherwise goaded the audience into intense reactions. Laing has identified three primary forms of audience physical response to goading: can throwing, stage invasion, and spitting or "gobbing".[48] In the hardcore realm, stage invasion is often a prelude to stage diving. In addition to the numerous fans who have started or joined punk bands, audience members also become important participants via the scene's many amateur periodicals—in England, according to Laing, punk "was the first musical genre to spawn fanzines in any significant numbers".[49]
Pre-history[link]
Garage rock and mod[link]
For more details on this topic, see Garage rock and Mod (subculture).
In the early and mid-1960s, garage rock bands that came to be recognized as punk rock's progenitors began springing up in many different locations around North America. The Kingsmen, a garage band from Portland, Oregon, had a breakout hit with their 1963 cover of "Louie, Louie", cited as "punk rock's defining ur-text".[50] The minimalist sound of many garage rock bands was influenced by the harder-edged wing of the British Invasion. The Kinks' hit singles of 1964, "You Really Got Me" and "All Day and All of the Night", have been described as "predecessors of the whole three-chord genre—the Ramones' 1978 'I Don't Want You,' for instance, was pure Kinks-by-proxy".[51] In 1965, The Who quickly progressed from their debut single, "I Can't Explain", a virtual Kinks clone, to "My Generation". Though it had little impact on the American charts, The Who's mod anthem presaged a more cerebral mix of musical ferocity and rebellious posture that characterized much early British punk rock: John Reed describes The Clash's emergence as a "tight ball of energy with both an image and rhetoric reminiscent of a young Pete Townshend—speed obsession, pop-art clothing, art school ambition".[52] The Who and fellow mods The Small Faces were among the few rock elders acknowledged by the Sex Pistols.[53] By 1966, mod was already in decline. U.S. garage rock began to lose steam within a couple of years, but the raw sound and outsider attitude of "garage psych" bands like The Seeds presaged the style of bands that would become known as the archetypal figures of protopunk.[54]
Protopunk[link]
For more details on this topic, see Protopunk.
In 1969, debut albums by two Michigan-based bands appeared that are commonly regarded as the central protopunk records. In January, Detroit's MC5 released Kick Out the Jams. "Musically the group is intentionally crude and aggressively raw", wrote critic Lester Bangs in Rolling Stone:
Most of the songs are barely distinguishable from each other in their primitive two-chord structures. You've heard all this before from such notables as the Seeds, Blue Cheer, Question Mark and the Mysterians, and the Kingsmen. The difference here ... is in the hype, the thick overlay of teenage-revolution and total-energy-thing which conceals these scrapyard vistas of clichés and ugly noise. ... "I Want You Right Now" sounds exactly (down to the lyrics) like a song called "I Want You" by the Troggs, a British group who came on with a similar sex-and-raw-sound image a couple of years ago (remember "Wild Thing"?)[55]
That August, The Stooges, from Ann Arbor, premiered with a self-titled album. According to critic Greil Marcus, the band, led by singer Iggy Pop, created "the sound of Chuck Berry's Airmobile—after thieves stripped it for parts".[56] The album was produced by John Cale, a former member of New York's experimental rock group The Velvet Underground. Having earned a "reputation as the first underground rock band", The Velvet Underground inspired, directly or indirectly, many of those involved in the creation of punk rock.[57]
In the early 1970s, the New York Dolls updated the original wildness of 1950s rock 'n' roll in a fashion that later became known as glam punk.[58] The New York duo Suicide played spare, experimental music with a confrontational stage act inspired by that of The Stooges. At the Coventry club in the New York City borough of Queens, The Dictators used rock as a vehicle for wise-ass attitude and humor.[59] In Boston, The Modern Lovers, led by Velvet Underground devotee Jonathan Richman, gained attention with a minimalistic style. In 1974, an updated garage rock scene began to coalesce around the newly opened Rathskeller club in Kenmore Square. Among the leading acts were the Real Kids, founded by former Modern Lover John Felice; Willie Alexander and the Boom Boom Band, whose frontman had been a member of the Velvet Underground for a few months in 1971; and Mickey Clean and the Mezz.[60] In 1974, as well, the Detroit band Death—made up of three African-American brothers—recorded "scorching blasts of feral ur-punk", but couldn't arrange a release deal.[61] In Ohio, a small but influential underground rock scene emerged, led by Devo in Akron and Kent and by Cleveland's The Electric Eels, Mirrors and Rocket from the Tombs. In 1975, Rocket from the Tombs split into Pere Ubu and Frankenstein. The Electric Eels and Mirrors both broke up, and The Styrenes emerged from the fallout.[62]
Britain's Deviants, in the late 1960s, played in a range of psychedelic styles with a satiric, anarchic edge and a penchant for situationist-style spectacle presaging the Sex Pistols by almost a decade.[63] In 1970, the act evolved into the Pink Fairies, which carried on in a similar vein.[64] With his Ziggy Stardust persona, David Bowie made artifice and exaggeration central—elements, again, that were picked up by the Sex Pistols and certain other punk acts.[65] The Doctors of Madness built on Bowie's presentation concepts, while moving musically in the direction that would become identified with punk. Bands in London's pub rock scene stripped the music back to its basics, playing hard, R&B-influenced rock 'n' roll. By 1974, the scene's top act, Dr. Feelgood, was paving the way for others such as The Stranglers and Cock Sparrer that would play a role in the punk explosion. Among the pub rock bands that formed that year was The 101'ers, whose lead singer would soon adopt the name Joe Strummer.[66]
Bands anticipating the forthcoming movement were appearing as far afield as Düsseldorf, West Germany, where "punk before punk" band NEU! formed in 1971, building on the Krautrock tradition of groups such as Can.[67] In Japan, the anti-establishment Zunō Keisatsu (Brain Police) mixed garage psych and folk. The combo regularly faced censorship challenges, their live act at least once including onstage masturbation.[68] A new generation of Australian garage rock bands, inspired mainly by The Stooges and MC5, was coming even closer to the sound that would soon be called "punk": In Brisbane, The Saints also recalled the raw live sound of the British Pretty Things, who had made a notorious tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1965.[69] Radio Birdman, cofounded by Detroit expatriate Deniz Tek in 1974, was playing gigs to a small but fanatical following in Sydney.
Etymology[link]
From the late 16th through the 18th century, punk was a common, coarse synonym for prostitute; William Shakespeare used it with that meaning in The Merry Wives of Windsor (1602) and Measure for Measure (1623).[70] The term eventually came to describe "a young male hustler, a gangster, a hoodlum, or a ruffian".[71] As Legs McNeil explains, "On TV, if you watched cop shows, Kojak, Baretta, when the cops finally catch the mass murderer, they'd say, 'you dirty Punk.' It was what your teachers would call you. It meant that you were the lowest."[72] The first known use of the phrase punk rock appeared in the Chicago Tribune on March 22, 1970, attributed to Ed Sanders, cofounder of New York's anarcho-prankster band The Fugs. Sanders was quoted describing a solo album of his as "punk rock—redneck sentimentality".[73] In the December 1970 issue of Creem, Lester Bangs, mocking more mainstream rock musicians, ironically referred to Iggy Pop as "that Stooge punk".[74] Suicide's Alan Vega credits this usage with inspiring his duo to bill its gigs as a "punk mass" for the next couple of years.[75]
Dave Marsh was the first music critic to employ the term punk rock: In the May 1971 issue of Creem, he described ? and the Mysterians, one of the most popular 1960s garage rock acts, as giving a "landmark exposition of punk rock".[76] Later in 1971, in his fanzine Who Put the Bomp, Greg Shaw wrote about "what I have chosen to call 'punk rock' bands—white teenage hard rock of '64-66 (Standells, Kingsmen, Shadows of Knight, etc.)".[77] Lenny Kaye used the term "classic garage-punk," in reference to a song recorded in 1966 by The Shadows of Knight, in the liner notes of the anthology album Nuggets, released in 1972.[78] In June 1972, the fanzine Flash included a "Punk Top Ten" of 1960s albums.[79] By that December, the term was in circulation to the extent that The New Yorker's Ellen Willis, contrasting her own tastes with those of Flash and fellow critic Nick Tosches, wrote, "Punk-rock has become the favored term of endearment."[80] In February 1973, Terry Atkinson of the Los Angeles Times, reviewing the debut album by a hard rock band, Aerosmith, declared that it "achieves all that punk-rock bands strive for but most miss."[81] Three months later, Billy Altman launched the short-lived punk magazine.[82]
In May 1974, Los Angeles Times critic Robert Hilburn reviewed the second New York Dolls album, Too Much Too Soon. "I told ya the New York Dolls were the real thing", he wrote, describing the album as "perhaps the best example of raw, thumb-your-nose-at-the-world, punk rock since the Rolling Stones' Exile on Main Street."[83] Bassist Jeff Jensen of Boston's Real Kids reports of a show that year, "A reviewer for one of the free entertainment magazines of the time caught the act and gave us a great review, calling us a 'punk band.' ... [W]e all sort of looked at each other and said, 'What's punk?'"[84]
By 1975, punk was being used to describe acts as diverse as the Patti Smith Group, the Bay City Rollers, and Bruce Springsteen.[85] As the scene at New York's CBGB club attracted notice, a name was sought for the developing sound. Club owner Hilly Kristal called the movement "street rock"; John Holmstrom credits Aquarian magazine with using punk "to describe what was going on at CBGBs".[86] Holmstrom, McNeil, and Ged Dunn's magazine Punk, which debuted at the end of 1975, was crucial in codifying the term.[87] "It was pretty obvious that the word was getting very popular", Holmstrom later remarked. "We figured we'd take the name before anyone else claimed it. We wanted to get rid of the bullshit, strip it down to rock 'n' roll. We wanted the fun and liveliness back."[85]
Early history[link]
North America[link]
New York City[link]
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The original anthem of the punk scene, performed live by Television in 1974 or 1975, with Richard Hell on lead vocals. The verse, described by Gary Valentine Lachman as defying melody, yields to the chorus, "set to a descending pattern reminiscent of Peggy Lee's "Fever".[88] Tom Verlaine's virtuosic guitar style would lead the band away from what became the typical punk approach.[89]
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The origins of New York's punk rock scene can be traced back to such sources as late 1960s trash culture and an early 1970s underground rock movement centered on the Mercer Arts Center in Greenwich Village, where the New York Dolls performed.[90] In early 1974, a new scene began to develop around the CBGB club, also in lower Manhattan. At its core was Television, described by critic John Walker as "the ultimate garage band with pretensions".[91] Their influences ranged from the Velvet Underground to the staccato guitar work of Dr. Feelgood's Wilko Johnson.[92] The band's bassist/singer, Richard Hell, created a look with cropped, ragged hair, ripped T-shirts, and black leather jackets credited as the basis for punk rock visual style.[93] In April 1974, Patti Smith, a member of the Mercer Arts Center crowd and a friend of Hell's, came to CBGB for the first time to see the band perform.[94] A veteran of independent theater and performance poetry, Smith was developing an intellectual, feminist take on rock 'n' roll. On June 5, she recorded the single "Hey Joe"/"Piss Factory", featuring Television guitarist Tom Verlaine; released on her own Mer Records label, it heralded the scene's do it yourself (DIY) ethic and has often been cited as the first punk rock record.[95] By August, Smith and Television were gigging together at another downtown New York club, Max's Kansas City.[93]
Out in Forest Hills, Queens, several miles from lower Manhattan, the members of a newly formed band adopted a common surname. Drawing on sources ranging from the Stooges to The Beatles and The Beach Boys to Herman's Hermits and 1960s girl groups, the Ramones condensed rock 'n' roll to its primal level: "'1-2-3-4!' bass-player Dee Dee Ramone shouted at the start of every song, as if the group could barely master the rudiments of rhythm."[96] The band played its first gig at CBGB on August 16, 1974, on the same bill as another new act, Angel and the Snake, soon to be renamed Blondie.[97] By the end of the year, the Ramones had performed seventy-four shows, each about seventeen minutes long.[98] "When I first saw the Ramones", critic Mary Harron later remembered, "I couldn't believe people were doing this. The dumb brattiness."[99] The Dictators, with a similar "playing dumb" concept, were recording their debut album. The Dictators Go Girl Crazy! came out in March 1975, mixing absurdist originals such as "Master Race Rock" and loud, straight-faced covers of cheese pop like Sonny & Cher's "I Got You Babe".[100]
That spring, Smith and Television shared a two-month-long weekend residency at CBGB that significantly raised the club's profile.[101] The Television sets included Richard Hell's "Blank Generation", which became the scene's emblematic anthem.[102] Soon after, Hell left Television and founded a band featuring a more stripped-down sound, The Heartbreakers, with former New York Dolls Johnny Thunders and Jerry Nolan. The pairing of Hell and Thunders, in one critical assessment, "inject[ed] a poetic intelligence into mindless self-destruction".[33] A July festival at CBGB featuring over thirty new groups brought the scene its first substantial media coverage.[103] In August, Television—with Fred Smith, former Blondie bassist, replacing Hell—recorded a single, "Little Johnny Jewel", for the tiny Ork label. In the words of John Walker, the record was "a turning point for the whole New York scene" if not quite for the punk rock sound itself—Hell's departure had left the band "significantly reduced in fringe aggression".[91]
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Other bands were becoming regulars at CBGB, such as Mink DeVille and Talking Heads, which moved down from Rhode Island. More closely associated with Max's Kansas City were Suicide and the band led by drag queen Wayne County, another Mercer Arts Center alumna. The first album to come out of this downtown scene was released in November 1975: Smith's debut, Horses, produced by John Cale for the major Arista label.[105] The inaugural issue of Punk appeared in December.[106] The new magazine tied together earlier artists such as Velvet Underground lead singer Lou Reed, the Stooges, and the New York Dolls with the editors' favorite band, The Dictators, and the array of new acts centered around CBGB and Max's.[107] That winter, Pere Ubu came in from Cleveland and played at both spots.[108]
Early in 1976, Hell left The Heartbreakers; he soon formed a new group that would become known as The Voidoids, "one of the most harshly uncompromising bands" on the scene.[109] That April, the Ramones' debut album was released by Sire Records; the first single was "Blitzkrieg Bop", opening with the rally cry "Hey! Ho! Let's go!" According to a later description, "Like all cultural watersheds, Ramones was embraced by a discerning few and slagged off as a bad joke by the uncomprehending majority."[110] At the instigation of Ramones lead singer Joey Ramone, the members of Cleveland's Frankenstein moved east to join the New York scene. Reconstituted as the Dead Boys, they played their first CBGB gig in late July.[111] In August, Ork put out an EP recorded by Hell with his new band that included the first released version of "Blank Generation".[112]
The term punk initially referred to the scene in general, rather than a particular sound—the early New York punk bands represented a broad variety of influences. Among them, the Ramones, The Heartbreakers, Richard Hell and The Voidoids, and the Dead Boys were establishing a distinct musical style. Even where they diverged most clearly, in lyrical approach—the Ramones' apparent guilelessness at one extreme, Hell's conscious craft at the other—there was an abrasive attitude in common. Their shared attributes of minimalism and speed, however, had not yet come to define punk rock.[113]
Other U.S. cities[link]
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With what music historian Clinton Heylin described as the "most brutal guitar sound this side of The Stooges",[114] Crime self-released the first single by a West Coast punk band, two songs (the B-side was "Baby, You're So Repulsive") in a style likened to "revved up, distorted Chuck Berry".[115]
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In 1975, the Suicide Commandos formed in Minneapolis. They were one of the first U.S. bands outside of New York to play in the Ramones-style harder-louder-faster mode that would define punk rock.[116] Detroit's Death self-released one of their 1974 recordings, "Politicians in My Eyes", in 1976.[61] As the punk movement expanded rapidly in the United Kingdom that year, a few bands with similar tastes and attitude appeared around the United States. The first West Coast punk scenes emerged in San Francisco, with the bands Crime and The Nuns,[117] and Seattle, where the Telepaths, Meyce, and The Tupperwares played a groundbreaking show on May 1.[118] Rock critic Richard Meltzer cofounded VOM (short for "vomit") in Los Angeles. In Washington, D.C., raucous roots-rockers The Razz helped along a nascent punk scene featuring Overkill, the Slickee Boys, and The Look. Around the turn of the year, White Boy began giving notoriously crazed performances.[119] In Boston, the scene at the Rathskeller—affectionately known as the Rat—was also turning toward punk, though the defining sound retained a distinct garage rock orientation. Among the city's first new acts to be identified with punk rock was DMZ.[120] In Bloomington, Indiana, The Gizmos played in a jokey, raunchy, Dictators-inspired style later referred to as "frat punk".[121]
Like their garage rock predecessors, these local scenes were facilitated by enthusiastic impresarios who operated nightclubs or organized concerts in venues such as schools, garages, or warehouses, advertised via inexpensively printed flyers and fanzines. In some cases, punk's do it yourself ethic reflected an aversion to commercial success, as well as a desire to maintain creative and financial autonomy.[122] As Joe Harvard, a participant in the Boston scene, describes, it was often a simple necessity—the absence of a local recording industry and well-distributed music magazines left little recourse but DIY.[123]
Australia[link]
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Sounds magazine in Britain found "(I'm) Stranded" "so bloody incredible" it provided readers the Australian address from which they could mail order it.[124] Ed Kuepper's "sheet-metal guitar sets the breakneck tempo", while lead singer Chris Bailey "howl[s] into the gale."[125] Its DIY sound was later described as "crud-encrusted", praise in the punk milieu.[126]
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At the same time, a similar music-based subculture was beginning to take shape in various parts of Australia. A scene was developing around Radio Birdman and its main performance venue, the Oxford Tavern (later the Oxford Funhouse), located in Sydney's Darlinghurst suburb. In December 1975, the group won the RAM (Rock Australia Magazine)/Levi's Punk Band Thriller competition.[127] By 1976, The Saints were hiring Brisbane local halls to use as venues, or playing in "Club 76", their shared house in the inner suburb of Petrie Terrace. The band soon discovered that musicians were exploring similar paths in other parts of the world. Ed Kuepper, coleader of The Saints, later recalled:
One thing I remember having had a really depressing effect on me was the first Ramones album. When I heard it [in 1976], I mean it was a great record ... but I hated it because I knew we’d been doing this sort of stuff for years. There was even a chord progression on that album that we used ... and I thought, "Fuck. We’re going to be labeled as influenced by the Ramones", when nothing could have been further from the truth.[128]
On the other side of Australia, in Perth, germinal punk rock act the Cheap Nasties, featuring singer-guitarist Kim Salmon, formed in August.[129] In September 1976, The Saints became the first punk rock band outside the U.S. to release a recording, the single "(I'm) Stranded". As with Patti Smith's debut, the band self-financed, packaged, and distributed the single.[130] "(I'm) Stranded" had limited impact at home, but the British music press recognized it as a groundbreaking record.[131] At the insistence of their superiors in the UK, EMI Australia signed The Saints. Meanwhile, Radio Birdman came out with a self-financed EP, Burn My Eye, in October.[132] Trouser Press critic Ian McCaleb later described the record as the "archetype for the musical explosion that was about to occur".[133]
United Kingdom[link]
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With its "inflammatory, venomous lyrics [and] crude energy", the Sex Pistols' debut single "established punk's modus operandi".[134] Producer Chris Thomas layered multiple tracks of Steve Jones's guitar to create a "searing wall of sound",[135] while Johnny Rotten spewed the vocals "as if his teeth had been ground down to points."[136]
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After a brief period unofficially managing the New York Dolls, Englishman Malcolm McLaren returned to London in May 1975, inspired by the new scene he had witnessed at CBGB. The Kings Road clothing store he co-owned, recently renamed Sex, was building a reputation with its outrageous "anti-fashion".[137] Among those who frequented the shop were members of a band called The Strand, which McLaren had also been managing. In August, the group was seeking a new lead singer. Another Sex habitué, Johnny Rotten, auditioned for and won the job. Adopting a new name, the group played its first gig as the Sex Pistols on November 6, 1975, at St. Martin's School of Art[138] and soon attracted a small but ardent following.[139] In February 1976, the band received its first significant press coverage; guitarist Steve Jones declared that the Sex Pistols were not so much into music as they were "chaos".[140] The band often provoked its crowds into near-riots. Rotten announced to one audience, "Bet you don't hate us as much as we hate you!"[141] McLaren envisioned the Sex Pistols as central players in a new youth movement, "hard and tough".[142] As described by critic Jon Savage, the band members "embodied an attitude into which McLaren fed a new set of references: late-sixties radical politics, sexual fetish material, pop history,...youth sociology".[143]
Bernard Rhodes, a sometime associate of McLaren's and friend of the Sex Pistols', was similarly aiming to make stars of the band London SS. Early in 1976, London SS broke up before ever performing publicly, spinning off two new bands: The Damned and The Clash, which was joined by Joe Strummer, former lead singer of The 101'ers.[144] On June 4, 1976, the Sex Pistols played Manchester's Lesser Free Trade Hall in what came to be regarded as one of the most influential rock shows ever. Among the approximately forty audience members were the two locals who organized the gig—they had formed the Buzzcocks after seeing the Sex Pistols in February. Others in the small crowd went on to form Joy Division, The Fall, and—in the 1980s—The Smiths.[145]
In July, the Ramones crossed the Atlantic for two London shows that helped spark the nascent UK punk scene and affected its musical style—"instantly nearly every band speeded up".[146] On July 4, they played with the Flamin' Groovies and The Stranglers before a crowd of 2,000 at the Roundhouse.[147] That same night, The Clash debuted, opening for the Sex Pistols in Sheffield. On July 5, members of both bands attended a Ramones club gig.[148] The following night, The Damned played their first show, as a Pistols opening act in London. In critic Kurt Loder's description, the Sex Pistols purveyed a "calculated, arty nihilism, [while] the Clash were unabashed idealists, proponents of a radical left-wing social critique of a sort that reached back at least to ... Woody Guthrie in the 1940s".[149] The Damned built a reputation as "punk's party boys".[150] This London scene's first fanzine appeared a week later. Its title, Sniffin' Glue, derived from a Ramones song. Its subtitle affirmed the connection with what was happening in New York: "+ Other Rock 'n' Roll Habits for Punks!"[151]
Another Sex Pistols gig in Manchester on July 20, with a reorganized version of the Buzzcocks debuting in support, gave further impetus to the scene there.[152] In August, the self-described "First European Punk Rock Festival" was held in Mont de Marsan in the southwest of France. Eddie and the Hot Rods, a London pub rock group, headlined. The Sex Pistols, originally scheduled to play, were dropped by the organizers who said the band had gone "too far" in demanding top billing and certain amenities; The Clash backed out in solidarity. The only band from the new punk movement to appear was The Damned.[153]
Over the next several months, many new punk rock bands formed, often directly inspired by the Sex Pistols.[154] In London, women were near the center of the scene—among the initial wave of bands were the female-fronted Siouxsie and the Banshees and X-Ray Spex and the all-female The Slits. There were female bassists Gaye Advert in The Adverts and Shanne Bradley in The Nipple Erectors. Other groups included Subway Sect, Eater, The Subversives, the aptly named London, and Chelsea, which soon spun off Generation X. Farther afield, Sham 69 began practicing in the southeastern town of Hersham. In Durham, there was Penetration, with lead singer Pauline Murray. On September 20–21, the 100 Club Punk Festival in London featured the four primary British groups (London's big three and the Buzzcocks), as well as Paris's female-fronted Stinky Toys, arguably the first punk rock band from a non-Anglophone country. Siouxsie and the Banshees and Subway Sect debuted on the festival's first night; that same evening, Eater debuted in Manchester.[155] On the festival's second night, audience member Sid Vicious was arrested, charged with throwing a glass at The Damned that shattered and destroyed a girl's eye. Press coverage of the incident fueled punk's reputation as a social menace.[156]
File:AnarchyInTheUKPoster.jpg
The Sex Pistols' "Anarchy in the U.K." poster—a ripped and safety-pinned Union Flag.[157] Jamie Reid's work had a major influence on punk style and contemporary graphic design in general.[158]
Some new bands, such as London's Alternative TV, Edinburgh's Rezillos, and Leamington's The Shapes, identified with the scene even as they pursued more experimental music. Others of a comparatively traditional rock 'n' roll bent were also swept up by the movement: The Vibrators, formed as a pub rock–style act in February 1976, soon adopted a punk look and sound.[159] A few even longer-active bands including Surrey neo-mods The Jam and pub rockers The Stranglers and Cock Sparrer also became associated with the punk rock scene. Alongside the musical roots shared with their American counterparts and the calculated confrontationalism of the early Who, the British punks also reflected the influence of glam rock and related bands such as Slade, T.Rex, and Roxy Music.[160] One of the groups openly acknowledging that influence were The Undertones, from Derry in Northern Ireland.[161] Another punk band formed to the south, Dublin's The Radiators from Space.
In October, The Damned became the first UK punk rock band to release a single, the romance-themed "New Rose".[162] The Vibrators followed the next month with "We Vibrate" and, backing long-time rocker Chris Spedding, "Pogo Dancing". The latter was hardly a punk song by any stretch, but it was perhaps the first song about punk rock. On 26 November, the Sex Pistols' "Anarchy in the U.K." came out—with its debut single the band succeeded in its goal of becoming a "national scandal".[163] Jamie Reid's "anarchy flag" poster and his other design work for the Sex Pistols helped establish a distinctive punk visual aesthetic.[158] On December 1, an incident took place that sealed punk rock's notorious reputation: On Thames Today, an early evening London TV show, Sex Pistols guitarist Steve Jones was goaded into a verbal altercation by the host, Bill Grundy. Jones called Grundy a "dirty fucker" on live television, triggering a media controversy.[164] Two days later, the Sex Pistols, The Clash, The Damned, and The Heartbreakers set out on the Anarchy Tour, a series of gigs throughout the UK. Many of the shows were cancelled by venue owners in response to the media outrage following the Grundy confrontation.[165]
Second wave[link]
By 1977, a second wave of the punk rock movement was breaking in the three countries where it had emerged, as well as in many other places. Bands from the same scenes often sounded very different from each other, reflecting the eclectic state of punk music during the era.[166] While punk rock remained largely an underground phenomenon in North America, Australia, and the new spots where it was emerging, in the UK it briefly became a major sensation.[167]
North America[link]
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As inchoate as its name suggests, The Germs' "Forming" was the first L.A. punk record[168] and pointed directly toward the hardcore sound that would soon emerge.[169] The teenagers' performance has been described both as a signal example of punk incompetence[170] and as "bringing monotony to new heights".[171]
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The California punk scene was in full swing by early 1977. In Los Angeles, there were The Weirdos, The Zeros, Black Randy and the Metrosquad, The Germs, X, The Dickies, The Bags, and the relocated Tupperwares, now dubbed The Screamers.[172] San Francisco's second wave included The Avengers, Negative Trend, The Mutants, and The Sleepers.[173] The Dils, from Carlsbad, moved between the two major cities.[174] The Wipers formed in Portland, Oregon. In Seattle, there was The Lewd.[175] Often sharing gigs with the Seattle punks were bands from across the Canadian border. A major scene developed in Vancouver, spearheaded by the Furies and Victoria's all-female Dee Dee and the Dishrags.[175] The Skulls spun off into D.O.A. and The Subhumans. The K-Tels (later known as the Young Canadians) and Pointed Sticks were among the area's other leading punk acts.[176]
In eastern Canada, the Toronto protopunk band Dishes had laid the groundwork for another sizable scene,[177] and a September 1976 concert by the touring Ramones had catalyzed the movement. Early Ontario punk bands included The Diodes, The Viletones, The Battered Wives, The Demics, Forgotten Rebels, Teenage Head, The Poles, and The Ugly. Along with the Dishrags, Toronto's The Curse and B Girls were North America's first all-female punk acts.[178] In July 1977, the Viletones, Diodes, Curse, and Teenage Head headed down to New York City to play "Canada night" at CBGB.[179]
By mid-1977 in downtown New York, punk rock was already ceding its cutting-edge status to the anarchic sound of Teenage Jesus and the Jerks and Mars, spearheads of what became known as No Wave,[180] although several original punk bands continued to perform and new ones emerged on the scene. The Cramps, whose core members were from Sacramento by way of Akron, had debuted at CBGB in November 1976, opening for the Dead Boys. They were soon playing regularly at Max's Kansas City.[181] The Misfits formed in nearby New Jersey. Still developing what would become their signature B movie–inspired style, later dubbed horror punk, they made their first appearance at CBGB in April 1977.[182]
Leave Home, the Ramones' second album, had come out in January.[183] The Dead Boys' debut LP, Young, Loud and Snotty, was released at the end of August.[184] October saw two more debut albums from the scene: Richard Hell and The Voidoids' first full-length, Blank Generation, and the Heartbreakers' L.A.M.F.[185] One track on the latter exemplified both the scene's close-knit character and the popularity of heroin within it: "Chinese Rocks"—the title refers to a strong form of the drug—was written by Dee Dee Ramone and Hell, both users, as were the Heartbreakers' Thunders and Nolan.[186] (During the Heartbreakers' 1976 and 1977 tours of Britain, Thunders played a central role in popularizing heroin among the punk crowd there, as well.)[187] The Ramones' third album, Rocket to Russia, appeared in November 1977.[188]
The Ohio protopunk bands were joined by Cleveland's The Pagans,[189] Akron's Bizarros and Rubber City Rebels, and Kent's Human Switchboard. Bloomington, Indiana, had MX-80 Sound and Detroit had The Sillies. The Suburbs came together in the Twin Cities scene sparked by the Suicide Commandos. The Feederz formed in Arizona. Atlanta had The Fans. In North Carolina, there was Chapel Hill's H-Bombs and Raleigh's Th' Cigaretz.[190] The Chicago scene began not with a band but with a group of DJs transforming a gay bar, La Mere Vipere, into what became known as America's first punk dance club. Tutu and the Pirates and Silver Abuse were among the city's first punk bands.[191] In Boston, the scene at the Rat was joined by the Nervous Eaters, Thrills, and Human Sexual Response.[190][192] In Washington, D.C., the Controls played their first gig in spring 1977, but the city's second wave really broke the following year with acts such as Urban Verbs, Half Japanese, D'Chumps, Rudements and Shirkers.[193] By early 1978, the D.C. jazz-fusion group Mind Power had transformed into Bad Brains, one of the first bands to be identified with hardcore punk.[190][194]
United Kingdom[link]
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X-Ray Spex' debut single, an antimaterialistic anthem considered "one of punk rock's defining moments."[195] As Lora Logic's saxophone "serrate[s] right through the ubiquitous guitar-buzzsaw",[196] Poly Styrene sings "in a voice somewhere between that of a wailing baby and that of a banshee".[197]
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The Sex Pistols' live TV skirmish with Bill Grundy was the signal moment in British punk's transformation into a major media phenomenon, even as some stores refused to stock the records and radio airplay was hard to come by.[198] Press coverage of punk misbehavior grew intense: On January 4, 1977, the Evening News of London ran a front-page story on how the Sex Pistols "vomited and spat their way to an Amsterdam flight".[199] In February 1977, the first album by a British punk band appeared: Damned Damned Damned (by the Damned) reached number thirty-six on the UK chart. The EP Spiral Scratch, self-released by Manchester's Buzzcocks, was a benchmark for both the DIY ethic and regionalism in the country's punk movement.[200] The Clash's self-titled debut album came out two months later and rose to number twelve; the single "White Riot" entered the top forty. In May, the Sex Pistols achieved new heights of controversy (and number two on the singles chart) with "God Save the Queen". The band had recently acquired a new bassist, Sid Vicious, who was seen as exemplifying the punk persona.[201]
Scores of new punk groups formed around the United Kingdom, as far from London as Belfast's Stiff Little Fingers and Dunfermline, Scotland's The Skids. Though most survived only briefly, perhaps recording a small-label single or two, others set off new trends. Crass, from Essex, merged a vehement, straight-ahead punk rock style with a committed anarchist mission. Sham 69, London's Menace, and the Angelic Upstarts from South Shields in the Northeast combined a similarly stripped-down sound with populist lyrics, a style that became known as streetpunk. These expressly working-class bands contrasted with others in the second wave that presaged the post-punk phenomenon. Liverpool's first punk group, Big in Japan, moved in a glam, theatrical direction.[202] The band didn't survive long, but it spun off several well-known post-punk acts.[203] The songs of London's Wire were characterized by sophisticated lyrics, minimalist arrangements, and extreme brevity.[204] By the end of 1977, according to music historian Clinton Heylin, they were "England's arch-exponents of New Musick, and the true heralds of what came next."[205]
Alongside thirteen original songs that would define classic punk rock, The Clash's debut had included a cover of the recent Jamaican reggae hit "Police and Thieves".[207] Other first wave bands such as The Slits and new entrants to the scene like The Ruts and The Police interacted with the reggae and ska subcultures, incorporating their rhythms and production styles. The punk rock phenomenon helped spark a full-fledged ska revival movement known as 2 Tone, centered around bands such as The Specials, The Beat, Madness, and The Selecter.[208]
June 1977 saw the release of another charting punk album: The Vibrators' Pure Mania. In July, the Sex Pistols' third single, "Pretty Vacant", reached number six and The Saints had a top-forty hit with "This Perfect Day". Recently arrived from Australia, the band was now considered insufficiently "cool" to qualify as punk by much of the British media, though they had been playing a similar brand of music for years.[209] In August, The Adverts entered the top twenty with "Gary Gilmore's Eyes". As punk became a broad-based national phenomenon in the summer of 1977, punk musicians and fans were increasingly subject to violent assaults by Teddy boys, football yobbos, and others. A Ted-aligned band recorded "The Punk Bashing Boogie".[210]
In September, Generation X and The Clash reached the top forty with, respectively, "Your Generation" and "Complete Control". X-Ray Spex' "Oh Bondage Up Yours!" didn't chart, but it became a requisite item for punk fans.[211] In October, the Sex Pistols hit number eight with "Holidays in the Sun", followed by the release of their first and only "official" album, Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols. Inspiring yet another round of controversy, it topped the British charts. In December, one of the first books about punk rock was published: The Boy Looked at Johnny, by Julie Burchill and Tony Parsons.[212] Declaring the punk rock movement to be already over, it was subtitled The Obituary of Rock and Roll. In January 1978, the Sex Pistols broke up while on American tour.
Australia[link]
In February 1977, EMI released The Saints' debut album, (I'm) Stranded, which the band recorded in two days.[213] The Saints had relocated to Sydney; in April, they and Radio Birdman united for a major gig at Paddington Town Hall.[214] Last Words had also formed in the city. The following month, The Saints relocated again, to Great Britain. In June, Radio Birdman released the album Radios Appear on its own Trafalgar label.[132]
The Victims became a short-lived leader of the Perth scene, self-releasing the classic "Television Addict". They were joined by The Scientists, Kim Salmon's successor band to the Cheap Nasties. Among the other bands constituting Australia's second wave were Johnny Dole & The Scabs, the Hellcats, and Psychosurgeons (later known as the Lipstick Killers) in Sydney;[215] The Leftovers, The Survivors, and Razar in Brisbane;[216] and La Femme, The Negatives, and The Babeez (later known as The News) in Melbourne.[217] Melbourne's art rock–influenced Boys Next Door featured singer Nick Cave, who would become one of the world's best-known post-punk artists.[218]
Rest of the world[link]
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With its "near motorik beat ... gruff guitar riffs, shouted lyrics, and the occasionally swooping synth line", Métal Urbain's debut single is one of the earliest examples anywhere of a style that would become identified with post-punk.[219]
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Meanwhile, punk rock scenes were emerging around the globe. In France, les punks, a Parisian subculture of Lou Reed fans, had already been around for years.[220] Following the lead of Stinky Toys, Métal Urbain played its first concert in December 1976.[221] In August 1977, Asphalt Jungle played at the second Mont de Marsan punk festival.[222] Stinky Toys' debut single, "Boozy Creed", came out in September. It was perhaps the first non-English-language punk rock record, though as music historian George Gimarc notes, the punk enunciation made that distinction somewhat moot.[223] The following month, Métal Urbain's first 45, "Panik", appeared.[224] After the release of their minimalist punk debut, "Rien à dire", Marie et les Garçons became involved in New York's mutant disco scene.[225] Asphalt Jungle's "Deconnection" and Gasoline's "Killer Man" also came out before the end of the year, and other French punk acts such as Oberkampf and Starshooter soon formed.[226]
Nineteen seventy-seven also saw the debut album from Hamburg's Big Balls and the Great White Idiot, arguably West Germany's first punk band.[227] Other early German punk acts included the Fred Banana Combo and Pack. Bands primarily inspired by British punk sparked what became known as the Neue Deutsche Welle (NDW) movement. Vanguard NDW acts such as the Nina Hagen Band and S.Y.P.H. featured strident vocals and an emphasis on provocation.[228] Before turning in a mainstream direction in the 1980s, NDW attracted a politically conscious and diverse audience, including both participants of the left-wing alternative scene and neo-Nazi skinheads. These opposing factions were mutually attracted by a view of punk rock as "politically as well as musically...'against the system'."[228]
Briard jump-started Finnish punk with its 1977 single "I Really Hate Ya"/"I Want Ya Back";[229] other early Finnish punk acts included Eppu Normaali and singer Pelle Miljoona. In Yugoslavia, punk rock acts emerged in Croatia (Prljavo kazalište, Paraf), Slovenia (Pankrti), and Serbia (Pekinška patka). In Japan, a punk movement developed around bands playing in an art/noise style such as Friction, and "psych punk" acts like Gaseneta and Kadotani Michio.[230] In New Zealand, Auckland's Scavengers and Suburban Reptiles were followed by The Enemy of Dunedin.[190] In Brazil, punk first came to prominence in Brasília, the capital, with the bands Aborto Elétrico and Dado e o Reino Animal.[231] Punk rock scenes also grew in other countries such as Belgium (The Kids, Chainsaw),[232] the Netherlands (The Suzannes, The Ex),[233] Spain (La Banda Trapera Del Río, Kaka De Luxe),[234] Sweden (Ebba Grön, KSMB),[235] and Switzerland (Nasal Boys, Kleenex).[236]
Schism and diversification[link]
By 1979, the hardcore punk movement was emerging in Southern California. A rivalry developed between adherents of the new sound and the older punk rock crowd. Hardcore, appealing to a younger, more suburban audience, was perceived by some as anti-intellectual, overly violent, and musically limited. In Los Angeles, the opposing factions were often described as "Hollywood punks" and "beach punks", referring to Hollywood's central position in the original L.A. punk rock scene and to hardcore's popularity in the shoreline communities of South Bay and Orange County.[237]
As hardcore became the dominant punk rock style, many bands of the older California punk rock movement split up, although X went on to mainstream success and The Go-Go's, part of the Hollywood punk scene when they formed in 1978, adopted a pop sound and became major stars.[238] Across North America, many other first and second wave punk bands also dissolved, while younger musicians inspired by the movement explored new variations on punk. Some early punk bands transformed into hardcore acts. A few, most notably the Ramones, Richard Hell and The Voidoids, and Johnny Thunders and The Heartbreakers, continued to pursue the style they had helped create. Crossing the lines between "classic" punk, post-punk, and hardcore, San Francisco's Flipper was founded in 1979 by former members of Negative Trend and The Sleepers.[239] They became "the reigning kings of American underground rock, for a few years".[240]
Radio Birdman broke up in June 1978 while touring the UK,[132] where the early unity between bohemian, middle-class punks (many with art school backgrounds) and working-class punks had disintegrated.[241] In contrast to North America, more of the bands from the original British punk movement remained active, sustaining extended careers even as their styles evolved and diverged. Meanwhile, the Oi! and anarcho-punk movements were emerging. Musically in the same aggressive vein as American hardcore, they addressed different constituencies with overlapping but distinct anti-establishment messages. As described by Dave Laing, "The model for self-proclaimed punk after 1978 derived from the Ramones via the eight-to-the-bar rhythms most characteristic of The Vibrators and Clash. ... It became essential to sound one particular way to be recognized as a 'punk band' now."[242] In February 1979, former Sex Pistols bassist Sid Vicious died of a heroin overdose in New York. If the Sex Pistols' breakup the previous year had marked the end of the original UK punk scene and its promise of cultural transformation, for many the death of Vicious signified that it had been doomed from the start.[243]
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The title track of The Clash's 1979 double album was the band's biggest UK hit on first release.[244] The atmospheric production gives it a "grandeur rarely heard on punk records."[245] Joe Strummer wanted it mixed to "sound like a foggy morning on the River Thames."[246] The guitar chords on the second and fourth beats in the verse nod toward reggae.[245]
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By the turn of the decade, the punk rock movement had split deeply along cultural and musical lines, leaving a variety of derivative scenes and forms. On one side were New Wave and post-punk artists; some adopted more accessible musical styles and gained broad popularity, while some turned in more experimental, less commercial directions. On the other side, hardcore punk, Oi!, and anarcho-punk bands became closely linked with underground cultures and spun off an array of subgenres.[247] Somewhere in between, pop punk groups created blends like that of the ideal record, as defined by Mekons cofounder Kevin Lycett: "a cross between Abba and the Sex Pistols".[248] A range of other styles emerged, many of them fusions with long-established genres. The Clash album London Calling, released in December 1979, exemplified the breadth of classic punk's legacy. Combining punk rock with reggae, ska, R&B, and rockabilly, it went on to be acclaimed as one of the best rock records ever.[249] At the same time, as observed by Flipper singer Bruce Loose, the relatively restrictive hardcore scenes diminished the variety of music that could once be heard at many punk gigs.[166] If early punk, like most rock scenes, was ultimately male-oriented, the hardcore and Oi! scenes were significantly more so, marked in part by the slam dancing and moshing with which they became identified.[250]
New Wave[link]
For more details on this topic, see New Wave music.
In 1976—first in London, then in the United States—"New Wave" was introduced as a complementary label for the formative scenes and groups also known as "punk"; the two terms were essentially interchangeable.[251] NME journalist Roy Carr is credited with proposing the term's use (adopted from the cinematic French New Wave of the 1960s) in this context.[252] Over time, "New Wave" acquired a distinct meaning: Bands such as Blondie and Talking Heads from the CBGB scene; The Cars, who emerged from the Rat in Boston; The Go-Go's in Los Angeles; and The Police in London that were broadening their instrumental palette, incorporating dance-oriented rhythms, and working with more polished production were specifically designated "New Wave" and no longer called "punk". Dave Laing suggests that some punk-identified British acts pursued the New Wave label in order to avoid radio censorship and make themselves more palatable to concert bookers.[253]
Bringing elements of punk rock music and fashion into more pop-oriented, less "dangerous" styles, New Wave artists became very popular on both sides of the Atlantic.[254] New Wave became a catch-all term,[255] encompassing disparate styles such as 2 Tone ska, the mod revival inspired by The Jam, the sophisticated pop-rock of Elvis Costello and XTC, the New Romantic phenomenon typified by Ultravox, synthpop groups like Tubeway Army (which had started out as a straight-ahead punk band) and Human League, and the sui generis subversions of Devo, who had gone "beyond punk before punk even properly existed".[256] New Wave became a pop culture sensation with the debut of the cable television network MTV in 1981, which put many New Wave videos into regular rotation. However, the music was often derided at the time as being silly and disposable.[257]
Post-punk[link]
For more details on this topic, see Post-punk.
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The Fall's 1980 ode to amphetamines.[258] With its "taut, twitchy, dissonant music and Mark E. Smith tunelessly screaming", writes Toby Creswell, it "mostly resembles the Legendary Stardust Cowboy's 'Paralysed' for its live feel and sense of abandon...like a New Wave record played badly rather than a punk record played well."[259]
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During 1976–77, in the midst of the original UK punk movement, bands emerged such as Manchester's Joy Division, The Fall, and Magazine, Leeds' Gang of Four, and London's The Raincoats that became central post-punk figures. Some bands classified as post-punk, such as Throbbing Gristle and Cabaret Voltaire, had been active well before the punk scene coalesced;[260] others, such as The Slits and Siouxsie and the Banshees, transitioned from punk rock into post-punk. A few months after the Sex Pistols' breakup, John Lydon (no longer "Rotten") cofounded Public Image Ltd. Lora Logic, formerly of X-Ray Spex, founded Essential Logic. Killing Joke formed in 1979. These bands were often musically experimental, like certain New Wave acts; defining them as "post-punk" was a sound that tended to be less pop and more dark and abrasive—sometimes verging on the atonal, as with Subway Sect and Wire—and an anti-establishment posture directly related to punk's. Post-punk reflected a range of art rock influences from Captain Beefheart to David Bowie and Roxy Music to Krautrock and, once again, the Velvet Underground.[11]
Post-punk brought together a new fraternity of musicians, journalists, managers, and entrepreneurs; the latter, notably Geoff Travis of Rough Trade and Tony Wilson of Factory, helped to develop the production and distribution infrastructure of the indie music scene that blossomed in the mid-1980s.[261] Smoothing the edges of their style in the direction of New Wave, several post-punk bands such as New Order (descended from Joy Division), The Cure, and U2 crossed over to a mainstream U.S. audience. Bauhaus was one of the formative gothic rock bands. Others, like Gang of Four, The Raincoats and Throbbing Gristle, who had little more than cult followings at the time, are seen in retrospect as significant influences on modern popular culture.[262]
A number of U.S. artists were retrospectively defined as post-punk; Television's debut album Marquee Moon, released in 1977, is frequently cited as a seminal album in the field.[263] The No Wave movement that developed in New York in the late 1970s, with artists such as Lydia Lunch and James Chance, is often treated as the phenomenon's U.S. parallel.[264] The later work of Ohio protopunk pioneers Pere Ubu is also commonly described as post-punk.[265] One of the most influential American post-punk bands was Boston's Mission of Burma, who brought abrupt rhythmic shifts derived from hardcore into a highly experimental musical context.[266] In 1980, Australia's Boys Next Door moved to London and changed their name to The Birthday Party, which evolved into Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. Led by the Primitive Calculators, Melbourne's Little Band scene would further explore the possibilities of post-punk.[267] Later alternative rock musicians found diverse inspiration among these post-punk predecessors, as they did among their New Wave contemporaries.[268]
Hardcore[link]
For more details on this topic, see Hardcore punk.
A distinctive style of punk, characterized by superfast, aggressive beats, screaming vocals, and often politically aware lyrics, began to emerge in 1978 among bands scattered around the United States and Canada. The first major scene of what came to be known as hardcore punk developed in Southern California in 1978–79,[269] initially around such punk bands as The Germs and Fear.[270] The movement soon spread around North America and internationally.[271][272][273] According to author Steven Blush, "Hardcore comes from the bleak suburbs of America. Parents moved their kids out of the cities to these horrible suburbs to save them from the 'reality' of the cities and what they ended up with was this new breed of monster".[17]
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Bad Brains' debut single, "Pay to Cum" (1980), typifying the band's "high-speed playing, rapid-fire lyrics, dramatic pauses, and performance intensity,"[274] was pivotal in hardcore's emergence as the American punk standard.[275]
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Among the earliest hardcore bands, regarded as having made the first recordings in the style, were Southern California's Middle Class and Black Flag.[272][273] Bad Brains—all of whom were black, a rarity in punk of any era—launched the D.C. scene.[271] Austin, Texas's Big Boys, San Francisco's Dead Kennedys, and Vancouver's D.O.A. were among the other initial hardcore groups. They were soon joined by bands such as the Minutemen, Descendents, Circle Jerks, Adolescents, and T.S.O.L. in Southern California; D.C.'s Teen Idles, Minor Threat, and State of Alert; and Austin's MDC and The Dicks. By 1981, hardcore was the dominant punk rock style not only in California, but much of the rest of North America as well.[276] A New York hardcore scene grew, including the relocated Bad Brains, New Jersey's Misfits and Adrenalin O.D., and local acts such as the Nihilistics, The Mob, Reagan Youth, and Agnostic Front. Beastie Boys, who would become famous as a hip-hop group, debuted that year as a hardcore band. They were followed by The Cro-Mags, Murphy's Law, and Leeway.[277] By 1983, St. Paul's Hüsker Dü, Willful Neglect and Chicago's Naked Raygun were taking the hardcore sound in experimental and ultimately more melodic directions. Hardcore would constitute the American punk rock standard throughout the decade.[278]
The lyrical content of hardcore songs is often critical of commercial culture and middle-class values, as in Dead Kennedys' celebrated "Holiday in Cambodia" (1980).[273] Straight edge bands like Minor Threat, Boston's SS Decontrol, and Reno, Nevada's 7 Seconds rejected the self-destructive lifestyles of many of their peers, and built a movement based on positivity and abstinence from cigarettes, alcohol, drugs, and casual sex.[279] In the early 1980s, bands from the American southwest and California such as JFA, Agent Orange, and The Faction helped create a rhythmically distinctive style of hardcore known as skate punk. Skate punk innovators also pointed in other directions: Big Boys helped establish funkcore, while Venice, California's Suicidal Tendencies had a formative effect on the heavy metal–influenced crossover thrash style. Toward the end of the decade, crossover thrash spawned the metalcore fusion style and the superfast thrashcore subgenre developed in multiple locations.[280] Sacramento's Tales of Terror, which mixed psychedelic rock into their hardcore sound, were an early influence on the grunge movement.[281]
Oi![link]
For more details on this topic, see Oi!.
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The title track of The Exploited's debut, Punks Not Dead, the top independent UK album of 1981.[282] Defying punk's disappearance from the British mainstream, the song exemplifies the band's sound and that of Oi! groups in general: "harsher, darker, and cruder than their '77 forefathers."[283]
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Following the lead of first-wave British punk bands Cock Sparrer and Sham 69, in the late 1970s second-wave units like Cockney Rejects, Angelic Upstarts, The Exploited, and The 4-Skins sought to realign punk rock with a working class, street-level following.[285] For that purpose, they believed, the music needed to stay "accessible and unpretentious", in the words of music historian Simon Reynolds.[286] Their style was originally called "real punk" or street punk; Sounds journalist Garry Bushell is credited with labelling the genre Oi! in 1980. The name is partly derived from the Cockney Rejects' habit of shouting "Oi! Oi! Oi!" before each song, instead of the time-honored "1,2,3,4!"[287] Oi! bands' lyrics sought to reflect the harsh realities of living in Margaret Thatcher's Britain in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[288] A subgroup of Oi! bands dubbed "punk pathetique"—including Splodgenessabounds, Peter and the Test Tube Babies, and Toy Dolls—had a more humorous and absurdist bent.
The Oi! movement was fueled by a sense that many participants in the early punk rock scene were, in the words of The Business guitarist Steve Kent, "trendy university people using long words, trying to be artistic ... and losing touch".[289] According to Bushell, "Punk was meant to be of the voice of the dole queue, and in reality most of them were not. But Oi was the reality of the punk mythology. In the places where [these bands] came from, it was harder and more aggressive and it produced just as much quality music."[290] Lester Bangs described Oi! as "politicized football chants for unemployed louts".[291] One song in particular, The Exploited's "Punks Not Dead", spoke to an international constituency. It was adopted as an anthem by the groups of disaffected Mexican urban youth known in the 1980s as bandas; one banda named itself PND, after the song's initials.[292]
Although most Oi! bands in the initial wave were apolitical or left wing, many of them began to attract a white power skinhead following. Racist skinheads sometimes disrupted Oi! concerts by shouting fascist slogans and starting fights, but some Oi! bands were reluctant to endorse criticism of their fans from what they perceived as the "middle-class establishment".[293] In the popular imagination, the movement thus became linked to the far right.[294] Strength Thru Oi!, an album compiled by Bushell and released in May 1981, stirred controversy, especially when it was revealed that the belligerent figure on the cover was a neo-Nazi jailed for racist violence (Bushell claimed ignorance).[284] On July 3, a concert at Hamborough Tavern in Southall featuring The Business, The 4-Skins, and The Last Resort was firebombed by local Asian youths who believed that the event was a neo-Nazi gathering.[295] Following the Southall riot, press coverage increasingly associated Oi! with the extreme right, and the movement soon began to lose momentum.[288]
Anarcho-punk[link]
For more details on this topic, see Anarcho-punk.
Anarcho-punk developed alongside the Oi! and American hardcore movements. Inspired by Crass, its Dial House commune, and its independent Crass Records label, a scene developed around British bands such as Subhumans, Flux of Pink Indians, Conflict, Poison Girls, and The Apostles that was concerned as much with anarchist and DIY principles as it was with music. The acts featured ranting vocals, discordant instrumental sounds, primitive production values, and lyrics filled with political and social content, often addressing issues such as class inequalities and military violence.[298] Anarcho-punk musicians and fans disdained the older punk scene from which theirs had evolved. In historian Tim Gosling's description, they saw "safety pins and Mohicans as little more than ineffectual fashion posturing stimulated by the mainstream media and industry.... Whereas the Sex Pistols would proudly display bad manners and opportunism in their dealings with 'the establishment,' the anarcho-punks kept clear of 'the establishment' altogether".[299]
The movement spun off several subgenres of a similar political bent. Discharge, founded back in 1977, established D-beat in the early 1980s. Other groups in the movement, led by Amebix and Antisect, developed the extreme style known as crust punk. Several of these bands rooted in anarcho-punk such as The Varukers, Discharge, and Amebix, along with former Oi! groups such as The Exploited and bands from father afield like Birmingham's Charged GBH, became the leading figures in the UK 82 hardcore movement. The anarcho-punk scene also spawned bands such as Napalm Death, Carcass, and Extreme Noise Terror that in the mid-1980s defined grindcore, incorporating extremely fast tempos and death metal–style guitarwork.[300] Led by Dead Kennedys, a U.S. anarcho-punk scene developed around such bands as Austin's MDC and Southern California's Another Destructive System.[301]
Pop punk[link]
For more details on this topic, see Pop punk.
With their love of the Beach Boys and late 1960s bubblegum pop, the Ramones paved the way to what became known as pop punk.[302] In the late 1970s, UK bands such as Buzzcocks and The Undertones combined pop-style tunes and lyrical themes with punk's speed and chaotic edge.[303] In the early 1980s, some of the leading bands in Southern California's hardcore punk rock scene emphasized a more melodic approach than was typical of their peers. According to music journalist Ben Myers, Bad Religion "layered their pissed off, politicized sound with the smoothest of harmonies"; Descendents "wrote almost surfy, Beach Boys–inspired songs about girls and food and being young(ish)".[304] Epitaph Records, founded by Brett Gurewitz of Bad Religion, was the base for many future pop punk bands, including NOFX, with their third wave ska–influenced skate punk rhythms. Bands that fused punk with light-hearted pop melodies, such as The Queers and Screeching Weasel, began appearing around the country, in turn influencing bands like Green Day and The Offspring, who brought pop punk wide popularity and major record sales. Bands such as The Vandals and Guttermouth developed a style blending pop melodies with humorous and offensive lyrics. The mainstream pop punk of latter-day bands such as Blink-182 is criticized by many punk rock devotees; in critic Christine Di Bella's words, "It's punk taken to its most accessible point, a point where it barely reflects its lineage at all, except in the three-chord song structures."[305]
Other fusions and directions[link]
From 1977 on, punk rock crossed lines with many other popular music genres. Los Angeles punk rock bands laid the groundwork for a wide variety of styles: The Flesh Eaters with deathrock; The Plugz with Chicano punk; and Gun Club with punk blues. The Meteors, from South London, and The Cramps, who moved from New York to Los Angeles in 1980, were innovators in the psychobilly fusion style.[306] Milwaukee's Violent Femmes jumpstarted the American folk punk scene, while The Pogues did the same on the other side of the Atlantic, influencing many Celtic punk bands.[307] The Mekons, from Leeds, combined their punk rock ethos with country music, greatly influencing the later alternative country movement. In the United States, varieties of cowpunk played by bands such as Nashville's Jason & the Scorchers, Arizona's Meat Puppets, and Southern California's Social Distortion had a similar effect.
Other bands pointed punk rock toward future rock styles or its own foundations. New York's Suicide, L.A.'s The Screamers and Nervous Gender, Australia's JAB, and Germany's DAF were pioneers of synthpunk. The Ex, from the Netherlands, were in the art punk vanguard.[308] Chicago's Big Black was a major influence on noise rock, math rock, and industrial rock. Garage punk bands from all over—such as Medway's Thee Mighty Caesars, Chicago's Dwarves, and Adelaide's Exploding White Mice—pursued a version of punk rock that was close to its roots in 1960s garage rock. Seattle's Mudhoney, one of the central bands in the development of grunge, has been described as "garage punk".[309]
Legacy and later developments[link]
Alternative rock[link]
Main article: Alternative rock
The underground punk rock movement inspired countless bands that either evolved from a punk rock sound or brought its outsider spirit to very different kinds of music. The original punk explosion also had a long-term effect on the music industry, spurring the growth of the independent sector.[310] During the early 1980s, British bands like New Order and The Cure that straddled the lines of post-punk and New Wave developed both new musical styles and a distinctive industrial niche. Though commercially successful over an extended period, they maintained an underground-style, subcultural identity.[311] In the United States, bands such as Hüsker Dü and their Minneapolis protégés The Replacements bridged the gap between punk rock genres like hardcore and the more melodic, explorative realm of what was then called "college rock".[312]
A 1985 Rolling Stone feature on the Minneapolis scene and innovative California hardcore acts such as Black Flag and Minutemen declared, "Primal punk is passé. The best of the American punk rockers have moved on. They have learned how to play their instruments. They have discovered melody, guitar solos and lyrics that are more than shouted political slogans. Some of them have even discovered the Grateful Dead."[313] By the end of the 1980s, these bands, who had largely eclipsed their punk rock forebears in popularity, were classified broadly as alternative rock. Alternative rock encompasses a diverse set of styles—including gothic rock and grunge, among others—unified by their debt to punk rock and their origins outside of the musical mainstream.[314]
As American alternative bands like Sonic Youth, which had grown out of the No Wave scene, and Boston's Pixies started to gain larger audiences, major labels sought to capitalize on the underground market that had been sustained by hardcore punk for years.[315] In 1991, Nirvana emerged from Washington State's grunge scene, achieving huge commercial success with its second album, Nevermind. The band's members cited punk rock as a key influence on their style.[316] "Punk is musical freedom", wrote singer Kurt Cobain. "It’s saying, doing, and playing what you want."[317] Nirvana's success opened the door to mainstream popularity for a wide range of other "left-of-the-dial" acts, such as Pearl Jam and Red Hot Chili Peppers, and fueled the alternative rock boom of the early and mid-1990s.[314][318]
Emo[link]
For more details on this topic, see Emo.
In its original, mid-1980s incarnation, emo was a less musically restrictive style of punk developed by participants in the Washington, D.C. area hardcore scene. It was originally referred to as "emocore", an abbreviation of "emotive hardcore".[319] Notable early emo bands included Rites of Spring, Embrace, The Hated, and One Last Wish. The term derived from the tendency of some of these bands' members to become strongly emotional during performances. Fugazi, formed out of the dissolution of Embrace, inspired a second, much broader based wave of emo bands beginning in the mid-1990s. Groups like San Diego's Antioch Arrow generated new, more intense subgenres like screamo, while others developed a more melodic style closer to indie rock. Bands such as Seattle's Sunny Day Real Estate and Mesa, Arizona's Jimmy Eat World broke out of the underground, attracting national attention.
Queercore and riot grrrl[link]
For more details on this topic, see Queercore and Riot Grrrl.
In the 1990s, the queercore movement developed around a number of punk bands with gay, lesbian, or bisexual members such as God Is My Co-Pilot, Pansy Division, Team Dresch, and Sister George. Inspired by openly gay punk musicians of an earlier generation such as Jayne County, Phranc, Darby Crash and Randy Turner, and bands like Nervous Gender, The Screamers, and Coil, queercore embraces a variety of punk and other alternative music styles. Queercore lyrics often treat the themes of prejudice, sexual identity, gender identity, and individual rights. The movement has continued into the 21st century, supported by festivals such as Queeruption.[320]
In 1991, a concert of female-led bands at the International Pop Underground Convention in Olympia, Washington, heralded the emerging riot grrrl phenomenon. Billed as "Love Rock Revolution Girl Style Now", the concert's lineup included Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Heavens to Betsy, L7, and Mecca Normal.[321] The riot grrrl movement foregrounded feminist concerns and progressive politics in general; the DIY ethic and fanzines were also central elements of the scene.[322] Singer-guitarists Corin Tucker of Heavens to Betsy and Carrie Brownstein of Excuse 17, bands active in both the queercore and riot grrrl scenes, cofounded the celebrated indie/punk band Sleater-Kinney in 1994. Bikini Kill's lead singer, Kathleen Hanna, the iconic figure of riot grrrl, moved on to form the art punk group Le Tigre in 1998.[323]
Revival[link]
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The Green Day single that led the way in pop punk's rise to mainstream success.[324] Playing with the quiet-loud dynamic associated with grunge,[325] "Longview" features a conversational-sounding vocal from Billie Joe Armstrong in the verse and a lounge jazz–style bass line "wired to detonate."[326]
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By the 1990s, punk rock was sufficiently ingrained in Western culture that punk trappings were often used to market highly commercial bands as "rebels". Marketers capitalized on the style and hipness of punk rock to such an extent that a 1993 ad campaign for an automobile, the Subaru Impreza, claimed that the car was "like punk rock".[327] Along with Nirvana, many of the leading alternative rock artists of the early 1990s acknowledged the influence of earlier punk rock acts. With Nirvana's success, the major record companies once again saw punk bands as potentially profitable.[328]
In 1993, California's Green Day and Bad Religion were both signed to major labels. The next year, Green Day put out Dookie, which became a huge hit, selling nine million albums in the United States in just over two years.[329] Bad Religion's Stranger Than Fiction was certified gold.[330] Other California punk bands on the independent label Epitaph, run by Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz, also began achieving mainstream popularity. In 1994, Epitaph released Let's Go by Rancid, Punk in Drublic by NOFX, and Smash by The Offspring, each eventually certified gold or better. That June, Green Day's "Longview" reached number one on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks chart and became a top forty airplay hit, arguably the first ever American punk song to do so; just one month later, The Offspring's "Come Out and Play" followed suit. MTV and radio stations such as Los Angeles' KROQ-FM played a major role in these bands' crossover success, though NOFX refused to let MTV air its videos.[331] Smash went on to sell over twelve million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling independent-label album of all time.[332]
Following the lead of Boston's Mighty Mighty Bosstones and two California bands, Berkeley's Operation Ivy and Long Beach's Sublime, ska punk and ska-core became widely popular in the mid-1990s. By 1996, genre acts such as Reel Big Fish and Less Than Jake were being signed to major labels. The original 2 Tone bands had emerged amid punk rock's second wave, but their music was much closer to its Jamaican roots—"ska at 78 rpm".[333] Ska punk bands in the third wave of ska created a true musical fusion between the genres. ...And Out Come the Wolves, the 1995 album by Rancid—which had evolved out of Operation Ivy—became the first record in this ska revival to be certified gold;[334] Sublime's self-titled 1996 album was certified platinum early in 1997.[329] In Australia, two popular groups, skatecore band Frenzal Rhomb and pop punk act Bodyjar, also established followings in Japan.[335]
Green Day and Dookie's enormous sales paved the way for a host of bankable North American pop punk bands in the following decade.[336] With punk rock's renewed visibility came concerns among some in the punk community that the music was being co-opted by the mainstream.[331] They argued that by signing to major labels and appearing on MTV, punk bands like Green Day were buying into a system that punk was created to challenge.[337] Such controversies have been part of the punk culture since 1977, when The Clash was widely accused of "selling out" for signing with CBS Records.[338] The Vans Warped Tour and the mall chain store Hot Topic brought punk even further into the U.S. mainstream.[339]
In the mainstream[link]
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The first U.S. punk-identified single to reach the top ten, built on a "schoolyard-chant verse and na-na-na chorus".[340] "All the Small Things" exemplifies Blink-182's "formulaic hits", in Marc Spitz's description: "adenoidal verse, minimally pulsing bass, explosive three-chord guitar riffs tempered by sweet harmony".[341]
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By early 1998, the punk revival had commercially stalled,[342] but not for long. That November, The Offspring's Americana on the major Columbia label debuted at number two on the album chart. A bootleg MP3 of its first single, "Pretty Fly (For a White Guy)", made it on to the Internet and was downloaded a record 22 million times—illegally.[343] The following year, Enema of the State, the first major-label release by pop punk band Blink-182, reached the top ten and sold four million copies in under twelve months.[329] In January 2000, the album's second single, "All the Small Things", hit the sixth spot on the Billboard Hot 100. While they were viewed as Green Day "acolytes",[341] critics also found teen pop acts like Britney Spears, the Backstreet Boys, and 'N Sync suitable points of comparison for Blink-182's sound and market niche.[344] The band's Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001) and Blink-182 (2003) respectively rose to numbers one and three on the album chart. In November 2003, The New Yorker described how the "giddily puerile" act had "become massively popular with the mainstream audience, a demographic formerly considered untouchable by punk-rock purists."[345]
Other new North American pop punk bands, though often critically dismissed, also achieved major sales in the first decade of the 2000s. Ontario's Sum 41 reached the Canadian top ten with its 2001 debut album, All Killer No Filler, which eventually went platinum in the United States. The record included the number one U.S. Alternative hit "Fat Lip", which incorporated verses of what one critic called "brat rap."[346] Good Charlotte, from Maryland, had three successive top ten albums beginning with The Young and the Hopeless in 2002. Florida's Yellowcard, which had been together since 1997, had its first hit in 2003 with its major-label debut, Ocean Avenue. Simple Plan, from Montréal, climbed to number three in the United States with Still Not Getting Any... in 2004.
That same year, Green Day, which had gone through a relatively fallow period commercially, took American Idiot to number one on both the U.S. and UK charts; the band matched the feat five years later with 21st Century Breakdown. Jimmy Eat World, taking emo in a radio-ready pop punk direction,[347] had top ten albums in 2004 and 2007. In a similar style, Fall Out Boy hit number one with 2007's Infinity on High. The wave of commercial success was broad-based: AFI, with roots in hardcore and skate punk, had great success with 2003's Sing the Sorrow and topped the U.S. chart with Decemberunderground in 2006. Two years later, The Offspring had its fifth top ten album with Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace and its third Modern Rock/Alternative Songs chart-topper with "You're Gonna Go Far, Kid". Starting in 2003, Alkaline Trio had four consecutive top twenty-five albums, peaking at number eleven with 2010's This Addiction.
The effect of commercialization on the music became an increasingly contentious issue. As observed by scholar Ross Haenfler, many punk fans "'despise corporate punk rock', typified by bands such as Sum 41 and Blink 182".[348] At the same time, politicized and independent-label punk continued to thrive in the United States. Since 1993, Anti-Flag had been putting progressive politics at the center of its music. The administration of George W. Bush provided them and similarly minded acts eight years of conservative government to excoriate. Rise Against was the most successful of these groups, registering top ten records in 2006 with The Sufferer & the Witness and two years later with Appeal to Reason. Leftist folk punk band Against Me!'s New Wave was named best album of 2007 by Spin.[349] In the realm of the U.S. independents, Celtic punk attracted a substantial audience. Flogging Molly and Dropkick Murphys each had top twenty albums on small labels, with the former's Float landing at number four in 2008.
Elsewhere around the world, "punkabilly" band The Living End became major stars in Australia with their self-titled 1998 debut.[350] The group topped the national album chart again with State of Emergency in 2006 and White Noise in 2008.
See also[link]
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Wikinews has related news: Vivien Goldman: An interview with the Punk Professor |
References[link]
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, "The Ramones: Biography", Allmusic. Retrieved on October 11, 2007.
- ^ a b Bessman (1993), pp. 48, 50; Miles, Scott, and Morgan (2005), p. 136.
- ^ a b Robb (2006), foreword by Michael Bracewell.
- ^ Ramone, Tommy, "Fight Club", Uncut, January 2007.
- ^ a b McLaren, Malcolm, "Punk Celebrates 30 Years of Subversion", BBC News, August 18, 2006. Retrieved on January 17, 2006.
- ^ Christgau, Robert, "Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk, by Legs McNeil and Gillian McCain" (review), New York Times Book Review, 1996. Retrieved on January 17, 2007.
- ^ See, e.g., Rodel (2004), p. 237; Bennett (2001), pp. 49–50.
- ^ Savage (1992), pp. 280–281, including reproduction of the original image. Several sources incorrectly ascribe the illustration to the leading fanzine of the London punk scene, Sniffin' Glue (e.g., Wells [2004], p. 5; Sabin [1999], p. 111). Robb (2006) ascribes it to The Stranglers' in-house fanzine, Strangled (p. 311). In fact, Strangled, which only began appearing in 1977, evolved out of Sideburns (see, e.g., "Strangled". Xulu Brand Comics. http://www.xulucomics.com/strangled.html. Retrieved 2009-03-19. )
- ^ Blush (2001), pp. 173, 175. See also The Stimulators—Loud Fast Rules 7″ Killed By Death Records (September 21, 2006).
- ^ Harris (2004), p. 202.
- ^ a b Reynolds (2005), p. 4.
- ^ Jeffries, Stuart. "A Right Royal Knees-Up". The Guardian. July 20, 2007.
- ^ Washburne, Christopher, and Maiken Derno. Bad Music. Routledge, 2004. Page 247.
- ^ Kosmo Vinyl, The Last Testament: The Making of London Calling (Sony Music, 2004).
- ^ Traber, Daniel S. (2001). "L.A.'s 'White Minority': Punk and the Contradictions of Self-Marginalization". Cultural Critique 48: 30–64. DOI:10.1353/cul.2001.0040.
- ^ Murphy, Peter, "Shine On, The Lights Of The Bowery: The Blank Generation Revisited", Hot Press, July 12, 2002; Hoskyns, Barney, "Richard Hell: King Punk Remembers the [ ] Generation", Rock's Backpages, March 2002.
- ^ a b Blush, Steven, "Move Over My Chemical Romance: The Dynamic Beginnings of US Punk", Uncut, January 2007.
- ^ Wells (2004), p. 41; Reed (2005), p. 47.
- ^ a b Shuker (2002), p. 159.
- ^ Laing (1985), p. 58; Reynolds (2005), p. ix.
- ^ Chong, Kevin, "The Thrill Is Gone", Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, August 2006. Retrieved on December 17, 2006.
- ^ Quoted in Laing (1985), p. 62.
- ^ Palmer (1992), p. 37.
- ^ Laing (1985), p. 62.
- ^ Laing (1985), pp. 61–63.
- ^ Laing (1985), pp. 118–19.
- ^ Laing (1985), p. 53.
- ^ Sabin (1999), pp. 4, 226; Dalton, Stephen, "Revolution Rock", Vox, June 1993. See also Laing (1985), pp. 27–32, for a statistical comparison of lyrical themes.
- ^ Laing (1985), p. 31.
- ^ Laing (1985), pp. 81, 125.
- ^ Quoted in Savage (1991), p. 440. See also Laing (1985), pp. 27–32.
- ^ Segal, David (2001-04-17). "Punk's Pioneer". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=digest&contentId=A25121-2001Apr16. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ^ a b Isler, Scott; Robbins, Ira. "Richard Hell & the Voidoids". Trouser Press. http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=richard_hell_and_the_voidoids. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ^ Strongman (2008), pp. 58, 63, 64; Colegrave and Sullivan (2005), p. 78.
- ^ See Weldon, Michael. "Electric Eels: Attendance Required". Cleveland.com. http://www.cleveland.com/music/index_story.ssf?/music/more/local/cle/2/index.html. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ^ Young, Charles M. (October 20, 1977). "Rock Is Sick and Living in London". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060914225550/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/articles/story/9437647/sex_pistols_rock_is_sick_and_living_in_london?source=thebeatles_rssfeed. Retrieved 10 October 2006.
- ^ a b Strohm (2004), p. 188.
- ^ See, e.g., Laing (1985), "Picture Section", p. 18.
- ^ Wojcik (1997), p. 122.
- ^ Wojcik (1995), pp. 16–19; Laing (1985), p. 109.
- ^ Laing (1985), pp. 89, 97–98, 125.
- ^ Laing (1985), p. 92, 88.
- ^ Laing (1985), p. 89, 92–93.
- ^ Laing (1985), pp. 34, 61, 63, 89–91.
- ^ Laing (1985), p. 90; Robb (2006), pp. 159–60.
- ^ Laing (1985), p. 34.
- ^ Laing (1985), p. 82.
- ^ Laing (1985), pp. 84–85.
- ^ Laing (1985), p. 14.
- ^ Sabin (1999), p. 157.
- ^ Harrington (2002), p. 165.
- ^ Reed (2005), p. 49.
- ^ Fletcher (2000), p. 497.
- ^ See Sabin (1999), p. 159.
- ^ MC5: Kick Out the Jams review by Lester Bangs, Rolling Stone, April 5, 1969. Retrieved on January 16, 2007. Archived February 5, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Marcus (1979), p. 294.
- ^ Taylor (2003), p. 49.
- ^ Harrington (2002), p. 538.
- ^ Bessman (1993), pp. 9–10.
- ^ Andersen and Jenkins (2001), p. 12. Vaughan, Robin (June 6–12, 2003). "Reality Bites". Boston Phoenix. http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/music/cellars/documents/02927794.htm. Harvard, Joe. "Mickey Clean and the Mezz". Boston Rock Storybook. http://www.rockinboston.com/themezz.htm. Robbins, Ira. "Wille Alexander". Trouser Press Guide. http://trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=willie_alexander_and_the_boom_boom_band. Retrieved 2007-11-27.
- ^ a b Rubin, Mike (2009-03-12). "This Band Was Punk Before Punk Was Punk". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/15/arts/music/15rubi.html. Retrieved 2009-03-15.
- ^ Klimek, Jamie, "Mirrors", Jilmar Music; Jäger, Rolf, "Styrenes—A Brief History", Rent a Dog. Both retrieved on November 27, 2007.
- ^ Ohtaka, Toshikazu; Akagawa, Yukiko. "Interview with Mick Farren". Strange Days (Japan). Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080508000420/http://www.thanatosoft.freeserve.co.uk/supermarketfiles/strangedays.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-10. "Soundwise, we wanted to be incredibly loud and violent! That says it all. The hippies wanted to be nice and gentle, but our style was the opposite of that peaceful, natural attitude."
- ^ Unterberger (1998), pp. 86–91.
- ^ Laing (1985), pp. 24–26.
- ^ Robb (2006), p. 51.
- ^ Neate, Wilson. "NEU!". Trouser Press. http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=neu. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
- ^ Anderson (2002), p. 588.
- ^ Unterberger (2000), p. 18.
- ^ Dickson (1982), p. 230.
- ^ Leblanc (1999), p. 35.
- ^ Quoted in Leblanc (1999), p. 35.
- ^ Shapiro (2006), p. 492.
- ^ Bangs, Lester, "Of Pop and Pies and Fun", Creem, December 1970. Retrieved on November 29, 2007.
- ^ Nobahkt (2004), p. 38.
- ^ Shapiro (2006), p. 492. Note that Taylor (2003) misidentifies the year of publication as 1970 (p. 16).
- ^ Gendron (2002), p. 348 n. 13.
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- Blush, Steven (2001). American Hardcore: A Tribal History (Los Angeles: Feral House). ISBN 0-922915-71-7
- Bockris, Victor, and Roberta Bayley (1999). Patti Smith: An Unauthorized Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster). ISBN 0-684-82363-2
- Boot, Adrian, and Chris Salewicz (1997). Punk: The Illustrated History of a Music Revolution (New York: Penguin). ISBN 0-14-026098-6
- Buckley, Peter, ed. (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock (London: Rough Guides). ISBN 1-84353-105-4
- Burchill, Julie, and Tony Parsons (1978). The Boy Looked at Johnny: The Obituary of Rock and Roll (London: Pluto Press). ISBN 0-86104-030-9
- Burns, Rob, and Wilfried Van Der Will (1995). "The Federal Republic 1968 to 1990: From the Industrial Society to the Culture Society", in German Cultural Studies: An Introduction, ed. Burns (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 257–324. ISBN 0-19-871503-X
- Campbell, Michael, with James Brody (2008). Rock and Roll: An Introduction, 2d ed. (Belmont, Calif.: Thomson Schirmer). ISBN 0-534-64295-0
- Carson, Tom (1979). "Rocket to Russia", in Stranded: Rock and Roll for a Desert Island, ed. Greil Marcus (New York: Knopf). ISBN 0-394-73827-6
- Catucci, Nick (2004a). "Blink-182", in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, 4th ed., ed. Nathan Brackett (New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster), p. 85. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8
- Catucci, Nick (2004b). "Green Day", in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, 4th ed., ed. Nathan Brackett (New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster), pp. 347–48. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8
- Colegrave, Stephen, and Chris Sullivan (2005). Punk: The Definitive Record of a Revolution (New York: Thunder's Mouth). ISBN 1-56025-769-5
- Creswell, Toby (2006). 1001 Songs: The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists, Stories and Secrets Behind Them (New York: Thunder's Mouth). ISBN 1-56025-915-9
- Dickson, Paul (1982). Words: A Connoisseur's Collection of Old and New, Weird and Wonderful, Useful and Outlandish Words (New York: Delacorte). ISBN 0-440-09606-5
- Diehl, Matt (2007). My So-Called Punk: Green Day, Fall Out Boy, the Distillers, Bad Religion—How Neo-Punk Stage-Dived into the Mainstream (New York: St. Martin's). ISBN 0-312-33781-7
- Dougan, John (2002). "X-Ray Spex", in All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul, 3d ed., ed. Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, and Stephen Thomas Erlewine (San Francisco: Backbeat). ISBN 0-87930-653-X
- Ellis, Iain (2008). Rebels Wit Attitude: Subversive Rock Humorists (Berkeley, Calif: Soft Skull/Counterpoint). ISBN 1-59376-206-2.
- Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2002). "The Birthday Party", in All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul, 3d ed., ed. Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, and Stephen Thomas Erlewine (San Francisco: Backbeat). ISBN 0-87930-653-X
- Fletcher, Tony (2000). Moon: The Life and Death of a Rock Legend (New York: HarperCollins). ISBN 0-380-78827-6
- Frere-Jones, Sasha (2004). "Bad Brains", in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, 4th ed., ed. Nathan Brackett (New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster), pp. 34–35. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8
- Friedlander, Paul, with Peter Miller (2006). Rock and Roll: A Social History, 2d ed. (Boulder, Co.: Westview). ISBN 0-8133-4306-2
- Friskics-Warren, Bill (2005). I'll Take You There: Pop Music And the Urge for Transcendence (New York and London: Continuum International). ISBN 0-8264-1700-0
- Gaar, Gillian G. (2002). She's a Rebel: The History of Women in Rock & Roll, 2d ed. (New York: Seal). ISBN 1-58005-078-6
- Gendron, Bernard (2002). Between Montmartre and the Mudd Club: Popular Music and the Avant-Garde (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press). ISBN 0-226-28735-1
- Gimarc, George (1997). Post Punk Diary, 1980–1982 (New York: St. Martin's). ISBN 0-312-16968-X
- Gimarc, George (2005). Punk Diary: The Ultimate Trainspotter's Guide to Underground Rock, 1970–1982 (San Francisco: Backbeat). ISBN 0-87930-848-6
- Glasper, Ian (2004). Burning Britain—The History of UK Punk 1980–1984 (London: Cherry Red Books). ISBN 1-901447-24-3
- Goodlad, Lauren M. E., and Michael Bibby (2007). "Introduction", in Goth: Undead Subculture, ed. Goodlad and Bibby (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press). ISBN 0-8223-3921-8
- Gosling, Tim (2004). "'Not for Sale': The Underground Network of Anarcho-Punk", in Music Scenes: Local, Translocal and Virtual, ed. Andy Bennett and Richard A. Peterson (Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press), pp. 168–83. ISBN 0-8265-1450-2
- Gray, Marcus (2005 [1995]). The Clash: Return of the Last Gang in Town, 5th rev. ed. (London: Helter Skelter). ISBN 1-905139-10-1
- Greenwald, Andy (2003). Nothing Feels Good: Punk Rock, Teenagers, and Emo (New York: St. Martin's). ISBN=0-312-30863-9
- Gross, Joe (2004). "Rancid", in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, 4th ed., ed. Nathan Brackett (New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster), p. 677. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8
- Haenfler, Ross (2006). Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean-Living Youth, and Social Change (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press). ISBN 0-8135-3852-1
- Hannon, Sharon M. (2009). Punks: A Guide to an American Subculture (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood). ISBN 978-0-313-36456-3
- Hardman, Emilie (2007). "Before You Can Get Off Your Knees: Profane Existence and Anarcho-Punk as a Social Movement". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, New York City, August 11, 2007 (available online).
- Harrington, Joe S. (2002). Sonic Cool: The Life & Death of Rock 'n' Roll (Milwaukee: Hal Leonard). ISBN 0-634-02861-8
- Harris, John (2004). Britpop!: Cool Britannia and the Spectacular Demise of English Rock (Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo) ISBN 0-306-81367-X
- Hebdige, Dick (1987). Cut 'n' Mix: Culture, Identity and Caribbean Music (London: Routledge). ISBN 0-415-05875-9
- Hess, Mickey (2007). Is Hip Hop Dead?: The Past, Present, and Future of America's Most Wanted Music (Westport, Conn.: Praeger). ISBN 0-275-99461-9
- Heylin, Clinton (1993). From the Velvets to the Voidoids: The Birth of American Punk Rock (Chicago: A Cappella Books). ISBN 1-55652-573-3
- Heylin, Clinton (2007). Babylon's Burning: From Punk to Grunge (New York: Canongate). ISBN 1-84195-879-4
- Home, Stewart (1996). Cranked Up Really High: Genre Theory and Punk Rock (Hove, UK: Codex). ISBN 1-899598-01-4
- Jackson, Buzzy (2005). A Bad Woman Feeling Good: Blues and the Women Who Sing Them (New York: W. W. Norton). ISBN 0-393-05936-7
- James, Martin (2003). French Connections: From Discothèque to Discovery (London: Sanctuary). ISBN 1-86074-449-4
- Keithley, Joe (2004). I, Shithead: A Life in Punk (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press). ISBN 1-55152-148-2
- Klein, Naomi (2000). No LOGO: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies (New York: Picador). ISBN 0-312-20343-8
- Knowles, Chris (2003). Clash City Showdown (Otsego, Mich.: PageFree). ISBN 1-58961-138-1
- Laing, Dave (1985). One Chord Wonders: Power and Meaning in Punk Rock (Milton Keynes and Philadelphia: Open University Press). ISBN 0-335-15065-9
- Lamey, Charles P., and Ira Robbins (1991). "Exploited", in The Trouser Press Record Guide, 4th ed., ed. Ira Robbins (New York: Collier), pp. 230–31. ISBN 0-02-036361-3
- Leblanc, Lauraine (1999). Pretty in Punk: Girls' Gender Resistance in a Boys' Subculture (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press). ISBN 0-8135-2651-5
- Lydon, John (1995). Rotten: No Irish, No Blacks, No Dogs (New York: Picador). ISBN 0-312-11883-X
- Mahon, Maureen (2008). "African Americans and Rock 'n' Roll", in African Americans and Popular Culture, Volume 3: Music and Popular Art, ed. Todd Boyd (Westport, Conn.: Praeger), pp. 31–60. ISBN 978-0-275-98925-5
- Marcus, Greil, ed. (1979). Stranded: Rock and Roll for a Desert Island (New York: Knopf). ISBN 0-394-73827-6
- Marcus, Greil (1989). Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press). ISBN 0-674-53581-2
- McCaleb, Ian (1991). "Radio Birdman", in The Trouser Press Record Guide, 4th ed., ed. Ira Robbins (New York: Collier), pp. 529–30. ISBN 0-02-036361-3
- McFarlane, Ian (1999). The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop (St Leonards, Aus.: Allen & Unwin). ISBN 1-86508-072-1
- McGowan, Chris, and Ricardo Pessanha (1998). The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova, and the Popular Music of Brazil (Philadelphia: Temple University Press). ISBN 1-56639-545-3
- McNeil, Legs, and Gillian McCain (2006 [1997]). Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk (New York: Grove). ISBN 0-8021-4264-8
- Miles, Barry, Grant Scott, and Johnny Morgan (2005). The Greatest Album Covers of All Time (London: Collins & Brown). ISBN 1-84340-301-3
- Myers, Ben (2006). Green Day: American Idiots & the New Punk Explosion (New York: Disinformation). ISBN 1-932857-32-X
- Mullen, Brendan, with Don Bolles and Adam Parfrey (2002). Lexicon Devil: The Fast Times and Short Life of Darby Crash and the Germs (Los Angeles: Feral House). ISBN 0-922915-70-9
- Nichols, David (2003). The Go-Betweens (Portland, Ore.: Verse Chorus Press). ISBN 1-891241-16-8
- Nobahkt, David (2004). Suicide: No Compromise (London: SAF). ISBN 0-946719-71-3
- O'Hara, Craig (1999). The Philosophy of Punk: More Than Noise (San Francisco and Edinburgh: AK Press). ISBN 1-873176-16-3
- Palmer, Robert (1992). "The Church of the Sonic Guitar", in Present Tense: Rock & Roll and Culture, ed. Anthony DeCurtis (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press), pp. 13–38. ISBN 0-8223-1265-4
- Pardo, Alona (2004). "Jamie Reid", in Communicate: Independent British Graphic Design Since the Sixties, ed. Rick Poyner (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press), p. 245. ISBN 0-300-10684-X
- Pareles, Jon, and Patricia Romanowski (eds.) (1983). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (New York: Rolling Stone Press/Summit Books). ISBN 0-671-44071-3
- Porter, Dick (2007). The Cramps: A Short History of Rock 'n' Roll Psychosis (London: Plexus). ISBN 0-85965-398-6
- Purcell, Natalie J. (2003). Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a Subculture (Jefferson, N.C., and London: McFarland). ISBN 0-7864-1585-1
- Raha, Maria (2005). Cinderella's Big Score: Women of the Punk and Indie Underground (Emeryville, Calif.: Seal). ISBN 1-58005-116-2
- Reed, John (2005). Paul Weller: My Ever Changing Moods (London et al.: Omnibus Press). ISBN 1-84449-491-8
- Reynolds, Simon (1999). Generation Ecstasy: Into the World of Techno and Rave Culture (London: Routledge). ISBN 0-415-92373-5
- Reynolds, Simon (2005). Rip It Up and Start Again: Post Punk 1978–1984 (London and New York: Faber and Faber). ISBN 0-571-21569-6
- Robb, John (2006). Punk Rock: An Oral History (London: Elbury Press). ISBN 0-09-190511-7
- Rodel, Angela (2004). "Extreme Noise Terror: Punk Rock and the Aesthetics of Badness", in Bad Music: The Music We Love to Hate, ed. Christopher Washburne and Maiken Derno (New York: Routledge), pp. 235–56. ISBN 0-415-94365-5
- Rooksby, Rikky (2001). Inside Classic Rock Tracks (San Francisco: Backbeat). ISBN 0-87930-654-8
- Sabin, Roger (1999). Punk Rock, So What? The Cultural Legacy of Punk (London: Routledge). ISBN 0-415-17030-3.
- Savage, Jon (1991). England's Dreaming: The Sex Pistols and Punk Rock (London: Faber and Faber). ISBN 0-312-28822-0
- Savage, Jon (1992). England's Dreaming: Anarchy, Sex Pistols, Punk Rock, and Beyond (New York: St. Martin's). ISBN 0-312-08774-8
- Shapiro, Fred R. (2006). Yale Book of Quotations (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press). ISBN 0-300-10798-6
- Schmidt, Axel, and Klaus Neumann-Braun (2004). Die Welt der Gothics: Spielräume düster konnotierter Tranzendenz (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag). ISBN 3-531-14353-0
- Shuker, Roy (2002). Popular Music: The Key Concepts (London: Routledge). ISBN 0-415-28425-2
- Simpson, Paul (2003). The Rough Guide to Cult Pop: The Songs, the Artists, the Genres, the Dubious Fashions (London: Rough Guides). ISBN 1-84353-229-8
- Sinagra, Laura (2004). "Sum 41", in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, 4th ed., ed. Nathan Brackett (New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster), pp. 791–92. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8
- Smith, Kerry L. (2008). Encyclopedia of Indie Rock (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood). ISBN 978-0-313-34119-9
- Spencer, Amy (2005). DIY: The Rise of Lo-Fi Culture (London: Marion Boyars). ISBN 0-7145-3105-7
- Spitz, Marc (2006). Nobody Likes You: Inside the Turbulent Life, Times, and Music of Green Day (New York: Hyperion). ISBN 1-4013-0274-2
- Spitz, Marc, and Brendan Mullen (2001). We Got the Neutron Bomb: The Untold Story of L.A. Punk (New York: Three Rivers Press). ISBN 0-609-80774-9
- Stafford, Andrew (2006). Pig City: From the Saints to Savage Garden, 2d rev. ed. (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press). ISBN 0-7022-3561-X
- Stark, James (2006). Punk '77: An Inside Look at the San Francisco Rock N' Roll Scene, 3d ed. (San Francisco: RE/Search Publications). ISBN 1-889307-14-9
- Strohm, John (2004). "Women Guitarists: Gender Issues in Alternative Rock", in The Electric Guitar: A History of an American Icon, ed. A. J. Millard (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press), pp. 181–200. ISBN 0-8018-7862-4
- Strongman, Phil (2008). Pretty Vacant: A History of UK Punk (Chicago: Chicago Review Press). ISBN 1-55652-752-7
- St. Thomas, Kurt, with Troy Smith (2002). Nirvana: The Chosen Rejects (New York: St. Martin's). ISBN 0-312-20663-1
- Taylor, Steven (2003). False Prophet: Field Notes from the Punk Underground (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press). ISBN 0-8195-6668-3
- Taylor, Steve (2004). The A to X of Alternative Music (London and New York: Continuum). ISBN 0-8264-8217-1
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- Wilkerson, Mark Ian (2006). Amazing Journey: The Life of Pete Townshend (Louisville: Bad News Press). ISBN 1-4116-7700-5
- Wojcik, Daniel (1995). Punk and Neo-Tribal Body Art (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi). ISBN 0-87805-735-8
- Wojcik, Daniel (1997). The End of the World as We Know It: Faith, Fatalism, and Apocalypse in America (New York: New York University Press). ISBN 0-8147-9283-9
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Punk rock |
- Fales Library of NYU Downtown Collection archival collection with the personal papers of NYC punk figures.
- A History of Punk 1990 essay by rock critic A.S. Van Dorston
- Punk 77 history of early UK punk
- "We Have to Deal With It: Punk England Report", by Robert Christgau, Village Voice, January 9, 1978
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Look up punk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Punk or punks may refer to:
- Punk rock, a music genre originating in the 1970s associated with various subgenres
- Punk subculture, a subculture associated with punk rock
- Punk fashion, clothing styles associated with the punk subculture
- Punk ideologies, a group of social and political beliefs associated with the punk subculture
- Punk literature, writings produced by the punk subculture
- Punk visual art, artwork associated with the punk subculture
- Punk film, film artwork associated with the punk subculture and music
- Cyberpunk or one of its various derivative literary genres
Works[link]
- Punk (magazine), a 1970s United States punk music fanzine
- P.U.N.K.S., a 1999 film about a group of bullied teens who find a suit that bestows superhuman strength
- Punks (film), a 2001 film centered around a group of LGBT African American friends
- "Punk", a song from the 2001 Gorillaz self-titled debut album
- "Punk", a song from the 2003 Ferry Corsten album Right of Way
- Punk'd, a hidden-camera television program that debuted on MTV in 2003
- The Encyclopedia of Punk, a 2006 reference work by Brian Cogan
People[link]
- CM Punk (born 1978), American professional wrestler
- Donny the Punk, United States prison reform activist
- David Otunga (born 1980), "Punk" from the reality TV series I Love New York 2 and now professional wrestler; husband of Jennifer Hudson
Tinder[link]
- Punk (fireworks), a smoldering stick used for lighting firework fuses
- Amadou and related substances decayed through the influence of fungus and used like tinder
Slang and other uses[link]
- "Punk", an archaic term for prostitute, as used by Shakespeare
- Punk, one of the Mega Man Killers, robots in the Mega Man Classic video game series
- A cattail
 |
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Note: This page may need to be cleaned up to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Further information might be found on the talk page. Tools: DabFix |
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Look up Rock, The Rock, rock music, or rock in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Rock usually refers to:
- Rock (geology), naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloid
- Rock music, form of popular music
It can also refer to:
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Geology[link]
- Rock (geology), naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids
- Rock salt or halite, mineral form of sodium chloride
People[link]
- Rock (name), several people
Fictional characters[link]
- Rock (comics), a fictional character in the DC Comics universe
- Rock (manga character), a recurrent major character in most of Osamu Tezuka's manga series
- Robert Orin Charles Kilroy (ROCK), from the Styx rock opera Kilroy was here - see Mr. Roboto
Music[link]
- Rock music, form of popular music
- Rocks (album), by Aerosmith
- Rocks (Harem Scarem album), 2001
- "The Rock" instrumental song by The Who from Quadrophenia
- "Rocks" (song), by Primal Scream
- "Rock", one of the tracks on "Soft/Rock", a single by Lemon Jelly
- Rock (Casting Pearls EP), by Casting Pearls
- The Rock (Rachmaninoff), an orchestral composition
- The Rock (The Frankie Miller Band album), the third album from The Frankie Miller Band
- The Rock (John Entwistle album), the sixth solo album by John Entwistle, bassist for The Who
- The Rock (Tracy Lawrence album), the tenth studio album by American country music artist Tracy Lawrence
- The Rocks (band), a former UK indie rock band
- "The Rock", a song by Atomic Rooste from In Hearing of Atomic Rooster
Entertainment[link]
- Another term for uprock, a form of street dance
- The Rock (film), 1996 film starring Sean Connery and Nicolas Cage directed by Michael Bay
- The Rock (play), T.S. Eliot's 1934 pageant play
Places[link]
Australia[link]
- The Rocks, New South Wales, a locality in Sydney, Australia
- The Rock, New South Wales, a town in southern New South Wales
Canada[link]
- The Rocks or Hopewell Rocks, New Brunswick, a coastal formation
- Newfoundland (island), Canada
United Kingdom[link]
- Rock, Cornwall, village in Cornwall, England
- Rock, Northumberland, village in Northumberland, England
- Rock, West Sussex
- Rock, Worcestershire, village in Worcestershire, England
- Lewis, an island in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland
- Rock, County Tyrone – a small village in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland
United States[link]
- Kodiak Island, Alaska
- The Rock or Alcatraz Island, small island in San Francisco Bay, California, United States
- The Rock, Georgia
- The Rock (Northwestern University), a landmark at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois
- Rock Island, Illinois, county seat of Rock Island County, Illinois, United States
- Memorial Stadium (Indiana), on the Indiana University campus
- Rock, Kansas, unincorporated community in Cowley County, Kansas, United States
- The Rock (Michigan State University), a boulder on the campus of Michigan State University
- Rock Township, Benson County, North Dakota, civil township in United States
- The Rocks or McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, a borough
- Rock, West Virginia, a community in Mercer County, West Virginia, United States
- Rock County, Wisconsin, county in United States
- Rock, Rock County, Wisconsin, town in Rock County, Wisconsin, United States
- Rock, Wood County, Wisconsin, town in Wood County, Wisconsin, United States
Other Places[link]
- "The Rock" is a poetic and popular term for Bermuda.
- The Rock or Gibraltar, British overseas territory near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain)
- Corregidor, an island in the Philippines
- Niue, an island near Tonga
- Rockall, a islet in the Atlantic Ocean, part of the United Kingdom
- Tutuila, the main island of American Samoa
- Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler, a Marine Corps Base Camp in Okinawa Japan
- Foundation Stone, the rock inside Jerusalem's Dome of the Rock
- Newark's Prudential Center, nicknamed "The Rock" due to Prudential Financial's logo
Food[link]
- Rock candy, type of confectionery composed of large sugar crystals
- Rock (confectionery), type of stick-shaped boiled sugar confectionery
- Edinburgh rock, stick-shaped Scottish confection, notably different from ordinary rock
- Plymouth Rock (chicken), breed of chicken
- Rock salmon, Often referred to as Rock. Sold in UK fish and chip shops.
Computers[link]
- Rock (processor), microprocessor by Sun Microsystems
- Rocks Cluster Distribution, Linux distribution for cluster computing
- Rocks (PHP)
Sports[link]
For individual athletes, see Rock (name).
- Rock, used in the sport of Curling
- The Rock (rugby team) or Atlantic Rock, a rugby union team based in St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada
- The Rocks or the Scottish Rocks, a basketball team
- "The Rock," nickname of the athletic teams of Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania
- "Rock" is a slang term for a basketball.
Other uses[link]
- ROCK1, human gene
- Rock or islet, small island
- Rock, or distaff, a tool used in spinning
- Rock, slang term for crack cocaine
- The Rock, a headland occupied by the original fortified town of Monaco, today's Monaco-Ville
- The Rock or Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, former Class I railroad in the United States
- The Rocks, Inc., US military officers' organization
- The Rock (New Zealand), a New Zealand rock music radio station
See also[link]
- All pages beginning with "Rock"
- All pages with titles containing "Rock"
- Rock of Ages (disambiguation)
- Rock and roll (disambiguation)
- Rockman or Mega Man
- Rok (disambiguation)
- ROC (disambiguation)
- Roque (disambiguation)
- Rockfish (disambiguation)
- Rock River (disambiguation)
- David Rock (disambiguation)
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| CM Punk | |
|---|---|
 Punk at the 2011 Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards |
|
| Ring name(s) | CM Punk[1] |
| Billed height | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)[1] |
| Billed weight | 218 lb (99 kg)[1] |
| Born | (1978-10-26) October 26, 1978 (age 33) Chicago, Illinois[2] |
| Resides | Lockport, Illinois |
| Billed from | Chicago, Illinois[1] |
| Trained by | Ace Steel[3] Danny Dominion[4] Kevin Quinn[4] Dave Taylor[5] Fit Finlay[5] William Regal[5] Steel Dominion Wrestling School[5] |
| Debut | 1999[6] |
| Website | CMPunk.com |
Phillip Jack Brooks[7] (born October 26, 1978),[2] better known by his ring name CM Punk, is an American professional wrestler signed to WWE and appearing on its Raw brand as the reigning WWE Champion.
In professional wrestling, Brooks is a seven time World Champion, having held the ROH World Championship and ECW Championship once, the World Heavyweight Championship three times and the WWE Championship twice.
In addition to these championships Punk has also won the World Tag Team Championship (with Kofi Kingston), and the WWE Intercontinental Championship making him the nineteenth WWE Triple Crown Champion and the man to achieve this honor fastest at 203 days.[8] Between WWE and Ring of Honor (where he is also a two-time World Tag Team Champion), Punk has won a total of eleven championships. He was also the winner of the 2008 and 2009 Money in the Bank ladder matches (the only wrestler to win the match twice in a row),[9] and was the 2011 Superstar of the Year Slammy Award winner.[10]
Punk initially came to prominence through his career on the professional wrestling independent circuit, primarily as a member of the ROH roster, where he was the first head trainer of the ROH wrestling school as well as winning both of their championships. In 2005, Punk signed a contract with WWE and was sent to its developmental promotion, Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), where he won every championship available in the promotion. Throughout his career, Punk has consistently used the gimmick of being straight edge, a lifestyle he follows in his actual day-to-day life.[4] Depending on Punk's alignment as a crowd favorite or villain, he emphasizes different aspects of the culture to encourage the desired audience reaction.[4]
Contents
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Professional wrestling career[link]
Early career[link]
Punk's first venture into wrestling was a stint in a backyard wrestling federation called the Lunatic Wrestling Federation with his friends and brother Mike Brooks in the mid-late 1990s. He first started using the ring name CM Punk when he was put into a tag team named the Chick Magnets with CM Venom after another performer skipped out on the card.[4][11][12] Unlike his friends, Punk genuinely wanted to be a wrestler and saw it as more than simple fun.[4] When the promotion started taking off, doing spot shows out of a warehouse in Mokena, Illinois, Punk found out that his brother Mike had embezzled thousands of dollars from the small company, causing them to become estranged. They have not spoken since.[13]
He soon left the federation and enrolled as a student at the "Steel Dominion" wrestling school in Chicago, where he was trained by Ace Steel,[3] Danny Dominion and Kevin Quinn to become a professional wrestler. As part of the training, he wrestled at Steel Domain Wrestling in St. Paul, Minnesota.[4][5] It was in the Steel Domain that he met Scott Colton,[14][15] who soon adopted the stage name Colt Cabana. Punk and Cabana became best friends and spent most of their early career together working in the same independent circuit promotions, as opponents or allies.[14] In the independents, Punk, along with fellow Steel Domain graduates Colt Cabana, Chuckee Smooth, Adam Pearce and manager Dave Prazak, formed an alliance named the Gold Bond Mafia.[4]
Independent Wrestling Association: Mid-South (2000–2005)[link]
Punk's home promotion for his early career is usually considered to be Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South (IWA:Mid-South).[4] During Punk's time in IWA:Mid-South, he had high profile feuds with Colt Cabana and Chris Hero while also rising to the top of the roster winning the IWA Mid-South Light Heavyweight Championship twice and the IWA Mid-South Heavyweight Championship on five separate occasions, beating stars like A.J. Styles, Cabana and even Eddie Guerrero for that Championship. Punk's feud with Hero included a 55-minute TLC match,[4] a 93-minute two out of three falls match,[5] and several 60-minute time limit draws.[15]
Punk's matches with Cabana led him to being hired by the Ring of Honor promotion.[5] From February 2003 until May 2004, Punk refused to wrestle for IWA:Mid-South, because he claims that this was in protest to Ian Rotten's mistreatment of Chris Hero in the company.[4] Hero, however, has stated he believes there were other reasons, and Rotten's treatment of him was just an excuse by Punk to stop working for the company.[16] Eventually Punk returned to IWA:Mid-South and continued to perform as a wrestler and commentator for them until 2005 when he was signed to World Wrestling Entertainment. His last appearance in IWA:Mid-South was on July 2, 2005 in which he competed in a 60-minute time limit draw against Delirious.[17]
Ring of Honor and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling[link]
Storylines with Raven (2002–2004)[link]
See also: Second City Saints and The Gathering
Initially, Punk joined Ring of Honor (ROH) as a crowd favorite,[4] but quickly became a villain in a feud with Raven that featured numerous variants of no disqualification matches.[18] Their rivalry lasted most of 2003 and was considered one of ROH's top feuds of the year,[19] and was based around Punk's straight-edge lifestyle, with him likening Raven to his alcoholic father.[20] Their rivalry was settled at The Conclusion in November 2003, where Punk defeated Raven in a Steel Cage match.[18] At the same time, Punk joined the wrestling promotion NWA Total Nonstop Action (TNA), in which he was paired with Julio Dinero as members of Raven's TNA alliance The Gathering.[4]
Punk started climbing the ranks of ROH, including coming in second at the Second Anniversary Show during the tournament to crown the first ROH Pure Champion, losing to A.J. Styles in the finals[18] and winning the ROH Tag Team Championship twice with Colt Cabana as the Second City Saints. Both times Punk and Cabana defeated the Briscoe Brothers to win the championship.[21] Circa October 2003, Punk was hired as the first head trainer of the Ring of Honor wrestling school,[4][22] having previously been a trainer for the Steel Domain[4] and Primetime Wrestling.[23]
Shortly before a TNA show on February 25, 2004, Punk had a physical scuffle with Teddy Hart outside of a restaurant that was broken up by Sabu. The scuffle reportedly stemmed from an ROH show in which Hart performed three unplanned spots putting several other wrestlers in danger of injury.[24][25] Around the time of the scuffle, Punk and Dinero stopped appearing on TNA shows, leading to speculation he was fired for the incident.[26] Punk, however, has stated that the scuffle had no bearing on his TNA career.[26] He said the reason he and Dinero stopped appearing on TNA pay-per-views was that TNA officials believed that he and Dinero had not connected with the fans as villains, having turned against the popular Raven and instead formed a villainous tag team managed by James Mitchell.[26] The officials decided that as the teams as villains was not working decided to put the storyline on hold indefinitely, and thus had no work for Punk or Dinero.[26] Punk officially quit TNA in March 2004 during the Rob Feinstein controversy, after having a dispute with the TNA offices over his ability to compete in ROH following a TNA order that their contracted wrestlers were to no longer wrestle in ROH.[27]
Pursuit of the World Championship (2004–2005)[link]
In ROH, Punk faced off against ROH World Champion Samoa Joe for the championship in a three match series. The first match, on June 12, 2004 at World Title Classic in Dayton, Ohio, resulted in a 60-minute time limit draw when neither Punk nor Joe could pin or cause the other to submit in the 60 minutes. The second match between Punk and Joe was planned for December 4, 2004; however, due to Steve Corino being pulled from a match with Joe by Pro Wrestling ZERO-ONE, the second match was hastily rescheduled on October 11, 2004 for October 16 in Punk's hometown of Chicago.[15] At Joe vs. Punk II on October 16, they wrestled to a second 60-minute draw.[18] In addition to Joe vs. Punk II becoming Ring of Honor's best-selling DVD at the time, the match received a five-star rating by Dave Meltzer's Wrestling Observer Newsletter. It was the first match in North America to receive a five-star rating in seven years—the last one being the Hell in a Cell match between Shawn Michaels and The Undertaker at Badd Blood: In Your House in 1997.[15] Joe ended the series by defeating Punk in the third and final match on December 4, 2004 at All-Star Extravaganza 2 in which there was a no time limit stipulation.[18]
In June 2005, Punk accepted a deal with World Wrestling Entertainment, after a try-out match against Val Venis on its Sunday Night Heat show. Even though he had accepted the deal, Punk went on to defeat Austin Aries with his Pepsi Plunge move, winning the ROH World Championship on June 18, 2005 at Death Before Dishonor III.[21] Immediately after the match, Punk proceeded to become a villain and started a storyline where he threatened to bring the ROH World Championship to WWE with him. For weeks, Punk teased the ROH locker room and the ROH fans as well as mocking the championship he possessed, going so far as to sign his WWE contract on it. During the storyline, Mick Foley made several ROH appearances, attempting to convince Punk to do the right thing and defend the title on his way out. On August 12, 2005 in Dayton, Ohio, Punk lost the ROH World Championship to James Gibson in a four corner elimination match consisting of himself, Gibson, Samoa Joe and Christopher Daniels, who re-debuted after a year-and-half absence.[21] Punk's final scheduled match in Ring of Honor took place at Punk: The Final Chapter on August 13, 2005 against long-time friend Colt Cabana in a two out of three falls match, which he lost.[18] In his last match, Punk was visibly crying and was showered with streamers when he posed in the middle of the ring.
Punk made a special appearance at the ROH show Unscripted II on February 11, 2006, when the original card had to be scrapped due to Low Ki leaving ROH the week prior.[18] In addition, most of the ROH roster contracted to TNA were pulled from the show because of a snowstorm that TNA officials thought might prevent performers from reaching a pay-per-view scheduled the next day.[28][29] In the main event, Punk teamed with Bryan Danielson to wrestle and ultimately defeat Jimmy Rave and Adam Pearce in a tag team match.[29]
World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE[link]
Ohio Valley Wrestling (2005–2006)[link]
In September 2005, Punk was assigned to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), a WWE developmental territory. He made his debut on September 8, 2005, in a dark match, where he, Nigel McGuinness and Paul Burchill were defeated by Deuce Shade, Elijah Burke and Seth Skyfire.[30] On September 26, 2005 in his OVW television debut, Punk suffered a ruptured eardrum and broken nose after Danny Inferno hit him with an overly stiff right hand. Despite the injury, Punk finished the match and quickly recovered.[31][32]
On November 9, 2005, Punk became the OVW Television Champion after defeating Ken Doane,[31] which immediately led to a feud between Punk and Brent Albright, who had previously been feuding with Doane for the Television Championship and had lost his chance to wrestle Doane after Punk hit him with a chair so he himself could wrestle Doane. They wrestled in series of matches, including one that ended in overtime with Albright having Punk submit to Albright's finisher, the Crowbar, but Punk was able to keep the championship, as he had not agreed to the extra time.[31] On January 4, 2006, Punk lost the OVW Television Championship during a three way dance among himself, Albright and Doane. Doane was injured halfway through the match and was replaced by Aaron "The Idol" Stevens. Punk submitted to Albright's Crowbar and was eliminated, but he returned later in the match to distract Albright allowing Stevens to pin Albright and become the new OVW Television Champion.[33] The feud continued after a short period in which Albright and Punk were a tag team, but they became opponents again after Albright wanted the respect of Punk, who would never give it to him, and instead proceeded to "punk out" (get the better of) Albright repeatedly. This feud continued for weeks with Punk always getting the better of Albright until a double turn occurred on February 1, 2006 when Albright became a villain during a tag match, allowing the Spirit Squad to beat Punk and, in doing so, making Punk a crowd favorite.[33] During this time, Punk had a minor appearance at WrestleMania 22 on April 2, 2006 as one of the gangsters who rode a 1930s era car to the ring before John Cena's entrance.[34]
After Matt Cappotelli vacated the OVW Heavyweight Championship because of a brain tumor in February 2006, a tournament was held to crown a new champion. The finals were Brent Albright vs. CM Punk with Albright defeating Punk to become the new champion.[33] Punk and Albright continued their feud, with Albright becoming more unstable and paranoid about maintaining his championship after several close call matches against Punk, resulting in acts such as threatening Maria. On May 3, 2006, Punk finally defeated Albright in a strap match to win the OVW Heavyweight Championship.[33] As champion, Punk retained the title in matches against opponents such as Shad Gaspard,[33] Ken Kennedy,[33] Johnny Jeter[33] and Mike "The Miz" Mizanin.[35]
On July 28, 2006, Punk and Seth Skyfire defeated Shad Gaspard and the Neighborhoodie to win the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship at a house show.[36] They lost the Tag Team Championship on August 2, 2006 to Deuce Shade and "Domino" Cliff Compton after an injured Skyfire tagged in an already injured Punk.[33] This altercation led to a feud between Punk and Skyfire after a rematch for the Tag Team Championship on August 7, 2006 in which a healthy Punk purposefully tagged in an injured Skyfire to be beaten by Shade and Compton.[33] On August 30, 2006, a match was scheduled to take place between Punk and Skyfire for the OVW Heavyweight Championship. Prior to the match, however, Skyfire was attacked by Charles "The Hammer" Evans, with whom Skyfire had also been feuding, and was replaced in the match by Chet Jablonski (Chet the Jet) who pinned Punk to win the OVW Heavyweight Championship.[33] As Punk no longer possessed the championship, OVW no longer required him. He was removed from the roster and brought up to the WWE roster full-time. He continued to make sporadic appearances for the company, such as at the 400th episode of OVW on television,[33] up until WWE announced it was ending its developmental territory agreement with OVW on February 7, 2008.[37]
ECW (2006–2008)[link]
On June 24, 2006, Punk made his ECW debut during a house show at the former ECW Arena, defeating Stevie Richards.[38] He made his TV debut on the July 4 episode of ECW on Sci Fi, cutting a brief pre-taped promo about his straight edge lifestyle emphasizing the disciplinary aspects of being drug and alcohol free.[39] Although he had retained the straight edge gimmick, he now had a Muay Thai training background. Punk made his TV wrestling debut on August 1, 2006 at the Hammerstein Ballroom, defeating Justin Credible.[40] CM Punk established himself in ECW by going undefeated, defeating opponents such as Christopher W. Anderson,[41] Stevie Richards[42] and Shannon Moore.[43]
Soon after, Punk began feuding with Mike Knox after Knox's girlfriend, Kelly Kelly, was seen to have feelings for Punk.[43] Punk defeated Knox in their first singles match (qualifying for the Extreme Elimination Chamber at December to Dismember in the process)[44] as well as the rematch, after which Kelly Kelly celebrated CM Punk's victory over her boyfriend.[45] Punk then teamed with D-Generation X and the Hardy Boyz in their Survivor Series match against Rated-RKO, Knox, Johnny Nitro and Gregory Helms, a match in which all the participants on DX's side survived elimination.[46] At December to Dismember, Punk participated in the Elimination Chamber for the ECW World Championship; however, he was the first person eliminated by Rob Van Dam.[47]
Following the pay-per-view, Punk entered into a feud with Hardcore Holly, who ended Punk's six-month unbeaten streak in singles competition on January 9, 2007.[48] Punk went on to feud with Matt Striker, who gave him his second singles loss since being in ECW on January 30.[49] Punk then qualified for the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania 23 by defeating Johnny Nitro.[50] In the final week leading up to WrestleMania 23, Punk made appearances on both Raw and Friday Night SmackDown!, defeating Kenny Dykstra[51] and former World Heavyweight Champion King Booker,[52] respectively. At WrestleMania 23, Punk competed in, but did not win, the Money in the Bank ladder match, being knocked off the ladder just seconds before the winner, Mr. Kennedy, claimed the briefcase.[53]
On the April 10, 2007 episode of ECW on Sci Fi, Punk briefly became a villain by officially joining the New Breed alliance,[54] after several weeks in which both the New Breed and the ECW Originals had attempted to recruit him.[55][56] Two weeks later, however, Punk betrayed the New Breed during a four on four elimination match between the New Breed and ECW Originals by kicking New Breed leader Elijah Burke in the back of the head and costing them the match. After the match, Punk proceeded to deliver his finisher, the Go To Sleep, on Burke and sarcastically apologized before leaving the ring alone, becoming a fan favorite again. WWE.com later confirmed that Punk was no longer a member of the New Breed.[57] At Judgment Day, Punk wrestled and defeated Burke in his first singles match on a pay-per-view.[58] Punk then went on to One Night Stand and teamed up with Tommy Dreamer and The Sandman in a tables match to defeat the New Breed.[59]
When ECW World Champion Bobby Lashley was drafted to Raw and stripped of the ECW World Championship, a mini-tournament was announced to declare a new champion among Punk, Elijah Burke, Marcus Cor Von and Chris Benoit. Punk defeated Marcus Cor Von on the June 19, 2007 episode of ECW on Sci Fi. By doing so, CM Punk was meant to face Chris Benoit at Vengeance: Night of Champions for the vacant ECW World Championship.[60] Benoit, however, was hastily replaced by Johnny Nitro when Benoit no-showed the event due to what was described on-air as "personal reasons". Nitro subsequently defeated Punk at Vengeance for the vacant championship.[61] Punk won another shot at the title at The Great American Bash against Nitro, who had changed his moniker to John Morrison by this point; however, Punk was defeated again by Morrison.[62] The next week, Punk challenged Elijah Burke and Tommy Dreamer in a triple threat match to determine the next competitor in Morrison's 15 Minutes of Fame Challenge, in which Punk came out victorious.[63] A week later, Punk defeated Morrison with the Go To Sleep to earn an ECW Championship title match at SummerSlam. At SummerSlam, however, Punk lost the match when Morrison used the ropes for leverage.[64]
At the September 1, 2007 (aired September 4) ECW taping, in a "last chance" title match, Punk defeated Morrison for the ECW Championship.[65] Punk then went on to have successful title defenses against the likes of Elijah Burke (at Unforgiven),[66] Big Daddy V via disqualification (at No Mercy)[67] and The Miz (at Cyber Sunday).[68] On the November 6, 2007 episode of ECW, Punk retained the ECW Championship in a match against Morrison following The Miz's interference.[69] At Survivor Series, Punk retained his title in a Triple Threat match, beating The Miz and John Morrison.[70] On the January 22, 2008 episode of ECW, Chavo Guerrero defeated CM Punk in a No Disqualification match to win the ECW Championship after Edge, (acting as a guest commentator at ringside) ran in and speared Punk.[71]
Money in the Bank and World Heavyweight Champion (2008–2009)[link]
At WrestleMania XXIV, Punk won the Money in the Bank ladder match, after defeating Chris Jericho, Montel Vontavious Porter, Shelton Benjamin, John Morrison, Mr. Kennedy and Carlito.[72]
On the June 23, 2008 episode of Raw, CM Punk was drafted to the Raw brand during the 2008 WWE Draft.[73] His first night on Raw came the following week, and he made an immediate impact. After Batista beat down World Heavyweight Champion Edge and left him lying in the ring, Punk and referee Mike Chioda ran to the ring with Punk carrying his Money in the Bank contract. Moments later, as Edge was struggling to get up, Punk hit him with the Go to Sleep and pinned him to win the World Heavyweight Championship. Later that night, Punk won his first defense of the title against JBL, who challenged him shortly after his win.[74] His win over Edge would eventually also earn Punk the Slammy Award for the "Oh my God" Moment of the Year.[75] Punk continued to hold and defend the title until Unforgiven on September 7, 2008. Before the Championship Scramble match, Punk was attacked by an early version of The Legacy (Randy Orton, Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase with Manu). Orton finished the assault by punting Punk in the head.[76] It was announced that Punk could not participate in the match due to the attack and, as a result, he involuntarily forfeited the title. However, Punk was replaced by Chris Jericho, who went on to win the match and the title.[77] He received a rematch eight days later on the September 15 episode of Raw, where he failed to regain the title in a steel cage match against Jericho.[78]
On the October 27, 2008 episode of Raw, Punk and Kofi Kingston defeated Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase to win the World Tag Team Championship.[79] The duo were members of Team Batista at Survivor Series, where their team lost to Team Orton.[80] Punk was then entered in an Intercontinental Championship Tournament, in which the winner would get to challenge for the championship in the future. He would defeat Snitsky and John Morrison in the first two rounds.[81] Punk and Kingston lost the World Tag Team Championship to John Morrison and The Miz at a live event on December 13, 2008.[82] The next day Punk defeated Rey Mysterio at Armageddon to win the tournament.[81] On the January 5 episode of Raw, Punk received his title match against William Regal, which ended in a disqualification, when Regal grabbed the referee's jersey.[83] Due to this, Stephanie McMahon awarded Punk a rematch the following week, but this time it was himself that was disqualified.[84] McMahon awarded him another rematch, this time a No Disqualification match on January 19 episode of Raw, Punk won the match and the title.[85] With this win, he became the nineteenth Triple Crown Champion. Also, the victory made him the man to accomplish the Triple Crown in the fastest amount of time, shattering Kevin Nash's old record.[86] Punk lost the title on the March 9 episode of Raw to John "Bradshaw" Layfield.[87] At WrestleMania XXV, Punk won the Money in the Bank ladder match and became the first person to win the match twice.[88]
On April 13, 2009 during the 2009 WWE Draft, Punk was drafted from Raw to SmackDown.[89] In the period after the draft, Punk feuded with Umaga over Umaga's repeated surprise attacks while Punk was attempting to cash in his Money in the Bank Contract. This ultimately resulted in a Samoan strap match at Extreme Rules, which was won by Punk.[90]
At the end of the pay-per-view, Punk cashed in his Money in the Bank contract to defeat Jeff Hardy for the World Heavyweight Championship.[91] Punk retained his title in a Triple Threat match against both Edge and Hardy eight days later on the June 15 episode of Raw.[92] At The Bash in Sacramento, California, Punk lost to Hardy by disqualification after kicking the referee after being afflicted with a storyline eye injury, claiming he could not see the referee, but because titles do not change hands on a disqualification, Punk retained the championship. Hardy called Punk into question about his eye injury, believing he had been feigning it, leading Punk to turn heel, claiming to be the moral superior of those who support Hardy due to his drug-free lifestyle.[93] At Night of Champions, Punk lost the championship to Hardy.[94] Their feud continued through SummerSlam, where Punk regained the title in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match; afterward, Punk was attacked by The Undertaker.[95] On the August 28 episode of Friday Night SmackDown, Punk concluded his program with Hardy and achieved his booked goal of excising him from the WWE, defeating Hardy in a steel cage match wherein the loser agreed to leave the company.[96] This act would earn Punk a second Slammy that December as he was named winner for 2009's "Shocker of the Year".[97]
At Breaking Point Punk defeated The Undertaker in a submission match to retain the World Heavyweight Championship. Undertaker originally won the match with his Hell's Gate submission hold. SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long re-started the match after stating that the ban that former General Manager Vickie Guerrero had placed on the move was still in effect. Punk would win the match with his Anaconda Vise when referee Scott Armstrong called for the bell despite Undertaker never submitting (reminiscent to the Montreal Screwjob, which took place in the same venue in 1997).[98] The feud between the two continued and at the Hell in a Cell PPV, Punk lost the World Heavyweight Championship to The Undertaker in a Hell in a Cell match.[99] He lost two subsequent rematches against The Undertaker on Smackdown and in a Fatal Four Way match at Bragging Rights also involving Batista and Rey Mysterio.[100][101]
Straight Edge Society and New Nexus (2009–2011)[link]
Main articles: Straight Edge Society and Nexus
His character took on a more sinister demeanor on the November 27 episode of SmackDown when he revealed that he had converted Luke Gallows, who had previously been portrayed as the mentally incompetent wrestler Festus, to the straight-edge lifestyle which had rid him of his mental troubles.[102] Continuing to espouse his straight-edge philosophy, Punk began to present himself as a cult-like savior to the crowd, growing the hair on his head, face and chest in an allusion to Jesus.[103] Through January 2010, Punk began to convert planted members of the audience to a straight-edge lifestyle, making them take a pledge of allegiance to him and shaving their head as a sign of renewal and devotion.[104][105][106] After converting many people who were not seen again, convert Serena began accompanying Punk and Gallows to form the Straight Edge Society.[106][107] As well as leading this alliance, Punk was also the mentor of WWE NXT rookie Darren Young who flirted with the idea of becoming straight-edge before refusing just before his head was to be shaved.[108]
Punk continued to show messianic traits, frequently giving sermons including during the annual Royal Rumble match as well as during an Elimination Chamber match at both of the eponymous pay-per-views.[109][110] In the Chamber match, he was eliminated by Rey Mysterio, whom he had feuding with leading into the PPV. Tensions escalated as Mysterio prevented him from winning a Money in the Bank qualifying match, causing Punk to interrupt Mysterio's celebration of his daughter's ninth birthday.[111] Mysterio challenged Punk to a Street Fight at WrestleMania XXVI but lost to Gallows, meaning Punk picked the stipulation that if Rey lost he would have to join the Society.[112] At WrestleMania, Punk lost to Mysterio[113] sparking a rematch at Extreme Rules where Punk would have to shave his head, like his disciples, if he lost. Punk won this match after interference from a fourth member of the Society who kept his face covered.[114] At Over The Limit, a third and final match was booked with both stipulations reactivated. In the match Punk lost and was subsequently shaved bald.[115]
Embarrassed by being shaved bald as he considered himself always pure unlike his followers, Punk appeared on the following episode of SmackDown, May 29, wearing a mask to hide his baldness.[116] At Fatal 4 Way, Punk challenged for the World Heavyweight Championship against Mysterio, The Big Show and the champion Jack Swagger, but was unsuccessful when he was attacked by Kane, who was accusing various people of attacking The Undertaker.[117] On July 16's SmackDown, Punk was finally unmasked by Big Show while healing from an arm injury.[118] The following week Show also unmasked the anonymous member of the Straight Edge Society who was revealed to be Joey Mercury.[119] This led to a handicap match at SummerSlam where Show defeated the entire Society after Punk abandoned his teammates.[120] Show also beat Punk in a singles match at Night of Champions.[121] Following this Serena was released from WWE[122] while Mercury became injured,[123] severely thinning the Society. Gallows began showing signs of dissension too, and Punk defeated him on SmackDown, airing September 24, ending the group.[124]
Punk was traded back to the Raw brand on October 11 after being swapped with Edge. He took part in the interbrand tag team match at Bragging Rights after injuring Evan Bourne to win a place,[125] but the team lost. It was reported later that he was suffering with a hip injury that would stop him from competing.[126] To keep a presence on television, he began commentating on Raw from November 22,[127] having already commentated one episode of NXT. During his commentary, he criticized John Cena for his actions against The Nexus. Sometimes he favored heel wrestlers over face wrestlers. At the end of December, Punk left the commentary team after assaulting John Cena on Raw[128] and SmackDown[129] with a chair. Punk later revealed that his motives for the attacks were that he had joined and assumed control of The Nexus.[130] He would then use the group to attack Randy Orton, blaming him for prematurely ending Punk's first World Heavyweight Championship reign in 2008; this led to a WrestleMania XXVII match[131] and a Last Man Standing match at Extreme Rules both of which Punk lost.[132]
WWE Champion (2011–present)[link]
In June, after pinning WWE Champion John Cena on Raw,[133] Rey Mysterio at Capitol Punishment[134] and finally Alberto Del Rio again in a contendership match (which included Mysterio) all within one week, Punk revealed his contract would expire at Money in the Bank and vowed to leave the company with the WWE Championship; some of his speeches and mannerisms echoed his final months with Ring of Honor. After making a scathing on-air speech concerning the way in which WWE is run and its owner Vince McMahon, he was given a storyline suspension from televised WWE events[135] but was reinstated the following week on Cena's insistence.[136] Upon his return Punk ceased to appear with the remaining members of Nexus and the group would quietly dissolve the same month.[137] This helped transition him from a villainous character back to being a fan-favorite. Two weeks later, at Money in the Bank, CM Punk defeated John Cena to become the WWE Champion on his final night under contract with WWE.[136]
On July 21, CM Punk made an unannounced appearance at a joint WWE and Mattel panel at the San Diego Comic Con to mock new Chief operating officer Triple H and offer WWE Championship tournament finalist Rey Mysterio a match for Punk's own WWE Championship, as long as it was in Punk's hometown, Chicago.[138][139] Punk appeared at July 23's All American Wrestling show, showing respect to Gregory Iron, a wrestler with cerebral palsy.[140] Mysterio won the WWE Championship tournament on the July 25 episode of Raw, only to lose it to Cena later that night. After Cena's victory, Punk returned to Raw and upstaged the new WWE Champion's victory celebration while also entering into a title dispute. Triple H would later uphold both Punk and Cena's claims to the WWE Championship as legitimate and schedule the two to a match at SummerSlam to decide the undisputed WWE Champion.[141] Punk prevailed but immediately lost the title to Alberto Del Rio, who had cashed in his Money in the Bank contract, after being attacked by Kevin Nash.[142]
The night after SummerSlam Punk accused Nash of conspiring with Triple H to keep Punk away from the WWE Championship.[143] After repeated confrontations Nash and Punk demanded to face each other at Night of Champions, to which Triple H acquiesced. However, after CM Punk's repeated verbal attacks towards him and his wife Stephanie McMahon, Triple H booked himself to replace Nash.[144] At Night of Champions Punk lost a No Disqualification match after Nash, The Miz, and R-Truth attacked both men.[145] Miz and Truth also attacked Punk at Hell in a Cell after he lost a WWE Championship Triple Threat match.[146] He attempted to avenge this by teaming with Triple H against Miz and Truth at Vengeance, but lost again due to Nash attacking Triple H.[147] This helped transition Punk's anti-establishment voice from Triple H to John Laurinaitis who became the interim Raw General Manager.[148] CM Punk balked at Laurinaitis' promotion and verbally attacked him as a dull yes man.[149][150]
On October 31, CM Punk strong-armed his way into a match with Del Rio at Survivor Series,[151] where he regained the WWE Championship by way of submission with the Anaconda Vise.[152] He went on to defend the title through the end of the year, retaining in a rematch with Del Rio on the November 28 episode of Raw[153] and against both Del Rio and The Miz in a Triple Threat TLC match at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs.[154] On the December 26 episode of Raw, CM Punk was defeated by Dolph Ziggler in a gauntlet match; as a result Ziggler became #1 contender to the WWE championship. Had he been successful Punk would have earned the right to face Laurinaitis in a match.[155] The following Raw, Punk was defeated by Ziggler via countout following interference from Laurinaitis; retaining the championship as a result.[156] Intermeddling from Laurinaitis caused Punk to lose to Ziggler throughout January[157][158] which ultimately led to Punk attacking Laurinaitis in retaliation.[158] At the Royal Rumble event, CM Punk successfully defended his title against Ziggler, despite Laurinaitis acting as the outside enforcer.[159]
On the January 30 episode of Raw SuperShow, Chris Jericho attacked Punk and Daniel Bryan during their Champion vs. Champion match, giving Bryan the win.[160] The following week, Jericho explained his actions by dismissing the WWE roster as imitations of himself and singling out Punk for claiming he was the best in the world, a moniker Jericho used the last time he was in WWE.[161][162] Their rivalry continued through Elimination Chamber where Punk retained the WWE Championship in the namesake structure; while four competitors were eliminated, Jericho was unable to continue the match after being kicked out of the chamber by Punk, causing temporary injury.[163] The following night on Raw, Jericho earned a match against Punk at WrestleMania XXVIII,[164] and in a bid to psychologically unsettle him, he revealed Punk's father was an alcoholic and alleged that his sister was a drug addict, asserting that Punk's straight edge philosophy was paranoia to avoid the same vices and vowing to make Punk turn to alcohol by winning the title from him.[165] John Laurinaitis added the stipulation that the WWE Championship could change hands via disqualification, which led to Jericho inciting Punk into using a weapon, but Punk resisted and retained the title.[166] On the April 2 and 9 episodes of Raw SuperShow, Punk retained the WWE Championship against Mark Henry after losing to him via count-out and disqualification. Following both matches, Jericho attacked Punk and doused him with alcohol.[167][168] On the April 16 episode of Raw SuperShow, Punk pinned Henry in a no disqualification, no countout match to retain his title.[169] After repeated altercations, the feud between Jericho and Punk would culminate in a Chicago Street Fight at Extreme Rules where Punk defeated Jericho to retain the WWE Championship.[170]
Punk renewed an old rivalry with Daniel Bryan at the May event Over the Limit, retaining the title after reversing Bryan's submission hold the "Yes!" Lock into a pinning combination, however, replays would show Punk visibly tapping out moments after the finish of the match.[171]
Gimmick[link]
Punk has adopted his real-life following of the straight edge movement as his professional wrestling gimmick, but the gimmick uses different elements of Punk's personality and the beliefs of the straight edge movement depending on his alignment. While portraying a crowd favorite, the gimmick tends to be that of Punk's normal personality,[4] largely indifferent to others who drink alcohol, smoke tobacco, partake in recreational drug use or have promiscuous sexual behavior, but emphasizing the social discipline involved with abstinence. Conversely, his villainous personality tends to be that of one who is hardline or militant straight edge, exemplifying the elitist attitudes and superiority complexes—defined by Punk's common mantra during villainous-themed promos that, because he is straight edge, he is "better than you".[4] Punk performs the straight edge symbol of crossing his arms in an X formation while having the letter X written on the back of his hands, usually drawn on his wrist tape.
Originally, the initials CM in his ring name represented the phrase "Chick Magnet", the name of the tag team he was in as a backyard wrestler.[4][12] Punk, however, later changed CM into an orphan initialism, declaring that it has no meaning,[5] though when asked since he has taken to making up meanings that fit the initials, going so far as to make up long stories to explain the origins that do not match the actual origin story at all.[5] Since beginning this practice, Punk has stated CM stands for "Cookie Monster",[172] "Cookie Master",[173] "Crooked Moonsault",[174] "Chuck Mosley",[174] "Charles Montgomery",[12] "Charles Manson",[12] "Crazy Mariachi", "Chicago Made",[175] among others.
An integral part of Punk's gimmick are the numerous tattoos that adorn his body, some of which have come to become symbols associated with Punk, as well as mantras and declarations that have been integrated into his gimmick. The tattoos as a whole, due to their large quantity and variety, have also become an attribute identifiable to Punk.[176] The most important of the individual tattoos in Punk's character, whether through association, symbol, or mantra, are:
- A Pepsi Globe logo on his left shoulder that inspired the names of two of his signature moves. It also became a symbol of Punk himself, who wore the logo on his ring gear in the independent circuit, as well as a slightly modified Pepsi logo being used as part of his TitanTron entrance video.[177] Punk, a keen Pepsi drinker, chose to receive a Pepsi tattoo to emphasize his straight edge beliefs.[5] The tattoo is also a reference to former Minor Threat guitarist Brian Baker, who had a Coca-Cola tattoo and explained this by saying "I like Coca-Cola". When people inquire about Punk's Pepsi tattoo, he often replies "I like Pepsi" in a similar fashion.[4]
- The words "Straight Edge" are spelled out on Punk's stomach. This is one of his oldest tattoos;[176] he has referred to it as his identity.[178]
- A sleeve tattoo on his left arm that reads "luck is for losers" and features numerous good luck symbols, including a rabbit's foot, four-leaf clover and a horseshoe.[179] The tattoo also features four ace playing cards as a tribute to trainer Ace Steel.[179]
- A tattoo on the back of his left hand reading "No gimmicks needed", a tribute to deceased wrestler Chris Candido.[180]
- A tattoo across his knuckles with the words "DRUG FREE" ("DRUG" on his right knuckles and "FREE" on his left).[181]
- A tattoo of his little sister's jersey number (31) behind his left ear surrounded by stars, each of which also representing his siblings as a way to bond away from home.[182][183]
- A tattoo on his right shoulder of the Cobra Command logo, G.I. Joe's enemy. Punk is well-known for his love of comic books, considering them along with jazz and professional wrestling as three of the original arts that America has given to the world.[182]
- A tattoo of a rose on his left wrist.[184]
Punk's character and gimmick have been parodied by the wrestling federation Chikara who used a mascot character CP Munk, the straight edge chipmunk. The character includes references to Punk, such as X-marked wrist tape, a Pepsi logo on the costume's left shoulder, and a high-pitch version of Punk's best-known independent circuit theme song "Miseria Cantare – The Beginning", by the band AFI.[185] On his website, Punk has said about the character CP Munk, and the people behind it:
| “ | I'm split 50/50 on it. Some days I get real pissed about it, because it's disrespectful. I'm sure it's no secret that the dorks that run Chikara and I don't get along, so they're [sic] judgement on trying to "mock" me is a little off. Most other days I just laugh it off because nobody from Chikara will ever be over enough anywhere for anybody else to parody them'.[186] | ” |
Punk's entrance was emulated by British darts player Paul Nicholson during the 2011 World Matchplay and the 2011 PDC World Darts Championship.[187]
Other media[link]
Punk made an appearance on the February 16, 2004 episode of Monster Garage, "Box Truck Wrestling Car", performing a short match with Samoa Joe.[188] On October 31, 2006, Punk joined The Atlantic Paranormal Society (TAPS) to shoot the Sci Fi Channel special Ghost Hunters Live, which was a six-hour show broadcast live Halloween night from the Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado. Initially skeptical about what he might find, Punk claimed to have heard children giggling and footsteps when there were not any children booked into the hotel.[189]
In 2008, Punk appeared as the Sports Grand Marshal of the nationally-televised McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade in downtown Chicago.[190][191]
On April 30, 2012 it was announced Punk would be featured in the WWE Studios and Kare Production Project "Les reines du ring" (English: Queens of the ring) alongside fellow wrestlers Eve Torres and The Miz.[192]
Personal life[link]
While working for Ring of Honor, Punk was romantically linked to professional wrestlers Shannon Spruill[193] and Tracy Brookshaw.[15] After joining Ohio Valley Wrestling Punk began dating Maria Kanellis, who was working there as an interviewer,[194][195] however they broke up sometime after Punk was moved to World Wrestling Entertainment and started working on the ECW brand.[196] Punk was dating Amy Dumas,[197] however Matt Hardy confirmed in March 2010 that Punk and Dumas were no longer dating.[198] Punk confirmed in an November 2011 Maxim Magazine interview that he was in a relationship with WWE wrestler Beth Phoenix[199] but revealed in December that he was single again.[200] Punk is also one of many figures in entertainment supporting the gender reassignment surgery of Against Me! frontman/frontwoman Tom Gabel, who changed her name to Laura Jane Grace in mid-2012.
In wrestling[link]
File:Punk's Savage Elbow.jpg
Punk pays homage to Randy Savage before a diving elbow drop on Alberto Del Rio.
- WWE
- Finishing moves
- Anaconda Vise (Arm-trap triangle choke)[1][201] - 2006–present
- GTS - Go To Sleep (Fireman's carry dropped into a knee lift)[1] - 2007–present
- Signature moves
- Arm trap swinging neckbreaker[202]
- Arm wrench followed by stepping a leg over the wrenched arm and performing a mule kick with the leg below the opponent's face[17]
- Bulldog[86][203][204]
- Diving crossbody[6]
- Diving elbow drop[205][206] – adopted from and used in tribute to Randy Savage[182]
- Double underhook backbreaker[17]
- Hammerlock twisted into a short-range lariat[17]
- Koji clutch[1]
- Leg lariat[207]
- Mongolian chop[208]
- Repeated elbow strikes to an opponent's chest[209]
- Rope hung arm trap can opener[204]
- Roundhouse kick[210][211][212]
- Sitout suplex slam[213]
- Slingshot somersault senton[6][17][204]
- Snap scoop powerslam[214]
- Springboard clothesline[6][204][215]
- Step-up enzuigiri[17]
- Step-up high knee to a cornered opponent[203][204] followed by a bulldog[86][203]
- Suicide dive[6]
- Super frankensteiner[216][217]
- Tilt-a-whirl backbreaker[6][17]
- Nicknames
- Entrance themes
- "This Fire Burns" by Killswitch Engage[225] (August 1, 2006–July 17, 2011)
- "Cult of Personality" by Living Colour[226] (July 25, 2011–present)
- Finishing moves
- Independent circuit
- Finishing moves
- Anaconda vise or an arm triangle choke[17]
- Pepsi Plunge[6] (Diving double underhook facebuster)[17]
- Shining wizard[17]
- Signature moves
- Arm wrench followed by stepping a leg over the wrenched arm and performing a mule kick with the leg below the opponent's face[17]
- Corkscrew dive transitioned into a diving neckbreaker[6]
- Crooked Moonsault[227] (Split-legged moonsault)[17]
- Delayed vertical suplex[6][17]
- Devil Lock DDT[6] (Hammerlock legsweep DDT)[17]
- Facewash[6]
- Inverted facelock backbreaker[17]
- Inverted frankensteiner[17]
- Jackie Chan[6][17] (While sitting in a corner, grasps the top rope with one hand on each side of the turnbuckle and when the opponent attempts to pull him off the ropes by his legs, he performs a back tuck, landing on his feet)
- Pepsi Twist[6][17] (Jumping hammerlock twisted into a short-range lariat)[17]
- Punk-Handle Piledriver[6][17] (Pumphandle reverse piledriver)
- Rolling fireman's carry slam[6]
- Slingshot somersault senton[6][17]
- Springboard corkscrew crossbody[17]
- Suicide dive[6]
- Welcome to Chicago, Motherfucker[6] (Double underhook backbreaker)[17]
- With Julio Dinero
- Double superkick[228]
- Near Death Experience (Diving neckbreaker (Punk) / Powerbomb (Dinero) combination)[228]
- Managers
- Milo Beasley[17]
- Tracy Brooks[17]
- Bobby Heenan[17]
- Alexis Laree / Vicki Adams[17]
- Lucy[229]
- Joshua Masters[17]
- James Mitchell[17]
- Dave Prazak[230]
- Entrance themes
- "Shitlist" by L7
- "South of Heaven" by Slayer[231]
- "A Call for Blood" by Hatebreed[232]
- "Miseria Cantare (The Beginning)" by AFI[232]
- "Cult of Personality" by Living Colour[233]
- "Night Train" by The Bouncing Souls[234]
- "¡Olé!" by The Bouncing Souls[4]
- Finishing moves
Championships and accomplishments[link]
- Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South
- International Wrestling Cartel
- IWC Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[237]
- Mid-American Wrestling
- MAW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[238]
- NWA Cyberspace
- NWA Cyberspace Tag Team Championship (1 time)[239] – with Julio Dinero
- NWA Revolution
- NWA Revolution Heavyweight Championship (1 time)[17]
- Ohio Valley Wrestling
- Pro Wrestling Illustrated
- Feud of the Year (2011)[243] vs. John Cena
- Match of the Year (2011)[244] vs. John Cena at Money in the Bank
- Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (2011)[245]
- Wrestler of the Year (2011)[246]
- PWI ranked him #3 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010[247]
- Revolver
- Golden Gods Award for "Most Metal Athlete" (2012)[248]
- Ring of Honor
- St. Paul Championship Wrestling
- World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
- ECW Championship (1 time)[249]
- World Heavyweight Championship (3 times)[250][251][252]
- WWE Championship (2 times, current)1[253][254]
- World Tag Team Championship (1 time)[255] – with Kofi Kingston
- WWE Intercontinental Championship (1 time)[256]
- Money in the Bank (2008, 2009)[72][88]
- Nineteenth Triple Crown Champion[86]
- Slammy Award for "OMG" Moment of the Year (2008)[75] Cashing in Money in the Bank to win the World Heavyweight Championship
- Slammy Award for Shocker of the Year (2009)[97] Forcing Jeff Hardy out of the WWE after Steel Cage match victory
- Slammy Award for Despicable Me (2010)[257] Harassing Rey Mysterio and his family
- Slammy Award for Superstar of the Year (2011)[10]
- Slammy Award for "Pipe Bomb" of the Year (2011)[10]
- Slammy Award for T-Shirt of the Year (2011)[258] "Best in the World"
- Wrestling Observer Newsletter
- Best Gimmick (2009, 2011)[259][260]
- Best on Interviews (2011)[260]
- Feud of the Year (2009)[259] vs. Jeff Hardy
- Feud of the Year (2011)[260] vs. John Cena
- Match of the Year (2011)[260] vs. John Cena at WWE Money in the Bank
1 ^ Punk held the title concurrently with John Cena during his first reign. After defeating him Punk became undisputed champion but was not recognized by WWE as having won the title a second time.[261]
Luchas de Apuestas record[link]
See also: Luchas de Apuestas
| Wager | Winner | Loser | Location | Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hair | Rey Mysterio | CM Punk | Detroit, Michigan | 02010-05-23May 23, 2010 | S.E.S. Pledge vs. Hair match at Over the Limit.[262] |
References[link]
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External links[link]
| Find more about CM Punk on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
- Official website
- CM Punk on Twitter
- CM Punk's channel on YouTube
- Professional wrestling record for CM Punk from The Internet Wrestling Database
- WWE Profile
- CM Punk at the Internet Movie Database
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Brooks, Phil |
| Alternative names | CM Punk (ring name) |
| Short description | Professional wrestler |
| Date of birth | October 26, 1978 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/CM_Punk
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Phil Brooks
http://cs.wn.com/CM Punk
http://es.wn.com/Phil Brooks
http://ru.wn.com/СМ Панк
http://nl.wn.com/CM Punk
http://pt.wn.com/CM Punk
http://pl.wn.com/CM Punk
http://fr.wn.com/CM Punk
http://de.wn.com/CM Punk
http://hi.wn.com/सी एम पंक
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
