The River Benue looking south east from Jimeta.

Map showing the Benue River drainage basin.

The Benue River (French: la Bénoué) is the major tributary of the Niger River. The river is approximately 1,400 km long and is almost entirely navigable during the summer months. As a result, it is an important transportation route in the regions through which it flows.

It rises in the Adamawa Plateau of northern Cameroon, from where it flows west, and through the town of Garoua and Lagdo Reservoir, into Nigeria south of the Mandara mountains, and through Jimeta, Ibi and Makurdi before meeting the Niger at Lokoja.

Large tributaries are the Gongola River and the Mayo Kébbi, which connects it with the Logone River (part of the Lake Chad system) during floods. Other tributaries are Taraba River and River Katsina Ala.

At the point of confluence the Benue exceeds the Niger by volume (mean discharge before 1960: 3400 m³/s vs. 2500 m³/s). During the following decades the runoff of both rivers decreased markedly due to irrigation.

External links[link]

 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Benue". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

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Ahmadou Ahidjo
Ahmadou Ahidjo
1st President of Cameroon
In office 5 May 1960 – 6 November 1982
Succeeded by	Paul Biya
1st Prime Minister of East Cameroon
In office 1 January 1960 – 15 May 1960
Succeeded by	Charles Assalé
Personal details
Born	(1924-08-24)24 August 1924 Garoua
Died	30 November 1989(1989-11-30) (aged 65) Dakar, Senegal
Nationality	Cameroonian
Political party	Cameroon National Union
Religion	Islam

Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo (24 August 1924 – 30 November 1989) was the first President of Cameroon from 1960 until 1982.

Early life[link]

Ahidjo was born in Garoua, a major river port along the Benue River in northern Cameroun, which was at the time a French mandate territory.^[1] His father was a Fulani village chief, while his mother was a Fulani of slave descent.

Ahidjo's mother raised him as a Muslim and sent him to Quranic school as a child. In 1932, he began attending local government primary school. After failing his first school certification examination in 1938, Ahidjo worked for a few months in the veterinary service. He returned to school and obtained his school certification a year later.^[1] Ahidjo spent the next three years attending secondary school at the Ecole Priamaire Superieure in Yaoundé, the capital of the mandate, studying for a career in the civil service. At school, Ahidjo also played soccer and competed as a cyclist.^[1]

In 1942, Ahidjo joined the civil service as a radio operator for a postal service. As part of his job, he worked on assignments in several major cities throughout the country, such as Douala, Ngaoundéré, Bertoua, and Mokolo. According to his official biographer, Ahidjo was the first civil servant from northern Cameroun to work in the southern areas of the territory.^[1] His experiences throughout the country were, according to Harvey Glickman, professor emeritus of political science at Haverford College and scholar of African politics, responsible for fostering his sense of national identity and provided him the sagacity to handle the problems of governing a multiethnic state.^[2]

Political career[link]

In 1946, Ahidjo entered territorial politics. From January 28, 1957 to May 10, 1957, Ahidjo served as President of the Legislative Assembly of Cameroon. In the same year he became Deputy Prime Minister in de facto head of state André-Marie Mbida's government. Upon independence in 1960, Ahidjo, as leader of the Cameroon Union, was elected as President, and he persuaded part of British Cameroon to join his country. He was reelected in 1965, 1970, 1975 and 1980, gradually establishing the complete dominance of his own party and outlawing all others in 1976.

He experienced a rebellion in the 1960s from a group known as the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon, but defeated it by 1970. In the early 1970s he created an unpopular constitution which ended the autonomy of British Cameroon and established unitary rule. Though many of his actions were dictatorial, his country became one of the most stable in Africa. He was considered to be more conservative and less charismatic than most post-colonial African leaders, but his policies allowed Cameroon to attain comparative prosperity.

July 26, 1982, President Ahmadou Ahidjo arrives for a visit to Washington D.C. Location: Joint Base Andrews, Maryland

U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Ahmadou Ahidjo, June 1982

Ahidjo resigned, ostensibly for health reasons, on 4 November 1982 (there are many theories surrounding the resignation; it is generally believed that his French doctor "tricked" Ahidjo about his health)^[3][4] and was succeeded by Prime Minister Paul Biya two days later.^[5] That he stepped down in favor of Biya, a Christian from the south and not a Muslim from the north like himself, was considered surprising. Ahidjo's ultimate intentions are unclear; it is possible that he intended to return to the presidency at a later point when his health improved, and another possibility is that he intended for Maigari Bello Bouba, a fellow Muslim from the north who succeeded Biya as Prime Minister, to be his eventual successor as President, with Biya in effectively a caretaker role. Although the Central Committee of the ruling Cameroon National Union (CNU) urged Ahidjo to remain President, he declined to do so, but he did agree to remain as the President of the CNU. However, he also arranged for Biya to become the CNU Vice-President and handle party affairs in his absence. Additionally, in January 1983, Ahidjo travelled across the country in a tour in support of Biya.^[6]

Later in 1983, a major feud developed between Ahidjo and Biya. On July 19, 1983, Ahidjo went into exile in France, and Biya began removing Ahidjo's supporters from positions of power and eliminating symbols of his authority, replacing Ahidjo's portraits with his own and removing Ahidjo's name from the anthem of the CNU. On August 22, Biya announced that a plot allegedly involving Ahidjo had been uncovered. For his part, Ahidjo severely criticized Biya, alleging that Biya was abusing his power, that he lived in fear of plots against him, and that he was a threat to national unity. The two were unable to reconcile despite the efforts of several foreign leaders, and Ahidjo announced on August 27 that he was resigning as head of the CNU.^[6] In exile, Ahidjo was sentenced to death in absentia in February 1984, along with two others, for participation in the June 1983 coup plot, although Biya commuted the sentence to life in prison. Ahidjo denied involvement in the plot. A violent but unsuccessful coup attempt in April 1984 was also widely believed to have been orchestrated by Ahidjo.^[7]

In his remaining years, Ahidjo divided his time between France and Senegal. He died in Dakar on 30 November 1989 and was buried there.^[8] He was officially rehabilitated by a law in December 1991.^[9] Biya said on 30 October 2007 that the matter of returning Ahidjo's remains to Cameroon was "a family affair". An agreement on returning Ahidjo's remains was reached in June 2009, and it was expected that they would be returned in 2010.^[8]

There is a stadium named after Ahidjo in Yaoundé.

Few images remain of President Ahmadou Ahidjo, and it is often said that the Biya regime made an active effort to erase any visual or audio references to Cameroon's first head of state. The few surviving pieces of archival footage of Cameroon in the period following independence will likely come to light after Biya's departure.^{[citation needed]}

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Glickman, Harvey (ed.) (1992), Political Leaders of Contemporary Africa South of the Sahara, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-26781-2 .

External links[link]

• Video of Ahidjo and Biya

v t e Presidents of Cameroon Ahmadou Ahidjo  · Paul Biya

v t e Prime Ministers of Cameroon East Cameroon (1960–1972) Ahmadou Ahidjo · Charles Assalé · Vincent de Paul Ahanda · Simon Pierre Tchoungui West Cameroon (1961–1972) John Ngu Foncha · Augustine Ngom Jua · Salomon Tandeng Muna Republic of Cameroon (1975–present) Paul Biya · Bello Bouba Maigari · Luc Ayang · Sadou Hayatou · Simon Achidi Achu · Peter Mafany Musonge · Ephraïm Inoni · Philémon Yang