Oran

Tuesday, 12 February 2013

Algerie / Oran Sketch avec zaza et hamid et autres [2011] سكتش

Mestafa Bilahoudoud : Sketch Oran Ramadhan 2012

chaba zahouania & zina daoudia à oran 5 juillet 2012

Algerie / Oran Zanga Zanga Sketch [2011] سكتش زنقة زنقة

La drogue a ORAN - الـمـخـذرات فـي وهـران 1/2

Darksiders 2 - Oran's Side Quest: The Wandering Stones - Locations and Quest ending

Oran a Cloiche - Kathleen MacInnes and Sarah Jarosz

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Algeria
Coordinates: 28°N 2°E / 28°N 2°E / 28; 2
Algeria ⁱ/ælˈdʒɪəriə/ (Arabic: الجزائر‎, al-Jazā'ir; Berber: ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, al-Jumhūriyyah al-Jazāʾiriyyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah ash-Shaʿbiyyah), also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a large country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.
When referring to its land area, Algeria is the largest country in Africa, Maghreb and the Arab World. It is also the largest of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea; it is also the tenth-largest country in the world. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Its size is almost 2,400,000 square kilometres (926,645 sq mi) with an estimated population of 37.1 million as of 2012. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC and the United Nations. The country is also a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union.

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Algiers
Algiers (Arabic: الجزائر‎, al-Jazā’ir; Algerian Arabic: دزاير, Berber: Dzayer / ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. According to the 1998 census, the population of the city proper was 1,519,570 and that of the urban agglomeration was 2,135,630. In 2009, the population was about 3,500,000. An estimate puts the population at about 3,574,000 as of 2010.
Called El-Behdja (البهجة) or alternatively Alger la Blanche ("Algiers the White") for the glistening white of its buildings as seen rising up from the sea, Algiers is situated on the west side of a bay of the Mediterranean Sea. The modern part of the city is built on the level ground by the seashore; the old part, the ancient city of the deys, climbs the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the casbah or citadel, 122 metres (400 ft) above the sea. The casbah and the two quays form a triangle.
The city name is derived (via French Alger and Catalan Alger) from the Arabic name الجزائر al-Jazā’ir, which translates as "The Islands", referring to the four islands which lay off the city's coast until becoming part of the mainland in 1525. Al-Jazā’ir is itself a truncated form of the city's older name جزائر بني مازغان Jazā’ir Banī Mazghannā, "The Islands of the Sons of Mazghanna", used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi.

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Alicante
Alicante (Spanish: [aliˈkante]) or Alacant (Valencian: [alaˈkant]) is a city in Spain, the capital of the province of Alicante and of the comarca of Alacantí, in the south of the Valencian Community. It is also a historic Mediterranean port. The population of the city of Alicante proper was 334,329, estimated as of 2011^[update], ranking as the second-largest Valencian city. Including nearby municipalities, the Alicante conurbation had 462,281 residents. The population of the metropolitan area (including Elche and satellite towns) was 771,061 as of 2011^[update] estimates, ranking as the eighth-largest metropolitan area of Spain.
The area around Alicante has been inhabited for over 7000 years, with the first tribes of hunter gatherers moving down gradually from Central Europe between 5000 and 3000 BC. Some of the earliest settlements were made on the slopes of Mount Benacantil. By 1000 BC Greek and Phoenician traders had begun to visit the eastern coast of Spain, establishing small trading ports and introducing the native Iberian tribes to the alphabet, iron and the pottery wheel. By the 3rd century BC, the rival armies of Carthage and Rome began to invade and fight for control of the Iberian Peninsula. The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca established the fortified settlement of Akra Leuka (Greek: Ἄκρα Λευκά, meaning "White Mountain" or "White Point"), where Alicante stands today.

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Almería
Almería (Spanish pronunciation: [almeˈɾi.a]) is a city in Andalusia, Spain, on the Mediterranean Sea. It is the capital of the province of the same name.
Tradition says that the name Almería stems from the Arabic المرية Al-Mariyya: "The Mirror", comparing it to "The Mirror of the Sea". Nowadays, the most accepted interpretation is that it derives from the Arabic term مرأى Al-Mara'ā, which means "The Watchtower".
The city was founded by Calipha Abd-ar-Rahman III of Cordova in 955 AD. It was to be a principal harbour in his extensive domain to strengthen his Mediterranean defences.
Its Moorish castle, the Alcazaba of Almería, is the second largest among the Muslim fortresses of Andalusia, after the Alhambra.
In this period, the port city of Almería reached its historical peak. After the fragmentation of the Caliphate of Córdoba, Almería continued to be ruled by powerful local Muslim Taifa emirs like Jairan, the first independent Emir of Almería and Cartagena, and Almotacin, the poet emir. Both Jairan and Almotacin were fearless warriors, but also sophisticated patrons of the arts. A silk industry, based upon plantings of mulberry trees in the hot, dry landscape of the province, supported Almería in the 11th century and made its strategic harbour an even more valuable asset.

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Annaba
Annaba (Arabic: عنابة‎, ‘Annābah, formerly Bône, historically Hippo) is a city in the northeastern corner of Algeria near the river Seybouse. It is located in Annaba Province. With a population of 257,359 (2008), it is the fourth largest city in Algeria. It is a leading industrial centre in eastern Algeria.^{[citation needed]} Most of the people call this city Balad Al Unnâb, i.e. the Jujubes city, because of the abundance of this fruit in this place.
Annaba is a coastal city and a pole of spontaneous growth. The area of growth of Annaba is accompanied by a metropolitan area under pressure even at high compression to the image of the other metropolises of the Algerian coastline such as Oran and the capital Algiers. With more than 200,000 inhabitants, it's in direct and indirect relationship with the region of "Bône", a territory of nearly 4 million people. It's character of a "port town" gives it a regional international radiation. Much of eastern and southern Algerian seeks the services, equipment, and infrastructure of the city. Economically, it is located in the centre of dynamic and varied activities: industry, transport, finance and tourism.

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Arzew
Arzew or Arzeu (Arabic: أرزيو‎) is a port city in Algeria, 22 miles (35 km) from Oran. It is the capital of Arzew District, Oran Province.
Like the rest of North Africa, the site of modern-day Arzew was originally inhabited by the Berbers. Arzew's original Berber population came mainly from the nearby town of Bethioua and from the Rif mountains in current Morocco and some semi-nomadic Hamian.
It was named Arsenaria, or Portus Magnus (Great Harbour) under the Roman Empire (the latter name is the one that can be seen in its former coat of arms). It has several Roman remains, mosaics, and artworks, which were deplaced to the museum of nearby Oran. During Roman times, Arzew's exports used to be grain and salt. The Vandals destroyed Portus Magnus in 429/430.
Since the Muslim conquests, it regained some importance, as it was noted by the geographer El Bekri, during his description of North Africa (1068) where he described the Roman ruins as Arzao, an abandoned Roman port. The Almohads refounded the port in 1162. Under the Ziyanids, the port, located near the Ziyanid Tlemcen was renamed to Marsa Ben Zian (i.e. the port of the Zian tribe).

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Arzew District
Arzew is a district in Oran Province, Algeria, on the Mediterranean Sea. It was named after its capital, Arzew.
The district is further divided into 2 municipalities:

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Aïn Bya
Aïn Bya is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 26,253.

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Aïn Defla
Aïn Defla (Arabic: عين الدفلى‎, lit. oleander spring) is the capital city of Aïn Defla Province, Algeria. It is also a commune.

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Aïn El Kerma
Aïn El Kerma is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria.
Coordinates: 35°38′56″N 0°58′33″W / 35.64889°N 0.97583°W / 35.64889; -0.97583

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Aïn El Turk
Ain el-Turck (arabic : عين الترك ) (literally "Fountain of the Turks") is a the capital of Ain el-Turck District Located about fifteen kilometers from Oran, which contains nine municipalities. It now host an important seaside resort.
It also gives its name to one of the beaches in the region of Oran.
Centuries ago, Ain el Turck was a plain called El Eurfa which extends from St Roch till Les Andalouses. Over the centuries, the population of El Eurfa plain (known later as Ain el Turck) has significantly increased. Two types of people lived there and cohabited :
There were nomadic people who practice transhumance, wandering between the plains of El Eurfa, Boutlelis and Messreghinn, except in some special cases they did not go beyond the Sabkha in the South and the forest Madagh in the West, These nomadic tribes lived together and traded with sedentary or sedentarized tribes who practiced agriculture and beekeeping around Ain el Turck. These sedentary people sold their products at Mers el-Kebir and Oran, they also sold their products to nomadic tribes, but most of the time they swapped their products with sheep as they supply them with meat and wool.

wn.com/Aïn_El_Turk
Aïn El Turk District
Aïn El Turk is a district in Oran Province, Algeria, on the Mediterranean Sea. It was named after its capital, Aïn El Turk.
The district is further divided into 4 municipalities:

wn.com/Aïn_El_Turk_District
Aïn Témouchent
Aïn Témouchent (Arabic: عين تموشنت‎) is the capital of Aïn Témouchent Province, Algeria.

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Ben Freha
Ben Freha is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 14565.
Coordinates: 35°41′36″N 0°25′09″W / 35.69333°N 0.41917°W / 35.69333; -0.41917

wn.com/Ben_Freha
Bethioua
Bethioua (Arabic: بطيوة‎) (formerly, under French rule, called Saint Leu) is a town in the wilaya of Oran in the west of the Algeria. It has a gas port, petrochemical facilities and desalination plant.
It is located on the ruins of the ancient Roman settlement of Portus Magnus.
When the Anglo-Americans invaded Algeria in November 1941 (Operation Torch), the American troops who captured Oran landed at Beach Z, which was the strip of coastline between Arzew and St. Leu.
Coordinates: 35°48′N 0°16′W / 35.8°N 0.267°W / 35.8; -0.267

wn.com/Bethioua
Bethioua District
Bethioua is a district in Oran Province, Algeria, on the Mediterranean Sea. It was named after its capital, Bethioua.
The district is further divided into 3 municipalities:

wn.com/Bethioua_District
Bir El Djir
Bir El Djir is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 73,029.
Coordinates: 35°43′N 0°33′W / 35.717°N 0.55°W / 35.717; -0.55

wn.com/Bir_El_Djir
Bir El Djir District
Bir El Djir is a district in Oran Province, Algeria, on the Mediterranean Sea. It was named after its capital, Bir El Djir.
The district is further divided into 3 municipalities:

wn.com/Bir_El_Djir_District
Biskra
Coordinates: 34°51′N 5°44′E / 34.85°N 5.733°E / 34.85; 5.733 Biskra (Arabic: بسكرة ‎; Berber: Tibeskert) is the capital city of Biskra province, Algeria. In 2007, its population was recorded as 207,987.
During Roman times the town was called Vescera, though this may have been simply a Latin transliteration of the native name. Around 200 AD under Septimius Severus' reign, it was seized by the Romans and became part of the province of Numidia. As a major settlement in the border region, it was significant even then. Its name was apparently bowdlerized by the Romans to Ad Piscīnam ("at the piscīna"), implying the presence of important waterworks.
As of 1935, Biskra was an inland town, the principal settlement of a Saharan oasis watered by the intermittent Oued Biskra. It is in the southern part of the Algerian rail system, and a favorite winter resort. Large quantities of fruit, especially dates and olives, were grown in the vicinity. The town was a military post, and was the scene of severe fighting in the rebellions of 1849 and 1871.

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Blida
Coordinates: 36°28′N 2°49′E / 36.467°N 2.817°E / 36.467; 2.817
Blida (Arabic: البليدة‎) is a city in Algeria. It is the capital of Blida Province, and it is located about 45 km south-west of Algiers, the national capital. The name Blida, i.e. bulaydah, diminutive of the arab word belda, city.
Blida lies surrounded with orchards and gardens, 190 metres (620 ft) above the sea, at the base of the Tell Atlas, on the southern edge of the fertile Mitidja Plain, and the right bank of the Oued el kebir outflow from the Chiffa gorge. The abundant water of this stream provides power for large corn mills and several factories, and also supplies the town, with its numerous fountains and irrigated gardens. Blida is surrounded by a wall of considerable extent, pierced by six gates, and is further defended by Port Mimieh, crowning a steep hill on the left bank of the river.
The nearby Chiffa gorge is a habitat of the endangered Barbary Macaque, Macaca sylvanus; this habitat is one of only a few relict locations where populations of this primate are found.

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Bordeaux
Coordinates: 44°50′19″N 0°34′42″W / 44.8386°N 0.5783°W / 44.8386; -0.5783
Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [bɔʁdo]; Gascon: Bordèu; Basque: Bordele) is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.
The Bordeaux metropolitan area has a population of 1,105,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais.
Bordeaux is the world's major wine industry capital. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, while the wine economy in the metro area moves 14.5 billion euros each year.Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" of the 18th century.
Between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago the area of Bordeaux was inhabited by the Neanderthal, whose remains have been found at a famous cave known as Pair-non-Pair, near Bourg sur Gironde, just north of Bordeaux. In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin. The name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city.

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Bordj Bou Arréridj
Bordj Bou Arréridj (Arabic: برج بوعريريج‎) population 140,000 (2005 estimate), is the capital city of Bordj Bou Arréridj Province, Algeria. It is situated 148 miles by road east of Algiers, near the Hodnar Massif in the southern Kabylia Mountains, at an elevation of 916 metres.
The economy is largely based upon agriculture and forestry, with some small-scale industries. Bordj Bou Arréridj is well-connected to other urban centres by road and rail. The cities of Setif and Bouira are 70 km east and 115 km northwest, respectively. CA Bordj Bou Arreridj is a 1st Level Algerian professional football club based in town; its home grounds are 20 August 1955 Stadium in Mohamed Belouizdad.
Coordinates: 36°04′N 4°46′E / 36.067°N 4.767°E / 36.067; 4.767

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Boufatis
Boufatis is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 9906.
Coordinates: 35°41′N 0°25′W / 35.683°N 0.417°W / 35.683; -0.417

wn.com/Boufatis
Boumerdès
Boumerdès (Arabic: بومرداس; Kabyle: Bumerdes; Bumardas or Bomardas) is the capital city of Boumerdès Province, Algeria. It is located on the Mediterranean Sea. It had a population of 28,500 in 1998 and 15,000 in 1987.
Boumerdès is a seaside city located in the north of Algeria about 50 km east of Algiers. Its previous name, during French occupation of Algeria, was Rocher Noir, translated from French as Black Rock.
It is the capital city of Wilaya (district) of Boumerdès. The city had a major earthquake on May 21, 2003 causing a lot of damage to the city with 1,382 people killed and 3,442 injured. The city became the capital of the province, having the same name, according to the administrative division in 1984.
The city is famous as a scientific center, including a number of national institutes and the University of M'hamed Bouguerra. The institutes include l'Institut Algerian du Petrole (The Algerian Petroleum Institute IAP), Faculty des Hydraucarbures et de la Chimie (Faculty of Hydroncarbons and Chemistry FHC), l'Institut National d'Eletrecite et d'Electronqiue (The National Institute for Electricity and Electronics INELEC), l'Institut National de Genie Mechanique (The National Institute of Mechanical Engineering ENGM), l'Institut National des Industries Legeres (The National Institute for Light Industries INIL).

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Bousfer
Bousfer (formerly known as Ain-boucefar) is a municipality in Oran province under Ain el-Turck district.
The village was established in 1850 and built in full function joint in 1863, located in the opposite of the naval base of Mers el-Kebir. The hamlet of Andalusians (so named by mistake) was diverted from the town in 1893 after the creation of the municipality of El Ancor – its name is actually Al-Andalous because on the shores of the Gulf between Cape Falcon north-east and the Cape Lindl the northwest, the first Moors expelled from Andalusia landed there.
At the time of independence, the 2nd Republic sought to protect the naval base. It is grouped September 13, 1962 in a camp that takes the name "Camp Segrétain". The implementation is provided free of any construction on the location of vines at the bottom of a basin bounded on the north by dunes that separates the sea nearby. The Legionnaires start to work and build first tent camp, then the need to construct buildings in hard group, is soon to feel the first rains.

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Boutlélis
Boutlélis is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 17599.

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Boutlélis District
Boutlélis is a district in Oran Province, Algeria, on the Mediterranean Sea. It was named after its capital, Boutlélis.
The district is further divided into 3 municipalities:

wn.com/Boutlélis_District
Bouïra
Coordinates: 36°22′48″N 3°54′5″E / 36.38°N 3.90139°E / 36.38; 3.90139
Bouïra (Kabyle: Tubiret, or in tifinagh) is the capital of Bouïra Province, Algeria.
It has 75,086 inhabitants as of the 1998 census, which gives it 15 seats in the PMA.
It is located in the geographical heart of the province. It borders the municipality of Ait Laziz in the north, Aïn Turk in the north-east (home to the largest aqueduct in Africa), Aïn El Hadjar in the east, El Hachimia in the south-east, Oued El Berdi in the south, El Asnam in the south-west, Haizer in the west, and Taghzourt in the north-west.
Bouïra is twinned with:

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Béchar
Béchar (Arabic: بشار‎), formerly known as Colomb-Béchar, is a capital city of Béchar Province, Algeria. The area is controlled by Algeria, though claims have also been made on it by Morocco. In 1998 the city had a population of 134,954.
Before coal was found here in 1907, Bechar was a small populated town. It thrived on the activity of the coal mines until petroleum production seized the market.
The city is noted for its leatherwork and jewellery. Dates, vegetables, figs, cereals and almonds are produced near Béchar. Bituminous coal reserves in the region are not exploited to their greatest potential because of high transportation costs. The city was once the site of a French Foreign Legion post.
Near Béchar, there is Kenadsa longwave transmitter, whose masts are the tallest structures in Algeria.
Béchar is located in northwestern region of Algeria roughly 58 km south of the Moroccan border.
It is served by a narrow gauge railway station of SNTF, which in 2008, may be replaced with a standard gauge railway. From 1941 to 1963 it was reached by the standard gauge Mediterranean-Niger-Railway.

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Béjaïa
Béjaïa, Bgayet (Tifinagh: ) is a Mediterranean port city on the Gulf of Béjaïa in Algeria; it is the capital of Béjaïa Province, Kabylia. Under French rule, it was formerly known under various European names, such as Budschaja in German, Bugia in Italian, and Bougie [buˈʒi] (both of which are words for 'candle'). Béjaïa is the largest city in Kabylia (second largest is Tizi Ouzou), and one of the largest principally Berber speaking cities.
The town is overlooked by the mountain Yemma Gouraya, whose profile is said to resemble a sleeping woman; other nearby scenic spots include the Aiguades beach and the Pic des Singes (Monkey Peak); the latter site is a habitat for the endangered Barbary Macaque, Macaca sylvanus, which prehistorically had a much broader distribution than at present. All three of these geographic features are contained in the Gouraya National Park. The Soummam river runs past the town.
Béjaïa was first inhabited by Numidian Berbers. A minor port in Carthaginian and Roman times, Béjaïa was the Roman Saldae, a veteran colony founded by emperor Vespasian of great importance in the province of Mauretania Caesariensis, later in the fraction Sitifensis.

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Casablanca
Casablanca (Arabic: الدار البيضاء‎ ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ, original name in Berber: ⴰⵏⴼⴰ Anfa) is a city in western Morocco, located on the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Grand Casablanca region.
Casablanca is Morocco's largest city as well as its chief port. It is also the biggest city in the Maghreb. The 2004 census recorded a population of 2,949,805 in the prefecture of Casablanca and 3,631,061 in the region of Grand Casablanca. Casablanca is considered the economic and business center of Morocco, while the political capital city of Morocco is Rabat.
Casablanca hosts headquarters and main industrial facilities for the leading Moroccan and international companies based in Morocco. Industrial statistics show Casablanca retains its historical position as the main industrial zone of the country. The Port of Casablanca is one of the largest artificial ports in the world, and the largest port of North Africa. It is also the primary naval base for the Royal Moroccan Navy.
The Latinized name of the city is a Spanish word combination meaning "White House" (blanca "white", casa "house"). It is thought that the Spaniards adopted the name from Portuguese Casa Branca. The city is now nicknamed Casa by many locals.

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Casbah
The Casbah (Arabic: قصبة‎, qaṣba, meaning citadel (fortress)) is specifically the citadel of Algiers in Algeria and the traditional quarter clustered around it. More generally, a kasbah is the walled citadel of many North African cities and towns. The name made its way into English from French in the late 19th century (the Oxford English Dictionary states 1895), and continues to be spelled as acquired from that language.
The Casbah of Algiers is founded on the ruins of old Icosium. It was a small city which, built on a hill, goes down towards the sea, divided in two: the High city and the Low city. One finds there masonries and mosques of the 17th century; Ketchaoua mosque (built in 1794 by the Dey Baba Hassan) flanked of two minarets, mosque el Djedid (1660, at the time of Turkish regency) with its large finished ovoid cupola points some and its four coupolettes, mosque El Kébir (oldest of the mosques, it was built by Almoravid ruler Yusuf ibn Tashfin and rebuilt later in 1794), mosque Ali Betchnin (Raïs, 1623), Dar Aziza, palate of Jénina.

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Chlef
Chlef (Arabic: الشلف‎) is the capital of Chlef Province, Algeria. It is home to the soccer club ASO Chlef, the Hassiba Ben Bouali university, and the basilica of Saint Reparatus, which is home to the oldest Christian labyrinth in the world.
The province of Chlef is located in the north of Algeria, 200 km west of the capital Algiers.
The site of the roman citadel, Castellum Tingitanum, was known as Al-Asnam (Arabic for "sculptures") on account of an area of 600 x 300 metres containg many statues.

Valley Chellif is from the 15th century the territory of the Ouled Kosseir who settled there under the leadership of El Kosseir Hamou (H'ammü'l-Quççayri) having displaced the indigenous Berber tribes. This tribe is a tribal Djouadi (military nobility). If they even call themselves descendants of the Beni Makhzum (Either Khaled Ibn El Walid). Some historians believe that it belongs to the Confederation of Ibn Suwayd Zoghba of beni Hillal and therefore cousins of Mehal, other military nobility.
The Mehal have established, to the fifteenth century a kingdom that stretched from Méiliana in the east to Tlemcen in the west. The last King Abd El Hammou Mehal was that Barbarossa expelled Ténès, the seat of his kingdom, the arrival of the Janissaries.

wn.com/Chlef
Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, (ⁱ/ˈkjuːbə/; Spanish: República de Cuba, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkuβa] ( listen)) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city. To the north of Cuba lies the United States (140 km or 90 mi away) and the Bahamas, Mexico is to the west, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica are to the south, and Haiti and the Dominican Republic are to the southeast.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on and claimed the island now occupied by Cuba, for the Kingdom of Spain. Cuba remained a territory of Spain until the Spanish–American War ended in 1898, and gained formal independence from the U.S. in 1902. A fragile democracy, increasingly dominated by radical politics eventually evolved, solidified by the Cuban Constitution of 1940, but was definitely quashed in 1952 by former president Fulgencio Batista, and an authoritarian regime was set up, intensifying and catalyzing already rampant corruption, political repression and crippling economic regulations.Batista was ousted in January 1959 by the July 26 movement, and a new administration under Fidel Castro established, which had by 1965 evolved into a single-party state under the revived Communist Party of Cuba, which holds power to date.

wn.com/Cuba
Dakar
Dakar is the capital city and largest city of Senegal. It is located on the Cap-Vert Peninsula on the Atlantic coast and is the westernmost city on the African mainland. Its position, on the western edge of Africa, is an advantageous departure point for trans-Atlantic and European trade; this fact aided its growth into a major regional port.
According to December 31, 2005 official estimates, the city of Dakar proper has a population of 1,030,594, whereas the population of the Dakar metropolitan area is estimated at 2.45 million people.
Dakar is a major administrative centre, home to the National Assembly of Senegal and Senegal's President's Palace.
The Cape Verde Peninsula was settled, no later than the 15th century, by the Lebou, an ethnic group related to the neighboring Wolof and Sereer. The original villages: Ouakam, Ngor, Yoff and Hann, still constitute distinctively Lebou neighborhoods of the city today. Meanwhile, in 1444, the Portuguese arrived on the island of Gorée and founded a settlement there. By 1536, they had begun using it as a base for the export of slaves. The mainland of Cap-Vert, however, was under control of the Jolof Empire, as part of the western province of Cayor which seceded from Jolof in its own right in 1549. A new Lebou village, called Ndakaaru, was established directly across from Gorée in the 17th century to service the European trading factory with food and drinking water. Gorée was captured by the United Netherlands in 1588, which gave it its present name (spelled Goeree, after Goeree-Overflakkee in Holland). The island was to switch hands between the Portuguese and Dutch several more times before falling to the English under Admiral Robert Holmes on January 23, 1664, and finally to the French in 1677. Though under continuous French administration since, Métis families, descendant from Dutch and French traders and African wives, dominated the slave trade. The infamous "House of Slaves" was built here in 1776.

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Djelfa
Djelfa (Arabic: الجلفة‎) is the capital city of Djelfa province, Algeria. It has a population of 154,265 (1998 census). The city lies at the junction of the N1 and the N46.
A pleasant medium-size city, north-central Algeria, in the Ouled Nail Mountains at an elevation of 3,734 feet (1,138 m). It is situated between the towns of Bou Saâda and Laghouat. Djelfa town is at a point of transition between the dry, steppelike High Plateaus of the north, with their chotts (intermittent salt lakes), and the Sahara (south). The town was founded in 1852 as a French military post on a geometric plan. It serves as an important livestock market centre for the seminomadic Ouled Nail confederation. Djelfa is on the 12,000 mile Africa Trail.
The surrounding region for centuries has been the meeting place of the Ouled Nail, who live in black-and-red striped tents and claim descent from the Prophet Muhammad.
The area is notable for its abundance of Neolithic rock carvings dating from 7000 to 5000 BC. North of Djelfa town there is an imposing physical feature known as Salt Rock (Rocher de Sel) that resulted from the erosion of rock salts and marls by rain, and to the west of the town Megalithic funerary structures are found.

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Durban
Durban (Zulu: eThekwini, from itheku meaning 'bay / lagoon') is the largest city in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal and the third largest city in South Africa. It forms part of the eThekwini metropolitan municipality. Durban is famous for being the busiest port in South Africa. It is also seen as one of the major centres of tourism because of the city's warm subtropical climate and extensive beaches. The municipality, which includes neighbouring towns, has a population of almost 3.5 million, making the combined municipality the biggest city on the east coast of the African continent. The metropolitan land area of 2,292 square kilometres (885 sq mi) is comparatively larger than other South African cities, resulting in a somewhat lower population density of 1,513 /km² (3,920 /sq mi).
Archaeological evidence from the Drakensberg mountains suggests that the Durban area has been inhabited by communities of hunter-gatherers since 100,000 BC. These people lived throughout the area of present day KwaZulu-Natal until the expansion of Bantu farmers and pastoralists from the north saw their gradual displacement,incorporation or extermination.

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El Ançor
El Ançor is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 7929.
Coordinates: 35°41′N 0°52′W / 35.683°N 0.867°W / 35.683; -0.867

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El Bayadh
El Bayadh (Arabic: البيض‎) is a municipality of Algeria. It is the capital of El Bayadh Province.

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El Braya
El Braya is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 3879.
Coordinates: 35°38′N 0°31′W / 35.633°N 0.517°W / 35.633; -0.517

wn.com/El_Braya
El Kerma
El Kerma is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 13637.
Coordinates: 35°37′N 0°34′W / 35.617°N 0.567°W / 35.617; -0.567

wn.com/El_Kerma
El Oued
El Oued or Oued Souf is a city in El Oued province, Algeria (الواد in Arabic, meaning "the River").. The oasis town is watered by an underground river, hence its name, which enables date palm cultivation and the rare use (for the desert) of brick construction for housing. As most roofs are domed, it is known as the "City of a Thousand Domes"[1].
El Oued is located 400 miles south east of Algiers (the capital city of Algeria), near the Tunisian border. It lies about 20 kilometres south of Guemar Airport. The population of El Oued was 139,362 as of the 1998 census.
Coordinates: 33°7′20.32″N 7°10′59.44″E / 33.1223111°N 7.1831778°E / 33.1223111; 7.1831778

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El Taref
El Taref (Arabic: الطارف‎) is a city in Algeria. It is the capital of El Taref Province. La Calle is a port town near El Taref. El Taref is 700 kilometers east of Algiers. In 1998, it had a population of around 20,300.
General Electric and Iberdrola are building a power station in El Taref, beginning in mid 2008, a project which will increase Algeria's energy capacity by 18%.
A network which specialized in forgery, stolen identity, and theft, across the eastern provinces of Algeria, was broken in El Taref, in June 2008. Investigators took three people into custody and four others were searched by security services.

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Elche
Elche (Spanish: [ˈeltʃe]) or Elx (Valencian: [ˈɛʎtʃ]) is a city located in the comarca of Baix Vinalopó, in the Alicante province which, in turn, is a part of the Valencian Community, Spain. According to the 2008 census, Elche has a population of some 228,300 inhabitants (called il·licitans in Valencian and ilicitanos in Spanish), ranking as the third most populated city in the Valencian Community (after Valencia and Alicante) and the 20th largest Spanish city.
Part of the municipality is coastal but the main city is some 11 km (6.8 mi) from the Mediterranean Sea. A small creek called Vinalopó flows through the city splitting it in two parts.
The economy of Elche is based, in large part, on the footwear industry, with over 1,000 shoe factories, being one of the most important footwear centres in Spain and the rest of Europe. There are other economic activities in Elche: agriculture (dates, olives, cereals and pomegranates), although it has lost importance in recent years; rubber industry; trade, which employs 20% of the workforce; and tourism.

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Es Sénia
Es Sénia (Arabic: السانية‎) (formerly La Sénia) is a municipality in Oran Province, Algeria. It is the seat of Es Sénia District. It contains a university as well as the international airport of Oran Es Sénia.

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Es Sénia District
Es Sénia is a district in Oran Province, Algeria. It was named after its capital, Es Sénia.
The district is further divided into 3 municipalities:

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Fes
Fes or Fez (Arabic: فاس‎ Arabic pronunciation: [fɛs]) is the second largest city of Morocco, with a population of approximately 1 million (2010). It is the capital of the Fès-Boulemane region.
Fez, the former capital, is one of the country's four "imperial cities," the others being Rabat, Marrakech and Meknes. It comprises three distinct parts, Fes el Bali (the old, walled city), Fes-Jdid (new Fes, home of the Mellah) and the Ville Nouvelle (the French-created, newest section of Fes).
"Fas el Bali" is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its medina, the larger of the two medinas of Fes, is believed to be the world's largest contiguous car-free urban area. The University of Al-Karaouine, founded in AD 859, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the world. The city has been called the "Mecca of the West" and the "Athens of Africa".
Until the Almoravid rule in the 11th century, Fes consisted of two separate cities or medinas: Madinat Fas and Al-'Aliya. The former being founded by Idris I, the latter by his son, Idris II. During Idrisid rule the capital city was known as Al-'Aliya, with the name Fas being reserved for the separate site on the other side of the river: no Idrisid coins have been found with the name Fes, only al-'Aliya and al-'Aliya Madinat Idris. It is not known whether the name al-'Aliya was ever used to refer to both medinas. It wasn't until 1070 that the two agglomerations were united and the name Fas was used for both sites.

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France
France (English ⁱ/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.

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Gdańsk
Gdańsk ( /ɡəˈdænsk/ or /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/; Polish: [ˈɡdaɲsk]; German: Danzig, pronounced [ˈdantsɪç]) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast, at the center of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.
The city lies on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay (of the Baltic Sea), in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia, spa town of Sopot, and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of over 800,000. Gdańsk itself has a population of 455,830 (June 2010), making it the largest city in the Pomerania region of Northern Poland.
Gdańsk is Poland's principal seaport as well as the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is also historically the largest city of the Kashubian region. The city is close to the former late medieval/modern boundary between West Slavic and Germanic lands and it has a complex political history with periods of Polish rule, periods of German rule, and extensive self-rule, with two spells as a free city. It has been part of modern Poland since 1945.

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Gdyel
Gdyel is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 29999.
Coordinates: 35°47′N 0°26′W / 35.783°N 0.433°W / 35.783; -0.433

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Gdyel District
Gdyel is a district in Oran Province, Algeria. It was named after its capital, Gdyel, on the Mediterranean Sea.
The district is further divided into 3 municipalities:

wn.com/Gdyel_District
Genoa
Genoa /ˈdʒɛnoʊ.ə/ (Italian: Genova [ˈdʒɛːnova] ( listen); Genoese and Ligurian Zena [ˈzeːna]; Latin and, archaically, English Genua) is the capital of Liguria and the sixth largest city in Italy, with a population of 608,676 within its administrative limits on a land area of 243.6 km² (94 sq mi). The urban zone of Genoa extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 718,896. The urban area of Genoa has a population of 800,709. In the metropolitan area live between 859,000 and 1.4 million or 1.5 million people. Genoa is one of Europe's largest cities on the Mediterranean Sea and the largest seaport in Italy.
Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba ("the Superb one") due to its glorious past and impressive landmarks. Part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 (see below). The city's rich art, music, gastronomy, architecture and history, allowed it to become the 2004's European Capital of Culture. It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus.

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Ghardaïa
Ghardaïa (Arabic: غرداية , Mozabite: ) is the capital city of Ghardaïa Province, Algeria. The commune of Ghardaïa has a population of 104,645, with 82,500 in the main city according to 2005 estimates. It is located in northern-central Algeria in the Sahara Desert and lies along the left bank of the Wadi Mzab. The M'zab valley in the Ghardaïa Province (Wilaya) was inscribed under the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1982, as a cultural property evaluated under the criteria II ( for its settlement having an impact on urban planning even to the present century), III (for its Ibadi cultural values), and V (a settlement culture which has prevailed to the present century).
Ghardaïa is part of a pentapolis, a hilltop city amongst four others, built almost a thousand years ago, and founded by the Mozabites a Muslim Ibadi sect (non-Arabic Muslims, including the Berbers) in the M’Zab valley. It is a major centre of date production and the manufacture of rugs and cloths. Divided into three walled sectors, it is a fortified town. At the centre is the historical Mʾzabite area, with a pyramid-style mosque and an arcaded square. Distinctive white, pink, and red houses, made of sand, clay and gypsum, rise in terraces and arcades. In her 1963 book, La force des choses the French existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir described Ghardaia as "a Cubist painting beautifully constructed".

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Gibraltar
Gibraltar ( /dʒɨˈbrɒltər/) is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean. It has an area of 6.8 square kilometres (2.6 sq mi) and a northern border with Andalusia, Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the region. At its foot is the densely populated city area, home to almost 30,000 Gibraltarians and other nationalities.
An Anglo-Dutch force captured Gibraltar from Spain in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession. The territory was subsequently ceded to Britain "in perpetuity" under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It was an important base for the Royal Navy; today its economy is based largely on tourism, financial services, and shipping.
The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a major point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations as Spain asserts a claim to the territory. Gibraltarians rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum and again in 2002. Under the Gibraltar constitution of 2006, Gibraltar governs its own affairs, though some powers, such as defence and foreign relations, remain the responsibility of the UK Government.

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Guelma
Guelma (Arabic: قالمة‎) is the capital of Guelma Province and Guelma District, located in northeastern Algeria, about 65 kilometers from the Mediterranean coast. It is home to the titular see of Calama.
Though Guelma was settled from early prehistory, it was first established as a town under the Phoenicians, who called it Malaca, probably a Phoenician word meaning "salt" (sharing a common etymology with Málaga in Spain). Later, the Romans settled the area and renamed it Calama, part of the Roman province of Numidia. Calama prospered during the rise of Christianity; Saint Possidius was bishop of Guelma during the 5th century. Later, the Vandal invasion devastated the area until the coming of the Byzantines, who settled the area and built city walls to protect it from further invasions. It was located in the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa. However, after the successful Islamic conquest of Algeria, the area was abandoned as a formal settlement, even later, during Ottoman rule.

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Hassi Ben Okba
Hassi Ben Okba is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 9435.
Coordinates: 35°43′46″N 0°27′57″W / 35.72944°N 0.46583°W / 35.72944; -0.46583

wn.com/Hassi_Ben_Okba
Hassi Bounif
Hassi Bounif (arabic : حاسيْ بُونِيف ) is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 44,649.
Coordinates: 35°42′N 0°30′W / 35.7°N 0.5°W / 35.7; -0.5

wn.com/Hassi_Bounif
Hassi Mefsoukh
Hassi Mefsoukh is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 7656.
Coordinates: 35°47′N 0°20′W / 35.783°N 0.333°W / 35.783; -0.333

wn.com/Hassi_Mefsoukh
Havana
Havana (/həˈvænə/; Spanish: La Habana, [la aˈβana] ( listen)) is the capital city, province, major port, and leading commercial centre of Cuba. The city proper has a population of 2.1 million inhabitants, and it spans a total of 726.75 km² (280.60 sq mi) — making it the largest city by area, the most populous city, and the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean region. The city extends mostly westward and southward from the bay, which is entered through a narrow inlet and which divides into three main harbours: Marimelena, Guanabacoa and Atarés. The sluggish Almendares River traverses the city from south to north, entering the Straits of Florida a few miles west of the bay.
Havana was founded by the Spanish in the 16th century and due to its strategic location it served as a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the continent becoming a stopping point for the treasure laden Spanish Galleons on the crossing between the New World and the Old World. King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592. Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city. The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish-American War.

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Illizi
Illizi (Arabic: إيليزي‎) is a town situated in the south-eastern part of Algeria, capital of Illizi Province. It is one of the gates to the Tassili N'Ajjer National Park with caves situated under the sands containing prehistoric drawings dating from 6000 years BC. There is a hotel and two camping sites, as well as many local tourist agencies.
The town is served by Illizi Airport.

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Jijel
Coordinates: 36°48′N 5°46′E / 36.8°N 5.767°E / 36.8; 5.767
Jijel ( Berber: ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⴳⵉⵍⵉ, Arabic: جيجل‎, formerly known as Ighil Gili or Djidjelli) is the capital of Jijel Province in northeastern Algeria. It is flanked by the Mediterranean Sea in the region of Corniche Jijelienne, and has an estimated population of 148,000 inhabitants (2007).^{[citation needed]}
Jijel is the administrative and trade centre for a region specializing in cork processing, leather tanning and steelmaking. Local crops include citrus and grain. Fishing is also of great importance. Tourists (mainly Algerians) are attracted to Jijel for its landscapes and fine sand beaches. Being a resort town, there are many hotels and restaurants. There are Phoenician tombs nearby.
Jijel is situated 30 km from Taza National Park; this national park and other vicinity features support a variety of flora and fauna. In particular, the Taza National Park is habitat for the endangered Barbary Macaque, Macaca sylvanus; moreover, this primate prehistorically had a much broader distribution than at present.

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Jordan
Jordan ( /ˈdʒɔr.dən/;Arabic: اَلأُرْدُنّ, Al-'Urdunn), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: اَلمَمْلَكَة اَلأُرْدُنِيَّة اَلهَاشِمِيَّة), Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdaniyyah Al-Hashimiyyah) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing control of the Dead Sea with the latter. Jordan's only port is at its south-western tip, at the Gulf of Aqaba, which is shared with Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Over half of Jordan is covered by the Arabian Desert. However, the western part of Jordan is arable land and forests. Jordan is part of the Fertile Crescent. The capital city is Amman. According to the CIA World Factbook, Jordan has the second highest life expectancy in the Middle East, after Israel. The average life expectancy is one position behind the United Kingdom, although the age remains exactly the same (80.05 years).
The precursor to modern Jordan was founded in 1921 as the Hashemite Emirate, and it was recognized by the League of Nations as a state under the British mandate in 1922 known as The Emirate of Transjordan. In 1946, Jordan became an independent sovereign state officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. After capturing the West Bank area of Cisjordan during the 1948–49 war with Israel, Abdullah I took the title King of Jordan and Palestine, and he officially changed the country's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in April 1949.

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Kairouan
Kairouan (Arabic: القيروان‎ Al Qairawān), also known as Kirwan or al-Qayrawan, is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia. Referred to as the Islamic Cultural Capital, it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The city was founded by the nomads of Tunisia around 200 to 250 BC and soon Romans occupied it and built a huge Claussium which is still standing and is one of the most complete of its kind around the Mediterranean sea, The word Qir is in fact Persian and means Bitumen which at those days used to be a center for import and export of this material for ship making and has nothing to do with Caravan. Arabs later on demolished the central temple and made a mosque instead. Some of the stones are still visible with Roman alphabets hacked on them. Arabs around 670. In the period^{[citation needed]} of Caliph Mu'awiya (reigned 661-680), it became an important centre for Islamic and Quranic learning, and thus attracting a large number of Muslims from various parts of the world, next only to Mecca and Medina. The holy Mosque of Uqba is situated in the city. It is considered by many Muslims to be Islam's fourth holiest city.

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Kasbah
A kasbah or Qasbah (Arabic: القصبة al-qaṣbah) or qassabah is a type of medina, Islamic city, or fortress (citadel).
It was a place for the local leader to live and a defense when a city was under attack. A kasbah has high walls, usually without windows. Sometimes, they were built on hilltops so that they could be more easily defended. Some were placed near the entrance to harbors.
Having a kasbah built was a sign of wealth of some families in the city. Almost all cities had their kasbah, this building being something necessary for the city to survive. When colonization started in 1830, in northern Algeria, there were a great number of kasbahs that lasted for more than 100 years.
The word kasbah may also be used to describe the old part of a city, in which case it has the same meaning as a medina quarter. The Spanish word alcazaba is a cognate naming the equivalent building in Andalusia or Moorish Spain. In Portuguese, it derived into the word alcáçova. In Turkish and Urdu the word kasaba refers to a settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city; in short, a town.

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Khenchela
Khenchela ancient Mascula (in Arabic خنشلة; Tifinagh: ) is the name of the capital city of the administrative Khenchela Province (Wilaya), number 40, in the north east of Algeria. Situated in the Aures Mountains, 1200 m above sea level. The city is mainly populated by Berber Chaouis.

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Laghouat
Coordinates: 33°48′N 2°53′E / 33.8°N 2.883°E / 33.8; 2.883
Laghouat (English: Laghwat French: Laghouat Arabic: الأغواط‎) is the capital city of the Laghouat Province, Algeria, 400 km south of the Algerian capital Algiers in the Atlas Mountains. As of 2005, the population of the city was 126,291 inhabitants. Nearby, in Hassi R'Mel, there is the largest natural gas reserve in Africa.
The city was founded in the 11th Century. In 1852, the French took over the city. Since 1974, it is an Algerian province.
Laghwat town in Northern Algeria is an oasis on the north edge of the Sahara Desert. It is an important administrative and military center and marketplace and is known for rug and tapestry weaving. There are natural gas deposits in the region. The town has a meteorological station. Laghouat traces its history at least to the 11th century. It paid tribute to Morocco in the 17th century. The Turks captured Laghouat in 1786, and the French conquered the city in 1852.
On January 2012 Laghouat was the site of anti-government protests over housing, infrastructure, and treatment of the elderly by police. The police used tear gas to disperse the protesters.

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Livorno
Livorno (Italian: [liˈvorno] ( listen)), traditionally Leghorn (/lɛɡˈhɔrn/, /ˈlɛɡ.hɔrn/, /ˈlɛɡɔrn/), is a port city on the Tyrrhenian Sea on the western coast of Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of approximately 161,000 residents in 2011.
Livorno was defined as an "ideal town" during the Italian Renaissance. Today, it reveals its history through the structure of its neighbourhoods, crossed by canals and surrounded by fortified town walls, through the tangle of its streets, which embroider the town's Venice district, and through the Medici Port characteristically overlooked by towers and fortresses leading to the town centre. Designed by the architect Bernardo Buontalenti at the end of the 16th century, Livorno underwent a period of great town planning expansion at the end of the 17th century. Near the defensive pile of the Old Fortress, a new fortress, together with the town-walls and the system of navigable canals, was then built. After Pisa's silting up, distance from the sea and loss of dominance, Livorno took over as the main port in Tuscany.

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Maghnia
Coordinates: 34°50′N 1°43′W / 34.833°N 1.717°W / 34.833; -1.717 Maghnia (Arabic: مغنية‎) (formerly Marnia) is a town in Tlemcen Province, northwestern Algeria, near the border with Morocco. It is known for the Treaty of Lalla Maghnia (18 March 1845) between France (which was occupying Algeria at the time) and Abderrahman, Sultan of Morocco, which established the boundaries between Algeria and Morocco. The National Route 6 connects it to cities such as Fes and Meknes in Morocco the west, eventually leading to Rabat.
It is the second town in Tlemcen Province, after Tlemcen. The current population is over 95,000.
Archeologists have found evidence of prehistoric people in the area, who were displaced by the Phoenicians. The remnants of burned Ancient Roman military posts were discovered by the French army in 1836, when they entered the area; these posts were occupied, according to the inscriptions, by a numerus Syrorum: a unit of Syrian archers. As such, it was the westermost outpost of Mauretania Caesariensis.

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Marseille
Coordinates: 43°17′47″N 5°22′12″E / 43.2964°N 5.37°E / 43.2964; 5.37
Marseille ( /mɑrˈseɪ/; also Marseilles in English; French: [maʁsɛj], locally: [mɑχˈsɛjə]; Occitan: Marselha [maʀˈsejɔ, maʀˈsijɔ]), known in antiquity as Massilia or Massalia (from Greek: Μασσαλία), is the second largest city in France, after Paris, with a population of 852,395 within its administrative limits on a land area of 240.62 km² (93 sq mi). The urban area of Marseille extends beyond the city limits with a population of over 1,420,000 on an area of 1,204 km² (465 sq mi). 1,530,000 or 1,601,095 people live in the Marseille metropolitan area, ranking it third among French metropolitan areas after Paris and Lyon. Located on the southeast coast of France, Marseille is France's largest city on the Mediterranean coast and largest commercial port. Marseille is the capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, as well as the capital of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. Its inhabitants are called Marseillais.
Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as Cassis, are the Calanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small fjords. Further east still are the Sainte-Baume, a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest of deciduous trees, the town of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft) Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of l'Estaque; further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion and the Camargue region in the Rhône delta. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre.

wn.com/Marseille
Mers El Hadjadj
Mers El Hadjadj is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 14,167.

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Mers El Kébir
Mers-el-Kébir (Arabic: المرسى الكبير‎, “the Great Harbour”) is a port town in northwestern Algeria, located by the Mediterranean Sea near Oran, in the Oran Province.
Originally a Roman port, Mers-el-Kébir became an Almohad naval arsenal in the 12th century, fell under the rulers of Tlemcen in the 15th century, and eventually became a center of pirate activity around 1492. It was occupied variously by the Ottoman Turks, Portuguese and Spanish, with the Spanish (which named it Mazalquivir) capturing it in 1505 under Cardinal Cisneros. Mazalquivir was the base used to capture neighbouring Oran in 1509. The Spanish held both cities until 1708, when they were driven out by Turkish Bey Mustapha Ben Youssef (also known as Bouchelaghem). The Spanish returned in 1732 when the armada of the Duke of Montemar was victorious in the Battle of Aïn-el-Turk and again took Oran and Mazalquivir. Both cities were held until 1792, when they were sold by King Carlos IV to the Bey of Algiers.
The French occupied it in 1830, and renamed it Saint André de Mers-el-Kébir, enhancing the port in 1868 with an eponymous lighthouse, the latter was destroyed during World War II.

wn.com/Mers_El_Kébir
Mers el Kébir
Mers-el-Kébir (Arabic: المرسى الكبير‎, “the Great Harbour”) is a port town in northwestern Algeria, located by the Mediterranean Sea near Oran, in the Oran Province.
Originally a Roman port, Mers-el-Kébir became an Almohad naval arsenal in the 12th century, fell under the rulers of Tlemcen in the 15th century, and eventually became a center of pirate activity around 1492. It was occupied variously by the Ottoman Turks, Portuguese and Spanish, with the Spanish (which named it Mazalquivir) capturing it in 1505 under Cardinal Cisneros. Mazalquivir was the base used to capture neighbouring Oran in 1509. The Spanish held both cities until 1708, when they were driven out by Turkish Bey Mustapha Ben Youssef (also known as Bouchelaghem). The Spanish returned in 1732 when the armada of the Duke of Montemar was victorious in the Battle of Aïn-el-Turk and again took Oran and Mazalquivir. Both cities were held until 1792, when they were sold by King Carlos IV to the Bey of Algiers.
The French occupied it in 1830, and renamed it Saint André de Mers-el-Kébir, enhancing the port in 1868 with an eponymous lighthouse, the latter was destroyed during World War II.

wn.com/Mers_el_Kébir
Misserghin
Misserghin is a city in Boutlélis District, Oran Province, Algeria. Its territory is mainly covered by a salt lake called the Sebkha of Oran. It is the city where the known fruit Clementine were discovered by Father Clément Rodier in 1892.
Dr. Chérif Sid Cara, one of the few Algerian Muslims who supported the French generals' putsch in April 1961, was the last mayor of Misserghin under French rule.

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Morocco
Morocco (Arabic: المغرب‎ al-Maghrib ; Berber: ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ / ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵔⵓⴽElmeɣrib / Amerruk), officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of about 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed region of the Western Sahara, seen by and mostly administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces. Morocco is part of the Maghreb region, in addition to Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, and Libya, with which it shares cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including the power to dissolve the parliament. Executive power is exercised by the government but more importantly by the king himself. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can also issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. The latest Parliamentary elections were held in November 25, 2011, and were considered by some neutral observers to be mostly free and fair. Voter turnout in these elections was estimated to be 43% of registered voters, but only about 25% of Moroccan adult citizens actually voted. The rest either chose not to vote or they were not registered as voters. The political capital is Rabat, but the largest city is Casablanca; other main cities include Marrakesh, Tetouan, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, and Nador.

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Mostaganem
Coordinates: 35°56′N 0°05′E / 35.933°N 0.083°E / 35.933; 0.083
Mostaganem (Arabic: مستغانم‎) is a port city in and capital of Mostaganem province, in the northwest of Algeria. The city, founded in the 11th century lies on the Gulf of Arzew, Mediterranean Sea and is 72 km ENE of Oran. It has 130,288 inhabitants as of the 1998 census.
The city was founded in the 11th century as Murustage but has origins going back to Punic and Roman times, when it had the name Cartenna. In 1516 it was captured by the Ottoman admiral Barbarossa and became a centre for Mediterranean sea corsairs, as well as a commercial port. By 1700 it had come under Ottoman rule and in 1833 the city was taken by France and a garrison established. Algeria became independent in 1962.
The city is divided in two by a ravine of the river Aïn Sefra, with the modern town to southwest, and the old Muslim city, Tidgit, to the northeast.
In 2010 a tunnel moving under the city towards the city centre is expected to change circulation by a lot. Also, new buildings, some modern and some in colonial style are being added to this growing city. The new autoroute from the capital Algiers towards Oran will make it easier also to access Mostaganem by road from the capital, as Mostaganem has no public airport. The road connecting Oran (Algeria's 2nd largest city, around 80km from Mostaganem to the west) will remain the same, a crowded 2 lane in each direction highway.

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Médéa
Médéa (Arabic: المدية, pronounced Lemdiya‎), population 123,535 (1998 census) is the capital city of Médéa Province, Algeria. It is located roughly 90 km south of Algiers.
The present-day city is situated on the site of an ancient Roman military post and has a history dating back to the 10th century. The town is French in character, with a rectangular city plan, red tile-roofed buildings, and beautiful public gardens. The hills surrounding Médéa are covered with vineyards, orchards, and farms that yield abundant grain. Médéa’s chief products are wines, irrigation equipment, and various handicrafts.
Médéa could be the ancient Roman post "Medix" or "ad Médias", so called because it was equidistant from Tirinadi (Berrouaghia) and Sufnsar (Amoura).
Médéa was the capital of Titteri; a Bey, deputy of the Dey of Algiers, was resident there. The beylik of Titteri (chief Medea) was established in 1548. The last Bey Mostefa Boumezrag ran it from 1819 to 1830, when the French arrived. In 1837, after the Treaty of Tafna, Abd El-Kader Medea became one of its capitals.

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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.

wn.com/Nazi_Germany
Naâma
Naâma (Arabic: النعامة or نعامة) is a municipality in Naâma Province, Algeria, of which it is the province seat. It is coextensive with the district of Naâma and has a population of 8,256, which gives it 7 seats in the PMA. Its postal code is 45000 and its municipal code is 4501. Its telephone code is 049 nationally, or +213 49 internationally.

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Nice
Coordinates: 43°42′12″N 7°15′59″E / 43.7034°N 7.2663°E / 43.7034; 7.2663
Nice ( /ˈniːs/, French pronunciation: [nis]; Niçard Occitan: Niça [classical norm] or Nissa [nonstandard], Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek: Νίκαια, Latin: Nicaea) is the fifth most populous city in France, after Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Toulouse, with a population of 348,721 within its administrative limits on a land area of 71.92 km² (28 sq mi). The urban area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of about 1 million on an area of 721 km² (278 sq mi). Located on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast after Marseille.
The city is called Nice la Belle (Nissa La Bella in Niçard), which means Nice the Beautiful, which is also the title of the unofficial anthem of Nice, written by Menica Rondelly in 1912. Nice is the capital of the Alpes Maritimes département and the second biggest city of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille.

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Operation Torch
Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the British-American invasion of French North Africa in World War II during the North African Campaign, started on 8 November 1942.
The Soviet Union had pressed the U.S. and Britain to start operations in Europe and open a second front to reduce the pressure of German forces on the Soviet troops. While the American commanders favored Operation Sledgehammer, landing in Occupied Europe as soon as possible, the British commanders believed that such a course would end in disaster. An attack on French North Africa was proposed instead, which would clear the Axis Powers from North Africa, improve naval control of the Mediterranean Sea and prepare for an invasion of Southern Europe in 1943. American President Franklin D. Roosevelt suspected the African operation would rule out an invasion of Europe in 1943 but agreed to support British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

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Oran
Oran (Arabic: وهران‎, Wahrān) is a major city on the northwestern Mediterranean coast of Algeria, and the second largest city of the country.
It is the capital of the Oran Province (wilaya). The city has a population of 759,645 (2008), while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 1,500,000, making it the second largest city in Algeria. Oran is a major port, and since the 1960s has been the commercial, industrial, and educational centre of western Algeria.
Oran was founded in 903 by Moorish Andalusi traders but was captured by the Spanish under Cardinal Cisneros in 1509. Spanish sovereignty lasted until 1708, when the city was conquered by the Ottomans. Spain recaptured the city in 1732. However, its value as a trading post had decreased greatly, so King Charles IV sold the city to the Turks in 1792. Ottoman rule lasted until 1831, when it fell to the French.
During French rule over Algeria, Oran was the capital of a département of the same name (number 92). In July 1940, the British navy shelled French warships in the port after they refused a British ultimatum to surrender which was designed to ensure the fleet would not fall into German hands. The action increased the hatred of the Vichy regime for Britain but convinced the world that the British would fight on alone against Nazi Germany and its allies. The Vichy government held Oran during World War II until its capture by the Allies in late 1942, during Operation Torch.

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Oran Province
Oran (Arabic: ولاية وهران‎) is a province (wilaya) in Algeria whose seat is the city of the same name.
It is located in the northwestern part of the country. Its population is 1,584,607 and it covers a total area of 2,114 km². The province is bordered to the east by the provinces of Mostaganem, to the south east by Mascara, to the south west by Sidi Bel Abbes, and to the west by Aïn Témouchent Province.
The province was formed from the former French department of Oran, which was maintained after independence and was transformed into a wilaya (province) by the ordnance of 1968. It inherited its current structure after the re-organization of 1974, when it lost its western and southern parts in favor of the creation of Sidi Bel Abbès Province.
As of 1984, the province is divided into 9 districts (daïras), which are further divided into 26 communes or municipalities.

wn.com/Oran_Province
Ouargla
Coordinates: 31°57′N 5°19′E / 31.95°N 5.317°E / 31.95; 5.317
Ouargla (Arabic: وَرڤلة ‎) (also Wargala) is the capital city of Ouargla province, in the Sahara Desert, in southern Algeria. It has a flourishing oil industry, and hosts one of Algeria's universities.^{[clarification needed]} The city had a population of 129,402 in 1998 (census figures).
According to Ibn Khaldun the town was founded by Banu Wargla who, accompanied by sections of the Maghrawa and Banu Ifran, left the Tlemcen region and founded Ouargla. These Berbers of Ouarghla then embraced Ibadi doctrines, which later made the town an attractive refuge for the citizens of Tahert.
The city was a significant touristic attraction until recently, when troubled times during the nineties and since brought a stop to that. Many tourists chose to shop sand roses at souk l'ehjar, the old rock market. The souq, or market, had many traditional shops filled with antiquities, traditional crafts, and local items - from dresses to stuffed lizards. The area across from these shops was used to display sand roses, mineral specimens, of all sizes and shapes. The market has gone through a renovation process. However many^[who?] criticized this renovation, feeling it destroyed the historical character of souk l'ehjar and the area.

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Oued Tlélat
Oued Tlélat is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 13289.
Coordinates: 35°33′N 0°27′W / 35.55°N 0.45°W / 35.55; -0.45

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Oued Tlélat District
Oued Tlélat is a district in Oran Province, Algeria, one of the two landlocked districts of the province. It was named after its capital, Oued Tlélat.
The district is further divided into 4 municipalities:

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Oujda
Oujda (Arabic: وجدة‎) is a city in eastern Morocco with an estimated population of 1 million. The city is located about 15 kilometers west of Algeria and about 60 kilometers south of the Mediterranean Sea. It is the capital of the Oriental Region of Morocco and the birthplace of the current Algerian president, Abdelaziz Bouteflika. The urban area of Oujda has a beach called Saidia.
There is some evidence of a settlement during the Roman occupation, which seems to have been under the control of Berbers rather than Romans.
Uqba ibn Nafi began the Arab conquest of the region, during the reign of the Umayyad Caliphate, a conquest which was completed in AD 705 by Musa bin Nusair. The modern city was founded in 994 by Ziri ibn Atiyya, king of the Zenata tribes. Further additions were made in 1048.
In the mid 11th century, Oujda acquired prominence through its strategic position on the road east from Sijilmasa. Throughout the history of the dynasties of the Muslim West, Oujda played an important strategic role among the Merinids, settled in Fes, in this case as a rear base in their conflict with the Abdalwadids of Tlemcen.

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Paris
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′03″E / 48.8567°N 2.3508°E / 48.8567; 2.3508
Paris (ⁱ/ˈpærɨs/; French: [paʁi] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). As of January 2008 the city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 arrondissements) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297 and a metropolitan population of 12,089,098, and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe. Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.
Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the International Chamber of Commerce or the European Space Agency. Paris is considered one of the greenest and most liveable cities in Europe. It is also one of the most expensive.

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Poland
Poland ⁱ/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.

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Relizane
Coordinates: 35°44′N 0°33′E / 35.733°N 0.55°E / 35.733; 0.55
Relizane (Arabic: غلیزان Tifinagh: Ighil Izan) is a capital town of Relizane Province, Algeria.

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Senegal
Senegal ⁱ/ˌsɛnɨˈɡɔːl/ (French: le Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal, IPA: [ʁepyblik dy seneɡal]), is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres (76,000 sq mi), and has an estimated population of about 13 million. The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season.
Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, is located at the westernmost tip of the country on the Cap-Vert peninsula. About 500 kilometres (300 mi) off the coast, in the Atlantic Ocean, lie the Cape Verde Islands. During the 17th and 18th centuries, numerous trading posts, belonging to various colonial empires, were established along the coast. The town of St. Louis became the capital of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, or AOF) before it was moved to Dakar in 1902. Dakar later became its capital in 1960 at the time of independence from France.

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Sfax
Sfax (Arabic: صفاقس‎ Safāqus, Tunisian Arabic: [sˤfaːqs]) is a city in Tunisia, located 270 km (170 mi) southeast of Tunis. The city, founded in AD 849 on the ruins of Taparura and Thaenae, is the capital of the Sfax Governorate (about 860,000 inhabitants in 2005), and a Mediterranean port. Sfax has population of 340,000 (2005 estimate). The economic activities of Sfax are industries (industrial center for processing phosphates), agriculture (Olive and Olive Oil transformation, nuts), fishing (first fishing port in Tunisia and trade (import-export activities). The city is often described as Tunisia's "second city", Tunis being the capital and having more inhabitants. Sfax was considered as the economic capital of Tunisia during the 1980s but no longer.^{[citation needed]}
By the end of the 10th century Sfax had become an independent city-state. The city was conquered by Roger II of Sicily in 1148 and occupied until it was liberated in 1156 by local forces, and was briefly occupied by European forces again, this time by the Spanish, in the 16th century. Sfax became an integral base of the Barbary piracy, prompting an unsuccessful invasion by Venice in 1785. In the late 19th century Sfax and the rest of Tunisia were conquered by France and incorporated into the French empire. During World War II, the Axis powers used the city as a major base until they were defeated by British forces. After World War II, Tunisia was returned to France, but gained its independence in 1956.

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Sidi Bel Abbès
Coordinates: 35°12′N 0°38′W / 35.2°N 0.633°W / 35.2; -0.633
Sidi Bel-Abbes (Arabic: سيدي بلعباس‎) is capital (2005 pop. 200,000) of the Sidi Bel Abbès wilaya (2005 pop. 590,000), Algeria. It is named after a Muslim holy man who is buried there. It is the commercial center of an important area of vineyards, market gardens, orchards, and grain fields. It is surrounded by a wall with four gates and there is a university there. Sidi Bel Abbès is 75 kilometers from the Mediterranean Sea.
It is well connected to other Algerian cities by roads and railroads. Oran is 70 kilometers north and Tlemcen is 90 kilometers west of Sidi Bel Abbès. The closest airport is in Oran.
The city, on the Wadi Mékerra River, developed around a French camp built in 1849. From 1931 until 1961, the city was the "holy city" or spiritual home of the French Foreign Legion, the location of its basic training camp, and the headquarters of its 1st Foreign Regiment.
In the 1930s much of the old city walls were demolished. Wide boulevards and squares replaced the traditional quarters.

wn.com/Sidi_Bel_Abbès
Sidi Ben Yebka
Sidi Ben Yebka is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 5893.

wn.com/Sidi_Ben_Yebka
Sidi Chami
Sidi Chami is a town and commune in Oran Province, Algeria. In 1998, it has a population of 58,857.
Coordinates: 35°40′N 0°31′W / 35.667°N 0.517°W / 35.667; -0.517

wn.com/Sidi_Chami
Skikda
Skikda or Sakīkdah (Arabic: سكيكدة ‎) is a city in north eastern Algeria and a port on the Gulf of Stora, the ancient Sinus Numidicus. It was known as Philippeville until the end of the Algerian War of Independence in 1962. It is the capital of Skikda Province and Skikda District.
The modern city of Skikda was founded in 1838 by the French on the ruins of an ancient Phoenician city which later flourished as a large Roman city called Rusicade, a Punic word which means "Promontory of fire". In the 5th century, the Roman port was destroyed by the Vandals.
On October 10, 1883, there was an earthquake at Philippeville.
Towards the end of World War II, there was a UNRRA refugee camp at Philippeville which was known as Camp Jeanne d'Arc. On January 25, 1945, 200 Jews holding citizenship from countries in North and South America were sent from the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp to Switzerland as part of a prisoner exchange group. They were later sent to this UNRRA camp in Philippeville, Algeria.

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Souk Ahras
Souk Ahras (Arabic: سوق أهراس‎; Chaoui: ) is a municipality in Algeria. It is the capital of Souk Ahras Province. The Numidian city of Thagaste (or Tagaste), on whose ruins Souk Ahras was built, was the birthplace of Augustine of Hippo and a center of Berber culture. It was a city of great culture, described as the very hub of civilization.
The name derives from the Arabic word "souk" which means market, and the Chaoui Berber word ahra (plural ahras) which means lion, in reference to the Barbary lions which existed in the neighboring forests until their extinction in 1930; hence Souk Ahras means market of lions (see also Oran (Wahran) and Tahert for names with a related etymology).
The old name of the Numidian city of Thagaste, derives from the Berber Thagoust, which means the bag, given that the site of the town is located at the foot of a mountain surrounded by three peaks in the form of a bag containing the city. Subsequently, when the Arabic language entered in the region it was called Soukara. In other sources it is cited as the Palace of the African, according to Al-Masudi.

wn.com/Souk_Ahras
South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.

wn.com/South_Africa
Spain
Spain (ⁱ/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.

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Sète
Coordinates: 43°24′19″N 3°41′51″E / 43.4053°N 3.6975°E / 43.4053; 3.6975
Sète (French pronunciation: [sɛt] ; Seta in Occitan) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Languedoc-Roussillon region in southern France. Its inhabitants are called Sétois.
Known as the Venice of Languedoc and the singular island (in Paul Valéry's words), it is a port and a sea-side resort on the Mediterranean Sea with its own very strong cultural identity, traditions, cuisine and dialect. It is also the hometown of artists like Paul Valéry, Jean Vilar, Georges Brassens, Hervé Di Rosa, Manitas de Plata, and Robert Combas.
Built upon and around Mont St Clair, Sète is situated on the south-eastern hub of the Bassin de Thau, an enclosed salt water lake used primarily for oyster and mussel fields. To its other side lies the Mediterranean.
In 1703, when the Saint-Louis church was consecrated, Louis IX, patron of the port, also became the patron saint of the town. He has been celebrated every year on August 25, with canal jousting competitions, music and fireworks, except during wartime.

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Sétif
Sétif (Arabic: سطيف‎, formerly Latin: Sitifis Colonia or Colonia Sitifis) is a town in northeastern Algeria. It is the capital of Sétif Province and it has a population of 288,461 inhabitants as of the 2008 census. Setif is located to the east of Algiers and is the second most important Wilaya after the country's capital. It is 1,096 m (3,596 ft) above sea level, making it the second highest capital of a Wilaya in Algeria. The streets are tree-lined with a fountain and theater, giving the town a French feel.
Sétif is one of the coldest regions in Algeria. Sétif is connected by rail as well as the main national highway. It is a university town located approximately 190 miles east of Algiers on the highway to Constantine.
Sétif lay in the region of the Numidian kingdom of Massaesyles. It was near Sétif that Jugurtha campaigned and lost against Marius in 105 BC. Overcome by Marius, he was taken to Rome where was executed in the prison of Tullianum. No remains of this period have been found.
Sitifis was founded by the Romans, during the reign of Nerva, as a colony for veterans. Although no buildings of this period are known, a cemetery excavated in the 1960's seems to have contained tombs from the early colony. The Romans built a circus at Sitifis, which aerial photographs show survived substantially intact until the 20th century; today only a small part of the curved end continues visible; the remainder has been destroyed or built over. As the town grew, around 297 AD, the province of Mauretania Sitifensis was established, with Sitifis as its capital. In the newly prosperous town a bath building was built, decorated with fine mosaics: its restoration in the fifth century had a cold room (frigidarium) paved with a large mosaic showing the birth of Venus.. On the northwest edge of the town two great Christian basilicas were built at the end of the fourth century, decorated, again, with splendid mosaics..

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Tafraoui
Tafraoui is a municipality in Oran Province, Algeria close to the city of Oran. There is an airport with the same name. Capturing Tafaraoui Airport was a part of Operation Torch in the WWII.

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Tamanrasset
Tamanrasset /tæmɨnræsɨt/(Arabic: تمنراست , also known as Tamenɣest or Tamenghest, Tuareg: ) is an oasis city and capital of Tamanrasset Province in southern Algeria, in the Ahaggar Mountains. It is the chief city of the Algerian Tuareg. It is located at 22°47′6″N 5°31′22″E / 22.785°N 5.52278°E / 22.785; 5.52278 at an altitude of 1320 meters (4333 feet) and has a population of 76,000 (estimate 2006).
Tamanrasset was originally established as a military outpost to guard the trans-Saharan trade routes. Surrounded by the barren Sahara Desert, some of the world’s highest known temperatures have been recorded here.^{[citation needed]} Tamanrasset is located at an oasis where, despite the difficult climate, citrus fruits, apricots, dates, almonds, cereals, corn, and figs are grown. The Tuareg people are the town’s main inhabitants. Their red houses and the area’s magnificent, rugged scenery make Tamanrasset a popular tourist attraction during the cooler months. Visitors are also drawn to the Museum of the Hoggar, which offers many exhibits depicting Tuareg life and culture.

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Tiaret
Tiaret (Berber: ; Tihert or Tahert, i.e. "lioness", Arabic: تيارت‎) is a large town in the central Algeria, that gives its name to the wider farming region of 'Wilaya de Tiaret' province. Both the town and region lie south-west of the capital of Algiers in the western region of the central highlands, in the Tell Atlas, and about 150 km (93 mi) from the Mediterranean coast. It is served by Bou Chekif Airport.
The name means "lioness" in the Berber language, a reference to the Barbary lions that lived in this region. Maghrebian placenames like Oran (Uhran) and Souk Ahras have the same etymological source.
The town had a population of 847,813 in 2011. 100% of the population is Muslim. The town covered around 20.086.62 km²
A 1992 study by the University of Nice reported significant areas contaminated by industrial pollution, and growing squatter settlements on the periphery.
The region is predominantly one of agriculture. There is a large airfield with a tower and terminal, at Abdelhafid Boussouf.

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Tindouf
Tindouf (Berber: Tinduf, Arabic: تيندوف‎) is the main town in Tindouf Province, Algeria, close to the Mauritanian and Moroccan borders. The region is considered of strategic significance, and it houses Algerian military bases. Since 1975, it also contains several Sahrawi refugee camps operated by the Polisario Front, a guerrilla group seeking the independence of Western Sahara from Morocco. The city is served by the Tindouf Airport, northwest of the town, with regular flights to Algiers as well as to other domestic destinations. Within the municipal territory of Tindouf, there is Gara Djebilet, a settlement near the border with Mauritania with a iron mine and a defunct airport. It is approximately 70 kilometers northwest of Aet Legra.
The town of Tindouf was built near an isolated Saharan oasis in 1852 by members of the Tajakant tribe, but sacked and destroyed by Reguibat, a Sahrawi tribe in 1895, and the Tajkant tribe were kicked out of the region. It remained deserted until French troops arrived in the area in 1934. Since Algerian independence in 1962, the town has been purposely built up, partly because of its importance as a last outpost before the Moroccan and Mauritanian borders.

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Tipaza
Tipaza (formerly Tefessedt, Chenoua: Bazar, Arabic: تيپاازة‎) is a Berber-speaking town on the coast of Algeria, capital of the Tipaza province. The modern town, founded in 1857, is remarkable chiefly for its sandy beach, and ancient ruins.

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Tissemsilt
Tissemsilt (Arabic: تسمسيلت‎) is a municipality in Algeria. It is the capital of Tissemsilt Province and Tissemsilt District.

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Tizi Ouzou
Tizi Ouzou (in Algerian arabic: تيزي وزو, in Amazigh: Tizi-Uzezzu / ) is a city in north central Algeria. It is the capital and largest city of Tizi Ouzou Province.
The name comes from the Kabylian Berber Tizi n Uzezzu and is pronounced Tizuzzu, commonly Tizi which means the "hill", while Azezzu means the "broom" (the preposition n "of" is not pronounced here). That is why the city is often referred to as "The hills of broom" (French Le col des genêts).
The city in north central Algeria. It is the capital and largest city^{[citation needed]} of Tizi Ouzou Province.
This city is located in the heart of Kabylia. It is 102.36 square kilometres (39.52 sq mi) in area. Tizi Ouzou is located in the valley of Wadi Sébaou. It is surrounded by mountains. The city is at an altitude of 200 metres (660 ft). The city is bounded on the north by Mount Belloua which rises to 850 metres (2,790 ft) above sea level. A portion of the old city of Tizi Ouzou (known as the High City) backed the east slopes of the mountain. At the top of the mountain Belloua lies the village of Redjaouna. The latter is attached to the town of Tizi Ouzou.

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Tlemcen
Coordinates: 34°52′58″N 1°19′00″W / 34.8827758°N 1.3166696°W / 34.8827758; -1.3166696
Tlemcen (Arabic: تلمسان‎) is a town in Northwestern Algeria, and the capital of the province of the same name. It is located inland in the center of a region known for its olive plantations and vineyards. The city has developed leather, carpet, and textile industries, which it ships to the port of Rashgun for export.
Its population is about 140,000, while the province had 949,135 inhabitants in the 2008 census, and should reach about 1,200,000 by 2011.
The word Tlemcen (Arabic: تلمسان‎) comes from Berber Tala Imsan ( in Tifinagh) which means "the dry spring". The name is sometimes spelled Tlemsen, Tlemsan, or Tilimsen.
Its centuries of rich history and culture have made the city a center of a unique blend of music and art. Its textiles and handcrafts, its elegant blend of Islamic, Berber, Andalucian and French cultures, and its cool climate in the mountains have made it an important center of tourism in Algeria. It is home to a beautiful tomb - that of Sidi Boumédiène, whose tomb adjoins to a mosque. The Great Mosque at Tlemcen was completed in 1136 and is said to be the most remarkable remaining example of Almoravid architecture.

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Tunisia
Tunisia (US ⁱ/tuːˈniːʒə/ two-NEE-zhə or UK /tjuːˈnɪziə/ tew-NIZ-iə; Arabic: تونس‎ Tūnis pronounced [ˈtuːnɪs]), officially the Republic of Tunisia (Arabic: الجمهورية التونسية‎ al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah), is the northernmost country in Africa. It is an Arab Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area is almost 165,000 square kilometres (64,000 sq mi), with an estimated population of just under 10.7 million. Its name is derived from the capital Tunis located in the northeast.
Tunisia is the smallest country in North Africa. The south of the country is composed of the Sahara desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly fertile soil and 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) of coastline.
Tunisia has relations with both the European Union—with whom it has an association agreement—and the Arab world. Tunisia is also a member of the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, and the African Union. Tunisia has established close relations with France in particular, through economic cooperation, industrial modernization, and privatisation programs.

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Tébessa
Tébessa (Arabic: تبسة‎, Chaoui: ) is the capital city of Tébessa Province, Algeria, 20 kilometers west from the border with Tunisia. Nearby is also a phosphate mine. The city is famous for the traditional Algerian carpets in the region, and is home to over 634 332 people (in 2007).
Tbessa In 146 CE it became part of the Roman Empire and was known as Theveste (Hekatompyle in Greek).
During the 1st century CE, the Legio III Augusta resided there before being transferred to Lambaesis. It was made a colonia probably under Trajan.
There is mention of a council held there by the Donatists. Among its saints were St Lucius, its bishop, who in 256 assisted at the Council of Carthage and died as a martyr two years later; St Maximilianus, martyred 12 March 295; St Crispina, martyred 5 December 304. Some of its bishops are known: Romulus in 349; Urbicus in 411; Felix exiled by the Vandals in 484; Palladius mentioned in an inscription.
During the 4th and 5th century AD Theveste was a centre of Manichaeism as well. In June 1918 a codex of 26 leaves written in Latin by Manichaeans was discovered in a cave near the city. A month later Henri Omont found the missing initial 13 leaves. The whole book is now known as the Tebessa codex and it is kept in Cologne. It has been edited by Markus Stein (Bonn).

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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.

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Vichy France
Vichy France,Vichy Regime, Vichy Government, or simply Vichy are common terms used to describe the government of France which collaborated with the Axis powers from July 1940 to August 1944, during the Second World War. It officially called itself the French State (État Français) and was headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain, who proclaimed the government following the 1940 allied defeat against Axis Powers.
The Vichy regime maintained some legal authority in the northern zone of France (the Zone occupée), which was occupied by the German Wehrmacht, but was most powerful in the unoccupied southern "free zone", where its administrative centre of Vichy was located. In November 1942 the southern zone was also occupied and fully subjected to German rule.
Pétain collaborated with the German occupying forces in exchange for an agreement to not divide France between the Axis Powers. Vichy authorities aided in the rounding-up of Jews and other "undesirables", and at times, Vichy French military forces actively opposed the Allies. Much of the French public initially supported the new government despite its pro-Nazi policies, seeing it as necessary to maintain a degree of French autonomy and territorial integrity.

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Zarqa
Az-Zarqāʔ (Arabic: الزرقاء‎; BGN: Az Zarqāʼ; local pronunciation ez-Zergā, ez-Zer'a, or ez-Zarka) is a city in Jordan located to the northeast of Amman. Zarqa is the capital of Zarqa Governorate (Arabic محافظة الزرقاء Muħāfazat az-Zarqā). Its name means "the blue one".
Zarqa is Jordan's industrial centre, located in the zarqa River basin, is home to over 50% of Jordanian factories. The growth of industry in the city is the result of low real estate costs and proximity to the capital, Amman, situated only 25 km south west of Zarqa. Although inhabited since the first century A.D., the city of Zarqa was established by immigrants from the Caspian Sea region at the beginning of the twentieth century, initially on the banks of the Zarqa River, the population grew steadily with the construction of the Hejaz railway by the ottomans. The bases of the Jordanian army, formerly called the Arab Legion, were located in Zarqa.
The first settlement in the city was in 1902 by Chechen immigrants who were displaced from the wars between the Ottoman and Russian Empires. They settled along the Zarqa River. At that time a station on the Hejaz railway was built in the new settlement, this railway station turned Zarqa into an important hub. On April 10, 1905 the Ottoman governor issued a decree that allowed the Chechen immigrants to own lands which they settled on. The population then quickly grew in size. On November 18, 1928 the new Jordanian government issued a decree to establish the first municipal council for Zarqa.

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Abdelhamid Ben Badis
Abdelhamid Ben Badis (Arabic: عبد الحميد بن باديس‎;Also: Ben Badis) was born on December 4, 1889 at 16:00. His birth was recorded the following day, Thursday December 5, 1889, at the register of births, lived and died in Constantine, a city in the North-East of Algeria. Sheikh Ben Badis was an emblematic figure of the Islamic Reform movement in Algeria. Albelhamid Ben Badis was of an old town middle-class family which claimed descent from the Zirids a Berber Muslim dynasty founded in the 10th Century by Bologhine ibn Ziri.
In 1931 Ben Badis founded the Association of Muslim Algerian Ulema. This was a national grouping of many Islamic scholars in Algeria from many different and sometimes opposing perspectives and viewpoints. The Association would be a great influence on Algerian Muslim Politics up to the Algerian War of Independence. In the same period it set up many institutions where thousands of Algerian children of Muslim parents were educated. The association also published a monthly magazine, the Al-Chihab and Ben Badis contributed regularly to it between 1925 and his death in 1940. The magazine informed its readers of the associations ideas and thoughts on religious reform and spoke on other religious and political issues. Ben Badis died on April 16, 1940 in Constantine.

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Albert Camus
Albert Camus (French pronunciation: [albɛʁ kamy] ( listen); 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French author, journalist, and philosopher. His views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as absurdism. He wrote in his essay "The Rebel" that his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism while still delving deeply into individual freedom.
Although often cited as a proponent of existentialism, the philosophy with which Camus was associated during his own lifetime, he rejected this particular label. In an interview in 1945, Camus rejected any ideological associations: "No, I am not an existentialist. Sartre and I are always surprised to see our names linked..."
In 1949, Camus founded the Group for International Liaisons within the Revolutionary Union Movement, which was opposed to some tendencies of the Surrealist movement of André Breton.
Camus was awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize for Literature "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times". He was the second-youngest recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, after Rudyard Kipling, and the first African-born writer to receive the award. He is the shortest-lived of any Nobel literature laureate to date, having died in an automobile accident just over two years after receiving the award.

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Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (/ˈtʃɑrlz/ or /ˈʃɑrl dəˈɡɔːl/; French: [ʃaʁl də ɡol] ( listen); 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969.
A veteran of World War I, in the 1920s and 1930s de Gaulle came to the fore as a proponent of mobile armoured divisions, which he considered would become central in modern warfare. During World War II, he earned the rank of brigadier general (retained throughout his life), leading one of the few successful armoured counter-attacks during the 1940 Battle of France in May in Montcornet, and then briefly served in the French government as France was falling. De Gaulle was the most senior French military officer to reject the June 1940 armistice to Nazi Germany right from the outset.
He escaped to Britain and gave a famous radio address, broadcast by the BBC on 18 June 1940, exhorting the French people to resist Nazi Germany and organised the Free French Forces with exiled French officers in Britain. As the war progressed de Gaulle gradually gained control of all French colonies except Indochina most of which had at first been controlled by the pro-German Vichy regime. Despite earning a reputation for being a difficult man to do business with, by the time of the Allied invasion of France in 1944 he was heading what amounted to a French government in exile, but although he insisted that France be treated as a great independent power by the other Allies, the Americans in particular remained deeply suspicious of his motives. De Gaulle became prime minister in the French Provisional Government, resigning in 1946 because of political conflicts.

wn.com/Charles_de_Gaulle
Charles IV of Spain
Charles IV (Carlos Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Jose Januario Serafin Diego; 11 November 1748 – 20 January 1819) was King of Spain from 14 December 1788 until his abdication on 19 March 1808.
Charles was the second son of Charles III and his wife Maria Amalia of Saxony. He was born at Naples (11 November 1748), while his father was king of the Two Sicilies. His elder brother Don Felipe was passed over for the two thrones as mentally retarded and epileptic. In Naples and Sicily he was styled as the Prince of Taranto.
Charles had inherited a great frame and immense physical strength from the Saxon line of his mother, granddaughter of August the Strong. When young he was fond of wrestling with the strongest countrymen he could find. While he was considered by many to be intellectually sluggish and quite credulous he was also known for his acts of kindness.
In 1788, Charles III died and Charles IV succeeded to the throne. Even though he had a profound belief in the sanctity of his office and kept up the appearance of an absolute, powerful monarch, he never took more than a passive part in the direction of his own government, occupying himself with hunting. The affairs of government he left to his wife and his prime minister. In 1792, Maria Luisa finally succeeded in ousting the Count of Floridablanca from office and had him replaced with Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda, the chief of the Aragonese party. However, in the wake of the war against Republican France, the liberal-leaning Count of Aranda was replaced by Manuel de Godoy, a favourite of the Queen and allegedly her lover, who thenceforth enjoyed the lasting favour of the King.

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Cheb Hasni
Cheb Hasni (Arabic : الشاب حسني) born Hasni Chakroun (February 1, 1968 – September 29, 1994) was a performer of Algerian Raï music. He was popular across North Africa, having reached the height of his career in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was the son of a welder and grew up in a working class family where he was one of seven children. Hasni is most well known for his love songs, but he also dealt with taboo subjects such as divorce and alcohol. He was murdered in 1994.
Born in Oran, Algeria, Cheb Hasni was interested in performing from an early age. In an interview published in the French newspaper Libération in 1992, Hasni recounted how "everyone knew me in our neighbourhood when I was a kid. I was always walking up the road with my school bag thrown off my shoulder, singing my head off"^{[citation needed]}. Hasni was also talented in football and a good student, but these traits were overshadowed by his musical interests.
Hasni's first significant performance as a singer occurred when he attended a local wedding party, where the group led by the famous Naoui brothers was playing. Impressed by his voice, they invited him to perform on stage at a well-known cabaret, La Guinguette.

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Edmond Jouhaud
Edmond Jouhaud (French pronunciation: [ɛdmɔ̃ ʒuo]; 2 April 1905 – 4 September 1995) was one of four French generals who briefly staged a putsch in Algeria in April 1961. As Army General he had been the Inspector General of the Air Force in French North Africa. After the failure of the putsch, he became the deputy of Raoul Salan in the Organisation de l'Armée Secrète. While Salan fled to Spain, Jouhaud remained out of loyalty to his birthplace.
He was captured in March 1962 and rapidly sentenced to death by a military court. However, after his OAS superior Salan was given only a prison sentence in a civilian court, opinion turned against executing him. He called for the remaining activists of OAS to end their militant campaign, and after a harrowing five month period of uncertainty his sentence was commuted by de Gaulle. He was released in 1967. He was rehabilitated by a law passed in 1982 under the presidency of François Mitterrand.
A descendant of early Algerian pioneers of Corsican descent, Jouhaud was one of the most decorated officers in the French military prior to participating in the putsch. He was notably pro-American in his political views.^{[citation needed]}

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Hubert Lyautey
Louis Hubert Gonzalve Lyautey (17 November 1854 – 21 July 1934) was a French Army general, the first Resident-General in Morocco from 1912 to 1925 and from 1921 a Marshal of France.
Lyautey was born in Nancy (Lorraine) into an upper-middle class family with aristocratic connections, royalist sympathies and a military past. In 1873 he entered the French military academy of Saint-Cyr, attended the army training school in early 1876, and in December 1877 was made a lieutenant. He made his career serving in the colonies and not in a more prestigious assignment in metropolitan France. The first years after graduating, Lyautey served as a cavalry officer in Algeria and from 1894 to 1897 in Indochina, under Joseph Gallieni.
Lyautey adopted and emulated Gallieni's policy of methodical expansion of pacified areas followed by social and economical development to bring about the end of resistance and the cooperation of former insurgents. This method became known as tache d'huile (literally, "oil stain"), as it resembles oil spots spreading to cover the whole surface. Lyautey's writings have had a significant influence on contemporary counterinsurgency theory through its adoption by David Galula.

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Ibrahim ibn Tashfin
Ibrahim ibn Tashfin (died 1147) was the seventh Almoravid king, who reigned shortly in 1146–1147. Once the news of the death of his father Tashfin ibn Ali reached Marrakech, he was proclaimed king while still an infant. He was soon replaced by his uncle Ishaq ibn Ali, but the Almohads quickly subdued Marrakech and killed both.

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John of Austria
wn.com/John_of_Austria
Khenchela
Khenchela ancient Mascula (in Arabic خنشلة; Tifinagh: ) is the name of the capital city of the administrative Khenchela Province (Wilaya), number 40, in the north east of Algeria. Situated in the Aures Mountains, 1200 m above sea level. The city is mainly populated by Berber Chaouis.

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Miguel de Cervantes
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (Spanish pronunciation: [miˈɣel de θerˈβantes saaˈβeðɾa]; (29 September 1547 – 23 April 1616) was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His magnum opus, Don Quixote, considered the first modern European novel, is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded amongst the best works of fiction ever written. His influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes"). He was dubbed El Príncipe de los Ingenios ("The Prince of Wits").
In 1569, Cervantes moved to Rome, where he served as a valet to Giulio Acquaviva, a wealthy priest who was elevated to cardinal the next year. By then, Cervantes had enlisted as a soldier in a Spanish Navy infantry regiment and continued his military life until 1575, when he was captured by Algerian corsairs. After five years he was released on ransom from his captors by his parents and the Trinitarians, a Catholic religious order. He subsequently returned to his family in Madrid.

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Moors
The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Berber, Black African and Arab descent from Northern Africa, who came to conquer, occupy and rule the Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years.^{[citation needed]} At that time they were Muslim, although earlier the people had followed other religions. They called the territory Al Andalus, comprising most of what is now Spain and Portugal.
" Moors" are not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name primarily to Berbers, but also at various times to Arabs, Muslim Iberians and West Africans from Mali and Niger who had been absorbed into the Almoravid dynasty. Mainstream scholars observed in 1911 that "The term 'Moors' has no real ethnological value."
The Andalusian Moors of the late Medieval era inhabited the Iberian Peninsula after the Moorish conquests of the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates, and the final Umayyad conquest of Hispania.^{[citation needed]} The Moors' rule stretched at times as far as modern-day Mauritania, West African countries, and the Senegal River. Earlier, the Classical Romans interacted with (and later conquered) parts of Mauretania, a state that covered northern portions of modern Morocco and much of north western and central Algeria during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as the Mauri.

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Napoleon III
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the emperor of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I, christened as Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte. Elected President by popular vote in 1848, he initiated a coup d'état in 1851, before ascending the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation. He ruled as Emperor of the French until 4 September 1870. He holds the unusual distinction of being both the first titular president and the last monarch of France.
Napoleon III is primarily remembered for an energetic foreign policy which aimed to jettison the limitations imposed on France since 1815 by the Concert of Europe and reassert French influence in Europe and abroad. A brief war against Austria in 1859 largely brought an end to the process of Italian unification. In the Near East, Napoleon III spearheaded allied action against Russia in the Crimean War and restored French presence in the Levant, claiming for France the role of protector of the Maronite Christians. A French garrison in Rome likewise secured the Papal States against annexation by Italy, defeating the Italians at Mentana and winning the support of French Catholics for Napoleon's regime.

wn.com/Napoleon_III
Paul Bowles
Paul Frederic Bowles (December 30, 1910 – November 18, 1999) was an American expatriate composer, author, and translator. Following a cultured middle-class upbringing in New York City, during which he displayed a talent for music and writing, Bowles pursued his education at the University of Virginia before making various trips to Paris in the 1930s. He studied music with Aaron Copland, and in New York wrote music for various theatrical productions, as well as other compositions. He achieved critical and popular success with the publication in 1949 of his first novel The Sheltering Sky, set in what was known as French North Africa, which he had visited in 1931.
In 1947 Bowles settled in Tangier, Morocco, and his wife, Jane Bowles followed in 1948. Except for winters spent in Sri Lanka (then known as Ceylon) during the early 1950s, Tangier was his home for the next fifty-two years, the remainder of his life.
Paul Bowles died in 1999 at the age of 88. His ashes are buried in Lakemont Cemetery in upstate New York.

wn.com/Paul_Bowles
Philip II of Spain
Philip II of Spain (Spanish: Felipe II; Portuguese: Filipe I ; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was the King of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. He was also king of Sicily and Naples as Philip I. During his marriage to Mary I, he was King of England and Ireland. He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as duke or count.
Also known as Philip the Prudent (Felipe el Prudente), he ruled one of the world's largest empires which included territories in every continent then known to Europeans.
Philip was born in Valladolid, the son of Charles I of Spain, and his consort, Isabella of Portugal. During his reign, Spain was the foremost Western European power. Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, directing explorations all around the world and settling the colonization of territories in all the known continents. He was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as "slight of stature and round-faced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive." The Ambassador went on to say "He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious."

wn.com/Philip_II_of_Spain
Rachid Taha
Rachid Taha (Arabic: رشيد طه) (born September 18, 1958 in Sig, Algeria) is an Algerian singer and activist based in France who has been described as "sonically adventurous." His music is influenced by many different styles such as rock, electronic, punk and raï.
Taha was born in 1958 in Sig (Mascara Province), Algeria, although a second source suggests he was born in the Algerian seacoast city of Oran. This town was the "birthplace of raï" music, and 1958 was a key year in the Algerian struggle for independence against French authority. He began listening to Algerian music in the 1960s, including street-style music called chaabi. And music from the Maghreb region was part of his upbringing.
He moved with his parents to France when he was ten years old, settling in an immigrant community around the French city of Lyon in 1968. His father was a textile factory worker, with long hours and low pay, such that his life was compared to that of a "modern slave", according to one account. When 17, Taha worked during the day at a central heating plant, described as a "menial job", and hated this work, but at night worked as a club DJ playing Arabic music, rap, salsa, funks and "anything else that took his fancy." The contrast between menial work during the day and fun during the night may have helped to develop his musical sensibility. In the late 1970s, Taha founded the nightclub called The Rejects or, in French, Les Refoulés, where he would spin mashups of Arabic pop classics over Led Zeppelin, Bo Diddley and Kraftwerk backbeats.

wn.com/Rachid_Taha
Sidi El Houari
Sidi El Houari (1350–1439) was an Algerian imam whose real name Ben-Amar El Houari. He died 12 September 1439 at the age of 89. He is the patron saint of the city of Oran in Algeria. The famous old quarter of Sidi El Houari in Oran is named after him.
Sidi El Houari El Maghraoui belonged to the Berber Maghrawa tribe. He was born in 1350 in the village Saure^{[disambiguation needed ]} or Soure (ex: Bellevue^{[disambiguation needed ]}) near Ain Tedles in the Wilayah of Mostaganem (Algeria). After his death he was buried in his native village of Saure (ex: Bellevue).
Sidi El Houari El Maghraoui was a very respected scholar, and many cities would have wished whether he was their guest. Out of Tlemcen, Fes, Tunis, Mecca, Jerusalem, Damascus and many other cities which he visited, he chose Oran to settle and honour his inhabitants. Oranians in return welcomed him well and, and although he was buried far away from the city, the visit of its mausoleum, which would shelter its supposed tomb, resembles an irremovable daily pilgrimage.

wn.com/Sidi_El_Houari

algerie le Spiderman Algerien a Oran

algerie spiderman...

published: 24 Mar 2012

author: AlgiersCrewMember

Algerie / Oran Sketch avec zaza et hamid et autres [2011] سكتش

avec zaza et hamid et autres...

published: 26 Sep 2011

author: Rayyisse Sidahmed

Oran "Juice" Jones - The Rain

published: 07 Oct 2009

author: OranJuiceJonesVEVO

Mestafa Bilahoudoud : Sketch Oran Ramadhan 2012

...

published: 16 Aug 2012

author: Rayyisse Sidahmed

Sketch Oran [NEW] "" Lézimigri ""[Film Entier] Ramadhan 2012 : avec Hazim , Bakhta etc ...

[NEW] Sketch Ramadhan 2012 : "" Lézimigri "" avec Hazim , Bakhta etc ......

published: 30 Jul 2012

author: Rayyisse Sidahmed

oran ville d'algerie

oran la plus belle ville d'afrique .oran une ville algerienne.la ville du rai....

published: 23 May 2012

author: ben red

Jakob - Oran Mor

Jakob is a 3-man instrumental post-rock band from Napier, New Zealand. "Oran Mor" is the f...

published: 14 Sep 2007

author: ShadesOfFall

chaba zahouania & zina daoudia à oran 5 juillet 2012

merci bcp pour vos commentaires...

published: 11 Jul 2012

author: discozakaria48

Algerie / Oran Zanga Zanga Sketch [2011] سكتش زنقة زنقة

...

published: 25 Sep 2011

author: Rayyisse Sidahmed

La drogue a ORAN - الـمـخـذرات فـي وهـران 1/2

وهــران.. مـخـذّرات.. جــرائـم.. مـلاهـي.. شـذُوذ.. و أشـيــاء أخــرى...

published: 02 Sep 2012

author: imad khademallah

Darksiders 2 - Oran's Side Quest: The Wandering Stones - Locations and Quest ending

Hi guys, I made this for educational purposes to help you in your journey when you get stu...

published: 16 Aug 2012

author: ziplay123

Oran a Cloiche - Kathleen MacInnes and Sarah Jarosz

From Transatlantic Sessions 5. With Mike McGoldrick, Russ Barenberg and Donald Shaw...

published: 04 Oct 2011

author: brummydubliner

Piping Live! - USA's Oran Mor Pipe Band show the Scots how to play

New York's Oran Mor Pipe Band show Scotland how to play the pipes in Glasgow's George Squa...

published: 08 Aug 2012

author: STVScotland

Piping Live! - Oran Mor Pipe Band @ George Square

Oran Mor Pipe Band played in George Square as part of Piping Live! 2011. Watch their perfo...

published: 10 Aug 2011

author: STVScotland

ORAN-ORANTI

published: 24 Jul 2009

author: nejdet kirpi

oran orantı 2

published: 31 Jul 2009

author: nejdet kirpi

7. Sınıf Matematik Oran - Orantı Konu Anlatım

published: 10 Mar 2011

author: videolar

7.sınıf Matematik Oran - Orantı Konu Anlatım Video (KastamonuMatematik.Com)

7.sınıf Matematik Oran - Orantı Konu Anlatım Video...

published: 14 May 2011

author: Kastamonu Matematik

<li class="playlistitemli thumbnail border_color bgr_color_content font_color">
        <div class="video_facebook">
            <a href="http://web.archive.org./web/20130213003247/http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://wn.com/oran&t=<%= title %>" title="Share this video" data-title="Share this video" target="_blank" style="target-name: new; target-new: tab;"></a>
        </div>

photo: AP / Los Angeles Police Department

This undated photo released by the Los Angeles Police Department shows suspect Christopher Dorner, a former Los Angeles officer.

$1 million reward offered on information on ex-cop Christopher Dorner

Denver Post

11 Feb 2013

A San Bernardino County sheriff's deputy searches a home for Christopher Dorner, a former police officer, on Sunday in Big Bear Lake, Calif. (Jae C. Hong, The Associated Press) ... "We will not tolerate anyone undermining the security of the community," Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa said at a news conference. "We will not tolerate this reign of terror." ... "He has targeted those we entrust to protect the public." ... Copyright 2012 The Denver Post ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)

photo: AP / Lee Jin-man

A South Korean man watches a TV news showing a file footage of North Korea's nuclear test at the Seoul train station in Seoul, South Korea, Tuesday, Feb. 12, 2013.

‘North Korea conducts third nuclear test’

The Hindu

12 Feb 2013

A magnitude 5.1 “artificial earthquake” was reported near a nuclear test site in North Korea on Tuesday morning, with South Korean Defence Ministry officials telling local media that the seismic activity was the result of a third nuclear test conducted by the reclusive state ... The reported test has, however, not yet been confirmed by North Korean State media ... The move is set to heighten regional tensions ... Keywords....(size: 3.4Kb)

photo: White House / Pete Souza

File - President Barack Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama and daughters Sasha and Malia, attend a church service at Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church in Washington, D.C., on Inauguration Day, Sunday, Jan. 20, 2013.

North Korea nuclear test puts pressure on Obama

Irish Times

12 Feb 2013

JULIAN BORGER. North Korea’s and Iran’s ambitions to become nuclear powers may make US plans to cut its own warheads difficult to pass. President Barack Obama is expected to address the threat posed by North Korea in tonight’s state of the union speech, after news of Pyongyang’s third underground nuclear test triggered some last-minute rewriting of the presidential text ... Obama speech ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)

photo: AP / Kevin Frayer

An Indian woman weeps as she and other family members mourn next to the body of a relative who was killed in a stampede on a railway platform at the main railway station in Allahabad, India, Sunday, Feb. 10, 2013.

India stampede kills 36 at world's largest religious festival

Daily Press

11 Feb 2013

ALLAHABAD, India (Reuters) - A stampede at a railway station in northern India killed at least 36 Hindu pilgrims on Sunday, the busiest day of the world's largest religious festival at which some 30 million had gathered to wash away their sins in the sacred Ganges river. Twenty-seven of the dead were women, mostly elderly and poor. An eight-year-old girl was also crushed to death ... Daily Press Eyewitness ... M ... ....(size: 5.2Kb)

photo: AP / Riccardo De Luca

Pope Benedict XVI waves to faithful during his weekly audience in St. Peter's square at the Vatican, Wednesday, April 11, 2012.

Pope Benedict 'Will Not Interfere In Choosing New Pope'

Peace FM Online

12 Feb 2013

Pope Benedict XVI will not interfere in choosing his successor after his shock decision to resign at the end of the month, the pontiff's brother has said. Georg Ratzinger told the BBC the Pope would only "make himself available" if he were needed. Benedict said on Monday he would resign after nearly eight years as the head of the Catholic Church because he was too old to continue at the age of 85 ... But resignation is extremely rare....(size: 3.8Kb)

timeline:
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The 1975 announces May UK tour

Music News

12 Feb 2013

Following the release of The 1975's two acclaimed EPs Facedown and Sex and a sold-out debut headline tour, the Manchester outfit have announced a slew of dates in May ... Tour Dates ... Mon 27th May Glasgow Oran Mor ... Wed 29th May London Heaven ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)

Water Pik owners looking for exit: sources

Reuters

12 Feb 2013

Water Pik's owner, New York-based private equity firm EG Capital, is being advised by Harris Williams and the process is in the early stages, the sources said ... (Reporting by Olivia Oran and Martinne Geller in New York; editing by Matthew Lewis) ....(size: 1.2Kb)

Harris Teeter exploring options: source

Reuters

12 Feb 2013

Harris Teeter was not immediately available. JP Morgan declined to comment ... (Reporting by Martinne Geller and Olivia Oran in New York; Editing by Phil Berlowitz) ....(size: 0.8Kb)

UPDATE 1-Harris Teeter exploring options -sources

Reuters

12 Feb 2013

By Martinne Geller and Olivia Oran. n">Feb 12 (Reuters) - Harris Teeter Supermarkets Inc is exploring strategic options including a possible sale, two sources familiar with the matter said on Tuesday ... Harris Teeter was not immediately available. JP Morgan declined to comment ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)

Harris Teeter exploring options: sources

Reuters

12 Feb 2013

n">(Reuters) - Harris Teeter Supermarkets Inc (HTSI.N) is exploring strategic options including a possible sale, two sources familiar with the matter said on Tuesday ... Harris Teeter was not immediately available. JP Morgan declined to comment ... (Reporting by Martinne Geller and Olivia Oran in New York; Editing by Phil Berlowitz, Bernard Orr) ....(size: 1.5Kb)

Kearney lauds Coleraine victory

BBC News

12 Feb 2013

Please turn on JavaScript. Media requires JavaScript to play. Coleraine manager Oran Kearney praises the effort of his players after their 1-0 Setanta Cup first round, first leg win over Shamrock Rovers. David Scullion scored the only goal of the game for the Bannsiders after coming on as a substitute. The second leg will be played at Coleraine on Monday 18 February. Share this story. Share this page ... ....(size: 8.9Kb)

Everything Everything to release new single 'Duet'

Music News

12 Feb 2013

Fresh off the back of scoring their first Top 5 album in the shape of critically lauded second album 'Arc', Everything Everything are pleased to announce the release of the next single from the record, 'Duet'. https.//soundcloud.com/everythingeverything/everything-everything-duet ... 'Duet' will be released on March 24th, through RCA Victor ... http.//www.everything-everything.co.uk/events. Full tour dates for 2013. ... 20/2 - Oran Mor, Glasgow ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)

John Newman announced as support for Rudimental

Music News

12 Feb 2013

Rising star John Newman, who has already written and fronted both the glorious Rudimental number 1 single, 'Feel The Love', and the follow up smash 'Not Giving In', steps out on his own with the release of his first solo material ... The dates are as follows.. Apr 23 Glasgow Oran Mor. Apr 24 Liverpool O2 Academy. Apr 26 Manchester Gorilla. Apr 27 Birmingham Library, The Institute. Apr 30 Oxford O2 Academy. May 01 Norwich UEA ... That Voice ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)

AUCONET Again Named in Magic Quadrant for NAC and Strengthens its Position in the US Market

PR Newswire

12 Feb 2013

  Google. BERLIN and SAN FRANCISCO, February 12, 2013 /PRNewswire/ --. With ongoing investments, a growing presence in San Francisco and a repeated place in Gartner's "Magic Quadrant for Network Access Control (NAC) 2012"[1], German software vendor AUCONET has made the next decisive steps within the US market ... "Magic Quadrant for Network Access Control," Report G00238941, December 3, 2012, Lawrence Orans, John Pescatore ... CONTACT ... ....(size: 8.0Kb)

Women Trafficking In Jharkhand

Newswing

10 Feb 2013

for SALE ..!!. for SALE..!!. Trafficking in women and children is one of the worst abuses of human rights ... 85% of the trafficked victims have been below the age of 30 years. In most of the cases the offenders were known to the victim ... Most of the women trafficked from Jharkhand belong to Oran, Munda, Santhal (including endangered Pahariya ) and Gond tribes, out of which maximum are Oran and Munda ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)

Retirement planning for two

The Gleaner

10 Feb 2013

I saw your column in The Gleaner and wanted your advice on personal financial planning for two - my mother, who is 58, and myself, 38. She has roughly seven years for retirement and I have 27 years. We want to have local income-producing assets now to provide for our financial security in the future, something that can give a monthly cash flow of J$100,000. Do you have any suggestions?. - Rhoan. FINANCIAL ADVISER ... Oran A ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)

Coleraine striker Allen out to extend derby blues

Belfast Telegraph

08 Feb 2013

Curtis Allen knows Ballymena United's derby blues have to end sometime – he's just hoping it's not this weekend. ... A 5-0 drubbing dished out by league leaders Cliftonville on Tuesday night will have dented the confidence of Oran Kearney's men but, for some extraordinary reason, they seem to have the Indian sign over their neighbours ... "Since Oran (Kearney) has been the manager and I've been there things have gone our way," he added ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)

The 1975 announce May UK tour dates

Music News

08 Feb 2013

Following the release of The 1975's two acclaimed EPs Facedown and Sex and a sold-out debut headline tour, the Manchester outfit have announced a slew of dates in May ... Tickets are available here. Tour Dates ... Mon 27th May Glasgow Oran Mor ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)

timeline:
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This article is about the city in Algeria. For other uses, see Oran (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012)

Oran
وهران
Wahrān

Top, the two Lions of Atlas (symbol of Oran), Center, 1st November Place, fort & chapel of Santa Cruz, Bey Othmane mosque, Bottom, general view

Seal

Nickname(s): The radiant " الباهية "

Oran

Location of Oran within Algeria

Coordinates: 35°41′49″N 0°37′59″W / 35.69694°N 0.63306°WCoordinates: 35°41′49″N 0°37′59″W / 35.69694°N 0.63306°W

Re-founded

AD 944

Government

• Wali (Governor)

Saddek Benkada

Area

• City

2,121 km² (819 sq mi)

Elevation

0.9 m (3 ft)

Population (1998 for city proper, 2010 for metro area)^[1]

• City

759,645

• Metro

1,454,078

Time zone

CET (UTC+1)

Postal codes

31000 - 31037

Oran (Arabic: وهران‎, Wahrān) is a major city on the northwestern Mediterranean coast of Algeria, and the second largest city of the country.

It is the capital of the Oran Province (wilaya). The city has a population of 759,645 (2008^[1]), while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 1,500,000,^[2] making it the second largest city in Algeria.^[3] Oran is a major port, and since the 1960s has been the commercial, industrial, and educational centre of western Algeria.

History [link]

Oran was founded in 903 by Moorish Andalusi traders^[4] but was captured by the Spanish under Cardinal Cisneros in 1509. Spanish sovereignty lasted until 1708, when the city was conquered by the Ottomans. Spain recaptured the city in 1732. However, its value as a trading post had decreased greatly, so King Charles IV sold the city to the Turks in 1792. Ottoman rule lasted until 1831, when it fell to the French.

During French rule over Algeria, Oran was the capital of a département of the same name (number 92). In July 1940, the British navy shelled French warships in the port after they refused a British ultimatum to surrender which was designed to ensure the fleet would not fall into German hands. The action increased the hatred of the Vichy regime for Britain but convinced the world that the British would fight on alone against Nazi Germany and its allies. The Vichy government held Oran during World War II until its capture by the Allies in late 1942, during Operation Torch.

Before the Algerian War, 1954–1962, Oran had one of the highest proportions of Europeans of any city in North Africa. However, shortly after the end of the war, most of the Europeans and Sephardic Jews living in Oran fled to France. A massacre of Europeans, four days after the vote for Algerian independence, triggered the exodus to France. In less than three months Oran lost about half its population.

Berber-Arab-Islamic period
Start year	End year	Event
910	1082	Oran became a perpetual object of conflict between the Umayyads of Spain and the Fatimides of Kairouan.
1082	1145	Presence of Almoravides. In 1145, Ibrahim ibn Tashfin perished in Oran while fighting against the already victorious Almohades troops in front of Tlemcen.
1145	1238	Presence of Almohades. 1147 marked the beginning of persecution against Oran's Jews.
1238	1509	Presence of the Zianides of Tlemcen and then the Marinid dynasty of Fes. The protection by the Emir, the customs system (tariffs), trade with Marseilles, and the Italian Maritime Republics of Genoa and Venice, with whom, in 1250, Oran signed a commercial treaty of forty year's duration, made the Oranians rich. So much so, that toward the end of the 14th century, celebrated Arab historian Ibn Khaldoun wrote the following, "Oran is superior to all other cities by its trade. It's a paradise for the unhappy one. Those who arrive poor in its walls, will leave it again rich." The city excelled in the exportation of lead, wool, skins, fine burnous, carpets, haïks, cumin, nuts, and galls, without forgetting the draft of black slaves.

Spanish period [link]

The Santa Cruz Fort, Oran. Santa Cruz is Spanish for "holy cross"

Before the Spaniards, the Portuguese launched a failed expedition to capture the city in July 1501. Four years later, the Spanish took Mers-el-Kébir, located just four miles to the west of the Oran. Thus began the first organized incursions against the city which, at the time, numbered 25,000 inhabitants and counted 6,000 fueros. Count Pedro Navarro, on the orders of Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, captured the city on May 17, 1509.

By 1554, the Turks had reached Algiers, and then governor of Oran, Count Alcaudete, allied himself with Moroccan Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh against them. Nine years later, in 1563, Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis de Santa Cruz, built the fort of Santa-Cruz, strategically placed at the top of a mountain, l'Aïdour, more than 1,000 ft (300 m) above the sea, directly to the west of the city. Pedro Garcerán de Borja, Grand Master of the Order of Montesa, was captain of Oran when, on July 14, 1568, John of Austria (the illegitimate son of Charles I and thus the paternal half-brother of King Philip II), led a flotilla of 33 galleys against the Algerians.

In April 1669 the Spanish governor, the Marquis of del los Vélez expelled all the Jews who lived in Oran and Mers El Kébir^[5] sending them to be resettled in either Nice, and Livorno.

The Spanish rebuilt the fortress of Santa Cruz Fort to accommodate their city governors. "The fortifications of the place were composed of thick and continuous walls of over two and a half kilometers in circumference, surmounted by strong towers spaced between them," with a central castle or kasbah where the Spanish governor established his headquarters. The city under Spanish rule continued to grow, requiring enlargement of the city walls. In spite of the improved fortifications, the city was the object of repeated attacks. Notable in this regard, Moroccan Sharif Moulay Ismail tried to force his way past the defenses in 1707, only to see his army decimated.

Ottoman period [link]

The Bey Othmane Mosque

The Spaniards occupied the city until 1708, when the Turkish Bey, Mustapha Ben Youssef (Bouchelaghem) took advantage of the War of Spanish Succession to drive them out.

In 1732, Spanish forces, under José Carrillo de Albornoz captured the city from Bey Hassan in the Battle of Aïn-el-Turk.

In the night after October 8, 1790, a violent earthquake claimed more than 3,000 victims in less than seven minutes. Thereafter Charles IV saw no advantage in continuing the occupation of the city, which had become increasingly expensive and perilous. He initiated discussions with the Bey of Algiers. A treaty handing over the city was signed on September 12, 1792. After another earthquake had damaged the Spanish defences, Bey Ben Othman's forces took possession of Oran on October 8 of the same year. In 1792, the Ottomans settled a Jewish community there. In 1796, the Pasha Mosque (in honour of Hassan Pasha, Dey of Algeria), was built by the Turks with ransom money paid for the release of Spanish prisoners after Spain's final departure. In 1830 the Beys moved their capital from Mascara to Oran.

French period [link]

Oran's city hall, dating from the French period.

The town of 10,000 inhabitants was still in the possession of the Ottoman Empire, when a squadron under the command of captain Bourmand seized el-Kébir on December 14, 1830. The city was in a wretched state. On January 4, 1831, the French commanded by General Damrémont occupied Oran. In September 1830 the King appointed a police chief with the function of mayor in Algiers. In September 1831, General Berthezène made Mr. Pujol, captain of cavalry in retirement and wounded at the right hand under the Empire, mayor of Oran. In 1832, at the head of five thousand men, a young Emir called Abd al-Qadir attacks Oran. In April 1833, commander-in-chief, General Boyer, leaves Oran and is replaced by the baron Louis Alexis Desmichels. The cities defenders,under attack by Abd el Kader, holds their ground .

1836, General Létang transforms the glacis Castle-Nine into a walk which bears its name. At the beginning of 1837 General Bugeaud arrives in Oran to negotiate a new treaty (The Treaty of Tafna, May 20) with Emir Abd El-Kader. On November 14 the Emir signs a treaty with Desmichel recognizing its authority to the west of Algiers except for Oran, Mostaganem and Arzew.
1845, Construction of the "Village Nègre" by General Lamoricière .
1847, Following a dramatic drought lasting several months, a terrible epidemic of cholera strikes and decimates a big part of the population of Oran.
From 1848, Oran was the prefecture of the department of the same name. Creation of the small Basin of the Old Port (four hectares). A civil hospital is built.
1849, Construction of the vault of the Virgin to get rid of the cholera. The members of the first general council of Oran, named by Emperor Napoleon III, meet on December 5, 1858 with the prefecture, with Jules de Pre de Saint-Maur as chairman.
1866 July 25, Creation of the oran diocesis.
1880, Beginning of the construction of the Large synagogue of Oran. Oran builds a great extension starting from the place d'Armes. The ravine of l'Oued Rouina is filled.
1881, Appearance of the first horse drawn trams.
1886, Inauguration of Hotel de Ville, the City Hall.
1899, First electric trams.
1900, the city has 90,000 inhabitants.
1907, Construction of the theatre.
1909 December 14, the first flight in Oran is carried out by Julien Serviès on a Sommer monoplane at Sénia,. Next 9 January, a great meeting gathers forty thousand people, also in Sénia, in the presence of Marshal Lyautey.
1913, Opening to the worship of the Cathedral Sacré Coeur.

The Great Synagogue of Oran was confiscated and turned into a mosque, after Jewish Algerians were expelled in 1962.

1918, Dedication of the Great Synagogue of Oran
1930, Creation of new districts, less dense and more luxurious, completing the urbanisation of the first crown, in its part directed towards the interior of the country; these districts are higher Gambetta, Bon Reception, the Beavers, Médioni, Small Boulanger, Cité... This development continues overall with the creation of districts even more sumptuous, overflowing the first crown (district of Saint-Hubert, Palm trees, Point of the Day, Gambetta...)
1930–32, Sénia, the Oran aérodrome, is where several world records of duration and distance in closed loop are established.
1940, Beginning of the construction of the new prefecture.
1940 July 3, Part of the French fleet of the Atlantic based at Mers el Kébir, is bombarded while at anchor by the British fleet coming from Gibraltar, causing the loss of three battleships: Dunkerque, Provence and Bretagne. One thousand two hundred French sailors perish. The British feared that if France totally capitulated to Hitler the French fleet could be taken over and used against them.
1942 November 8, as prelude to the invasion of Italy the British and the Americans land at Arzew and Oran capitulates on November 10.
1950, Oran has 256,661 inhabitants. Sixty-five percent of the total of Europeans is of Spanish origin more than the total number of Muslims in the city.
1957, Construction of the municipal stage named "Fouques-Duparc", with a capacity of forty-five thousand.
1958 June 6, visit by French president General Charles de Gaulle.
1960, First barricades.
1961 August, appearance of the Organisation de l'armée secrète. The census states the population of Oran 400,000 inhabitants: 220,000 Europeans and 180,000 Muslims.
1962, Recrudescence of the attacks. One of the chiefs of the OAS, Edmond Jouhaud, is arrested on March 25. In June he sets fire to port with ten million tons of fuel darkening the sky of the city. The Algerian reaction, later known as the Oran massacre of 1962, ended the French presence in the city.

In independent Algeria [link]

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it.

Etymology [link]

A mural depicting the slaying of the Terror of Oran

The word derives from the Berber root 'HR meaning lion (see also Tahert and Souk Ahras). The name is attested in multiple Berber languages, for instance as uharu and ahra. A locally popular legend tells that in the period around 900 BC, there were sightings of lions in the area. The two last felines were killed in a mountain near the city of Oran, which is now known as La montagne des Lions ("The Mountain of Lions"). In fact, there are two giant lion statues in front of Oran's city hall, hence the twin lions' mountain is Oran's symbol.

Oran today [link]

Today, Oran is a major port and a commercial centre, and has three universities. The old quarter of Oran has a casbah and an 18th century mosque.

Oran has become a major trading centre for the wider area, serving Arzew, the areas oil/gas port as well as Sonatrach, the countries biggest oil and gas company. Sonalgas has built a new congress centre in Oran and in 2010 the 16th International Conference & Exhibition on Liquefied Natural Gas will be held in the city of Oran, which is expected to attract around 3,000 visitors and major companies from around the world. To accommodate all visitors, new hotels are currently being constructed and floating hotels will be used in addition.

Climate [link]

Climate

Oran features a semi-arid climate with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Oran’s climate does show influences of a Mediterranean climate; however the combination of the city’s relatively high average annual temperature and relatively low annual precipitation precludes it from falling under that climate category. Oran averages 326 mm (13 in) of precipitation annually, the bulk of which falls between December and May. Summers are hot and dry with average high temperatures in the warmest month (August) approaching 32 degrees Celsius. Winters are mild in Oran, with high temperatures in the coolest month (January) at around 17 degrees Celsius.

Climate data for Oran
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	16.6 (61.9)	17.7 (63.9)	19.7 (67.5)	21.5 (70.7)	23.9 (75.0)	27.7 (81.9)	30.5 (86.9)	31.6 (88.9)	29.0 (84.2)	25.2 (77.4)	20.6 (69.1)	17.7 (63.9)	23.48 (74.26)
Daily mean °C (°F)	10.9 (51.6)	12.1 (53.8)	13.9 (57.0)	15.8 (60.4)	18.6 (65.5)	22.3 (72.1)	25.0 (77.0)	25.9 (78.6)	23.4 (74.1)	19.6 (67.3)	15.1 (59.2)	12.2 (54.0)	17.90 (64.22)
Average low °C (°F)	5.1 (41.2)	6.5 (43.7)	8.1 (46.6)	10.0 (50.0)	13.2 (55.8)	16.9 (62.4)	19.4 (66.9)	20.1 (68.2)	17.7 (63.9)	14.0 (57.2)	9.5 (49.1)	6.7 (44.1)	12.27 (54.09)
Precipitation mm (inches)	43.6 (1.717)	44.4 (1.748)	35.0 (1.378)	29.6 (1.165)	27.2 (1.071)	3.80 (0.1496)	1.80 (0.0709)	2.70 (0.1063)	13.2 (0.52)	24.8 (0.976)	55.5 (2.185)	45.2 (1.78)	326.8 (12.866)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	8.7	8.5	7.1	7.2	6.9	2.0	1.3	1.8	3.6	6.6	8.4	8.8	70.9
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN)^[6]

Culture [link]

The folk music Raï ("opinion" in Arabic), had its beginnings in Oran. This genre of music was formulated by shepherds in the 1930s through Arab and European influences. This music was surrounded by controversy due to women's key role in public performances of the music, as well as the hedonistic lyrics about love and alcohol. This led to strict governmental control in the area which led to arrests, injuries, and assassinations.^[7] Many notable Raï musicians (including Cheb Hasni, Cheb Khaled and Rachid Taha) hail from Oran. The violinist Akim el Sikameya was also born in Oran.

Fiction [link]

Place 1er Novembre (ex.Place d'Armes)

Chapelle Santa Cruz

El Gallardo Español 1615 by Miguel de Cervantes and Albert Camus's 1947 novel The Plague take place in Oran.

Part of Arturo Pérez-Reverte's 2006 Capitán Alatriste adventure novel Corsarios de Levante (Pirates of the Levant) takes place in early 17th-century Oran. The action of the book occurs just a few years after the forced expulsion of last Moriscos (Spanish Muslims) from Valencia. There are vivid descriptions of Oran as a sun-blasted North African military stronghold, largely forgotten by the King of Spain and his advisors, whose attention is focused on the wars in the Low Countries and the treasure fleets from the Americas. Fictional hero Capitán Diego Alatriste and his ward Íñigo Balboa find Oran to be manned by an impoverished garrison of Christian Spaniards, living alongside Muslims (some fiercely loyal to Spain), and Sephardic Jews, themselves refugees from the 1492 expulsions ordered by the Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand and Isabel).

In the movie Casablanca, the route for refugees fleeing to the Americas was Paris to Marseille, across the Mediterranean to Oran, then by train, auto or foot to Casablanca. If they were lucky enough to get an exit visa, they went on to Lisbon from there.

In the ITV Drama Series Hornblower Lieutenant Hornblower is sent by Captain Pellew to Oran in order to obtain supplies, only to discover that Oran is suffering from Bubonic Plague and have to spend 3 weeks on board an abandoned supply ship enroute to Gibraltar loaded with the supplies obtained from Oran, as a sort of quarantine.

Paul Bowles's 1949 novel The Sheltering Sky takes place mainly in Oran.

The heroine of Geraldine Brooks' novel Year of Wonders ends up in Oran after a year in a village under a self-imposed quarantine fighting the plague in 1666.

City districts [link]

Districts of Oran [link]

Neighborhoods and districts of Oran.

Arabic name and names of the districts of Oran
District	Arabic name	Name
1	الحمري	El Hamri
2	حي الإمام الهواري	Hai Imam El-Houari
3	السعادة	Es-Saada
4	المقري	Al-Maqarri
5	الحمري	El-Hamri
6	البدر	El-Badr
7	الصديقية	Es-Seddikia
8	المنزه	El-Menzeh
9	الأمير	El-Emir
10	العثمانية	El-Othmania
11	بوعمامة	Bouamama
12	محي الدين	Muhieddine

El Hamri [link]

Mosque of Hassan Basha

El Hamri is a large popular district in the center of Oran known under French rule as Lamur. One finds there the football club Mouloudia d'Oran.

Neighborhood Streets

Avenue of Lamur
Street Captain-Rahou
Sebbalet Ayada
Place The Sahara
Gahwat Ettoubi
Street Staoueli
Street Djemaa Gazouna
street bougandoura
street belhadri smain

Sidi El Houari [link]

The historical district is a suburb in the north of the d'Oran city. One finds l ancian Saint-Louis college there, as well as the old mosque of the Pasha dating from the XVIIe century. In this district the skin of Saint-Patron of the city in the name of "Sidi El Houari" rests;. Other tourist curiosities: one ancient prefecture of the data base Stalingrad, the Spanish vestiges dating from 16th century, and especially the Palate of the Bey d'Oran.

Oranian agglomeration [link]

Fort Mers el-Kebir

Oran Madagh

The Great Library (ex.Cathédrale d'Oran)

The Oranian metropolis comprises several communes.

Mers-El-Kébir [link]

The Municipality of Mers-El-Kebir is located north-west of Oran, about seven kilometres from the city centre. As its name indicates (The Great Port), it is a major port and has an important naval base, home to the Algerian Navy.

Aïn-El-Turck [link]

Aïn El Turk, whose name means Fountain of the Turks is also located at the North-West of Oran to 15 km of the center. It is a seaside town which includes several hotels and other tourist attractions.

Es-Sénia [link]

Es-Sénia, located in the south of Oran, is home to industrial parks, several university institutes (Oran-Es-Sénia University, Institut of Communication, ENSET "Higher Teacher training school," CRASC "Research center in social sciences," etc.) and the international airport.

Bir-El-Djir [link]

This commune depends on Bir-El-Djir and composes the suburbs Is of Oran (apart from the districts). It is the future c?ur beating Oranian agglomeration. It includes several buildings which are the seats of companies with a modernistic architecture (Sonatrach, in construction), the new CHU "November 1, 1954", the Palate of the Congresses, l University of sciences and technology (conceived by the Japanese architect Kenzo Tange (1913–2005)), l'Institut of medical sciences, and the Court of Justice. This commune is the urban extension to the East of the town of Oran, to 8 km of the center, with a population of 118.000 inhabitants.et the projects: Olympic stage of 50.000 places, its name means Clay Pit.

Misserghin [link]

This is a small peaceful city in the Western extreme of the metropolis, having its fans Misserghin and its Tour operators Misserghin-Tours in order to promote tourism in the radiant and green area of this locality.

Panorama of sea front at Oran, Algeria

Aïn El Turk • Mers El Kébir • Bousfer	Mediterranean Sea	Aïn Bya • Aïn Franin
Boutlélis		Mers El Hadjadj • Gdyel • Bir El Djir
	Wahrān East

Misserghin	El Kerma • Tafraoui • Es Sénia	Oued Tlélat

Tourism [link]

Oran has numerous hotels in all categories, from luxury to basic, as well as many restaurants offering Algerian specialities and other foods. Tourists will also find a variety of cinemas, arts centres, the regional theatre, an open-air theatre, the Museum, the historic city centre of Oran, the district of Sidi El Houari, the municipal gardens, Médina Djedida with its artisanal products, the cathedral, Djebel Murdjadjo, and nearby seaside resorts. International airport Es-Senia is 7.4 miles from the town centre. One can also reach Oran by ferries from the ports of Marseilles, Sète, Alicante and Almería, via the national company Algérie Ferries.

Transportation [link]

Railway station in Oran

The city has limited means of transport, which do not cover sufficiently the non-urban zones. The entreprise ETO (Company of Oranian Transport) acquired new buses burning coal. There is an extensive network of "clandestine" taxis in the City. Work will start in 2008/9 and will last approximately two to three years, to deliver the first line of the tram in 2010. It should comprise 31 stations, distributed on 17,7 kilometers going to Es-Sénia, in the South, jusqu'à Sidi Maarouf, with l'Est, while passing by the centre town The tram should serve the locality d'Haï Sabbah, l University of Sciences and Technology (USTO), the Crossroads of the Three Private clinics, the Law courts, Dar El Baïda, the Plate-Saint Michel, the Place of the 1st November, Saint-Anthony, Boulanger, Saint-Hubert, the 3rd Ring road and finally l University Es-Sénia. The Oran Es Senia Airport, for domestic and international flights. Oran Es Senia Airport serves both, domestic and international flights, with frequent connections to the capital Algiers, served by the public airline company Air Algerie. The same company also has flights to many French cities (Marseille, Paris, Lyon, etc.) and other European and EMEA cities. The Es Senia Airport also serves passengers from most smaller towns in proximity to Oran (Mostaganem, Arzew, etc.). The airport building is a fairly limited construction and does not operate on a 24-h basis.

International Marathon [link]

Oran held its first international marathon on November 10, 2005. The event, sponsored by Toyota of Algeria, attracted runners from Morocco, Libya, Spain, France, and Kenya. The marathon served to publicize the health benefits of running and to provide a novel form of public entertainment for the city's residents.

International relations [link]

Twin towns — Sister cities [link]

Oran is twinned with:

Elche, Spain Bordeaux, France Havana, Cuba	Dakar, Senegal Durban, South Africa^[8] Gdańsk, Poland	Sfax, Tunisia Zarqa, Jordan Oujda, Morocco

Notes [link]

^ ^a ^b "The provinces of Algeria and all cities of over 25,000 inhabitants". Citypopulation.de. http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
^ Abdellah Messahel, Une périurbanisation officielle dans un site contraignant..., in Space, populations, societies 2008/1 [1]
^ About Oran—from the city's website.
^ Jewish community of Oran
^ Jonathan Israel, The Jews of Spanish Oran and Their Expulsion in 1669 Mediterranean Historical Review 9, no. 2 (1994): 235-255
^ "Weather Information for Oran". http://www.worldweather.org/122/c01361.htm.
^ Joan, Gross (2002). Jonathan Xavier and Renato Rosaldo. ed. "Arab Noise and Ramadan Nights: Rai, Rap and Franco-Maghrebi Identities" The Anthology of Globalization: A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell
^ "Sister Cities Home Page". http://www.durban.gov.za/durban/government/igr/idr/sister. eThekwini Online: The Official Site of the City of Durban

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Oran

EasyOran—(French) The Oran electronic guide
Visit Oran—Voted in 2007 as "Oran's best website" by the ministry of culture and Panoramic Tours. Mostly dedicated to tourism. Features photo galleries, short films, news, city guides & information, hotel info & reservation forms, forum...
Le Souk d'Oran—Oran student’s community
Oran's Community FORUM—The Community Discussion Forum for Oran and tourism.
(English) Audio interview with Oran resident about life in Oran.
Oran MAPS—Detailed maps of the Oran Region and City.
(French) Oran-dz

v t e Are you interested in Algeria? Browse the Algeria Portal

All Algeria topics	Media of Algeria Politics of Algeria Geography of Algeria History of Algeria Environment of Algeria Economy of Algeria Sports in Algeria Algeria's army Demographics of Algeria Education in Algeria Algerian cuisine Algerian diaspora Languages of Algeria Religion in Algeria

WikiProject Algeria	Contribute to the enrichment of articles related to Algeria

Dictionary: Algeria Books: Algeria Quote: Algeria Sources: Algeria Images: Algeria News: Algeria Category Project Portal

v t e Cities in Algeria

Cities	Algiers • Oran • Tlemcen • Constantine • Naâma • Mascara • Annaba • Saïda • Mecheria • Tiaret • Béchar • Tindouf • Biskra • Mostaganem • Relizane • Blida • Jijel • Boumerdès • Maghnia • Sidi Bel Abbes

See also : History of Algeria \| Algeria \| Houari Boumediène \| Abdelhamid Ben Badis \| Algerian Desert \| List of airports in Algeria

v t e Oran Province

Oran District	Oran

Aïn El Turk District	Aïn El Turk Mers El Kébir Bousfer El Ançor

Arzew District	Arzew Sidi Ben Yebka

Bethioua District	Bethioua Mers El Hadjadj Aïn Bya

Es Sénia District	Es Sénia El Kerma Sidi Chami

Bir El Djir District	Bir El Djir Hassi Bounif Hassi Ben Okba

Boutlélis District	Boutlélis Aïn El Kerma Misserghin

Oued Tlélat District	Oued Tlélat El Braya Boufatis Tafraoui

Gdyel District	Gdyel Hassi Mefsoukh Ben Freha

v t e Provincial seats of Algeria

Adrar Aïn Defla Aïn Témouchent Algiers Annaba Batna Béchar Béjaïa Biskra Blida Bordj Bou Arréridj Bouïra Boumerdès Chlef Constantine Djelfa El Bayadh El Oued El Taref Ghardaïa Guelma Illizi Jijel Khenchela Laghouat Mascara Médéa Mila Mostaganem M'Sila Naâma Oran Ouargla Oum el-Bouaghi Relizane Saida Sétif Sidi Bel Abbès Skikda Souk Ahras Tamanrasset Tébessa Tiaret Tindouf Tipaza Tissemsilt Tizi Ouzou Tlemcen

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Oran "Juice" Jones
Born	1959 (age 52–53) Houston, Texas, United States
Genres	Soul, R&B, Electro
Occupations	Singer
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	1986–2009
Labels	Def Jam/Columbia Tommy Boy

Oran "Juice" Jones (born 1959), often incorrectly cited as Orange "Juice" Jones^{[by whom?]}, is a retired American soul and R&B singer.

1 Early life
2 Music industry career
3 Discography
4 References
5 External links

Early life [link]

Jones was born in Houston, Texas and was raised in Harlem, New York City, New York. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1981.^{[citation needed]} He was the second African-American Brigade Commander in Naval Academy history.^{[citation needed]}

He served his commitment as an infantry officer in the United States Marine Corps until 1986.^{[citation needed]}

Music industry career [link]

He was the first musician signed to OBR Records, a subsidiary of Def Jam.^{[citation needed]} He was also the first R&B artist on the hip hop record label. His song "The Rain" became a hit in 1986, peaking at #9 on the Billboard Hot 100. The track reached #4 in the UK Singles Chart in December that year.^[1] He followed it with "How to Love Again", a duet with labelmate Alyson Williams.

After Jones failed to have significant follow-up success, he left the music industry to tend to his terminally ill mother and raise his family. He helps his son Oran II, better known as Mookie, and his daughter, Perri Jones, with their music careers. In addition to producing and scoring music for commercials and independent movies, Jones also contributes to a number of hip hop blogs, including Houston's jusflippin.com and Global Grind.

In 2010, Jones' daughter Perri attracted the attention of major record labels.^[2]

Discography [link]

Juice (1986)
GTO: Gangsters Takin' Over (1987)
To Be Immortal (1989)
Player's Call (1997)

References [link]

^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 289. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ Globalgrind.com

External links [link]

v t e Def Jam Recordings

Founders	Russell Simmons Rick Rubin

Current artists	2 Chainz Ameriie Asher Roth Big Boi Big Sean Brutha Chrisette Michele DJ Clue? The-Dream Electrik Red Fabolous Fast Life Yungstaz Ghostface Killah Jadakiss Jennifer Lopez Jeremih Juelz Santana Kanye West Karina LL Cool J Ludacris Method Man Method Man & Redman Nas Patti LaBelle Pusha T Redman Rick Ross Rihanna Ron Isley Sheek Louch Shyne The Roots Triple C's U.S.D.A YG Young Jeezy

Former artists	3rd Bass Ace Hood Alyson Williams Ashanti Beanie Sigel Beastie Boys B.G. Knocc Out Bobby V Boss Cam'ron Capone-N-Noreaga Case Chingy Cormega Cru Davy D Def Squad The Diplomats DJ Richie Rich DMX Domino Downtown Science The Dove Shack Dresta Dru Hill EPMD Fam-Lay Flatlinerz Foxy Brown Funkmaster Flex Flesh-n-Bone I-20 Ja Rule Jay-Z Jayo Felony Joe Budden · Jonell Keith Murray Kelly Price Lady Gaga Lady Luck Lil Ru Lil Scrappy Lloyd LovHer Megan Rochell MoKenStef Montell Jordan Musiq Soulchild Ne-Yo Nikki D N.O.R.E. Nice & Smooth Nicole Wray N-Dubz Onyx Oran "Juice" Jones Peedi Peedi Pete Nice Playa Rell Rev Run Richie Rich Rocko Scarface Selan Lerner Shareefa Shawnna Sisqó Slayer Slick Rick South Central Cartel Terminator X Terri Walker Unladylike Warren G WC Y?N-Vee

Persondata
Name	Jones, Oran Juice
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1959
Place of birth	Houston, Texas, United States
Date of death
Place of death

This article about a United States singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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Kathleen MacInnes
Birth name	Kathleen NicAonghais
Born	(1969-12-30) 30 December 1969 (age 42)
Origin	South Uist, Outer Hebrides, Scotland
Genres	Celtic, Folk
Occupations	Singer, Presenter, Actress
Years active	1992–present
Labels	Greentrax Recordings
Website	Official Website

Kathleen MacInnes (born 30 December 1969) is a Scottish singer, television presenter and actress, who performs primarily in Scottish Gaelic.^[1] She is a native of South Uist, Outer Hebrides, Scotland, and lives in Glasgow with her partner and three sons.^[2] In 2010, she appeared on the soundtrack to the Ridley Scott film Robin Hood.^[3]^[4]

1 Discography
- 1.1 Solo albums
- 1.2 Collaborations and guest appearances
2 Filmography
- 2.1 Film
- 2.2 Television
3 Awards
4 References

Discography [link]

Solo albums [link]

Òg-Mhadainn Shamhraidh (Summer Dawn) (2006)

Collaborations and guest appearances [link]

Iain MacDonald & Iain MacFarlane - The First Harvest (2002)
Maggie MacInnes - Òran na Mnà (A Woman's Song) (2006)
Julie Fowlis - Cuilidh (2007)
Griogair Labhruidh - Dail-riata (2007)
Deoch 'n' Dorus - The Curer (2008)
Blair Douglas - Stay Strong (Bithibh Laidir / Rester Fort) (2008)
Flying Fiddles - Flying Fiddles (2009)
Marc Streitenfeld - Robin Hood (Soundtrack) (2010)
Seudan - Seudan (2011)

Filmography [link]

Film [link]

An Ceasnachadh: The Interrogation of a Highland Lass (2000)
Seachd: The Inaccessible Pinnacle (2007)

Television [link]

Machair (1992–1998)

Awards [link]

Scots Trad Music Awards: Gaelic Singer of the Year (2006)

References [link]

^ Scottish Music from Kathleen MacInnes. Retrieved on 2010-08-11.
^ Kathleen MacInnes, Scottish Celtic Folk Singer. Retrieved on 2011-02-07.
^ Gaelic singer Kathleen MacInnes hits bull's-eye with Robin Hood film track. Retrieved on 2010-08-11.
^ Gaelic singer Kathleen MacInnes in Robin Hood film. Retrieved on 2010-08-11.

Persondata
Name	Macinnes, Kathleen
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	30 December 1969
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

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Sarah Jarosz
Jarosz at the Austin Music Awards during the SXSW festival, 2010
Background information
Born	(1991-05-23) May 23, 1991 (age 21)
Origin	Austin, Texas United States
Genres	Bluegrass, progressive bluegrass, folk, country, Old-time music
Occupations	Musician, singer-songwriter
Instruments	Mandolin, Bouzouki, banjo, guitar, vocals
Years active	2009- Present
Labels	Sugar Hill Records
Associated acts	Jerry Douglas, Chris Thile
Website	Official site
Notable instruments
Banjo, Guitar, Mandolin, Octave Mandolin

Sarah Jarosz ( /dʒəˈroʊz/ jə-ROHZ) is a bluegrass multi-instrumentalist, singer and songwriter whose first CD, Song Up in Her Head, was released by Sugar Hill Records on June 16, 2009.^[1] She was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Country Instrumental Performance for the track "Mansinneedof" from that album.^[2] Her second album, Follow Me Down, was released by Sugar Hill Records on May 17, 2011.

Jarosz was born in Austin, Texas on May 23, 1991, but was raised in Wimberley, Texas. She picked up the mandolin at age 10 and has been called "a songwriter of uncommon wisdom" by the Austin Chronicle.^[3] Jarosz started writing songs on the guitar, later learning to play mandolin, clawhammer banjo, and octave mandolin. She also sings, and wrote eleven of the thirteen tracks on her album. Jarosz began attending the New England Conservatory of Music in the fall of 2009.^[4]

1 Song Up In Her Head
2 Follow Me Down
3 Discography
- 3.1 Studio albums
- 3.2 Music videos
4 References
5 External links

Song Up In Her Head [link]

During her senior year of high school, Jarosz signed with Sugar Hill Records and released her debut album “Song Up In Her Head” on June 16, 2009, produced by Gary Paczosa. Her collaborators include her teenaged peers and well-known veterans of the acoustic scene including Chris Thile, Darrell Scott, Stuart Duncan, and Jerry Douglas.

Jarosz has been interviewed by NPR, where she discussed her life, music, and influences. In 2009. Jarosz was interviewed by Rolling Stone magazine, who conveyed the interviewer's opinion that Jarosz' debut was "impressive," and compared her to Gillian Welch, saying that Jarosz could easily be mistaken for "Welch's long lost daughter." The interviewer goes on to refer to her as a contemporary-bluegrass prodigy, gives a high opinion of her performance on claw-hammer banjo alongside "dobro king Jerry Douglas," and was won over by two cover songs: Tom Waits' "Come On Up to the House" and The Decemberists' murder ballad "Shankill Butchers".^{[citation needed]}

Follow Me Down [link]

In the Summer of 2010, after her freshman year of college, Jarosz began recording her next album, "Follow Me Down". Jarosz again co-produced the album with Gary Paczosa (Alison Krauss, John Prine, Chris Thile), but she had college scheduled for the fall and high-profile gigs to work around. The album was recorded in Nashville with Bela Fleck, Jerry Douglas, Stuart Duncan, Viktor Krauss, Dan Tyminski, Shawn Colvin and Darrell Scott, and also in Boston with her young trio mates Alex Hargreaves and Nathaniel Smith. A special session with Punch Brothers in New York produced a cover of Radiohead's "The Tourist"

Of the first single “Come Around”, she comments, “I know for some purists out there, it’s like, ‘Why do you have to have drums?’ For me, it’s like, ‘Why not?’”. The album was released on May 17 to rave reviews, with USA Today giving the album 3 and half stars out of 4. The New York Times opines that Jarosz is “widely regarded as one of acoustic music’s most promising young talents: a singer-songwriter and mandolin and banjo prodigy with the taste and poise to strike that rare balance of commercial and critical success.” American Songwriter wrote, “Follow Me Down is an invitation. Sarah Jarosz invites us along with her into a growing sonic space of collaboration and artistry at this the second step in what will surely be a long and productive musical journey.”

Discography [link]

Studio albums [link]

Title	Details	Peak chart positions
Title	Details	US Grass ^[5]	US ^[6]	US Heat ^[7]	US Indie ^[8]	US Folk ^[9]	US Rock ^[10]
Song Up in Her Head	Release date: June 16, 2009 Label: Sugar Hill Records Formats: CD, music download	1	158	3	21	–	–
Follow Me Down	Release date: May 17, 2011 Label: Sugar Hill Records Formats: CD, music download	2	98	–	16	4	26
"—" denotes releases that did not chart

Music videos [link]

Year	Title	Director
2011	"Run Away"^[11]	Adam Hall
2011	"Broussard's Lament" (live)^[12]	Bruce Keen

References [link]

^ "A Bluegrass Debutante, A High School Graduate" NPR All Songs Considered. June 14, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
^ "52nd Annual Grammy Awards Nominees List" Grammys. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
^ Moser, Margaret. "Texas Platters: Sarah Jarosz" Austin Chronicle. June 12, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
^ "A Bluegrass Debutante, A High School Graduate" NPR All Songs Considered. June 14, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
^ "Sarah Jarosz Album & Song Chart History – Bluegrass Albums". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/sarah-jarosz/chart-history/962205?f=307&g=Albums. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
^ "Sarah Jarosz Album & Song Chart History – Billboard 200". Billboard 200. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/sarah-jarosz/chart-history/962205. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
^ "Sarah Jarosz Album & Song Chart History – Heatseekers Albums". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/sarah-jarosz/chart-history/962205?f=324&g=Albums. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
^ "Sarah Jarosz Album & Song Chart History – Independent Albums". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/sarah-jarosz/chart-history/962205?f=326&g=Albums. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
^ "Sarah Jarosz Album & Song Chart History – Folk Albums". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/sarah-jarosz/chart-history/962205?f=1071&g=Albums. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
^ "Sarah Jarosz Album & Song Chart History – Rock Albums". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/sarah-jarosz/chart-history/962205?f=408&g=Albums. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
^ "CMT : Videos : Sarah Jarosz : Run Away". Country Music Television. http://www.cmt.com/videos/sarah-jarosz/693536/run-away.jhtml. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
^ "CMT : Videos : Sarah Jarosz : Broussard's Lament (Live)". Country Music Television. http://www.cmt.com/videos/misc/702967/broussards-lament-live.jhtml. Retrieved October 25, 2011.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sarah Jarosz

Official site

Persondata
Name	Jarosz, Sarah
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1991
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Sarah_Jarosz

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