:''"Charles X" redirects here. For the King of Sweden, see Charles X Gustav of Sweden, for the Catholic claimant of 1589, see Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon.''

Coordinates	38°37′38″N90°11′52″N
name	Charles X
succession	King of France and of Navarre
reign	16 September 1824 – 2 August 1830 ()
coronation	May 28, 1825
cor-type	france
predecessor	Louis XVIII
successor	Louis Philippe Ias King of the French
spouse	Marie Thérèse of Savoy
issue	Louis Antoine, Duke of AngoulêmeCharles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry
house	Bourbon
father	Louis, Dauphin of France
mother	Marie Josèphe of Saxony
birth date	October 09, 1757
full name	Charles Philippe de France
birth place	Palace of Versailles, France
death date	November 06, 1836
death place	Gorizia, Austrian Empire (now in Italy)
place of burial	Kostanjevica Monastery, Nova Gorica, Slovenia

Charles X (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) ruled first as the Comte d'Artois, then as King of France and of Navarre from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830. A younger brother to Kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, he supported the latter in exile and eventually succeeded him. His rule of almost six years ended in the July Revolution of 1830, which ignored his attempts to keep the crown in the senior branch of the House of Bourbon and instead elected Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans as King of the French. Once again exiled, Charles died in Gorizia, then part of the Austrian Empire.

Childhood and adolescence

thumb|Charles Philippe with his younger sister Clotilde on a goatCharles Philippe de France was born in 1757, the youngest son of the Dauphin Louis, and his wife, the Dauphine Marie Josèphe, at the Palace of Versailles. Charles was created ''Count of Artois'' at birth by his grandfather, the reigning King Louis XV. As the youngest male in the family Charles seemed unlikely ever to become king. His eldest brother, Louis, Duke of Burgundy died unexpectedly in 1761 which moved Charles up one place in the line of succession. He was raised by Madame de Marsan, the Governess of the Children of France.

At the death of his father in 1765, Charles's oldest surviving brother, Louis Auguste, became the new ''Dauphin'', the heir-apparent to the French throne. Their mother, Marie Josèphe, who had never recovered from the loss of her husband, died in March 1767 from tuberculosis. This left Charles an orphan at the age of nine, along with his siblings Louis Auguste, Louis Stanislas, Count of Provence, Clotilde (''Madame Clotilde''), and Élisabeth, (''Madame Élisabeth'').

Louis XV fell ill on 27 April 1774, a week after the premiere of the celebrated composer Christoph Willibald Gluck's opera, ''Iphigénie en Aulide'', and died on 10 May of smallpox at the age of 64. His grandson Louis-Auguste succeeded him as King Louis XVI of France. The king, his brothers and Marie Antoinette became fellows of the masonic lodge Trois Frères à l'Orient de Versailles.

Marriage and private life

In November 1773, Charles married Marie Thérèse of Savoy. The marriage, unlike that of Marie Antoinette and Louis-Auguste, however, was consummated almost immediately.

In 1775, Marie Thérèse gave birth to a boy, Louis Antoine, who was created Duke of Angoulême by Louis XVI. Louis-Antoine was the first of the next generation of Bourbons, as the King and the Count of Provence had not fathered any children yet, causing the Parisian ''libellistes'' (pamphleteers who published scandalous leaflets about important figures in court and politics) to lampoon Louis XVI's alleged impotence. Three years later, in 1778, Charles's second son, Charles Ferdinand, was born and was given the title of a Duke of Berry. In the same year Queen Marie Antoinette gave birth to her first child, Marie Thérèse, quelling any rumours that she could not bear children.

Charles was thought of as the most attractive in his family, bearing a strong resemblance to his grandfather, Louis XV, and as his wife was considered quite ugly by most contemporaries, he looked for company elsewhere. Accordingly, his extramarital affairs became numerous. According to the Count of Hezecques, "few beauties were cruel to him." Later, he embarked upon a life-long love affair with the beautiful Louise de Polastron (1764–1804), the sister-in-law of Marie Antoinette's closest companion, the Duchess of Polignac.

Charles also struck up a firm friendship with his sister-in-law, Queen Marie Antoinette, whom he had first met at her arrival in France in April 1770 when he was twelve. The closeness of the relationship was such that he was falsely accused by Parisian rumour mongers of having seduced Marie Antoinette. As part of Marie Antoinette's social set, Charles often appeared opposite her in the private theatre of her favourite royal retreat, the Petit Trianon. They were both said to be very talented amateur actors; with Marie Antoinette playing milkmaids, shepherdesses and country ladies, and Charles playing lovers, valets and farmers.

A famous story concerning the two involves the construction of the Château de Bagatelle. In 1775, Charles purchased a small hunting lodge in the Bois de Boulogne. He soon had the existing house torn down with plans to rebuild. Marie Antoinette wagered her brother-in-law that the new château could not be completed within three months. Charles engaged the neoclassical architect François-Joseph Bélanger to design the building. He won his bet, with Bélanger completing the house in sixty-three days. It is estimated that the project, which came to include manicured gardens, cost over two million livres. Throughout the 1770s, Charles spent lavishly. He accumulated enormous debts, totalling 21 million livres. In the 1780s, King Louis XVI paid off the debts of both his brothers, the Counts of Provence and Artois.

Also around 1775, Louis Philippe d'Orléans, the future Duke of Orléans, schemed to create a rift between the King and his youngest brother. Louis Philippe introduced Charles to gambling and the brothels at the Palais-Royal, the ancestral home of Louis Philippe's family. Louis Philippe wanted Charles to catch a venereal disease, either dying, or becoming sterile, thereby increasing his own chances of one day gaining the throne of France (as first prince of the blood, Louis Philippe would have been fourth-in-line to the throne, after the Counts of Provence, Artois and Angoulême) as Charles was the only member of his family to produce any children, so far.

In 1781, Charles acted as a proxy for the Emperor Joseph II at the christening of his godson, the Dauphin Louis Joseph.

Crisis and Revolution

Charles's political awakening started with the first great crisis of the monarchy in 1786, when it became apparent that the kingdom was bankrupt from previous military endeavours (the Seven Years War, and the American War of Independence) and needed fiscal reform to survive. Charles supported the removal of the aristocracy's financial privileges but was opposed to any reduction in the social privileges enjoyed by either the Church or the nobility. He believed that France's finances should be reformed without the monarchy being overthrown. In his own words, it was "time for repair, not demolition."

King Louis XVI eventually convened the Estates General, which had not been assembled for over 150 years, to meet in May 1789 to ratify financial reforms. Along with his sister ''Madame Élisabeth'', Charles was the most conservative member of the family and opposed the Third Estate's (representing the commoners) demand to increase their voting power. This prompted criticism from his brother, who accused him of being "plus royaliste que le roi" ("more royalist than the King"). In June 1789, the Third Estate declared themselves a National Assembly intent on providing France with a new constitution.

In conjunction with the baron de Breteuil, Charles had political alliances arranged to depose the liberal minister of finance, Jacques Necker. These plans backfired when Charles attempted to secure Necker's dismissal on 11 July without Breteuil's knowledge, much earlier than they had originally intended. It was the beginning of a decline in his political alliance with Breteuil, which ended in mutual loathing.

Necker's dismissal provoked the storming of the Bastille on 14 July. At the insistence of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Charles and his family left France three days later, on 17 July, along with several other courtiers, including Madame de Polignac, the Queen’s favourite.

Life in exile

Charles and his family decided to seek refuge in Savoy, Marie Thérèse's native country, where they were joined by some of the Condé family.

Meanwhile in Paris, Louis XVI was struggling with the National Assembly, which was committed to radical reforms and had enacted the Constitution of 1791. In March 1791, the Assembly also enacted a regency bill which provided for the case of the King's premature death. While his heir Louis-Charles was still a minor, the Count of Provence, the Duke of Orléans or, if either was unavailable, someone chosen by election should become regent, completely passing over the rights of Charles who, in the royal lineage, stood between the Count of Provence and the Duke of Orléans.

Charles meanwhile left Turin and moved to Trier, where his uncle, Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony was the incumbent Archbishop-Elector. Charles prepared for a counter-revolutionary invasion of France but after a letter by Marie Antoinette postponed it to after the royal family had escaped France. After the attempted flight was stopped at Varennes, Charles moved on to Koblenz, where he, the recently escaped Count of Provence and the Princes of Condé jointly declared their intention to invade France. The Count of Provence was sending dispatches to various European sovereigns for assistance, while Charles set up a court-in-exile in the Electorate of Trier. On 25 August, the rulers of Austria and Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which called on other European powers to intervene in France.

On New Year's Day 1792, the National Assembly declared all emigrants traitors, repudiated their titles and confiscated their lands., followed by the suspension and eventually the abolition of the monarchy in September 1792. The royal family was imprisoned in the Temple, and eventually put to death or, as in the case of the young Dauphin died of illnesses and neglect.

When the French Revolutionary Wars broke out in 1792, Charles escaped to Great Britain, where King George III of Great Britain gave him a generous allowance. Charles lived in Edinburgh and London with his mistress Louise de Polastron His older brother, dubbed Louis XVIII after the death of his nephew in June 1795, relocated to Verona and then to Jelgava Palace, Mitau, where Charles's son, Louis Antoine, married Louis XVI's only surviving child, Marie Thérèse on 10 June 1799. In 1802, Charles supported his brother with several thousand pounds. In 1807, Louis XVIII moved to Great Britain.

The Bourbon Restoration

In January 1814, Charles covertly left his home in London to join the Coalition forces in southern France. Louis XVIII, by then wheelchair-bound, supplied Charles with letters patent creating him Lieutenant General of the Kingdom. On 31 March, the Allies captured Paris. A week later Napoleon I abdicated. The Senate declared Louis XVIII restored. Charles arrived in the capital on 12 April and acted as Lieutenant General of the Kingdom until Louis XVIII arrived from England. During his brief tenure as regent, Charles created an ultra-royalist secret police, that reported directly back to him without Louis XVIII's knowledge. It operated for over five years.

Louis XVIII was greeted with great rejoicing from the Parisians and proceeded to occupy the Tuileries Palace. His brother, the Count of Artois, lived in the ''Pavillon de Mars'', the Duke of Angoulême in the ''Pavillon de Flore'', which overlooked the River Seine. The Duchess of Angoulême fainted upon arriving at the palace, as it brought back terrible memories of her family's incarceration there, and of the storming of the palace and the massacre of the Swiss Guards on 10 August 1792.

According to the advice of the occupying allied army, Louis XVIII drafted a liberal constitution, the Charter of 1814, which entailed a bicameral legislature, an electorate of 90,000 men and freedom of religion.

Following the Hundred Days, Napoleon's brief return to power in 1815, the White Terror swept across France, when 80,000 Napoleonic officials and generals were removed from their positions and some even killed, most notably the Marshalls Ney, who was executed for treason, and Brune, who was murdered.

The King's brother and heir

While the King retained the liberal charter, Charles patronised members of the ultra-royalists in parliament, such as Jules de Polignac, the writer François-René de Chateaubriand and Jean-Baptiste de Villèle and on several occasions, Charles voiced his disapproval of his brother's liberal ministries and threatened to leave the country unless Louis XVIII dismissed them. Louis, in turn, feared his brother's and heir-presumptive's ultra-royalist tendencies would send the family into exile once more.

On 14 February 1820, Charles's younger son, the Duke of Berry was assassinated at the Paris Opera. This loss not only devastated the family but also put the continuation of the Bourbon dynasty in jeopardy, as the Duke of Angoulême's marriage had not produced any children. Parliament debated the abolition of the salic law, which excluded females from the succession and was long held inviolable. However, the Duke of Berry's widow, Caroline of Naples and Sicily, was found to be pregnant and on 29 September 1820 gave birth to a son, Henri, Duke of Bordeaux. His birth was hailed as "godgiven" and the people of France bought him the Château de Chambord in celebration of his birth.As a result his granduncle, Louis XVIII, added the title Count de Chambord hence Henry Count of Chambord the name by which he is usually known.

Reign

Internal policies

Louis XVIII's health had been worsening since the beginning of 1824. Suffering from both dry and wet gangrene in his legs and spine, he died on 16 September of that year. His brother succeeded him to the throne as King Charles X of France.

In his first act as King, Charles attempted to unify the House of Bourbon by granting the style of Royal Highness to his cousins of House of Orléans, who had been deprived of this by Louis XVIII because of the former Duke of Orléans' role in the death of Louis XVI.

In the first few months of his reign, Charles's government passed a series of laws that bolstered the power of the nobility and clergy. Charles gave his Prime Minister, Jean-Baptiste de Villèle, lists of laws that he wanted ratified every time he opened parliament. In April 1825, the government approved legislation, proposed by Louis XVIII but implemented only after his death, that paid an indemnity to nobles whose estates had been confiscated during the Revolution. The law gave government bonds to those who had lost their lands, in exchange for their renunciation of their ownership, costing the state approximately 988 million francs. In the same month, the Anti-Sacrilege Act was passed. Charles's government attempted to re-establish male only primogeniture for families paying over 300 francs in tax, but the measure was voted down in the Chamber of Deputies. On 29 May 1825, King Charles was anointed at the cathedral of Reims, the traditional site of consecration of French Kings which however had been unused since 1775 as Louis XVIII had foregone the ceremony to avoid controversy.

That Charles was not a popular ruler became apparent in April 1827, when chaos ensued during the King's review of the National Guard. In retaliation, the National Guard was disbanded but, as its members were not disarmed, it remained a potential threat.

After losing his parliamentary majority in an general election in November 1827, Charles dismissed Prime Minister Villèle on 5 January 1828 and appointed Jean-Baptise de Martignac, a man the King disliked and thought of only as provisional. On 5 August 1829, Charles dismissed Martignac and appointed Jules de Polignac, who, however, lost his majority in parliament at the end of August, when the Chateaubriand faction defected. To stay in power, Polignac would not recall the Chambers until March 1830.

Conquest of Algeria

On 31 January 1830, the Polignac government decided to send a military expedition to Algeria to put an end to the threat the Algerian pirates posed to Mediterranean trade and also increase the government's popularity by a victory. The reason given for the war was that the viceroy of Algeria, angry about French failure to pay its debts stemming from Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, had struck the French ambassador with the handle of his fly swat. French troops invaded Algiers on 5 July.

The July Revolution

The Chambers convened on 2 March 1830, as planned, but Charles's opening speech was greeted by negative reactions from many deputies. Some introduced a bill demanding that the King's ministers should have the backing of the Chambers. On 18 March, 221 deputies, a majority by 30, voted in favor of the bill. However, the King had already decided to hold general elections and thus the chamber was suspended on 19 March.

Elections were held on 23 June, but did not produce a majority favorable to the government. Therefore, on 6 July, the King and his ministers decided to suspend the constitution, as provided for by Article 14 of the Charter in case of an emergency, and on 25 July, from his residence in Saint-Cloud, issued four ordinances, known as ''Ordonnances de Saint-Cloud'', which censored the press, dissolved the newly elected chamber, altered the electoral system and called for elections in September.

When the official government newspaper, ''Le Moniteur Universel'', published the ordinances on Monday, 26 July, Adolphe Thiers, journalist at the opposition paper ''Le National'', published in his newspaper a call to revolt, which was signed by forty-three journalists:

The legal regime has been interrupted: that of force has begun... Obedience ceases to be a duty!

In the evening, crowds assembled in the gardens of the Palais-Royal, shouting "Down with the Bourbons!" and "''Vive la Charte''". As the police closed off the gardens during the nights, the crowd re-grouped in a nearby street, where they shattered the street lamps.

The next morning, 27 July, police raided and shut down the newspapers that continued to publish (including ''Le National''). When the protesters, who had re-entered the Palais-Royal gardens, heard of this, they attacked soldiers with missiles, prompting them to shoot. By the evening, the city was dominated by violence and shops were looted.

On 28 July, the rioters began to erect barricades in streets. Marshal Marmont, who had been called in the day before to remedy the situation, took the offensive against the rioters, but some of his men defected to the rioters and by the afternoon he had to retreat to the Tuileries Palace.

The members of the Chamber of Deputies sent a five-man delegation to Marmont, urging him to advise the King to revoke the ordinances and thus assuage the anger of the protesters. Subsequently, on Marmont's request the prime minister intervened with the King, but Charles refused all compromise and dismissed all of his ministers that afternoon, realizing the precariousness of the situation. That evening, the members of the Chamber assembled at Jacques Laffitte's house and decided that Louis Philippe d'Orléans should take the throne from King Charles. They printed posters endorsing Louis Philippe and distributed them throughout the city. By the end of the day, the government's authority was trampled.

A few minutes after midnight in the early hour of 31 July, warned by General Gresseau that Parisians were scheming to attack the residence, Charles X decided to leave Saint-Cloud and seek refuge in Versailles with his family, and the Court, with the exception of the duc d’Angoulême who stayed behind with the troops, and the duchesse d’Angoulême who was taking the waters at Vichy. Meanwhile in Paris, Louis Philippe assumed the post of Lieutenant General of the Kingdom.

The road to Versailles was filled with disorganized troops and deserters. The ''marquis de Vérac'', governor of the Palace of Versailles, came to meet the king before the royal cortège entered the town, to tell him that the palace was not safe as the Versailles national guards wearing the tricolor were occupying the ''Place d'Armes''. Charles X then gave the order to go to Trianon. It was five in the morning.

Later on in the day, after the arrival of the Duke of Angoulême who had left Saint-Cloud with his troops, Charles X ordered the departure for Rambouillet where they arrived shortly before midnight. In the morning of 1 August, the duchesse d’Angoulême, who had rushed from Vichy after learning of the events, arrived at Rambouillet.

The following day, 2 August, bypassing his son the Dauphin, Charles X abdicated in favor of his grandson, Henri, Duke of Bordeaux, who was not yet ten years old. At first, the Duke of Angoulême refused to countersign the document by which he was made to renounce his rights to the throne of France. According to the ''duchesse de Maillé'', “there was a strong altercation between the father and the son. We could hear their voices in the next room.” Finally, after twenty minutes, the Duke of Angoulême reluctantly countersigned the (following) document.

“My cousin, I am too deeply pained by the ills that afflict or could threaten my people for not having found the means to avoid them. Therefore, I have taken the resolution to abdicate the crown in favor of my grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux. The Dauphin, who shares my feelings, also renounces his rights in favor of his nephew. Therefore, you will have, within your power as Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, to proclaim the accession of Henri V to the throne. Furthermore, you will take all the measures that concern you in order to set up the forms of government during the new king’s minority. Here, I only want my dispositions to be known: it is a means to avoid further ills. You will communicate my intentions to the diplomatic corps, and you will let me know as soon as possible the proclamation by which my grandson will be recognised as king under the name of Henri V.”

Louis Philippe ignored the document and on 9 August had himself proclaimed King of the French by the members of the Chamber.

Second exile and death

When it became apparent that a mob of 14,000 people was preparing to attack, the Royal Family was forced to leave Rambouillet and, on 16 August, embarked on packet steamers provided by Louis Philippe, to the United Kingdom. Informed by the British Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington, that they needed to arrive in England as private citizens, all adopted pseudonyms, with Charles X assuming the name of a "Count of Ponthieu". The Bourbons were greeted coldly by the English, who upon their arrival mockingly waved the newly adopted tri-colour flags at them.

Charles X was quickly followed to Britain by his creditors, who had lent him vast sums during his first exile and were yet to be paid back in full. However, the family could use money Charles's wife had stocked away in London.

The Bourbons were allowed to reside in Lulworth Castle in Dorset, but quickly moved to Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, where the Duchess of Berry also lived at Regent Terrace

Charles's relationship with his daughter-in-law proved uneasy, as the Duchess claimed the regency for her son, Henri, whom the abdications of Rambouillet had left the legitimist pretender to the French throne. Charles at first denied her demands, but in December acquiesced, and only once she had landed in France. Soon afterwards, the Duchess by way of the Netherlands, Prussia and Austria made her way to her Italian relatives. Finding little support there, she arrived in Marseilles in April, made her way to the Vendée, where she tried to instigate an uprising against the new regime, and was imprisoned, much to the embarrassment of her father-in-law. He was further dismayed when after her release the Duchess married the Count de Lucchesi Palli, a minor Neapolitan noble. As a result of this morganatic match, Charles banned her from seeing her children.

On the invitation of Emperor Francis I of Austria, the Bourbons moved to Prague in winter 1832/33 and were given lodging at the Hradschin Palace by the Emperor. In September 1833, Bourbon legitimists gathered in Prague to celebrate the Duke of Bordeaux's thirteenth birthday. They expected grand celebrations but Charles X merely proclaimed his grandson's majority. On the same day, after much cajoling by Chateaubriand, Charles agreed to a meeting with his daughter-in-law, which took place in Leoben on 13 October 1833. The children of the Duchess refused to meet with her after they had learnt of her second marriage. Charles refused the various demands by the Duchess, but after protests from his other daughter-in-law, the Duchess of Angoulême, gave in again. In the summer of 1834, he again allowed the Duchess of Berry to see her children.

Upon the death of Emperor Francis in March 1835, the Bourbons left Hradschin Palace as the new Emperor Ferdinand wished to use the palace for his coronation. the Bourbons first moved to Teplitz, but as Ferdinand wanted to use Hradschin on a more permanent basis, they purchased Kirchberg Castle. Moving there was postponed due to an outbreak of cholera in the locality. In the meantime, Charles left for the warmer climate on Austria's Mediterranean coast in October 1835. Upon his arrival at Gorizia he caught cholera and died on 6 November 1836. The townspeople draped their windows in black to mourn him. Charles was interred in the Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady, in the Franciscan Kostanjevica Monastery (now in Nova Gorica, Slovenia).

The remains of Charles X are in a crypt with that of the other members of the exiled French Royal Family. Above his sarcophagus, made of marble, there is a black stone on which is inscribed:

''Ici repose très haut et très puissant excellent prince Charles X de nom roi, par la grâce de Dieu, de France et de Navarre''

("Here lies very high and powerful excellent prince Charles X by name king, by the grace of God, of France and of Navarre")

Ancestry

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Marriage and issue

Charles X married Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy, the daughter of Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain, on 16 November 1773. The couple had four children: # Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême (6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844) ''Louis Antoine d'Artois'' # Sophie (5 August 1776 – 5 December 1783) ''Sophie d'Artois'' # Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry (24 January 1778 – 13 February 1820) ''Charles Ferdinand d'Artois'' # Marie Thérèse (1783) '' Marie Thérèse d'Artois''

References

External links

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Category:1757 births Category:1836 deaths Category:People from Versailles Category:18th-century French people Category:19th-century French people Category:People of the Bourbon Restoration Category:Kings of France Category:French monarchs Category:House of Bourbon (France) Category:People of the French Revolution Category:Roman Catholic monarchs Category:Monarchs who abdicated Category:Dukes of Auvergne Category:Dukes of Berry Category:Knights of the Garter Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece Category:Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit Category:Princes of Andorra Category:Leaders ousted by a coup Category:Princes of France (Bourbon) Category:Burials at Kostanjevica Monastery, Nova Gorica Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Military William Order Category:Heirs presumptive to the French throne Category:Deaths from cholera

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Coordinates	38°37′38″N90°11′52″N
name	Louis Philippe I
succession	King of the French
reign	9 August 1830 – 24 February 1848 ()
predecessor	Charles X as King of France and of Navarre
successor	Monarchy abolished Second Republic Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure as Chairman of the Provisional Government; Louis Philippe II as the ''de jure'' successor and heir. Next reigning monarch was Napoleon III, starting in 1852.
house	House of Orléans House of Bourbon
spouse	Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies
issue	Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of OrléansLouise, Queen of the BelgiansMarie, Duchess of WürttembergLouis, Duke of NemoursClémentine, Princess of KoharyFrançois, Prince of JoinvilleCharles, Duke of PenthièvreHenri, Duke of AumaleAntoine, Duke of Montpensier
issue-link	#Marriage
issue-pipe	among others...
father	Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
mother	Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon
birth date	October 06, 1773
birth place	Palais-Royal, Paris, France
death date	August 26, 1850
death place	Claremont, Surrey, England
full name	Louis Philippe d'Orléans
Religion	Roman Catholicism }}

Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the July Monarchy. The son of a duke who supported the French Revolution but was nevertheless guillotined, Louis Philippe fled France as a young man and spent 21 years in exile, including considerable time in the United States. He was proclaimed king in 1830 after Charles X was forced to abdicate. Louis Philippe himself was forced to abdicate in 1848 and lived out his life in exile in England. He was the last king to rule France, although Emperor Napoleon III would serve as its last monarch.

Before the Revolution (1773–1789)

Early life

''Louis Philippe d'Orléans'' was born at the Palais-Royal, the Orléans family residence in Paris, to Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of Chartres, who became Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (also known as "Philippe Égalité" during the French Revolution), and Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon. As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon, he was a ''prince du sang''.

Louis Philippe was the eldest of three sons and a daughter, a family that was to have erratic fortunes from the beginning of the French Revolution to the Bourbon Restoration.

The elder branch of the House of Bourbon, to which the kings belonged, deeply distrusted the intentions of the cadet branch, which would succeed to the throne of France should the senior branch die out. Louis Philippe's father was exiled from the royal court, and the Orléans confined themselves to studies of the literature and sciences emerging from the Enlightenment.

Education

Louis Philippe was tutored by the Countess of Genlis, beginning in 1782. She instilled in him a fondness for liberal thought; it is probably during this period that Louis Philippe picked up his slightly Voltairean brand of Catholicism. When Louis Philippe's grandfather died in 1785, his father succeeded him as Duke of Orléans and Louis Philippe succeeded his father as Duke of Chartres.

In 1788, with the Revolution looming, the young Louis Philippe showed his liberal sympathies when he helped break down the door of a prison cell in Mont Saint-Michel, during a visit there with the Countess of Genlis. From October 1788 to October 1789, the ''Palais-Royal'' was a meeting-place for the revolutionaries.

Revolution (1789–1793)

Louis Philippe grew up in a period that changed Europe as a whole and, following his father's strong support for the Revolution, he involved himself completely in those changes. In his diary, he reports that he himself took the initiative to join the Jacobin Club, a move that his father supported.

Military service

In June 1791, Louis Philippe got his first opportunity to become involved in the affairs of France. In 1785, he had been given the hereditary appointment of Colonel of the 14th Regiment of Dragoons.

With war on the horizon in 1791, all proprietary colonels were ordered to join their regiments. Louis Philippe showed himself to be a model officer, and he demonstrated his personal bravery in two famous instances. First, three days after Louis XVI's flight to Varennes, a quarrel between two local priests and one of the new ''constitutional'' vicars became heated, and a crowd surrounded the inn where the priests were staying, demanding blood. The young Colonel broke through the crowd and extricated the two priests, who then fled. At a river crossing on the same day, another crowd threatened to harm the priests. Louis Philippe put himself between a peasant armed with a carbine and the priests, saving their lives. The next day, Louis Philippe dived into a river to save a drowning local engineer. For this action, he received a civic crown from the local municipality. His regiment was moved north to Flanders at the end of 1791 after the Declaration of Pillnitz.

Louis Philippe served under his father's crony, the Duke of Biron, along with several officers who later gained distinction in Napoleon's empire and afterwards. These included Colonel Berthier and Lieutenant Colonel Alexandre de Beauharnais (husband of the future Empress Joséphine). Louis Philippe saw the first exchanges of fire of the Revolutionary Wars at Boussu and Quaragnon and a few days later fought at Quiévrain near Jemappes, where he was instrumental in rallying a unit of retreating soldiers. Biron wrote to War Minister de Grave, praising the young colonel, who was then promoted to brigadier, commanding a brigade of cavalry in Lückner's Army of the North.

In the Army of the North, Louis Philippe served with four future Marshals of France: Macdonald, Mortier (who would later be killed in an assassination attempt on Louis Philippe), Davout, and Oudinot. Dumouriez was appointed to command the Army of the North in August 1792. Louis Philippe commanded a division under him in the Valmy campaign.

At Valmy, Louis Philippe was ordered to place a battery of artillery on the crest of the hill of Valmy. The battle of Valmy was inconclusive, but the Austrian-Prussian army, short of supplies, was forced back across the Rhine. Once again, Louis Philippe was praised in a letter by Dumouriez after the battle. Louis Philippe was then recalled to Paris to give an account of the Battle at Valmy to the French government. There he had a rather trying interview with Danton, Minister of Justice, which he later fondly re-told to his children.

While in Paris, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general. In October he returned to the Army of the North, where Dumouriez had begun a march into Belgium. Louis Philippe again commanded a division. Dumouriez chose to attack an Austrian force in a strong position on the heights of Cuesmes and Jemappes to the west of Mons. Louis Philippe's division sustained heavy casualties as it attacked through a wood, retreating in disorder. Louis Philippe rallied a group of units, dubbing them "the battalion of Mons" and pushed forward along with other French units, finally overwhelming the outnumbered Austrians.

Events in Paris undermined the budding military career of Louis Philippe. The incompetence of Jean-Nicolas Pache, the new Girondist appointee, left the Army of the North almost without supplies. Soon thousands of troops were deserting the army. Louis Philippe was alienated by the more radical policies of the Republic. After the National Convention decided to put the deposed King to death – Louis Philippe's father – by then known as ''Philippe Égalité'' – voted in favour of that act, Louis Philippe began to consider leaving France.

Louis Philippe was willing to stay in France to fulfill his duties in the army, but he was implicated in the plot Dumouriez had planned to ally with the Austrians, march his army on Paris, and restore the Constitution of 1791. Dumouriez had met with Louis Philippe on 22 March 1793 and urged his subordinate to join in the attempt.

With the French government falling into the Reign of Terror, he decided to leave France to save his life. On 4 April, Dumouriez and Louis Philippe left for the Austrian camp. They were intercepted by Lieutenant-Colonel Louis Nicolas Davout, who had served at Jemappes with Louis Philippe. As Dumouriez ordered the Colonel back to the camp, some of his soldiers cried out against the General, now declared a traitor by the National Convention. Shots rang out as they fled towards the Austrian camp. The next day, Dumouriez again tried to rally soldiers against the Convention; however, he found that the artillery had declared for the Republic, leaving him and Louis Philippe with no choice but to go into exile. At the age of nineteen, Louis Philippe left France; it was some twenty-one years before he again set foot on French soil.

Exile (1793–1815)

The reaction in Paris to Louis Philippe's involvement in Dumouriez's treason inevitably resulted in misfortunes for the Orléans family. Philippe Égalité spoke in the National Convention, condemning his son for his actions, asserting that he would not spare his son, much akin to the Roman consul Brutus and his sons. However, letters from Louis Philippe to his father were discovered in transit and were read out to the Convention. Philippe Égalité was then put under continuous surveillance. Shortly thereafter, the Girondists moved to arrest him and the two younger brothers of Louis Philippe, Louis-Charles and Antoine Philippe; the latter had been serving in the Army of Italy. The three were interned in Fort Saint-Jean in Marseille.

Meanwhile, Louis Philippe was forced to live in the shadows, avoiding both pro-Republican revolutionaries and Legitimist French ''émigré'' centres in various parts of Europe and also in the Austrian army. He first moved to Switzerland under an assumed name, and met up with the Countess of Genlis and his sister Adélaïde at Schaffhausen. From there they went to Zürich, where the Swiss authorities decreed that to protect Swiss neutrality, Louis Philippe would have to leave the city. They went to Zug, where Louis Philippe was discovered by a group of ''émigrés''.

It became quite apparent that for the ladies to settle peacefully anywhere, they would have to separate from Louis Philippe. He then left with his faithful valet Baudouin for the heights of the Alps, and then to Basel, where he sold all but one of his horses. Now moving from town to town throughout Switzerland, he and Baudouin found themselves very much exposed to all the distresses of extended travelling. They were refused entry to a monastery by monks who believed them to be young vagabonds. Another time, he woke up after spending a night in a barn to find himself at the far end of a musket, confronted by a man attempting to keep away thieves.

Throughout this period, he never stayed in one place more than 48 hours. Finally, in October 1793, Louis Philippe was appointed a teacher of geography, history, mathematics, and modern languages at a boys' boarding school. The school, owned by a Monsieur Jost, was in Reichenau, a village on the upper Rhine, across from Switzerland. His salary was 1,400 francs and he taught under the name ''Monsieur Chabos''. He had been at the school for a month when he heard the news from Paris: his father had been guillotined on 6 November 1793 after a trial before the revolutionary Tribunal.

Travels

In early 1794, Louis Philippe began courting Marianne Banzori, the cook of the Reichenau schoolmaster. In late 1794, Jost discovered that Marianne was pregnant. This ended Louis Philippe's academic career and Jost sent Marianne to Milan where the child was born in December 1794, and then placed in an orphanage.

After Louis Philippe left Reichenau, he separated the now sixteen-year-old Adélaïde from the Countess of Genlis, who had fallen out with Louis Philippe. Adélaïde went to live with her great-aunt the Princess of Conti at Fribourg, then to Bavaria and Hungary and, finally, to her mother who was exiled in Spain.

Louis Philippe travelled extensively. He visited Scandinavia in 1795 and then moved on to Finland. For about a year, he stayed in Muonio (in the valley of Tornio river), a remote village at the northern end of the Gulf of Bothnia, living in the rectory under the name Müller as a guest of the local Lutheran vicar. Here he met the vicar's wife's sister, Beata Caisa Wahlbom, who was a housekeeper in the rectory. The 22-year-old single sympathetic world-experienced prince charmed the 28-year-old inexperienced girl and she fell in love with him. Not long after Louis Philippe left Scandinavia, Beata Caisa Wahlbom gave birth to a son, whom she named Erik.

Louis Philippe also visited the United States for four years, staying in Philadelphia (where his brothers Antoine and Louis Charles were in exile), New York City (where he most likely stayed at the Somerindyck family estate on Broadway and 75th Street with other exiled princes), and Boston. In Boston, he taught French for a time and lived in lodgings over what is now the Union Oyster House, Boston's oldest restaurant. During his time in the United States, Louis Philippe met with American politicians and people of high society, including George Clinton, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington.

His visit to Cape Cod in 1797 coincided with the division of the town of Eastham into two towns, one of which took the name of Orleans, possibly in his honour. During their sojourn, the Orléans princes travelled throughout the country, visiting as far south as Nashville and as far north as Maine. The brothers were even held in Philadelphia briefly during an outbreak of yellow fever. Louis Philippe is also thought to have met Isaac Snow of Orleans, Massachusetts, who had escaped to France from a British prison hulk during the American Revolution. In 1839, while reflecting on his visit to the United States, Louis Philippe explained in a letter to Guizot that his three years there had a large influence on his later political beliefs and judgments when he became king.

In Boston, Louis Philippe learned of the coup of 18 Fructidor (4 September 1797) and of the exile of his mother to Spain. He and his brothers then decided to return to Europe. They went to New Orleans, planning to sail to Havana and thence to Spain. This, however, was a troubled journey, as Spain and Great Britain were then at war. While in Louisiana in 1798, they were entertained by Julian Poydras in the town of Point Coupee.

They sailed for Havana in an American corvette, but the ship was stopped in the Gulf of Mexico by a British warship. The British seized the three brothers, but took them to Havana anyway. Unable to find passage to Europe, the three brothers spent a year in Cuba, until they were unexpectedly expelled by the Spanish authorities. They sailed via the Bahamas to Nova Scotia where they were received by the Duke of Kent, son of King George III and later father of Queen Victoria. Louis Philippe struck up a lasting friendship with the British royal. Eventually, the brothers sailed back to New York, and, in January 1800, they arrived in England, where they stayed for the next fifteen years.

Marriage

In 1809, Louis Philippe married Princess Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily, daughter of King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Maria Carolina of Austria. They had the following ten children:

# Ferdinand-Philippe d'Orléans (3 September 1810–1842) married Duchess Helen of Mecklenburg-Schwerin # Louise d'Orléans (3 April 1812–1850), who married Leopold I of Belgium # Marie d'Orléans (12 April 1813–1839), who married Duke Alexander of Württemberg (1804–1881) # Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Nemours (25 October 1814–1896), who married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha # Françoise d'Orléans (28 March 1816–1818) # Clémentine d'Orléans (3 June 1817–1907), who married August of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary # François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville (14 August 1818–1900), who married Francisca of Brazil # Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Penthièvre (1 January 1820–1828) # Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale (16 June 1822–1897), who married Princess Maria Carolina Augusta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies # Antoine d'Orléans, Duke of Montpensier (31 July 1824–1890), married Luisa Fernanda of Spain

Bourbon Restoration (1815–1830)

After the abdication of Napoleon, Louis Philippe, known as ''Louis Philippe III, Duke of Orléans'', returned to France during the reign of his cousin Louis XVIII, at the time of the Bourbon Restoration. Louis Philippe had reconciled the Orléans family with Louis XVIII in exile, and was once more to be found in the elaborate royal court. However, his resentment at the treatment of his family, the cadet branch of the House of Bourbon under the ''Ancien Régime'', caused friction between him and Louis XVIII, and he openly sided with the liberal opposition.

Louis Philippe was on far friendlier terms with Louis XVIII's brother and successor, Charles X, who acceded to the throne in 1824, and with whom he socialised. However, his opposition to the policies of Villèle and later of Jules de Polignac caused him to be viewed as a constant threat to the stability of Charles' government. This soon proved to be to his advantage.

King of the French (1830–1848)

In 1830, the July Revolution overthrew Charles X, who abdicated in favour of his 10-year-old grandson, Henri, Duke of Bordeaux, and, naming Louis Philippe ''Lieutenant général du royaume'', charged him to announce to the popularly elected Chamber of Deputies his desire to have his grandson succeed him. Louis Philippe did not do this, in order to increase his own chances of succession. As a consequence, because the chamber was aware of Louis Philippe's liberal policies and of his popularity with the masses, they proclaimed Louis Philippe, who for eleven days had been acting as the regent for his small cousin, as the new French king, displacing the senior branch of the House of Bourbon.

Charles X and his family, including his grandson, went into exile in Britain. The young ex-king, the Duke of Bordeaux, who, in exile, took the title of ''comte de Chambord'', later became the pretender to the throne of France and was supported by the Legitimists.

Upon his accession to the throne, Louis Philippe assumed the title of ''King of the French'' – a title already adopted by Louis XVI in the short-lived Constitution of 1791. Linking the monarchy to a people instead of a territory (as the previous designation ''King of France and of Navarre'') was aimed at undercutting the legitimist claims of Charles X and his family.

By an ordinance he signed on 13 August 1830, the new king defined the manner in which his children, as well as his "beloved" sister, would continue to bear the surname "d'Orléans" and the arms of Orléans, declared that his eldest son, as ''Prince Royal'' (not ''Dauphin''), would bear the title ''Duke of Orléans'', that the younger sons would continue to have their previous titles, and that his sister and daughters would only be styled ''Princesses of Orléans'', not ''of France''.

In 1832, his daughter, Princess Louise-Marie, married the first ruler of Belgium, Leopold I, King of the Belgians. Their children included Leopold II of Belgium and Empress Carlota of Mexico.

In July 1835, Louis Philippe survived an assassination attempt by Giuseppe Mario Fieschi on the ''boulevard du Temple'' in Paris.

In 1842, his son and heir, Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans, died in a carriage accident.

Louis Philippe ruled in an unpretentious fashion, avoiding the pomp and lavish spending of his predecessors. Despite this outward appearance of simplicity, his support came from the wealthy ''bourgeoisie''. At first, he was much loved and called the "Citizen King" and the "bourgeois monarch," but his popularity suffered as his government was perceived as increasingly conservative and monarchical, despite his decision of having Napoleon's remains returned to France. Under his management, the conditions of the working classes deteriorated, and the income gap widened considerably. An economic crisis in 1847 led to the 1848 Revolutions, and Louis Philippe's abdication.

Abdication and death (1848–1850)

On 24 February 1848, during the February 1848 Revolution, King Louis Philippe abdicated in favour of his nine-year-old grandson, Philippe, comte de Paris. Fearful of what had happened to Louis XVI, Louis Philippe quickly left Paris under disguise. Riding in an ordinary cab under the name of "Mr. Smith", he fled to England. According to ''The Times'' of 6 March 1848, the King and Queen were received at Newhaven, East Sussex before travelling by train to London.

The National Assembly initially planned to accept young Philippe as king, but the strong current of public opinion rejected that. On 26 February, the Second Republic was proclaimed. Prince Louis Napoléon Bonaparte was elected President on 10 December of the same year; on 2 December 1851, he declared himself president for life and then Emperor Napoleon III in 1852.

Louis Philippe and his family remained in exile in England in Claremont, Surrey, where he died on 26 August 1850. In 1876, his remains and those of his wife were taken to France and buried at the ''Chapelle royale de Dreux'', the Orléans family necropolis his mother had built in 1816, and which he had enlarged and embellished after her death.

The clash of the pretenders

The clashes of 1830 and 1848 between the Legitimists and the Orleanists over who was the rightful monarch were resumed in the 1870s. After the fall of the Second Empire, a monarchist-dominated National Assembly offered a throne to the Legitimist pretender, Henri de France, comte de Chambord, as ''Henri V''. As he was childless, his heir was (except to the most extreme Legitimists) Louis Philippe's grandson, Philippe d'Orléans, comte de Paris. Thus the comte de Chambord's death would have united the House of Bourbon and House of Orléans.

However, the comte de Chambord refused to take the throne unless the Tricolor flag of the Revolution was replaced with the fleur-de-lis flag of the ''Ancien Régime''. This the National Assembly was unwilling to do. The Third Republic was established, though many intended for it to be temporary, and replaced by a constitutional monarchy after the death of the comte de Chambord. However, the comte de Chambord lived longer than expected. By the time of his death in 1883, support for the monarchy had declined, and public opinion sided with a continuation of the Third Republic, as the form of government that, according to Adolphe Thiers, "divides us least". Some suggested a monarchical restoration under a later comte de Paris after the fall of the Vichy regime but this did not occur.

Most French monarchists regard the descendants of Louis Philippe's grandson, who hold the title ''Count of Paris'', as the rightful pretenders to the French throne; others, the Legitimists, consider Don Luis-Alfonso de Borbón, Duke of Anjou (to his supporters, "Louis XX") to be the rightful heir. He is descended in the male line from Philippe, Duke of Anjou, the second grandson of the Sun-King, Louis XIV. Philippe (King Philip V of Spain), however, had renounced his rights to the throne of France to prevent the much-feared union of France and Spain.

The two sides challenged each other in the French Republic's law courts in 1897 and again nearly a century later. In the latter case, ''Henri, comte de Paris, duc de France'', challenged the right of the Spanish-born "pretender" to use the title ''Duke of Anjou''. The French courts threw out his claim, arguing that the legal system had no jurisdiction over the matter.

Ancestors

{{ahnentafel-compact5 |style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; |border=1 |boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Louis Philippe I |2= 2. Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans |3= 3. Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon |4= 4. Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans |5= 5. Louise Henriette de Bourbon |6= 6. Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre |7= 7. Princess Maria Teresa Felicity of Modena |8= 8. Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans |9= 9. Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden |10= 10. Louis Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti |11= 11. Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon |12= 12. Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, Count of Toulouse |13= 13. Marie Victoire de Noailles |14= 14. Francesco III, Duke of Modena |15= 15. Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans |16= 16. Philippe II, Duke of Orléans |17= 17. Françoise Marie de Bourbon |18= 18. Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden |19= 19. Sibylle Auguste of Saxe-Lauenburg |20= 20. François Louis, Prince of Conti |21= 21. Marie Thérèse de Bourbon |22= 22. Louis III, Prince of Condé |23= 23. Louise-Françoise de Bourbon |24= 24. Louis XIV of France |25= 25. Françoise-Athénaïs de Montespan, Marchioness of Montespan |26= 26. Anne-Jules de Noailles, Duke of Noailles |27= 27. Marie-Françoise de Bournonville |28= 28. Rinaldo III, Duke of Modena |29= 29. Princess Charlotte Felicity of Brunswick-Lüneburg |30= 30. Philippe II, Duke of Orléans =16 |31= 31. Françoise-Marie de Bourbon =17 }}

See also

In France, a museum is dedicated to king Louis Philippe and his family Louis-Philippe Museum of Château d'Eu in Normandy The Lafitte Family.* Members of the French Royal Families

References

Bibliography

Aston, Nigel. "Orleanism, 1780–1830," ''History Today'', Oct 1988, Vol. 38 Issue 10, pp 41–47

Beik, Paul. ''Louis Philippe and the July Monarchy'' (1965)

Collingham, H.A.C. ''The July Monarchy: A Political History of France, 1830–1848'' (Longman, 1988)

Howarth, T.E.B. ''Citizen-King: The Life of Louis Philippe, King of the French'' (1962).

Newman, Edgar Leon, and Robert Lawrence Simpson. ''Historical Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire'' (Greenwood Press, 1987) online edition

External links

La Caricature Gallery: Caricatures of Louis Philippe and others, published in ''La Caricature'' 1830–1835

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Category:1773 births Category:1850 deaths Category:People from Paris Category:French monarchs Category:Kings of France Category:House of Orléans Category:Dukes of Enghien Category:Dukes of Montpensier Category:Leaders ousted by a coup Category:Attempted assassination survivors Category:Burials at the Chapelle royale de Dreux Category:People of the Belgian Revolution Category:People of the French Revolution Category:French people of the Revolutions of 1848 Category:French expatriates in England Category:Knights of the Garter Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece Category:Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit Category:Princes of Andorra Category:Roman Catholic monarchs Category:Princes of France (Bourbon) Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Military William Order Category:Monarchs who abdicated Category:Knights of the Elephant Category:19th-century monarchs in Europe

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Coordinates	38°37′38″N90°11′52″N
Name	Michael Fassbender
Birth date	April 02, 1977
Birth place	Heidelberg, Germany
Occupation	Actor }}

Michael Fassbender (born 2 April 1977) is an Irish-German actor. He is known for playing Lt. Archie Hicox in Quentin Tarantino's ''Inglourious Basterds'' (2009) and Magneto in the superhero blockbuster ''X-Men: First Class'' (2011). His other credits include the 2007 film ''300'', the 2009 film ''Fish Tank'', the 2011 ''Jane Eyre'' adaptation, the 2011 David Cronenberg film ''A Dangerous Method'', in which he plays psychologist Carl Jung, as well as the acclaimed Steve McQueen-directed movies ''Hunger'' (2008) and ''Shame'' (2011), the most recent of which won him the Best Actor award at the 2011 Venice Film Festival. He will star in the upcoming Ridley Scott film, ''Prometheus'' (2012).

Background

Fassbender was born in Heidelberg, West Germany (now Germany). His mother, Adele, is Irish and a native of Larne, County Antrim, and his father, Josef Fassbender, is German. According to Fassbender's "family lore", his mother is the great-great-niece of Michael Collins, an Irish leader during the War of Independence. When he was two years old, his parents moved to Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland, where they ran West End House, a restaurant, and where his father worked as a chef. Fassbender was brought up as a Catholic and served as an altar boy. He attended St. Brendan's, Killarney (The Sem) and the Drama Centre in North London. Shifting between British films and American films, Fassbender currently resides in London, UK, while making career-related visits to Los Angeles, California. Fassbender speaks conversational German, though he has stated that he needed to brush up a bit on his spoken German before filming ''Inglourious Basterds'', as it was a bit rusty. He has also expressed interest in performing in a German language film or theater production one day.

Career

Early work

Fassbender first played the part of Burton "Pat" Christenson in Tom Hanks and Steven Spielberg's award-winning ''Band of Brothers''. He played the character of Azazeal in both series of ''Hex'' on Sky One and he also starred as the main character in the music video for the song "Blind Pilots", by the British band The Cooper Temple Clause. In the video, he plays the part of a man on a stag night with his friends, only to slowly transform into a goat due to wearing a cowbell necklace.

Fassbender played the part of Jonathan Harker in a 10-part radio serialization of ''Dracula'' produced by BBC Northern Ireland and broadcast in the Book at Bedtime series between 24 November and 5 December 2003. He was also seen in early 2004 in a Guinness television commercial, ''The Quarrel'', playing a man who swims across the ocean from Ireland to apologize personally to his brother in New York.

During the 2006 Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Fassbender played Michael Collins in ''Allegiance'', a play by Mary Kenny based on the meeting between Winston Churchill and Collins, of whom Fassbender's mother is a great-niece. In addition, he produced, directed and starred in the stage version of Quentin Tarantino's ''Reservoir Dogs'', along with his production company.

He appeared in ''Angel'' (UK title: ''The Real Life of Angel Deverell''), about the rise and fall of an eccentric young British writer (played by Romola Garai) in the early 20th century. Fassbender plays her love interest and average painter Esmé. The drama – the first English-language effort by French director François Ozon and based on the novel by Elizabeth Taylor – was premiered on 17 February 2007 at the Berlin International Film Festival and on 14 March 2007 in Paris. He then made a brief appearance in ''Wedding Belles'' as Barney, speaking with a Scottish accent.

Mainstream success

Fassbender first broke into American mainstream consciousness with a memorable role as Stelios in the 2006 film ''300'' directed by Zack Snyder.

In preparation for his role as Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoner Bobby Sands in Steve McQueen's 2008 film ''Hunger'', Fassbender underwent a crash diet that restricted him to 600 calories a day. He received the British Independent Film Award for his performance.

One year after his success at the Cannes Film Festival with ''Hunger'', he appeared in two films. First was Quentin Tarantino's ''Inglourious Basterds'', in which he played the British officer Lieutenant Archie Hicox. The other film was ''Fish Tank'' directed by Andrea Arnold. Both were critically acclaimed and Fassbender's work in them also well received.

Starting a period when his "star status has risen exponentially" according to one observer, in 2010, Fassbender appeared in ''Jonah Hex'' and filmed ''Haywire'', (previously titled ''Knockout''.). He also portrayed Quintus Dias in Neil Marshall's War-Thriller-Drama film ''Centurion''. and was cast as 'Richard Wirth' in the Joel Schumacher film ''Blood Creek'' alongside Dominic Purcell. Joel Schumacher signed to direct ''Blood Creek'', the horror movie for Gold Circle and Lionsgate. The story centers on a West Virginia man who comes to terms with his moral qualms and helps his brother wipe out a family that had been protecting a Nazi occultist and who had kept his brother captive for him to feed off for years.

Fassbender played Edward Rochester in the 2011 film ''Jane Eyre'', featuring Mia Wasikowska in the title role, with Cary Fukunaga directing.

Fassbender portrayed Magneto in the superhero blockbuster ''X-Men: First Class'', the prequel to ''X-Men''. Set in 1962, it focused on the friendship between Charles Xavier (played by James McAvoy) and Magneto and the origin of their groups, the X-Men and the Brotherhood of Mutants. The film was released on 3 June 2011 to general acclaim and financial success and promoted Fassbender to being more of a popular movie star.

In 2011, Fassbender starred in ''A Dangerous Method'' by director David Cronenberg, playing Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist Carl Jung, and in ''Shame'', as a man in his '30s struggling with his sex addiction. ''Shame'' reunited him with director Steve McQueen, and premiered at the 2011 Venice Film Festival, where Fassbender won a Volpi Cup best actor award for his portrayal of Brandon. ''A Dangerous Method'' was also shown at Venice. Fassbender was nominated for a Golden Globe in 2012 for his portrayal of Brandon in Shame, but eventually lost out to George Clooney.

Future projects

In 2012, Fassbender will star in ''Prometheus'', directed by Ridley Scott, and co-starring Noomi Rapace. He will play an android named David in the film, scheduled for release on June 8, 2012.

Due to a schedule conflict, Fassbender had to pull out of negotiations to work with Oscar-winning director, Danny Boyle, in his new film, ''Trance''.

In early 2012, he will be seen in movie theatres playing Paul in Haywire by Steven Soderbergh, an international action/thriller film.

Adding to what appears to be another busy year in 2012, Fassbender has just signed on to star in actor Brendan Gleeson's directorial debut of ''At Swim-Two-Birds'', a film adaptation of Irish author Flann O'Brien's novel. Another project has been announced to add to Michael's developing filming schedule for 2012, he will team up for a third time with Hunger and Shame director Steve McQueen, to co-star in a yet to be determined role, with Chiwetel Ejiofor, portraying Solomon Northup, in ''Twelve Years A Slave''.

In 2013, Fassbender is set to take on the role of Harry Flashman in a film adaptation of the books by George MacDonald Fraser.

Filmography

''Band of Brothers (TV miniseries) ''Hearts and Bones (TV series) ''NCS: Manhunt ''Holby City'' ''Carla'' ''Gunpowder, Treason & Plot'' ''Julian Fellowes Investigates: A Most Mysterious Murder ''Winnipeg the Bear#Film adaptation ''Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking'' ''Murphy's Law (TV series) ''Our Hidden Lives'' ''Hex (TV series) ''William and Mary (TV series) ''Agatha Christie's Poirot'' episode ''After the Funeral'' ''Trial & Retribution: Sins of the Father'' ''300 (film) ''Angel (2007 film) ''Wedding Belles'' ''Hunger (2008 film) ''[[Eden Lake'' ''The Devil's Whore'' ''Blood Creek'' ''Fish Tank (film) ''[[Inglourious Basterds'' ''Centurion (film) ''Jonah Hex (film) ''Jane Eyre (2011 film) ''X-Men: First Class'' IGN ''A Dangerous Method'' ''Shame (2011 film)Alliance of Women Film Journalists ''Pitch Black Heist'' ''Haywire (film) ''Prometheus (film)

Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes/Awards
2000	''In His Life''	Stu Sutcliffe
2001	Band of Brothers'' ||	Burton 'Pat' Christenson	TV mini series
2001	Hearts and Bones'' ||	Hermann	TV series, 3 episodes
2002	NCS Manhunt'' ||	Jack Silver	TV series
2002	|	Christian Connolly	TV series, 1 episode
2003	|	Rob	TV
2004	|	Guy Fawkes	TV
2004	|	Charles Bravo	TV
2004	A Bear Named Winnie'' ||	Harry Colebourn>Lt. Harry Colebourn	TV
2004	|	Charles Allen	TV
2005	Murphy's Law'' ||	Caz Miller	TV series, 5 episodes
2005	|	German POW	TV
2005	Hex'' ||	Azazeal	TV series, 12 episodes (2 seasons, 2004–2005)
2005	William and Mary'' ||	Lukasz	TV series, 1 episode
2006	|	George Abernethie	TV series, 1 episode
2006	|	Douglas Nesbitt	TV, premiered on 19 October 2007
2007	300'' ||	Stelios
2007	Angel'' ||	Esmé Howe-Nevinson	premiered 17 February, directed by Francois Ozon
2007	|	Barney	TV, premiered on 29 March
2008	Hunger'' ||	Bobby Sands	British Independent Film Award for Best ActorChicago International Film Festival: Chicago International Film Festival#Best Actor>Silver Hugo for Best ActorThe 6th Annual Irish Film & Television Awards 2009
2008	|	Steve
2008	|	Thomas Rainsborough	Nominated – The 6th Annual Irish Film & Television Awards 2009>IFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in Television
2009	|	Richard Wirth
2009	Fish Tank'' ||	Connor	Chicago International Film Festival - Gold Plaque for Best Supporting ActorLondon Film Critics Circle Awards 2009#British Supporting Actor of the Year>London Film Critics Circle Award for British Supporting Actor of the YearNominated – BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor
2009	|	Lt. Archie Hicox	Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best CastPhoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best CastSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best CastScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
2010	Centurion'' ||	Quintus Dias
2010	Jonah Hex'' ||	Burke
2011	Jane Eyre'' ||	Edward Rochester	Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNBR Award: Spotlight Award
2011	|	Magneto (comics)>Erik Lensherr / Magneto	IGN Award for Best VillainIGN Award for Best Ensemble CastLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNBR Award: Spotlight AwardNominated – Scream Award for Best Fantasy ActorNominated – Scream Award for Breakout Performance – MaleNominated – Scream Award for Best EnsembleNominated – People's Choice Award for Favorite Ensemble Movie Cast
2011	|	Carl Jung	London Film Critics' Circle>London Critics' Circle Film Award for British Actor of the YearLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNBR Award: Spotlight Award
2011	Shame'' ||	Brandon Sullivan	Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best ActorBritish Independent Film Award for Best ActorDetroit Film Critics Society Award for Best ActorFlorida Film Critics Award for Best ActorHouston Film Critics Award for Best ActorIndie Wire Critics Survey for Best Lead Performance (tied with Michael Shannon)London Critics' Circle Film Award for British Actor of the YearLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNBR Award: Spotlight AwardOnline Film Critics Society Award for Best ActorVancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActorVenice Film Festival - Volpi Cup for Best ActorNominated – Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNominated – Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNominated – Denver Film Critics Society Award for Best ActorNominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture DramaNominated – London Critics' Circle Film Award for Actor of the YearNominated – Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best ActorNominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture DramaNominated – Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor (runner-up)Nominated – St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNominated – Village Voice Film Poll - Best ActorNominated – Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNominated – Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorPending – BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading RolePending—AACTA International Award for Best ActorPending – IFTA Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role Film
2011	|	Michael	short, also executive producer
2012	Haywire'' ||	Paul
2012	Prometheus'' ||	David	''post-production''