- published: 30 Apr 2011
- views: 9144
- author: BenSlivka
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- Airline
- Airliner
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- Aklan province
- Amal (film)
- Amersfoort
- Amsterdam
- Angkor
- Antigua Guatemala
- Auto rickshaw
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Amersfoort
Amersfoort [ˈaː.mərs.ˌfɔːrt] (
listen) is a municipality and the second largest city of the province of Utrecht in central Netherlands. The city is growing quickly but has a well-preserved and protected medieval centre. Amersfoort is one of the largest railway junctions in the country, because of its location on two of the Netherlands' main east-west and north-south rail lines. The town celebrated its 750th birthday in 2009.
The municipality of Amersfoort consists of the following cities, towns, villages and/or districts: Bergkwartier, Bosgebied, Binnenstad, Hoogland, Hoogland-West, Kattenbroek, Kruiskamp, de Koppel, Liendert, Rustenburg, Nieuwland, Randenbroek, Schuilenburg, Schothorst, Soesterkwartier, Vathorst, Hooglanderveen, Vermeerkwartier, Leusderkwartier, Zielhorst and Stoutenburg-Noord.
Hunter gatherers set up camps in the Amersfoort region in the Mesolithic period. Archaeologists have found traces of these camps, such as the remains of hearths, and sometimes microlithic flint objects, to the north of the city.
wn.com/Amersfoort -
Amsterdam
Amsterdam (English /ˈæmstərdæm/; Dutch: [ˌɑmstərˈdɑm] ( listen)) is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The city's status as the capital of the nation is governed by the constitution. Amsterdam has a population of 790,654 within city limits, an urban population of 1,209,419 and a metropolitan population of 2,289,762. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe, with a population of approximately 7 million.
Amsterdam's name is derived from Amstelredamme, indicative of the city's origin: a dam in the river Amstel. Settled as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age, a result of its innovative developments in trade. During that time, the city was the leading center for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were formed. The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam (in Dutch: 'Grachtengordel'), located in the heart of Amsterdam, were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in July 2010.
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Angkor
Angkor (Khmer: អង្គរ) is a region of Cambodia that served as the seat of the Khmer Empire, which flourished from approximately the 9th to 15th centuries. The word Angkor is derived from the Sanskrit nagara (नगर), meaning "city". The Angkorian period began in AD 802, when the Khmer Hindu monarch Jayavarman II declared himself a "universal monarch" and "god-king", until 1351, when Angkor first fell under Ayutthayan suzerainty, to 1431, when Ayutthaya put down a rebellion and sacked the Khmer capital, causing its population to migrate south to Longvek.
The ruins of Angkor are located amid forests and farmland to the north of the Great Lake (Tonlé Sap) and south of the Kulen Hills, near modern-day Siem Reap (13°24′N, 103°51′E), in Siem Reap Province, and are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temples of the Angkor area number over one thousand, ranging in scale from nondescript piles of brick rubble scattered through rice fields to the magnificent Angkor Wat, said to be the world's largest single religious monument. Many of the temples at Angkor have been restored, and together, they comprise the most significant site of Khmer architecture. Visitor numbers approach two million annually.
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Antigua Guatemala
Antigua Guatemala (commonly referred to as just Antigua or la Antigua) is a city in the central highlands of Guatemala famous for its well-preserved Spanish Mudéjar-influencedBaroque architecture as well as a number of spectacular ruins of colonial churches. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Antigua Guatemala serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name. It also serves as the departmental capital of Sacatepéquez Department.
The city had a peak population of some 60,000 in the 1770s; the bulk of the population moved away in the late 18th century. Despite significant population growth in the late 20th century, the city had only reached half that number by the 1990s. According to the 2007 census, the city has some 34,685 inhabitants.
Antigua Guatemala means "Ancient Guatemala" and was the third capital of Guatemala. The first capital of Guatemala was founded on the site of a Kakchikel-Maya city, now called Iximche, on Monday, July 25, 1524—the day of Saint James—and therefore named Ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros de Goathemalan (City of Saint James of the Knights of Guatemala). Naturally, St. James became the patron saint of the city.
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Bangkok
Bangkok is the capital city of and largest urban area in Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร, pronounced [krūŋ tʰêːp máhǎː nákʰɔ̄ːn] ( listen)) or simply Krung Thep (
listen), meaning "city of angels". Bangkok is by far the most densely populated city in Thailand with about 12 million people. Bangkok was a small trading post near the mouth of the Chao Phraya River during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century. It eventually grew in size and became the site of two capital cities: Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782.
Because of its strategic location in Southeast Asia, Siam (later Thailand) acted as a buffer-zone between the French and British colonial empires. Bangkok itself has gained a reputation as an independent, dynamic and influential city. Bangkok is the political, social and economic centre of Thailand, and one of the leading cities in Southeast Asia.
Due to the 1980s and 1990s Asian investment boom, many multinational corporations make their regional headquarters in Bangkok and the city is a regional force in finance and business. Its increasing influence on global politics, culture, fashion and entertainment underlines its status as an Alpha global city. In 2009, it was the second most expensive city in South-East Asia behind Singapore. The city's many cultural landmarks and attractions in addition to its nightlife venues has made it synonymous with exoticism. Its rapid modernization, reflected in the cityscape and the urban society, has left untouched the historic Grand Palace, Wat Arun, Vimanmek Palace Complex and hundreds of Buddhist temples draw about 10 million international visitors each year, second only to London.
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Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (
i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
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Brighton and Hove
Brighton and Hove is a unitary authority area and city on the south coast of England. It is England's most populous seaside resort. The major part of the city consists of Brighton, with around 155,000 people of the total population of 251,000. Consequently, people usually refer to the city as just "Brighton". Brighton and Hove's urban area has a population of over 450,000 people. The city is famous for its history as a seaside town, and more recently for its reputation of having a large gay community. The city is also famous for its football team, Brighton & Hove Albion FC (commonly known as just "Brighton" or "Albion"). They currently play in the Football League Championship at the Amex Stadium, opened in 2011.
In 1997, the two large towns of Brighton and Hove were joined to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove, which was granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II as part of the millennium celebrations in 2000.
Brighton and Hove forms part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation, the 12th largest conurbation in the United Kingdom. Along this area of the south coast, there is little or no gap of countryside between these large towns and city. Directly to the west is Southwick and then Shoreham-by-Sea, and a short distance to the east are Peacehaven and Newhaven. The city, district and urban areas of Brighton and Hove have the biggest populations in the South East England region.
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Brighton Marina
Coordinates: 50°48′45″N 0°06′11″W / 50.8125°N 0.103°W / 50.8125; -0.103
Brighton Marina is an artificial marina situated in Brighton, England. The construction of the marina itself took place between 1971 and 1979, although developments within it have continued ever since. The marina covers an area of approximately 127 acres (0.51 km2). It is owned and managed by Premier Marinas.
The land within the marina has been developed in several stages and now accommodates a large Asda supermarket and two groups of boutique shops, restaurants and bars, plus a hotel, a bowling alley, a health club, a casino, and a multiplex cinema with a multi-storey car-park built over and around it. On the east side of the marina there are several gated communities consisting of townhouses and apartments, some of which come with their own moorings, alongside public moorings and facilities for boats and their users, ranging from boat sales and service companies through to a floating launderette at the main moorings. Both harbour arms are popular locations for local fishermen; the east breakwater is often packed to capacity during summer weekends, and there are regular sightseeing and fishing boat trips from the marina.
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Cambodia
Cambodia (i/kæmˈboʊdiə/;Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Kampuchea, IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə]), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total landmass of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), it is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.
With a population of over 14.8 million, Cambodia is the 68th most populous country in the world. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by around 95% of the Cambodian population. The country minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 various hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh; the political, economic, and cultural center of Cambodia. The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years.
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Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai (Thai: เชียงใหม่ [tɕʰiəŋ màj] ( listen), Northern Thai: ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵ [tɕiəŋ màj]) sometimes written as "Chiengmai" or "Chiangmai", is the largest and most culturally significant city in northern Thailand. It is the capital of Chiang Mai Province, a former capital of the Kingdom of Lanna (1296–1768) and was the tributary Kingdom of Chiang Mai from 1774 until 1939. It is located 700 km (435 mi) north of Bangkok, among the highest mountains in the country. The city is on the Ping River, a major tributary of the Chao Phraya River. Chiang Mai means "new city" and was so-named because it was the new capital, founded in 1296, succeeding Chiang Rai (founded 1262) in the capital of the Lanna kingdom.
In recent years, Chiang Mai has become an increasingly modern city and has been attracting over 5 million visitors each year, of which between 1.4 million and 2 million are foreign tourists (depending on the year). Chiang Mai gained prominence in the political sphere in May 2006, when the Chiang Mai Initiative was concluded here between the ASEAN nations and the "+3" countries (China, Japan, and South Korea). Chiang Mai is one of three Thai cities contending to host the World Expo 2020. It has also recently positioned itself to become a Creative City and is considering to apply for Creative City Status with UNESCO. Chiang Mai is the only tourist destination in Thailand to have made it in to the 2012 list of "25 Best Destinations in the World" of the popular travel website TripAdvisor, standing in place 24.
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Colombo
Colombo (Sinhala: කොළඹ, pronounced [ˈkoləmbə]; Tamil: கொழும்பு) is the largest city of Sri Lanka. It is located on the west coast of the island and adjacent to Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte, the capital of Sri Lanka. Colombo is often referred to as the capital of the country, since Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte is a satellite city of Colombo. Colombo is a busy and vibrant city with a mixture of modern life and colonial buildings and ruins and a population of 647,100. The Colombo Metropolitan Region, defined by the districts of Colombo, Gampaha and Kalutara, has an estimated population of 5,648,000, and covers an area of 3,694.20 km². As per the Provincial Gross Domestic Product-2010, The Western Province, which includes the cities of Colombo, Gampaha and Kalutara recorded GDP per capita of USD 3,808, the highest recorded GDP per capita for any region in South Asia. It was formerly the political capital of Sri Lanka, before Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte.
Due to its large harbour and its strategic position along the East-West sea trade routes, Colombo was known to ancient traders 2,000 years ago. It was made the capital of the island when Sri Lanka was ceded to the British Empire in 1815, and its status as capital was retained when the nation became independent in 1948. In 1978, when administrative functions were moved to Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, Colombo was designated as the commercial capital of Sri Lanka.
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Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, (i/ˈkjuːbə/; Spanish: República de Cuba, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkuβa] ( listen)) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city. To the north of Cuba lies the United States (140 km or 90 mi away) and the Bahamas, Mexico is to the west, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica are to the south, and Haiti and the Dominican Republic are to the southeast.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on and claimed the island now occupied by Cuba, for the Kingdom of Spain. Cuba remained a territory of Spain until the Spanish–American War ended in 1898, and gained formal independence from the U.S. in 1902. A fragile democracy, increasingly dominated by radical politics eventually evolved, solidified by the Cuban Constitution of 1940, but was definitely quashed in 1952 by former president Fulgencio Batista, and an authoritarian regime was set up, intensifying and catalyzing already rampant corruption, political repression and crippling economic regulations.Batista was ousted in January 1959 by the July 26 movement, and a new administration under Fidel Castro established, which had by 1965 evolved into a single-party state under the revived Communist Party of Cuba, which holds power to date.
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Dar es Salaam
Dar es Salaam (Arabic: دار السلام Dār as-Salām, "harbour of peace"), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. It is also the country's richest city and a regionally important economic centre. Dar es Salaam is actually an administrative province within Tanzania, and consists of three local government areas or administrative districts: Kinondoni to the north, Ilala in the centre of the region, and Temeke to the south. The Dar es Salaam Region had a population of 2,497,940 as of the official 2002 census. Though Dar es Salaam lost its official status as capital city to Dodoma in 1974 (a move which was not complete until 1996), it remains the centre of the permanent central government bureaucracy and continues to serve as the capital for the surrounding Dar es Salaam Region.
On December 20, 2011, the heaviest rains in 57 years resulted in unprecedented flooding that devastated many areas of the city. As of December 23, the flooding had caused 13 casualties and left nearly 5,000 people homeless.
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Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.
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Dhaka
Dhaka (Bengali: ঢাকা, pronounced IPA: [ˈɖʱaka]; formerly spelled Dacca, named Jahangirnagar during Mughal era) is the capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka Division. Dhaka is a megacity and one of the major cities of South Asia. It is located on the banks of the Buriganga River. Dhaka, along with its metropolitan area, had a population of over 16 million in 2011, making it the largest city in Bangladesh. It is the 9th largest city in the world and also 28th among the most densely populated cities in the world. Dhaka is known as the City of Mosques and with 400,000 cycle rickshaws running on its streets every day, the city is also described as the Rickshaw Capital of the World.
Under Mughal rule in the 17th century, the city was known as Jahangir Nagar. It was a provincial capital and a centre of the worldwide muslin trade. The modern city, however, was developed chiefly under British rule in the 19th century, and became the second-largest city in Bengal after Calcutta (presently Kolkata). After the Partition of Bengal in 1905, Dhaka became the capital of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam but lost its status as a provincial capital again after the partition was annulled in 1911. After the partition of India in 1947, Dhaka became the administrative capital of East Pakistan, and later, in 1971, the capital of an independent Bangladesh. During the intervening period, the city witnessed widespread turmoil; this included many impositions of martial law, the declaration of Bangladesh's independence, military suppression, devastation during war, and natural calamities.
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Dumaguete
The City of Dumaguete is a city in the Philippine province of Negros Oriental. It is the capital, principal seaport, and largest city of the province. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 120,883 people. A person from Dumaguete is called a "Dumagueteño". The city is nicknamed The City of Gentle People.
Dumaguete is referred to as a university town because of the presence of four universities and a number of other colleges where students of the province converge to enroll for tertiary education. The city is also a popular educational destination for students of surrounding provinces and cities in Visayas and Mindanao. The city is best known for Silliman University, the country's first Protestant university and the first American private university in Asia. There are also 12 elementary schools and 9 high schools. The city's student population is estimated at 30,000.
The city attracts a considerable number of foreign tourists, particularly Europeans, because of easy ferry access from Cebu City, the availability of beach resorts and dive sites, and the attraction of dolphin and whale watching in nearby Bais City.
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Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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El Salvador
El Salvadori/ɛl ˈsælvədɔr/ (Spanish: República de El Salvador, literally 'Republic of The Savior') is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. The country's capital city and largest city is San Salvador; Santa Ana and San Miguel are also important cultural and commercial centers in the country as well as Central America. El Salvador borders the Pacific Ocean on the west, and the countries of Guatemala to the north and Honduras to the east. Its easternmost region lies on the coast of the Gulf of Fonseca, opposite Nicaragua. As of 2009, El Salvador had a population of approximately 5,744,113 people, composed predominantly of Mestizos.
The colón was the official currency of El Salvador from 1892 to 2001, when it adopted the U.S. Dollar.
In 2010 El Salvador ranked in the top 10 among Latin American countries in terms of the Human Development Index and in the top 3 in Central America (behind Costa Rica and Panama), due in part to ongoing rapid industrialization. In addition, tropical forests and overall forest cover has expanded by nearly 20 percent from the year 1992 to 2010. Making it one of the few countries experiencing reforestation.
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Ethiopia
Ethiopia (
/ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/) (Ge'ez: ኢትዮጵያ ʾĪtyōṗṗyā), officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With its capital at Addis Ababa, it is also the most populous landlocked nation in the world.
Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history, and the Ethiopian dynasty traces its roots to the 2nd century BC. Ethiopia is also one of the oldest sites of human existence known to scientists today, having yielded some of humanity's oldest traces. It may be the region from which Homo sapiens first set out for the Middle East and points beyond. Alongside Rome, Persia, China and India, the Ethiopian Aksum Empire was considered one of the great world powers of the 3rd century. During the Scramble for Africa, Ethiopia was the only African country beside Liberia that retained its sovereignty as a recognized independent country, and was one of only four African members of the League of Nations. After a brief period of Italian occupation, Ethiopia became a charter member of the United Nations. When other African nations received their independence following World War II, many of them adopted the colors of Ethiopia's flag, and Addis Ababa became the location of several international organizations focused on Africa.
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Goa
Goai/ˈɡoʊ.ə/ is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.
Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. Goa is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.
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Guatemala
Guatemala (i/ˌɡwɑːtəˈmɑːlə/ GWAH-tə-MAH-lə), officially the Republic of Guatemala (Spanish: República de Guatemala [reˈpuβlika ðe ɣwateˈmala]), is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast. Its area is 108,890 km2 (42,043 mi2) with an estimated population of 13,276,517.
A representative democracy, its capital is Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City. Guatemala's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contributes to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The former Mayan civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization, which continued throughout the Post-Classic period until the arrival of the Spanish. The Mayas live in Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, the southern part of Mexico and northern parts of El Salvador.
Guatemala became independent from Spain in 1821, joining the Mexican Empire. After it became an independent country in its own right, it was ruled by a series of dictators, assisted by the United Fruit Company. The late 20th century saw Guatemala embroiled in a 36-year-long civil war. Following the war, Guatemala has witnessed both economic growth and successful democratic elections. In the most recent election, held in 2011, Otto Pérez Molina of the Patriotic Party, won the presidency.
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Guatemala City
Guatemala City (in full, La Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción; locally known as Guatemala or Guate), is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Guatemala and Central America. It is also the capital city of the local Municipio de Guatemala, and Guatemala Department.
The city is located at 14°38′N 90°33′W / 14.633°N 90.55°W / 14.633; -90.55, in a mountain valley called Valle de la Ermita in the south central part of the country Guatemala.
Within the confines of modern Guatemala City is the ancient Maya city of Kaminaljuyu. Kaminaljuyu was first occupied between 1200 and 1000 BC and the city continued to be inhabited for about 2000 years before it was abandoned in the Late Classic Period of Mesoamerican chronology (600–900 AD). It is one of America's most notable archaeological sites. The center of Kaminaljuyu was located a short distance from the oldest part of Guatemala City. However, in the late 20th century, the city grew around the ruins, and, in some cases, over some of the outlying ruins before they were protected.
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Hanoi
Hanoi (Hà Nội; listen), is the capital of Vietnam and the country's second largest city. Its population in 2009 was estimated at 2.6 million for urban districts, 6.5 million for the metropolitan jurisdiction. From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam. It was eclipsed by Huế during the Nguyen dynasty as the capital of Vietnam, but Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1954. From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of North Vietnam.
The city is located on the right bank of the Red River. Hanoi is located at 1,760 km (1,090 mi) north of Ho Chi Minh City.
October 2010 officially marked 1000 years since the establishment of the city.
Turtle Tower in Hoan Kiem Lake, in central Hanoi
Emperor Lý Thái Tổ made Thăng Long (Hanoi) his capital in the 11th century
Colonial Hanoi
Modern Hanoi
Hanoi has been inhabited since at least 3000 BC. One of the first known permanent settlements is the Co Loa citadel (Cổ Loa) founded around 200 BC.
Hanoi has had many names throughout history, all of them of Sino-Vietnamese origin. During the Chinese domination of Vietnam, it was known first as Long Biên, then Tống Bình (Chinese: 宋平, Sòngpíng, "Song Peace") and Long Đỗ (Chinese: 龍肚, Lóngdù, "Dragonbelly"). In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La (Chinese: 大羅, Dàluó, "Big Net").
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Havana
Havana (/həˈvænə/; Spanish: La Habana, [la aˈβana] ( listen)) is the capital city, province, major port, and leading commercial centre of Cuba. The city proper has a population of 2.1 million inhabitants, and it spans a total of 726.75 km2 (280.60 sq mi) — making it the largest city by area, the most populous city, and the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean region. The city extends mostly westward and southward from the bay, which is entered through a narrow inlet and which divides into three main harbours: Marimelena, Guanabacoa and Atarés. The sluggish Almendares River traverses the city from south to north, entering the Straits of Florida a few miles west of the bay.
Havana was founded by the Spanish in the 16th century and due to its strategic location it served as a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the continent becoming a stopping point for the treasure laden Spanish Galleons on the crossing between the New World and the Old World. King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592. Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city. The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish-American War.
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Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City (Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh; listen), formerly named Saigon (Sài Gòn; listen) is the largest city in Vietnam. It was once known as Prey Nokor, an important Khmer sea port prior to annexation by the Vietnamese in the 17th century.
Under the name Saigon, it was the capital of the French colony of Cochin-china and later of the independent state of South Vietnam from 1955–75. South Vietnam, as an anti-communist state, fought against the communist North Vietnamese and Viet Cong during the Vietnam War, with aid from the United States of America and countries including Australia, New Zealand and South Korea. Saigon fell when it was captured by the communists on 30 April 1975, bringing an end to the War with its enemy's victory. Vietnam was then turned into a communist state with the South overtaken. On 2 July 1976, Saigon merged with the surrounding Gia Định Province and was officially renamed Ho Chi Minh City after Hồ Chí Minh (although the name Sài Gòn is still commonly used.)
The city center is situated on the banks of the Saigon River, 60 kilometers (37 mi) from the South China Sea and 1,760 kilometers (1,090 mi) south of Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Iquitos
Iquitos (Spanish pronunciation: [iˈkitos]) is the largest city in the Peruvian rainforest, with a population of 406,340. It is the capital of Loreto Region and Maynas Province.
Located on the Amazon River, it is only 106 m (348 ft) above sea level, although it is more than 3,000 km (1,864 mi) from the mouth of the Amazon at Belém (Brazil) on the Atlantic Ocean. It is situated 125 km (78 mi) downstream of the confluence of the Ucayali and Marañón rivers, the two main headwaters of the Amazon River. Iquitos has long been a major port in the Amazon Basin. It is surrounded by three rivers: the Nanay, the Itaya, and the Amazon.
The city can be reached only by airplane or boat, with the exception of a road to Nauta, a small town roughly 100 km (62 mi) south. It is the largest city in the world which cannot be reached by road. Ocean vessels of 3,000 tons or 9,000 tons and 5.5 metres (18 ft) draft can reach Iquitos from the Atlantic ocean, 3600 km away.
Most travel within the city is via bus, motorcycle, or the ubiquitous auto rickshaw (mototaxi, motocarro or motokar), which is essentially a modified motorcycle with a cabin behind supported by two wheels, seating three. Transportation to nearby towns often requires a river trip via peque-peque, a small public motorized boat.
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Ischia
Ischia (Italian pronunciation: [ˈiskia]) is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It lies at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples, about 30 km from the city of Naples. It is the largest of the Phlegrean Islands. Roughly trapezoidal in shape, it measures around 10 km east to west and 7 km north to south and has about 34 kilometres (21 mi) of coastline and a surface area of 46.3 square kilometres (17.9 sq mi). It is almost entirely mountainous, the highest peak being Mount Epomeo at 788 m. The island has a population of over 60,000 people.
Ischia is the name of the main comune of the island. The other comuni of the island are Barano d'Ischia, Casamicciola Terme, Forio, Lacco Ameno and Serrara Fontana.
The main industry is tourism, centering on thermal spas that cater mostly to European (especially German) and Asian tourists eager to enjoy the fruits of the island's natural volcanic activity, its thermal hot springs, and its volcanic mud. For many of the inhabitants on the Italian-speaking island, German and English are second languages. This is because of the large number of German- and English-speaking tourists who visit the island each year.
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Islamabad
Islamabad (Urdu: اسلام آباد Islām ābād, lit. Abode of Islam) is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.152 million in 2011. The greater Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area is the third largest conurbation in Pakistan with a population of over 4.5 million inhabitants.
Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northern part of the country, within the Islamabad Capital Territory. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Margalla pass acting as the gateway between the two regions. The city was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistan's capital. Islamabad is a well-organized city divided into different sectors and zones. It is regarded as the most developed city in Pakistan. Islamabad is ranked as a Gamma world city. The city is home to Faisal Mosque, the largest mosque in South Asia and the sixth largest mosque in the world.
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Karachi
Karachi ( Karācī (help·info), Urdu: کراچی; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 13 million. Results in April 2012 of Pakistan's latest census initial tabulations show that the district is home to over 21 million people, at a density of nearly 6,000 people per square kilometer (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population and also the 10th largest urban agglomeration in the world. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Muslim world.
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Kenya
Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ or /ˈkiːnjə/), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator. With the Indian Ocean to its south-east, it is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya has a land area of 580,000 km2 and a population of nearly 41 million, representing 42 different peoples and cultures. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi.
Kenya has a warm and humid climate along its coastline on the Indian Ocean which changes to wildlife-rich savannah grasslands moving inland towards the capital Nairobi. Nairobi has a cool climate that gets colder approaching Mount Kenya, which has three permanently snow-capped peaks. The warm and humid tropical climate reappears further inland towards lake Victoria, before giving way to temperate forested and hilly areas in the western region. The North Eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes. Lake Victoria, the world's second largest fresh-water lake (after Lake Superior in the US and Canada) and the world's largest tropical lake, is situated to the southwest and is shared with Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya is famous for its safaris and diverse world-famous wildlife reserves such as Tsavo National Park, the Maasai Mara, Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park.
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Lagos
Lagos (/ˈleɪɡɒs/ LAY-gos) is a port city and the most populous city in Nigeria. Officially, the population of Lagos was last recorded at 7,937,932. Lagos is the second fastest growing city in Africa and the 7th fastest in the world. Lagos was originally inhabited by the Awori subgroup of the Yoruba people. Under the leadership of their Olofin, the Awori moved to an island now called Iddo and then to the larger Lagos Island. In the 15th century, the Awori settlement was attacked by the Benin Empire following a quarrel, and the island became a Benin war-camp called "Eko" under Oba Orhogba, the Oba of Benin at the time.
Lagos is a huge metropolis which originated on islands separated by creeks, such as Lagos Island, fringing the southwest mouth of Lagos Lagoon whilst protected from the Atlantic Ocean by long sand spits such as Bar Beach, which stretch up to 100 km east and west of the mouth. From the beginning, Lagos has expanded on the mainland west of the lagoon and the conurbation, including Ikeja and Agege, now reaches more than 40 km north-west of Lagos Island. Some suburbs include Ikorodu, Epe and Badagry, and more local councils have recently been created, bringing the total number of local governments in Lagos to 57.
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Lahore
Lahore (Punjabi: لہور, Urdu: لاہور) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich history dating back over a millennium, Lahore is a main cultural centre of Pakistan. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains an economic, political, transportation, entertainment, and educational hub.
Lahore successively served as regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th centuries the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh expansion in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. The traditional capital of Punjab for a thousand years, Lahore was the cultural center of the northern Indian subcontinent which extends from the eastern banks of the Indus River to New Delhi. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are tourist attractions. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office, Lahore Museum and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. The Lahore Zoo, thought to be the fourth oldest in the world, is also situated here.
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Laos
Laos ((
i/ˈlaʊs/, /ˈlɑː.ɒs/, /ˈlɑː.oʊs/, or /ˈleɪ.ɒs/) Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, pronounced [sǎː.tʰáː.laʔ.naʔ.lat páʔ.sáː.tʰiʔ.páʔ.tàj páʔ.sáː.són.láːw] Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west. Its population was estimated to be 6.5 million in 2012.
Laos traces its history to the Kingdom which existed from the 14th to the 18th century when it split into three separate kingdoms. In 1893, it became a French protectorate, with the three kingdoms, Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak, uniting to form what is now known as Laos. It briefly gained independence in 1945 after Japanese occupation, but returned to French rule until it was granted autonomy in 1949. Laos became independent in 1953, with a constitutional monarchy under Sisavang Vong. Shortly after independence, a long civil war ended the monarchy, when the Communist Pathet Lao movement came to power in 1975.
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Luang Prabang
Luang Prabang, or Louangphrabang (Lao: ຫຼວງພຣະບາງ, literally: "Royal Buddha Image (in the Dispelling Fear mudra)," pronounced [lǔaŋ pʰra.bàːŋ]), is a city located in north central Laos, at the confluence of the Nam Khan river and Mekong River about 425 km north of Vientiane. It is the capital of Luang Prabang Province. The population of the city is about 50,000.
The city was formerly the capital of a kingdom of the same name. Until the communist takeover in 1975, it was the royal capital and seat of government of the Kingdom of Laos. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The main part of the city consists of four main roads located on a peninsula between the Nam Khan and Mekong rivers. The city is well known for its numerous Buddhist temples and monasteries. Every morning, hundreds of monks from the various monasteries walk through the streets collecting alms. One of the major landmarks in the city is a large steep hill on which sits Wat Chom Si.
Muang Sua was the old name of Luang Prabang following its conquest in 698 A.D. by a Tai prince, Khun Lo. Khun Lo had been awarded the town by his father, Khun Borom, who is associated with the Lao legend of the creation of the world, which the Lao share with the Shan and other peoples of the region. Khun Lo established a dynasty whose fifteen rulers reigned over an independent Muang Sua for nearly a century.[citation needed]
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Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh /ˈmɑːdjə prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviated MP, often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and Indore is the largest city.
Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state by area and with over 75 million inhabitants the sixth largest state in India by population. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest.
The city of Ujjain (also known as Avanti) arose as a major center in the second wave of Indian urbanization in the sixth century BC, and served as the chief city of the kingdom of Malwa or Avanti. Further east, the kingdom of Chedi lie in Bundelkhand. Chandragupta Maurya united northern India c. 320 BC, establishing the Maurya empire (321 to 185 BC), which included all of modern-day Madhya Pradesh. King Ashoka's wife was said to come from Vidisha- a town north of today's Bhopal. The Maurya empire went into decline after the death of Asoka the Great, and Central India was contested among the Sakas, Kushanas, and local dynasties during the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE. Ujjain emerged as the predominant commercial center of western India from the first century BCE, located on the trade routes between the Ganges plain and India's Arabian Sea ports. It was also an important Hindu and Buddhist center.
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Mahim
Mahim is a neighbourhood in Mumbai. The Mahim railway station is located in Mahim area, on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Western Railway (India) railway line. In ancient times, the area was known as Maijim, Mejambu, Mahikawati.
Mahim was one of the seven islands that originally made up Mumbai. Mahim, or Mahikawati as it was known, was the capital of Raja Bhimdev, who reigned over the region in the 13th century. He built a palace and a court of justice in Prabhadevi, as well as the first Babulnath temple.
In 1343, this island was possessed by the Muslims of Gujarat. It was in their reign that the old Mahim mosque was built. A dargah of Makhtum Fakir Ali Paru was built here in 1431.
In 1543, the Portuguese captured the islands of Mumbai. In 1662, these islands were given to the English King, King Charles II, as a part of the wedding dowry for the Portuguese princess, Catherine of Braganza. After British acquired Mumbai, they built the Mahim Fort here in order to protect themselves from the Portuguese. The fort today stands in ruins.
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Malindi
Malindi (once known as Melinde) is a town on Malindi Bay at the mouth of the Galana River, lying on the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya. It is 120 kilometres northeast of Mombasa. The population of Malindi is 117,735 (in 1999 census). It is the capital of the Malindi District.
Tourism is the major industry in Malindi. The city is exceptionally popular among Italian tourists. Malindi is served with a domestic airport and a highway between Mombasa and Lamu. The nearby Watamu resort and Gedi Ruins (also known as Gede) are south of Malindi. The mouth of the Sabaki River lies in northern Malindi. The Watamu and Malindi Marine National Parks form a continuous protected coastal area south of Malindi. The area shows classic examples of Swahili architecture.
Malindi is home to the Malindi Airport and Broglio Space Centre.
Malindi has been a Swahili settlement since the 14th century. Once rivaled only by Mombasa for dominance in this part of East Africa, Malindi has traditionally been a port city for foreign powers. In 1414, the town was visited by the fleet of the Chinese explorer Zheng He. Malindi's ruler sent a personal envoy with a giraffe as a present to China on that fleet.
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Mississauga
Mississaugai/ˌmɪsɪˈsɑːɡə/ is a Canadian city in Southern Ontario on the shores of Lake Ontario, located in the Regional Municipality of Peel, in the western part of the Greater Toronto Area. The city has a population of 713,443 as of the Canada 2011 Census, and is Canada's sixth-most populous municipality.
Developed as a suburb of Toronto, Mississauga's growth is attributed to its proximity to that city. It is the 37th largest suburb in the world by population. The city is debt-free and has not borrowed money since 1978. Mississauga has been the beneficiary of federal infrastructure funding but may have to borrow money to build new capital projects in 2012. Residents of the city are called Mississaugans.
The city is well positioned because of its growth and its proximity to Toronto. It has placed fourth of 'large cities of the future' by fDi Magazine for North and South American cities. Mississauga was also rated as Canada's 11th best city to live in terms of prosperity according to MoneySense magazine.Toronto Pearson International Airport, Canada's busiest airport is located in the city; in addition Mississauga is the location of several major corporate headquarters for Canada.
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Mumbai
Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea. Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.
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Nakhon Ratchasima
Nakhon Ratchasima (Thai: นครราชสีมา, pronounced [náʔkʰɔːn râːt.tɕʰa.sǐː.maː]) or (Khmer: Nokor Reach Seyma) is a city (thesaban nakhon) in the northeast (Isan) of Thailand and gateway to Isan. It is the capital of the Nakhon Ratchasima Province and Nakhon Ratchasima district. As of August 16, 2010, the municipal area has a population of 142,645.
The city is also commonly known as Korat (RTGS Khorat, โคราช), a short version of the full name. It is located at the western edge of the Khorat Plateau and historically marked the boundary between the Lao and Siamese territory, however now is considered a gateway to the Northeast (Isan). Its geographical location is 14°58.5′N 102°6′E / 14.975°N 102.1°E / 14.975; 102.1Coordinates: 14°58.5′N 102°6′E / 14.975°N 102.1°E / 14.975; 102.1.
Nakhon Ratchasima is also the center of the Nakhon Ratchasima Metropolitan Area.
Archeological evidence suggests that there were two ancient towns that later became named Sema and Nakhon Raj which currently are in Sung Noen district, 32 km west of present-day Nakhonratchasima (Korat). Nakhon means capital, Raj means kingdom or state in Hindi languages. See also Bai Sema.
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Nepal
Nepal (नेपाल) (i/nɛˈpɔːl/ ne-PAWLNepali: नेपाल [neˈpal] ( listen)), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India. Specifically, the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Sikkim border Nepal, while across the Himalayas lies the Tibetan Autonomous Region. With an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 27 million (and 2 million absentee workers living abroad), Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass and the 41st most populous country. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and the country's largest metropolis. Kathmandu Valley itself has estimated population of 5 million.
Nepal has a rich geography. The mountainous north has eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on Earth, Mount Everest, called Sagarmatha in Nepali. It contains more than 240 peaks over 20,000 ft (6,096 m) above sea level. The fertile and humid south is heavily urbanized.
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Ontario
Ontario /ɒnˈtɛərioʊ/ is one of the provinces of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province or territory and fourth largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa.
Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west, Hudson Bay to the north, Quebec to the east, and to the south by the U.S. states of Minnesota, Michigan (portions to the west), New York (portions to the east), Ohio and Pennsylvania. All but a small part of Ontario's 2,700 km (1,677 mi) border with the United States follow inland waterways: from the west at Lake of the Woods, eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence River drainage system. These are the Rainy River, the Pigeon River, Lake Superior, the St. Mary's River, Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, the Niagara River, Lake Ontario, and along the St. Lawrence River from Kingston, Ontario to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall, Ontario.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Panajachel
Panajachel (Pana) is a town in the southwestern Guatemalan Highlands, less than 90 miles from Guatemala City, in the department of Sololá. It serves as the administrative centre for the surrounding municipality of the same name. The altitude is 1,597 metres (5,240 ft). The population is 11,142. The town of Panajachel is located on the Northeast shore of Lake Atitlán, and has become a centre for the tourist trade of the area as it provides a base for visitors crossing the lake to visit other towns and villages.
"Panajachel" derives from the Kaqchikel language and roughly translates to "place of the Matasanos." Matasano is a fruit tree native to the lake credited with an array of curative powers.
In the 16th century, during the period of the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the shore of the lake was the scene of a battle in which the Spanish and their Kaqchikel allies defeated the Tz'utujils. The Spanish set up a church and monastery in Panajachel soon afterward, and used the town as a centre to convert the indigenous people of the region to the Roman Catholic faith. The original façade of the church still stands, and is considered one of the gems of the colonial style in Guatemala.
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Peru
Perui/pəˈruː/ (Spanish: Perú; Quechua: Perú;Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu] ( listen)), is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures, spanning from the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.
Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes Mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a high Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 31%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.
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Phnom Penh
Phnom Penh (/pəˈnɒm ˈpɛn/ or /ˈnɒm ˈpɛn/; Khmer: ភ្នំពេញ, Khmer pronunciation: [pnum pɨɲ]) is the capital and largest city of Cambodia. Located on the banks of the Mekong River, Phnom Penh has been the national capital since the French colonized Cambodia, and has grown to become the nation's center of economic and industrial activities, as well as the center of security, politics, economics, cultural heritage, and diplomacy of Cambodia.
Once known as the “Pearl of Asia”, it was considered one of the loveliest French-built cities in Indochina in the 1920s. Phnom Penh, along with Siem Reap and Sihanoukville, are significant global and domestic tourist destinations for Cambodia. Founded in 1434, the city is noted for its beautiful and historical architecture and attractions. There are a number of surviving French colonial buildings scattered along the grand boulevards.
Situated on the banks of the Tonlé Sap, Mekong and Bassac rivers, the Phnom Penh metropolitan area is home to more than 2 million of Cambodia’s population of over 14 million. The city is the wealthiest and most populous city in Cambodia and is home to the country’s political hub.
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Pokhara
Pokhara Sub-Metropolitan City (Nepali: पोखरा उपमहानगरपालिका Pokharā Upa-Mahānagarpālikā) is the second largest city of Nepal with approximately 250,000 inhabitants and is situated about 200 km west of the capital Kathmandu. It is the second most populous city in Nepal and also serves as the headquarters of Kaski District, Gandaki Zone and the Western Development Region. Pokhara is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Nepal. Three out of the ten highest mountains in the world: Dhaulagiri, Annapurna I and Manaslu or Lamjung himal are situated within 30 miles (linear distance) of the city so that the northern skyline of the city offers a very close view of the Himalayas. Due to its proximity to the Annapurna mountain range the city is also a base for trekkers undertaking the Annapurna Circuit through the ACAP region of the Annapurna ranges in the Himalayas.
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Polonnaruwa
Polonnaruwa (Sinhalese - පොළොන්නරුව Tamil - பொலநறுவை or புளத்தி நகரம் as called by Cholas) was an ancient kingdom in Sri Lanka.
The second most ancient of Sri Lanka's kingdoms, Polonnaruwa was first declared the capital city by King Vijayabahu I, who defeated the Chola invaders in 1070 AD to reunite the country once more under a local leader.
The Ancient City of Polonnaruwa has been declared a World Heritage Site.
While Vijayabahu's victory and shifting of Kingdoms to the more strategic Polonnaruwa is considered significant, the real Polonnaruwa Hero of the history books is actually his grandson, Parakramabahu I. It was his reign that is considered the Golden Age of Polonnaruwa, when trade and agriculture flourished under the patronage of the king, who was so adamant that no drop of water falling from the heavens was to be wasted, and each was to be used toward the development of the land; hence, irrigation systems that are far superior to those of the Anuradhapura Age were constructed during Parakramabahu's reign, systems which to this day supply the water necessary for paddy cultivation during the scorching dry season in the east of the country. The greatest of these systems, is the Parakrama Samudraya or the Sea of Parakrama. It is of such a width that it is impossible to stand upon one shore and view the other side, and it encircles the main city like a ribbon, being both a moat against intruders and the lifeline of the people in times of peace. The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa was completely self-sufficient during King Parakramabahu's reign.
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Pragati Maidan
Pragati Maidan (Hindi: प्रगति मैदान, literally "progress grounds") is a venue for large exhibitions and conventions in New Delhi, and with 72,000 sq. metres of exhibition space, it is presently Delhi's largest exhibition centre. It is owned and managed by Indian Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO), the premier trade promotion agency of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India.
Built in 1982, over 150 acres (0.61 km2) overlooking the historic Purana Qila, which stands opposite Gate no 1, Pragati Maidan is flanked by Mathura Road and Bhairon Road on either sides. Pragati Maidan offers about 61,290 sq. metres of covered exhibition space in 16 halls, besides 10,000 sq. metres of open display area. The complex houses 18 exhibition halls, several buildings, eateries, performance spaces and compounds, including headquarters of the Indian Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO), and hosts over 70 national and international exhibitions annually, with the largest being the India International Trade Fair which attracts over 10,000 exhibitors and over 30,00,000 visitors. This complex houses five permanent exhibitions which include the Nehru Pavalion, Atomic Energy and Defense Pavilion. Some of the events held in Pragati Maidan are the India International Trade Fair, World Book Fair and the Auto Expo.
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Quetta
Quetta (Pashto: کوټه, Urdu: کوئٹہ pronunciation (help·info)) is the largest city and the provincial capital of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan. Known as the Fruit Garden of Balochistan due to the diversity of its plant and animal wildlife, Quetta is home to the Hazarganji Chiltan National Park, which contains rare wildlife.
The city is situated at an average elevation of 1,680 meters (5,500 ft) above sea level, making it Pakistan's only high-altitude major city. Located in a river valley, Quetta derives its name from the Pashto word "Kuwatta", which means "a fort".
Sitting near the Durand Line border with Afghanistan and close to Kandahar province, Quetta is a trade and communications center between the two countries as well as an important military location which occupies a strategic position for the Pakistani Armed Forces. The city lies on the Bolan Pass route which was once the only gateway to and from South Asia. Due to its proximity to Afghanistan and Central Asia, the city is a major stronghold along the western frontier of the country.
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Rotterdam
Rotterdam ( /ˈrɒtərdæm/; Dutch [ˌrɔ.tər.ˈdɑm] ( listen)) is the second-largest city in the Netherlands and one of the largest ports in the world. Starting as a dam constructed in 1270 on the Rotte River, Rotterdam has grown into a major international commercial centre. Its strategic location at the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta on the North Sea and at the heart of a massive rail, road, air and inland waterway distribution system extending throughout Europe is the reason that Rotterdam is often called the "Gateway to Europe".
Located in the Province of South Holland, Rotterdam is found in the west of the Netherlands and at the south end of the Randstad. The population of the city proper was 616,250 on February 1st 2012. The population of the greater Rotterdam area, called "Rotterdam-Rijnmond" or just "Rijnmond", is around 1.3 million people. Rotterdam is one of Europe's most vibrant, multicultural cities. The city is known for its university (Erasmus), its cutting-edge architecture, its lively cultural life, its striking riverside setting, its maritime heritage and the Rotterdam Blitz.
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Salcombe
Coordinates: 50°14′13″N 3°46′55″W / 50.237°N 3.782°W / 50.237; -3.782
Salcombe is a town in the South Hams district of Devon, south west England. The town is close to the mouth of the Kingsbridge Estuary, built mostly on the steep west side of the estuary and lies within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The town's extensive waterfront and the naturally sheltered harbour formed by the estuary gave rise to its success as a boat- and shipbuilding and sailing port and, in modern times, tourism especially in the form of pleasure sailing and yachting. There is also a crabbing industry.
There are a number of shipwrecks off Salcombe. One is of a Bronze Age ship, one of only three known in Britain, which had French made weapons and jewellery. The Salcombe Cannon Wreck is of a 17th century ship that contained 400 Moroccan gold coins and Dutch items. In 1936 a Finnish four-masted barque, Herzogin Cecilie stranded at Bolt Head. Also off Salcombe is HMS Untiring which is a Second World War submarine that was sunk in 1957 as a sonar target.
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Santiago Atitlán
Santiago Atitlán is a municipality in the Sololá department of Guatemala. The town is situated on Lago de Atitlán, which has an elevation of 5,105 feet (1,556 m). The town sits on a bay of Lago Atitlan between two volcanos. Volcan San Pedro rises to 2,846 metres (9,337 ft) west of town; Volcan Toliman rises to 3,144 metres (10,315 ft) southeast of town. Volcan Atitlan, with a summit of 3,516 metres (11,535 ft), is south-southeast of town. Santiago Atitlan is southwest of Panajachel across the lake. Major highways reach Lago Atitlan at San Lucas Toliman and Panajachel. A road links Santiago to San Lucas Tolliman. Boats connect the numerous communities around Lago Atitlan.
The majority of the residents are indigenous Mayans. It was the capital of the Tz'utujil people in pre-Columbian times and its name was Chuitinamit.
The Cofradías (religious brotherhoods), manage a parallel power and are the guardians of the modern and ancient religious practices, most notably the cult of Maximón to whom they offer liquor and tobacco in exchange of favors.
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Savannakhet
Savannakhet or Kaysone Phomvihane (Lao: ໄກສອນ ພົມວິຫານ) (population 120,000) is a city in western Laos and the capital of the Savannakhet Province, previously known as Khanthabouli (ຄັນທະບູລີ). This is the second-largest city in Laos, after Vientiane. The city is birthtown of Kaysone Phomvihane, former president of Laos, and was named after him in 2005. Although the old French colonial quarter of the town, along the Mekong River-front, is depressed and crumbling, the town's proximity to Thailand's booming economy has brought about new commercial development in the northern part of the town, near both the river crossing and the bus terminal.
Like all Lao cities, Kaysone Phomvihane has a mixed population of Lao, Thai, Vietnamese and Chinese, as well as minority peoples from the Lao interior. It has a large 15th century Buddhist temple, Wat Sainyaphum, a Chinese temple, a Catholic church and a mosque. The Second Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge over the Mekong connects to Mukdahan Province in Thailand. The two-lane, 12-metre (39 ft) wide, 1,600-metre (5,250 ft) long bridge, opened to the general public on January 9, 2007.
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Siem Reap
Siem Reap (Khmer: ក្រុងសៀមរាប) is the capital city of Siem Reap Province in northwestern Cambodia, and is the gateway to Angkor region.
Siem Reap has colonial and Chinese-style architecture in the Old French Quarter, and around the Old Market. In the city, there are traditional Apsara dance performances, craft shops, silk farms, rice-paddy countryside, fishing villages and a bird sanctuary near the Tonle Sap Lake.
Siem Reap today, being a popular tourist destination, has a large number of hotels and restaurants. Most smaller establishments are concentrated around the Old Market area, while more expensive hotels are located between Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport and the town along National Road 6. There are a variety of mid-range hotels and restaurants along Sivatha boulevard, and mid budget to mid-range hotels in the Phsar Leu area.
The name Siem Reap means the 'Flat Defeat of Siam' — today’s Thailand — and refers to the centuries-old conflict between the Siamese and Khmer peoples.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (i/ʃriː ˈlɑːŋkə/, /sriːˈlɑːŋkə/, or /sriːˈlæŋkə/;Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකාව, Tamil: இலங்கை), is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia. Known until 1972 as Ceylon ( /sɨˈlɒn/, /seɪˈlɒn/, or /siːˈlɒn/), Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the Maldives.
As a result of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia. It was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road. Sri Lanka has also been a center of the Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times, being the nation where the Buddhist teachings were first written down as well as the oldest continually Buddhist country. Sri Lanka boasts a diverse range of cultures, languages and religions. The Sinhalese people form the majority of the population; Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, form the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include Moors, Burghers, Kaffirs, Malays and the aboriginal Vedda people.
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Tanzania
Coordinates: 6°18′25″S 34°51′14″E / 6.307°S 34.854°E / -6.307; 34.854 Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern border lies on the Indian Ocean.
Tanzania is a state composed of 26 regions (mikoa), including those of the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar. The head of state is President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, elected in 2005. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where Parliament and some government offices are located. Between independence and 1996, the main coastal city of Dar es Salaam served as the country's political capital. Today, Dar es Salaam remains the principal commercial city of Tanzania and the de facto seat of most government institutions. It is the major seaport for the country and its landlocked neighbours.
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Thailand
Thailand ( /ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/;Thai: ประเทศไทย, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] ( listen)), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, the Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths.
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The Hague
The Hague (Dutch: Den Haag pronounced [dɛnˈɦaˑχ] ( listen), officially 's-Gravenhage pronounced [ˈsχraˑvə(n)ˌɦaˑɣə] ( listen)) is the capital city of the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. With a population of 500,000 inhabitants (as of 1 September 2011), and more than one million inhabitants including the suburbs, it is the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation.
The Hague is the seat of the Dutch government and parliament, the Supreme Court, and the Council of State, but the city is not the capital of the Netherlands which constitutionally is Amsterdam. Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands lives at Huis ten Bosch and works at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague. Most foreign embassies in the Netherlands and 150 international organisations are located in the city, including the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, which makes The Hague one of the major cities hosting the United Nations, along with New York, Vienna and Geneva.
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Vientiane
Vientiane ( /vjɛnˈtjɑːn/ French pronunciation: [vjɛ̃'tjan]; Lao: ວຽງຈັນ Wiang-jun; Thai: เวียงจันทน์ Wiang-chan, IPA: [wíəŋ tɕàn]) is the capital and largest city of Laos, situated in the Mekong river. Vientiane became the capital in 1563 due to fears of a Burmese invasion. During French rule, Vientiane was the administrative capital and due to economic growth in recent times, it has become the economic centre of Laos.
The estimated population of the city is 754,000 (2009). The city hosted the 25th Southeast Asian Games in December 2009 celebrating the 50 years of SEA Games.
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Vietnam
Vietnam ( listen), formally the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; listen), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 91.5 million inhabitants as of 2012, it is the world's 13th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. The name Vietnam translates as "South Viet", and was officially adopted in 1945. The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east.
The Vietnamese became independent from Imperial China in 938 AD, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. The First Indochina War eventually led to the expulsion of the French in 1954, leaving Vietnam divided politically into two states, North and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy foreign intervention, during the Vietnam War, which ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.
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Zandvoort
Zandvoort (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈzɑntfoːrt] ( listen)) is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland.
Zandvoort is one of the major beach resorts of the Netherlands; it has a long sandy beach, bordered by coastal dunes. It is also the site of the country's most important automobile racing circuit, Circuit Park Zandvoort.
There is a nudist beach located about 2 km to the south, with 6 cafés or restaurants; it extends several kilometers further south.
The municipality of Zandvoort consists of the communities of Bentveld and Zandvoort.
Zandvoort is known to exist in 1100, called Sandevoerde (a combination of "sand" and "voorde", meaning ford). Until 1722 the area was under the control of the Lords of Brederode.
The village was dependent on fishing for many centuries until the 19th century when it started to transform itself into a seaside resort, following the pattern set by similar towns in the United Kingdom. In 1828 the first resort was inaugurated. Thereafter many notable persons would visit Zandvoort, including Elisabeth of Bavaria in 1884 and 1885. In the middle of the same century, potato cultivation started in the dunes.
wn.com/Zandvoort
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People mover
A people mover or automated people mover (APM) is a fully automated, grade-separated mass transit system.
The term is generally used only to describe systems serving relatively small areas such as airports, downtown districts or theme parks, but is sometimes applied to considerably more complex automated systems.
The term was originally applied to three different systems, developed roughly at the same time. One was Skybus, an automated mass transit system prototyped by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation beginning in 1964. The second, alternately called the People Mover and Minirail, opened in Montreal at Expo 67. Finally the last, called PeopleMover or Goodyear PeopleMover, was an attraction sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company which opened at Disneyland in 1967. Now, however, the term "people mover" is generic, and may use technologies such as monorail, duorail, automated guideway transit or maglev. Propulsion may involve conventional on-board electric motors, linear motors or cable traction.
wn.com/People_mover
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Auto Rickshaw ride up Mahatma Ghandi Marg to the Oberoi Maidens Hotel on 4/27/2011.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:59
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Wed 4/27/2011: On my fourth attempt to get an auto rickshaw to take me back to my hotel, I started from Humayun's Tomb at about 1:50 pm and it took about 30 minutes. This video is the last 19 minutes of the journey -- we were heading north on Mahatma Gandhi Marg. The school kids in the little van were in high school and they had a fun time practicing their English with me. It was at least 91F out -- the forecast high was 105F.
http://wn.com/Auto_Rickshaw_ride_up_Mahatma_Ghandi_Marg_to_the_Oberoi_Maidens_Hotel_on_4_27_2011
Wed 4/27/2011: On my fourth attempt to get an auto rickshaw to take me back to my hotel, I started from Humayun's Tomb at about 1:50 pm and it took about 30 minutes. This video is the last 19 minutes of the journey -- we were heading north on Mahatma Gandhi Marg. The school kids in the little van were in high school and they had a fun time practicing their English with me. It was at least 91F out -- the forecast high was 105F.
The Girl and the Autorickshaw - Sarvesh Mewara
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:53
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
Equality for all is independent India's mantra. But do we really follow this principle?
http://wn.com/The_Girl_and_the_Autorickshaw_Sarvesh_Mewara
Equality for all is independent India's mantra. But do we really follow this principle?
- published: 24 Mar 2012
- views: 323585
- author: humaramovie
From auto rickshaw driver to panchayat president
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:53
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
It's an inspiring story of a woman's strength, conviction and her political success. A woman auto rickshaw driver has been elected the panchayat president in Neendoor a small town of Kerala. Thirty one-year-old Sandya Banerjee, an auto rickshaw driver by profession is now climbing the political ladder as she has recently been elected the panchayat president of Neendoor in Kottayam district."I worked here as an auto driver for the past three years. I was able to build contacts thanks to this job. And later I decided to contest elections and I won," says Sandya. Sandya comes from a below poverty line family, but with the help of a social service organisation, Kottayam Social Society, she managed to take a loan and buy an auto rickshaw. And for the last three years she has been driving the auto rickshaw has been her source of income. Looking at her success and conviction as an auto driver, she was encouraged by her family to contest the panchayat elections and it was with her family's support that she won the panchayat polls after having secured a Congress ticket. "It is a good that women are being elected. Since she comes from a poor family, she will understand the needs of common people better," says panchayat Secretary Joy Mathew. Sandya's unique journey is one of determination and strength, her journey from being an auto rickshaw driver to becoming a panchayat president certainly sets an example for many to follow
http://wn.com/From_auto_rickshaw_driver_to_panchayat_president
It's an inspiring story of a woman's strength, conviction and her political success. A woman auto rickshaw driver has been elected the panchayat president in Neendoor a small town of Kerala. Thirty one-year-old Sandya Banerjee, an auto rickshaw driver by profession is now climbing the political ladder as she has recently been elected the panchayat president of Neendoor in Kottayam district."I worked here as an auto driver for the past three years. I was able to build contacts thanks to this job. And later I decided to contest elections and I won," says Sandya. Sandya comes from a below poverty line family, but with the help of a social service organisation, Kottayam Social Society, she managed to take a loan and buy an auto rickshaw. And for the last three years she has been driving the auto rickshaw has been her source of income. Looking at her success and conviction as an auto driver, she was encouraged by her family to contest the panchayat elections and it was with her family's support that she won the panchayat polls after having secured a Congress ticket. "It is a good that women are being elected. Since she comes from a poor family, she will understand the needs of common people better," says panchayat Secretary Joy Mathew. Sandya's unique journey is one of determination and strength, her journey from being an auto rickshaw driver to becoming a panchayat president certainly sets an example for many to follow
- published: 18 Apr 2011
- views: 13204
- author: Reghu Raj
Auto-rickshaw ride in New Delhi, India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:51
- Updated: 03 May 2012
The three-wheel auto-rickshaw experience.
http://wn.com/Auto-rickshaw_ride_in_New_Delhi,_India
BAJAJ RE AUTO RICKSHAW.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
shot on canon 5D mark 2
http://wn.com/BAJAJ_RE_AUTO_RICKSHAWmp4
Autorickshaw Factory
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
A look at the Bajaj autorickshaw factory in Aurangabad, India. Footage shot for the documentary "Rickshaaa! A Film on Three Wheels" by Soumyadeep Paul. Music by Shiva Soundsystem.
http://wn.com/Autorickshaw_Factory
A look at the Bajaj autorickshaw factory in Aurangabad, India. Footage shot for the documentary "Rickshaaa! A Film on Three Wheels" by Soumyadeep Paul. Music by Shiva Soundsystem.
- published: 02 Oct 2008
- views: 36246
- author: videowallah
Aamir Khan talks about his auto rickshaw friend Ram Lakhan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:19
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
Bollywood superstar Aamir Khan, who flew from Mumbai to Varanasi to attend the wedding of rickshaw puller Ram Lakhan's son, talks about how they met three years ago and that his friend had travelled all the way in an unreserved coach just to invite him. Watch full interview: www.ndtv.com
http://wn.com/Aamir_Khan_talks_about_his_auto_rickshaw_friend_Ram_Lakhan
Bollywood superstar Aamir Khan, who flew from Mumbai to Varanasi to attend the wedding of rickshaw puller Ram Lakhan's son, talks about how they met three years ago and that his friend had travelled all the way in an unreserved coach just to invite him. Watch full interview: www.ndtv.com
- published: 26 Apr 2012
- views: 77305
- author: ndtv
Autorickshaw madness
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Chennai Challenge get let loose in an autorickshaw. These are the results. Find out more about Chennai Challenge at www.chennaichallenge.btik.com
http://wn.com/Autorickshaw_madness
Chennai Challenge get let loose in an autorickshaw. These are the results. Find out more about Chennai Challenge at www.chennaichallenge.btik.com
- published: 10 Nov 2008
- views: 6222
- author: Robert Short
YOKOMONO - sound composition with 30 auto-rickshaws
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Yokomono @ India Art Summit by Staalplaat Soundsystem 21st and 22nd August 2009 Venue: Connaught Place, New Delhi Conceived by Geert Jan Hobjin Assisted by Jens Alexander Ewald Production by Snehal Gada
http://wn.com/YOKOMONO_sound_composition_with_30_auto-rickshaws
Yokomono @ India Art Summit by Staalplaat Soundsystem 21st and 22nd August 2009 Venue: Connaught Place, New Delhi Conceived by Geert Jan Hobjin Assisted by Jens Alexander Ewald Production by Snehal Gada
- published: 31 Aug 2009
- views: 6198
- author: Tarun Jayaram
The Girl & the Autorickshaw - Ankit Tripathi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:17
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Manas's tale of rebellion, murder and love revolving around The Girl and the Auto Rickshaw.
http://wn.com/The_Girl_the_Autorickshaw_Ankit_Tripathi
Manas's tale of rebellion, murder and love revolving around The Girl and the Auto Rickshaw.
- published: 05 Apr 2012
- views: 75345
- author: humaramovie
auto rickshaw
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:54
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
auto rickshaw ride on the hot roads of new delhi
http://wn.com/auto_rickshaw
The Girl and the Autorickshaw
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:01
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
An enterprising girl makes her mark on traffic signals. An interesting take on easy-money.
http://wn.com/The_Girl_and_the_Autorickshaw
An enterprising girl makes her mark on traffic signals. An interesting take on easy-money.
- published: 24 Mar 2012
- views: 631718
- author: humaramovie
India from an Autorickshaw
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
View of the streets while riding in an Autorickshaw through the South Indian city of Mysore.
http://wn.com/India_from_an_Autorickshaw
View of the streets while riding in an Autorickshaw through the South Indian city of Mysore.
- published: 19 Feb 2007
- views: 6339
- author: missmardi81
Auto Rickshaw Driver Kidnaps Judge Anu Malik - EKLKBK - Episode 12 - 23rd June 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 27 Jul 2012
Once again, Sony Entertainment Television is back with the new season of Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega. Recently, we watched an advertisement for Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega 2011 audition on Sony TV.There is an all India auditions number for Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega 2011. You can call at: 8097019371.Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega 2011 auditions are organized in 7 cities in India. You can call at given number to register for Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega 2011 TV Show.
http://wn.com/Auto_Rickshaw_Driver_Kidnaps_Judge_Anu_Malik_EKLKBK_Episode_12_23rd_June_2011
Once again, Sony Entertainment Television is back with the new season of Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega. Recently, we watched an advertisement for Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega 2011 audition on Sony TV.There is an all India auditions number for Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega 2011. You can call at: 8097019371.Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega 2011 auditions are organized in 7 cities in India. You can call at given number to register for Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega 2011 TV Show.
- published: 27 Jun 2011
- views: 7903
- author: setindia
Mumbai's auto rickshaw marathon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
After the Mumbai Marathon, there is a different race in the city this time. The Autorickshaw wallahs take are part of this competition. All Mumbai's autorickshaw's headed to Hiranandani gardens. That's where 130 rickshaws were competing in 'The Autorickshaw Race.' This is part of the ongoing Mumbai festival.
http://wn.com/Mumbai's_auto_rickshaw_marathon
After the Mumbai Marathon, there is a different race in the city this time. The Autorickshaw wallahs take are part of this competition. All Mumbai's autorickshaw's headed to Hiranandani gardens. That's where 130 rickshaws were competing in 'The Autorickshaw Race.' This is part of the ongoing Mumbai festival.
- published: 30 Jan 2008
- views: 1479
- author: ndtv
Bulletin # 1 - Speeding car crushes auto-rickshaw on Mumbai Western Express Highway Dec. 29 '09
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:54
- Updated: 09 Jul 2012
A speeding Honda Civic car lost control on the Western Express Highway in Mumbai last night and collided against an auto-rickshaw. While the passenger in the auto-rickshaw was killed on the spot, its driver has suffered grave injuries. A look at the top news stories at 10 am IST on Dec. 29,'09. For more news and analysis, log on to www.zeenews.com
http://wn.com/Bulletin_1_Speeding_car_crushes_auto-rickshaw_on_Mumbai_Western_Express_Highway_Dec_29_'09
A speeding Honda Civic car lost control on the Western Express Highway in Mumbai last night and collided against an auto-rickshaw. While the passenger in the auto-rickshaw was killed on the spot, its driver has suffered grave injuries. A look at the top news stories at 10 am IST on Dec. 29,'09. For more news and analysis, log on to www.zeenews.com
- published: 29 Dec 2009
- views: 1091
- author: zeenews
Janasri News Techie owns Auto Rickshaw.mov
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:39
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
A software techie from Germany rides his own auto into the campus of his Multinational company.
http://wn.com/Janasri_News_Techie_owns_Auto_Rickshawmov
A software techie from Germany rides his own auto into the campus of his Multinational company.
- published: 24 Jul 2011
- views: 2696
- author: metro janasri
Traffic rules violation of auto rickshaw drivers in Kolkata
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
Traffic rules violation of auto rickshaw drivers in Kolkata
http://wn.com/Traffic_rules_violation_of_auto_rickshaw_drivers_in_Kolkata
Traffic rules violation of auto rickshaw drivers in Kolkata
- published: 22 Aug 2012
- views: 795
- author: abpanandatv
Aamir Khan attends wedding of auto-rickshaw driver's son
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:49
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Superstar Aamir Khan kept his promise to his friend and auto-rickshaw driver Ram Lakhan by attending the wedding of his son in Varanasi. "This is the wedding of my friend Ramlakhan Paswan's son. I have not come here to promote any upcoming serial or movie. I am here to attend the ceremony. I met Ram lakhan during the promotion of '3 Idiots' and he came to my house to invite me for the wedding one year ago. I wish the bride and groom the very best" the actor said. Lakhan, on his part, said, "I just want Aamir sir's well wishes and nothing else. All my life, I will maintain and cherish this relationship."
http://wn.com/Aamir_Khan_attends_wedding_of_auto-rickshaw_driver's_son
Superstar Aamir Khan kept his promise to his friend and auto-rickshaw driver Ram Lakhan by attending the wedding of his son in Varanasi. "This is the wedding of my friend Ramlakhan Paswan's son. I have not come here to promote any upcoming serial or movie. I am here to attend the ceremony. I met Ram lakhan during the promotion of '3 Idiots' and he came to my house to invite me for the wedding one year ago. I wish the bride and groom the very best" the actor said. Lakhan, on his part, said, "I just want Aamir sir's well wishes and nothing else. All my life, I will maintain and cherish this relationship."
- published: 27 Apr 2012
- views: 14732
- author: UltraHindi
Auto Rickshaw Chennai, India 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:06
- Updated: 22 Mar 2012
This was me and the Relevant Expedition Team riding the auto rickshaw leaving the Henkala Hotel in Tambaram on our way to the office.
http://wn.com/Auto_Rickshaw_Chennai,_India_1
This was me and the Relevant Expedition Team riding the auto rickshaw leaving the Henkala Hotel in Tambaram on our way to the office.
- published: 26 Aug 2009
- views: 780
- author: gourd1964
Mumbai :Model arrested for hitting auto-rickshaw by her car
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:59
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
On Tuesday night a Mumbai based model Nimisha Sharma hits 3 auto-rickshaws standing near the pavement by her Volkswagon car.The model happened to be with her beau who was beaten up by the agitated mob.Police has arrested the duo after the model was found in sloshed state.Auto-rickshaw driver who has sustained many injuries has been hospitalized in Bhabha Hospital Mumbai.
http://wn.com/Mumbai_Model_arrested_for_hitting_auto-rickshaw_by_her_car
On Tuesday night a Mumbai based model Nimisha Sharma hits 3 auto-rickshaws standing near the pavement by her Volkswagon car.The model happened to be with her beau who was beaten up by the agitated mob.Police has arrested the duo after the model was found in sloshed state.Auto-rickshaw driver who has sustained many injuries has been hospitalized in Bhabha Hospital Mumbai.
- published: 26 Sep 2012
- views: 302
- author: news20four
Auto Rickshaw Ride from Hampi to Hospet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
© zoqy.net Auto Rickshaw Ride from Hampi to Hospet
http://wn.com/Auto_Rickshaw_Ride_from_Hampi_to_Hospet
© zoqy.net Auto Rickshaw Ride from Hampi to Hospet
- published: 04 Sep 2011
- views: 654
- author: Richard Randall
jenson Button and Hamilton Riding auto rickshaw in India 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
jenson Button and Hamilton Riding auto rickshaw in Buddh International circuit India
http://wn.com/jenson_Button_and_Hamilton_Riding_auto_rickshaw_in_India_2011
jenson Button and Hamilton Riding auto rickshaw in Buddh International circuit India
- published: 20 Feb 2012
- views: 17308
- author: Chinmaya Bharadwaj
photo: AP / New York City Police Department
30 Dec 2012
A woman who told police she shoved a man to his death off a subway platform because she has hated Muslims since the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the US and thought he was one was charged on Saturday with murder as a hate crime, prosecutors said ... Menendez, 31, was awaiting arraignment on the charge on Saturday evening, Queens District Attorney Richard Brown said. She faces 25 years to life in prison if convicted ... On Dec ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
29 Dec 2012
Police in India have sealed off much of the capital, Delhi, and issued an appeal for calm after the death of a woman who was gang-raped in the city. The 23-year old woman, who has not been identified, died early on Saturday at a hospital in Singapore, where she had been taken for specialist treatment. Her body is to be flown back to India for burial ... Gatherings of more than five people have been banned in the city centre ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: AP / Shaam News Network
30 Dec 2012
London. UN-Arab League envoy to Damascus, Lakhdar Brahimi, has said that a diplomatic solution to the conflict in Syria seemed far away, adding that the country risked being slithering into ‘hell’ ... (ANI). For Zee News’s Updates, follow us on Twitter , Facebook, Google+, Pinterest. First Published ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / John MacDougall
31 Dec 2012
Chancellor Angela Merkel has warned that the German economic climate in 2013 will be "even more difficult". In her new year message, she also cautioned that the eurozone debt crisis was far from over. However, she did say that reforms designed to address the roots of the problem were beginning to bear fruit ... In a taped interview to be broadcast later on Monday, Mrs Merkel urged Germans to be more patient ... Voters 'wary' ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: WN / Bhaskar Mallick
30 Dec 2012
Comet Ison is likely to light up the skies in 2013. David Shukman, science editor, BBC News Continue reading the main story Related Stories. A science news preview of 2012. As the Philippines, New Jersey and Britain count the cost of ferocious flooding, expect another year in which extreme weather exacts a human toll. Partly this is because more and more of us live in harm's way on coasts and flood plains ... ....(size: 9.2Kb)
The Hindu
31 Dec 2012
Yes, the Rickshaw Challenge, which offers a bouquet of motorcycling adventures across India around the year (check out www.rickshawchallenge.com), has indeed elevated the humble auto rickshaw into an Indian cultural icon ... because the auto rickshaw is central to it ... Rickshaw Challenge, motorcycling adventures, auto rickshaw, tuk tuks ....(size: 3.1Kb)
Indian Express
31 Dec 2012
The Vejalpur police said the driver of the auto-rickshaw lost controlle of his vehicle and crashed into the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC) bus on the Vejalpur-Kalol road around 9 am....(size: 1.0Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
31 Dec 2012
Ongole ... Chirala rural inspector M ... The parents lodged a complaint with the police. In the other incident, a woman, who worked in a private hospital in Ongole was returning to her home in Ilapavuluru village on Thursday night after work, but missed her bus and boarded a service auto-rickshaw. There were three youths in the auto including the driver. They gagged the girl, diverted the auto to Doddavaram village, and raped her at a field....(size: 2.1Kb)
Indian Express
31 Dec 2012
Indian Express
31 Dec 2012
Retail inflation for industrial workers moved up marginally to 9.55 per cent in November on account of surge in the prices of food items, cooking gas, medicines and bus fares ... The other items like cooking gas, medicine (Allopathic), bus fare, auto rickshaw fare, flowers and tailoring charges, also put upward pressure in total change ... contd. PAGE. 12 . Single Page Format ....(size: 1.7Kb)
The Siasat Daily
31 Dec 2012
December 30. ... "All the Maoist leaders are from outside Odisha. Sabyasachi Panda not a big leader as such ... Mishra said thrust would be on community policing for a safe society ... Detailing the road map being prepared to contain crime against women, he said police were profiling all auto rickshaw drivers in Bhubaneswar, checking illegal sale of liquor at eateries and placing decoys in different places to deter eveteasers. PTI ... Comments(0)....(size: 3.6Kb)
The Times of India
30 Dec 2012
Private luxury buses and auto-rickshaws moving around in the city will now have to display their registration numbers and owner's phone number....(size: 1.1Kb)
The Times of India
30 Dec 2012
NEW DELHI ... Speaking about the incident, transport minister Ramakant Goswami said, "We have taken action against the errant conductor as well as the driver of the cluster bus ... Sources said that installation of GPS in auto-rickshaws and Gramin Sewa is likely to happen only by April next year. "It's a long process as existing auto-rickshaws, too, need to be put on the GPS network," the official said ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
The Telegraph India
30 Dec 2012
The city traffic police today cracked down on auto-rickshaws ......(size: 0.3Kb)
Newstrack India
30 Dec 2012
Tweet. Gurgaon, Dec 30 (IANS) Protest marches were organised Sunday by Gurgaon residents and workers seeking death penalty for the attackers in the Delhi gang-rape ... "Women in Gurgaon face several problems, especially while travelling in cabs and auto-rickshaws ... null. Read More. Gurgaon . Gurgaon Road . Gurgaon H.o. Gurgaon Kty. ... ) .. ). ... . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 2.6Kb)
The Times of India
30 Dec 2012
JAMSHEDPUR. Misty morning hours, warm and sunny afternoons and chilly evenings, this is the perfect time to go for picnics ... Jubilee Park, located in the centre of the city, is highly sought after by the locals as well tourists coming here from other states ... Besides, the availability of budget transport (auto-rickshaws) near the two picnic spots are an added attraction," said 47-year-old Md Kafil, resident of Dhatkidih,. ....(size: 1.9Kb)
The Times of India
30 Dec 2012
LUCKNOW. As a tribute to Delhi gangrape victim Nirbhaya, the city will have low-key New Year celebrations. PL Gupta, head of sales and marketing of a hotel near Parivartan Chowk, said, "People have made their bookings earlier so they will go ahead with New Year parties. However, all the parties will be a low-key affair." ... It is not at all safe to come home at night on an auto-rickshaw or a two-wheeler," she said ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
30 Dec 2012
Protesters across India vow to take forward their fight against sexual violence as the body of the Delhi gang-rape victim is cremated. 560. 315. TelegraphPlayer_9771534. 12.59PM GMT 30 Dec 2012 ... Auto-rickshaw drivers in Ahmedabad, a city in the state of Gujarat, put posters and banners on their vehicles, demanding capital punishment for the accused. Related Articles. Death of Delhi gang rape victim horrifies India 29 Dec 2012 ... . India ... ....(size: 7.4Kb)
An auto rickshaw or three-wheeler (tempo, tuk-tuk, trishaw, auto, rickshaw, autorick, bajaj, rick, tricycle, mototaxi, baby taxi or lapa in popular parlance) is a usually three-wheeled cabin cycle for private use and as a vehicle for hire. It is a motorized version of the traditional pulled rickshaw or cycle rickshaw. Auto rickshaws are an essential form of urban transport in many developing countries, and a form of novelty transport in many Eastern countries.
Contents |
Origin and design[link]
African and Indian three-wheelers have followed the original design of the Piaggio Ape C, from 1948, which was originally based on the Vespa. In India, Bajaj Auto produced under Piaggio license from 1959 to 1974.
Auto rickshaws of Southeast Asia started from the knockdown production of the Daihatsu Midget which had been introduced in 1957.[1] Japan had been exporting three-wheelers to Thailand since 1934. Moreover, The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Japan donated about 20,000 used three-wheelers to Southeast Asia[when?].[2][3][4][5] In Japan, three-wheelers went out of use in the latter half of the 1960s.[6]
The word rickshaw originates from the Japanese word "Jinrikisha" (人力車, 人 jin = human, 力 riki = power or force, 車 sha = vehicle), which literally means "Human-powered vehicle".
An auto rickshaw is generally characterized by a sheet-metal body or open frame resting on three wheels, a canvas roof with drop-down sides, a small cabin in the front of the vehicle for the driver (sometimes called an auto-wallah), and seating space for up to three passengers in the rear. Newer models are generally fitted with an CNG-fueled scooter version of a 200cc four-stroke engine, with handlebar controls instead of a steering wheel[citation needed].
Regional variations[link]
Africa[link]
Eastern Africa[link]
There are tuk-tuks in several Kenyan towns. Using them is somewhat cheaper than ordinary taxis. However, tuk-tuks cannot operate in mountainous towns, which are common in Kenya. Fierce competition with Boda-bodas (bicycle taxis) and Matatus (minibuses) hinders popularity of Tuk-tuks, especially within the interior of Kenya. While they may not be widely found in Kenya, they are numerous in the coastal regions, which are less mountainous. For example, in the town of Malindi they offer an economical and convenient mode of transportation.
Tuk-tuks are also common in Ethiopia and are becoming common in Tanzania, particularly in the outer areas of Dar es Salaam. In Tanzania and Ethiopia they are known as "Bajaj" or "Bajajis", after the Bajaj Auto company which manufactures many of them. Since 2009, tuk-tuks have become common in Maputo, Mozambique.
Nigeria[link]
There are keke-marwa's in several Nigerian towns and cities. Although not as popular as the ubiquitous "Okada" in Nigeria, keke-marwa's are embraced as an alternative means of transport by the middle and lower class citizens. Keke-marwa is named after Lagos former military Governor, Buba Marwa in the late 90's.
Asia[link]
Bangladesh[link]
Auto rickshaws (locally called "baby taxis" and more recently "CNGs" due to their fuel source) are one of the most popular modes of transport in Bangladesh mainly due to their size and speed. They are best suited to narrow, crowded streets, and are thus the principal means of covering longer distances within urban areas.
Earlier, auto rickshaws were colored black with a yellow canvas topping and ran on gasoline without any meter system. However, due to the vast supplies of natural gas in Bangladesh, the government has since encouraged the development of four-stroke compressed natural gas (CNG)-powered engines rather than the older two-stroke engine petrol-running models. Two-stroke engines had been identified as one of the leading sources of air pollution in Dhaka. Thus, since January 2003, traditional auto rickshaws were banned from the capital; only the new CNG-powered models were permitted to operate within the city limits. The newly manufactured CNG auto rickshaws are more fuel-efficient and have a lower center of gravity, making them safer than older models. All CNGs are painted green to signify that the vehicles are eco-friendly and that each one has a meter built in as standard.[7]
Another version of the auto rickshaw can be seen in rural areas of Bangladesh, where they are called "helicopters". "Helicopters" are auto rickshaws modified to have a large body with which it can carry more than six or seven passengers.
At the end of the 1980s, a local company Atlas designed and built a new version of the auto rickshaw, called mishuk, a name derived from a children's mascot of a local deer. Unlike baby taxis, mishuks have spoke wheels and a green body, and have no meter system. Mishuks have more space than baby taxis or CNGs, which makes it more popular with women. They are commonly found in Dhaka and elsewhere in the country due to its four-stroke engine, which is not listed as a significant source of air pollution.
Cambodia[link]
In Cambodia, the term tuk-tuk (Khmer: ទុកទុក) is used to refer to a motorcycle with a cabin attached to the rear. Cambodian cities have a much lower volume of automobile traffic than Thai cities, and tuk-tuks are still the most common form of urban transport. At the temple complex of Angkor, for example, tuk-tuks provide a convenient form of transport around the complex for tourists. One can hire a tuk-tuk and driver by the day.
Siem Reap tuk-tuks are generally of the style of motorcycle and trailer. Phnom Penh tuk-tuks are by contrast one piece. They are the front end of a motorcycle consisting of steering, tank and engine/gearbox with a covered tray mounted at the back. The power is transferred by chain to an axle mounted to the modified rear fork which drives the two rear wheels. Suspended upon the rear fork is an open cabin with an in-line seat on each side. This arrangement can carry 6 people at ease, with their luggage in the leg space. It is not unusual to see these vehicles greatly overloaded, especially in outer suburbs and around markets.
Currently, Tuk Tuk in Cambodia is being developed to be more convenient and safer. It is also becoming a popular form of transportation for Phnom Penh residents.
Gaza[link]
Together with the recent boom of recreational facilities in Gaza for the local residents, donkey carts have all but been displaced by tuk-tuks in 2010. Due to the ban by Israeli on the import of most motorised vehicles, the tuk-tuks have had to be smuggled in parts through the tunnel network connecting Gaza with Egypt.[8]
India[link]
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This section contains information which may be of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter. Please help improve this article by clarifying or removing superfluous information. (July 2010) |
Auto rickshaws (often called just auto) are common all over India, and provide cheap and efficient transportation. New auto rickshaws run on CNG and are environmentally friendly. Typical mileage for an Indian-made auto rickshaw is around 35 kilometers per liter of petrol (about 2.9 L per 100 km, or 82 miles per gallon [United States (wet measure), 100 miles per gallon Imperial (United Kingdom, Canada)]. Many major nationalized banks in India offer loans to self-employed individuals seeking to buy auto rickshaws. Auto rickshaw manufacturers in India include Bajaj Auto, Kumar Motors, Kerala Auto Limited, Force Motors (previously Bajaj Tempo), Mahindra & Mahindra, Piaggio Ape and TVS Motors. Auto rickshaws are found in cities, villages and in the countryside.
There are two types of autorickshaws in India. In older versions the engines were situated below driver's seat. In newer versions engines are in rear portion. They normally run on petrol, CNG and diesel. The seating capacity of a normal rickshaw is 4, including driver. There are also six-seater rickshaws in parts of Maharashtra. In cities and towns across India it is the backbone of city transport. Normally their fare rates are controlled by govt. They have traffic meters.
In July 1998, the Supreme Court of India ordered the Delhi government to implement CNG or LPG (Autogas) fuel for all autos and for the entire bus fleet in and around the city. Delhi's air quality has improved with the switch to CNG. Initially, auto rickshaw drivers in Delhi had to wait in long queues for CNG refueling, but the situation has improved with the increase of CNG stations. CNG autos were distinguishable from the erstwhile petrol-powered autos by having a green and yellow livery as opposed to the earlier black and yellow. Certain local governments are pushing for four-stroke engines instead of the current two-stroke versions.
Auto-rickshaws are not permitted to enter or ply within the city limits of Mumbai, even though they can do so in Greater Mumbai (north of Sion, Mumbai and Mahim).
Laos[link]
Lao tuk-tuks come as tuk-tuks or jumbo tuk-tuks. Jumbos have a larger 3- or 4-cylinder four-stroke engine, and many are powered by Daihatsu engines. Jumbos' larger engine and cabin size allow for greater loads, up to 12 persons, and higher top speeds. Jumbos are (with few exceptions) only found in Vientiane and Luang Prabang.
Nepal[link]
Auto rickshaws were the popular mode of transport in Nepal during 1980s and 1990s, till Nepal Government decided to ban the movement of 600 such vehicles in the early 2000.[9] Earliest model of auto rickshaw running in Kathmandu were manufactured by Bajaj Auto.
Nepal has been a popular destination for Rickshaw Run. The 2009 Fall Run took place in Goa, India and concluded in Pokhara, Nepal.[10]
Pakistan[link]
Auto rickshaws are a popular mode of transport in Pakistani towns and is mainly used for traveling short distances within cities. One of the major brands of auto rickshaws is Vespa (an Italian Company). Lahore is hub of CNG Auto rikshaws manufacturers in Pakistan.The government of Pakistan is taking measures to convert all the gasoline run auto-rickshaws to more effective CNG rickshaw by 2015 in all the major cities of Pakistan by issuing easy loans through commercial banks. Environment Canada is implementing pilot projects in Lahore, Karachi and Quetta with engine technology developed in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada that uses compressed natural gas (CNG) instead of gasoline in the two-stroke engines, in an effort to combat environmental pollution.[citation needed]
In many cities in Pakistan, there are also motorcycle rickshaws, usually called chand gari (moon car) or Chingchi (after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd who first introduced these to the market).
Rickshaws are forbidden in the capital, Islamabad.
Philippines[link]
Main article: Tricycle (Philippines)
Auto rickshaws are an especially popular form of public transportation in the Philippines, where they are referred to as "tricycles" (Filipino: traysikel; Cebuano: traysikol).[11] In the Philippines, the design and configuration of tricycles varies widely from place to place, but tends towards rough standardization within each municipality. The usual design is a passenger or cargo sidecar fitted to a motorcycle, usually on the right of the motercycle. It is rare to find one with a left sidecar. Tricycles can carry five passengers or more in the sidecar, one or two pillion passengers behind the motorcycle driver, and even a few on the roof of the sidecar. Tricycles are one of the main contributors to air pollution in the Philippines[citation needed], since majority of them employ two-stroke motorcycles. However, some local governments are working towards phasing out two-stroke-powered tricycles for ones with cleaner four-stroke motorcycles.
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Sri Lanka[link]
Auto rickshaws, commonly known as three-wheelers, can be found on all roads in Sri Lanka from the curvy roads through the hill country to the congested roads of Colombo transporting locals, foreigners, or freight about. Sri Lankan tuk-tuks are of the style of the light Phnom Penh type. Most tuk-tuks in Sri Lanka are a slightly modified Indian Bajaj model, imported from India though there are few manufactured locally and increasingly imports from other countries in the region and other brands of three-wheelers such as Piaggio. In 2007 January the Sri Lankan government imposed a ban on all 2-stroke three-wheelers, and therefore the ones imported to the island now are only with a four-stroke engine. Most three-wheelers are available as hiring vehicles, with few being used to haul goods and as private vehicles. Bajaj enjoys a virtual monopoly in the island, with its agent being David Pieries Motor Co Ltd.[12] A few three-wheelers in Sri Lanka have distance meters, but the vast majority of charges are negotiated between the passenger and driver.
Thailand[link]
The auto rickshaw, called tuk-tuk (Thai: ตุ๊กตุ๊ก, pronounced "took-took") in Thailand, is a widely used form of urban transport in Bangkok and other Thai cities, as well as other major Southeast Asian and South Asian cities. It is particularly popular where traffic congestion is a major problem, such as in Bangkok and Nakhon Ratchasima. The name is onomatopoeic, mimicking the sound of a small (often two-cycle) engine. An equivalent English term would be "putt-putt."
Bangkok and other cities in Thailand have many tuk-tuks which are a more open variation on the India auto-rickshaw. There are no meters, and trip costs are negotiated in advance. Bangkok fares have risen to nearly equal normal taxis due to uninformed foreigners willing to pay the asking price, but leaves passengers more exposed to environmental pollution than taxis. The solid roof is so low that the tuk-tuk is a difficult touring vehicle. Today few locals take one unless they are burdened with packages.
The Thai tuk tuk is starting to change from the old smoke-spewing vehicle of yesteryear. Many Thai Tuk Tuk companies now produce Low Emission vehicles, and even old ones are having new Engines fitted along with LPG conversions. In an early morning of Bangkok, these same passenger vehicles can be seen busily transporting fresh produce around the city. The new tuk tuks also have wet weather sides to keep passengers and drivers dry.
The Thai auto-rikshaw manufacturers are, Monika Motors Ltd., TukTuk (Thailand) Co., Ltd., TukTuk Forwerder Co., Ltd.Bangkok and MMW Tuk-Tuks Co.,Ltd. in Hua Hin. Smaller manufacturers are the Chinnaraje Co., Ltd. in Chiang Mai and the Expertise Co., Ltd. in Chonburi which is manufacturing its models in Komaki, Japan, also.
Vietnam[link]
There are comparatively few Vietnamese tuk-tuks on the road. Most are in the two largest cities, Ho Chi Minh City or Hanoi as well as a few in other major tourist centers. Ho Chi Minh tuk-tuks generally comprise the motorcycle and trailer style of Siem Reap while Hanoi and Hội An tuk-tuks are of the style of the light Phnom Penh type.
These are called in Vietnamese as Xe Lam , Xe Ba Gác Máy, Xe Xích Lô Máy.
Europe[link]
Italy[link]
Auto rickshaws have been very commonly used in Italy since the late '40s providing a low-cost mode of transport in the post World War II years when the country was short of economical resources. The Piaggio Ape, invented by the Vespa creator Corradino D'Ascanio, first produced in 1948 by the Italian company Piaggio, though primarily meant for load carrying, since then has been also widely used as an autorickshaw for human transportation and it's still extremely popular all over the country, being particularly fit in the narrow streets of the center of many little towns of central and southern Italy. Though it has lost his key-role in the country transportation, Piaggio Ape is still used as a minitaxi in some areas such as the islands of Ischia or Stromboli (in Stromboli cars are not allowed), and it has recently re-launched as a trendy-ecological carrier or as a promotion tool, mostly relying on the role Ape played in the history of the Italian design. Since 2006 Ape is being produced (on licence) also in India where currently is one of the most popular auto rickshaws.
Netherlands[link]
Since 2007, tuk-tuks have been active in the Netherlands, starting with Amsterdam. They now operate in Amersfoort,[13] Amsterdam, The Hague, Zandvoort, Bergen op Zoom, the popular beach resort Renesse and Rotterdam. The tuk-tuks in the Netherlands are imported from India and Thailand. They are fitted with CNG engines and have passed the EURO-4 rules.
United Kingdom[link]
The first Tuk Tuks to enter service in the United Kingdom were supplied and built by MMW Imports under the brand name MMW Tuk Tuks in 1999, The very first Private Hire licence was issued to an MMW Tuk Tuk for tours of Bath in the year 2000, MMW also gained full Hackney license in Weston-super-Mare. MMW also now export Tuk Tuks from Thailand to the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, New Zealand and Australia. All the MMW range are built in their own factory in Thailand and are custom made for each customer's needs, hence no two tuk tuks are the same but come fully customized as per required spec.[14]
Tukshop of Southampton started the commercial importing of Tuk Tuks into the UK in 2003 which resulted in many people being inspired to set up taxi type operations in a number of cities including Blackpool, Brighton and Leeds. Tukshop failed to gain a taxi operator license for London after a number of media appearances in 2004. The company founded by mrsteve are specialists in experiential marketing using the iconic three-wheelers for street marketing campaigns. Clients of Tukshop include many household names such as T Mobile, Harrods, Universal Pictures, O2, BBC, Freeview, Price Waterhouse Coopers, Tiger Beer & Grolsch lager. Tukshop have imported and put over one hundred tuk tuks on the roads of the UK and Europe between starting the business and Oct 2010. The company currently stocks models from Piaggio & Bajaj including the commercial versions such as the TM Van.
A Bajaj tuk tuk is currently operated by Bangwallop of Salcombe, South Devon. Taking just two passengers at a time, the tuk tuk has an operator's licence issued by VOSA and trips can be booked in advance.
Auto rickshaws were introduced to the city of Brighton and Hove on 10 July 2006 by entrepreneur Dominic Ponniah's company Tuctuc Ltd, who had the idea after seeing the vehicles used in India and Sri Lanka. They were CNG-powered, using a four-speed (plus reverse) 175 cc engine. Under the terms of their license, the Bajas ran on a fixed single route, and stopped only at designated stops. They are of the same design as traditional auto rickshaws in other countries.
An investigation was launched into Tuctuc Ltd's operation of the service after complaints were raised that routes, stopping points and timetables were not being adhered, primarily by the city's taxi drivers.[15] In November 2006, the company was fined £16,500 - the maximum penalty possible - by the South East Traffic Commissioner. After amendments were made to the timetable to reduce delays and improve reliability, the Commissioner allowed the company to keep its operating license.[16] However, the company announced in January 2008 that it was ceasing operations, citing "archaic legislation" as the reason.[17]
Central America[link]
Cuba[link]
Three-wheeled Coco taxis, resembling a coconut, are used in Havana, Cuba.
El Salvador[link]
The mototaxi or moto is the El Salvadoran version of the auto rickshaw. These are most commonly made from the front end and engine of a motorcycle attached to a two-wheeled passenger area in back. Commercially produced models, such as the Indian Bajaj brand, are also employed.
Guatemala[link]
In Guatemala the commercial vehicles are referred to as tuk-tuks. Tuk-tuks operate, both as taxis and private vehicles, in Guatemala City, Guatemala, around the island town of Flores, Peten, in the mountain city of Antigua Guatemala, and in many small towns in the mountains. In 2005 the tuk-tuks prevalent in the Lago de Atitlán towns of Panajachel and Santiago Atitlán all appeared to be from India (Bajaj Auto).
Honduras[link]
Three-wheeled all-in-one tuk-tuks are used in the place of traditional taxis in most rural towns and villages.
South America[link]
Peru[link]
It is a common sight in the rural areas and many towns and cities of Peru to see Bajaj auto rickshaws, locally known as mototaxis, "taxi cholo" or "cholotaxi" lining up to pick up passengers as their fare is very low. They are also in the capital, Lima, but they are usually restricted to the poorer districts. In Iquitos, this vehicle is princial transport, and is known as "motocarro", "mototaxi" or "tuk-tuk" (for foreigners).
Fuel efficiency and pollution[link]
In July 1998, the Supreme Court of India ordered the Delhi government to implement CNG or LPG (Autogas) fuel for all autos and for the entire bus fleet in and around the city.[citation needed] Delhi's air quality has improved with the switch to CNG. Initially, auto rickshaw drivers in Delhi had to wait in long queues for CNG refueling, but the situation has improved with the increase of CNG stations. Certain local governments are pushing for four-stroke engines instead of the current two-stroke versions. Typical mileage for an Indian-made auto rickshaw is around 35 kilometers per liter of petrol (about 2.9 L per 100 km, or 82 miles per gallon [United States (wet measure), 100 miles per gallon Imperial (United Kingdom, Canada)]. Pakistan has passed a similar law prohibiting auto rickshaws in certain areas. CNG auto rickshaws have started to appear in huge numbers in many Pakistani cities.
In January 2007 the Sri Lankan government also banned two-stroke trishaws to reduce air pollution. In the Philippines[18] there are projects to convert carburated two-stroke engines to direct-injected via Envirofit technology. Research has shown LPG or CNG gas direct-injection to be retrofit-able to existing engines in similar fashion to the Envirofit system.[19] In Vigan City majority of tricycles-for-hire as of 2008 are powered by motorcycles with four-stroke engines, as tricycles with two-stroke motorcycles are prevented from receiving operating permits. Direct injection is standard equipment on new machines in India.[20][21]
In March 2009 an international consortium coordinated by the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies initiated a two-year public-private partnership of local and international stakeholders aiming at operating a fleet of 15 hydrogen-fueled three-wheeled vehicles in New Delhi's Pragati Maidan complex.[22] As of January 2011, the project was upon completion.
Traffic issues[link]
Auto rickshaws have a top-speed of around 50 km/h (about 31 mph) and a cruising speed of around 35 km/h (22 mph), much slower than the automobiles they share the road with. Traffic authorities in big cities try to implement mechanisms to reduce the resulting traffic slowing, but none have proven effective.
The MMW Tuk Tuk has a top speed of around 70 mph and with the introduction of the new turbo will have much improved acceleration, to allow for increased speed these Tuk Tuks have anti-roll bars and are fitted with disc brakes.
The triangular form of the vehicle makes maneuvering easy, with the single front wheel negotiating the available gap, and the rear two wheels forcing a larger space.
In the Philippines, 2-stroke motor tricycle such as Yamaha RS-100T can give a top speed of 55 km/h (one passenger at the sidecar), or 30–40 km/h (full passengers in the sidecar). More powerful four-stroke motor tricycles such as Honda TMX & Yamaha STX & Bajaj CT-100 can give a top speed up to 70–85 km/h (special trip/one passenger) or 40–50 km/h (full passengers).
Racing[link]
Due to their relatively low top-speed, auto rickshaws have never lent themselves to conventional road or street racing. However, their modest speed, simple construction and impressive fuel economy has endeared them to the international amateur adventuring community, most notably with the Indian Autorickshaw Challenge and more recently the Rickshaw Run, and even off-road racing with the Apecar competitions[23] in Italy. A Tuk Tuk built by Art In Motion, LLC competed in the 2008 Fireball Run II - Back to the Track [24]
Portrayal in media[link]
Auto rickshaws are often portrayed in Indian films (Auto Shankar (film), Basha, Aye Auto, Oram Po) as well as some Hollywood and foreign productions such as the James Bond film Octopussy, the Canada-India film Amal and the Indonesian movie Pembalasan Rambu. Auto rickshaws are also prominent in the fuel-poor London of 2027 A.D. depicted in Children of Men. A memorable tuk-tuk chase features in the Thai film Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior, climaxing with many of them driving off the edge of an unfinished elevated expressway. The video games Just Cause 2, Stuntman, and Battlefield: Bad Company 2: Vietnam feature Tuk-Tuks as drivable vehicles. James Bond (Pierce Brosnan) rides in a tuk-tuk in a Visa Card commercial.[25]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Dinesh.com "AutoRickshaw"
- ^ ミゼット物語 木村信之 著 高原書店（Nobuyuki Kimura "Story of Midget", Published on November 10, 1998）
- ^ Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. public relations section
- ^ BANGKOK SHUHO Newspaper ■ＮＰＯみらいネットワーク寄附講座、ホテル観光学科の学生に日タイ関係をピーアール 日本での就職機会に関心
- ^ /index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=321:2009-11-30-05-34-59&catid=54:2009-09-09-07-52-31&Itemid=232 Royal Thai Embassy Tokyo, Japan 日本生まれのタイのトゥクトゥク(Tuk-Tuk of Thailand was born in Japan.)
- ^ The Japanese Government abolished the three-wheeler license in 1965.
- ^ "Police purge for Dhaka rickshaws". BBC. December 20, 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2594725.stm. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ "Tuk Tuks replace mules on Gaza streets,". Maan News Agency. September 12, 2010. http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=314523. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^ "Nepal Government decides to ban 3 wheeler auto rickshaws from Nepal's road". BBC. July 28, 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/406035.stm. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
- ^ "Rickshaw Run on 3 Wheelers from Goa, India to Pokhara, Nepal". The National. August 29 , 2009. http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/rickshaw-run-2-000km-of-adventure-from-india-to-nepal. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
- ^ "Motorcycles and tricycles". Utrecht Faculty of Education. http://www.philippines.hvu.nl/transport3.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
- ^ "Bajaj ready with 4-stroke autos for SL". Indiacar.net. http://www.indiacar.net/news/n49068.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ "CityTuk Nederland". CityTuk.nl. http://www.citytuk.nl/.
- ^ "History of MMW Tuk-Tuks". MMW Tuk-Tuks. 2004-06-14. http://www.tuk-tuk.co.uk/?article=183. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ^ "Public inquiry into tuk-tuk firm". BBC News. 2006-09-13. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/southern_counties/5342764.stm. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
- ^ "Tuctuc Ltd fined for breach of Public Service Vehicle License". BBC News. 2006-11-03. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/southern_counties/6114824.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ "Tuk-tuks to be taken off the road". BBC News Sussex. 19 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/sussex/7198104.stm. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
- ^ "Envirofit's Tricycle Retrofit Program Funded". Colorado State University. May 19, 2006. http://www.engr.colostate.edu/news/print/index.cfm?id=402. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^ "Microsoft Word - SETC_LPG2T.doc" (PDF). http://www.skyshorz.com/university/publications/Gitano_SAESETC2007_LPG2T.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ "Bajaj rolls out low-emission fuel-efficient autorickshaw". Blonnet.com. 2007-12-09. http://www.blonnet.com/2007/12/09/stories/2007120951330200.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-03. [dead link]
- ^ "Bajaj Begins Production of 2-Stroke Direct-Injection Auto Rickshaw". Green Car Congress. 2007-05-18. http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/05/bajaj_begins_pr.html. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ "A fleet of hydrogen rickshaws to circulate in New Delhi by 2010". International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies. http://www.unido-ichet.org/index.php?lang=en&option=com_content&Itemid=&view=article&id=363%3Aa-fleet-of-hydrogen-rickshaws-to-circulate-in-new-delhi-by-2010. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^ "Ape racing competition (in Italian)". http://www.apecar.it/. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^ "Fireball Run II - Back to the Track". http://www.fireballrun.com/. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
- ^ "Visa Tuk Tuk carries Pierce Brosnan as Bond". The Inspiration Room. 2006-07-24. http://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2006/visa-tuk-tuk/. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Auto-rickshaws |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tuk-tuks |
- Article: Hybrid tuk-tuks are coming
- The India 1000 - an article in Wired about auto rickshaw racing
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http://wn.com/Auto_rickshaw
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Tuk-tuk
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http://es.wn.com/Autorickshaw
http://ru.wn.com/Моторикша
http://nl.wn.com/Tuktuk
http://pt.wn.com/Tuk-tuk
http://pl.wn.com/Autoriksza
http://fr.wn.com/Tuk-tuk
http://de.wn.com/Autorikscha
http://hi.wn.com/ऑटो रिक्शा
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_rickshaw
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named with similar name, see Amir Khan (disambiguation).
| Aamir Khan | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Aamir Khan at NDTV Greenathon in Yash Raj Studios, 2012 |
|
| Born | Aamir Hussain Khan (1965-03-14) 14 March 1965 (age 47) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Occupation | Film actor, producer, director and writer |
| Years active | 1973–1974, 1984, 1988–2001, 2005–present |
| Spouse | Reena Dutta (1986–2002) Kiran Rao (2005–present) |
| Children | 3 |
| Website | |
| http://www.aamirkhan.com/ | |
Aamir Hussain Khan (pronounced [ˈaːmɪr ˈxaːn]) (born 14 March 1965) is an Indian film actor, director and producer who has established himself as one of the leading actors of Hindi cinema.[1][2][3]
Starting his career as a child actor in his uncle Nasir Hussain's film Yaadon Ki Baaraat (1973), Khan began his professional career eleven years later with Holi (1984) and had his first commercial success with Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988). He received his first National Film Award as a Special Jury Award for his roles in the films Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988) and Raakh (1989).[4] After eight previous nominations during the 1980s and 1990s, Khan received his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance in the major grosser Raja Hindustani (1996)[5][6] and later earned his second Best Actor award for his performance in the Academy Award-nominated Lagaan, which also marked the debut of his own production company.
Following a four-year break from acting, Khan made his comeback playing the title role in the historical Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005), and later won a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor for his role in Rang De Basanti (2006). The following year, he made his directorial debut with Taare Zameen Par, for which he received a Filmfare Award for Best Director. This was followed by Ghajini (2008), which became the highest grossing film of that year, and 3 Idiots (2009), which became the highest-grossing Bollywood film of all-time, unadjusted for inflation.[7] The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 2003 and the Padma Bhushan in 2010 for his contributions towards the arts.[8][9][10]
On 30 November 2011, Khan was appointed as national brand ambassador of UNICEF to promote child nutrition.[11]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Khan was born in Bandra's Holy Family Hospital, Mumbai, India, to a Muslim[12] family that has been actively involved in the Indian motion picture industry for several decades. His father, Tahir Hussain, was a film producer while his uncle, Nasir Hussain, was a film producer as well as a director and an actor. His family on his father´s side are originally from Herat, Afghanistan.[13]
He is a descendant of the scholar and politician Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and a second cousin to former deputy chairperson and current member of Rajya Sabha Dr. Najma Heptulla.
Career[link]
Actor[link]
Khan began his film career at the age of 8, as a child actor in a home production, made by Nasir Hussain, titled Yaadon Ki Baaraat (1973)[14] and Madhosh (1974). Eleven years later, he made his adult acting debut in a role that went quite unnoticed in Ketan Mehta's Holi (1984).
Khan's first notable leading role came in 1988 in the film Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak which was directed by his cousin and Nasir Hussain's son Mansoor Khan. This film was a breakthrough commercial success, effectively launching Khan's career as a leading actor. Having the typical 'chocolate hero' looks, he was publicised as a teen idol. He also starred in critically acclaimed film Raakh, for which Khan got his first National Award for Special Jury Award. After that, he went on to appear in several other films in the late '80s and early '90s: Dil (1990), which became the highest grossing film of the year,[15] Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin (1991), Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar (1992), Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993) (for which he also wrote the screenplay), and Rangeela (1995). Most of these films were successful critically and commercially.[16][17][18] Other successes include Andaz Apna Apna, co-starring Salman Khan. At the time of its release the movie was reviewed unfavorably by critics, but over the years has gained a cult status.[19]
.jpg)
Khan continued to act in just one or two films a year, an unusual trait for a mainstream Hindi cinema actor. His only release in 1996 was the Dharmesh Darshan directed commercial blockbuster Raja Hindustani in which he was paired opposite Karisma Kapoor. The film earned him his first Filmfare Best Actor Award, after seven previous nominations, and went on to become the biggest hit of the year, as well as the third highest grossing Indian film of the 1990s.[20] Khan's career had seemed to hit a plateau at this point of time, and most of the films to follow for the next few years were only partially successful. In 1997, he co-starred alongside Ajay Devgn, Kajol and Juhi Chawla in Ishq, which performed well at the box office. The following year, Khan appeared in the moderately successful Ghulam, for which he also did playback singing.[21] John Mathew Matthan's Sarfarosh (1999), Khan's first release in 1999, was also moderately successful, gaining an above average box office verdict.[22] The film was highly appreciated amongst the critics and Khan's role as a dedicated, honest and uncorrupted cop engaged in fighting border terrorism, was well received, as was his role in Deepa Mehta's art house film Earth. His first release for the new millennium, Mela, in which he acted alongside his real-life brother Faisal Khan, was both a box-office and critical bomb.[23]
In 2001 he appeared in Lagaan. The film was a major critical and commercial success,[24] and received a nomination for Best Foreign Language Film at the 74th Academy Awards. Additionally, the film gathered critical acclaim at several international film festivals, in addition to winning numerous Indian awards, including the National Film Awards. Khan himself won his second Filmfare Best Actor Award. The film continues to be one of the most popular Hindi films in the west.[citation needed]
The success of Lagaan was followed by Dil Chahta Hai later that year, in which Khan co-starred with Akshaye Khanna and Saif Ali Khan, with Preity Zinta playing his love interest. The film was written and directed by the then newcomer Farhan Akhtar. According to critics, the film broke new grounds by showing Indian urban youth as they really are today. The characters depicted were modern, suave and cosmopolitan. The film did moderately well and was a success mostly in urban cities.[24]
Khan then took a four year break citing personal problems, and returned in 2005 with Ketan Mehta's Mangal Pandey: The Rising playing the title role of a real-life sepoy and a martyr who helped spark the Indian Rebellion of 1857 or the 'First War of Indian Independence'.[citation needed]
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra's award-winning Rang De Basanti was Khan's first release in 2006. His role was critically acclaimed,[25] earning him a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor and various nominations for Best Actor. The film went on to become one of the highest grossing films of the year,[26] and was selected as India's official entry to the Oscars. Although the film was not shortlisted as a nominee for the Oscar, it received a nomination for Best Foreign Film at the BAFTA Awards in England. Khan's work in his next movie, Fanaa (2006) co-starred with Kajol was also appreciated,[27] and the film went on to become one of the highest grossing Indian films of 2006.[26]
His 2007 film, Taare Zameen Par was also produced by him and marked his directorial debut. The film, which was the second offering from Aamir Khan Productions, starred Khan in a supporting role as a teacher who befriends and helps a dyslexic child. It opened to excellent responses from critics and audiences alike. Khan's performance was well-received, although he was particularly applauded for his directing.[citation needed]
In 2008, Khan appeared in the movie Ghajini. The film was a major commercial success[28] and became the highest grossing Bollywood movie of that year. For his performance in the film, Khan received several Best Actor nominations at various award ceremonies as well as his fifteenth Filmfare Best Actor nomination.[citation needed]
In 2009, Khan appeared in the commercially and critically acclaimed film 3 Idiots as Ranchodas Chanchad which became Bollywood's highest grossing film[7] and won multiple Filmfare Awards including Best Picture.[29] Around August, 2011, Khan started talks with Siddhartha Basu's BIG Synergy, to host a talk show, similar to the Oprah Winfrey show.[30] On May 6, 2012, the highly anticipated show Satyamev Jayate debuted in English and all major Indian languages and received both popular and critical praise for its dicussions on various social issues like female foeticide, child sexual abuse and dowry plaguing Indian society.
Aamir is being paid Rs. 3 crore rupees per episode as to host the Satyamev Jayate and it makes him the highest paid host in Indian television industry. [31] This show has already received the highest TRP and dubbed as one of biggest hits on the Indian television after Ramayan.
Producer[link]
In 2001 Khan set up a production company known as Aamir Khan Productions. Its first film was Lagaan. The movie was released in 2001, starring Khan as the lead actor. The film was selected as India's official entry to the 74th Academy Awards in the Best Foreign Language Film category. It was eventually chosen and nominated in that category but lost to No Man's Land. The film won numerous awards at several Indian award functions such as Filmfare and IIFA, and won the National Film Award for Most Popular Film, an award shared between Khan and the film's director, Ashutosh Gowariker.[32] Khan later commented on the loss of Lagaan at the Oscars: "Certainly we were disappointed. But the thing that really kept us in our spirits was that the entire country was behind us".
In 2007 he produced the drama Taare Zameen Par which marked his directorial debut. Khan also played a supporting role in the film, sharing the screen with the debut of child actor Darsheel Safary. The film was initially conceived of and developed by the husband and wife team, Amole Gupte and Deepa Bhatia. It was a story of a young child who suffers in school until a teacher identifies him as dyslexic. The movie was critically acclaimed,[33] as well as a box office success. Taare Zameen Par won the 2008 Filmfare Best Movie Award as well as a number of other Filmfare and Star Screen Awards. Khan's work won him two awards at the Filmfare, the Best Movie and the Best Director awards, which established his status as a competent filmmaker in Bollywood.
In 2008, Khan launched his nephew Imran Khan's debut in the film Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na under his production house. The film was a big hit in India, and eventually earned Khan another nomination for Best Movie at the Filmfare.[34]
In 2011, Khan released his home production Dhobi Ghat.[35] which was directed by his wife Kiran Rao.
Television[link]
Khan made his television debut with his social issue based talk show Satyamev Jayte which started airing on 6 May 2012. The show will went live simultaneously on Star Plus, Star World and national broadcaster Doordarshan on the 11 A.M. Sunday slot in eight languages, being the first ever show to do so in India.[36] The show opened to highly positive reviews and feedback from various eminent personalities such as social activists, media houses, doctors, film and television personalities, and Khan was praised for his effort, describing the show as a movement.[37] In her review, Ritu Singh of IBN Live stated that, "Aamir Khan deserves an applause for bringing up such a sensitive issue and presenting it in a hard hitting way. The amount of research Aamir and his team has put into the show was clearly visible with the facts and figures presented. Every aspect of the issue was covered with great diligence."[38] Parmita Uniyal from Hindustan Times praised the content and Khan for "step[ing] in to do what journalists are supposed to do – make a difference. The show is a classic example of that."[39] 84 million people watched the show, making it, to date, the highest rated show on Indian television.[40]
Humanitarian and political causes[link]
In April 2006, Aamir participated in the demonstrations put up by the Narmada Bachao Andolan committee with their leader Medha Patkar after the Gujrat government's decision to raise the height of the Narmada dam. He quoted to support adivasis, who might got displaced from their homes.[41] Later he faced protests and a partial ban on his film Fanaa but the Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh supported him by saying Everyone has the freedom of expression. If someone says something on a particular subject, that doesn't mean you should start protesting.[42] Aamir also lended his support to Janlokpal Bill Movement led by Anna Hazare in August 2011.[43]
He has been supporting common causes and in the same row when asked about views on entertainment tax in 2012 budget Aamir said, I don't want any reduction in that, all I expect is focus on education and nutrition.[44] He quitted GOI's copyrights panels in February 2010 after facing sharp differences with other members.[45] He journeyed to diverse parts of India, mostly to small towns during promotion of 3 Idiots saying film makers from Mumbai don’t understand small town India,[46] which was an connecting to India experience, which is extended in his debut TV show Satyamev Jayate.
Personal life[link]
Khan married Reena Dutta, who had a small part in Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak, on 18 April 1986. They have two children, a son named Junaid and a daughter, Ira. Reena was involved briefly in Khan's career when she worked as a producer for Lagaan. In December 2002, Khan filed for divorce, ending the 15-year marriage. Reena took custody of both children.[47] On 28 December 2005, Khan married Kiran Rao who had been an assistant director to Ashutosh Gowariker during the filming of Lagaan.[48] Khan is a follower of spiritual leader J. P. Vaswani.[49]
Though nominated many times, Khan does not attend any Indian film award ceremony as he feels "Indian film awards lack credibility".[50] In 2007, Khan was invited to have a wax imitation of himself put on display at Madame Tussauds in London.[51] However, Khan declined stating that, "It's not important to me... people will see my films if they want to. Also, I cannot deal with so many things, I have bandwidth only for that much."[52] But he finally gave a nod to attend the Dadasaheb Phalke Academy Awards, to be presented on 3 May 2012.[53] But, Aamir Khan, who was supposed to attend the awards ceremony, gave it a last-minute miss.[54]
In 2007, Khan lost a custody battle for his younger brother Faisal to their father, Tahir Hussain.[55] His father passed away on 2 February 2010.[56]
In a 2009 interview, Khan states that he tends to take an independent approach to the world of filmmaking, noting that he does not "do different things; I try to do it in a different manner. I think every person should follow his/her dream and try and make it possible to create an ability to achieve it backed by its practicality." He has also indicated that he is more interested in the process of filmmaking than in the end result: "For me, the process is more important, more joyful. I would like to have my entire concentration on the process right from the first step."
On 5 December 2011, Khan and his wife Kiran Rao announced the birth of their son, Azad Rao Khan,[57] through a surrogate mother.[58]
Filmography[link]
Actor[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1973 | Yaadon Ki Baaraat | Young Ratan | |
| 1974 | Madhosh | Child artist | |
| 1983 | Paranoia[59][60] | Short film | |
| 1984 | Holi | Madan Sharma | |
| 1988 | Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak | Raj | National Film Special Jury Award (also for Raakh) Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1989 | Raakh | Aamir Hussein | National Film Special Jury Award (also for Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak) Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1989 | Love Love Love | Amit | |
| 1990 | Awwal Number | Sunny | |
| 1990 | Tum Mere Ho | Shiva | |
| 1990 | Dil | Raja | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1990 | Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin | Ajay Sharma | |
| 1990 | Jawani Zindabad | Shashi | |
| 1991 | Afsana Pyaar Ka | Raj | |
| 1991 | Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin | Raghu Jetley | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1991 | Isi Ka Naam Zindagi | Chotu | |
| 1991 | Daulat Ki Jung | Rajesh Chaudhry | |
| 1992 | Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar | Sanjaylal Sharma | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1993 | Parampara | Ranbir Prithvi Singh | |
| 1993 | Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke | Rahul Malhotra | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1993 | Damini | Himself | Special appearance |
| 1994 | Andaz Apna Apna | Amar Manohar | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1995 | Baazi | Amar Damjee | |
| 1995 | Aatank Hi Aatank | Rohan | |
| 1995 | Rangeela | Munna | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1995 | Akele Hum Akele Tum | Rohit | |
| 1996 | Raja Hindustani | Raja Hindustani | Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1997 | Ishq | Raja | |
| 1998 | Ghulam | Siddharth Marathe | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer |
| 1999 | Sarfarosh | Ajay Singh Rathod | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 1999 | Mann | Dev Karan Singh | |
| 1999 | Earth (1947) | Dil Navaz | |
| 2000 | Mela | Kishan Pyare | |
| 2001 | Lagaan | Bhuvan | Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2001 | Dil Chahta Hai | Akash Malhotra | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2005 | Mangal Pandey: The Rising | Mangal Pandey | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2006 | Rang De Basanti | Daljit 'DJ' Singh | Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2006 | Fanaa | Rehan Quadri | |
| 2007 | Taare Zameen Par | Ram Shankar Nikumbh | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 2008 | Ghajini | Sanjay Singhania | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2009 | Luck by Chance | Himself | Special appearance |
| 2009 | 3 Idiots | Ranchhoddas Shamaldas Chanchad (Rancho)/ Phunsukh Wangdu |
Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2011 | Dhobi Ghat | Arun | |
| 2011 | Delhi Belly | Disco Fighter | Special appearance |
| 2012 | Talaash | Filming | |
| 2013 | Dhoom 3: Back in Action | Pre-production |
Producer[link]
| Year | Film | Director | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Lagaan | Ashutosh Gowariker | National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Filmfare Award for Best Film Nominated-Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film |
| 2003 | Madness In The Desert | Satyajit Bhatkal | (Documentary film) National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film (To include sports)[61] |
| 2007 | Taare Zameen Par | Aamir Khan | National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare Filmfare Award for Best Film |
| 2008 | Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na | Abbas Tyrewala | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Film |
| 2010 | Peepli Live | Anusha Rizvi | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Film |
| 2011 | Dhobi Ghat | Kiran Rao | |
| 2011 | Delhi Belly | Abhinay Deo | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Film |
| 2012 | Talaash | Reema Kagti | Filming |
Writer/Director[link]
| Year | Film | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1984 | Manzil Manzil[60] | Assistant Director |
| 1985 | Zabardast[60] | Assistant Director |
| 1988 | Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak | Story writer |
| 1993 | Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke | Screenwriter |
| 2007 | Taare Zameen Par | Director Filmfare Award for Best Director |
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Readers' Picks: Top Bollywood Actors". Rediff. 17 August 2006. http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/17sd11.htm. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ "Powerlist: Top Bollywood Actors". Rediff. 8 August 2006. http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/08sld11.htm. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ "Box Office 2000s Decade in Review". IBOS. 19 January 2010. http://www.ibosnetwork.com/newsmanager/templates/template1.aspx?a=21931&z=9. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ "36th National Film Award". http://dff.nic.in/2011/36th_nff_1989.pdf. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ^ Press Trust India (30 November 2000). "'I become the audience'". Rediff. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/nov/30aamir.htm. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ "The Aamir Khan Station". IBOS Network. http://www.ibosnetwork.com/asp/clsActorDisplay.asp?actor=Aamir+Khan&layout=filmography. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
- ^ a b Nama Ramachandran (6 January 2010). "'3 Idiots' nabs Bollywood B.O. crown". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118013378.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&ref=bd_film. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ Padma Shri Awardees – Padma Awards – My India, My Pride – Know India: National Portal of India. India.gov.in. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ Padma Bhushan for Aamir Khan, Padma Sri for Sehwag – Times Of India. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ Padma Bhushan Awardees – Padma Awards – My India, My Pride – Know India: National Portal of India. India.gov.in. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ "Aamir Khan appointed UNICEF's national ambassador". EconomicTimes. 30 November 2011. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Aamir-Khan-appointed-UNICEFs-national-ambassador/articleshow/10933496.cms. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
- ^ "Bollywood Gets Political". Foreign Policy In Focus. 24 October 2008. http://www.fpif.org/articles/bollywood_gets_political.
- ^ "Afghan traces Bolly Khans' Pathan roots". MiD DAY. Agencies. 18 May 2011. http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/may/180511-Kabul-Pathan-community-Hindi-films-Bolly-Khans.htm. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
- ^ "The Most Ambitious Project of Aamir's Career". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-most-ambitious-project-of-aamirs-career/20120314.htm. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ "Box Office 1990". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA==. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ "Box Office 1992". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Ng==. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ "Box Office 1993". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw==. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ "Box Office 1995". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ==. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ Ashley Gujaadhur. "Andaz Apna Apna". Planet Bollywood. http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/AndazApnaApna/. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ "Box Office 1996". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng==. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ "Box Office 1998". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&catName=MTk5OA==. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ "Box Office 1999". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5OQ==. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- ^ "Box Office 2000". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA==. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ a b "Box Office 2001". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ==. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ Taran Adarsh (26 January 2006). "Rang De Basanti". Bollywood Hungama. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/12493/index.html. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ a b "Box Office 2006". BoxOfficeIndia.Com. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg==. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ Taran Adarsh (26 May 2006). "Fanaa: Movie Review". Bollywood Hungama.
- ^ "Ghajini Opens To A Phenomenal Response All Over". BoxOfficeIndia. 27 December 2008. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=671&nCat=box_office_report&PHPSESSID=0fc7ca1333fc137213d103000d2eac37. Retrieved 13 May 2009.
- ^ ‘3 Idiots’ Best Film; Big B, Vidya Best Actors at Filmfare Awards[dead link]. Indiawest.com. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ "Dhoom 3 delayed further?". NDTV Movies. 18 August 2011. http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110182341&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=127388.
- ^ "10 things you should know about Satyamev Jayathe". Asiancorrespondent Movies. 9th May 2012. http://asiancorrespondent.com/82087/10-things-you-should-know-about-satyameva-jayate/.
- ^ "Awards for Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India". Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0169102/awards. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
- ^ "Taare Zameen Par, Chak De top directors' pick in 2007". Economic Times (India). 28 December 2007. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080421200216/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Directors_pick_Taare_Zameen_Chak_De/articleshow/2661102.cms. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
- ^ "Filmfare: 'Jodha...' bags 5, Priyanka, Hrithik shine". Times of India. 1 March 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-4205152,prtpage-1.cms. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ "Will Dhobi Ghat appeal to Indians?'". movies.rediff.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2010. http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/19/review-dhobi-ghat.htm. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
- ^ "Aamir TV show books morning slot". Hindustan Times. 11 April 2012. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Aamir-TV-show-books-morning-slot/Article1-838832.aspx. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ http://www.youngkingdom.com/2012/05/satyamev-jayate-tv-show-review-aamir-khan-show/
- ^ http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyamev-jayate-aamirs-tv-show-is-a-movement/255255-44-124.html
- ^ Uniyal, Parmita (6 May 2012). "TV Review: Aamir Khan strikes the right chord with Satyamev Jayate". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/TV-Review-Aamir-Khan-strikes-the-right-chord-with-Satyamev-Jayate/Article1-851585.aspx. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ CNBC-TV18 (11 May 2012). "Satyameva Jayate: Hit or miss?". Moneycontrol.com. http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/entertainment/satyameva-jayate-hit-or-miss_703562.html. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^ "Aamir Khan lends his support for the Narmada Bachao Andolan". Bollywood Mantra. 15-04-2006. http://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/aamir-khan-lends-his-support-for-the-narmada-bachao-andolan/1135/. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
- ^ "Aamir on Narmada: I won't apologise". Rediff.com. 2006-05-25. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/25aamir1.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
- ^ "Everyone lobbies for bills, what is wrong if people put pressure? Aamir Khan questions". The Times of India. 2011-08-29. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-29/india/29941151_1_mps-team-anna-strong-anti-corruption. Retrieved 29-04-2102.
- ^ "Aamir Khan urges government to focus on education, nutrition in Union Budget 2012". The Economic Times. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-14/news/31169050_1_union-budget-aamir-khan-nutrition. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
- ^ "Aamir Khan quits copyright panel". The Hindu. 18-02-2010. http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/18/stories/2010021852622200.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
- ^ "Why Aamir Khan is a Marketing Genius". Forbes, India. 2010-02-02. http://forbesindia.com/article/real-issue/why-aamir-khan-is-a-marketing-genius/9662/0. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
- ^ "Aamir Khan Kiran Rao Wedding Marriage Amir Wife Reena Dutta Divorce". Archived from the original on 4 August 2010. http://celebrity.psyphil.com/aamir-khan-kiran-rao-wedding-amir-khan-wife-reena-dutta-divorce/. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
- ^ Press Trust of India (1 January 2006). "Grand reception for Aamir Khan-Kiran Rao wedding". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=60745. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ I get a message from Dada every day: Aamir – Times Of India. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (2011-08-02). Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
- ^ Anil Sinanan (27 February 2008). "Aamir Khan's defiant stand against Bollywood awards". The Times (London). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/bollywood/article3445727.ece. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ "Aamir declines Madame Tussauds". Indiatimes. 22 November 2007. http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2561771.cms. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
- ^ "Aamir Khan turns down Madam Tussauds". IBOS. 26 November 2007. http://www.ibosnetwork.com/newsmanager/templates/template1.aspx?a=21052&z=4. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ "Aamir Khan finally agrees to attend an award function". http://entertainment.oneindia.in. http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2012/aamir-khan-finally-attend-award-function-020512.html. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
- ^ Big B attends, Aamir misses Phalke awards
- ^ Press Trust of India (2 November 2007). "Aamir's family supports him against father". Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Aamirs_family_supports_him_against_father/articleshow/2513131.cms. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ "Aamir Khan's father Tahir Hussain passes away". Bollywood Hungama. 2 February 2010. Archived from the original on 4 February 2010. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2010/02/02/13730/index.html. Retrieved 3 February 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Aamir names son Azad Rao Khan". Hindustan Times. 10 December 2011. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Aamir-names-son-Azad-Rao-Khan/Article1-780355.aspx. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
- ^ "Baby boy for Aamir Khan, Kiran Rao". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Baby-boy-for-Aamir-Khan-Kiran-Rao/Article1-778024.aspx. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
- ^ "Aamir never wanted to be an actor". Rediff. http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/jun/03/slide-show-1-aditya-bhattacharya-on-raakh.htm. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ a b c "36th National Film Festival (1988)" (PDF). dff.nic.in. Directorate of Film Festivals. p. 73. http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ "51st National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. p. 110,111. http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
Further reading[link]
- Crerar, Simon. "Aamir Khan on Making it in Bollywood[dead link]." The Times, 15 January 2010.
- Bamzai, Kaveree. Aamir Khan: Mr Blockbuster[dead link]. India Today, 7 January 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2011
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aamir Khan |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Khan, Aamir |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Actor, Film Producer & Director, Writer |
| Date of birth | 14 March 1965 |
| Place of birth | Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Anu Malik | |
|---|---|
 Indian Composer Anu Malik |
|
| Background information | |
| Born | (1960-11-02) 2 November 1960 (age 51) |
| Origin | India |
| Occupations | Music Director, Singer |
| Years active | 1981–present |
Anu Malik (Hindi: अनु मलिक) (born 2 November 1960), born Anwar Sardaar Malik, is a music director in the Hindi film industry. Son of veteran music director Sardar Malek, Anu Malik made his debut as a music composer in the year 1977. In the 90's Anu had hits like 'Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee', 'Baazigar' and 'Jaanam'.
The beginning of the millennium saw him winning the National Award for his music for J.P. Dutta's 'Refugee', and also the Filmfare Special Jury Award for his outstanding music in the film. He has also won the Filmfare Best Music Director Award for 'Main Hoon Na' and 'Baazigar'. He was nominated 14 times for the Filmfare Award for Best Music Director.
Anu Malik has been judging the television phenomenon 'Indian Idol' for the last three seasons and continues to be a member of the jury for the fourth season as well. He has also rendered many of his own compositions like Garam Chaye Ki Pyali, Gori Gori and the recent Meri Jane Jigar.
Contents |
Early years[link]
The son of veteran composer Sardar Malik, brother of Abu Malik and Daboo Malik, Anu Malik learnt music from Pandit Ram Prasad Sharma (Babaji)[citation needed]. He made his debut in Hunterwali in 1977. He composed for various famous films like Sohni Mahiwal, Mard, Ganga Jamuna Saraswathi and Jeete Hain Shaan Se got recognition for them, but still throughout the 1980s he could not get much of the work as there were so many established music directors like R.D. Burman, Laxmikant-Pyarelal, Kalyanji-Anandji and Bappi Lahiri. One of the only producers that always returned to him were FC Mehra's Eagle Films. Other early films were:
- Poonam
- Ek Jaan Hain Hum
- Mard
- Maa
- Maalamaal
- Love Marriage
- Aasman
- Jaal
- Allah Rakha
- Mujrim
He also has a Hindi poetry school in Karol Bagh, New Delhi
Recognition[link]
Anu Malik shot to fame in the 1990s with Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee in 1992, Baazigar, Jaanam, Sir, Tehelka, Chamatkar, Maa and the next step was the Filmfare award for Baazigar beating Laxmikant-Pyarelal for Khalnayak in 1994. In 2001, he composed music for movies like Aks, Fiza, Filhaal and Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai.
His recent work includes Yamla Pagla Deewana and Kambakkht Ishq.
Style of music[link]
He is a versatile music director,[1][2] giving music to different kinds of films. He has created many hit tunes for the Indian music industry. In his great music career he never reused his songs' tuning manner as his every song is very different from each other on the basis of Instrument arrangement and Vocals' tuning format. His voice has been a bone of contention and his songs he has sung himself have floored people,literally :)
He is specially known for his incredible use of Tabla in some of his hit songs like Taal Pe Jab and Mere Humsafar from the movie Refugee, Tumse Milke Dilka Jo Haal of Main Hoon Na, Eli Re Eli of Yaadein and Baazigar O Baazigar of Baazigar. He has made music for Refugee, Josh, Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega, Fiza, Yaadein, Aks, Asoka, Filhaal and Mujhe Kuch Kehna Hai in just 2000 & 2001. The movie Baazigar received Filmfare award for best music direction.
Salient Music of Asoka
The music of Asoka has a rhythm and life of its own as it recreates a heady mix of powerful sensuousness. The high point of 'San Sanana' is the interesting use of the mridang. Sensuality casts its spell in 'Raat Ka Nasha' as immensely engaging track. 'Roshni Se' is a rich composition, which includes some awesome Buddhist chanting and the intriguing vocal chemistry between Abhijeet and Alka Yagnik. 'O Re Kanchi' captures the earthy feel of Oriya music, in addition to some funky drumbeats and enthusiastic vocals. 'Aa Tayar Hoja' proves to be a fast-paced, upbeat track that promises to grow on you after a couple of hearings.
Collaborations[link]
Anu's association with Alisha Chinai has also been very successful, delivering major hits such as Sexy Sexy; Ruk Ruk Ruk from Vijaypath; and the recent songs from No Entry. For some time, they did not work with each other, following Alisha's claim that Anu Malik had sexually assaulted her.
His collaborations with J.P. Dutta, famous film director and producer, has also provided India with major hits. These include Border in 1997, Refugee in 2000, LOC Kargil in 2003 and Umrao Jaan in 2006.
Malik has worked with several playback singers including Kumar Sanu, Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Anuradha Paudwal, Shaan, Abhijeet, Sonu Nigam, K.K., Sunidhi Chauhan and many more.
Kumar Sanu and Alka Yagnik rendered their voice in most of the Hits composed by Anu Malik. After the come-back in 1990s with hits like Sir, Phool Aur Angaar, Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee and Vijaypath, he used to prefer Kumar Sanu and Alka Yagnik above any other singer. Baazigar, Main Khiladi Tu Anari, Imtihaan, Chamatkar, Gambler, Akele Hum Akele Tum are some of the examples, then in 1998 Anu Malik blasted with Duplicate, Kareeb, Soldier, Aarzoo and finally Ishq Vishk (2003) are some of the successful results of collaboration between Anu Malik, Kumar Sanu and Alka Yagnik.
He also collaborated with singer Sonu Nigam. He gave the singer a big break with the song Ke Ghar Kab Aaoge in the film Border in 1997, which put the singer in the limelight and earned him several award nominations. Their collaboration has continued since, with Anu Malik providing Sonu Nigam with a variety of songs, including hits like Main Hoon Na and Tumse Milke Dilka Jo Haal in the film Main Hoon Na, which earned the singer several awards again. They have worked together in several films, including Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo, Border, Fiza, Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega, Humko Deewana Kar Gaye, Jaan-E-Mann, LOC: Kargil, Mujhse Shaadi Karogi and "Refugee".
In 2006 movie Umrao Jaan, Anu Malik launched his daughter Anmol Malik as a singer in the song Bitiya Na Kijo.[3]
[edit] Indian Idol
Anu Malik remained one of the judges on the TV show throughout each season till it ended. In the first two seasons, he was accompanied by Sonu Nigam and Farah Khan, and in the third by Alisha Chinai, Udit Narayan and Javed Akhtar. He was also a judge in the first Asian Idol held in Indonesia, representing Indian Idol. He also appeared on Indian Idol 4 with Sonali Bendre, Kailash Kher & Javed Akhtar. After that he appeared as a judge with Sunidhi Chauhan and Salim Merchant in Indian Idol 5
[edit] Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega
Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega is a variety entertainment reality show that airs on Sony Entertainment Television (India) on weekdays. It premiered on 25 May 2009 along with a couple of other new shows, as part of a major revamp by Sony TV. The first season of the show was hosted by Mona Singh and Vishal Malhotra, and Farah Khan and Anu Malik were the judges. All the episodes were shot in Sony TV's Mumbai studio.
[edit] Asian Idol
Anu Malik was the only judge from India on Asian Idol, who represented Indian Idol winner Abhijeet Sawant, along with other judges Indra Lesmana, Paul Moss, Pilita Corrales, Ken Lim and Siu Black.
Singer[link]
Although he is not a mainstream singer, Anu Malik also does playback singing for his compositions. Written off as a singer in his early days ("Julie Julie," for instance), he continues to sing his own compositions, with songs like "Ek Garam Chaye ki Pyali" from the movie Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega, "Gori Gori" in Main Hoon Na or the recent "Meri Jane Jigar" in the film Deewane Huye Paagal. One of his most famous renditions, however, remain "Oonchi hai building" and " East or West India is the best " from the movie Judwaa and rap part of "Yeh Kaali Kaali Aankhen" of Baazigar.
While he sings entire songs for some movies, especially those starring Sunil Shetty, Paresh Rawal, Akshay Kumar and even Shahid Kapoor (in Deewane Huye Paagal he sang almost every song), very often one can hear him in the chorus, like in "Mehbooba Mehbooba" in the film Ajnabee, "Tumse Milke Dilka Jo Haal" for the film Main Hoon Na, etc.
He is also known for his singing for his private albums like Dekho barish ho rahi hai, Tera Chehra, Dhua dhua and an English album, Eyes.
Trivia[link]
His song "Chamma Chamma" from China Gate was used in the English movie Moulin Rouge, starring Nicole Kidman, and Chunari Chunari from Biwi No.1 was used in Monsoon Wedding.
After the death of R. D. Burman, Anu Malik completed his pending films like Gang, Ghatak, etc.
Awards[link]
Anu Malik have won several awards during his music career including Three Filmfare Awards, One Star Screen Award, a Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director, National Film Award for Best Music Direction& Many Others.
- 1994 - Filmfare Best Music Director Award - Baazigar
- 2000 - Filmfare Special Jury Award - Refugee
- 2005 - Filmfare Best Music Director Award - Main Hoon Na
- 2005 - Star Screen Award for Best Music Director - Main Hoon Na
- 2005 - Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director - Main Hoon Na
- 2001 - National Film Award for Best Music Direction - Refugee
Nominations[link]
International Indian Film Academy Awards[link]
- 2005 - IIFA Award for Best Music Director - Murder
- 2005 - IIFA Award for Best Music Director - Main Hoon Na
- 2001 - IIFA Award for Best Music Director - Fiza
- 2001 - IIFA Award for Best Music Director - Josh
Filmfare Awards[link]
- 1985 - Filmfare Best Music Director Award - Sohni Mahiwal (1984)
- 1996 - Filmfare Best Music Director Award - Akele Hum Akele Tum
- 1998 - Filmfare Best Music Director Award - Border
- 1999 - Filmfare Best Music Director Award - Soldier
- 2000 - Filmfare Best Music Director Award - Biwi No.1
- 2000 - Filmfare Best Music Director Award - Haseena Maan Jaayegi
- 2001 - Filmfare Best Music Director Award - Josh
- 2001 - Filmfare Best Music Director Award - Fiza
- 2002 - Filmfare Best Music Director Award - Mujhe Kuch Kehna Hai
- 2004 - Filmfare Best Music Director Award - LOC: Kargil
- 2005 - Filmfare Best Music Director Award - Murder
Star Screen Award for Best Music Director[link]
- 2000 - Star Screen Award for Best Music Director - Biwi No.1
- 2001 - Star Screen Award for Best Music Director - Refugee
- 2001 - Star Screen Award for Best Music Director - Fiza
- 2002 - Star Screen Award for Best Music Director - Asoka
- 2004 - Star Screen Award for Best Music Director - LOC: Kargil
- 2005 - Star Screen Award for Best Music Director - Mujhse Shaadi Karogi
Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director[link]
- 2000 - Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director - Biwi No.1
- 2001 - Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director - Refugee
- 2001 - Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director - Fiza
- 2002 - Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director - Asoka
- 2004 - Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director - LOC: Kargil
Discography[link]
| Year | Film | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 2012 | Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai | Filming |
| Gali Gali Chor Hai | ||
| Hera Pheri 4 [4] | Filming | |
| 2011 | Yamala Pagla Deewana | |
| 2010 | Toonpur Ka Superhero | |
| 2009 | Kambakkht Ishq | |
| 7 Days in Slow Motion | ||
| 2008 | Victory | |
| Maan Gaye Mughal-e-Azam | ||
| Ugly Aur Pagli | ||
| Love Story 2050 | ||
| Don Muthu Swami | ||
| Woodstock Villa | ||
| Hastey Hastey - Follow Your Heart | Music Score | |
| 2007 | Undertrial | |
| 2006 | Umrao Jaan | |
| Jaan-E-Mann | ||
| Zindaggi Rocks | ||
| Jai Santoshi Maa | ||
| Aatma | ||
| Pyare Mohan | ||
| Humko Deewana Kar Gaye | ||
| My Bollywood Bride | ||
| 2005 | Kalyug | |
| Deewane Huye Paagal | ||
| Shaadi No. 1 | ||
| No Entry | ||
| Fareb | ||
| Bachke Rehna Re Baba | ||
| Kyaa Kool Hai Hum | ||
| Waqt | ||
| Tango Charlie | ||
| Jurm | ||
| Elaan | ||
| 2004 | Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo | |
| Bride & Prejudice | ||
| Dobara | ||
| Fida | ||
| Garv | ||
| Aan: Men at Work | ||
| Main Hoon Na | Winner, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director | |
| Krishna Cottage | ||
| Murder | Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director | |
| Love in Nepal | ||
| Hanan | ||
| 2003 | Munnabhai MBBS | |
| LOC: Kargil | Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director | |
| Inteha | ||
| Sssshhh... | ||
| Mumbai Se Aaya Mera Dost | ||
| Saaya | ||
| Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon | ||
| Ishq Vishk | ||
| Khushi | ||
| 2002 | Chor Machaaye Shor | |
| Om Jai Jagadish | ||
| Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein | ||
| Awara Paagal Deewana | ||
| Badhaai Ho Badhaai | ||
| Hum Kisi Se Kum Nahin | ||
| Ab Ke Baras | ||
| Filhaal... | ||
| 2001 | Ajnabee | |
| Lajja | ||
| Asoka | ||
| Aks | ||
| Yaadein | ||
| Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai | Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director | |
| Rahul | ||
| Chori Chori Chupke Chupke | ||
| Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi | ||
| 2000 | Champion | |
| Ghaath | ||
| Fiza | Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director | |
| Aaghaaz | ||
| Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega | ||
| Refugee | Winner, National Film Award for Best Music Direction | |
| Josh | Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director | |
| Hum To Mohabbat Karega | ||
| Jung | ||
| Hera Pheri | ||
| Khauff | ||
| Badal | ||
| Mela | ||
| Gang | ||
| 1999 | Baadshah | |
| Haseena Maan Jaayegi | Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director | |
| Biwi No.1 | Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director | |
| Sooryavansham | ||
| Kartoos | ||
| Jaanam Samjha Karo | ||
| Aarzoo | ||
| Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain | ||
| Chehraa | ||
| 1998 | Wajood | |
| Prem Aggan | ||
| Hero Hindustani | ||
| Soldier | Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director | |
| Angaaray | ||
| Iski Topi Uske Sarr | ||
| Gharwali Baharwali | ||
| Duplicate | ||
| Miss 420 | ||
| Chhota Chetan | ||
| China Gate | ||
| Kareeb | ||
| 1997 | Ankhon Mein Tum Ho | |
| Ishq | ||
| Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi | ||
| Gambler | ||
| Dil Kitna Nadan Hai | ||
| Auzaar | ||
| Border | Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director | |
| Dhaal: The Battle of Law Against Law | ||
| Dil Deewana Maane Na | ||
| Hamesha | ||
| Himalay Putra | ||
| Judwaa | ||
| Tamanna | ||
| Virasat | ||
| 1996 | Ram Aur Shyam | |
| Ghatak | ||
| Sapoot | ||
| Beqabu | ||
| Zordaar | ||
| Dushman Duniya Ka | ||
| Krishna | ||
| Daraar | ||
| Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi | ||
| Chaahat | ||
| Diljale | ||
| Namak | ||
| 1995 | Ram Shastra | |
| Yaraana | ||
| Goondaraj | ||
| Hulchul | ||
| Takkar | ||
| Baazi | ||
| Hathkadi | ||
| Naajayaz | ||
| Jawab | ||
| Ahankaar | ||
| Akele Hum Akele Tum | Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director | |
| Imtihaan | ||
| Ram Jaane | ||
| Surakshaa | ||
| 1994 | Hum Hain Bemisaal | |
| Zaalim | ||
| Yaar Gaddar | ||
| Main Khiladi Tu Anari | Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director | |
| Naaraaz | ||
| Vijaypath | ||
| Aa Gale Lag Jaa | ||
| Gopalaa | ||
| Khuddar | ||
| Madam X | ||
| The Gentleman | ||
| 1993 | Baazigar | Winner, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director |
| Phool Aur Angaar | ||
| Sir | ||
| Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee | ||
| Tahqiqaat | ||
| 1992 | Chamatkar | |
| Tahalka | ||
| Police Officer | ||
| Laat Saab | ||
| Maa | ||
| Radha Ka Sangam | ||
| Virodhi | ||
| 1991 | Bhabhi | |
| Ramgarh Ke Sholay | ||
| Naamcheen | ||
| Shikari: The Hunter | ||
| 1990 | Zimmedaaar | |
| Doodh Ka Karz | ||
| Paap Ki Kamaee | ||
| Awaargi | ||
| Gunahon Ka Devta | ||
| Khatarnaak | ||
| Tejaa | ||
| 1989 | Meri Zubaan | |
| Toofan | ||
| Dana Paani | ||
| Abhimanyu | ||
| Aakhri Baazi | ||
| Vardi | ||
| Dav Pech | ||
| Jaaydaad | ||
| Mujrim | ||
| Taaqatwar | ||
| 1988 | Maalamaal | |
| Shukriyaa | ||
| Aakhri Adaalat | ||
| Gangaa Jamunaa Saraswathi | ||
| Jeete Hain Shaan Se | ||
| 1987 | Hawalaat | |
| Mera Lahoo | ||
| Dadagiri | ||
| Insaniyat Ke Dushman | ||
| Naam O Nishan | ||
| 1986 | Ek Chadar Maili Si | |
| Pyaar Ke Do Pal | ||
| Allah-Rakha | ||
| Begaana | ||
| Karamdaata | ||
| Jaal | ||
| Mera Haque | ||
| 1985 | Mard | |
| Apna Jahan | ||
| Jaan Ki Baazi | ||
| Phaansi Ke Baad | ||
| 1984 | Love Marriage | |
| Ram Tera Desh | ||
| Aasmaan | ||
| Sohni Mahiwal | Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director | |
| 1983 | Ek Jaan Hain Hum | |
| 1982 | Mangal Pandey | |
| 1981 | Aapas Ki Baat | |
| Poonam | ||
| 1977 | Hunterwali 77 |
Plagiarism[link]
Like most of other Bollywood composers Anu Malik has been indicted with charges of picking up music from various sources without giving credit to original composers.[5][6][7][8]
| Song Name | Movie Name | Original Source |
|---|---|---|
| Need Churayi Meri | Ishq | Sending All My Love (Tolga) |
| Neela Dupatta Peela Suit | Hameshaa | All I Wanna Say (Michael Jackson) |
| Love Hua | Jaanam Samjha Karo | Angelo (Brotherhood Of Man) |
| I Was Made For Loving You | Jaanam Samjha Karo | I Was Made For Loving You (Kiss) |
| Dil Le Le Lena | Auzaar | Macarena (Los Del Rio) |
| Dil Maka Dina | Dhaal | Macarena (Los Del Rio) |
| Aisa Milan | Hameshaa | The Phantom Of The Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber) |
| Jaane Mujhe Kya Hua | Baazi | Fur Elise (Beethoven) |
| Tera Gussa | Kareeb | The Happy Birthday Song |
| Tu Woh Tu Hai | Beqaabu | Theme from The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly |
| Paagalpan Chha Gaya | Jaanam | And I Love Her (Beatles) |
| Teri Chaahat Ke Siva | Jaanam | El Condor Pasa (Simon & Garfunkel) |
| Maari Gayi Pyaar Mein | Jaanam | I Am Sixteen and My Favorite Things (The Sound Of Music) |
| Dole Dole Dil | Baazi | Come September (Theme) |
| Raja ko Rani se Pyar ho gaya | Akele Hum Akele Tum | the Love theme - Godfather |
| Aisa Zakhm Diya | Akele Hum Akele Tum | Sweet Child In Time (Deep Purple) |
| Dil Mera Churaaya Kyoon | Akele Hum Akele Tum | Last Christmas (Wham) |
| Tu Waaqif Nahin | Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi | Fernando (ABBA) |
| Sun Sun Sun Barsaat Ki Dhun | Sir | Listen To The Sound Of The Rain (Jose Feliciano) |
| Ladna Jhagadna | Duplicate | Slip And Slide (Laura Allen) |
References[link]
- ^ "Waqt". BBC Shropshire. February 2005. http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2005/02/waqt_preview.shtml.
- ^ Khubchandani, Lata (27 December 2006). "My Fundays". The Telegraph (Calcutta, India). http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061227/asp/telekids/story_7185988.asp.
- ^ Name (required) (9 October 2006). "Anmol Malik « So little time... so little to do". Brainwave.wordpress.com. http://brainwave.wordpress.com/2006/10/09/anmol-malik/. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
- ^ http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-16/news-and-interviews/31712319_1_anu-malik-reality-show-indian-idol
- ^ http://ibnlive.in.com/news/soosan-khanoom-is-pyaar-ki-pungi-a-copy/240668-8-66.html
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrDt5lWvhr4&feature=related
- ^ http://www.itwofs.com/hindi-am.html
- ^ http://www.angelfire.com/music4/sangeet/copiedsongs.html
External links[link]
- Lyrics of songs composed by Anu Malik
- Rest Of Anu Malik Filmography
- Anu Malik - IMDb
- Other composers follow me: Anu Malik
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Malik, Anu |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 2 November 1960 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Anu_Malik
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Anu Malik
http://de.wn.com/Anu Malik
http://it.wn.com/Anu Malik
http://es.wn.com/Anu Malik
http://pl.wn.com/Anu Malik
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_Malik
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Button at the 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix |
|
| Born | (1980-01-19) 19 January 1980 (age 32) Frome, England, United Kingdom |
|---|---|
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality |  British |
| 2012 team | McLaren-Mercedes |
| 2012 car # | 3 |
| Races | 216 (214 starts) |
| Championships | 1 (2009) |
| Wins | 13 |
| Podiums | 45 |
| Career points | 856 |
| Pole positions | 7 |
| Fastest laps | 7 |
| First race | 2000 Australian Grand Prix |
| First win | 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix |
| Last win | 2012 Australian Grand Prix |
| Last race | 2012 Monaco Grand Prix |
| 2011 position | 2nd (270 pts) |
Jenson Alexander Lyons Button MBE (born 19 January 1980) is a British Formula One driver currently signed to McLaren. He was the 2009 World Drivers' Champion for Brawn GP.
Button began karting at the age of eight and achieved early success, before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula Three Championship. He first drove in Formula One with the Williams team for the 2000 season. The following year he switched to Benetton, which in 2002 became Renault, and then for the 2003 season he moved to BAR. They were subsequently renamed Honda for the 2006 season, during which Button won his first Grand Prix in Hungary, after 113 races.[1]
Following the withdrawal of Honda from the sport in December 2008, he was left without a drive for the 2009 season, until Ross Brawn led a management buyout of the team in February 2009, and Button suddenly found himself in a highly competitive, Mercedes-engined car. He went on to win a record-equalling six of the first seven races of the 2009 season, securing the World Drivers' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix, having led on points all season; his success also helped Brawn GP to secure the World Constructors' Championship. For 2010, he moved to McLaren, partnering fellow British racer and former World Champion Lewis Hamilton. After finishing fifth for the team in 2010, Button finished the 2011 season as runner-up.
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Button was born on 19 January 1980 in Frome, Somerset and brought up in nearby Vobster.[2] He was named after his father's friend Erling Jensen, changing the "e" to an "o" to differentiate it from Jensen Motors.[3] He was educated at Vallis First School, Selwood Middle School and Frome Community College.[4] He is the fourth child of South African-born Simone Lyons and former Rallycross driver John Button, who was well known in the UK during the 1970s for his so-called Colorado Beetle Volkswagen. After his parents divorced when he was seven, he and his three elder sisters were brought up by their mother in Frome.[3] He failed his first driving test for getting too close to a parked vehicle.[4]
Button began karting at the age of eight, after his father bought him his first kart, and made an extraordinarily successful start. In 1989, aged nine, he came first in the British Super Prix.[5] He won all 34 races of the 1991 British Cadet Kart Championship, along with the title.[6] Further successes followed, including three triumphs in the British Open Kart Championship. In 1997, he won the Ayrton Senna Memorial Cup, and also became the youngest driver ever to win the European Super A Championship.[5]
Aged 18, Button moved into car racing, winning the British Formula Ford Championship with Haywood Racing; he also triumphed in the Formula Ford Festival at Brands Hatch.[7] At the end of 1998, he won the annual McLaren Autosport BRDC Young Driver Award. His prize included a test in a McLaren Formula One car, which he received at the end of the following year.[8] Button entered the British Formula Three Championship in 1999, with the Promatecme team. He won three times —at Thruxton, Pembrey and Silverstone—and finished the season as the top rookie driver, and third overall.[7] He finished fifth and second respectively in the Marlboro Masters and Macau Grand Prix, losing out by 0.035 seconds to winner Darren Manning in the latter.[7]
Formula One career[link]
2000: Williams[link]
At the end of 1999, Button had his McLaren test prize at Silverstone, and also tested for the Prost team. A vacant race seat became available at the Williams team, following the departure of Alex Zanardi, and team boss Frank Williams arranged a 'shoot-out' test between Button and Formula 3000 racer Bruno Junqueira, with Button securing the drive.[6] This made him Britain's youngest ever Formula One driver.[9] Button was heavily hyped before his first race: former driver Gerhard Berger described him as a "phenomenon"; the head of his karting team, Paul Lemmens, compared him to Ayrton Senna; and Williams' technical director Patrick Head said he was "remarkably mature and definitely a star of the future".[10] However some had misgivings about his lack of experience and ability to cope with the pressures of Formula One.[10]
Making his début in Australia, Button crashed during practice and qualified second-last on the grid. However, he performed strongly in the race and was set to score a point before his engine failed 11 laps from the finish.[11][12] A sixth-place finish at the next race in Brazil made him, at the time, the youngest driver ever to score a point.[13] In his first six races, he outqualified his teammate Ralf Schumacher twice, and was consistently close in pace; journalist David Tremayne described Button's start as "the stuff of any team owner's wildest dreams".[13] However, Williams had intended to use Button only until they could exercise their option to buy the highly rated Juan Pablo Montoya out of his contract at Ganassi Racing.[14] A dip in Button's form, combined with Montoya's victory in that year's Indianapolis 500, led to Montoya being announced as his replacement midway through the season. Williams chose not to sell Button's contract, keeping the right to recall him in 2003. He went to Benetton on a two-year loan.[15]
Button's best qualification of the season was third place in the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps; and his best result was fourth in the German Grand Prix.[16] Despite the worries about his inexperience, he made few mistakes during the season, the most notable coming in the Italian Grand Prix at Monza. Under safety car conditions Button swerved to avoid the pack which had bunched up, and subsequently crashed into the barrier; he blamed Michael Schumacher who had been leading at the time (and so controlling the pace), and Schumacher apologised for it after the race.[17] Button finished his impressive debut season in eighth place with 12 points (Ralf Schumacher finished fifth with 24).[18][19][20]
2001: Benetton[link]
For 2001, Button partnered experienced driver Giancarlo Fisichella at Benetton, which had recently been purchased by Renault. He endured a dismal season: the Benetton car was very uncompetitive and he was consistently outperformed by his teammate.[21] He finished 17th in the Drivers' Championship with only 2 points, with his best result being fifth place at the German Grand Prix.[22] His poor form led to speculation he would be replaced before the end of the year;[21] team principal Flavio Briatore said, "Either he shows he's super-good or he leaves the top echelon of drivers",[23] and reportedly offered him the chance to walk.[24] Button believed that his inexperience showed as he struggled to help his team set-up a competitive car.[24] His lack of success combined with an extravagant lifestyle led some to dub him a "playboy".[25][26]
2002: Renault[link]
In 2002, Benetton was rebranded as Renault F1, and Jarno Trulli joined the team to partner Button. Over the winter break, Button spent a lot of time working with his engineering team and felt there was an improved understanding between them; he described himself as "very confident" for the season.[23] He started well: in the second race of the season in Malaysia, he was on track for his first podium before a suspension problem in the final laps dropped him to fourth place.[27] Button's performances were greatly improved from the previous season's; although often outqualified by Trulli, he showed the faster race pace to outscore his more experienced teammate.[28] Despite Button's performances, and his desire to stay with Renault,[29] it was announced at the French Grand Prix that he would make way in 2003 for test driver Fernando Alonso.[28] Briatore faced criticism for his decision, but stated "time will tell if I am wrong";[30] he would also accuse Button of being a "lazy playboy".[31] In July, Button signed a two-year contract with a two-year option for British American Racing, partnering 1997 world champion Jacques Villeneuve.[32] An important factor in his decision was the chance to work with David Richards, the BAR team principal.[32] He finished the season seventh with 14 points, one place and 5 points ahead of Trulli.[33]
2003–2005: BAR[link]
2003[link]
Button faced early hostility from new teammate Villeneuve, who suggested that Button had been hired for his marketing appeal more than his ability, and compared him to a "member of a boy band". Button responded by denying he had anything to prove to Villeneuve; "I am not here to earn Jacques' respect, I am here to win and move the team forward".[34] Their relationship did not improve after the first Grand Prix in Australia: Villeneuve was due to pit, but stayed out an extra lap and pitted when Button was due in, leaving Button waiting in the pit lane while Villeneuve's car was serviced. Villeneuve blamed it on "radio problems", but both Button and team principal David Richards hinted that they did not believe him.[35] Button performed well in the first six races, scoring eight points (the points system had changed that year to award points to the top eight finishers), including fourth place at the Austrian Grand Prix; Villeneuve had scored only three.[36] Button crashed heavily at 185 mph (298 km/h) during Saturday practice in Monaco, briefly knocking him unconscious, and he was detained in hospital overnight.[37] Despite the accident Button still wanted to race, but was withdrawn by his team on medical advice.[38] He also missed a one-day test in Monza, but was cleared to race in the following Grand Prix in Montreal.[39] Button continued to outperform his teammate (although Villeneuve suffered a large number of mechanical problems), and this helped rebuild his previously faltering reputation.[40] Just before the final race in Japan, Villeneuve lost his seat at BAR, so Button was partnered with Takuma Sato;[41] he took his second fourth place for the season, and finished ninth in the Drivers' Championship with 17 points.[42]
2004[link]
The 2004 season was the first in which Button was the more experienced driver in his team. He was ambitious for the season, saying: "This year I could be a front-runner. We want to run alongside the top teams. I want to be consistently in the points and on the podium."[43] He took his first ever podium in the second race of the season—third-place at the Malaysian Grand Prix—saying afterwards, "There are no words to describe the feeling of your first podium".[44] He followed it up two weeks later with another third-place in Bahrain. In the next race at Imola, he took his first pole position and finished second behind Michael Schumacher.[45] His results for the season were impressive: he took 10 podiums in 18 races, and failed to score points in only three.[46] Button came third in the Drivers' Championship, behind the two utterly dominant Ferrari drivers, and helped BAR to take second in the Constructors' Championship.
In August, Button became embroiled in a contract dispute. On 5 August, Button chose to leave BAR and signed a two-year contract to return to Williams.[47] This was surprising, as Button was enjoying his best season to date, while Williams had been struggling.[48] BAR, however, insisted they had the right to exercise their option to keep Button. Button's management argued that the BAR option was not valid because it contained a clause allowing him to leave if BAR risked losing their Honda engines. They felt the new contract signed in the summer for Honda to supply engines to BAR was not definitive, and thus Button was free to move.[48][49] The dispute went to Formula One's Contract Recognition Board, who ruled in favour of BAR on 20 October, forcing Button to stay with the team.[49] Two of the men at the centre of the dispute were soon removed from their positions: team principal David Richards was replaced by Nick Fry after Honda bought 45 percent of the BAR business;[50] and Button separated from his manager John Byfield, saying he had been badly advised.[51]
2005[link]
Despite the feud, Button insisted he had his team's backing,[52] and was optimistic for the 2005 season.[53] He endured a torrid start: BAR were off the pace in the first race in Australia;[54] and in the following race in Malaysia, both cars retired with engine failure after only three laps.[55] Two weeks later in the Bahrain Grand Prix, Button had fought his way to fourth place from eleventh on the grid, before a clutch problem forced him into another retirement.[56] The poor start only got worse at the San Marino Grand Prix. Button finished third, but after the race scrutineers found his car had a second fuel tank kept inside the main tank; once both were drained, his car was 5.4 kg underweight. Although the race stewards took no action, the FIA appealed against the decision and the case was examined by the FIA International Court of Appeal.[57] It could not be proved that BAR were deliberately cheating; however, for contravention of the rules, both drivers were stripped of their points from San Marino and banned from the next two races.[58][59]
Returning at the European Grand Prix, BAR were still struggling and Button finished tenth.[60] He surprised everyone by taking the second pole position of his career in Montreal,[61] but crashed out on lap 47 of the race while running third.[62] The forced withdrawal of all teams using Michelin tyres, including BAR, at the controversial United States Grand Prix, meant Button and Sato were still yet to score points after nine races of a 19-race season.[63] However, this marked a turning point as Button scored in all of the remaining races. He was on the podium twice in the season—third-place finishes in Germany and Belgium.[64] He finished the season in ninth place[65] with BAR sixth in the Constructors' Championship.[66]
For the second year in a row, Button had contract disputes involving BAR and Williams. Button had signed a pre-contract to drive for Williams in 2006, but he now believed his prospects would be better at BAR, and that his Williams contract was not binding.[67] Frank Williams insisted the contract was fully binding, and that there would be "absolutely no turning back"; his team required Button to fulfil some contractual obligations with sponsors.[68] After several weeks of talks, Williams agreed to release Button in exchange for an estimated £18 million in compensation.[69] BAR brought in experienced driver Rubens Barrichello from Ferrari to partner Button, replacing Takuma Sato.[70] In October, Honda bought the remaining 55 percent of BAR from British American Tobacco, renaming the team Honda Racing F1; Button said at the time, "Honda buying the team is amazing news and really shows their commitment to winning the world championship".[71]
2006–2008: Honda[link]
2006[link]
The new team performed well in testing prior to the 2006 season, helped by the extra resources now available from Honda, and Button was confident in the car.[72]
The early part of the 2006 season proved difficult; at the first round, he scored five points with 4th place, and finished on the podium in Malaysia. In Australia, he qualified on pole, but was overtaken on the run to the first corner by Fernando Alonso and Kimi Räikkönen after a safety car period; he was running 5th in the race, before his engine blew at the last corner on the last lap. He stopped short of the finish line to avoid an engine penalty. At his home race at Silverstone, he qualified 19th after he lost time being weighed, and his team failed to get him on track quickly enough. He spun off on lap eight due to an engine oil leak.
At the Canadian Grand Prix, Button out-qualified Barrichello for the first time since Imola, but finished outside the points in ninth. He retired at the United States Grand Prix, in a first lap collision involving several drivers and again at the French Grand Prix due to an engine failure. At the German Grand Prix, Button was again pulled into the weighbridge, but went on to qualify fourth. After running third for a while in the race, Button eventually finished fourth.
Button took the first win of his career in 2006 at a chaotic Hungarian Grand Prix – the 113th Grand Prix start of his career.[1] He started 14th after a 10-place grid penalty for an engine change. The race was badly affected by heavy rain, and Button passed a number of drivers in the early laps – including championship contender Michael Schumacher – and was up to fourth by lap 10. Following the retirement of leading drivers Kimi Räikkönen and Fernando Alonso, he went on to win the race by just over half a minute from Pedro de la Rosa and Nick Heidfeld. Alonso was behind Button on the racetrack when he retired, although Button still had one pitstop to make.[73] Button's win bettered Nigel Mansell's 1989 win from 12th on the grid at the Hungaroring. Button was the first British driver to win since David Coulthard in March 2003, and the first English driver to win since Johnny Herbert won the 1999 European Grand Prix. He was the second driver after Räikkönen to win a race despite a grid penalty for changing an engine. At the British Academy Television Awards 2007, Button's first win earned ITV1 a BAFTA under the category of 'Best Sport'.[74]
Button finished fourth or fifth at each of the next five races and finished the season with a podium finish at the final round in Brazil. Over the last six races of the season, Button scored more points (35) than any other driver.[75]
2007[link]
In 2007, Button again competed with Honda alongside Barrichello. He was unable to take part in winter testing, prior to the season because of two hairline fractures to his ribs, sustained in a karting incident in late 2006.[76] Former British world champion Damon Hill aired doubts over Button's hopes to be a championship contender at Honda over the coming season, saying, "if he is serious... he has to get himself in a car that is a championship contender."[77] Alan Henry writing in The Guardian 2007 F1 season guide, predicted: "Button will win a couple more races but is not a title contender."[78] He was proved to be wrong, as the Honda RA107 proved to be aerodynamically poor.
At the first race of the season in Australia, Button only managed to qualify 14th after handling problems. The race was no better, as he endured considerable understeer throughout, was given a drive-through penalty for speeding in the pit lane and finished 15th. The next two races in Malaysia and Bahrain were just as unsuccessful, Button finishing 12th behind team-mate Barrichello in Malaysia, and not even completing a lap in Bahrain, after colliding with Red Bull Racing driver David Coulthard at Turn 4. At the French Grand Prix, Button finished eighth, earning his and Honda's first point of 2007. Following the British Grand Prix, it was announced that Button would remain with Honda for 2008.[79]
As Button's place as the pre-eminent British driver in Formula One was effectively taken by Lewis Hamilton, former champion Nigel Mansell criticised Button, saying: "Jenson should have won more races, he has under-performed and that is down to him." Honda team boss Nick Fry defended his driver, saying: "I would refute everything Nigel has said, and particularly I think his comments about Jenson's reputation for partying are about five years out of date...his increasing maturity and the way he changed his lifestyle is extremely noticeable."[80] Button made no secret of his frustration regarding his current situation; he described his 2007 season as "a total disaster".[81] Button did, however, record several impressive outings towards the end of the season, especially when rain was prominent.
2008[link]
Button stayed with Honda for 2008, and continued to be partnered by Barrichello. The Honda RA108 proved to be uncompetitive, and he scored his only points at the Spanish Grand Prix with 6th place, but did not finish in the wet in front of his home crowd at Silverstone, where Barrichello finished third. On 5 December 2008, Honda announced that they were quitting Formula One, due to the global economic crisis, leaving Button's chances of a drive in 2009 dependent on the team finding a buyer.[82]
2009: Brawn GP[link]
On 5 March 2009, it was announced that the former Honda team would race in 2009 as Brawn GP, following a late buy-out by Ross Brawn, the previous team principal of Honda Racing. Button and Rubens Barrichello were confirmed as the team's drivers for 2009, with Button reported to have taken a 50% pay cut as part of the deal.[83]
In the first half of the year the Brawn team benefited from an innovative diffuser design, which gave the teams using it an advantage over teams that did not. The Williams and Toyota teams also using the design however, did not benefit to anywhere near the same degree, leading many to doubt that the diffuser was in fact the main ingredient to Brawn and Button's success. Once the major teams introduced their own reconfigured diffusers Button's dominance ended, with Button winning 6 of the first 7 races, but averaging only 6th in the following ten races.[84][85]
Brawn GP impressed from the first grand prix: Button took pole position in Australia, his first for the team and fourth ever, with Barrichello qualifying in second.[86] Button then led from start to finish to win the race ahead of his team-mate—the first time a team had scored a 1–2 finish on their debut since 1954—with Button describing it as "a fairytale ending for the first race".[87] One week later he repeated the accomplishment, taking pole position and winning a rain-curtailed Malaysian Grand Prix; due to the rain the race was red flagged and only half points were awarded.[88] At the Chinese Grand Prix, Button finished third behind Red Bull's Sebastian Vettel and Mark Webber,[89] but returned to winning ways the following week in Bahrain despite only qualifying fourth.[90]
The fifth race of the season was at the Circuit de Catalunya in Barcelona. The return to Europe allowed most of the teams to update their cars, including modifications to Button's car, the Brawn BGP 001, which had not yet been altered since the season began.[91] Button took pole position with the final lap of the qualifying session, describing the updates as "good step forward".[92] Both Button and Barrichello initially planned to stop three times during the race; however, after he fell behind Barrichello at the first corner, Button was switched to a two-stop strategy, and this meant he ended up finishing comfortably ahead. An unhappy Barrichello felt immediately after the race that the team might have sacrificed him to help Button, saying: "If I get the slightest sniff that they are favouring Jenson I'll hang up my helmet tomorrow".[93]
At the Monaco Grand Prix, Button scored his fourth pole position of the season with his final lap of qualifying, commenting afterwards, "It was my best lap of the weekend and definitely one of the best laps I've ever done."[94] Button then managed his tyres much better than his teammate in the early stages of the race, building a lead which he did not relinquish, and making it a hat-trick of victories.[95] David Tremayne described it as "as good a performance as anything we had seen there from the likes of Ayrton Senna or Michael Schumacher", adding that it "swept away final doubts about his ability after years of floundering in mediocre machinery".[96] In Turkey, Button qualified second behind Vettel but a first-lap error from the German allowed him to take the lead and he held off the competition to take his fourth consecutive win. This meant he had won six out of season's first seven races; an achievement matched only by Alberto Ascari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Jim Clark and Michael Schumacher, who all went on to win the world title.[97]
The British Grand Prix in June marked the end of Button's superiority over the field, and was the first in a string of poor results for him. He achieved only sixth place,[98] followed by a fifth place in Germany, as Red Bull's cars dominated both races.[99] Brawn GP were hopeful of a strong result in the Hungarian Grand Prix, as the car had been significantly updated and was usually at its best in hot conditions.[100] However, Button struggled with tyre temperatures and achieved a season-worst seventh place; during the race, he asked frustratedly over team radio, "How can this car be so bad at the moment?"[101]
His bad run continued in Valencia; he was out-qualified by his teammate, and then, held up behind Webber for a lot of the race, could finish only in seventh place. Barrichello pushed on to win the race, and close the gap on Button to 18 points.[102] Martin Brundle felt that Button was struggling with the pressure of leading the world championship, writing: "He has tightened up in the car and his natural instincts behind the wheel are being restricted."[103] The following race at Spa-Francorchamps, Button had his first retirement of the season after a collision with Romain Grosjean during the first lap.[104] This meant Button had scored only 11 points from his previous five races, and with five races left his lead was down to 16 points over Barrichello, and 19 and 20.5 over Vettel and Webber respectively.[105]
Button recovered at Monza: he qualified sixth, before finishing second behind his teammate.[106] The following race in Singapore, Button qualified poorly in 12th but performed much better on race day to take fifth place; Barrichello could manage only sixth. With three races and 30 points remaining, this put Button 15 points ahead of his teammate and 25 ahead of Vettel, with Webber now unable to win.[107] A week later at the Japanese Grand Prix, the Brawn GP cars struggled again, Barrichello and Button finishing seventh and eighth respectively.[108]
At the Brazilian Grand Prix, Button was hampered in qualifying by a poor choice of tyres in the wet weather and could achieve only fourteenth position. His championship campaign was boosted by Vettel qualifying sixteenth, but team-mate and closest rival Barrichello qualified on pole. In the race, Button was aided by a first-lap incident, and was up to seventh by lap seven. He ran as high as second place by halfway, but ultimately finished fifth, taking enough points to secure the 2009 championship with one round to spare.[109] At the final race of the season, in Abu Dhabi, Button qualified behind Barrichello again, but was able to achieve a podium by coming third.[110]
With 169 starts, Button made the second-highest number of race starts before becoming World Champion. Only Nigel Mansell (with 176 starts, at the 1992 Hungarian Grand Prix) had competed in more races than Button before winning the World Championship.[111] Button wrote a book about his 2009 season, entitled "My Championship Year",[112] which was published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson on 19 November 2009.
On 30 November 2009, Button was announced as one of the ten men and women shortlisted for the 2009 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award.[113][114] At the awards ceremony on 13 December 2009, Button was awarded second place.[115] On 6 December, Button won the BBC West Country's Sports Personality of the Year at the University of Bath. He won the main award against racehorse trainer Paul Nicholls, cricketer Marcus Trescothick and golfer Chris Wood. He also won the Laureus World Breakthrough of the Year award.[116]
Button was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for his services to motorsport.[117][118] Button's home town, Frome, has named a street, Jenson Avenue, after him,[119] and has awarded him the Freedom of the town.[120] The town also intends to name a new bridge over the River Frome 'The Jenson Button Bridge'.[121]
2010–present: McLaren[link]
2010[link]
Following the buy-out of Brawn by Mercedes, Button announced on 18 November 2009 that he would be leaving the team to move to McLaren for the 2010 season.[122] He signed a three-year deal for a reported £6 million per season to drive alongside former world champion Lewis Hamilton.[123] Button said he moved because he wanted the motivation and challenge from competing head-to-head with Hamilton, and that Brawn GP had offered him more money.[124] A number of people, including former Formula One drivers John Watson, Jackie Stewart and Eddie Irvine, believed the move was a mistake, and that Button would struggle to compete with Hamilton at McLaren.[125][126]
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After a seventh place finish in the opening round in Bahrain, Button won the second race in Australia from fourth on the grid. Button was the first to come in for slick tyres on a damp but drying track, which lifted him to second place after the other drivers had pitted. He inherited the lead when Vettel retired with brake problems and maintained his lead to the end without changing his tyres again.[127] His victory made him the thirteenth driver in Formula One history to have won Grands Prix for at least three different constructors.[128] Following an eighth place finish in Malaysia, after starting seventeenth, Button went on to win his second race of the season from fifth on the grid in China, by staying on slick tyres while most of the other drivers pitted for intermediates, he was promoted to second place. However, the rain did not come, and the other drivers had to pit again for dry tyres. Subsequently, he went on to lead the Drivers' Championship, with McLaren leading the Constructors' Championship.[129]
In Spain he was leapfrogged by Michael Schumacher and finished a frustrated fifth, before retiring in Monaco due to an overheating engine on lap three. As a result, Button lost his lead in the Championship, dropping to fourth behind both Red Bull drivers and Alonso. Button then finished second in Turkey after Red Bull teammates Mark Webber and Sebastian Vettel, who were leading the race, collided with each other. His own teammate Hamilton took the win, after the two of them briefly touched after a few corners of wheel-to-wheel racing. Hamilton had been told by the McLaren team to slow down and that Button would not pass him if he did so. Button passed the surprised Hamilton anyway, though Hamilton quickly took the lead back.[130] The second place promoted Button to second overall in the Championship, just behind Webber. In Canada he followed up this result and remained second in the Championship, 3 points behind his teammate Hamilton. At the European Grand Prix in Valencia, Button finished 3rd and maintained 2nd place in the title race with another podium. Button missed out on a podium at the British Grand Prix, finishing fourth after problems with the balance off his car in qualifying had left him fourteenth.
After three further-points scoring finishes, Button retired at the Belgian Grand Prix after being hit by Vettel and punctured the radiator of his car. Second at Monza was followed by a fourth place in both Singapore and Japan. During the Brazilian Grand Prix weekend, Button and his entourage were threatened by a number of gunmen on his way back from qualifying at Interlagos, although nobody was harmed during the incident.[131] Button was mathematically eliminated from retaining his championship title with a fifth place in the race. At the season finale in Abu Dhabi, Button qualified fourth. He moved ahead of Alonso at the start, and moved up to third. Hamilton and Vettel pitted, leaving Button in the lead. After doing 39 laps on the option tyre, Button pitted and slotted back into third, where he would finish and secure fifth in the championship.
2011[link]
2011 began slowly for Button and McLaren, with Vettel dominating the early races. Button came second in Malaysia, and third in Spain and Monaco, losing the chance for a race win in the latter race after a red flag in the closing laps allowed Vettel and Alonso to change tyres. Two weeks later in Canada, Button took what he called the "best win of (his) career", overtaking Vettel on the final lap after Vettel made a mistake under pressure. Button made five pit-stops, had his teammate crash into him, served a drive-through penalty for speeding under the safety car – dropping him to last place – as well as sustaining a puncture from a collision with Alonso, and made 27 on-track passes to win the longest Formula One race in history.[132]
Button suffered his first retirement of the season at the British Grand Prix, caused by an error at his final pit stop. The wheel gun failed to refit the wheel nut and Button was released by the pit crew with an unsecured wheel. At the German Grand Prix, he retired in consecutive races for the first time since 2008, due to hydraulic issues. Button won his 200th Formula One race at the Hungarian Grand Prix, where he had won his first Grand Prix in 2006.[133] Button finished third in Belgium, having qualified in 13th after a miscommunication with his team,[134] after overtaking Alonso with two laps to go. He finished second at both Monza. In Singapore, Button chased Vettel who was in the lead with a few laps to go, closing at over a second a lap, but at the final moment, traffic denied him the chance to take first. After Singapore he moved into second place in the Drivers' Championship, and he became the only driver that could deny Vettel a second consecutive title.
Prior to the Japanese Grand Prix, Button signed a multi-year contract extension with McLaren.[135] The new deal will earn Button £85 million.[136] He took victory in the race ahead of Alonso and Vettel, the latter becoming champion. At the Indian Grand Prix McLaren team principal Martin Whitmarsh stated that the length of Button's new contract was 3 years. Button qualified fourth for this race and elevated himself to second position on the first lap, overtaking Alonso at the turn one and Webber on the long back straight. He eventually finished second behind Vettel, whose race pace he had been unable to match. In Abu Dhabi, Button qualified third and also finished in third after teammate Hamilton won the race and pole-sitter Vettel suffered a puncture on lap 1 and retired with suspension damage. Button suffered a recurring KERS problem for a large part of the race, but still had a good gap between himself and fourth placed man Webber, as well as an almost equal gap to second placed Alonso in front. These results ensured that Button was the first teammate to outscore Lewis Hamilton in a season.[137] At the final race of the season – the Brazilian Grand Prix, Button outqualified Hamilton to start third on the grid and he also finished third – in both occasions behind the two Red Bull cars – by overtaking Alonso on lap 62. The result secured second place in the Championship for Button, some 122 points behind Vettel. In 2011, Button won three Grands Prix, set three fastest laps and finished on the podium twelve times.
2012[link]
Button remains at McLaren for the 2012 season, again partnering Hamilton.[138] Button qualified second to Hamilton, before going on to win the first race of the season in Australia.[139] Button went on to qualify second to Hamilton at the following race in Malaysia,[140] however he finished 14th after a collision with the HRT of Narain Karthikeyan and a lack of grip. This was Button's first non-points finish since the 2010 Korean Grand Prix and it ended a points streak which started at the 2011 Hungarian Grand Prix. Button finished second in China two weeks later. In the 2012 Bahrain Grand Prix Button qualified fourth behind his team mate Lewis Hamilton in second. During the race Button found frustration with the levels of grip and retired on lap 55 due to an exhaust failure. At the 2012 Spanish Grand Prix Button qualified 11th, the first time he had qualified outside the top ten all season.
Driving style[link]
Button is known for having a very smooth driving style; journalist Mark Hughes wrote in 2009, "Button has a fantastic feel for how much momentum can be taken into a corner and this allows him to be minimal in his inputs—his steering and throttle movements in particular tend to be graceful and beautifully co-ordinated."[141] This allows him to perform well in tricky conditions, such as his maiden win in the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix. Many believe using his smooth style he can conserve his tyres better during race conditions than other drivers.[142] However, his smooth style can also mean he struggles to generate the necessary tyre temperature on cool days or undemanding tracks.[141]
Coupled with his driving style, Button has demonstrated intelligent race decisions such as his pit stop strategy during the 2010 Australian Grand Prix.[143] Jackie Stewart drew similarities with the driving style and racecraft of Alain Prost.[144] In an interview in 2003, Button said about Prost: "His way of driving was so smooth. He is the person I have modelled myself on".[145] However, he contradicted himself in 2009, when he said, "I've never tried to model myself on anyone. I don't think many people do when they are pursuing their career."[144] Parallels have also been made with the McLaren partnership and rivalry to 2008 World Champion Lewis Hamilton to the Prost-Senna rivalry of the 1980s, though the latter clearly had a more tempestuous relationship.[144]
Personal life[link]
Like many Formula One drivers, Button resided in the principality of Monaco but he has since moved to Guernsey. He said that it was the great training possibilities that took him away from the tax haven. He also has properties in the United Kingdom and Bahrain.[146][147] His hobbies include mountain biking, competing in triathlons and body boarding, and his car collection includes a Nissan GT-R, a 1956 VW Campervan, a Honda S600 and a Mercedes C63 AMG, numerous Ferraris (including an Enzo) and his championship winning Brawn BGP 001. He previously owned a blue Honda NSX Type R and a blue on black Bugatti Veyron.[148]
He was engaged to the actress and singer Louise Griffiths before ending their five year relationship in May 2005.[149] Button has been dating Japanese model Jessica Michibata for two and a half years.[150] Button has two tattoos: a black coat button on his right forearm; and Japanese kanji-characters on his ankle which say "一番" (Ichi ban, "Number One" in Japanese), this was done before he won the world title, and is the name of Button's triathlon team. Since mid-2010, the same legend has appeared on Button's race helmet.[151] Button is also a brand ambassador for Head & Shoulders, and has appeared in advertising campaigns for the company.[152]
Racing record[link]
Career summary[link]
| Season | Series | Team | Races | Wins | Poles | F/Laps | Podiums | Points | Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | British Formula Ford Championship | Haywood Racing | 15 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 133 | 1st |
| Formula Ford Festival | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1st | ||
| 1999 | British Formula Three | Promatecme UK | 16 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 168 | 3rd |
| Macau Grand Prix | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 2nd | ||
| Masters of Formula 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 5th | ||
| Korea Super Prix | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 2nd | ||
| Spa 24 Hours | BMW FINA Team Rafanelli | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
| 2000 | Formula One | BMW WilliamsF1 Team | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 8th |
| 2001 | Formula One | Mild Seven Benetton Renault | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17th |
| 2002 | Formula One | Mild Seven Renault F1 Team | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 7th |
| 2003 | Formula One | Lucky Strike BAR Honda | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 9th |
| 2004 | Formula One | Lucky Strike BAR Honda | 18 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 85 | 3rd |
| 2005 | Formula One | Lucky Strike BAR Honda | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 37 | 9th |
| 2006 | Formula One | Lucky Strike Honda Racing F1 Team | 18 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 56 | 6th |
| 2007 | Formula One | Honda Racing F1 Team | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 15th |
| 2008 | Formula One | Honda Racing F1 Team | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 18th |
| 2009 | Formula One | Brawn GP F1 Team | 17 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 9 | 95 | 1st |
| 2010 | Formula One | Vodafone McLaren Mercedes | 19 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 214 | 5th |
| 2011 | Formula One | Vodafone McLaren Mercedes | 19 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 270 | 2nd |
| 2012 | Formula One | Vodafone McLaren Mercedes | 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 45 | 7th* |
* Season in progress.
Complete British Formula Three results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | DC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | Promatecme UK | Dallara F399 | Renault | DON1 2 |
SIL1 6 |
THR1 1 |
BRH1 8 |
BRH2 7 |
OUL 5 |
CRO Ret |
BRH3 6 |
SIL2 2 |
SNE 11 |
PEM1 2 |
PEM2 1 |
DON2 2 |
SPA 4 |
SIL3 1 |
THR2 Ret |
3rd | 168 |
Complete Formula One results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | WDC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | BMW WilliamsF1 Team | Williams FW22 | BMW E41 3.0 V10 | AUS Ret |
BRA 6 |
SMR Ret |
GBR 5 |
ESP 17† |
EUR 10† |
MON Ret |
CAN 11 |
FRA 8 |
AUT 5 |
GER 4 |
HUN 9 |
BEL 5 |
ITA Ret |
USA Ret |
JPN 5 |
MAL Ret |
8th | 12 | |||
| 2001 | Mild Seven Benetton Renault | Benetton B201 | Renault RS21 3.0 V10 | AUS 14† |
MAL 11 |
BRA 10 |
SMR 12 |
ESP 15 |
AUT Ret |
MON 7 |
CAN Ret |
EUR 13 |
FRA 16† |
GBR 15 |
GER 5 |
HUN Ret |
BEL Ret |
ITA Ret |
USA 9 |
JPN 7 |
17th | 2 | |||
| 2002 | Mild Seven Renault F1 Team | Renault R202 | Renault RS22 3.0 V10 | AUS Ret |
MAL 4 |
BRA 4 |
SMR 5 |
ESP 12† |
AUT 7 |
MON Ret |
CAN 15† |
EUR 5 |
GBR 12† |
FRA 6 |
GER Ret |
HUN Ret |
BEL Ret |
ITA 5 |
USA 8 |
JPN 6 |
7th | 14 | |||
| 2003 | Lucky Strike BAR Honda | BAR 005 | Honda RA003E 3.0 V10 | AUS 10 |
MAL 7 |
BRA Ret |
SMR 8 |
ESP 9 |
AUT 4 |
MON DNS |
CAN Ret |
EUR 7 |
FRA Ret |
GBR 8 |
GER 8 |
HUN 10 |
ITA Ret |
USA Ret |
JPN 4 |
9th | 17 | ||||
| 2004 | Lucky Strike BAR Honda | BAR 006 | Honda RA004E 3.0 V10 | AUS 6 |
MAL 3 |
BHR 3 |
SMR 2 |
ESP 8 |
MON 2 |
EUR 3 |
CAN 3 |
USA Ret |
FRA 5 |
GBR 4 |
GER 2 |
HUN 5 |
BEL Ret |
ITA 3 |
CHN 2 |
JPN 3 |
BRA Ret |
3rd | 85 | ||
| 2005 | Lucky Strike BAR Honda | BAR 007 | Honda RA005E 3.0 V10 | AUS 11† |
MAL Ret |
BHR Ret |
SMR DSQ |
ESP |
MON |
EUR 10 |
CAN Ret |
USA DNS |
FRA 4 |
GBR 5 |
GER 3 |
HUN 5 |
TUR 5 |
ITA 8 |
BEL 3 |
BRA 7 |
JPN 5 |
CHN 8 |
9th | 37 | |
| 2006 | Lucky Strike Honda Racing F1 Team |
Honda RA106 | Honda RA806E 2.4 V8 | BHR 4 |
MAL 3 |
AUS 10† |
SMR 7 |
EUR Ret |
ESP 6 |
MON 11 |
GBR Ret |
CAN 9 |
USA Ret |
FRA Ret |
GER 4 |
HUN 1 |
TUR 4 |
ITA 5 |
CHN 4 |
JPN 4 |
BRA 3 |
6th | 56 | ||
| 2007 | Honda Racing F1 Team | Honda RA107 | Honda RA807E 2.4 V8 | AUS 15 |
MAL 12 |
BHR Ret |
ESP 12 |
MON 11 |
CAN Ret |
USA 12 |
FRA 8 |
GBR 10 |
EUR Ret |
HUN Ret |
TUR 13 |
ITA 8 |
BEL Ret |
JPN 11† |
CHN 5 |
BRA Ret |
15th | 6 | |||
| 2008 | Honda Racing F1 Team | Honda RA108 | Honda RA808E 2.4 V8 | AUS Ret |
MAL 10 |
BHR Ret |
ESP 6 |
TUR 11 |
MON 11 |
CAN 11 |
FRA Ret |
GBR Ret |
GER 17 |
HUN 12 |
EUR 13 |
BEL 15 |
ITA 15 |
SIN 9 |
JPN 14 |
CHN 16 |
BRA 13 |
18th | 3 | ||
| 2009 | Brawn GP F1 Team | Brawn BGP 001 | Mercedes FO 108W 2.4 V8 | AUS 1 |
MAL 1‡ |
CHN 3 |
BHR 1 |
ESP 1 |
MON 1 |
TUR 1 |
GBR 6 |
GER 5 |
HUN 7 |
EUR 7 |
BEL Ret |
ITA 2 |
SIN 5 |
JPN 8 |
BRA 5 |
ABU 3 |
1st | 95 | |||
| 2010 | Vodafone McLaren Mercedes | McLaren MP4-25 | Mercedes FO 108X 2.4 V8 | BHR 7 |
AUS 1 |
MAL 8 |
CHN 1 |
ESP 5 |
MON Ret |
TUR 2 |
CAN 2 |
EUR 3 |
GBR 4 |
GER 5 |
HUN 8 |
BEL Ret |
ITA 2 |
SIN 4 |
JPN 4 |
KOR 12 |
BRA 5 |
ABU 3 |
5th | 214 | |
| 2011 | Vodafone McLaren Mercedes | McLaren MP4-26 | Mercedes FO 108Y 2.4 V8 | AUS 6 |
MAL 2 |
CHN 4 |
TUR 6 |
ESP 3 |
MON 3 |
CAN 1 |
EUR 6 |
GBR Ret |
GER Ret |
HUN 1 |
BEL 3 |
ITA 2 |
SIN 2 |
JPN 1 |
KOR 4 |
IND 2 |
ABU 3 |
BRA 3 |
2nd | 270 | |
| 2012 | Vodafone McLaren Mercedes | McLaren MP4-27 | Mercedes FO 108Z 2.4 V8 | AUS 1 |
MAL 14 |
CHN 2 |
BHR 18† |
ESP 9 |
MON 16† |
CAN |
EUR |
GBR |
GER |
HUN |
BEL |
ITA |
SIN |
JPN |
KOR |
IND |
ABU |
USA |
BRA |
7th* | 45* |
‡ Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.
† Driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.
* Season in progress.
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- ^ "Button, Brawn win Laureus awards". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). 11 March 2010. http://www.autosport.com/news/grapevine.php/id/81971. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 59282. p. 14. 31 December 2009.
- ^ "Lions legend McGeechan knighted". BBC News. 31 December 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/8435126.stm. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ Baker, Andrew (19 October 2009). "Jenson Button's home town of Frome to immortalise Formula 1 World Champion". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/jenson-button/6366853/Jenson-Buttons-home-town-of-Frome-to-immortalise-Formula-1-World-Champion.html. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ "Jenson Button awarded the Freedom of Frome". BBC News. 4 May 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/8658951.stm. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ "Press Release: Jenson Button to visit Frome". frome-tc.gov.uk. Frome Town Council. 8 February 2010. http://www.frome-tc.gov.uk/Core/FromeTownCouncil/UserFiles/Files/PressReleaseJensontoVisitFrome.pdf. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (18 November 2009). "Button joins Hamilton at McLaren". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8363892.stm. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ Henry, Alan (16 November 2009). "Jenson Button agrees to join McLaren on three-year, £6m-a-year deal". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/nov/16/jenson-button-joins-mclaren-contract. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Hamilton challenge excites Button". BBC Sport. 19 November 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8369244.stm. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Button move is mistake – Stewart". BBC Sport. 18 November 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8366570.stm. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
- ^ "Jenson Button cool over Eddie Irvine prediction". BBC Sport. 8 January 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8447297.stm. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
- ^ "Australian Grand Prix: Jenson Button claims first McLaren win". The Daily Telegraph (London: Telegraph Media Group). 28 March 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/7532035/Australian-Grand-Prix-Jenson-Button-claims-first-McLaren-win.html. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
- ^ Noble, Jonathan (ed.) (1 April 2010). "Pit & Paddock: Roll of Honour". Autosport 200 (1): p. 11. "Jenson Button • Fernando Alonso • Alain Prost • Niki Lauda • Juan Manuel Fangio • Nelson Piquet • Stirling Moss • Carlos Reutemann • Gerhard Berger • John Surtees • Dan Gurney • Jackie Stewart • Jody Scheckter"
- ^ Weaver, Paul (19 April 2010). "Jenson Button shows smart driving to stay ahead of Lewis Hamilton". The Guardian (Shanghai: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/apr/19/jenson-button-lewis-hamilton-mclaren. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ "Hamilton radio: Jenson will not pass you". GPUpdate.net (GPUpdate). 7 June 2010. http://www.gpupdate.net/en/f1-news/236444/hamilton-radio-jenson-will-not-pass-you. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ "Jenson Button unhurt after armed men threaten him". BBC News (BBC). 7 November 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11704802. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ "McLaren's Jenson Button hails Canada Grand Prix win". BBC Sport (BBC). 13 June 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/formula_one/13744158.stm. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
- ^ Holt, Sarah (31 July 2011). "Jenson Button beats Sebastian Vettel in Hungary". BBC Sport (BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/9552843.stm. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
- ^ "Belgium Qualifying – selected team and driver quotes". Formula1.com (Formula One Administration). 28 August 2011. http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/8/12452.html. Retrieved 29 August 2011. "Failing to get into Q3 was a misunderstanding between the team and me. I’d just done a fast lap, and was cooling the tyres, not knowing that there wasn’t any more time left in the session."
- ^ "Button signs new, multi-year deal with McLaren". Formula1.com (Formula One Administration). 5 October 2011. http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/10/12595.html. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
- ^ Young, Byron (6 October 2011). "Button signs £85 million deal". Daily Mirror (Trinity Mirror). http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/motorsport/2011/10/06/jenson-button-signs-85m-mclaren-contract-115875-23469916/. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
- ^ Cary, Tom (14 November 2011). "Jenson Button takes comfort from third place at Abu Dhabi Grand Prix". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/mclaren/8888059/Jenson-Button-takes-comfort-from-third-place-at-Abu-Dhabi-Grand-Prix.html. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
- ^ "2012 FIA Formula One World Championship Entry List". FIA.com (Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile). 30 November 2011. http://fia.com/en-GB/mediacentre/pressreleases/f1releases/2011/Pages/f1-entry-2012.aspx. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (18 March 2012). "Jenson Button wins Australian Grand Prix for McLaren". BBC Sport (BBC). http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/formula1/17419682. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ "Hamilton beats Button to Sepang pole". Formula1.com (Formula One Administration). 24 March 2012. http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2012/3/13158.html. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
- ^ a b Hughes, Mark (15 September 2009). "Why Barrichello is beating Button". BBC Sport (BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8254706.stm. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ^ "Bahrain Grand Prix: David Coulthard's guide to the race weekend". The Telegraph. 12 March 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/7430523/Bahrain-Grand-Prix-David-Coulthards-guide-to-the-race-weekend.html. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
- ^ Henson, Mike (28 March 2010). "Jenson Button wins dramatic Australian Grand Prix". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8591390.stm. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
- ^ a b c "Jenson Button drives his car like the great Alain Prost, says Formula One legend Sir Jackie Stewart". Daily Record. 18 June 2009. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/motorsport-news/2009/06/18/jenson-button-drives-his-car-like-the-great-alain-prost-says-formula-one-legend-sir-jackie-stewart-86908-21450219/. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
- ^ Naughton, Philippe; Fleming, Sam; Hipwell, Deirdre (26 January 2003). "The big interview: Jenson Button". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/columnists/paul_kimmage/article857084.ece?token=null&offset=36&page=4. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ "Formula One World Champion Button moving to Guernsey". BBC News (BBC). 21 April 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/8634137.stm. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "F1 champion Jenson buys local house". The Guernsey Press. 20 April 2010. http://www.thisisguernsey.com/2010/04/20/f1-champion-jenson-buys-house-in-guernsey/. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ "Camper van man Jenson". The Sun (London: News International). 14 June 2008. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article1291710.ece. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "Jenson Button is in pool position as he takes a romantic dip with girlfriend Jessica Michibata". Daily Mail (London: Associated News Ltd). 29 May 2009. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1189479/Jenson-Button-girlfriend-Jessica-Michibata-romantic-dip.html. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
- ^ "No hard feelings: Jenson Button enjoys a friendly catch-up with ex-fiancée Louise Griffiths". Daily Mail (Associated News Ltd). 20 June 2011. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2004917/Jenson-Button-enjoys-friendly-catch-ex-fiancee-Louise-Griffiths.html. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ Young, Byron (29 April 2010). "Jenson Button's 'Number One' tattoo says all you need to know about the man". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
- ^ Baker, Rosie (24 May 2010). "Jenson Button revealed as face of Head & Shoulders". MarketingWeek (Centaur Media plc). http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/news/jenson-button-revealed-as-face-of-head-and-shoulders/3013774.article. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jenson Button |
- Official Website
- Jenson Button on Twitter
- Jenson Button at the Internet Movie Database
- Jenson Button profile and statistics
- Jenson Button career statistics
- F1Fanatic – Who's Who: Jenson Button
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Button, Jenson |
| Alternative names | Button, Jenson Alexander Lyons |
| Short description | Formula One driver |
| Date of birth | 19 January 1980 |
| Place of birth | Frome, England, United Kingdom |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Wiki Summary
An auto rickshaw or three-wheeler (tempo, tuk-tuk, trishaw, auto, rickshaw, autorick, bajaj, rick, tricycle, mototaxi, baby taxi or lapa in popular parlance) is a usually three-wheeled cabin cycle for private use and as a vehicle for hire. It is a motorized version of the traditional pulled rickshaw or cycle rickshaw. Auto rickshaws are an essential form of urban transport in many developing countries, and a form of novelty transport in many Eastern countries.
African and Indian three-wheelers have followed the original design of the Piaggio Ape C, from 1948, which was originally based on the Vespa. In India, Bajaj Auto produced under Piaggio license from 1959 to 1974.
Auto rickshaws of Southeast Asia started from the knockdown production of the Daihatsu Midget which had been introduced in 1957. Japan had been exporting three-wheelers to Thailand since 1934. Moreover, The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Japan donated about 20,000 used three-wheelers to Southeast Asia[when?]. In Japan, three-wheelers went out of use in the latter half of the 1960s.
