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The eastern hemisphere in 100 AD

The world in 100

Year 100 (C) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Traianus and Frontinus (or, less frequently, year 853 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 100 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events[link]

By place[link]

Roman Empire[link]

• Emperor Trajan and Sextus Julius Frontinus become Roman Consuls.
• Bricks become the primary building material in the Roman Empire.
• Pliny the Younger advances to consulship, giving his panegyric on Trajan in the process.
• The Roman Army reaches 300,000 soldiers.
• Tiberius Avidius Quietus' rule as governor of Roman Britain ends.
• Timgad (Thamugas), a Roman colonial town in North Africa is founded by Trajan.
• Trajan creates a policy intended to restore the former economic supremacy of Italy.

Europe[link]

• Lions have become extinct in the Balkans by this date.

Asia[link]

• Pakores (last king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom) takes the throne.
• Paper is used by the general populace in China, starting around this year.
• The Kingdom of Himyarite is conquered by the Hadramaut.

Americas[link]

• The Hopewell tradition begins in what is now Ohio circa this date.
• Teotihuacan, at the center of Mexico, reaches a population of 50,000.
• The Moche civilization emerges, and starts building a society in present-day Peru.

By topic[link]

Arts and sciences[link]

• In China, the wheelbarrow makes its first appearance.
• Main hall, Markets of Trajan, Rome, is made (until 112).

Religion[link]

• Appearance of the first Christian dogma and formulas regarding morality.
• The Gospel of John is widely believed to have been written around this date.^[1]
• The compilation of the Kama sutra begins in India.
• The Temple of the God of Medicine is built in Anguo, China.
• The Fourth Buddhist Council is convened circa this year.

Births[link]

• Justin Martyr, Christian apologist (approximate date)
• Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Roman grammarian, rhetorician and advocate (d. 170)

Deaths[link]

• Agrippa II of Judea
• Josephus, Jewish historian (b. 37)
• John the Apostle of Jesus Christ (b. 6)

References[link]

This article's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points. (August 2010)

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (April 2012)

Time 100 is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, as assembled by Time. First published in 1999 as a result of a debate among several academics, the list has become an annual event.

History and format[link]

The list was started with a debate at a symposium in Washington, D.C., on February 1, 1998, with panel participants CBS news anchor Dan Rather, historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, former New York governor Mario Cuomo, then–political science professor Condoleezza Rice, neoconservative publisher Irving Kristol and Time managing editor Walter Isaacson.

The list was first published in 1999, when Time magazine named the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Based on the popularity of the installment, in 2004 Time magazine decided to make it an annual issue, listing the 100 people most influencing the world. Making the list is frequently mistaken as an honor; however, Time makes it very clear that people are recognized for changing the world, for better or for worse. Those recognized fall in one of five categories: Leaders & Revolutionaries, Builders & Titans, Artists & Entertainers, Scientists & Thinkers, and Heroes & Icons. Within each category, the 20 most influential people (sometimes pairs or small groups) are selected, for a grand total of 100 each year.

Multiple appearances[link]

Although each category is given equal weight during any given year, people from some categories are more likely to make repeat appearances on the list from year to year. Repeat appearances on the Time 100 are rare. Only the following individuals have appeared more than twice.

Note: The order of the following list is based on the number of times each person has appeared on the Time 100. Those who are tied are listed alphabetically. Those listed in bold are the select few whose repeat appearances include Time's ranking of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.the most

Listed nine times[link]

• 

  Oprah Winfrey
  2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, & the 20th century.

Listed seven times[link]

• 

  Barack Obama
  2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007 & 2005

• 

  Hillary Rodham Clinton
  2012, 2011, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006 & 2004
  (Finalist in 2010)

Listed five times[link]

• 

  Steve Jobs
  2010, 2008, 2007, 2005 & 2004
  (Finalist in 2009)

• 

  Angela Merkel
  2012, 2011, 2009, 2007 & 2006
  (Finalist in 2010, 2008)

Listed four times[link]

• 

  George W. Bush
  2008, 2006, 2005 & 2004
  (Finalist in 2009)

• 

  Bill Clinton
  2010, 2006, 2005, & 2004

• 

  Bill Gates
  2006, 2005, 2004 & the 20th century
  (Finalist in 2010, 2008)

• 

  Hu Jintao
  2008, 2007, 2005 & 2004
  (Finalist in 2009)

• 

  Condoleezza Rice
  2007, 2006, 2005, & 2004
  (Finalist in 2008)

• 

  George Clooney
  2009, 2008, 2007 & 2006
  (Finalist in 2010)

• 

  Jamie Dimon
  2011, 2009, 2008 & 2006

Listed three times[link]

• 

  Nelson Mandela
  2005, 2004 & the 20th century
  (Finalist in 2008, 2007)

• 

  Tenzin Gyatso
  (14th Dalai Lama)
  2008, 2005 & 2004
  (Finalist in 2009)

• 

  Rupert Murdoch
  2008, 2005 & 2004
  (Finalist in 2010, 2009)

• 

  Larry Page
  2011, 2005 & 2004
  

• 

  Mark Zuckerberg
  2011, 2010 & 2009
  

• 

  Aung San Suu Kyi
  2011, 2008 & 2004

Selection criteria[link]

In 2004 Time's editors "identified three rather distinct qualities", when choosing the Time 100 explained Time's editor-at-large Michael Elliott:

First, there were those who came to their status by means of a very public possession of power; President George W. Bush is the pre-eminent example. Others, though they are rarely heard from in public, nonetheless have a real influence on the great events of our time. Think of Ali Husaini Sistani, the Grand Ayatullah of Iraq's Shi'ites. Still others affect our lives through their moral example. Consider Nelson Mandela's forgiveness of his captors and his willingness to walk away from the South African presidency after a single term.^[1]

In the 2007 Time 100 list managing editor Richard Strengel explained that the Time 100 was not a list of the hottest, most popular or most powerful people, but rather the most influential, stating:

Influence is hard to measure, and what we look for is people whose ideas, whose example, whose talent, whose discoveries transform the world we live in. Influence is less about the hard power of force than the soft power of ideas and example. Yes there are Presidents and dictators who can change the world through fiat, but we're more interested in innovators like Monty Jones, the Sierra Leone scientist who has developed a strain of rice that can save African agriculture. Or heroes like the great chessmaster Garry Kasparov, who is leading the lonely fight for greater democracy in Russia. Or Academy Award winning actor George Clooney who has leveraged his celebrity to bring attention to the tragedy in Darfur.

Controversies[link]

The fact that the then British Prime Minister Tony Blair was excluded from the 2004 list caused mild controversy. Time magazine editor-at-large Michael Elliott defended the decision to consistently exclude Blair:

Gerhard Schröder and Jacques Chirac are not there either. This is a worldwide list. There are no Western European political leaders on it because they are not that powerful or influential at this time.^[2]

Although George W. Bush has appeared on the list several times, controversy emerged when he was dropped from the list in 2007 in part because of the Democratic victory in the 2006 congressional election.^[3] Former Senator Rick Santorum (R-PA) of Fox News said:

The fact of the matter is, the president of the United States, I don't care who's in that office, is the most powerful man on the face of the Earth and has more influence over various aspects of lives, not just in this country, but around the world. And for Time magazine to dismiss that just shows you how biased and, I would argue, hateful they are.^[4]

"Any U.S. president has a certain built-in influence," explained Adi Ignatius, deputy managing editor at Time, who oversaw the list. "Bush had actually squandered some of that built-in influence. His position on Iraq has cost him support in his own party...To a certain point, he sort of reached a lame-duck status,"^[5]

The list has generated controversy over who was included in other years as well. In 2005 conservative commentator Ann Coulter was listed causing Salon.com to observe:

When Time magazine named Ann Coulter among its 100 "most influential people" last week, alongside such heavyweights as Ariel Sharon, Bill Clinton, Nelson Mandela, Kim Jong Il and the Dalai Lama, the choice produced guffaws online. Plugging the issue on Fox News last week, Time executive editor Priscilla Painton insisted it was Coulter's use of "humor" that made her so influential, stopping just short of suggesting that Coulter is the conservative Jon Stewart. But even Fox's Bill O'Reilly wasn't buying it. He pressed Painton: "Do you think people, Americans, listen to Ann Coulter? Do you think she has influence in public opinion?"^[6]

While Time magazine defended Coulter on the grounds that she is a best-selling author whose controversial commentary has impacted the discourse of the world's most powerful nation, she was not considered influential enough to make a repeat appearance on the list.

Hacking[link]

In 2009, the winner of the annual Time 100 online poll was moot, the founder of the 4chan website, who received 16,794,368 votes. Time magazine claimed that their technical team "did detect and extinguish several attempts to hack the vote".^[7] However, it was shown weeks before the poll ended that the results had been heavily edited by hackers.^[8] The first letters of the top 21 names spell out "marblecake also the game". Marblecake is the name of the IRC channel (which would appear on IRC as #marblecake) used for communication by some of the participants in rigging the poll.^[8]

Academic research[link]

The Time 100 has been cited in an academic analysis by Craig Garthwaite and Tim Moore, economists at the University of Maryland, College Park. In light of Oprah Winfrey holding the record for most appearances on the Time 100, the economists decided to measure if Winfrey was influential enough to decide a U.S. presidential election by examining the impact of her endorsement of Barack Obama for president. The economists wrote the following:

Oprah Winfrey is a celebrity of nearly unparalleled influence. She has been named to Time magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people six times—more than any other individual, including the Dalai Lama, Nelson Mandela, Bill Gates, George Clooney and Rupert Murdoch. She was named one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th Century, an honor shared with Albert Einstein, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. She was only one of four people who were included on these lists in both the 20th and 21st Century. The others included Mandela, Gates, and Pope John Paul II... The scope of Winfrey’s influence creates a unique opportunity to examine the effect of endorsements on political outcomes.

The economists found a statistically significant correlation between the number of Winfrey fans in a geographic region (as estimated by the sales of her magazine and book club selections) and the number of votes Obama received in that region during the race for the 2008 Democratic nomination for president. They found that the correlation even held up when they controlled for all kinds of confounding variables like race, gender, income, education, and sales of other magazines. They further found that the correlation only emerged after Winfrey had endorsed Obama, suggesting that it was the influence of her endorsement that caused the correlation. When they statistically removed the correlation to see how Obama would have performed without Winfrey's endorsement, they found that over one million votes vanished from Obama’s total in the Democratic primary and Clinton receives far more votes than Obama does.^[9]

References[link]

External links[link]

• TIME 100 - The People of the Century