- published: 24 Oct 2009
- views: 1347339
- author: lucidtv
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
More Videos
Loading...
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
- Acclimatization
- Adhesive
- Ahmad Y Hassan
- Air embolism
- Al-Farabi
- Altitude sickness
- Aluminium
- Alveoli
- Ancient Greece
- Argon
- Aristotle
- Astronomer
- Atmosphere
- Atmosphere (unit)
- Atmospheric pressure
- Atmospheric railway
- Atomic mass unit
- August Toepler
- Automobile
- Bar (unit)
- Barometer
- Barotrauma
- Bellows
- Bibcode
- Big Bang
- Bishop
- Black body radiation
- Blaise Pascal
- Blood
- Boiling point
- Brake
- Brazing
- Casimir effect
- Cathode ray tube
- Cathode rays
- Cf.
- Cold cathode
- Cold welding
- Configuration space
- Consciousness
- Cosmic radiation
- Cosmos
- Coulomb's law
- Crookes radiometer
- Crookes tube
- Cryopump
- Dark energy
- Decay of the vacuum
- Diamagnetism
- Diaphragm (anatomy)
- Dirac equation
- Dirac sea
- Drag (physics)
- Dry etching
- Duke of Tuscany
- Dynamic pressure
- Eardrum
- Earth
- Ebullism
- Electric field
- Electric potential
- Electron microscope
- Elementary particles
- Energy
- English language
- Etienne Tempier
- Evaporation
- Experiment
- Extremophile
- False vacuum
- Flight suit
- Fluid mechanics
- Freeze drying
- Friction
- Galileo
- Gasparo Berti
- Gaussian units
- Geissler tube
- General relativity
- Geometry
- Graviton
- Greek philosophy
- Ground state
- Heinrich Geissler
- Helium
- Heritage railway
- Hermann Sprengel
- Hero of Alexandria
- Hilbert space
- Human spaceflight
- Hydrogen
- Hypoxia (medical)
- Ibn al-Haytham
- Inches of mercury
- Interferometer
- Intergalactic space
- Interplanetary space
- Interstellar medium
- Ion gauge
- Isaac Newton
- Islamic Golden Age
- Islamic mathematics
- Islamic physics
- Jean Buridan
- Johann Rafelski
- John D. Barrow
- Jupiter
- Kalam
- Kelvin
- Kármán line
- Laboratory
- Lamb shift
- Latin
- Light
- Liquid nitrogen
- Liquid ring
- Local Group
- Lorentz symmetry
- Low earth orbit
- Luftwaffe
- Luminiferous aether
- Lung
- Magnetic field
- Manifold vacuum
- Manometer
- Matter
- McLeod gauge
- Mean free path
- Mercury (element)
- Metallurgy
- Millipascal
- MmHg
- Momentum
- Moon
- Mu'tazili
- Nanometer
- Nazi Germany
- Neon
- Neutrino
- Niels Bohr
- Number density
- Optical coating
- Otto von Guericke
- Outer Space
- Outer space
- Outgassing
- Pair production
- Palladium
- Paolo Casati
- Paramagnetism
- Paris condemnations
- Pascal (unit)
- Paul Dirac
- Permittivity
- Philosophical
- Photon
- Pirani gauge
- Planet
- Plasma (physics)
- Plato
- Platonic ideal
- Pneumatic tube
- Pompeii
- Popular Science
- Positron
- Pressure
- Pressure measurement
- PubMed Identifier
- QCD vacuum
- QED vacuum
- Quantum field theory
- Quantum mechanics
- Quantum physics
- Quantum vacuum
- Quasi-particle
- Radiation pressure
- Railway air brake
- Rarefaction
- Refraction
- René Descartes
- Robert Boyle
- Robert Hooke
- Rotary vane pump
- Routledge
- Satellite
- SI
- SI units
- Solar sail
- Solar wind
- Space
- Space weather
- Spacesuit
- Speed of light
- Spontaneous emission
- Sprengel Pump
- Star
- Stationary point
- String theory
- Submarine
- Suction
- Sun
- Superfluid
- Surface science
- Tardigrade
- Temperature
- Theory of relativity
- Thermocouple
- Thermos bottle
- Thermosphere
- Thought experiment
- Titanium
- Toepler Pump
- Torr
- Train
- Tungsten
- Turbomolecular pump
- U
- Ultra high vacuum
- Ultra-high vacuum
- Ultracentrifuge
- Universe
- Vacuum
- Vacuum angle
- Vacuum brake
- Vacuum cementing
- Vacuum chamber
- Vacuum cleaner
- Vacuum deposition
- Vacuum distillation
- Vacuum energy
- Vacuum engineering
- Vacuum flange
- Vacuum fluctuations
- Vacuum fryer
- Vacuum packing
- Vacuum permeability
- Vacuum permittivity
- Vacuum pump
- Vacuum servo
- Vacuum state
- Vacuum tube
- Vapour pressure
- Virtual particle
- Virtual particles
- Walter Burley
- Werner Heisenberg
- William Crookes
- Windscreen wipers
- WP V
-
Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
wn.com/Nazi_Germany
-
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Abū al-Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (born 5 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died in the year 13 December 1048 in Ghazni), known as Alberonius in Latin and Al-Biruni in English, was a Persian-ChorasmianMuslim scholar and polymath of the 11th century.
Al-Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist. He was conversant in Chorasmian, Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit and Turkic, and also knew Greek, Hebrew and Syriac. He spent a large part of his life in Ghazni in modern-day Afghanistan, capital of the Ghaznavid dynasty which ruled eastern Iranian lands and the northwestern Indian subcontinent. In 1017 he traveled to the Indian subcontinent and became the most important interpreter of Indian science to the Islamic world. He is given the titles the "founder of Indology" and the "first anthropologist". He was an impartial writer on custom and creeds of various nations, and was given the title al-Ustdadh ("The Master") for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India. He also made contributions to Earth sciences, and is regarded as the "father of geodesy" for his important contributions to that field, along with his significant contributions to geography.
wn.com/Abū_Rayhān_al-Bīrūnī -
Ahmad Y Hassan
Ahmad Yousef Al-Hassan (Arabic: أحمد يوسف الحسن) (June 25, 1925 - April 28, 2012 ) was a historian of Arabic and Islamic science and technology , educated in Jerusalem, Cairo and London with a Ph.D. in Mechanical engineering from University College London. He was Dean of Engineering and later President of the University of Aleppo where he founded the Institute for the History of Arabic Science (IHAS) and was its first director. He also served as Minister of Petroleum, Electricity and Mineral Resources of Syria .
wn.com/Ahmad_Y_Hassan -
Aristotle
Aristotle (Ancient Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.
Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics. In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic. In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church. His ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today. Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues (Cicero described his literary style as "a river of gold"), it is thought that the majority of his writings are now lost and only about one-third of the original works have survived.
wn.com/Aristotle -
August Toepler
August Joseph Ignaz Toepler (7 September 1836 – 6 March 1912) was a German physicist known for his experiments in electrostatics.
August Toepler was born on 7 September 1836. He studied chemistry at the Gewerbe-Institut Berlin (1855-1858) and graduated from the University of Jena in 1860. Later Toepler turned to experimental physics. August Toepler was a lecturer of chemistry and physics at the Academy Poppelsdorf (1859-1864). He received a chair of chemistry and chemical technology at the Polytechnic Institute of Riga and he hold this position between 1864 and 1868.
In 1864, he applied Foucault's knife-edge test for telescope mirrors to the analysis of fluid flow and the shock wave. He named this new method schlieren photography, for which he is justifiably famous. He also developed the Toepler machine, an electrostatic influence machine, in 1865 for use in X-ray photography. Improved versions were produced by Wilhelm Holtz, Roger and J. Robert Voss.
In 1868, he became a professor at the University of Graz in Austria, where under his administration a new physical institute has appeared. In 1876, Toepler came to Dresden where he was offered the chair of Experimental Physics. He was a director of the Physical Institute at the Dresden Technical University till his retirement in 1900. His son Maximilian Toepler continued the scientific work independently. Toepler is remembered as an inventor of electrostatic machines, and for his work with air pumps and acoustic waves.
wn.com/August_Toepler -
Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal (French pronunciation: [blɛz paskal]; 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662), was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method.
In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines, and after three years of effort and 50 prototypes he invented the mechanical calculator. He built twenty of these machines (called the Pascaline) in the following ten years. Pascal was an important mathematician, helping create two major new areas of research: he wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of sixteen, and later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. Following Galileo and Torricelli, in 1646 he refuted Aristotle's followers who insisted that nature abhors a vacuum. Pascal's results caused many disputes before being accepted.
wn.com/Blaise_Pascal -
Etienne Tempier
Étienne (Stephen) Tempier (also known as Stephanus of Orleans) (died 3 September 1279) was a French bishop of Paris during the 13th century. He was Chancellor of the Sorbonne from 1263 and bishop of Paris from 1268.
He is best remembered for promulgating a Condemnation of 219 philosophical and theological propositions (or articles) that addressed ideas and concepts that were being discussed and disputed in the faculty of Arts at the University of Paris.
Born in Orléans, Tempier studied in Paris, where he became master of theology and canon of Notre Dame. During a period of about five years (1263–ca. 1268), Tempier was the Chancellor of the chapter of Notre Dame at Paris, succeeding Erich von Veire. At that time, the Chancellor of the Chapter was also the Chancellor of the University of Paris.
He served as bishop of Paris from 7 October 1268 until his death on 3 September 1279. Temper had been a master in the faculty of theology.
In 1270 Tempier, encouraged by Henry of Ghent (died 1293), had issued a formal condemnation of thirteen doctrines held by "radical Aristotelians." These included the unity of intellect, causal necessity, and the eternity of the world. The investigation into errors then prevalent at the Parisian university was prompted by the Portuguese cleric Juliani, who was later elected Pope John XXI. A former professor of theology at the University of Paris, he wrote Tempier on January 28, 1277. The pope told Tempier that he had heard reports of heretical opinions in the Paris area, and requested to be informed of the situation. By this time Tempier was already investigating heretical opinions at the University of Paris.
wn.com/Etienne_Tempier -
Galileo
Galileo Galilei (Italian pronunciation: [ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi]; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of science", and "the Father of Modern Science".
His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, inventing an improved military compass and other instruments.
Galileo's championing of heliocentrism was controversial within his lifetime, when most subscribed to either geocentrism or the Tychonic system. He met with opposition from astronomers, who doubted heliocentrism due to the absence of an observed stellar parallax. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, and they concluded that it could only be supported as a possibility, not as an established fact. Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated him and the Jesuits, who had both supported Galileo up until this point. He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he wrote one of his finest works, Two New Sciences. Here he summarized the work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials.
wn.com/Galileo -
Gasparo Berti
Gasparo Berti (c. 1600 – 1643) was an Italian mathematician, astronomer and physicist. He was probably born in Mantua and spent most of his life in Rome. He is most famous today for his experiment in which he unknowingly created the first working barometer. Though he was best known for his work in mathematics and physics, little of his work in either survives.
In 1630,Giovanni Battista Baliani sent a letter to Galileo Galilei after he noticed that his siphon could not raise water more than about 10 m (34 feet). Galileo proposed that a vacuum held the water up and that it could not hold any more. At the time the existence of vacuums was controversial.
Upon reading Galileo's theory in his Discorsi, Berti and another man named Raffaele Magiotti devised an experiment to test the existence of a vacuum. Some time between 1640 and 1643, Berti built a 11 m lead tube, filled it with water, and sealed both ends. He submerged one end in water and unsealed it. Though some of the water flowed out, much of it remained, filling about 10 m (34 feet) of the tube, the same height of Baliani's syphon. Berti claimed that the space above was filled with a vacuum. His claim was strongly contested, and multiple experiments were performed attempting to disprove the existence of a vacuum. This experiment led to Evangelista Torricelli's research into the weight of air and his invention of the barometer.
wn.com/Gasparo_Berti -
Heinrich Geissler
Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Geißler (May 26, 1814, Igelshieb – January 24, 1879) was a skilled glassblower and physicist, famous for his invention of the Geissler tube, made of glass and used as a low pressure gas-discharge tube.
Geissler descended from a long line of craftsmen in the Thüringer Wald and in Böhmen. He found work in different German universities, eventually including the University of Bonn. There he was asked by physicist Julius Plücker to design an apparatus for evacuating a glass tube.
Plücker owed his forthcoming success in the electric discharge experiments in large measure to his instrument maker, the skilled glassblower and mechanic Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Geissler. He learned the art of glassblowing in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen.... He finally settled down as an instrument-maker in a workshop of his own at the University of Bonn in 1852.
Geissler made a hand-crank mercury pump, and glass tubes that could contain a superior vacuum.
The future value of Plücker and Geissler's research 'toy' – apart from neon lighting – would be fully realized only 50 years later when Lee De Forest invented the Audion vacuum tube in 1906 ... creating the entire basis of long-distance wireless radio (and TV) communications.
wn.com/Heinrich_Geissler -
Hermann Sprengel
Hermann Sprengel FRS (29 August 1834 – 14 January 1906) was a German chemist who discovered the explosive nature of picric acid in 1873, patented safety explosives and invented the mercurial air pump
Sprengel was the son of George Sprengel of Schillerslage, Germany. He was educated in Göttingen and earned his degree at the university at Heidelberg in 1858. He moved to England the following year and became a naturalised British subject.
He was first employed as an assistant in chemical laboratory in Oxford and then moved to London to work at Guy's and St Bartholomew's Hospitals, before working in the chemical works of Thomas Farmer of Kennington (1865-1870). There he invented a generic class of materials called Sprengel explosives. In addition he invented a very robust and continuously operable device called the Sprengel Pump which could reduce the amount of air in a chamber to one-millionth of its volume paving the way for the filament light bulb .
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1878. His candidature citation read "Distinguished as a Chemist and Physicist. Author of the following researches.
wn.com/Hermann_Sprengel -
Hero of Alexandria
Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria (Greek: Ἥρων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς) (c. 10–70 AD) was an ancient Greek mathematician and engineer who was active in his native city of Alexandria, Roman Egypt. He is considered the greatest experimenter of antiquity and his work is representative of the Hellenistic scientific tradition.
Hero published a well recognized description of a steam-powered device called an aeolipile (hence sometimes called a "Hero engine"). Among his most famous inventions was a windwheel, constituting the earliest instance of wind harnessing on land. He is said to have been a follower of the Atomists. Some of his ideas were derived from the works of Ctesibius.
Much of Hero's original writings and designs have been lost, but some of his works were preserved in Arab manuscripts.
A number of references mention dates around 150 BC, but these are inconsistent with the dates of his publications and inventions. This may be due to a misinterpretation of the phrase "first century" or because Hero was a common name.
wn.com/Hero_of_Alexandria -
Ibn al-Haytham
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham (Arabic: أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم, Latinized: Alhacen or (deprecated)Alhazen) (965 in Basra – c. 1040 in Cairo) was a Muslimscientist and polymath described in various sources as either Arab or Persian. Alhazen made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to physics, astronomy, mathematics, ophthalmology, philosophy, visual perception, and to the scientific method. He also wrote insightful commentaries on works by Aristotle, Ptolemy, and the Greek mathematician Euclid.
He is frequently referred to as Ibn al-Haytham, and sometimes as al-Basri (Arabic: البصري), after his birthplace in the city of Basra. He was also nicknamed Ptolemaeus Secundus ("Ptolemy the Second") or simply "The Physicist" in medieval Europe.
Born circa 965, in Basra, present-day Iraq, he lived mainly in Cairo, Egypt, dying there at age 74. Over-confident about practical application of his mathematical knowledge, he assumed that he could regulate the floods of the Nile. After being ordered by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the sixth ruler of the Fatimid caliphate, to carry out this operation, he quickly perceived the impossibility of what he was attempting to do, and retired from engineering. Fearing for his life, he feigned madness and was placed under house arrest, during and after which he devoted himself to his scientific work until his death.
wn.com/Ibn_al-Haytham -
Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727 [NS: 4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727]) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian, who has been "considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived." His monograph Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, lays the foundations for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws, by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution.
wn.com/Isaac_Newton -
Johann Rafelski
Johann Rafelski (born 19 May 1950) is a German-American theoretical physicist and author. He is Professor of Physics at The University of Arizona in Tucson, guest scientist at CERN (Geneva), and has been LMU-Excellent Guest Professor at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in Munich, Germany.
Rafelski’s current research interests center around investigation of the vacuum structure of QCD and QED in the presence of strong fields; study of the QCD vacuum structure and deconfinement with strange particle production in deconfined quark–gluon plasma formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions; the formation of matter out of quark-gluon plasma in the hadronization process, also in the early Universe; the ascent of ultrashort laser light pulses as a new tool in this domain of physics. He has also contributed to the physics of table top Muon-catalyzed fusion, antimatter formation and annihilation, and artificial intelligence.
wn.com/Johann_Rafelski -
Niels Bohr
Niels Henrik David Bohr (Danish pronunciation: [ˈniːls ˈboɐ̯ˀ]; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr mentored and collaborated with many of the top physicists of the century at his institute in Copenhagen. He was part of the British team of physicists working on the Manhattan Project. Bohr married Margrethe Nørlund in 1912, and one of their sons, Aage Bohr, grew up to be an important physicist who in 1975 also received the Nobel Prize. Bohr has been described as one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century.
Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1885. His father, Christian Bohr, was professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen (it is his name which is given to the Bohr shift or Bohr effect), while his mother, Ellen Adler Bohr, came from a wealthy Jewish family prominent in Danish banking and parliamentary circles (in 1891, Bohr was baptized a Lutheran, his father's religion).Despite having a religious background, he later became an atheist.His brother was Harald Bohr, a mathematician and Olympic footballer who played on the Danish national team. Niels Bohr was a passionate footballer as well, and the two brothers played a number of matches for the Copenhagen-based Akademisk Boldklub, with Niels in goal.
wn.com/Niels_Bohr -
Otto von Guericke
Otto von Guericke (originally spelled Gericke, German pronunciation: [ˈɡeːʁɪkə]) (November 20, 1602 – May 11, 1686 (Julian calendar); November 30, 1602 – May 21, 1686 (Gregorian calendar)) was a German scientist, inventor, and politician. His major scientific achievements were the establishment of the physics of vacuums, the discovery of an experimental method for clearly demonstrating electrostatic repulsion, and his advocacy of the reality of "action at a distance" and of "absolute space".
wn.com/Otto_von_Guericke -
Paolo Casati
Paolo Casati (in Latin, Paulus Casatus) (1617 – 22 December 1707) was an Italian Jesuit mathematician. Born in Piacenza to a Milanese family, he joined the Jesuits in 1634. After completing his mathematical and theological studies, he moved to Rome, where he assumed the position of professor at the Collegio Romano. He was given the chair in mathematics after teaching philosophy and theology.
In 1651, Casati was sent on a mission to Stockholm in order to gauge the sincerity of Christina of Sweden's intention to become Catholic. He subsequently returned to his post at Rome. In 1677, he moved to the Jesuit College in Parma, where he remained until his death.
The astronomical work Terra machinis mota (1658) imagines a dialogue between Galileo, Paul Guldin, and Marin Mersenne on various intellectual problems of cosmology, geography, astronomy and geodesy. For example, they discuss how to determine the Earth's dimensions, floating bodies, the phenomena of capillarity, and also describe the experiment on the vacuum made by Otto von Guericke in 1654. The work is remarkable for the fact that it represents Galileo in a positive light, in a Jesuit work, only 25 years after Galileo's condemnation by the Church.
wn.com/Paolo_Casati -
Paul Dirac
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM, FRS (
/dɪˈræk/ di-RAK; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was an English theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. He held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, was a member of the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, and spent the last decade of his life at Florida State University.
Among other discoveries, he formulated the Dirac equation, which describes the behaviour of fermions, and predicted the existence of antimatter.
Dirac shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1933 with Erwin Schrödinger, "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory."
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac was born at his parents' home in Bristol, England, on 8 August 1902, and grew up in the Bishopston area of the city. His father, Charles Adrien Ladislas Dirac, was an immigrant from Saint-Maurice in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland, who worked in Bristol as a French teacher. His mother, Florence Hannah Dirac, née Holten, the daughter of a ship's captain, was born in Cornwall and worked as a librarian at the Bristol Central Library. Paul had a younger sister, Béatrice Isabelle Marguerite, known as Betty, and an older brother, Reginald Charles Félix, known as Felix, who committed suicide in March 1925. Dirac later recalled: "My parents were terribly distressed. I didn't know they cared so much. /.../ I never knew that parents were supposed to care for their children, but from then on I knew."
wn.com/Paul_Dirac -
Plato
Plato ( /ˈpleɪtoʊ/; Greek: Πλάτων, Plátōn, "broad"; 424/423 BC – 348/347 BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. In the words of A. N. Whitehead:
The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars have doubtfully extracted from his writings. I allude to the wealth of general ideas scattered through them.
Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics.
wn.com/Plato -
René Descartes
René Descartes (French pronunciation: [ʁəne dekaʁt]; Latinized form: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the 'Father of Modern Philosophy', and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. In particular, his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system — allowing algebraic equations to be expressed as geometric shapes in a two-dimensional coordinate system — was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, crucial to the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution and has been described as an example of genius.
wn.com/René_Descartes -
Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle, FRS, (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was a 17th-century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology. He has been variously described as Irish, English and Anglo-Irish, his father having come to Ireland from England during the time of the Plantations.
Although his research clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition, Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method. He is best known for Boyle's law, which describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system. Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry.
Boyle was born in Lismore Castle, in County Waterford, Ireland, the seventh son and fourteenth child of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork and Catherine Fenton. Richard Boyle arrived in Dublin from England in 1588 during the Tudor plantations of Ireland and obtained an appointment as a deputy escheator. He had amassed enormous landholdings by the time Robert was born. Catherine Fenton was the daughter of English writer Geoffrey Fenton, who was born in Dublin in 1539, and Alice Weston, the daughter of Robert Weston, who was born in Lismore in 1541.
wn.com/Robert_Boyle -
Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke FRS (28 July [O.S. 18 July] 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath.
His adult life comprised three distinct periods: as a scientific inquirer lacking money; achieving great wealth and standing through his reputation for hard work and scrupulous honesty following the great fire of 1666, but eventually becoming ill and party to jealous intellectual disputes. These issues may have contributed to his relative historical obscurity.
He was at one time simultaneously the curator of experiments of the Royal Society and a member of its council, Gresham Professor of Geometry and a Surveyor to the City of London after the Great Fire of London, in which capacity he appears to have performed more than half of all the surveys after the fire. He was also an important architect of his time, though few of his buildings now survive and some of those are generally misattributed, and was instrumental in devising a set of planning controls for London whose influence remains today. Allan Chapman has characterised him as "England's Leonardo".
wn.com/Robert_Hooke -
Walter Burley
Walter Burley (or Burleigh) (c. 1275–1344/5) was a medieval English Scholastic philosopher and logician. He was a Master of Arts at Oxford in 1301, and a fellow of Merton College, Oxford until about 1310. He spent sixteen years at Paris until 1326, becoming a fellow of the Sorbonne by 1324. After that, he spent seventeen years as a clerical courtier in England and Avignon. He died around 1344. Burley opposed William of Ockham on a number of points concerning logic and natural philosophy. There are at least 50 works attributed to him.
Burley was born in 1274 or 1275, possibly in Burley-in-Wharfedale, Yorkshire. Little is known of his early life. He was made rector of Welbury in Yorkshire in 1309, probably through the influence of Sir John de Lisle, a friend of William Greenfield. As throughout his career, he did not act as rector, employing a substitute and using the income from the living to finance his study in Paris. In Paris, he completed his lectures on Peter Lombard's Sentences, and probably encountered the work of his contemporary William of Ockham. Burley's commentary on the Sentences has not survived, however. Burley became a master of theology by 1324.
wn.com/Walter_Burley -
Werner Heisenberg
Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to quantum mechanics and is best known for asserting the uncertainty principle of quantum theory. In addition, he made important contributions to nuclear physics, quantum field theory, and particle physics.
Heisenberg, along with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, set forth the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics in 1925. Heisenberg was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics for the creation of quantum mechanics, and its application especially to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.
Following World War II, he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which was soon thereafter renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He was director of the institute until it was moved to Munich in 1958, when it was expanded and renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics.
Heisenberg was also president of the German Research Council, chairman of the Commission for Atomic Physics, chairman of the Nuclear Physics Working Group, and president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
wn.com/Werner_Heisenberg -
William Crookes
Sir William Crookes, OM, FRS (17 June 1832 – 4 April 1919) was a British chemist and physicist who attended the Royal College of Chemistry, London, and worked on spectroscopy. He was a pioneer of vacuum tubes, inventing the Crookes tube.
William Crookes was born in London, the eldest son of Joseph Crookes, a tailor of north-country origin, and his second wife, Mary Scott.
Meteorologist and lecturer at multiple places.
From 1850 to 1854 he filled the position of assistant in the college, and soon embarked upon original work, not in organic chemistry where the inspiration of his teacher, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, might have been expected to lead him, but on new compounds of selenium. These formed the subject of his first published papers in 1851.
Leaving the Royal College, he became superintendent of the meteorological department at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford in 1854, and in 1855 was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the Chester Diocesan Training College.
Married now and living in London, he was devoted mainly to independent work. After 1880, he lived at 7 Kensington Park Gardens, where all his later work was carried out in his private laboratory. Crookes's life was one of unbroken scientific activity. The breadth of his interests, ranging over pure and applied science, economic and practical problems, and psychical research, made him a well-known personality, and he received many public and academic honours. In 1859, he founded the Chemical News, a science magazine which he edited for many years and conducted on much less formal lines than is usual with journals of scientific societies.
wn.com/William_Crookes
karaoke
this is vacuum because people suck, affectionalty
can i split open yor head for one day
two eyes, ears that you take for granted
you'll go all the same
worry about your self
deny what they're saying
it's true its you
it's all certainly you
my hands are willing
they may be empty
you'll go on the same and worry about yourself
deny what their saying its true
please split open your head for one minute
two eyes two ears you all take for granted
it u it u it all certainly u
my hands know its true
no one there to catch when i fall
cause no one likes me no one likes me
i wont get into heaven at all
cause no one likes me no one likes me
man i wish i was cool
hope im starting to be could you tell me
guess i dont know where to clear out the basement
man i wish i was cool
hope im starting to be im watching telivision
guess i dont know where to clear out the basement
cant grow a gotti have no spirit for patience
guess i dont know where to clear out the basement
no one there to catch when i fall
cause no one likes me no one likes me
i wont get into heaven at all
theres no one like me, there's no one like me
theres no one like me, there's no one like you
vacuum, vacuum, vacuum, vacuum
vacuum, vacuum, vacuum, vacuum
people suck, people suck
people suck, people suck
vacuum, vacuum
fuck you, fuck you
people suck, people suck
people suck, people suck
fuck you
vacuum, vacuum
whats new
people suck, people suck
people suck, people suck
fuck you
vacuum
whats new
fuck you
Restrained by fear cannot face the world
No fall from grace
No smiling face only swollen fists
Focused on rage
These walls of pain closing in on me
Crushed by the weight
Love left behind I feel nothingness
Anger inflates
Indignation fills my every thought
Feel I can't cope
This house of glass I am trapped inside
Begging for stones
No black or whites I see only grey
This cycle turns
I see the end but cannot reach
My world it burns
Take me
Feel my pain
Feel me
The yesterday we loved
Speaks of tomorrow
The blood of man matters in time
Never taste the puss
We live from Monday to Sunday
But forget what it means
Then it comes, a closed fist
And we just started from Devil's rights
Well call all your friends
Watch me throw down
From the need of vacation
We're speeding from triple hate and artifacts
We're still superiors
And as for understanding
Lie, rape, steal and murder
To make the night realize
Crush the system
Make your contributions mine
Pour out and will you get
This strong as they've become
You sat in silence, hear a voice
How far are we ready to take this
You sat in silence, hear a voice
Before it all crumbles
Lie, rape, steal and murder
Smiling I plot your pain
Can I turn up the TV?
Exploding sympathy, farewell man
I trust we part our company
We're still superiors
And as for understanding
Lie, rape, steal and murder
To make the night realize
Crush the system
Make your contributions mine
Pour out and will you get
This strong as they've become
You sat in silence, hear a voice
How far are we ready to take this
You sat in silence, hear a voice
Before it all crumbles
Lie, rape, steal and murder
Smiling I plot your pain
You sat in silence, hear a voice
How far are we ready to take this
You sat in silence, hear a voice
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Intro
- Your Whole Life Is Leading Up to This
- They do It
- Mind Your Mind
- The Void
- In the Dirt
- Love Earth Cry
- Something Evil I Love
- Sea of Silence
- A Shallow Heart
- Queen
- Fools Like Me
- Dead
- Temporary Solution
- Starting (Where the Story Ended)
- Icaros
- Culture of Night
- Satyricon
- Ripples of the Surface
- My Melting Mood
- Power
- Let the Mountain Come to Me
- Tears
- Chant Like a Mantra
- Ulysses
- Tonnes of Attraction
- Power
- Tears of a Nation
- Let the Mountain Come to Me
- Chant Like a Mantra
- Satyricon
- Nuclear India
- The Culture of Night
- Big Ideas Grand Vision
- Ulysses
- I Breathe
- Science of the Sacred
- Parallel Universe
- I Breathe
- Pride in My Religion
- Science of the Sacred
- Rise and Shine Olympia
- Atlas Shrugged
- Illuminati
- A Woman Named America
- Prussia
- Shape of Things to Come
- Sign on the Skyline
- Tin Soldiers
- Closer Than the Holy Ghost
- I Breathe (Rap Invisible version) (feat. Down Low)
- Parallel Universe
- I Breathe
- Pride in My Religion
- Science of the Sacred
- Rise and Shine Olympia
- Illuminati
- Prussia
- Shape of Things to Come
- Closer Than the Holy Ghost
- Tonnes of Attraction
- Power
- Tears of a Nation
- Let the Mountain Come to Me
- Chant Like a Mantra
- Satyricon
- Nuclear India
- Ulysses
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Sleep Fast! Vacuum cleaner noise ASMR Relaxation Baby Sleep. Idea Composting
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 474:00
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Download mp3 for $2.49 -Add to cart: yogayak.com It's the 11h38m version mp3 !! vacuum cleaner sound vacuum cleaner noise sound of vacuum cleaner noise of vacuum cleaner dźwięk odkurzacza szum odkurzacza odgłos odkurzacza sonido de una aspiradora ruido de una aspiradora suono aspirapolver...
http://wn.com/Sleep_Fast!_Vacuum_cleaner_noise_ASMR_Relaxation_Baby_Sleep_Idea_Composting
Download mp3 for $2.49 -Add to cart: yogayak.com It's the 11h38m version mp3 !! vacuum cleaner sound vacuum cleaner noise sound of vacuum cleaner noise of vacuum cleaner dźwięk odkurzacza szum odkurzacza odgłos odkurzacza sonido de una aspiradora ruido de una aspiradora suono aspirapolver...
Vacuum-i breathe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
video by Vacuum
http://wn.com/Vacuum-i_breathe
Solid Nitrogen, Vacuum Cooling and Dry Ice
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:44
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
What happens when you decrease the pressure around a liquid? It boils. Water boils at room temperature once the pressure is low enough. What is interesting is that this decreases the temperature of the liquid. The fastest molecules escape, leaving the slower ones behind. Using this trick with liquid nitrogen, it is possible to create solid nitrogen at a temperature of -210C. We then poured the solid and liquid nitrogen mixture onto a tray of water. The surface of the water became so cold that CO2 solidified out of the atmosphere on its surface. Then, since CO2 does not pass through the liquid phase at atmospheric pressure, it was propelled on the water surface by jets of gas as it sublimed. Huge thanks to the Palais de la Decouverte. Music by Kevin MacLeod of Incompetech.com (Mirage)
http://wn.com/Solid_Nitrogen,_Vacuum_Cooling_and_Dry_Ice
What happens when you decrease the pressure around a liquid? It boils. Water boils at room temperature once the pressure is low enough. What is interesting is that this decreases the temperature of the liquid. The fastest molecules escape, leaving the slower ones behind. Using this trick with liquid nitrogen, it is possible to create solid nitrogen at a temperature of -210C. We then poured the solid and liquid nitrogen mixture onto a tray of water. The surface of the water became so cold that CO2 solidified out of the atmosphere on its surface. Then, since CO2 does not pass through the liquid phase at atmospheric pressure, it was propelled on the water surface by jets of gas as it sublimed. Huge thanks to the Palais de la Decouverte. Music by Kevin MacLeod of Incompetech.com (Mirage)
- published: 24 Sep 2012
- views: 161658
- author: 1veritasium
Leaf vacuum trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
Michael Grant with his homemade leaf vaccuming trailer. Uses a homemade blower powered by an old lawnmower engine. woodgears.ca
http://wn.com/Leaf_vacuum_trailer
Michael Grant with his homemade leaf vaccuming trailer. Uses a homemade blower powered by an old lawnmower engine. woodgears.ca
- published: 16 Oct 2011
- views: 208238
- author: Matthias Wandel
marshmallows in a vacuum
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:55
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
put some marshmallows in a vacuum jar and they grow.
http://wn.com/marshmallows_in_a_vacuum
put some marshmallows in a vacuum jar and they grow.
- published: 17 Jun 2007
- views: 2314258
- author: ByrneCastlebrae
Floating Points - Vacuum Boogie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:11
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
I was just put on to this.. I love it! Bought the album! Do the same! www.mrnotorious.com
http://wn.com/Floating_Points_Vacuum_Boogie
I was just put on to this.. I love it! Bought the album! Do the same! www.mrnotorious.com
- published: 16 May 2011
- views: 35913
- author: SeeSickNYC
The Brian Jonestown Massacre - Vacuum Boots
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
One of my favourite song of The BJM. Video made quickely by myself.
http://wn.com/The_Brian_Jonestown_Massacre_Vacuum_Boots
One of my favourite song of The BJM. Video made quickely by myself.
- published: 20 Jun 2007
- views: 156473
- author: mdnsmo
How To Do Perfect Vacuum Resin Infusion of a Carbon Fibre (Fiber) Part - Basic Tutorial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:57
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
Video guide to accompany our www.easycomposites.co.uk - This practical guide explains exactly how to use the Resin Infusion technique to make a strong and light carbon fiber part with a perfect, pin-hole free, surface finish. Follow the video step-by-step, including never shared before professional techniques and you too can master this technique.
http://wn.com/How_To_Do_Perfect_Vacuum_Resin_Infusion_of_a_Carbon_Fibre_Fiber_Part_Basic_Tutorial
Video guide to accompany our www.easycomposites.co.uk - This practical guide explains exactly how to use the Resin Infusion technique to make a strong and light carbon fiber part with a perfect, pin-hole free, surface finish. Follow the video step-by-step, including never shared before professional techniques and you too can master this technique.
- published: 19 Dec 2010
- views: 166496
- author: easycompositestv
XRobots - How to build a vacuum forming machine including my easy heating solution
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:05
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
In this video I'll tell you all about my homebrew vacuum forming machine, including the easy heating solution that I came up with. Here's a follow up video on this: www.youtube.com You can join my page on facebook here: www.facebook.com The title music is also written and performed by me, copyright XRobots.co.uk
http://wn.com/XRobots_How_to_build_a_vacuum_forming_machine_including_my_easy_heating_solution
In this video I'll tell you all about my homebrew vacuum forming machine, including the easy heating solution that I came up with. Here's a follow up video on this: www.youtube.com You can join my page on facebook here: www.facebook.com The title music is also written and performed by me, copyright XRobots.co.uk
- published: 29 Aug 2011
- views: 110408
- author: jamesbruton
How To Find A Vacuum Leak - EricTheCarGuy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:56
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
How To Find A Vacuum Leak - EricTheCarGuy www.ericthecarguy.com I get questions about engine performance issues all the time and one of the things I tell people to check for is a vacuum leak. This video is pretty straight forward in it's approach to finding a vacuum leak. On thing I might mention is that not all vacuum leaks are at the engine, some HVAC systems run on vacuum and can cause a leak under the dash in some cases so don't forget to look there. I've even seen vacuum operated door locks, that would be fun to find. Just be sure to be careful spraying flammable stuff on a hot engine, you don't want to take one problem and make it a whole lot worse. --- Click below and Stay Dirty Visit me at EricTheCarGuy.com ericthecarguy.com Visit EricTheCarGuy Forum www.ericthecarguy.com Visit my Facebook Page: www.facebook.com ---ETCG Due to factors beyond the control of EricTheCarGuy, it cannot guarantee against unauthorized modifications of this information, or improper use of this information. EricTheCarGuy assumes no liability for property damage or injury incurred as a result of any of the information contained in this video. EricTheCarGuy recommends safe practices when working with power tools, automotive lifts, lifting tools, jack stands, electrical equipment, blunt instruments, chemicals, lubricants, or any other tools or equipment seen or implied in this video. Due to factors beyond the control of EricTheCarGuy, no information contained in this video shall create any ...
http://wn.com/How_To_Find_A_Vacuum_Leak_EricTheCarGuy
How To Find A Vacuum Leak - EricTheCarGuy www.ericthecarguy.com I get questions about engine performance issues all the time and one of the things I tell people to check for is a vacuum leak. This video is pretty straight forward in it's approach to finding a vacuum leak. On thing I might mention is that not all vacuum leaks are at the engine, some HVAC systems run on vacuum and can cause a leak under the dash in some cases so don't forget to look there. I've even seen vacuum operated door locks, that would be fun to find. Just be sure to be careful spraying flammable stuff on a hot engine, you don't want to take one problem and make it a whole lot worse. --- Click below and Stay Dirty Visit me at EricTheCarGuy.com ericthecarguy.com Visit EricTheCarGuy Forum www.ericthecarguy.com Visit my Facebook Page: www.facebook.com ---ETCG Due to factors beyond the control of EricTheCarGuy, it cannot guarantee against unauthorized modifications of this information, or improper use of this information. EricTheCarGuy assumes no liability for property damage or injury incurred as a result of any of the information contained in this video. EricTheCarGuy recommends safe practices when working with power tools, automotive lifts, lifting tools, jack stands, electrical equipment, blunt instruments, chemicals, lubricants, or any other tools or equipment seen or implied in this video. Due to factors beyond the control of EricTheCarGuy, no information contained in this video shall create any ...
- published: 23 Aug 2010
- views: 473134
- author: EricTheCarGuy
Baby can't stop laughing at vacuum!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:51
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
My baby thinks the vacuum is so funny!
http://wn.com/Baby_can't_stop_laughing_at_vacuum!
WALL•E and the vacuum cleaner
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
A video clip released on Disney's website in February 2008 to promote the release of Pixar's film, WALL•E.
http://wn.com/WALL•E_and_the_vacuum_cleaner
A video clip released on Disney's website in February 2008 to promote the release of Pixar's film, WALL•E.
- published: 03 Feb 2008
- views: 765750
- author: rachelcakes1985
Fibreglass vacuum moulding.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:30
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
This video shows a simple closed mould vacuum process, this technique is more beneficial to the GRP moulder if runs from 100+ are needed, expected life of tooling 3000 - 5000 lifts. During an eight hour cycle 7 parts can be produced, depending upon complexity of moulding.
http://wn.com/Fibreglass_vacuum_moulding
This video shows a simple closed mould vacuum process, this technique is more beneficial to the GRP moulder if runs from 100+ are needed, expected life of tooling 3000 - 5000 lifts. During an eight hour cycle 7 parts can be produced, depending upon complexity of moulding.
- published: 18 Jul 2009
- views: 243911
- author: ecfibreglassuk
hand making vacuum tubes Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
------------------------- *UPDATE* Hello people! Someone has informed me that this man's name is Claude Paillard. They also told me that he is a French amateur radio operator and he has a website! The address to his website is: paillard.claude.free.fr I hope this answers many of your questions! I am so glad to know this information myself! *UPDATE* ------------------------------ Original Description follows: Hey guys I found this video and I thought it would be nice to have it on youtube because I can't seem to find it here. I'm not trying to make anyone angry so if you are the owner and want it down I will willfully comply. This guy makes tubes by hand! Triodes to be exact. Awesome video. Tube amplifier fans will enjoy it. Original video was called "Fabrication d'une lampe triode" and was found on Daily Motion. Update November 23, 2008: We have discovered the title of the song featured in this video, it is called "The Man I Love" and was created by the Gershwin Brothers (Written for a female singer). Enjoy
http://wn.com/hand_making_vacuum_tubes_Part_1
------------------------- *UPDATE* Hello people! Someone has informed me that this man's name is Claude Paillard. They also told me that he is a French amateur radio operator and he has a website! The address to his website is: paillard.claude.free.fr I hope this answers many of your questions! I am so glad to know this information myself! *UPDATE* ------------------------------ Original Description follows: Hey guys I found this video and I thought it would be nice to have it on youtube because I can't seem to find it here. I'm not trying to make anyone angry so if you are the owner and want it down I will willfully comply. This guy makes tubes by hand! Triodes to be exact. Awesome video. Tube amplifier fans will enjoy it. Original video was called "Fabrication d'une lampe triode" and was found on Daily Motion. Update November 23, 2008: We have discovered the title of the song featured in this video, it is called "The Man I Love" and was created by the Gershwin Brothers (Written for a female singer). Enjoy
- published: 19 May 2008
- views: 163038
- author: mikeymike4g63
Vacuum Resin Infusion Process: Fabricating a Composite Car Seat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:25
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
www.smooth-on.com for more information about vacuum bagging. The aftermarket auto parts industry has grown significantly over the past decade. Increased competition and short lead times have created a demand for faster production methods and techniques. Implementing Smooth-On's vacuum...
http://wn.com/Vacuum_Resin_Infusion_Process_Fabricating_a_Composite_Car_Seat
www.smooth-on.com for more information about vacuum bagging. The aftermarket auto parts industry has grown significantly over the past decade. Increased competition and short lead times have created a demand for faster production methods and techniques. Implementing Smooth-On's vacuum...
- published: 21 Apr 2011
- views: 29183
- author: SmoothOnInc
Dyson Vacuum commercial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:30
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Sent from a friend
http://wn.com/Dyson_Vacuum_commercial
Jim from Taxi sells vacuum cleaners
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
From the Taxi episode "On the Job-Part One". One of the better "Jim" segments.
http://wn.com/Jim_from_Taxi_sells_vacuum_cleaners
From the Taxi episode "On the Job-Part One". One of the better "Jim" segments.
- published: 20 Sep 2008
- views: 109627
- author: cburga
Hamster Vacuum!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:42
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
:) My hamster is hungry. And she loves you. A lot. :D no. YOU'RE fat. YO my annotations supplement the video so much, you better have them on k.
http://wn.com/Hamster_Vacuum!
:) My hamster is hungry. And she loves you. A lot. :D no. YOU'RE fat. YO my annotations supplement the video so much, you better have them on k.
- published: 24 Mar 2007
- views: 4669181
- author: lumpymangos
HOW TO VACUUM FORM RC BODY AT HOME
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
SEVENDUST and PANTERA own the jams...
http://wn.com/HOW_TO_VACUUM_FORM_RC_BODY_AT_HOME
vacuum forming
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:10
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
самодельный аппарат для вакуумной формовки в конце видеоролика есть е-майл по которому можно связаться с автором
http://wn.com/vacuum_forming
самодельный аппарат для вакуумной формовки в конце видеоролика есть е-майл по которому можно связаться с автором
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 163063
- author: MegaNikaragua
Tekzilla - Vacuum Your Router, Fix iTunes, Plex Nine DIY Media Center, Drobo FS, Anonymous Browsing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:45
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
Mailinator Stops Spam. Drobo FS: perfect home server or overpriced NAS substitute? Fix iTunes, Speed Up Your WiFI, Hard Drive vs. .308, Plex/Nine: The prettiest DIY Media Player evah!
http://wn.com/Tekzilla_Vacuum_Your_Router,_Fix_iTunes,_Plex_Nine_DIY_Media_Center,_Drobo_FS,_Anonymous_Browsing
Mailinator Stops Spam. Drobo FS: perfect home server or overpriced NAS substitute? Fix iTunes, Speed Up Your WiFI, Hard Drive vs. .308, Plex/Nine: The prettiest DIY Media Player evah!
- published: 10 Sep 2010
- views: 11523
- author: TEKHD
Vacuum Tube - Sixty Symbols
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:30
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
The vacuum tube, or thermionic valve, was a crucial breakthrough in electronics - one that is still used today. More physics at www.sixtysymbols.com
http://wn.com/Vacuum_Tube_Sixty_Symbols
The vacuum tube, or thermionic valve, was a crucial breakthrough in electronics - one that is still used today. More physics at www.sixtysymbols.com
- published: 14 Dec 2010
- views: 40937
- author: sixtysymbols
Audio - Vacuum
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:30
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Artist: Audio & Mob Tactics Title: Vacuum Label: RUN DNB Cat.#: DNB12004K
http://wn.com/Audio_Vacuum
Artist: Audio & Mob Tactics Title: Vacuum Label: RUN DNB Cat.#: DNB12004K
- published: 02 Sep 2011
- views: 83799
- author: FucKdnB
photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
20 Dec 2012
Obama held a White House news conference on Wednesday to announce that Vice President Joe Biden will lead an interagency effort to craft new gun policies. The group is expected to offer its proposals in January. “We know this is a complex issue that stirs deeply held passions and political divides,” Obama said. “But the fact that this problem is complex can no longer be an excuse for doing nothing.” ... WAKE-UP CALL ... ....(size: 6.1Kb)
photo: AP / Charles Krupa
18 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "Most people reason dramatically, not quantitatively." -Oliver Wendell Holmes. On the same day that a 20-year-old, described as brilliant but remote, walked into an elementary school in Connecticut and massacred 26 children and adults, the school where I teach went on "lock-down." Four students with a handgun were arrested ... That morning before school, he had posted on Twitter and Facebook....(size: 14.0Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Joachim Huber
18 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When a Stanford geneticist, Gerald Crabtree, published a provocative and controversial new view on evolutionary change, namely that humans are actually getting dumber, he should have also added that humans are still developing an extermination gene ... Paleontologist Tim Flannery would more than likely agree with Crabtree ... Strange strings of gravel also overlaid some bones ... (1) Kane, Alex ... 195....(size: 9.4Kb)
photo: AP / Fahd al-Bakoush
20 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Three senior U.S. State Department officials were asked to resign after an official inquiry harshly criticized their offices for failing to provide adequate security at the U.S. mission in Benghazi, Libya, before it came under attack in September, a U.S. official said on Wednesday ... State Department officials declined to comment on the matter, saying it was a personnel issue ... Joint Chiefs of Staff ... facilities....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon
19 Dec 2012
US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has said she accepts the findings of an independent panel that faulted the State Department over the deadly September attack on the US mission in Benghazi, Libya. An inquiry into the attack on the US mission, which saw the US ambassador and three other US citizens killed, found that the State Department security arrangements there were "grossly inadequate" ... 390 Source. ... Share ... Jaws ... Anaheim....(size: 19.2Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
21 Dec 2012
In addition to a perspiration problem, you have a vacuum problem, Luke ... Those doors are held open or closed by small vacuum motors ... And for some reason, those motors aren't getting enough vacuum, especially when the engine is under a condition we call "WOT," or "wide-open throttle." ... Or you could have a bad vacuum reservoir (which stores vacuum for use during those moments of wide-open throttle so you don't get blasted with heat)....(size: 4.1Kb)
The Daily Mail
21 Dec 2012
The Guardian
21 Dec 2012
Director of Vatican museums says measures will reduce grime and humidity damaging Michelangelo's paintings. Tourists in the Sistine Chapel. Photograph. Oote Boe Ph/Alamy. The 5 million tourists who visit the Sistine Chapel every year are to be vacuum cleaned and cooled down before entry in an effort to reduce the pollution damaging Michelangelo's frescoes, the director of the Vatican museums has said ... ....(size: 4.2Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
21 Dec 2012
New products being presented this holiday season include duct tape, heap vacuums and heap filters ... Nikomed is also the number one supplier of Euroclean and Pullman brand HEPA vacuums and accessories. Customers often purchase HEPA vacuums for residential, commercial and Industrial uses ... The vacuums are effective in picking up dust, dirt and other particles that a common vacuum cleaner cannot reach or detect....(size: 3.0Kb)
Digital Spy
21 Dec 2012
The gameplay shots show new puzzle elements, such as using the Poltergust vacuum to fix a clock or uncovering hidden stairways with the flashlight ... Luigi will use a vacuum called the Poltergust 3000 ......(size: 1.1Kb)
Bloomberg
21 Dec 2012
Reliance Industries Ltd. (RIL) said it plans to start up a crude unit at the older of its two refineries in Jamnagar by tomorrow after a fire yesterday ... The blaze was “immediately contained,” Pania said ... The company may also shutter a naphtha hydrotreater and vacuum-gasoil hydrotreater in the same period, the people said ... Maintenance at the vacuum gasoil unit was initially planned for April 2013 ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
Newstrack India
21 Dec 2012
Tweet. Washington, December 21 (ANI). The observation of an elusive sub-atomic particle, known as the Higgs boson, has been hailed as the most important scientific discovery of 2012 by the journal Science ... "Just as an electric field consists of particles called photons, the Higgs field consists of Higgs bosons woven into the vacuum. Physicists have now blasted them out of the vacuum and into brief existence," he explained ... (ANI) ... ) .. ). ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)
noodls
21 Dec 2012
In the vacuum chamber of ITER Divertor Test Facility in Russia, an 800 kW electron gun focuses its heat directly on the target, exposing the materials to the same heat load expected during normal operational conditions in the ITER machine ... In the vacuum chamber of this unique test facility, an 800 kW electron gun focuses its heat directly on the ......(size: 3.8Kb)
noodls
21 Dec 2012
(Source. Cavotec SA). Global engineering group Cavotec is to supply specially adapted MoorMaster automated mooring units for installation at a lock in the St. Lawrence Seaway in Canada ... The St ... MoorMaster is a vacuum-based automated mooring technology that eliminates the need for conventional mooring lines. Remote controlled vacuum pads recessed in, or mounted on, the quayside, moor and release vessels in seconds ... ENDS ... (noodl....(size: 4.3Kb)
noodls
21 Dec 2012
(Source. States of Guernsey) Friday 21 December 2012 ... 'A great example is all the vegetable peelings that we produce for Christmas festive veg ... What can be composted over Christmas? ... Natural corks will take longer to break down but can also be added to your compost bin With additional visitors over the Christmas period, there is bound to be vacuuming to do. The contents of your vacuum cleaner can be emptied into the compost bin....(size: 4.8Kb)
noodls
21 Dec 2012
(Source. Cavotec SA) ... "This project is an excellent reference for Cavotec as a whole, and for Cavotec Netherlands in particular ... This is the third MoorMaster application in Europe ... MoorMaster is a vacuum-based automated mooring technology that eliminates the need for conventional mooring lines. Remote controlled vacuum pads recessed in, or mounted on, the quayside or pontoons, moor and release vessels in seconds ... ENDS ... (noodl....(size: 4.7Kb)
The Washington Post
21 Dec 2012
UNITED NATIONS — The U.N ... Loading... Comments Weigh In Corrections?. Recommend. Personal Post. Images from around the world ... WorldViewsPutin holds an epic press conference. Michael Birnbaum ... Max Fisher . The country's religious vacuum and its history of religious rebellion make cult-like beliefs unusually popular, something the government fears ... U.N ... Mali was plunged into turmoil after a coup in March created a security vacuum ... ....(size: 5.4Kb)
The Independent
21 Dec 2012
This article is about empty physical space or the absence of matter. For other uses, see Vacuum (disambiguation).
"Free space" redirects here. For other uses, see Free space (disambiguation).
Vacuum is space that is empty of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "empty". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure.[1] Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call "vacuum" or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space. The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum.
The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%.[2] Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-high vacuum chambers, common in chemistry, physics, and engineering, operate below one trillionth (10−12) of atmospheric pressure (100 nPa), and can reach around 100 particles/cm3.[3] Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum, with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average.[4] However, even if every single atom and particle could be removed from a volume, it would still not be "empty" due to vacuum fluctuations, dark energy, and other phenomena in quantum physics. In modern Particle Physics, the vacuum state is considered as the ground state of matter.
Vacuum has been a frequent topic of philosophical debate since ancient Greek times, but was not studied empirically until the 17th century. Evangelista Torricelli produced the first laboratory vacuum in 1643, and other experimental techniques were developed as a result of his theories of atmospheric pressure. A torricellian vacuum is created by filling with mercury a tall glass container closed at one end and then inverting the container into a bowl to contain the mercury.[5]
Vacuum became a valuable industrial tool in the 20th century with the introduction of incandescent light bulbs and vacuum tubes, and a wide array of vacuum technology has since become available. The recent development of human spaceflight has raised interest in the impact of vacuum on human health, and on life forms in general.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
From Latin vacuum (an empty space, void) noun use of neuter of vacuus (empty) related to vacare (be empty).
"Vacuum" is one of the few words in the English language that contains two consecutive 'u's.[6]
In electromagnetism[link]
In classical electromagnetism, the vacuum of free space, or sometimes just free space or perfect vacuum, is a standard reference medium for electromagnetic effects.[7][8] Some authors refer to this reference medium as classical vacuum,[7] a terminology intended to separate this concept from QED vacuum or QCD vacuum, where vacuum fluctuations can produce transient virtual particle densities and a relative permittivity and relative permeability that are not identically unity.[9][10][11]
In the theory of classical electromagnetism, free space has the following properties:
- Electromagnetic radiation travels where unobstructed at the speed of light, the defined value 299,792,458 m/s in SI units.[12]
- The superposition principle is always exactly true.[13] For example, the electric potential generated by two charges is the simple addition of the potentials generated by each charge in isolation. The value of the electric field at any point around these two charges is found by calculating the vector sum of the two electric fields from each of the charges acting alone.
- The permittivity and permeability are exactly the electric constant ε0[14] and magnetic constant μ0,[15] respectively (in SI units), or exactly 1 (in Gaussian units).
- The characteristic impedance (η) equals the impedance of free space Z0 ≈ 376.73 Ω.[16]
The vacuum of classical electromagnetism can be viewed as an idealized electromagnetic medium with the constitutive relations in SI units:[17]
- Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \boldsymbol D(\boldsymbol r ,\ t) = \varepsilon_0 \boldsymbol E(\boldsymbol r ,\ t)\ ,
- Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \boldsymbol H(\boldsymbol r ,\ t) = \frac{1}{\mu_0} \boldsymbol B(\boldsymbol r ,\ t)\ ,
relating the electric displacement field D to the electric field E and the magnetic field or H-field H to the magnetic induction or B-field B. Here r is a spatial location and t is time.
In quantum mechanics[link]
In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to separate it from the vacuum of quantum chromodynamics, denoted as QCD vacuum. QED vacuum is a state with no matter particles (hence the name), and also no photons, no gravitons, etc. As described above, this state is impossible to achieve experimentally. (Even if every matter particle could somehow be removed from a volume, it would be impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons.) Nonetheless, it provides a good model for realizable vacuum, and agrees with a number of experimental observations as described next.
QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero.[18] As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum fluctuations are an essential and ubiquitous part of quantum field theory. Some experimentally verified effects of vacuum fluctuations include spontaneous emission, the Casimir effect and the Lamb shift.[19] Coulomb's law and the electric potential in vacuum near an electric charge are modified.[20]
Theoretically, in QCD vacuum multiple vacuum states can coexist.[21] The starting and ending of cosmological inflation is thought to have arisen from transitions between different vacuum states. For theories obtained by quantization of a classical theory, each stationary point of the energy in the configuration space gives rise to a single vacuum. String theory is believed to have a huge number of vacua - the so-called string theory landscape.
In the superfluid vacuum theory the physical vacuum is described as the quantum superfluid which is essentially non-relativistic whereas the Lorentz symmetry is an approximate emerging symmetry valid only for the small fluctuations of the superfluid background. An observer who resides inside such vacuum and is capable of creating and/or measuring the small fluctuations would observe them as relativistic objects - unless their energy and momentum are sufficiently high (as compared to the background ones) to make the Lorentz-breaking corrections detectable. It was shown that the relativistic gravity arises as the small-amplitude collective excitation mode whereas the relativistic elementary particles can be described by the particle-like modes in the low-momentum limit.
Outer space[link]
Main article: Outer space
Outer space has very low density and pressure, and is the closest physical approximation of a perfect vacuum. It has effectively no friction, allowing stars, planets and moons to move freely along ideal gravitational trajectories. But no vacuum is truly perfect, not even in interstellar space, where there are still a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter.[4]
Stars, planets and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 3.2 × 10−2 Pa at 100 kilometres (62 mi) of altitude,[22] the Kármán line, which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar wind, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather. Astrophysicists prefer to use number density to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.
But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.[citation needed] The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel. Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.
All of the observable universe is filled with large numbers of photons, the so-called cosmic background radiation, and quite likely a correspondingly large number of neutrinos. The current temperature of this radiation is about 3 K, or -270 degrees Celsius or -454 degrees Fahrenheit.
Historical interpretation[link]
Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers did not like to admit the existence of a vacuum, asking themselves "how can 'nothing' be something?". Plato found the idea of a vacuum inconceivable. He believed that all physical things were instantiations of an abstract Platonic ideal, and he could not conceive of an "ideal" form of a vacuum. Similarly, Aristotle considered the creation of a vacuum impossible — nothing could not be something. Later Greek philosophers thought that a vacuum could exist outside the cosmos, but not within it. Hero of Alexandria was the first to challenge this belief in the first century AD, but his attempts to create an artificial vacuum failed.[23]
In the Roman city of Pompeii, a dual-action suction pump was found, proving that the ancient Romans had access to this kind of technology. Used for raising water, this pump had two cylinders, alternately operated by a walking-beam pump. In the suction phase, a lower valve opened, permitting the entry of water into the cylinder, while an upper valve remained closed. When the piston went down, the lower valve closed and the upper one opened.[24]
In the medieval Islamic world, the Muslim physicist and philosopher, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872-950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[25][unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent.[26] However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965-1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body.[27] According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum".[28] The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.[29][30][31]
Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated.[32] There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished.[19] René Descartes also argued against the existence of a vacuum, arguing along the following lines: "Space is identical with extension, but extension is connected with bodies; thus there is no space without bodies and hence no empty space (vacuum)." In spite of this, opposition to the idea of a vacuum existing in nature continued into the Scientific Revolution, with scholars such as Paolo Casati taking an anti-vacuist position. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed, apparently because of horror vacui.[23]
The belief in horror vacui was overthrown in the 17th century. Water pump designs had improved by then to the point that they produced measurable vacuums, but this was not immediately understood. What was known was that suction pumps could not pull water beyond a certain height: 18 Florentine yards according to a measurement taken around 1635. (The conversion to metres is uncertain, but it would be about 9 or 10 metres.) This limit was a concern to irrigation projects, mine drainage, and decorative water fountains planned by the Duke of Tuscany, so the Duke commissioned Galileo to investigate the problem. Galileo advertised the puzzle to other scientists, including Gasparo Berti who replicated it by building the first water barometer in Rome in 1639.[33] Berti's barometer produced a vacuum above the water column, but he could not explain it. The breakthrough was made by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643. Building upon Galileo's notes, he built the first mercury barometer and wrote a convincing argument that the space at the top was a vacuum. The height of the column was then limited to the maximum weight that atmospheric pressure could support. Some people believe that although Torricelli's experiment was crucial, it was Blaise Pascal's experiments that proved the top space really contained vacuum.
In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump[34] and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been (partially) evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and conducted experiments on the properties of vacuum. Robert Hooke also helped Boyle produce an air pump which helped to produce the vacuum. The study of vacuum then lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump. Then in 1855 Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump and achieved a record vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, and this renewed interest in vacuum. This, in turn, led to the development of the vacuum tube. Shortly after this Hermann Sprengel invented the Sprengel Pump in 1865.
While outer space has been likened to a vacuum, early theories of the nature of light relied upon the existence of an invisible, aetherial medium which would convey waves of light. (Isaac Newton relied on this idea to explain refraction and radiated heat).[35] This evolved into the luminiferous aether of the 19th century, but the idea was known to have significant shortcomings - specifically, that if the Earth were moving through a material medium, the medium would have to be both extremely tenuous (because the Earth is not detectably slowed in its orbit), and extremely rigid (because vibrations propagate so rapidly). An 1891 article by William Crookes noted: "the [freeing of] occluded gases into the vacuum of space".[36] Even up until 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there".[37]
In 1887, the Michelson-Morley experiment, using an interferometer to attempt to detect the change in the speed of light caused by the Earth moving with respect to the aether, was a famous null result. Many misinterpreted the results, which neither proved nor disproved the existence of the aether, as showing that there really was no static, pervasive medium throughout space and through which the Earth moved as though through a wind.[38][39] As a simplification, one can assume that there is no aether, and that no such entity is required for the propagation of light. Besides the various particles that comprise cosmic radiation, there is a cosmic background of photonic radiation (electromagnetic radiation), including the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the thermal remnant of the Big Bang at about 2.7 K. However, none of these findings affect the outcome of the Michelson-Morley experiment to any significant degree.
Einstein argued that physical objects are not located "in" space but, rather, "have a spatial extent." Seen this way, the concept of empty space loses its meaning.[40] Rather, space is an abstraction, based on the relationships between local objects. Nevertheless, the general theory of relativity admits a pervasive gravitational field, which, in Einstein's words,[41] may be regarded as an "aether", with properties varying from one location to another. One must take care, though, to not ascribe to it material properties such as velocity and so on.
In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, discovered two years later in 1932. Despite this early success, the idea was soon abandoned in favour of the more elegant quantum field theory.
The development of quantum mechanics has complicated the modern interpretation of the vacuum by requiring indeterminacy. Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and Copenhagen interpretation, formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental uncertainty in the instantaneous measurability of the position and momentum of any particle. This uncertainty of position, not unlike the gravitational field, questions the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, this principle was understood to also predict a fundamental uncertainty in the number of particles in a region of space, leading to predictions of virtual particles arising spontaneously out of the void. In other words, there is a lower bound on the vacuum, dictated by the lowest possible energy state of the quantized fields in any region of space.
Measurement[link]
Main article: Pressure measurement
The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition. One of the most important parameters is the mean free path (MFP) of residual gases, which indicates the average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other. As the gas density decreases, the MFP increases, and when the MFP is longer than the chamber, pump, spacecraft, or other objects present, the continuum assumptions of fluid mechanics do not apply. This vacuum state is called high vacuum, and the study of fluid flows in this regime is called particle gas dynamics. The MFP of air at atmospheric pressure is very short, 70 nm, but at 100 mPa (~1×10−3 Torr) the MFP of room temperature air is roughly 100 mm, which is on the order of everyday objects such as vacuum tubes. The Crookes radiometer turns when the MFP is larger than the size of the vanes.
Vacuum quality is subdivided into ranges according to the technology required to achieve it or measure it. These ranges do not have universally agreed definitions, but a typical distribution is as follows:[42][43]
| pressure (Torr) | pressure (Pa) | |
|---|---|---|
| Atmospheric pressure | 760 | 101.3 kPa |
| Low vacuum | 760 to 25 | 100 kPa to 3 kPa |
| Medium vacuum | 25 to 1×10−3 | 3 kPa to 100 mPa |
| High vacuum | 1×10−3 to 1×10−9 | 100 mPa to 100 nPa |
| Ultra high vacuum | 1×10−9 to 1×10−12 | 100 nPa to 100 pPa |
| Extremely high vacuum | <1×10−12 | <100 pPa |
| Outer Space | 1×10−6 to <3×10−17 | 100 µPa to <3fPa |
| Perfect vacuum | 0 | 0 Pa |
- Atmospheric pressure is variable but standardized at 101.325 kPa (760 Torr)
- Low vacuum, also called rough vacuum or coarse vacuum, is vacuum that can be achieved or measured with rudimentary equipment such as a vacuum cleaner and a liquid column manometer.
- Medium vacuum is vacuum that can be achieved with a single pump, but the pressure is too low to measure with a liquid or mechanical manometer. It can be measured with a McLeod gauge, thermal gauge or a capacitive gauge.
- High vacuum is vacuum where the MFP of residual gases is longer than the size of the chamber or of the object under test. High vacuum usually requires multi-stage pumping and ion gauge measurement. Some texts differentiate between high vacuum and very high vacuum.
- Ultra high vacuum requires baking the chamber to remove trace gases, and other special procedures. British and German standards define ultra high vacuum as pressures below 10−6 Pa (10−8 Torr).[44][45]
- Deep space is generally much more empty than any artificial vacuum. It may or may not meet the definition of high vacuum above, depending on what region of space and astronomical bodies are being considered. For example, the MFP of interplanetary space is smaller than the size of the solar system, but larger than small planets and moons. As a result, solar winds exhibit continuum flow on the scale of the solar system, but must be considered as a bombardment of particles with respect to the Earth and Moon.
- Perfect vacuum is an ideal state of no particles at all. It cannot be achieved in a laboratory, although there may be small volumes which, for a brief moment, happen to have no particles of matter in them. Even if all particles of matter were removed, there would still be photons and gravitons, as well as dark energy, virtual particles, and other aspects of the quantum vacuum.
- Hard vacuum and Soft vacuum are terms that are defined with a dividing line defined differently by different sources, such as 5 psi,[46] one Torr,[47] or 0.1 Torr[48] the common denominator being that a hard vacuum is a higher vacuum than a soft one.
Relative versus absolute measurement[link]
Vacuum is measured in units of pressure, typically as a subtraction relative to ambient atmospheric pressure on Earth. But the amount of relative measurable vacuum varies with local conditions. On the surface of Jupiter, where ground level atmospheric pressure is much higher than on Earth, much higher relative vacuum readings would be possible. On the surface of the moon with almost no atmosphere, it would be extremely difficult to create a measurable vacuum relative to the local environment.
Similarly, much higher than normal relative vacuum readings are possible deep in the Earth's ocean. A submarine maintaining an internal pressure of 1 atmosphere submerged to a depth of 10 atmospheres (98 meters; a 9.8 meter column of seawater has the equivalent weight of 1 atm) is effectively a vacuum chamber keeping out the crushing exterior water pressures, though the 1 atm inside the submarine would not normally be considered a vacuum.
Therefore to properly understand the following discussions of vacuum measurement, it is important that the reader assumes the relative measurements are being done on Earth at sea level, at exactly 1 atmosphere of ambient atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum measurements relative to 1 atm[link]
The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is usually measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is often also measured using inches of mercury on the barometric scale or as a percentage of atmospheric pressure in bars or atmospheres. Low vacuum is often measured in inches of mercury (inHg), millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or pascals (Pa) below standard atmospheric pressure. "Below atmospheric" means that the absolute pressure is equal to the current atmospheric pressure (e.g. 29.92 inHg) minus the vacuum pressure in the same units. Thus a vacuum of 26 inHg is equivalent to an absolute pressure of 4 inHg (29.92 inHg − 26 inHg).
In other words, most low vacuum gauges that read, for example, −28 inHg at full vacuum are actually reporting 2 inHg, or 50.79 Torr. Many inexpensive low vacuum gauges have a margin of error and may report a vacuum of −30 inHg, or 0 Torr but in practice this generally requires a two stage rotary vane or other medium type of vacuum pump to go much beyond (lower than) 1 torr.
Many devices are used to measure the pressure in a vacuum, depending on what range of vacuum is needed.[49]
Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U-shaped tube, one side of which is connected to the region of interest. Any fluid can be used, but mercury is preferred for its high density and low vapour pressure. Simple hydrostatic gauges can measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric. An important variation is the McLeod gauge which isolates a known volume of vacuum and compresses it to multiply the height variation of the liquid column. The McLeod gauge can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr (0.1 mPa), which is the lowest direct measurement of pressure that is possible with current technology. Other vacuum gauges can measure lower pressures, but only indirectly by measurement of other pressure-controlled properties. These indirect measurements must be calibrated via a direct measurement, most commonly a McLeod gauge.[50]
Mechanical or elastic gauges depend on a Bourdon tube, diaphragm, or capsule, usually made of metal, which will change shape in response to the pressure of the region in question. A variation on this idea is the capacitance manometer, in which the diaphragm makes up a part of a capacitor. A change in pressure leads to the flexure of the diaphragm, which results in a change in capacitance. These gauges are effective from 10+3 torr to 10−4 torr, and beyond.
Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temperature is dependent on the rate at which the filament loses heat to the surrounding gas, and therefore on the thermal conductivity. A common variant is the Pirani gauge which uses a single platimum filament as both the heated element and RTD. These gauges are accurate from 10 torr to 10−3 torr, but they are sensitive to the chemical composition of the gases being measured.
Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The current depends on the number of ions, which depends on the pressure in the gauge. Hot cathode gauges are accurate from 10−3 torr to 10−10 torr. The principle behind cold cathode version is the same, except that electrons are produced in a discharge created by a high voltage electrical discharge. Cold cathode gauges are accurate from 10−2 torr to 10−9 torr. Ionization gauge calibration is very sensitive to construction geometry, chemical composition of gases being measured, corrosion and surface deposits. Their calibration can be invalidated by activation at atmospheric pressure or low vacuum. The composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable, so a mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge for accurate measurement.[51]
Uses[link]
Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.
Vacuum-driven machines[link]
Vacuums are commonly used to produce suction, which has an even wider variety of applications. The Newcomen steam engine used vacuum instead of pressure to drive a piston. In the 19th century, vacuum was used for traction on Isambard Kingdom Brunel's experimental atmospheric railway. Vacuum brakes were once widely used on trains in the UK but, except on heritage railways, they have been replaced by air brakes.
Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and fuel pumps.
Outgassing[link]
Main article: Outgassing
Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.
The most prevalent outgassing product in man-made vacuum systems is water absorbed by chamber materials. It can be reduced by desiccating or baking the chamber, and removing absorbent materials. Outgassed water can condense in the oil of rotary vane pumps and reduce their net speed drastically if gas ballasting is not used. High vacuum systems must be clean and free of organic matter to minimize outgassing.
Ultra-high vacuum systems are usually baked, preferably under vacuum, to temporarily raise the vapour pressure of all outgassing materials and boil them off. Once the bulk of the outgassing materials are boiled off and evacuated, the system may be cooled to lower vapour pressures and minimize residual outgassing during actual operation. Some systems are cooled well below room temperature by liquid nitrogen to shut down residual outgassing and simultaneously cryopump the system.
Pumping and ambient air pressure[link]
Main article: Vacuum pump
Fluids cannot generally be pulled, so a vacuum cannot be created by suction. Suction can spread and dilute a vacuum by letting a higher pressure push fluids into it, but the vacuum has to be created first before suction can occur. The easiest way to create an artificial vacuum is to expand the volume of a container. For example, the diaphragm muscle expands the chest cavity, which causes the volume of the lungs to increase. This expansion reduces the pressure and creates a partial vacuum, which is soon filled by air pushed in by atmospheric pressure.
To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.
The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no seals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; each type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.
The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called vacuum technique. And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high leakage rates.
In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will boil off in extreme vacuums. The permeability of the metallic chamber walls may have to be considered, and the grain direction of the metallic flanges should be parallel to the flange face.
The lowest pressures currently achievable in laboratory are about 10−13 torr (13 pPa).[52] However, pressures as low as 5×10−17 Torr (6.7 fPa) have been indirectly measured in a 4 K cryogenic vacuum system.[3] This corresponds to ≈100 particles/cm3.
Effects on humans and animals[link]
See also: Effect of spaceflight on the human body
Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pressure of blood vessels ensures that this boiling point remains above the internal body temperature of 37°C.[53] Although the blood will not boil, the formation of gas bubbles in bodily fluids at reduced pressures, known as ebullism, is still a concern. The gas may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture.[54] Swelling and ebullism can be restrained by containment in a flight suit. Shuttle astronauts wore a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa (15 Torr).[55] Rapid boiling will cool the skin and create frost, particularly in the mouth, but this is not a significant hazard.
Animal experiments show that rapid and complete recovery is normal for exposures shorter than 90 seconds, while longer full-body exposures are fatal and resuscitation has never been successful.[56] There is only a limited amount of data available from human accidents, but it is consistent with animal data. Limbs may be exposed for much longer if breathing is not impaired.[57] Robert Boyle was the first to show in 1660 that vacuum is lethal to small animals.
During 1942, in one of a series of experiments on human subjects for the Luftwaffe, the Nazi regime experimented on prisoners in Dachau concentration camp by exposing them to low pressure.[58]
Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there.[57] Above this altitude, oxygen enrichment is necessary to prevent altitude sickness in humans that did not undergo prior acclimatization, and spacesuits are necessary to prevent ebullism above 19 km.[57] Most spacesuits use only 20 kPa (150 Torr) of pure oxygen, just enough to sustain full consciousness. This pressure is high enough to prevent ebullism, but simple evaporation of blood can still cause decompression sickness and gas embolisms if not managed.[citation needed]
Rapid decompression can be much more dangerous than vacuum exposure itself. Even if the victim does not hold his or her breath, venting through the windpipe may be too slow to prevent the fatal rupture of the delicate alveoli of the lungs.[57] Eardrums and sinuses may be ruptured by rapid decompression, soft tissues may bruise and seep blood, and the stress of shock will accelerate oxygen consumption leading to hypoxia.[59] Injuries caused by rapid decompression are called barotrauma. A pressure drop of 13 kPa (100 Torr), which produces no symptoms if it is gradual, may be fatal if it occurs suddenly.[57]
Some extremophile microrganisms, such as tardigrades, can survive vacuum for a period of days.
Examples[link]
| pressure (Pa) | pressure (Torr) | mean free path | molecules per cm3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard atmosphere, for comparison | 101.325 kPa | 760 | 66 nm | 2.5×1019[60] |
| Vacuum cleaner | approximately 80 kPa | 600 | 70 nm | 1019 |
| liquid ring vacuum pump | approximately 3.2 kPa | 24 | 1.75 μm | 1018 |
| freeze drying | 100 to 10 Pa | 1 to 0.1 | 100 μm to 1 mm | 1016 to 1015 |
| rotary vane pump | 100 Pa to 100 mPa | 1 to 10−3 | 100 μm to 10 cm | 1016 to 1013 |
| Incandescent light bulb | 10 to 1 Pa | 0.1 to 0.01 | 1 mm to 1 cm | 1015 to 1014 |
| Thermos bottle | 1 to 0.01 Pa[1] | 10−2 to 10−4 | 1 cm to 1 m | 1014 to 1012 |
| Earth thermosphere | 1 Pa to 100 nPa | 10−2 to 10−9 | 1 cm to 100 km | 1014 to 107 |
| Vacuum tube | 10 µPa to 10 nPa | 10−7 to 10−10 | 1 to 1,000 km | 109 to 106 |
| Cryopumped MBE chamber | 100 nPa to 1 nPa | 10−9 to 10−11 | 100 to 10,000 km | 107 to 105 |
| Pressure on the Moon | approximately 1 nPa | 10−11 | 10,000 km | 4×105[61] |
| Interplanetary space | 10[1] | |||
| Interstellar space | 1[62] | |||
| Intergalactic space | 10−6[1] |
See also[link]
- Decay of the vacuum (Pair production)
- Engine vacuum
- False vacuum
- Helium mass spectrometer - technical instrumentation to detect a vacuum leak
- Joining materials
- Pneumatic tube - transport system using vacuum or pressure to move containers in tubes
- Rarefaction - reduction of a medium's density
- Suction - creation of a partial vacuum
- Vacuum angle
- Vacuum cementing - natural process of solidifying homogeneous "dust" in vacuum
- Vacuum deposition - process of depositing atoms and molecules in a sub-atmospheric pressure environment
- Vacuum engineering
- Vacuum flange
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c d Chambers, Austin (2004). Modern Vacuum Physics. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-2438-6. OCLC 55000526.
- ^ Campbell, Jeff (2005). Speed cleaning. p. 97. ISBN 1-59486-274-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=hqegeIz9dyQC&pg=PA97. Note that 1 inch of water is ≈0.0025 atm.
- ^ a b Gabrielse, G., et. al. (1990). "Thousandfold Improvement in Measured Antiproton Mass". Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (11): 1317–1320. Bibcode 1990PhRvL..65.1317G. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.1317. PMID 10042233.
- ^ a b Tadokoro, M. (1968). "A Study of the Local Group by Use of the Virial Theorem". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 20: 230. Bibcode 1968PASJ...20..230T. This source estimates a density of 7×10−29 g/cm3 for the Local Group. An atomic mass unit is 1.66×10−24 g, for roughly 40 atoms per cubic meter.
- ^ How to Make an Experimental Geissler Tube, Popular Science monthly, February 1919, Unnumbered page, Scanned by Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT3
- ^ "What words in the English language contain two u's in a row?". Oxford Dictionaries Online. http://oxforddictionaries.com/page/twousinarow. Retrieved 2011-10-23
- ^ a b Werner S. Weiglhofer (2003). "§ 4.1 The classical vacuum as reference medium". In Werner S. Weiglhofer and Akhlesh Lakhtakia, eds. Introduction to complex mediums for optics and electromagnetics. SPIE Press. pp. 28, 34. ISBN 978-0-8194-4947-4. http://books.google.com/?id=QtIP_Lr3gngC&pg=PA34.
- ^ Tom G. MacKay (2008). "Electromagnetic Fields in Linear Bianisotropic Mediums". In Emil Wolf. Progress in Optics, Volume 51. Elsevier. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-444-52038-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=lCm9Q18P8cMC&pg=PA143.
- ^ Gilbert Grynberg, Alain Aspect, Claude Fabre (2010). Introduction to Quantum Optics: From the Semi-Classical Approach to Quantized Light. Cambridge University Press. p. 341. ISBN 0-521-55112-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=l-l0L8YInA0C&pg=PA341. "...deals with the quantum vacuum where, in contrast to the classical vacuum, radiation has properties, in particular, fluctuations, with which one can associate physical effects."
- ^ For a qualitative description of vacuum fluctuations and virtual particles, see Leonard Susskind (2006). The cosmic landscape: string theory and the illusion of intelligent design. Little, Brown and Co. pp. 60 ff. ISBN 0-316-01333-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=RIW9E1sOyxUC&pg=PP60.
- ^ The relative permeability and permittivity of field-theoretic vacuums is described in Kurt Gottfried, Victor Frederick Weisskopf (1986). Concepts of particle physics, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. p. 389. ISBN 0-19-503393-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=KXvoI-m9-9MC&pg=PA389. and more recently in John F. Donoghue, Eugene Golowich, Barry R. Holstein (1994). Dynamics of the standard model. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-521-47652-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=hFasRlkBbpYC&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q&f=false. and also R. Keith Ellis, W. J. Stirling, B. R. Webber (2003). QCD and collider physics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–29. ISBN 0-521-54589-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=TqrPVoS6s0UC&pg=PA27. "Returning to the vacuum of a relativistic field theory, we find that both paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions are present." QCD vacuum is paramagnetic, while QED vacuum is diamagnetic. See Carlos A. Bertulani (2007). Nuclear physics in a nutshell. Princeton University Press. p. 26. ISBN 0-691-12505-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=n51yJr4b_oQC&pg=PA26.
- ^ "Speed of light in vacuum, c, c0". The NIST reference on constants, units, and uncertainty: Fundamental physical constants. NIST. http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?c. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
- ^ Chattopadhyay, D. and Rakshit, P.C. (2004). Elements of Physics: vol. 1. New Age International. p. 577. ISBN 81-224-1538-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=tvkoopJMQQ8C&pg=PA577.
- ^ "Electric constant, ε0". The NIST reference on constants, units, and uncertainty: Fundamental physical constants. NIST. http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?ep0. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
- ^ "Magnetic constant, μ0". The NIST reference on constants, units, and uncertainty: Fundamental physical constants. NIST. http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mu0. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
- ^ "Characteristic impedance of vacuum, Z0". The NIST reference on constants, units, and uncertainty: Fundamental physical constants. NIST. http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?z0. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
- ^ Tom G Mackay & Akhlesh Lakhtakia (2008). "§3.1.1 Free space". In Emil Wolf, ed. Progress in Optics, Volume 51. Elsevier. p. 143. ISBN 0-444-53211-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=lCm9Q18P8cMC&pg=PA143#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ For example, see D. P. Craig, T. Thirunamachandran (1998). Molecular Quantum Electrodynamics (Reprint of Academic Press 1984 ed.). Courier Dover Publications. p. 40. ISBN 0-486-40214-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=rpbdozIZt3sC&pg=PA40.
- ^ a b Barrow, John D. (2000). The book of nothing : vacuums, voids, and the latest ideas about the origins of the universe (1st American ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-09-928845-1. OCLC 46600561.
- ^ In effect, the dielectric permittivity of the vacuum of classical electromagnetism is changed. For example, see Eberhard Zeidler (2011). "§19.1.9 Vacuum polarization in quantum electrodynamics". Quantum Field Theory III: Gauge Theory: A Bridge Between Mathematicians and Physicists. Springer. p. 952. ISBN 3-642-22420-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=miwuxaEXvOsC&pg=PA952.
- ^ Guido Altarelli (2008). "Chapter 2: Gauge theories and the Standard Model". Elementary Particles: Volume 21/A of Landolt-Börnstein series. Springer. p. 2-3. ISBN 3-540-74202-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=lBCyYTobfJ8C&pg=PT19. "The fundamental state of minimum energy, the vacuum, is not unique and there are a continuum of degenerate states that altogether respect the symmetry..."
- ^ Squire, Tom (September 27, 2000). "U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976". Thermal Protection Systems Expert and Material Properties Database (NASA). http://tpsx.arc.nasa.gov/cgi-perl/alt.pl. Retrieved 2011-10-23
- ^ a b Genz, Henning (1994). Nothingness, the Science of Empty Space (translated from German by Karin Heusch ed.). New York: Perseus Book Publishing (published 1999). ISBN 978-0-7382-0610-3. OCLC 48836264. .
- ^ Institute and Museum of the History of Science. Pompeii: Nature, Science, and Technology in a Roman Town[1]
- ^ Zahoor, Akram (2000). Muslim History: 570-1950 C.E.. Gaithersburg, MD: AZP (ZMD Corporation). ISBN 978-0-9702389-0-0. [self-published source?]
- ^ Arabic and Islamic Natural Philosophy and Natural Science, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ El-Bizri, Nader (2007). "In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy: Al-Baghdadi's Critique of Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrisation of Place". Arabic Sciences and Philosophy (Cambridge University Press) 17: 57–80. DOI:10.1017/S0957423907000367.
- ^ Dallal, Ahmad (2001–2002). "The Interplay of Science and Theology in the Fourteenth-century Kalam". From Medieval to Modern in the Islamic World, Sawyer Seminar at the University of Chicago. http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/sawyer/archive/islam/dallal.html. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
- ^ Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific American, May 1991, pp. 64-69 (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, Mechanical Engineering)
- ^ Ahmad Y Hassan. "The Origin of the Suction Pump: Al-Jazari 1206 A.D". http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%202.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
- ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1996), A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times, Routledge, pp. 143 & 150-2.
- ^ Edward Grant (1981). Much ado about nothing: theories of space and vacuum from the Middle Ages to the scientific revolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22983-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=SidBQyFmgpsC.
- ^ "The World's Largest Barometer". http://www.denmark.com.au/en/Worlds+Largest+Barometer/default.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica:Otto von Guericke
- ^ R. H. Patterson, Ess. Hist. & Art 10 1862
- ^ William Crookes, The Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science; with which is Incorporated the "Chemical Gazette." (1932)
- ^ Pickering, W. H. (1912). "Solar system, the motion of the, relatively to the intersteller absorbing medium". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 72: 740. Bibcode 1912MNRAS..72..740P.
- ^ Michelson-Morley: Detecting The Ether Wind Experiment
- ^ Michelson-Morley Interferometer Results
- ^ French Wikipedia article on Vacuum, citing appendix 5 of Relativity - the Special and General Theory, translated to French by Robert Lawson, 1961. (Please replace this with a more direct reference.)
- ^ Einstein, A., Naturwissenschaften 6, 697-702 (1918)
- ^ American Vacuum Society. "Glossary". AVS Reference Guide. http://www.aip.org/avsguide/refguide/glossary.html#v. Retrieved 2006-03-15.
- ^ National Physical Laboratory, UK. "What do ‘high vacuum’ and ‘low vacuum’ mean? (FAQ - Pressure)". http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/what-do-high-vacuum-and-low-vacuum-mean-(faq-pressure). Retrieved 2012-04-22.
- ^ BS 2951: Glossary of Terms Used in Vacuum Technology. Part I. Terms of General Application. British Standards Institution, London, 1969.
- ^ DIN 28400: Vakuumtechnik Bennenungen und Definitionen, 1972.
- ^ "Vacuum Measurements". Pressure Measurement Division. Setra Systems, Inc. 1998. http://www.setra.com/tra/app/app_vac.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
- ^ "A look at vacuum pumps 14-9". eMedicine. McNally Institute. http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/14-html/14-09.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
- ^ "1500 Torr Diaphragm Transmitter" (PDF). Vacuum Transmitters for Diaphragm & Pirani Sensors 24 VDC Power. Vacuum Research Corporation. 2003-07-26. http://www.vacuumresearch.com/partsnmans/pdfs/24vdcman.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
- ^ John H., Moore; Christopher Davis, Michael A. Coplan and Sandra Greer (2002). Building Scientific Apparatus. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4007-1. OCLC 50287675.
- ^ Beckwith, Thomas G.; Roy D. Marangoni and John H. Lienhard V (1993). "Measurement of Low Pressures". Mechanical Measurements (Fifth ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. pp. 591–595. ISBN 0-201-56947-7.
- ^ Robert M. Besançon, ed. (1990). "Vacuum Techniques". The Encyclopedia of Physics (3rd ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. pp. 1278–1284. ISBN 0-442-00522-9.
- ^ Ishimaru, H (1989). "Ultimate Pressure of the Order of 10-13 torr in an Aluminum Alloy Vacuum Chamber". J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 7 (3–II): 2439–2442. DOI:10.1116/1.575916.
- ^ "Human Exposure to Vacuum". http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/vacuum.html. Retrieved 2006-03-25.
- ^ Billings, Charles E. (1973). "Barometric Pressure". In edited by James F. Parker and Vita R. West. Bioastronautics Data Book (Second ed.). NASA. NASA SP-3006.
- ^ Webb P. (1968). "The Space Activity Suit: An Elastic Leotard for Extravehicular Activity". Aerospace Medicine 39 (4): 376–383. PMID 4872696.
- ^ Cooke JP, RW Bancroft (1966). "Some Cardiovascular Responses in Anesthetized Dogs During Repeated Decompressions to a Near-Vacuum". Aerospace Medicine 37 (11): 1148–1152. PMID 5972265.
- ^ a b c d e Harding, Richard M. (1989). Survival in Space: Medical Problems of Manned Spaceflight. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00253-2. OCLC 18744945. .
- ^ Höhentodversuche im KZ Dachau Seite 15-20
- ^ Czarnik, Tamarack R.. "EBULLISM AT 1 MILLION FEET: Surviving Rapid/Explosive Decompression". http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/ebullism.html. Retrieved 2006-03-25.
- ^ Computed using "1976 Standard Atmosphere Properties" calculator, http://www.luizmonteiro.com/StdAtm.aspx , retrieved 2012-01-28
- ^ Öpik, E. J. (May 1962). "The Lunar Atmosphere". Planetary and Space Science (Elsevier) 9 (5): 211–244. Bibcode 1962P&SS....9..211O. DOI:10.1016/0032-0633(62)90149-6. ISSN 0032-0633. .
- ^ University of New Hampshire Experimental Space Plasma Group. "What is the Interstellar Medium". The Interstellar Medium, an online tutorial. http://www-ssg.sr.unh.edu/ism/what1.html. Retrieved 2006-03-15.
General references[link]
- Henning Genz (2001). Nothingness: The Science Of Empty Space. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-7382-0610-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=TGm2ddkL4qkC&printsec=frontcover.
- Luciano Boi (2011). The Quantum Vacuum: A Scientific and Philosophical Concept, from Electrodynamics to String Theory and the Geometry of the Microscopic World. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 1-4214-0247-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=rAEVOLae_FoC&printsec=frontcover.
External links[link]
 |
Look up vacuum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- VIDEO on the nature of vacuum by Canadian astrophysicist Doctor P
- The Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology
- American Vacuum Society
- Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A
- Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B
- FAQ on explosive decompression and vacuum exposure.
- Discussion of the effects on humans of exposure to hard vacuum.
- Vacuum Energy in High Energy Physics
- Vacuum, Production of Space
- "Much Ado About Nothing" by Professor John D. Barrow, Gresham College
- Free pdf copy of The Structured Vacuum - thinking about nothing by Johann Rafelski and Berndt Muller (1985) ISBN 3-87144-889-3.
http://wn.com/Vacuum
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Vuoto (fisica)
http://cs.wn.com/Vakuum
http://id.wn.com/Hampa udara
http://es.wn.com/Vacío
http://ru.wn.com/Вакуум
http://nl.wn.com/Vacuüm
http://pl.wn.com/Próżnia
http://fr.wn.com/Vide
http://de.wn.com/Vakuum
http://hi.wn.com/निर्वात
http://pt.wn.com/Vácuo
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"BJM" redirects here. For other uses, see BJM (disambiguation).
 |
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
|
| The Brian Jonestown Massacre | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Anton Newcombe & BJM - Live at Coachella |
|
| Background information | |
| Also known as | BJM The BJM |
| Origin | San Francisco, California, United States |
| Genres | Neo-psychedelia, indie rock, psychedelic rock, shoegazing, folk rock, experimental rock, acid folk |
| Years active | 1990–present |
| Labels | Bomp! Records TVT Records Tee Pee Records |
| Associated acts | Black Rebel Motorcycle Club The Out Crowd The Dilettantes The Dandy Warhols Darker My Love |
| Website | http://www.brianjonestownmassacre.com |
| Members | |
| Anton Newcombe Matt Hollywood Frankie "Teardrop" Emerson Collin Hegna Ricky Maymi Daniel Allaire Joel Gion Rob Campanella |
|
| Past members | |
| see below | |
The Brian Jonestown Massacre is an American eclectic musical group led by Anton Newcombe, whose music spans multiple genres including psychedelia, electronica, folk music, blues, and experimental music.
The group was founded by Newcombe, Matt Hollywood, Ricky Rene Maymi, Patrick Straczek and Travis Threlkel in the early 1990s in San Francisco.
The name "Brian Jonestown Massacre" is a portmanteau of The Rolling Stones' founder and guitarist Brian Jones and the infamous mass cult suicide in Jonestown, Guyana.[1][2]
Contents |
Releases[link]
1995 & 1996[link]
1995's Methodrone approximates the UK shoegazing sound of a few years prior to its release. Their Satanic Majesties' Second Request, one of three new albums released by the group in 1996, reflects a pastiche of 1960s psychedelia that continues to characterize the BJM sound to the present day. Newcombe defines the term 'psychedelic' as "mind-expanding," and BJM's output is generally referred to as such because of the revivalist nature of the music.[3][4] Elements of Middle Eastern and Brazilian music are also apparent, along with influences by 1960s artists such as The Beatles, Os Mutantes, The Velvet Underground, Donovan, Love, The Byrds, Bob Dylan and The Rolling Stones. In fact, Their Satanic Majesties' Second Request is an homage to the Rolling Stones' 1967 album, Their Satanic Majesties Request.[5] The second album they released in 1996, Take It from the Man!, was recorded in the Rolling Stones' mid-1960s style of rock rooted in rhythm and blues.[6]
Thank God for Mental Illness, their third record released in 1996, displays a country and rhythm and blues oeuvre with voice and acoustic guitar dominating the overall sound. This is a format that Newcombe occasionally resorts to when presenting live material during times of transition in the band. A further country/folk approach was applied to the Bringing It All Back Home - Again, the title itself an homage to Bob Dylan's Bringing It All Back Home.
[edit] And This Is Our Music (2003)
Electronic music crept into 2003's And This Is Our Music, evidencing more contemporary influences as well as name-checking the identically-titled albums This Is Our Music, each by the artists Galaxie 500 and Ornette Coleman. In 2005 the band released the EP We Are the Radio on Newcombe's label The Committee to Keep Music Evil, which featured a close collaboration with indie singer-songwriter Sara Beth Tuceck.
[edit] My Bloody Underground (2008)
My Bloody Underground was released on Cargo Records in 2008, and demos were available since September 2007 from the band's website.[7] The title has been interpreted[by whom?] to be a name-check to the bands My Bloody Valentine, and The Velvet Underground as well as referencing BJM's endless procession of bandmates and the "scene" they collectively created.[original research?] Newcombe has down-played such interpretations, however.[8] Music videos of the songs on the album have also been released, including a music video compilation DVD entitled 'Book of Days'.
Other 2008 work[link]
As of 2008, Newcombe has become increasingly interested in pastiches. The percussion featured in the song "Amazing Electronic Talking Cave" from the Just Like Kicking Jesus EP for example, was derived from The Rolling Stones' "Jumping Jack Flash". "Þungur Hnífur" was adapted from Goldfrapp's "Ooh La La". The percussion for "Feel It" was based on that of Anita Ward's song "Ring My Bell". "This Is the One Thing We Did Not Want to Have Happen" draws elements from Joy Division, combining the percussion on "She's Lost Control" with the lyrics to "I Remember Nothing" (both of which are featured on Joy Division's 1979 album Unknown Pleasures), as well as fashioning grating guitar-effects reminiscent of the anarchist-punk band Crass, which, for example, are found on the latter's "Mother-Earth" (from their 1979 album Stations of the Crass). "This Is the First of Your Last Warning" loosely derives its percussion from Michael Jackson's "Rock With You" (or Public Image Ltd.'s "Albatross" from their 1979 album Metal Box).
2009 releases[link]
The Brian Jonestown Massacre recorded both One EP and Who Killed Sgt. Pepper? in Iceland and Berlin in 2009. The One EP was released in November 2009. It features the songs "One" and "This Is the First of Your Last Warning" (which would also appear on Sgt. Pepper), an English version of "This Is The First Of Your Last Warning", and an exclusive track "Bruttermania". Who Killed Sgt. Pepper? was released in February 2010. The album features musicians such as Unnur Andrea Einarsdottir (who recorded vocals on the previous BJM album) and Felix Bondareff from the Russian band Amazing Electronic Talking Cave, as well as other musicians from France, Germany, and Iceland. Will Carruthers also appeared on the album. Soon after the album's release, it was confirmed that Matt Hollywood had returned to the band after an eleven year absence. According to Anton Newcombe, he will feature on their next album and is currently touring with the band. The group was scheduled to play the ATP New York 2010 music festival in Monticello, New York in September 2010, in support of the album, but canceled the appearance.
Newcombe's interest in cults like that of Jim Jones and Charles Manson is well known (and made apparent by the band's name), and songs such as "The Ballad of Jim Jones" (from Thank God for Mental Illness) and "Arkansas Revisited" (from Bringing It All Back Home – Again), which is a rework of Charles Manson's song "Arkansas" (which appeared on the album Lie: The Love & Terror Cult). Similar interests include a fascination with the Freemasons, Aleister Crowley, and Sufi mysticism.
[edit] Aufheben (2012)
Newcombe's latest Brian Jonestown Massacre release (out May 1st 2012) is titled "Aufheben," which he says in an interview with GoingThruVinyl, relates to Hegel's use of the term, the product when a thesis and antithesis interact, and the contradictory nature of nearly destroying something in order to preserve it.[9]
Documentary[link]
Along with The Dandy Warhols, BJM were the subjects of the 2004 documentary film Dig!. The film captured a love-hate relationship between both bands, highlighting the interaction of BJM frontman Anton Newcombe and Warhols' Courtney Taylor-Taylor. It was recorded over the course of seven years by Ondi Timoner, and won the Documentary Grand Jury Prize at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival.[10] Newcombe distanced himself from the film, stating that its portrayal of him was unfair.
Members[link]
Main article: List of The Brian Jonestown Massacre members
Currently, The Brian Jonestown Massacre comprises Anton Newcombe and numerous long and short-term collaborators:
- Will Carruthers – bass. Member from 2006–present. Formerly of Spacemen 3 and Spiritualized.
- Matt Hollywood – guitar, bass, vocals. A founding member from 1990–1999, then from 2009–present. Also founder of the drone group Rebel Drones.
- Jón Sæmundur Audarson – guitar, artwork. Collaborates with Newcombe on installations, videos, and recording. Currently heads the DEAD clothing store in Reykjavik, Iceland, as well as leading the drone/experimental group Dead Skeletons.
- Henrik Baldvin Bjornsson – guitar. Collaborates with Newcombe with recordings. Also of the Icelandic band Singapore Sling and Dead Skeletons.
- Constantine Karlis – drums. Formerly of the New Zealand rock bands High Dependency Unit and Dimmer.
The BJM has undergone many personnel changes, with Anton Newcombe being the only consistent member (see comprehensive list of Brian Jonestown Massacre members).
Related acts[link]
- The Dandy Warhols
- The Black Angels
- Black Rebel Motorcycle Club
- Dead Meadow
- The Dilettantes
- The Quarter After
- Miranda Lee Richards
- Spindrift
- Sky Parade
- The Parties
- The Out Crowd
- The Warlocks
- MOTH
- Molecular
- Thee International Molecules
- Astral
- The Lovetones
- Sarah Beth Tuceck
- The Cindys
- The Morning After Girls
- The Three 4 Tens
The band has also influenced many other indie bands noted in the Brian Jonestown Massacre Covers Project.[11]
Discography[link]
Main article: The Brian Jonestown Massacre discography
- 1993 Spacegirl & Other Favorites
- 1995 Methodrone
- 1996 Take It from the Man!
- 1996 Their Satanic Majesties' Second Request
- 1996 Thank God for Mental Illness
- 1997 Give It Back!
- 1998 Strung Out in Heaven
- 1999 Bringing It All Back Home – Again (EP)
- 2000 Zero (EP)
- 2001 If I Love You (EP)
- 2001 Bravery, Repetition and Noise
- 2004 Tepid Peppermint Wonderland
- 2003 ...And This Is Our Music
- 2005 We Are the Radio (EP)
- 2008 My Bloody Underground
- 2008 Just Like Kicking Jesus (EP)
- 2009 Smoking Acid (EP)
- 2009 One EP (EP)
- 2010 Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?
- 2012 Aufheben
In popular culture[link]
- The BJM and former friends/rivals The Dandy Warhols were the subject of the acclaimed documentary DiG!.[12]
- "Open Heart Surgery" appeared on the soundrack to the TV series Rescue Me.
- A number of Jonestown songs were used in the improvisational film by Zak Penn entitled The Grand.
- "Servo" from Give It Back! was used in Spin (2007 film)
- All but one song in the 2007 film Broken,[13] consisted of music by The Brian Jonestown Massacre.
- "Straight Up and Down" is used as the opening theme song for the show Boardwalk Empire on HBO.
- "Vaccum Boots" appears in episode 1 (season 2) of My Life as Liz
- The track "You Look Great When I'm Fucked Up" appears at the end of episode 5 (series 1) of teen drama Skins.
References[link]
- ^ Hopper, Kevin (January 2, 2004). "A timeless sound keeps psych-rockers BJM relevant". Albuquerque Journal: p. 15.
- ^ Krause, Charles A (November 19, 2008). "Town Without Pity; 30 Years Later, Memories of Jonestown Evoke Guilt, Anger and Mistrust". The Washington Post: p. C.1.
- ^ Ged M (July 31, 2005). "The Brian Jonestown Massacre, Tepid Peppermint Wonderland: A Retrospective album review". SoundsXP. http://soundsxp.com/artman2/publish/oldalbums/Brian_Jonestown_Massacre_2191.shtml.
- ^ Clegg, Rachel. "Brian Jonestown Massacre Interview". Caught in the Crossfire. http://www.caughtinthecrossfire.com/music/interviews/1792.
- ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Their Satanic Majesties' Second Request". AllMusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/their-satanic-majesties-second-request-r282345. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
- ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Take It from the Man!". AllMusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/take-it-from-the-man-r255357. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
- ^ "The Brian Jonestown Massacre official website". The Brian Jonestown Massacre. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20071022153929/http://www.brianjonestownmassacre.com/bandinfo.html. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
- ^ Gourlay, Dom (March 17, 2008). "The Brian Jonestown Massacre: enraging Anton, unintentionally". Drowned in Sound. http://drownedinsound.com/in_depth/2984902.
- ^ Hoffer, Jason. "Anton Newcombe Talks About the New Brian Jonestown Record - Aufheben." GoingThruVinyl. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "FILM: DIG!". sundancechannel.com. http://www.sundancechannel.com/films/500015160/. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
- ^ "Brian Jonestown Massacre Covers Project page". N/A. http://hellospaceman.com/bjmcovers/. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
- ^ "Dig! (2004)". IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0388888/. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
- ^ "Broken (2006/I) – Soundtracks". IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0469045/soundtrack. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: The Brian Jonestown Massacre |
- Official Website
- MySpace page
- BJM Archives
- BJM Covers Project
- Straight Up And Down - BJM Book Project
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/The_Brian_Jonestown_Massacre
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/The Brian Jonestown Massacre
http://pt.wn.com/Brian Jonestown Massacre
http://de.wn.com/The Brian Jonestown Massacre
http://it.wn.com/The Brian Jonestown Massacre
http://pl.wn.com/The Brian Jonestown Massacre
http://es.wn.com/The Brian Jonestown Massacre
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brian_Jonestown_Massacre
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Jonestown (disambiguation).
Jonestown
Georgetown
Kaituma
Peoples Temple Agricultural Project ("Jonestown", Guyana)
Jonestown was the informal name for the Peoples Temple Agricultural Project, an intentional community in northwestern Guyana formed by the Peoples Temple led by Jim Jones. It became internationally notorious when, on November 18, 1978, 918 people died in the settlement as well as in a nearby airstrip and in Georgetown, Guyana's capital. The name of the settlement became synonymous with the incidents at those locations.
A total of 909 Temple members died in Jonestown, all but two from apparent cyanide poisoning, in an event termed "revolutionary suicide" by Jones and some members on an audio tape of the event and in prior discussions. This includes over 200 murdered children. The poisonings in Jonestown followed the murder of five others by Temple members at a nearby Port Kaituma airstrip. The victims included United States Congressman Leo Ryan. Four other Temple members died in Georgetown at Jones's command.
To the extent the actions in Jonestown were viewed as a mass murder, it was the largest such event in modern history and resulted in the largest single loss of American civilian life in a non-natural disaster until the events of September 11, 2001.[1]
Origins[link]
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Ukiah
Bakersfield
Fresno
Sacramento
Santa
Rosa
Rosa
Some of the Peoples Temple's California Locations
The Peoples Temple was formed in Indianapolis, Indiana, during the mid-1950s.[2] It purported to practice what it called "apostolic socialism".[3][4] In doing so, the Temple preached to established members that "those who remained drugged with the opiate of religion had to be brought to enlightenment — socialism."[5][6]
After Jones received considerable criticism in Indiana for his integrationist views, the Temple moved to Redwood Valley, California in 1965.[7][8]
In the early 1970s, the Peoples Temple opened other branches in California, including in Los Angeles and San Francisco. In the mid-1970s, the Temple moved its headquarters to San Francisco.[9]
After the Temple's move to San Francisco, it became more politically active. After Peoples Temple participation proved instrumental in the mayoral election victory of George Moscone in 1975, Moscone appointed Jones as the Chairman of the San Francisco Housing Authority Commission.[10] Unlike other figures considered as cult leaders, Jones enjoyed public support and contact with some of the highest level politicians in the United States. For example, Jones met with Vice President (and later Presidential Candidate) Walter Mondale and First Lady Rosalynn Carter several times.[11] Governor Jerry Brown, Lieutenant Governor Mervyn Dymally, and Assemblyman Willie Brown, among others, attended a large testimonial dinner in honor of Jones in September 1976.[12]
Jonestown established[link]
Selection and establishment of Guyanese land[link]
In the fall of 1973, after critical newspaper articles by Lester Kinsolving and the defection of eight Temple members, Jones and Temple member Timothy Stoen prepared an "immediate action" contingency plan for responding to a police or media crackdown.[13] The plan listed various options, including fleeing to Canada or to a "Caribbean missionary post", such as Barbados or Trinidad.[13] For its "Caribbean missionary post", the Temple quickly chose Guyana.[13] The Temple then researched Guyana's economy and extradition treaties with the United States.[13] In October 1973, the directors of the Peoples Temple passed a resolution to establish an agricultural mission there.[13]
The Temple chose Guyana, in part, because of its socialist politics, which were also moving further to the left during the selection process.[13][14] Former Temple member Tim Carter stated that the reasons for choosing Guyana were the Temple's view of creeping fascism, the perceived dominance of multinational corporations on the government, and perceived racism in the U.S. government.[15] Carter said the Temple concluded that Guyana, a predominantly Indian, English-speaking socialist country, would afford black members of the Temple a peaceful place to live.[15] Later, Guyanese Prime Minister Forbes Burnham stated that what may have attracted Jones was that "he wanted to use cooperatives as the basis for the establishment of socialism, and maybe his idea of setting up a commune meshed with that."[14] Jones also thought it was important that Guyana's leadership consisted of several black leaders and that the country was small and poor enough for Jones to easily obtain influence and official protection.[13]
In 1974, after Jones and Temple members traveled to an area of Northwest Guyana with Guyanese officials, the Temple and Guyanese officials negotiated a lease of over 3,800 acres (15.4 km²) of jungle land from the Guyanese government.[16] The site was isolated, with soil of poor fertility, even by Guyanese standards.[17] The nearest body of water was seven miles (11 km) away by muddy roads.[17]
Jonestown before mass migration[link]
500 members began the construction of Jonestown. The Temple encouraged some of its members to move to Jonestown,[16] which was formally named the "Peoples Temple Agricultural Project".[18] Jones saw Jonestown as both a "socialist paradise" and a "sanctuary" from media scrutiny.[19] In 1976, Guyana finally approved the lease it had negotiated (retroactive to April 1974) with the Temple for the over 3,000 acres (12 km2) of land in Northwest Guyana on which Jonestown was located.[20]
In 1974, Guyanese government officials granted the Temple permission to import certain items "duty free."[17] Later payoffs to Guyanese customs officials helped safeguard shipments of firearms and drugs through Guyanese customs.[21] The relatively large number of immigrants to Guyana overwhelmed the Guyanese government's small but stringent immigration infrastructure in a country where most people wanted to leave.[22] Jones reached an agreement to guarantee that Guyana would permit Temple members' mass migration. To do so, he stated that Temple members were "skilled and progressive", showed off an envelope he claimed had $500,000 and stated that he would invest most of the church's assets in Guyana.[22] Guyanese immigration procedures were also compromised to inhibit the departure of Temple defectors and curtail the visas of Temple opponents.[23]
Jones purported to establish Jonestown as a benevolent communist community, stating: "I believe we’re the purest communists there are."[24] Marceline Jones described Jonestown as "dedicated to live for socialism, total economic and racial and social equality. We are here living communally."[24] Jones wanted to construct a model community and claimed that Prime Minister Burnham "couldn’t rave enough about us, uh, the wonderful things we do, the project, the model of socialism."[25] In that regard, like the restrictive emigration policies of the Soviet Union, Cuba, North Korea and other communist republics, Jones did not permit members to leave Jonestown.[26]
The Temple established offices in Georgetown and conducted numerous meetings with Burnham and other Guyanese officials.[27] In 1976, Temple member Michael Prokes requested that Burnham receive Jones as a foreign dignitary along with other "high ranking U.S. officials."[28] Jones traveled to Guyana with California Lieutenant Governor Mervyn Dymally to meet with Burnham and Foreign Affairs Minister Fred Willis.[28] In that meeting, Dymally agreed to pass on the message to the U.S. State Department that socialist Guyana wanted to keep an open door to cooperation with the United States.[28] Dymally followed up that meeting with a letter to Burnham stating that Jones was "one of the finest human beings" and that Dymally was "tremendously impressed" by his visit to Jonestown.[28]
Temple members took pains to stress their loyalty to Burnham's Peoples National Congress Party.[29] One Temple member, Paula Adams, was involved in a romantic relationship with Guyana's Ambassador to the United States, Laurence "Bonny" Mann. Jones bragged about other Temple members he referred to as "public relations women" giving all for the cause in Jonestown.[30][31] Viola Burnham, the Guyanese Prime Minister's wife, was also a strong advocate of the Temple.[14]
Later, Burnham stated that Guyana allowed the Temple to operate in the manner it did on the references of Mondale, Rosalynn Carter, and San Francisco Mayor George Moscone.[32] Burnham also said that, when Deputy Minister Ptolemy Reid traveled to Washington in September 1977 to sign the Panama Canal Treaties, Mondale asked him "How's Jim?", which indicated to Reid that Mondale had a personal interest in Jones' well being.[32]
Investigation and mass migration[link]
Further information: Peoples Temple in San Francisco
File:PTinGuyana Cen image001.gif
Migration to Jonestown (Migration figures after June 1978 are not known, Jonestown Report)
In the summer of 1977, Jones and several hundred Temple members moved to Jonestown to escape building pressure from San Francisco media investigations.[33] Jones left the same night that an editor at New West magazine read Jones an article to be published by Marshall Kilduff detailing allegations by former Temple members.[33][34] Jonestown's population was just under 1,000 at its peak in 1978.
Jonestown life after mass migration[link]
Many members of the Peoples Temple believed that Guyana would be, as Jones promised, a paradise, or a utopia.[35] After the mass migration, Jonestown became overcrowded.[36]
After Jones arrived, Jonestown life significantly changed.[36] Entertaining movies from Georgetown that the pioneers had watched were eliminated in favor of propaganda shorts on Soviet life provided by the Soviet embassy and documentaries on problems such as elderly life in the U.S. and returning Vietnam veterans' adjustment to civilian life.[36] Bureaucratic requirements after Jones' arrival sapped labor resources for other needs.[36] Buildings fell into disrepair and weeds encroached on fields.[36] School study and night time lectures for adults turned to Jones' discussions about revolution and enemies, with lessons focusing on Soviet alliances, Jones' crises and the purported "mercenaries" of Timothy Stoen.[36]
For the first several months, Temple members worked six days a week, from approximately 6:30 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., with an hour for lunch.[37] In mid-1978, after Jim Jones' health deteriorated and Marciline Jones began managing more of Jonestown's operations, the work week was reduced to eight hours a day for five days a week.[15]
File:Jt-cottages-ji.jpg
Troolie Cottages
After the day's work ended, Temple members would attend several hours of activities in a pavilion structure, including classes in socialism.[38] Jones described this study as like that of the North Korean system of eight hours of daily work followed by eight hours of study.[39][40] This also comported with the Temple's practice of gradually subjecting its followers to sophisticated mind control and behavior-modification techniques borrowed from post-revolutionary People's Republic of China and North Korea.[41] Jones would often read news and commentary, including some from Radio Moscow and Radio Havana,[42] though concerning the Sino-Soviet split he often criticized Chinese foreign policy initiatives he (and often the Soviet Government) viewed as anti-Soviet.[43]
"Discussion" around the topics raised often took the form of Jones interrogating individual followers about the implications and subtexts of a given item, or delivering lengthy and often confused monologues on how his people should 'read' the events. In addition to Soviet documentaries, conspiracy theory movies such as Executive Action, written by Temple attorneys Mark Lane and Donald Freed, and The Parallax View (incorrectly attributed by Jones to Lane and Freed) were screened and minutely dissected by Jones as primers on the 'true nature' of the Temple's capitalist enemies.[42]
Jones' recorded readings of the news were part of the constant broadcasts over Jonestown's tower speakers, such that all members could hear them throughout the day and night.[44] Jones' news readings usually portrayed the United States as a "capitalist" and "imperialist" villain, while casting "socialist" leaders, such as North Korean leader Kim Il-sung ("great leader of the revolution, is in the vanguard of the Korean working class"[45]), Robert Mugabe ("long known for his communist inspiration to the people of Zimbabwe… one of the revolutionary heroes"[46]) and Joseph Stalin (disturbed by people criticizing Stalin[47]), in a positive light.
File:JT-1979-12-tower ji.jpg
Jonestown radio tower
Jonestown's primary means of communication with the outside world was a shortwave radio.[48] All voice communications with San Francisco and Georgetown were transmitted using this radio, from mundane supply orders to confidential Temple business.[48] The FCC cited the Temple for technical violations and for using amateur frequencies for commercial purposes.[48] Because shortwave radio was Jonestown's only effective means of non-postal communication, the Temple felt that the FCC's threats to revoke its operators' licenses threatened Jonestown's existence.[49]
Jonestown, being on poor soil, was not self-sufficient and had to import large quantities of commodities such as wheat.[50] Temple members lived in small communal houses, some with walls woven from Troolie palm, and ate meals which reportedly consisted of nothing more on some days than rice, beans, greens and sometimes meat sauce and eggs (more on others).[50][51] Despite theoretically having access to millions of dollars in Temple funds, Jones also lived in a tiny communal house (pictured below), though fewer people lived there than in other communal houses.[51] His house reportedly held a small refrigerator, containing, at times, eggs, meat, fruit, salads and soft drinks.[51] Medical problems, such as severe diarrhea and high fevers, struck half the community in February 1978.
Although Jonestown contained no dedicated prison and no form of capital punishment, various forms of punishment were used against members considered to be serious disciplinary problems. Methods included imprisonment in a 6 x 4 x 3-foot (1.8 x 1.2 x 0.9m) plywood box and forcing children to spend a night at the bottom of a well, sometimes upside-down.[2] For some members who attempted to escape, drugs such as Thorazine, sodium pentathol, chloral hydrate, Demerol and Valium were administered in an "extended care unit."[52] Armed guards patrolled the area day and night to enforce Jonestown's rules. Some local Guyanese, including a police official, related stories about harsh beatings and a "torture hole", the well into which the children were placed when they were perceived to have misbehaved.[53][54]
Children generally surrendered to communal care, addressed Jones as "Dad" and some at times were only allowed to see their real parents briefly at night. Jones was called "Father" or "Dad" by the adults as well.[55] The community had a nursery at which 33 infants were born.[56]
Up to $65,000 in monthly welfare payments from government organizations in the United States to Jonestown residents were signed over to the Temple.[57] In 1978, officials from the United States Embassy in Guyana interviewed Social Security recipients on multiple occasions to make sure they were not being held against their will.[58] None of the 75 people interviewed by the Embassy stated that they were being held against their will, were forced to sign over welfare checks, or wanted to leave Jonestown.[58][59]
The Temple's wealth was estimated in late 1978 to be approximately $26 million.[60]
Events in Jonestown prior to Ryan visit[link]
White Nights[link]
Jones made frequent addresses to Temple members regarding Jonestown's safety, including statements that the CIA and other intelligence agencies were conspiring with "capitalist pigs" to destroy Jonestown and harm its members.[46][61][62] After work, when purported emergencies arose, the Temple sometimes conducted what Jones referred to as "White Nights".[63] During such events, Jones would sometimes give the Jonestown members four choices: (1) attempt to flee to the Soviet Union; (2) commit "revolutionary suicide"; (3) stay in Jonestown and fight the purported attackers or (4) flee into the jungle.[64]
On at least two occasions during White Nights, after a "revolutionary suicide" vote was reached, a simulated mass suicide was rehearsed. Peoples Temple defector Deborah Layton described the event in an affidavit:
"Everyone, including the children, was told to line up. As we passed through the line, we were given a small glass of red liquid to drink. We were told that the liquid contained poison and that we would die within 45 minutes. We all did as we were told. When the time came when we should have dropped dead, Rev. Jones explained that the poison was not real and that we had just been through a loyalty test. He warned us that the time was not far off when it would become necessary for us to die by our own hands."[65]
The Temple had received monthly half-pound shipments of cyanide since 1976 after Jones obtained a jeweler's license to buy the chemical, purportedly to clean gold.[66]
Stoen custody dispute[link]
Main article: Timothy Stoen
File:JT-1978-06-jvs kimo ji.jpg
John Stoen (child sitting)
In September 1977, former Temple members Timothy and Grace Stoen battled in a Georgetown court to produce an order for the Temple to show cause why a final order should not be issued returning their son, John (five years old at the time), to his mother Grace.[67] A few days later, a second order was issued for the arrest of John by authorities.[68]
The fear of being held in contempt of the orders caused Jones to set up a false sniper attack upon himself and begin his first series of White Nights, called the "Six Day Siege", where Jones spoke to Temple members about attacks from outsiders and had them surround Jonestown with guns and machetes.[69] The fiery rallies took an almost surreal tone as Angela Davis and Huey Newton communicated via radio-telephone to the Jonestown crowd, urging them to hold strong against the "conspiracy."[70] Jones made radio broadcasts stating "we will die unless we are granted freedom from harassment and asylum."[71] Guyana Deputy Minister Ptolemy Reid finally assured Jones' wife Marceline that the Guyana Defence Force would not invade Jonestown.[72]
Exploring another potential exodus[link]
After the Six Day Siege, Jones no longer believed the Guyanese could be trusted.[73] Jones directed Temple members to write to over a dozen foreign governments inquiring about immigration policies relevant to another exodus by the Temple.[73] He also wrote to the U.S. State Department inquiring about North Korea and Albania, then enduring the Sino-Albanian split.[73]
In Georgetown, the Peoples Temple conducted frequent meetings with the embassies of the Soviet Union, North Korea, Yugoslavia and Cuba.[74] Their negotiations with the Soviet Union included extensive discussions of possible resettlement there and the Temple produced memoranda discussing potential places within the Soviet Union in which they might settle.[74] Sharon Amos, Michael Prokes and other Temple members took active roles in the "Guyana-Korea Friendship Society", which sponsored two seminars on revolutionary concepts of North Korean leader Kim Il Sung.[75]
On October 2, 1978, Feodor Timofeyev from the Soviet Union embassy in Guyana visited Jonestown for two days and gave a speech.[76] Jones stated before the speech that "For many years, we have let our sympathies be quite publicly known, that the United States government was not our mother, but that the Soviet Union was our spiritual motherland," which was followed by extended cheers and applause from the Jonestown crowd.[76] Timofeyev opened the speech stating that the USSR would like to send "our deepest and the most sincere greetings to the people of this first socialist and communist community of the United States of America, in Guyana and in the world," followed by cheers and applause from the crowd.[76] Timofeyev also stated "I’d like to wish you, dear comrades, all the successes to your great, to your very big work you’re doing here."[76]
By October 1978, Temple members met almost weekly with Timofeyev discussing a potential exodus to the Soviet Union.[74]
Concerned relatives[link]
Main article: Timothy Stoen
Meanwhile, in late 1977 and early 1978, Tim and Grace Stoen participated in meetings with other relatives of Jonestown residents at the home of Jeannie Mills, and they collectively called themselves the "Concerned Relatives."[77] Tim Stoen engaged in letter writing campaigns to the Secretary of State and the government of Guyana, and traveled to Washington to attempt to begin an investigation.[78] In January 1978, Stoen wrote a "white paper" to Congress detailing the problems and requesting that Representatives write to Forbes Burnham; 91 Congressmen wrote such letters, including Congressman Leo Ryan.[79][80]
Feeling pressure from the United States, on February 17, Jones submitted to an interview with San Francisco Examiner journalist Tim Reiterman.[81] Reiterman wrote a story the next day in the San Francisco Examiner about Stoen's attempts to gain custody of his son that prompted the immediate threat of a lawsuit by the Temple.[82] The repercussions were devastating for the Temple's reputation, and made most former supporters even more suspicious of the Temple's claims that it was being subjected to a "rightist vendetta."[82]
One day later, on Sunday February 19, 1978, Harvey Milk wrote a letter of support for the Peoples Temple to President Jimmy Carter.[83] Milk wrote that Jones was known "as a man of the highest character".[83] Regarding defecting Temple members pressing for an investigation of the Peoples Temple, Milk wrote "they are attempting to damage Rev. Jones' reputation" with "apparent bold-faced lies".[83]
On April 11, 1978, the Concerned Relatives distributed a packet of documents, including letters and affidavits, that they titled an "Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones" to the Peoples Temple, members of the press and members of Congress.[84] In June 1978, Peoples Temple defector Deborah Layton provided the group with a further affidavit detailing alleged crimes by the Peoples Temple and substandard living conditions in Jonestown.[65]
Tim Stoen represented three members of the Concerned Relatives in lawsuits filed in May and June 1978 against Jim Jones and other Temple members seeking in excess of $56 million in damages.[85] The Temple, represented by Charles R. Garry, filed a suit against Tim Stoen on July 10, 1978 seeking $150 million in damages.[86]
Digging in[link]
During the summer of 1978, Jones hired JFK assassination conspiracy theorists Mark Lane and Donald Freed to help make the case of a "grand conspiracy" by intelligence agencies against the Peoples Temple.[87] Jones told Lane he wanted to "pull an Eldridge Cleaver", referring to a fugitive Black Panther who was able to return to the United States after repairing his reputation.[87] In September 1978, Lane spoke to the residents of Jonestown, providing support for Jones' theories and drawing parallels between Martin Luther King, Jr. and Jim Jones.[87] Lane then held press conferences stating that "none of the charges" against the Temple "are accurate or true" and that there was a "massive conspiracy" against the Temple by "intelligence organizations," naming the CIA, FBI, FCC and even the U.S. Post Office.[87] Though Lane represented himself as disinterested, Jones was actually paying him $6,000 per month to generate such theories.[88]
Declining health[link]
Jones' health significantly declined in Jonestown, and a doctor who examined Jones in 1978 told him that he might have a lung infection.[89] Jones was said to be abusing injectable Valium, Quaaludes, stimulants, and barbiturates.[90] His once sharp voice later sounded slurred, words ran together and Jones would not finish sentences even when reading.[90]
Journalist Tim Reiterman was surprised by the severe deterioration of Jones' health when Reiterman first saw Jones in Jonestown on November 17, 1978.[56] After covering Jones for 18 months for the San Francisco Examiner, Reiterman thought it was "shocking to see his glazed eyes and festering paranoia face to face, to realize that nearly a thousand lives, ours included, were in his hands."[56]
Ryan delegation's initial investigation in Georgetown[link]
Congressman Leo Ryan, who represented a district in Northern California, announced that he would visit Jonestown.[91] Ryan was friends with the father of Bob Houston, whose mutilated body was found near train tracks on October 5, 1976, three days after a taped telephone conversation with Houston's ex-wife in which leaving the Temple was discussed.[92] Over the following months Ryan's interest was further aroused by the complaints of the Concerned Relatives represented by Timothy Stoen and the allegations following the defection of Deborah Layton.[92]
On November 14, 1978, Ryan flew to Georgetown, Guyana (150 miles (240 km) from Jonestown), along with a team of 18 people consisting of government officials, media representatives and some members of the Concerned Relatives.[93] The group included Congressman Ryan; Ryan's legal adviser, Jackie Speier (now a Congresswoman); Neville Annibourne, representing Guyana's Ministry of Information; Richard Dwyer, Deputy Chief of Mission of the U.S. Embassy to Guyana; Tim Reiterman, San Francisco Examiner reporter; Don Harris, NBC reporter; Greg Robinson, San Francisco Examiner photographer; Steve Sung, NBC audio technician; Bob Flick, NBC producer; Charles Krause, Washington Post reporter; Ron Javers, San Francisco Chronicle reporter; Bob Brown, NBC video operator; and Concerned Relatives representatives, including Tim and Grace Stoen, Steve and Anthony Katsaris, Beverly Oliver, Jim Cobb, Sherwin Harris, and Carolyn Houston Boyd.[94]
The Peoples Temple's lawyers, Mark Lane and Charles Garry, initially refused to allow Ryan's party access to Jonestown.[95]
Ryan delegation visits Jonestown[link]
By late morning on Friday, November 17, Lane and Garry informed Jones that Ryan would likely leave for Jonestown at 2:30 pm, regardless of Jones' schedule or willingness.[96] Ryan's party did so at roughly that time, accompanied by Lane and Garry, and came to Port Kaituma airstrip, 6 miles (10 km) from Jonestown, some hours later.[97] Because of aircraft seating limitations, only four of the Concerned Relatives were allowed to accompany the Ryan delegation on its flight into Jonestown.[98] Only Ryan and three others were initially accepted into Jonestown, but the rest of Ryan's group was allowed in after sunset.[99] It was later reported (and verified by audiotapes recovered by investigators) that Jones had run rehearsals on how to convince Ryan's delegation that everyone was happy and in good spirits.[100]
That night, the Ryan delegation attended a reception in the pavilion.[101] While the party received a friendly reception, Jones said he felt like a dying man and ranted about government conspiracies and martyrdom as he decried attacks by the press and his enemies.[56] Two Peoples Temple members, Vernon Gosney and Monica Bagby, made the first move for defection that night. In the pavilion, Gosney passed a note to Don Harris (mistaking him for Ryan), reading "Dear Congressman, Vernon Gosney and Monica Bagby. Please help us get out of Jonestown."[102]
File:JT-1979-01-entrance-ji.jpg
Road to Jonestown
That night Ryan, Speier, Dwyer, and Annibourne stayed in Jonestown.[103] Other members of the Ryan delegation, including the press corps and members of Concerned Relatives, were told that they had to find other accommodations, and so they went to Port Kaituma and stayed at a small café.[103]
In the early morning of November 18, eleven Temple members sensed danger enough to walk out of the colony toward train tracks to take a train to Matthew's Ridge, which is located in the opposite direction from the airstrip at Port Kaituma.[104][105] Those defectors included members of the Evans family and the Wilson family (the family of Jonestown's head of security, Joe Wilson).[104][106][107][108] When reporters and Concerned Relatives arrived in Jonestown later that day, Jim Jones' wife Marceline gave them a tour of the settlement.[109]
That afternoon, two families stepped forward and asked to be escorted out of Jonestown by the Ryan delegation.[110] They were the Parks and the Bogue families, along with Christopher O'Neal and Harold Cordell, who were partners of women in the two families.[104][110][111] When Jones' adopted son Johnny attempted to talk Jerry Parks out of leaving, Parks told him "No way, it's nothing but a communist prison camp."[112]
Jones gave the two families, along with Gosney and Bagby, permission to leave.[113] Under the Pavilion, Don Harris of NBC handed Jones the note written by Vernon Gosney while other reporters huddled around Jones.[114] Jones told those reporters that, like others who left the community, the defectors would "lie" and destroy Jonestown.[114]
After a sudden violent rainstorm started, some emotional scenes developed between family members.[115] Al Simon, an American Indian member of the Peoples Temple, attempted to take two of his children to Ryan to process the requisite paperwork for transfer back to the United States.[115] Al's wife, Bonnie, summoned on the loudspeakers by Temple staff, loudly denounced her husband.[115] Al pleaded in vain with Bonnie to return to the U.S., but Bonnie rejected his suggestions.[115]
The Port Kaituma airstrip shootings[link]
| Port Kaituma airstrip shootings | |
|---|---|
| File:BobBrownKaituma.jpg The tractor and trailer driven by the Twin Otter shooters, as recorded by Bob Brown of NBC News. One shooter is visible in front of the vehicle, having just fired a shot. |
|
| Location | Port Kaituma, Guyana |
| Date | November 18, 1978 5:20 p.m.–5:25 p.m. (UTC-4) |
| Target | Congressman Leo Ryan and party; defectors from the Peoples Temple at Jonestown |
| Attack type | Mass murder |
| Weapon(s) | Firearms |
| Deaths | 5[116] |
| Injured | 11[116] |
| Perpetrators | Larry Layton (Cessna attack) |
| Suspected perpetrators | Joe Wilson (Twin Otter attack) Thomas Kice Sr. (Twin Otter attack) Ronnie Dennis (Twin Otter attack) Approximately 5-6 additional Peoples Temple members (Twin Otter attack) |
While most of the Ryan delegation began to depart on a large dump truck to the Port Kaituma airstrip, Congressman Ryan and Dwyer stayed behind in Jonestown to process any additional defectors.[117]
Shortly before the dump truck departed for the airstrip, Temple loyalist Larry Layton, the brother of Deborah Layton, demanded to join the group.[117] Several defectors voiced their suspicions about his motives.[117]
File:711 1 Don Sly.jpg
Don Sly
Shortly after the dump truck initially departed, Temple member Don Sly (nicknamed "Ujara") grabbed Ryan while wielding a knife.[118] While Congressman Ryan was unhurt after others wrestled Sly to the ground, Dwyer strongly suggested that Ryan leave Jonestown while Dwyer filed a criminal complaint against Sly.[119] Ryan did so, promising to return later to address the dispute.[120]
The truck departing to the airstrip had stopped after the passengers heard of the attack on Ryan.[121] Ryan then boarded the truck and reached the airstrip later that afternoon.[121]
File:816 1-JoeWilson.jpg
Joe Wilson
The entourage had originally scheduled a 19-seat Twin Otter to fly them back to Georgetown. Because of the defectors departing Jonestown, the group grew in number and now an additional aircraft was required. Accordingly, the U. S. Embassy arranged for a second plane, a six-passenger Cessna.[120][122]
When the entourage reached the Port Kaituma airstrip between 4:30 p.m. and 4:45 p.m., the planes were supposed to be there, but they had not appeared yet. The group had to wait, until the aircraft landed at approximately 5:10 p.m.[120] Then the boarding process began.
Larry Layton was a passenger on the Cessna, the first aircraft to set up for takeoff.[123] After the Cessna had taxied to the far end of the airstrip, Layton produced a gun and started shooting at the passengers.[124] He wounded Monica Bagby and Vernon Gosney, and tried to kill Dale Parks, who disarmed him.[124]
At this time, some passengers had boarded the larger Twin Otter.[125] A tractor with a trailer attached driven by members of the Temple's Red Brigade security squad approached the Otter.[125] When the tractor neared within approximately 30 feet (9.1 m) of the Otter, roughly concurrent with the shootings on the Cessna, the Red Brigade opened fire on the aircraft while at least two Red Brigade members circled the plane on foot.[120] There were perhaps nine shooters whose identities are not all certainly known, but most sources agree that Joe Wilson, Jones' head of security, Thomas Kice Sr., and Ronnie Dennis were among them.[126]
A few seconds of the shooting were captured on ENG videotape by NBC cameraman Bob Brown.[127] Congressman Ryan, cameraman Bob Brown, photographer Greg Robinson, NBC reporter Don Harris and Temple defector Patricia Parks were killed in the few minutes of shooting.[127] Jackie Speier, Steve Sung, Richard Dwyer, Tim Reiterman and Anthony Katsaris were among the nine injured in and around the Twin Otter.[127] After the shootings, the Cessna's pilot, along with the pilot and copilot of the Otter, fled in the Cessna to Georgetown, leaving behind the gunfire-damaged Otter and the injured Ryan delegation members.[124]
Deaths in Jonestown[link]
File:Jones-Gary-Dwyer-ji.jpg
Jones, Garry and Dwyer
Before leaving Jonestown for the airstrip, Congressman Ryan had told Temple attorney Charles Garry that he would issue a report that would describe Jonestown "in basically good terms."[128] Ryan stated that none of the sixty relatives Ryan had targeted for interviews wanted to leave, the 14 defectors constituted a very small portion of Jonestown's residents, that any sense of imprisonment the defectors had was likely because of peer pressure and a lack of physical transportation, and even if 200 of the 900+ wanted to leave "I'd still say you have a beautiful place here."[128] Similarly, Washington Post reporter Charles Krause stated that, on the way back to the airstrip, he was unconvinced that Jonestown was as bad as defectors had claimed because there were no signs of malnutrition or physical abuse, while many members appeared to enjoy Jonestown and only a small number of the over 900 residents elected to leave.[129]
Despite Garry's report, Jones told him "I have failed."[130] Garry reiterated that Ryan would be making a positive report, but Jones maintained that "All is lost."[130]
A 44-minute cassette tape (the "death tape"),[131] recorded at least part of a meeting Jones called under the pavilion in the early evening. Before the meeting, aides prepared a metal vat with Flavor Aid, poisoned with Valium, chloral hydrate, cyanide,[132] and Phenergan.[133]
When the assembly gathered, referring to the Ryan delegation's air travel back to Georgetown, Jones told the gathering "one of the people on that plane is gonna shoot the pilot, I know that. I didn't plan it but I know it's going to happen. They're gonna shoot that pilot and down comes the plane into the jungle and we had better not have any of our children left when it's over, because they'll parachute in here on us."[131] Parroting Jones' prior statements that hostile forces would convert captured children to Fascism, one temple member states: "The ones that they take captured, they're gonna just let them grow up and be dummies."[131]
On the death tape, Jones urged Temple members to commit "revolutionary suicide".[131] Such "revolutionary suicide" had been planned by the Temple before and, according to Jonestown defectors, its theory was "you can go down in history, saying you chose your own way to go, and it is your commitment to refuse capitalism and in support of socialism."[134]
File:513 1 McElvane.jpg
Jim McElvane
File:529 1 miller.jpg
Christine Miller
Temple member Christine Miller argued that the Temple should alternatively attempt an airlift to Russia.[131] Jim McElvane, a former therapist who had arrived in Jonestown only two days earlier, assisted Jones by arguing against Miller's resistance to suicide, stating "Let's make it a beautiful day" (followed by applause from Temple members) and later citing possible reincarnation.[131] After several exchanges in which Jones argued that a Soviet exodus would not be possible, along with reactions by other temple members hostile to Miller, Miller backed down.[131] However, Miller may have ceased dissenting when Jones confirmed at one point that "the Congressman has been murdered" after members of his "Red Brigade" squad returned from the airstrip after shooting Ryan.[citation needed]
After the airstrip shooters arrived back in Jonestown, Tim Carter, a Vietnam war veteran, recalled the shooters having the "thousand-yard stare" of weary soldiers.[135]
After Jones confirmed that "the Congressman's dead" no dissent occurs on the death tape.[131] Directly after this, referring to his Red Brigade security squad that shot Ryan, Jones stated, "But the Red Brigade's the only one that made any sense anyway" and, "Red Brigade showed them justice."[131] In addition to Jim McElvane, several other temple members gave speeches praising Jones and his decision for the community to commit suicide, even after Jones stopped appreciating this praise and begged for the process to go faster.[131]
According to escaped Temple member Odell Rhodes, first to take the poison were Ruletta Paul and her one-year-old infant.[136] A syringe with its needle removed was used to squirt poison into the infant's mouth and then Paul squirted another syringe into her own mouth.[136] Stanley Clayton also saw mothers with their babies first approach the table containing the poison.[137] Clayton said that Jones approached people to encourage them to drink the poison and that, after adults saw the poison begin to take effect, "they showed a reluctance to die."[137]
The poison caused death within around five minutes.[138] After consuming the poison, according to Rhodes, people were then escorted away down a wooden walkway leading outside the Pavilion.[136] It is not clear if some initially thought the exercise was another "White Night" rehearsal. Rhodes reported being in close contact with dying children.[136]
In response to reactions of seeing the poison take effect on others, Jones counseled, "Die with a degree of dignity. Lay down your life with dignity; don't lay down with tears and agony." He also said, "I tell you, I don't care how many screams you hear, I don't care how many anguished cries...death is a million times preferable to ten more days of this life. If you knew what was ahead of you – if you knew what was ahead of you, you'd be glad to be stepping over tonight."[131] Survivor Odell Rhodes stated that while the poison was squirted in some children's mouths, there was no panic or emotional outburst and people looked like they were "in a trance".[139] This statement was a contradiction of the crying and screaming children heard throughout the majority of the testimonial "death tape."[131]
Jones was found dead lying next to his chair between two other bodies, his head cushioned by a pillow.[140] His death was caused by a gunshot wound to his left temple that Guyanese coroner Cyrill Mootoo stated was consistent with a self-inflicted gun wound.[141]
The events at Jonestown constituted the greatest single losses of American civilian life in a non-natural disaster until the incidents of September 11, 2001.[142]
Survivors/eyewitnesses[link]
File:TimofeyevLetter.jpg
Letter to Timofeyev from the Jonestown Institute.
Three high ranking Temple member survivors claim they were given an assignment and thereby escaped death. Brothers Tim and Mike Carter, 30 years old and 20 years old respectively, and Mike Prokes, 31, were given luggage containing $550,000 in US currency, $130,000 in Guyanese currency and an envelope, which they were told to deliver to Guyana’s Soviet Embassy, in Georgetown.[143] The envelope contained two passports and three instructional letters, the first of which was to Feodor Timofeyev of the Embassy of the Soviet Union in Guyana, stating:
Dear Comrade Timofeyev,
The following is a letter of instructions regarding all of our assets that we want to leave to the Communist Party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Enclosed in this letter are letters which instruct the banks to send the cashiers checks to you. I am doing this on behalf of Peoples Temple because we, as communists, want our money to be of benefit for help to oppressed peoples all over the world, or in any way that your decision-making body sees fit.[143][144]
The letters included listed accounts with balances totaling in excess of $7.3 million to be transferred to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[144][145][146] The Carters and Prokes soon ditched most of the money and were apprehended heading for the Temple boat (Cudjo) at Kaituma.[143] It is unknown how they were supposed to reach Georgetown, 150 miles (240 km) away, since the boat had been sent away by Temple leadership earlier that day.[143]
Just before the start of the final meeting in the pavilion, lawyers Charles Garry and Mark Lane were told that the people were angry at them.[147] The lawyers were escorted to a house used to accommodate visitors. According to the lawyers, they talked their way past armed guards and made it to the jungle, before eventually arriving in Port Kaituma.[147] While in the jungle near the settlement, they heard gunshots.[147] This observation concurs with the testimony of Clayton, who heard the same sounds as he was sneaking back into Jonestown to retrieve his passport.
File:Work12-OdellRhodes.jpg
Odell Rhodes
Five more people who were intended to be poisoned managed to survive.[143] Grover Davis, 79, who was hearing impaired, missed the announcement to assemble on the loudspeaker, lay down in a ditch and pretended to be dead.[19][148] Hyacinth Thrash, 76, realized what was happening and crawled under her bed, only to walk out after the suicides were completed.[19][148] Odell Rhodes, 36, a Jonestown teacher and craftsman, volunteered to fetch a stethoscope and hid under a building.[136] Stanley Clayton, 25, a kitchenworker and cousin of Huey P. Newton, tricked security guards and ran into the jungle.[137] The fifth survivor, a 5 year old boy known only as "Michael", escaped by hiding in the surrounding forest. Upon his rescue (by Guyanese government officials) he was returned to the United States, adopted, and is believed to have been raised in or around Portland, Maine.[19][143]
Medical examinations[link]
The only medical doctor to initially examine the scene at Jonestown was Guyanese Chief Medical Examiner Dr. Leslie Mootoo. Mootoo visually examined over 200 bodies and later told a Guyanese coroner's jury that he saw needle marks on at least 70.[149] However, no determination was made as to whether those injections initiated the introduction of poison or whether they were so-called "relief" injections to quicken death and reduce suffering from convulsions from those who had previously taken poison orally. Mootoo and American pathologist Dr. Lynn Crook determined that cyanide was present in some of the bodies, while analysis of the contents of the vat revealed several tranquilizers as well as potassium cyanide and potassium chloride.[149]
Plastic cups, Flavor Aid packets and syringes, some with needles and some without, littered the area where the bodies were found.[150] Mootoo concluded that the gunshot wound to Annie Moore could not have been self-inflicted, though Moore had also ingested a lethal dose of cyanide.[150]
Guyanese authorities waived their requirement for autopsies in the case of unnatural death.[149] Doctors in the United States performed autopsies on only seven bodies, including those of Jim Jones, Dr. Lawrence Schact, Annie Moore and Carolyn Layton.[149] Annie Moore and Carolyn Layton were selected among those autopsied, in part, because of the urging of the Moore family, including the two victims' sister, Rebecca Moore, who was not a Temple member herself.[149]
Notes from non-surviving residents[link]
File:MarcyJonesNote.jpg
Will of Marceline Jones from the Jonestown Institute.
File:JT-1978-07-carolyn a ji.jpg
Carolyn Layton (left) and Annie Moore (middle)
Found near Marceline Jones' body was a typewritten note, dated November 18, 1978, signed by Marceline Jones and witnessed by Annie Moore and Maria Katsaris, stating:
I, Marceline Jones, leave all bank assets in my name to the Communist Party of the USSR. The above bank accounts are located in the Bank of Nova Scotia, Nassau, Bahamas. Please be sure that these assets do get to the USSR. I especially request that none of these are allowed to get into the hands of my adopted daughter, Suzanne Jones Cartmell. For anyone who finds this letter, please honor this request as it is most important to myself [sic] and my husbank [sic] James W. Jones.[151]
Annie Moore left a note, which in part stated: "I am at a point right now so embittered against the world that I don't know why I am writing this. Someone who finds it will believe I am crazy or believe in the barbed wire that does NOT exist in Jonestown."[152] The last line ("We died because you would not let us live in peace.") is written in different color ink. No other specific reference is made to the events of the day. Moore also wrote, "JONESTOWN—the most peaceful, loving community that ever existed."[152] In addition she stated,"JIM JONES—the one who made this paradise possible—much to the contrary of the lies stated about Jim Jones being a power-hungry sadistic, mean person who thought he was God—of all things."[152] And "His hatred of racism, sexism, elitism, and mainly classism, is what prompted him to make a new world for the people—a paradise in the jungle. The children loved it. So did everyone else."[152]
Another note, found 25 years later, was buried among reams of unrelated paperwork. The document, titled "Last Words", unsigned, was attributed most likely to Richard Tropp.[153] The note contained references to the events of the last day:
We did not want it this way. All was going well as Ryan completed [his] first day here. Then a man tried to attack him, unsuccessfully at some time, several set out into jungle wanting to overtake Ryan, aide, and others who left with him. They did, and several killed. When we heard this, we had no choice. We would be taken. We have to go as one, we want to live as Peoples Temple, or end it. We have chosen. It is finished.[153]
A note likely written by Tish Leroy stated:
Dad I see no way out — I agree with your decision — I fear only that without you the world may not make it to communism — Tish For my part — I am more than tired of this wretched, merciless planet & the hell it holds for the masses of so many beautiful people — thank you for the only life I've known.[154]
Found near Maria Katsaris' body was a handwritten note signed by Katsaris, dated November 18, 1978, witnessed by Jim McElvane and Marilee Bogue, stating, "I Maria Katsaris leave all of the money in the Banco Union de Venezuela in Caracas to the Communist Party Soviet Union."[155]
Found near Carolyn Layton's body was a handwritten note signed by Carolyn Layton, witnessed by Maria Katsaris and Annie Moore, dated November 18, 1978, stating, "This is my last will and testament. I hereby leave all assets in any bank account to which I am a signatory to the Communist Party of the U.S.S.R."[156]
Deaths in Georgetown[link]
File:4 1 Amos Christa-Martin.jpg
Sharon, Martin and Christa Amos
File:304 1 liane.jpg
Liane Harris
In the early evening of November 18, at the Temple's headquarters in Georgetown, Temple member Sharon Amos received a radio communication from Jonestown instructing the members at the headquarters to take revenge on the Temple's enemies and then commit revolutionary suicide.[157] Later, after police arrived at the Temple headquarters, Sharon Amos escorted her children, Liane (21), Christa (11) and Martin (10), into a bathroom.[158] Wielding a kitchen knife, Sharon first killed Christa and then Martin.[158] Then Liane assisted Sharon in killing herself with the knife, after which Liane killed herself with the knife.[158]
Aftermath[link]
Further information: Peoples Temple in San Francisco, Jim Jones, Peoples Temple, and Jonestown conspiracy theory
At the airstrip, journalist Tim Reiterman photographed the aftermath of the violence.[159] Dwyer assumed leadership at the scene and, at his recommendation, Layton was arrested by Guyanese state police.[160] Dwyer was grazed by one bullet in his buttock during the airstrip shootings.[160] It took several hours before the ten wounded and others in their party gathered themselves together.[160] Most of them spent the night in a café.[160] The more seriously wounded slept in a small tent on the airfield.[160] A Guyanese government plane arrived the following morning to evacuate the wounded.[159] Five teenaged members of the Parks and Bogue families, with one boyfriend, followed the instructions of defector Gerald Parks to hide in the adjacent jungle until help arrived and their safety was assured.[161] Thereafter those members were lost for three days in the jungle and nearly died. Guyanese soldiers eventually found them.
After escaping Jonestown, Odell Rhodes arrived in Port Kaituma on the night of November 18, 1978.[136] That night Stanley Clayton stayed with a local Guyanese family and travelled to Port Kaituma the next morning.[137] The Carter brothers and Michael Prokes were put into protective custody in Port Kaituma.[143] They were later released in Georgetown. Rhodes, Clayton and the two lawyers (Garry and Lane) were also brought to Georgetown. Michael Prokes committed suicide on March 14, 1979, four months after the Jonestown incident.[162]
Larry Layton, who had fired a gun at several people aboard the Cessna, was originally found not guilty of attempted murder in a Guyanese court, employing the defense that he was "brainwashed".[163] Layton could not be tried in the United States for the attempted murders of Vern Gosney, Monica Bagby, the Cessna pilot and Dale Parks on Guyanese soil and was, instead, tried under a federal statute against assassinating members of Congress and internationally protected people (Ryan and Dwyer).[163] He was convicted of conspiracy and of aiding and abetting the murder of Congressman Leo Ryan and of the attempted murder of Richard Dwyer.[163] Paroled in 2002, he is the only person ever to have been held criminally responsible for the events at Jonestown.[164]
The event was one of the stories most heavily covered by the media[citation needed] and photographs pertaining to it adorned newspaper and magazine covers for months after its occurrence, including being labeled "cult of death" by Time and Newsweek magazines. In February 1979, 98% of Americans polled said that they had heard of the tragedy.[165] George Gallup stated that "few events, in fact, in the entire history of the Gallup Poll have been known to such a high percentage of the U.S. public."[165]
After the deaths, both the House Committee on Foreign Affairs and the State Department itself criticized the State Department's handling of the Temple.[166] Political opposition seized the opportunity to embarrass Guyanese Prime Minister Burnham by establishing an inquest which concluded that Burnham was responsible for the deaths at Jonestown.[166]
The sheer scale of the event, as well as Jones' socialism, purported inconsistencies in the reported number of deaths, allegedly poor explanation of events related to deaths at Jonestown, and existence of classified documents[167] led some to suggest CIA involvement,[168][169][170][171] though the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence investigated the Jonestown mass suicide and announced that there was no evidence of CIA involvement at Jonestown.
Former site[link]
Now deserted, the compound at Jonestown was first tended by the Guyanese government following the deaths.[172] The government then allowed its re-occupation by Hmong refugees from Laos for a few years in the early 1980s.[172] The buildings and grounds were looted by local Guyanese people, but were not taken over because of their association with the mass killing. The buildings were mostly destroyed by a fire in the mid-1980s, after which the ruins were left to decay and be reclaimed by the jungle.
During a visit in 1998 to film a segment for the ABC news show 20/20, Jim Jones, Jr. discovered the rusting remains of an oil drum near the former entrance to the Pavilion.[173] Jones recognized the drum, originally adapted for use during meal times, as the drum used for drink mixtures used during the "white night" exercises, and which he believed was used to hold the poison and Flavor Aid liquid used on November 18, 1978.[173]
In 2003, with the help of Gerry Gouveia, a pilot involved with the Jonestown Massacre cleanup, a television crew filming a special for the 25th anniversary of the event returned to the original site of Jonestown with the intent to uncover any remaining artifacts.[174] Although covered with dense vegetation, after searching for several hours the team uncovered a standing cassava mill (possibly the largest remaining structure), the remains of a tractor (speculated as the same tractor used by the airstrip shooters), a generator, a filing cabinet, an overturned truck near the site of Jim Jones' house (claimed to be his favorite vehicle by Gouveia), a fuel pump, and other smaller miscellaneous items. The former pilot also led the team to the site where the pavilion once was, and they found the remains of a steel drum, an organ, and a bed of daisies growing where the bodies had once lain.[174][175]
In 2011, a local man asked the government to make the site a tourist attraction [176].
See also[link]
- Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple, a 2006 documentary film
- Jonestown: Paradise Lost, a 2007 Discovery Channel Documentary
- United States Congress members killed or wounded in office
References[link]
- ^ Rapaport, Richard. "Jonestown and City Hall slayings eerily linked in time and memory." San Francisco Chronicle. November 16, 2003.
- ^ a b CNN - Jonestown massacre + 20: Questions linger. CNN.com. Accessed on 9 April 2007.[dead link]
- ^ Dawson, Lorne L. (2003). Cults and new religious movements: a reader. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 194. ISBN 1-4051-0181-4.
- ^ Time Magazine, "Mass Suicide at Jonestown: 30 Years Later", 2008
- ^ Layton, Deborah. Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. 53.
- ^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 1053." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Catherine Wessinger (2000) "How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate" ISBN 978-1-889119-24-3, p. 31-34
- ^ "The Religious Movements Homepage Project: Peoples Temple". Archived from the original on 2006-09-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20060908190148/religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/Jonestwn.html.
- ^ Layton, Deborah. Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. 64-5.
- ^ Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple. PBS.org.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 302-304.
- ^ Layton, Deborah. Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. 105.
- ^ a b c d e f g Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 237.
- ^ a b c Paranoia And Delusions, Time Magazine, December 11, 1978
- ^ a b c Carter, Tim. Interview on Oregon Public Broadcasting Radio (Clip#3), 9 April 2007.
- ^ a b Timeline: The Life and Death of Jim Jones. PBS.org. Accessed April 9, 2007.
- ^ a b c Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 275.
- ^ Walliss, John, "Apocalyptic Trajectories : Millenarianism and Violence in the Contemporary World", Oxford, New York, 2004, ISBN 0820472174
- ^ a b c d Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 132. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, Tom Reiterman, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Reverend Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. pages 275.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 418.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 337.
- ^ United States House of Representatives; United States House of Representatives (15 May 1979). "House of Representatives Report on Jonestown--Findings". House of Representatives Report on Jonestown--Findings. United States Congress. http://www.rickross.com/reference/jonestown/jonestown1.html.
- ^ a b Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 50." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 833." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 451.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, Tom Reiterman, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Reverend Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. pages 274-5 & 281.
- ^ a b c d Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 285.
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-88738-124-3. page 195
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. pages 274-5 & 418.
- ^ After the tragedy at Jonestown, Adams married Mann. On October 24, 1983, Mann fatally shot both Adams and the couple's child, and then fatally shot himself. (Weingarten, Gene. "The Peekaboo Paradox." The Washington Post. January 22, 2006).
- ^ a b Moore, Rebecca. A Sympathetic History of Jonestown. Lewiston: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0-88946-860-5. p. 173-4.
- ^ a b Layton, Deborah. (1998) Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. 113.
- ^ Kilduff, Marshall and Phil Tracy. my kult has better Kool- aid than your cult. "Inside Peoples Temple." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. August 1, 1977.
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 133. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ a b c d e f Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 390-2.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 322.
- ^ Layton, Deborah (1998). Seductive Poison. New York: Doubleday. p. 53. ISBN 0-385-48983-8.
- ^ Jones, Jim. FBI tape Q 320.
- ^ Martin, Bradley K. Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2004. ISBN 0-312-32221-6. p. 159.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 163-4.
- ^ a b "FBI Summaries of Peoples Temple Tapes Q 155, Q 160, Q 190, Q 198, Q 200, Q 203 and Q 242." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ See for example Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 182. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. ".... in China, when their foreign policy’s so bad, they still have self-criticism and group criticism. Unfortunately, not enough about their foreign policy. But in the Soviet Union, they have it.... The sale of nearly 30,000 pounds of copper to China has been announced by the Ministry of Mining in Industry of Chile. Another blunder of China’s foreign policy, supporting fascist regimes... In spite of the beauty of China, what it’s done domestically, getting rid of the rats, the flies... nothing justifies this kind of uh, inexcusable behavior. That’s why we’re pro-Soviet. That’s why we stand by the Soviet Union as the avant-garde, because this is a hellish thing to do, to support one of the most brutal fascist regimes, who has tortured dark members— the black members of its population, presently more than any other color on up to how white your skin determines your rank in Chilean society."
- ^ "Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple" (Documentary also airing on PBS including numerous interviews).
- ^ Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 216. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 322. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 161. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b c Moore, Rebecca. A Sympathetic History of Jonestown. Lewiston: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0-88946-860-5. p. 292.
- ^ Moore, Rebecca. A Sympathetic History of Jonestown. Lewiston: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0-88946-860-5. p. 293.
- ^ a b Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 236. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ a b c Layton, Deborah (1998). Seductive Poison. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-48983-8.
- ^ King, Peter. "How Jones used drugs." San Francisco Examiner. 28 December 1978. Archived.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 502.
- ^ Layton, Deborah. (1998) Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. 176
- ^ An Analysis of Jonestown. Guyana.org. Accessed April 9, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Reiterman, Tim, For Those Who Were There, Jonestown's A Part Of Each Day, Los Angeles Times, November 18, 1998
- ^ Layton, Deborah. (1998) Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. 103.
- ^ a b Pear, Richard. "State Explains Response to Cult Letters." Washington Star News. November 26, 1978.
- ^ Wessinger, Catherine. How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate. 2000. ISBN 978-1-889119-24-3.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, "Peoples Temple's $26 million financial empire", San Francisco Examiner, January 9, 1979.
- ^ Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 234. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 051. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Layton, Deborah (1998). Seductive Poison. New York: Doubleday. p. 178. ISBN 0-385-48983-8.
- ^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 642." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b "Affidavit of Deborah Layton Blakey." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ "Jones plotted cyanide deaths years before Jonestown" CNN.com, November 12, 2008
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 361
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 366
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 360-72
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 369
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 367
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 370
- ^ a b c Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 371
- ^ a b c Moore, Rebecca. A Sympathetic History of Jonestown. Lewiston: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0-88946-860-5. p. 165.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 416.
- ^ a b c d Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 352." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 408
- ^ Sims, Hank, Tim Stoen's Story, North Coast Journal, September 25, 2003
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 458
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-88738-124-3. page 227
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 380-3
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 383
- ^ a b c Milk, Harvey Letter Addressed to President Jimmy Carter, Dated February 19, 1978
- ^ "Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones. April 11, 1978. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Moore, Rebecca. A Sympathetic History of Jonestown. Lewiston: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0-88946-860-5. p. 259.
- ^ Moore, Rebecca. A Sympathetic History of Jonestown. Lewiston: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0-88946-860-5. p. 268.
- ^ a b c d Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p.440.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 441
- ^ Goodlett, Carlton B. Notes on Peoples Temple, Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. Excerpted from The Need For A Second Look At Jonestown, Rebecca Moore and Fielding M. McGehee, III, editors. Lewiston NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1989.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 446.
- ^ Moore, Rebecca. American as Cherry Pie, Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. pp. 299-300 & 457-458
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 481.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 476-480.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 484-5.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 485.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 487.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 487-8.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 488-90.
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 270. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 491.
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 271. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 498-9.
- ^ a b c ' Survivors of the Tragedy', CNN
- ^ 'Slavery of Faith': Survivor recounts escape from Jonestown, Leslie Wilson, CNN reprint of excerpt
- ^ Knapp, Don. Jonestown massacre memories linger amid rumors of CIA link, CNN, November 19, 1998.
- ^ Obituary announcement of Julius Evans (references his escape with family), Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 272. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 505.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 512.
- ^ Stephenson, Denice. Dear People: Remembering Jonestown. Heyday Books, 2005. ISBN 1-59714-002-3.
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 273. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 516.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 515.
- ^ a b c d Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 516-7.
- ^ a b The Events of November 18, 1978. PBS: American Experience, Jonestown. 2-20-2007. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/jonestown/peopleevents/e_nov.html. Retrieved 2007-12-07
- ^ a b c Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 518.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 519-20.
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 276. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ a b c d United States House of Representatives; Foreign Affairs Committee (May 15, 1979). "Congressional Foreign Affairs Committee report on Ryan's assassination". Report of a Staff Investigative Group to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. United States Congress. http://www.rickross.com/reference/jonestown/jonestown2.html.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 524.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 525.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 526.
- ^ a b c Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 533.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 527.
- ^ Hall, John R. Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. 1989. ISBN 978-0-88738-801-9. p. 278
- ^ a b c Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 529-31.
- ^ a b Hall, John R. Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. 1989. ISBN 978-0-88738-801-9. p. 275-76
- ^ Layton, Deborah. Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. xix (Krause forward)
- ^ a b Hall, John R. Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. ISBN 978-0-88738-801-9. pp. 273-74
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Jonestown Audiotape Primary Project." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 282. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ Autopsy Report for Carolyn Moore Layton
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p 566.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 178.
- ^ a b c d e f Guyana Inquest - Interview of Odell Rhodes. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b c d Guyana Inquest - Interview of Stanley Clayton. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ "Another Day of Death." Time. December 11, 1978.
- ^ "Some of 780 Forced To Drink Witness Says Most Waited Turn Quietly." Los Angeles Herald Examiner. November 25, 1978.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1981. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 565.
- ^ Guyana Inquest - Interviews of Cecil Roberts & Cyril Mootoo
- ^ Rapaport, Richard, Jonestown and City Hall slayings eerily linked in time and memory, San Francisco Chronicle, November 16, 2003
- ^ a b c d e f g Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. pp 561-580.
- ^ a b "Letter to Feodor Timofeyev." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ "Letter from Annie McGowan." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ "Another Letter from Annie McGowan." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b c Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. pp 540-542.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. pp 578.
- ^ a b c d e "Last Rites." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. 8 March 2007.
- ^ a b Guyana Inquest - Interviews of Cecil Roberts & Cyril Mootoo. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ "Letter from Marceline Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b c d "Last Words - Annie Moore." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b "Last Words - Richard Tropp." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ "Tish Leroy Suicide Note." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ "Letter from Maria Katsaris." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ "Letter from Carolyn Layton." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 522-3
- ^ a b c Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. pp. 544-5.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 568-70.
- ^ a b c d e Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 534-8.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 566-67.
- ^ "Statement of Michael Prokes." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University: Jonestown Project. Accessed 22 September 2007.
- ^ a b c Bishop, Katherine. "1978 CULT FIGURE GETS LIFE TERM IN CONGRESSMAN'S JUNGLE SLAYING." New York Times. March 4, 1987.
- ^ Coleman, Loren. The Copycat Effect: How the Media and Popular Culture Trigger the Mayhem in Tomorrow's Realities. 2004. ISBN 1-4165-0554-7
- ^ a b Hall, John R. Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. 1989. ISBN 978-0-88738-801-9. p. 289.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 576.
- ^ Taylor, Michael; Lattin, Don (November 13, 1998). "Most Peoples Temple Documents Still Sealed". San Francisco Examiner. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1998/11/13/MN107219.DTL&hw=Most+Peoples+Temple+Documents+Still+Sealed&sn=002&sc=468. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
- ^ Meier, M (1989). Was Jonestown a CIA Medical Experiment?: A Review of the Evidence. New York: Edwin Mellen. ISBN 0-88946-013-2.
- ^ Moore, Rebecca, “Reconstructing Reality: Conspiracy Theories About Jonestown, Journal of Popular Culture 36, no. 2 (Fall 2002): 200-20
- ^ See, e.g.,Anderson, Jack, CIA Involved In Jonestown Massacre, September 27, 1980
- ^ See, e.g., Alinin, S.F., B.G. Antonov and A.N. Itskov, The Jonestown carnage--a CIA crime, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1987
- ^ a b "What happened to Jonestown?" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University: Jonestown Project. 2007-03-08
- ^ a b Smith, Gary. "Escaping Jonestown." Sports Illustrated. CNN.com. 24 December 2007.
- ^ a b Guyana TV (2003), "Lets Talk", Jonestown, 25 Years Later (clip #2), including interview with pilot Gerry Gouveia and visit to former Jonestown site.
- ^ Guyana TV (2003), "Lets Talk", Jonestown, 25 Years Later (clip #3), including interview with pilot Gerry Gouveia and visit to former Jonestown site.
- ^ CBC Radio 1 "Dispatches", November 24, 2011,[1]
Further reading[link]
- Barden, Renardo Barden (1990). Cults (Troubled Society series). Rourke Pub Group. ISBN 0-86593-070-8.
- Chidester, David (1988). Salvation and Suicide. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-35056-5.
- Dolan, Sean (2000). Everything You Need to Know About Cults. New York: Rosen Pub. Group. ISBN 0-8239-3230-3.
- Feinsod, Ethan (1981). Awake in a Nightmare: Jonestown: The Only Eyewitness Account. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0-393-01431-2. Based on interviews with Odell Rhodes.
- Galanter, M. (1999). Cults: Faith, Healing, and Coercion. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- Kerns, Phil (1978). People's Temple, People's Tomb. Logos Associates. ISBN 0-88270-363-3.
- Kilduff, Marshall and Ron Javers (1978). The Suicide Cult: The Inside Story of the Peoples Temple Sect and the Massacre in Guyana. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-12920-1.
- Klineman, George and Sherman Butler (1980). The Cult That Died. G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-399-12540-X.
- Krause, Charles A. with Laurence M. Stern, Richard Harwood and the staff of The Washington Post (1978). Guyana Massacre: The Eyewitness Account. New York: Berkley Pub. Corp. ISBN 0-425-04234-0.
- Layton, Deborah (1998). Seductive Poison. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-48984-6.
- Maaga, Mary McCormick (1998). Hearing the Voices of Jonestown. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0515-3.
- Moore, Rebecca (1985). A Sympathetic History of Jonestown: the Moore Family Involvement in Peoples Temple. Lewiston: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0-88946-860-5.
- Naipaul, Shiva (1982). Journey to Nowhere: A New World Tragedy. Harmondsworth [Eng.]: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-006189-4. (published in the UK as Black and White)
- Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs (1982). Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-24136-1.
- Sargeant, Jack (2002). Death Cults: Murder, Mayhem and Mind Control (True Crime Series). Virgin Publishing. ISBN 0-7535-0644-0.
- Scheeres, Julia (2011). A Thousand Lives: The Untold Story of Hope, Deception, and Survival at Jonestown. New York: Free Press. ISBN 1-4165-9639-9.
- Sorell, W. E. (1978). Cults and Cult Suicide. International Journal of Group Tensions.
- Stephenson, Denice (2005). Dear People: Remembering Jonestown. Heyday Books. ISBN 1-59714-002-3.
External links[link]
 |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Alternative considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple, an extensive resource on the topics, sponsored by the Department of Religious Studies at San Diego State University
- "Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple", website for the film broadcast on PBS includes video interviews with survivors from 2006
- "The Jonestown Death Tape (FBI No. Q 042) (November 18 1978)", an unofficial web-publishing (digital) of the "Death Tape" seemingly made just before and during the mass slaying
- "Nightmare in Jonestown". Time Magazine. 1978-12-04. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912249,00.html. Retrieved 2008-08-05. , Time magazine cover story, Monday, December 4, 1978
- Father Cares: The Last of Jonestown, a 1981 audio documentary produced by NPR (90 minutes)
- 'Jonestown Legacy' website run by David Wise, once a Pastor of the Los Angeles Branch of the Peoples Temple, but latterly an opponent of Jim Jones.
- "The Jonestown, Guyana Tragedy: Primary Source Materials from the U.S. Department of State". Archived from the original on 1999-04-28. http://web.archive.org/web/19990428190751/http%3A//www.icehouse.net/zodiac/. , the contents of US Government archives on the subject obtained through the Freedom of Information Act. (web-archived copy of the original website, no longer extant; unfortunately the scanned pages are missing)
- "The Assassination of Representative Leo J. Ryan and the Jonestown, Guyana Tragedy", excerpt from: Report of a Staff Investigative Group to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, May 15, 1979
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Coordinates: 7°42′17.8596″N 59°54′22.104″W / 7.704961°N 59.90614°W / 7.704961; -59.90614
http://wn.com/Jonestown
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Джонстаун (Гайана)
http://nl.wn.com/Jonestown (Guyana)
http://pt.wn.com/Jonestown
http://de.wn.com/Jonestown
http://it.wn.com/Jonestown (Guyana)
http://pl.wn.com/Jonestown (Gujana)
http://es.wn.com/Jonestown
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonestown
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
More Videos
Wiki Summary
Vacuum is space that is empty of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "empty". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call "vacuum" or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space. The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum.
The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-high vacuum chambers, common in chemistry, physics, and engineering, operate below one trillionth (10−12) of atmospheric pressure (100 nPa), and can reach around 100 particles/cm3.Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum, with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average. However, even if every single atom and particle could be removed from a volume, it would still not be "empty" due to vacuum fluctuations, dark energy, and other phenomena in quantum physics. In modern Particle Physics, the vacuum state is considered as the ground state of matter.
