- published: 26 Apr 2012
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- author: ecomogtv
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Benin
Benin
i/bɨˈniːn/ (formerly, Dahomey), officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, by Nigeria to the east and by Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. A majority of the population live on its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city. Benin covers an area of approximately 110,000 square kilometers (42,000 sq mi), with a population of approximately 9.05 million. Benin is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming.
The official language of Benin is French, however, indigenous languages such as Fon and Yoruba are commonly spoken. The largest religious group in Benin is Roman Catholicism, followed closely by Islam, Vodun and Protestantism. Benin is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, La Francophonie, the Community of Sahel-Saharan States, the African Petroleum Producers Association and the Niger Basin Authority.
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Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso (
i/bərˌkiːnə ˈfɑːsoʊ/ bər-KEE-nə FAH-soh; French: [buʁkina faso]) – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest. The country's capital is Ouagadougou.
Its size is 274,200 square kilometres (105,900 sq mi) with an estimated population of more than 15,757,000. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, it was renamed on 4 August 1984, by President Thomas Sankara, to mean "the land of upright people" in Mòoré and Dioula, the major native languages of the country. Figuratively, "Burkina" may be translated, "men of integrity", from the Mòoré language, and "Faso" means "fatherland" in Dioula. The inhabitants of Burkina Faso are known as Burkinabè (
/bərˈkiːnəbeɪ/ bər-KEE-nə-bay).
Burkina Faso was populated between 14,000 and 5000 BC by hunter-gatherers in the country's northwestern region. Farm settlements appeared between 3600 and 2600 BC. What is now central Burkina Faso was principally composed of Mossi kingdoms. These Mossi Kingdoms would become a French protectorate in 1896. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the country underwent many governmental changes until arriving at its current form, a semi-presidential republic. The president is Blaise Compaoré.
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Cape Verde
Cape Verdei/ˌkeɪp ˈvɜrd/ (Portuguese: Cabo Verde, pronounced: [ˈkabu ˈveɾdɨ]), officially the Republic of Cape Verde, is an island country, spanning an archipelago of 10 islands located in the central Atlantic Ocean, 570 kilometres off the coast of Western Africa. The islands, covering a combined area of slightly over 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi), are of volcanic origin and while three of them (Sal, Boa Vista and Maio) are fairly flat, sandy and dry, the remaining ones are generally rockier and have more vegetation. However, because of the infrequent occurrence of rainfall the overall landscape is not particularly green.
The name of the country stems from the nearby Cap Vert, on the Senegalese coast, which in its turn was originally named "Cabo Verde" when it was sighted by Portuguese explorers in 1444, a few years before the islands were discovered (verde is Portuguese for "green").
The previously uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th Century, and became important in the Atlantic slave trade for their location. The islands' prosperity often attracted privateers and pirates, including Sir Francis Drake, a corsair (privateer) under the authority of the British crown, who twice sacked the (then) capital Ribeira Grande, in the 1580s. The islands were also visited by Charles Darwin's expedition in 1832. The decline in the slave trade in the 19th century resulted in an economic crisis for the islands. With few natural resources, and without strong sustainable investment from the Portuguese, the citizens grew increasingly discontent with the colonial masters, who nevertheless refused to provide the local authorities with more autonomy. This discontent festered and culminated in 1975, when a movement originally led by Amílcar Cabral who was assassinated on 20 January 1973 then passed onto his half-brother Luís Cabral, achieved independence for the archipelago.
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Chad
Chadi/ˈtʃæd/ (French: Tchad, Arabic: تشاد Tšād), officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".
Chad is divided into multiple regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanese savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Chad's highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara, and N'Djamena, (formerly Fort-Lamy), the capital, is the largest city. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions.
Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium BC, a series of states and empires rose and fell in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa.
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Cote d'Ivoire
The Republic of Côte d'Ivoirei/ˌkoʊt dɨˈvwɑr/ (French: [kot d‿ivwaʁ]) or Ivory Coast i/ˌaɪvəri ˈkoʊst/ is a country in West Africa. It has an area of 322,462 square kilometres (124,503 sq mi), and borders the countries Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population was 15,366,672 in 1998 and was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009. Côte d'Ivoire's first national census in 1975 counted 6.7 million inhabitants.
Prior to its colonization by Europeans, Côte d'Ivoire was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. There were two Anyi kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi, which attempted to retain their separate identity through the French colonial period and after Côte d'Ivoire's independence. An 1843–1844 treaty made Côte d'Ivoire a protectorate of France and in 1893, it became a French colony as part of the European scramble for Africa.
Côte d'Ivoire became independent on 7 August 1960. From 1960 to 1993, the country was led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny. It maintained close political and economic association with its West African neighbours, while at the same time maintaining close ties to the West, especially to France. Since the end of Houphouët-Boigny's rule, Côte d'Ivoire has experienced one coup d’état, in 1999, and a civil war, which broke out in 2002. A political agreement between the government and the rebels brought a return to peace. Côte d'Ivoire is a republic with a strong executive power invested in the President. Its de jure capital is Yamoussoukro and the biggest city is the port city of Abidjan. The country is divided into 19 regions and 81 departments. It is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic Community of West African States and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.
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Côte d'Ivoire
The Republic of Côte d'Ivoirei/ˌkoʊt dɨˈvwɑr/ (French: [kot d‿ivwaʁ]) or Ivory Coast i/ˌaɪvəri ˈkoʊst/ is a country in West Africa. It has an area of 322,462 square kilometres (124,503 sq mi), and borders the countries Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population was 15,366,672 in 1998 and was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009. Côte d'Ivoire's first national census in 1975 counted 6.7 million inhabitants.
Prior to its colonization by Europeans, Côte d'Ivoire was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. There were two Anyi kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi, which attempted to retain their separate identity through the French colonial period and after Côte d'Ivoire's independence. An 1843–1844 treaty made Côte d'Ivoire a protectorate of France and in 1893, it became a French colony as part of the European scramble for Africa.
Côte d'Ivoire became independent on 7 August 1960. From 1960 to 1993, the country was led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny. It maintained close political and economic association with its West African neighbours, while at the same time maintaining close ties to the West, especially to France. Since the end of Houphouët-Boigny's rule, Côte d'Ivoire has experienced one coup d’état, in 1999, and a civil war, which broke out in 2002. A political agreement between the government and the rebels brought a return to peace. Côte d'Ivoire is a republic with a strong executive power invested in the President. Its de jure capital is Yamoussoukro and the biggest city is the port city of Abidjan. The country is divided into 19 regions and 81 departments. It is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic Community of West African States and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.
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Freetown
Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone. It is a major port city in the Atlantic Ocean and is located in the Western Area of Sierra Leone. Freetown is Sierra Leone's economic, financial, cultural and educational center. The city's economy revolves largely around its harbor - occupying a part of the estuary of the Sierra Leone River in one of the world's largest natural deep water harbours. Queen Elizabeth II Quay is capable of receiving oceangoing vessels and handles Sierra Leone's main exports.
The city proper had a population of 772,873 at the 2004 census, with a current estimate of 1,070,200 (about 17% of Sierra Leone's total population). The population of Freetown is ethnically, culturally and religiously diverse. The city is home to significant numbers of all of the country's ethnic groups, although it is the primary home of the Sierra Leone Creole people (descendants of Liberated Africans, African-Americans and West Indians) who make up the minority of the population in the city. As in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone, the Krio language is the city's primary language of communication and is by far the most widely spoken language in the city.
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Ghana
Ghanai/ˈɡɑːnə/ is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "Warrior King" and is derived from the ancient Ghana Empire.
Ghana was inhabited in pre-colonial times by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms, including the inland Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Akyem, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Fante among others. Non-Akan states created by the Ga also existed as did states by the Dagomba. Prior to contact with Europeans trade between the Akan and various African states flourished due to Akan's gold wealth. Trade with European states began after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in 1874 over parts but not all of the country.
The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the First sub-Saharan African nation to do so from European Colonialism. The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.
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Guinea
Guineai/ˈɡɪni/, officially the Republic of Guinea (French: République de Guinée), is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea (Guinée française), it is today sometimes called Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from its neighbour Guinea-Bissau and the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has almost 246,000 square kilometres (94,981 sq mi) and a population of 10,057,975. It forms a crescent by curving from its western border on the Atlantic Ocean toward the east and the south. Its northern border is shared with Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali, the southern one with Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire. The Niger River's source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea.
Guinea is geographically divided into eight administrative regions and subdivided into thirty-three prefectures. Conakry is the capital, largest city and economic centre. The other major cities in the country include Kankan, Nzérékoré, Kindia, Labe, Guéckédou, Mamou and Boke.
Guinea's 10 million people belong to twenty-four ethnic groups. The largest and most prominent groups are the Fula 40%, Mandingo 30%, and Susu 20%.
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Guinea Bissau
Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissaui/ˈɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ/ (Portuguese: República da Guiné-Bissau, pronounced: [ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsaw]), is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west. It covers 36,125 km² (nearly 14,000 sq mi) with an estimated population of 1,600,000.
Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were part of the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. It then became the Portuguese colony of Portuguese Guinea in the 19th century. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with the bordering Republic of Guinea. Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since gaining independence and no elected president has successfully served a full five-year term. On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged a coup and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate. The military has yet to declare a current leader for the country. However, former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma took the care of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties.
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Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissaui/ˈɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ/ (Portuguese: República da Guiné-Bissau, pronounced: [ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsaw]), is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west. It covers 36,125 km² (nearly 14,000 sq mi) with an estimated population of 1,600,000.
Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were part of the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. It then became the Portuguese colony of Portuguese Guinea in the 19th century. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with the bordering Republic of Guinea. Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since gaining independence and no elected president has successfully served a full five-year term. On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged a coup and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate. The military has yet to declare a current leader for the country. However, former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma took the care of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties.
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Liberia
Liberiai/laɪˈbɪəriə/, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Sierra Leone on the west, Guinea on the north and Ivory Coast on the east. Liberia's coastline is composed of mostly mangrove forests while the more sparsely populated inland consists of forests that open to a plateau of drier grasslands. The country possesses 40% of the remaining Upper Guinean rainforest. Liberia has a hot equatorial climate, with significant rainfall during the May to October rainy season and harsh harmattan winds the remainder of the year. Liberia covers an area of 111,369 km2 (43,000 sq mi) and is home to about 3.7 million people. English is the official language, while over 30 indigenous languages are spoken within the country.
Along with Ethiopia, Liberia is one of the two modern countries in Sub-Saharan Africa without roots in the European colonization of Africa. Beginning in 1820, the region was colonized by freed American slaves with the help of the American Colonization Society, a private organization that believed ex-slaves would have greater freedom and equality in Africa. Slaves freed from slave ships were also sent there instead of being repatriated to their countries of origin. In 1847, these colonists founded the Republic of Liberia, establishing a government modeled on that of the United States and naming the capital city Monrovia after James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States and a prominent supporter of the colonization. The colonists, known as Americo-Liberians, led the political and economic sectors of the country.
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Mali
Malii/ˈmɑːli/, officially the Republic of Mali (French: République du Mali, French pronunciation: [maˈli]), is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with a population of 14.5 million. Its capital is Bamako. Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara, while the country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Sénégal rivers. The country's economic structure centers around agriculture and fishing. Some of Mali's natural resources are gold, uranium, livestock, and salt. About half the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.
Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (from which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali making it a part of French Sudan. French Sudan (then known as the Sudanese Republic) joined with Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. Shortly thereafter, following Senegal's withdrawal from the federation, the Sudanese Republic declared itself the independent Republic of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a 1991 coup led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state. On 22 March, 2012, a group of junior soldiers seized control of the country's presidential palace and declared the government dissolved and its constitution suspended. On 6 April, 2012, rebels from the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) declared the secession of a new state, Azawad, from Mali.
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Monrovia
Monrovia is the capital city of the West African nation of Liberia. Located on the Atlantic Coast at Cape Mesurado, it lies geographically within Montserrado County, but is administered separately. The city is governed as a metropolitan city called Greater Monrovia District, which had a population of 970,824 as of the 2008 census, containing 29% of the total population of Liberia and is the country's most populous city. Monrovia is the cultural, political and financial hub for the entire country. The body that administers the government of Greater Monrovia District is the Monrovia City Corporation.
Founded in 1822, Monrovia is named in honor of U.S. President James Monroe, a prominent supporter of the colonization of Liberia. Along with Washington, D.C., it is one of two national capitals to be named after a U.S. President. Monrovia was founded thirty years after Freetown, Sierra Leone, the first permanent Black American settlement in Africa. The city's economy is dominated by its harbor, and government offices. Monrovia's harbor was significantly expanded by U.S. forces during the Second World War and the main exports include latex and iron ore. Materials are also manufactured on-site, such as cement, refined petroleum, food products, bricks and tiles, furniture and chemicals. Located near the confluence of the Mesurado and Saint Paul rivers, the harbor also has facilities for storing and repairing vessels.
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Niger
Niger (French pronunciation: [niʒɛʁ], but occasionally pronounced as /niːˈʒɛər/ ori/ˈnaɪdʒər/), officially the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, making it the largest nation in West Africa, with over 80 percent of its land area covered by the Sahara desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of just above 15,000,000 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the nation. The capital city is Niamey, located in the far southwest corner of Niger.
Niger is a developing country, and consistently ranks as one of the lowest ranks of the United Nations' Human Development Index (HDI), 186th of 187 countries in 2011. Much of the non-desert portions of the country are threatened by periodic drought and desertification. The economy is concentrated around subsistence and some export agriculture clustered in the more fertile south, and the export of raw materials, especially uranium ore. Niger remains handicapped by its landlocked position, desert terrain, poor education and poverty of its people, lack of infrastructure, poor health care, and environmental degradation.
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Nigeria
Nigeriai/naɪˈdʒɪəriə/, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba.
In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims in the North and Christians in the South; a very small minority practice traditional religion. Since 2002 there have been a spate of clashes, particularly in the North of the country, between government forces and the Islamists Boko Haram, militant jihadists who seek to establish sharia law.
The people of Nigeria have an extensive history. Archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BCE. The area around the Benue and Cross River is thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the 1st millennium BC and the 2nd millennium.
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Senegal
Senegali/ˌsɛnɨˈɡɔːl/ (French: le Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal, IPA: [ʁepyblik dy seneɡal]), is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres (76,000 sq mi), and has an estimated population of about 13 million. The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season.
Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, is located at the westernmost tip of the country on the Cap-Vert peninsula. About 500 kilometres (300 mi) off the coast, in the Atlantic Ocean, lie the Cape Verde Islands. During the 17th and 18th centuries, numerous trading posts, belonging to various colonial empires, were established along the coast. The town of St. Louis became the capital of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, or AOF) before it was moved to Dakar in 1902. Dakar later became its capital in 1960 at the time of independence from France.
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Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone (i/siːˌɛrə liːˈoʊn/), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Sierra Leone is a constitutional representative democratic republic and covers a total area of 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi) Sierra Leone has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests. As of 2011, Sierra Leone has an estimated population of 6 million[1] (2011 United Nations estimte). Freetown is the capital, largest city as well as its economic, commercial, educational, cultural and political centre. Bo is the country's second largest city and the second major economic and commercial centre.
Sierra Leone is divided into four geographical regions: the Northern Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western Area; which are subdivided into fourteen districts. The districts have their own directly elected local government known as district council, headed by a council chairman. The country's six municipalities of Freetown, Bo, Kenema, Makeni, Koidu Town and the coastal town of Bonthe have their own directly elected city councils headed by mayors.
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South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
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The Gambia
The Republic of The Gambia, commonly referred to as The Gambia, or Gambiai/ˈɡæmbiə/, is a country in West Africa. Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, surrounded by Senegal except for a short coastline on the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
The country is situated around the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the country's centre and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Its area is 11,295 km² with an estimated population of 1.7 million.
On 18 February 1965, Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom and joined the Commonwealth of Nations. Banjul is Gambia's capital, but the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.
Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade, which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River, first by the Portuguese and later by the British. Since gaining independence in 1965, Gambia has enjoyed relative political stability, with the exception of a brief period of military rule in 1994.
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Togo
Togo, officially the Togolese Republici/ˈtoʊɡoʊ/, is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east, and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi) with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
Togo is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with a climate that provides good growing seasons. The official language is French, with many other languages spoken in Togo, particularly those of the Gbe family. The largest religious group in Togo are those with indigenous beliefs, and there are significant Christian and Muslim minorities. Togo is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, La Francophonie and Economic Community of West African States.
From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading centre for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast". In 1884, Germany declared Togoland a protectorate. After World War I, rule over Togo was transferred to France. Togo gained its independence from France in 1960.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Abass Bundu
Dr. Abass Chernor Bundu (born in Gbinti, Port Loko District, Sierra Leone) is a former politician and diplomat from Sierra Leone. Bundu was bon in the town of Gbinti, Port Loko District in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone to Fula and Temne parentage. He is a member of the prominent Temne-Fula Bundu Family originated from Port Loko District.
Bundu's numerous positions include Assistant Director of International Affairs and Consultant in Constitutional Law in the Commonwealth Secretariat in London from 1975–82; Executive Secretary of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) from 1989–1993, the posts of Foreign Minister (1994–1995), Minister of Agriculture 1982-85; and Presidential candidate in the 1996 Presidential election in Sierra Leone. Bundu failed to garner much support in the election, gaining just under 30,000 votes or 2.9% of the national vote. He is an expert on West African affairs and a renowned expert on constitutional and international law. Bundu has written a critical analysis of the Civil War in Sierra Leone, Democracy by Force?
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Abdou Diouf
Abdou Diouf (Serer: Abdu Juuf; born September 7, 1935) is a Senegalese politician, and served as the second President of Senegal from 1981 to 2000. Diouf is notable both for coming to power by peaceful succession, and leaving willingly after losing the 2000 presidential election to Abdoulaye Wade. He has been the Secretary-General of La Francophonie since 2003.
Diouf was born in Louga, Senegal, the child of an Hal Pulaar mother and a Serere father. He went to primary and secondary school at the Lycée Faidherbe in Saint-Louis, and studied law at Dakar University and then at the Sorbonne, Paris. Diouf graduated in 1959.
After graduation, Diouf returned to Senegal, where in September 1960 he was appointed Director of International Technical Cooperation. In November 1960 he became assistant of the Secretary-General of the Government, and in June 1961 he became Secretary-General of the Ministry of Defense. In 1961 he joined the Senegalese Progressive Union (Union Progressiste Sénégalaise, UPS), which later became the Socialist Party of Senegal. In December 1961 he became Governor of the Sine-Saloum Region, serving in that position until December 1962, when he became Director of the Cabinet of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In May 1963 he was moved to the position of Director of the Cabinet of President Léopold Senghor, where he remained until December 1965. In January 1964 he became Secretary-General of the Presidency, serving in that post until March 1968, when he became Minister of Planning and Industry. He remained in the latter position until February 1970, when he was named Prime Minister.
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Abdoulaye Wade
Abdoulaye Wade (born 29 May 1926) is a Senegalese politician who was President of Senegal from 2000 to 2012. He is also the Secretary-General of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS) and has led the party since it was founded in 1974. A long-time opposition leader, he ran for President four times, beginning in 1978, before he was elected in 2000. He won re-election in 2007 with a majority in the first round, but in 2012 he was defeated in a controversial bid for a third term.
Wade was born in Kébémer, Senegal; officially, he was born in 1926, although some claim he was born several years earlier, and the record-keeping of the time is not considered particularly reliable. He studied and taught law at the lycée Condorcet in France. He holds two doctorates in law and economics. He was also dean of the law and economics faculty at the University of Dakar in Senegal.
At a summit of the Organization of African Unity in Mogadishu in 1974, Wade told President Léopold Sédar Senghor that he wanted to start a new party, and Senghor agreed to this. The PDS was founded on 31 July 1974. The party—initially intended as a Labour party—adopted liberalism in 1976 due to the introduction of a law permitting the existence of only three parties with three distinct ideologies, two of which were taken by other parties (liberalism was therefore the only remaining option). Wade first ran for President in February 1978 against Senghor, taking 17.38% of the vote. Senghor gave Wade the nickname "Diombor" (Wolof for hare). Also in 1978, Wade was elected to the National Assembly, where he served until 1980. Subsequently he ran in the presidential elections of 1983 and 1988, taking second place each time, behind Senghor's successor Abdou Diouf. Following the 1988 election, he was arrested due to protests against the results and received a suspended sentence. Subsequently he went to France, but returned in 1990.
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Abdul One Mohammed
Major-General Abdul One Mohammed was military governor of Borno State, Nigeria, and later was leader of the ECOMOG peacekeeping force in Liberia and Sierra Leone.
General Ibrahim Babangida appointed Colonel Abdul One Mohammed military governor of Borno State from December 1987 to December 1989. In 1997 Abdul One Mohammed was posted to the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) as Deputy ECOMOG commander and Chief of Staff, heading operation in Liberia and Sierra Leone.
In November 1997 Abdul Mohammed denied ECOMOG's fighter jets had violated a ceasefire agreement in an incident where fighters had intervened against ships trying the break the UN embargo against the junta in Sierra Leone. He said "Our aircraft were shot at so we returned fire". On 9 February 1998 the ECOMOG troops launched an all-out offensive to regain control of Freetown, capital of Sierra Leone. Abdul One Mohammed said his troops were near the Freetown city centre and would continue their advance.
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Abdulsalami Abubakar
General Abdulsalami Alhaji Abubakar (rtd.) (born June 13, 1942) is a Nigerian general who was President of Nigeria from June 9, 1998 until May 29, 1999. He succeeded Sani Abacha upon Abacha's death. It was during Abubakar's leadership that Nigeria adopted its new constitution on May 5, 1999, which provided for multiparty elections. Abubakar transferred power to president-elect Olusegun Obasanjo on May 29, 1999.
Abdulsalami Alhaji Abubakar hails from the Gwari ethnic group and was born on June 13, 1942 in Minna, Niger State. He was educated at Native Authority Primary School in that city, the Provincial Secondary School in Bida, and finally the Technical Institute, Kaduna. After this, he joined the military. Abubakar led Nigeria's contingent in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon and eventually rose to the role of Chief of Defence Staff. His wife's name is Fati and they have six children.
Nigeria had been ruled by military leaders since Muhammadu Buhari seized power from Shehu Shagari in a 1983 coup. Although democratic elections had been held in 1993, they were annulled by General Ibrahim Babangida. Reported to have had an initial reluctance to accepting the position, Abubakar was sworn in as president on 9 June 1998 after the unexpected death of Abacha. He declared a weeklong period of national mourning.
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Ahmed Sékou Touré
Ahmed Sékou Touré (var. Ahmed Seku Ture) (January 9, 1922 – March 26, 1984) was an African political leader and President of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984. Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the independence of the country from France.
Sékou Touré was born on January 9, 1922 into a poor Mandinka family in Faranah, French Guinea, while a colonial possession of France. He was an aristocratic member of the Mandinka ethnic group and was the great-grandson of Samory Touré, who had resisted French rule until his capture.
Touré's early life was characterized by challenges of authority, including during his education. Touré was obliged to work to take care of himself. He began working for the Postal Services (PTT), and quickly became involved in Labor Union activity. During his youth and after becoming president, Touré studied the works of communist philosophers, especially those of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin.
Touré's first work in a political group was in the Postal Workers Union (PTT). In 1945, he was one of the founders of their labour Union, becoming the general secretary of the postal workers' union in 1945. In 1952, he became the leader of the Guinean Democratic Party which was local section of the RDA (African Democratic Rally, French: Rassemblement Démocratique Africain) , a party agitating for the decolonization of Africa. In 1956 he organized the Union Générale des Travailleurs d'Afrique Noire, a common trade union centre for French West Africa. He was a leader of the RDA, working closely with a future rival, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who later became the president of the Côte d'Ivoire. In 1956 he was elected Guinea's deputy to the French national assembly and mayor of Conakry, positions he used to launch pointed criticisms of the colonial regime
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Alpha Oumar Konaré
Alpha Oumar Konaré (born 2 February 1946) was the President of Mali for two five-year terms (1992 to 2002), and was Chairperson of the African Union Commission from 2003 to 2008.
Alpha Oumar Konaré fourth son of a Bambara teacher and a Fula homemaker was born in Kayes, Mali, where he went to primary school. He went on to attend Bamako's Lycée Terrasson des Fougères, the Collège de Maristes of Dakar, Senegal, the Collège Moderne of Kayes and, between 1962 and 1964, the École Normale Secondaire of Katibougou. He completed his advanced studies in history at the École Normale Supérieure in Bamako (1965–1969) and at the University of Warsaw between 1971 and 1975.
He began his professional career as a tutor in Kayes, then a lycée teacher at Markala and Bamako. In 1974, he did research at the Institut des Sciences Humaines du Mali, then, from 1975 to 1978, acted as head of historic patrimony and ethnography at the Ministry of Youth, Sports, Arts, and Culture. In 1980, he was named researcher at the Institut Supérieur de Formation en Recherche Appliquée (I.S.F.R.A), and Professor at the History/Geography department at the École Normale Supérieure of Bamako. In the course of his career, he headed several professional organizations, including the Association of Historians and Geographers of Mali, the West African Association of Archaeologists, and the Union of West African Researchers. Between 1981 and 1992, Konaré served as a consultant for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Between 1989 and 1992 he was president of ICOM (International Council of Museums; http://icom.museum/founders.html#presidents ).
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Blaise Compaoré
Blaise Compaoré (born February 3, 1951) is a Burkinabé politician who has been the President of Burkina Faso since 1987. He was a top associate of President Thomas Sankara during the 1980s, and in October 1987 he led a coup d'état that ousted Sankara; subsequently he introduced a policy of "rectification", overturning the left-wing policies pursued by Sankara. He won elections in 1991, 1998, 2005, and 2010.
Compaoré was born in Ziniaré, 34 km from Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso (then named Upper Volta). He reached the rank of Captain in the Voltaïc army. Compaoré met Thomas Sankara in 1976 in a military training center in Morocco, and subsequently Compaoré and Sankara were considered close friends. Compaoré played a major role in the coups d'état against Saye Zerbo and Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo. He has been married to Chantal Compaoré (née Chantal Terrasson) since 1985.
Under Sankara's leadership, which lasted from 1983 to 1987, Compaoré was his deputy and was a member of the National Revolutionary Council. He served as Minister of State at the Presidency and subsequently as Minister of State for Justice.
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Dawda Jawara
Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, GCMG (born May 16, 1924) was the first leader of The Gambia, serving first as Prime Minister from 1962 to 1970 and then as President from 1970 to 1994.
He was initially trained as a veterinary surgeon at the Glasgow veterinary school he then moved to complete his training at Liverpool University. From 1962 until 1970, when the country was a Commonwealth realm with Elizabeth II as head of state, Jawara was Prime Minister and head of government; a 1970 referendum made the country a republic, and Jawara became the nation's first president on April 24 of that year.
Born Kairaba Jawara on May 16, 1924 at Barajally, MacCarthy Island Division (now Central River Division). His parents were Mamma Fatty and Almami Jawara, Sir Dawda was educated at the Methodist Boys’ High School in colonial Bathurst (now Banjul), then attended Achimota College in Ghana, he then finished his studies at the University of Glasgow.
Dawda Jawara was born in 1924 to Almammi Jawara and Mamma Fatty in the village of Barajally Tenda in the central region of The Gambia, approximately 150 miles from the capital, Bathurst. One of six sons, Dawda is the lastborn on his mother’s side and a younger brother to sister Na Ceesay and brothers Basaddi and Sheriffo Jawara. Their father Almammi, who had several wives, was a well-to-do trader who commuted from Barajally Tenda to his trading post in Wally Kunda. Dawda from an early age attended the local Arabic schools to memorize the Quran, a rite of passage for many Gambian children. Needless to say, there were no primary schools in Barajally Tenda; the nearest was in Georgetown, the provincial capital, but this boarding school was reserved for the sons of the chiefs.
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Gnassingbé Eyadéma
General Gnassingbé Eyadéma (born Étienne Eyadéma, December 26, 1935 – February 5, 2005), was the President of Togo from 1967 until his death in 2005. He participated in two successful military coups, in January 1963 and January 1967, and became President on April 14, 1967. As President, he created a political party, the Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), and headed a single-party regime until the early 1990s, when reforms leading to multiparty elections began. Although his power was seriously challenged by the events of the early 1990s, he ultimately consolidated power again and won multiparty presidential elections in 1993, 1998, and 2003; the opposition boycotted the 1993 election and denounced the 1998 and 2003 election results as fraudulent. At the time of his death, Eyadéma was the longest-serving ruler in Africa.
Eyadéma was born on the 26th of December 1935 in Pya, a village in the prefecture of Kozah in the Kara Region, to a peasant family in the Kabye tribe. According to Comi M. Toulabor, his official date of birth is “based on a fertile imagination” and it would be more accurate to say that he was born around 1930. In 1953, Eyadema joined the French army where he was trained in weapon use and the art of war. Eyadema participated in the French Indochina War and the Algerian War. After nearly 10 years in the French army, Eyadema returned to Togo in 1962. In 1963, he conducted a military coup against President Sylvanus Olympio, who died during the attack. He helped establish Nicolas Grunitzky as the new President of Togo. In 1967, Colonel Eyadema of the Togolese Army led a second military coup against Grunitzky. Eyadema installed himself as president on 14 April 1967 as well as Minister of National Defense, an office that he assumed for 38 years.
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Goodluck Jonathan
Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan, GCFR, BNER, GCON (born 20 November 1957) is the 14th Head of State and current President of Nigeria. Prior to his role as President, he served as Governor of Bayela State and Vice President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Jonathan is a member of the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP).
Jonathan was born in what is now Bayelsa State to a family of canoe makers. Jonathan holds a B.S. degree in Zoology in which he attained Second Class Honours. He also holds an M.Sc. degree in Hydrobiology and Fisheries biology, and a Ph.D. degree in Zoology from the University of Port Harcourt. After earning his degree, he worked as an education inspector, lecturer, and environmental-protection officer, until he decided to enter politics in 1998.
Jonathan and his wife, Patience, have two children. He is a Christian and comes from the Ijaw ethnic group.
Former President Umaru Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010. Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as Yar'Adua's successor on the following day, becoming Nigeria's 14th Head of State, to serve until the next election, in 2011, at which time he could elect to run again, which he has done. Upon taking office, he cited anti-corruption, power and electoral reform as focuses of his administration. He stated that he came to office under "very sad and unusual circumstances".
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Jerry John Rawlings
Jerry John Rawlings (born Jeremiah Rawlings John on 22 June 1947 in Accra, Gold Coast) is a former leader of the Republic of Ghana and the current African Union envoy to Somalia. Rawlings ruled Ghana as a military dictator in 1979 and from 1981 to 1992, and then as the first elected president of the Fourth Republic from 1993 to 2001. He initially took power in a coup d'état, but in the 1990s following sustained political and economic pressure from international institutions and governments began a process of economic and then political liberalization. He founded the National Democratic Congress, which won the 1992 general election. He took office in 1993, and was re-elected in 1997.
Rawlings appeared on the Ghanaian political scene on 15 May 1979, leading a group of junior officers in the Ghana Air Force in a coup attempt on the regime of Fred Akuffo which resulted in his arrest and imprisonment. He was court-martialled in public and sentenced to death.[citation needed] On June 4 military officials overthrew the Akuffo government and released the Rawlings group from prison just weeks before general elections were scheduled.
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John Agyekum Kufuor
John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor (born 8 December 1938) was the second president of the 4th Republic of Ghana (2001–2009) and Chairperson of the African Union (2007–2008). His victory over John Atta-Mills after the end of Jerry Rawlings' second term marked the first peaceful democratic transition of power in Ghana since the country's independence in 1957.
Kufuor's career has been spent on the liberal-democratic side of Ghanaian politics, in the parties descended from the United Gold Coast Convention and the United Party. He was a minister in Kofi Abrefa Busia's Progress Party government during Ghana's Second Republic, and a Popular Front Party opposition frontbencher during the Third Republic. In the Fourth Republic he stood as the New Patriotic Party's candidate at the 1996 election, and then led it to victory in 2000 and 2004. Having served two terms, in 2008 he was no longer eligible for the presidency.
An Asante, Kufuor married Theresa Kufuor (née Mensah) in 1962, with whom he has had five children. Kufuor and his family belong to the Roman Catholic Church. He was born in Kumasi and educated at Osei Tutu Boarding School (1951–53), Prempeh College (1954–58), Lincoln's Inn, London (1959–1961) and Exeter College, University of Oxford (1961–1964). In the Second Republic's Parliamentary Register Kufuor lists as his hobbies and interests table tennis, reading, football, and film shows.
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Lansana Conté
Lansana Conté (30 November 1934 – 22 December 2008) was the second President of Guinea from 3 April 1984 until his death. He was a Muslim and a member of the Susu ethnic group.
Born in Moussayah Loumbaya (Dubréka), a member of the Susu people, he estimated his birthdate to be 1934, although he never knew exactly. Conté was educated at a local Quranic school and attended Dubréka primary school. He then went on to study at military preparatory schools in Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire and Saint Louis, Senegal.
In 1955, he enlisted in the French army and was posted to Algeria during the war of independence in 1957. After his service in the French Army, Conté returned to Guinea, which became independent from France on 2 October 1958, and was integrated into the new army with the rank of sergeant. In 1962, he attended the Camp Alpha officer's school in Conakry. Soon after, he was transferred to the 2nd Battalion artillery-training center in Kindia. On 1 July 1963, he was promoted to Second Lieutenant. This was followed two years later by another promotion from Second Lieutenant to Lieutenant. On 22 November 1970, Portuguese military together with Guinean dissidents invaded the country from Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau) in an apparent attempt to overthrow the government of President Ahmed Sékou Touré and destroy PAIGC guerillas. For his service to the nation, he was promoted to the rank of Captain on 27 February 1971. In 1973, he was named commander of the Boké operational zone (in Northwestern Guinea) to assist the pro-independence guerrilla movement, African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) in neighboring Portuguese Guinea. On 10 May 1975, he was named assistant Chief of Staff of the army.
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Lansana Kouyaté
Lansana Kouyaté (born 1950) is a Guinean diplomat and political figure who served as Prime Minister of Guinea from 2007 to 2008.
Kouyaté was born in Koba, Guinea, then a French colony. He studied administration at the University of Conakry before joining the civil service. In 1976, he was appointed as Director of Labour, then the following year, moved to become Director of Trade, Prices and Statistics, where he had responsibility for state-owned companies. [1]
In 1982, Kouyaté worked on a rice development project, then moved to the diplomatic service, joining Guinea's delegation in Cote d'Ivoire. In 1985, he returned to the Foreign Ministry in Conakry as head of African and Organisation of African Unity affairs. Two years later, he became Guinea's ambassador to Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Sudan, Syria and Turkey. In 1992, he became Guinea's Permanent Representative at the United Nations, where he became Vice President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. [2]
In 1993, he was appointed as the Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Somalia for the UNOSOM II mission, then in February 1994 became the Acting Representative. [3] In June 1994, he became the Assistant Secretary-General in the UN Department of Political Affairs, [4] one of his first missions being a tour around ECOWAS member states to discuss the situation in Liberia. He continued his involvement in discussions to build regional support for a resolution of the First Liberian Civil War. [5] He left this job in September 1997 to become the Executive Secretary of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), a post he held until February 2002.
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Mathieu Kérékou
Mathieu Kérékou, (born 2 September 1933) was President of Benin from 1972 to 1991 and again from 1996 to 2006. After seizing power in a military coup, he ruled the country for 17 years, for most of that time under an officially Marxist-Leninist ideology, before he was stripped of his powers by the National Conference of 1990. He was defeated in the 1991 presidential election, but was returned to the presidency in the 1996 election and controversially re-elected in 2001.
Kérékou was born in 1933 in Kouarfa, in the north-west of the country. After having studied at military schools in Mali and Senegal, Kérékou served in the military. Following independence, from 1961 to 1963 he was an aide-de-camp to President Hubert Maga; following Maurice Kouandété's seizure of power in December 1967, Kérékou, who was his cousin, was made chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council. After Kérékou attended French military schools from 1968 to 1970, Maga made him a major, deputy chief of staff, and commander of the Ouidah paratroop unit.
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Mohamed Ibn Chambas
Mohamed Ibn Chambas (born 7 December 1950 in Ghana) is a lawyer, diplomat, politician and academic from Ghana. In 2002 he became the Executive Secretary of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). In 2007, he was appointed the group's first President by the governments of its member states, serving a four year term. Mohamed Ibn Chambas was appointed Secretary General of the ACP Group on 16 November 2009.
He attended Mfantsipim School, Cape Coast and Government Secondary School,now Tamale Secondary School Tamale. He holds degrees in Political Science from University of Ghana, Legon, (B.A. 1973) and Cornell University Ithaca, New York (M.A. 1977, PhD (1980). He has a law degree from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. He was admitted to practice law in Ghana and the State of Ohio.
His working in the United States includes teaching at Oberlin College, Ohio and practising law with the Legal Aid Society of Cleveland and the Cleveland, Ohio, Law Office of Forbes, Forbes and Teamor. He returned to Ghana, where he became a school administrator.
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Momodu Munu
Momodu Munu (born 1938) is a former diplomat from Sierra Leone. From 1985-1989, Munu served as the Executive Secretary of the Economic Community of West African States.
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Nicéphore Soglo
Nicéphore Dieudonné Soglo (born 29 November 1934) is a Beninois politician who was Prime Minister of Benin from 1990 to 1991 and President from 1991 to 1996. He has been the Mayor of Cotonou since 2003.
Soglo was born in Togo. After receiving degrees in law and economics from the University of Paris, Soglo returned to Benin (then called Dahomey) and was the inspector of finance (1965–1967) before his cousin, Colonel Christophe Soglo, overthrew President Sourou-Migan Apithy and appointed his relative minister of finance and economic affairs. Following the 1972 coup that brought Mathieu Kérékou to power, he left the country and held positions at international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.
In the late 1980s, faced with growing dissatisfaction over a stagnant economy, the Kérékou government agreed to convene a national conference that would lead the country towards multiparty democracy. The conference designated Nicéphore Soglo interim Prime Minister, and he took office on 12 March 1990. The conference produced a constitution that was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum held on 2 December 1990.
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Olusegun Obasanjo
Oluṣẹgun Mathew Okikiọla Arẹmu Ọbasanjọ, GCFR (/oʊˈbɑːsəndʒoʊ/; Yoruba: [olúʃɛ̙́ɡũ ɒ̙básandʒɒ̙́]; born circa 5 March 1937) is a former Nigerian Army general and former President of Nigeria. A Nigerian of Yoruba descent, Obasanjo was a career soldier before serving twice as his nation's head of state, as a military ruler between 13 February 1976 to 1 October 1979; and as elected President from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007.
His current home is Abeokuta, the Capital City of Ogun State, where he is a nobleman as the holder of the titles of the Balogun of the Owu Lineage and the Ekerin Balogun of the Egba clan of Yorubaland.
Ọbasanjọ was born in Ogun State; and grew up in Owu (Abeokuta). His first name, Olusegun, means "The Lord is victorious".
As a young man of 21, he enlisted in the Nigerian Army in 1958. He trained at Aldershot, and was commissioned as an officer in the Nigerian Army. He served at 1 Area Command in Kaduna. Promoted to Chief Army Engineer, he was made commander of 2 Area Command from July 1967, which was redesignated 2 Division Rear, and then the Ibadan Garrison Organisation. He was also trained in DSSC, Wellington. During the Nigerian Civil War, he commanded the Army's 3 Marine Commando Division that took Owerri, effectively bringing an end to the civil war.
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Prince Johnson
Prince Yormie Johnson (born 6 July 1952) is a Liberian politician and the current Senior Senator from Nimba County. A former rebel leader, Johnson played a prominent figure in the First Liberian Civil War, most notably capturing and executing President Samuel Doe.
Johnson was born in Tapeta, Nimba County, in the east-central interior of the country, and was brought up by an uncle in the capital city of Monrovia. In 1971, while living in Monrovia, he joined the Liberian National Guard (LNG), which was transformed into the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) in the aftermath of Samuel Doe's 1980 overthrow of President William R. Tolbert. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant, receiving military training in both Liberia and the United States, where he was instructed in military police duties in South Carolina. A stern, often draconian, disciplinarian, he served as aide-de-camp to Gen. Thomas Quiwonkpa, the Commanding General of the Armed Forces of Liberia, and accompanied him into exile in 1983, after Quiwonkpa was accused of plotting a coup against Doe.
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Samuel Doe
Samuel Kanyon Doe (May 6, 1951 – September 9, 1990) was the 21st President of Liberia, holding office from 1986 until his assassination in 1990. He had previously been Chairman of the People's Redemption Council from 1980 to 1986. He was the first indigenous head of state in Liberian history.
Doe was a part of a rural tribe in inland Liberia. The Krahn are a minority ethnic group but part of the large majority of the Liberian population that are of indigenous descent. These groups faced economic and political domination by the Americo-Liberian elites, who were descended from free-born and formerly enslaved blacks from America who founded Liberia in 1847.
Under Doe, Liberian ports were opened to Canadian, Chinese and European ships, which brought in considerable foreign investment from foreign shipping firms and earned Liberia a reputation as a tax haven.
Doe attempted to legitimize his regime with a new constitution in 1984 and elections in 1985. However, opposition to his rule only increased, especially after the 1985 elections which were declared to be fraudulent by the U.S. and other foreign observers. In the late 1980s, as fiscal austerity took hold in the United States and the threat of Communism declined with the waning of the Cold War, the U.S. became disenchanted with entrenched corruption in Doe's government and began cutting off critical foreign aid to Doe. This, combined with the popular anger generated by Doe's favoritism toward his native Krahn tribe, placed him in a very precarious position.
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Sani Abacha
General Sani Abacha (20 September 1943 – 8 June 1998) was a Nigerian military dictator and politician. He was the de facto President of Nigeria from 1993 to 1998. His regime was tied to human rights violations and allegations of corruption.
A Kanuri from Borno by tribe, Abacha was born and brought up in Kano, Nigeria. He attended the Nigerian Military School and Mons Officer Cadet School before being commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant in 1963.
Abacha was commissioned in 1963, after he had attended the Mons Defence Officers cadet Training College in Aldershot, England. Before then, he had attended the Nigerian Military Training College in Kaduna. He took part in the countercoup of July 1967, from the conceptual stage, and may have been a participant in the Lagos or Abeokuta phases of the January 1966 coup. He was also a prominent figure in three coup d'etats of later decades, the first two of which brought and removed General Muhammadu Buhari from power in 1983. When General Ibrahim Babangida was named President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in 1985, Abacha was named Chief of Army Staff. He was later appointed Minister of Defence in 1990.
wn.com/Sani_Abacha -
Umaru Yar'Adua
Umaru Musa Yar'Adua (16 August 1951 – 5 May 2010) was the President of Nigeria and the 13th Head of State. He served as governor of Katsina State in northern Nigeria from 29 May 1999 to 28 May 2007. He was declared the winner of the controversial Nigerian presidential election held on 21 April 2007, and was sworn in on 29 May 2007. He was a member of the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2009, Yar'Adua left for Saudi Arabia to receive treatment for pericarditis. He returned to Nigeria in 2010, where he died on 5 May.
Yar'Adua was born into an aristocratic Fulani family in Katsina; his father, a former Minister for Lagos during the First republic, held the royal title of Mutawalli (custodian of the treasury) of the Katsina Emirate, a title which Yar'Adua inherited. He started his education at Rafukka Primary School in 1958, and moved to Dutsinma Boarding Primary School in 1962. He attended the Government College at Keffi from 1965 until 1969. In 1971 he received a Higher School Certificate from Barewa College. He attended Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria from 1972 to 1975, obtaining a B.Sc. degree in Education and Chemistry, and then returned in 1978 to achieve an M.Sc. degree in Analytical Chemistry.
wn.com/Umaru_Yar'Adua -
Victor Gbeho
James Victor Gbeho (born January 12, 1935, in Keta, Ghana) is a prominent Ghanaian lawyer and diplomat who has been President of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Commission since 2010, to which position he was unanimously elected at the 37th Summit of the Authority of Heads of State and Government of the 15 Member States. He was Ghana's Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1997 to 2001, under President Jerry Rawlings, and he was the Member of Parliament for the Anlo constituency from January 2001 to January 2005. He was subsequently a foreign policy advisor to the government of President John Atta Mills.
Before his retirement as a career diplomat and politician, Gbeho worked in the Ghana Foreign and Commonwealth Service and served in various capacities at Ghana's diplomatic missions abroad. His postings included the Ghana missions in China, India, Nigeria, Germany, United Kingdom and Switzerland.
Gbeho was Deputy High Commissioner to the Court of St. James (U.K.) from 1972 until 1976, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Ghana to the European offices of the United Nations in Geneva (1978-80), with concurrent accreditation to UNIDO in Vienna, Austria, and was Ghana's Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York from 1980 to 1990, concurrently accredited to Cuba, Jamaica, and to Trinidad and Tobago. In July 1994, the UN Secretary-General appointed him as special representative to Somalia. In September 1995 Jerry Rawlings, as chairman of ECOWAS, appointed Gbeho as ECOWAS special representative for Liberia.
wn.com/Victor_Gbeho -
Édouard Benjamin
Édouard Benjamin (born 1941) is a diplomat from Guinea. He served as Executive Secretary of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) from 1993 to 1997.
wn.com/Édouard_Benjamin
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Friendship (a Short Film by ecomog)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
Friendship is truly a powerful thing. This is our very first short film, so we'd love LOTS of feedback! Written and Directed by: ecomog Background Music: Contains a sample from "Foreground" by Grizzly Bear, remixed by ecomog Digg this video: bit.ly Click here to promote on Reddit: redd.it ------------------------------------------------------------ ecomog: Website | ecomog.net Facebook | http Twitter | www.twitter.com Grizzly Bear: www.grizzly-bear.net http www.youtube.com ------------------------------------------------------------ New videos are uploaded EVERY Thursday, so make sure to subscribe!
http://wn.com/Friendship_a_Short_Film_by_ecomog
Friendship is truly a powerful thing. This is our very first short film, so we'd love LOTS of feedback! Written and Directed by: ecomog Background Music: Contains a sample from "Foreground" by Grizzly Bear, remixed by ecomog Digg this video: bit.ly Click here to promote on Reddit: redd.it ------------------------------------------------------------ ecomog: Website | ecomog.net Facebook | http Twitter | www.twitter.com Grizzly Bear: www.grizzly-bear.net http www.youtube.com ------------------------------------------------------------ New videos are uploaded EVERY Thursday, so make sure to subscribe!
ecomog - Grady
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:01
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Download "As Seen On TV 1.5": ecomog.bandcamp.com --- Facebook It: on.fb.me | Tweet It: bit.ly Website | ecomog.net Facebook | http Twitter | www.twitter.com --- Buy "The Wonder Years" on iTunes: itunes.apple.com
http://wn.com/ecomog_Grady
Download "As Seen On TV 1.5": ecomog.bandcamp.com --- Facebook It: on.fb.me | Tweet It: bit.ly Website | ecomog.net Facebook | http Twitter | www.twitter.com --- Buy "The Wonder Years" on iTunes: itunes.apple.com
- published: 27 Jan 2012
- views: 80963
- author: ecomogtv
ecomog - I Need A Dollar (feat. Aloe Blacc & AU)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
FOR PROMOTIONAL USE ONLY. "I NEED A DOLLAR" IS PROPERTY OF STONES THROW RECORDS LLC ecomog's "I Need A Dollar" Remix (originally by Aloe Blacc) from the mixtape "The Message". Listen to the new mixtape, "The Message" available on bandcamp: ecomog.bandcamp.com ALOE BLACC http AU www.youtube.com ECOMOG Website | ecomog.net Facebook | http Twitter | www.twitter.com LYRICS: (Chorus) Aloe Blacc I need a dollar dollar, a dollar that's what I need hey hey Well I need a dollar dollar, a dollar that's what I need hey hey Said I need a dollar dollar, a dollar that's what I need And if I share with you my story would you share your dollar with me Entity So it's a fact that I need The currency that's escaping from me Without the almighty dollar Tragedy it'll be, it's like They're tryna take everything from my grasp And I cant afford to pay, cause I don't have the cash My life seems to be full of unattainable things I'm hitting ignore whenever the phone starts to ring Collectors tryna collect every dollar in debt And taking it all Before I'm even getting my check, damn. (Chorus) AU Without a pot to piss in or a dollar to peel Lacking nutrition like McDonald's dollar deals I've seen more things than them eyes on a dollar bill Like when the chrome in your mouth It shine like Mike Jones' grill I came from the struggle so I know how broke feel I developed character, disciple, and will I'm from West Phil, where people kill at will And they'll do anything for a dollar dollar bill, forreal ...
http://wn.com/ecomog_I_Need_A_Dollar_feat_Aloe_Blacc_AU
FOR PROMOTIONAL USE ONLY. "I NEED A DOLLAR" IS PROPERTY OF STONES THROW RECORDS LLC ecomog's "I Need A Dollar" Remix (originally by Aloe Blacc) from the mixtape "The Message". Listen to the new mixtape, "The Message" available on bandcamp: ecomog.bandcamp.com ALOE BLACC http AU www.youtube.com ECOMOG Website | ecomog.net Facebook | http Twitter | www.twitter.com LYRICS: (Chorus) Aloe Blacc I need a dollar dollar, a dollar that's what I need hey hey Well I need a dollar dollar, a dollar that's what I need hey hey Said I need a dollar dollar, a dollar that's what I need And if I share with you my story would you share your dollar with me Entity So it's a fact that I need The currency that's escaping from me Without the almighty dollar Tragedy it'll be, it's like They're tryna take everything from my grasp And I cant afford to pay, cause I don't have the cash My life seems to be full of unattainable things I'm hitting ignore whenever the phone starts to ring Collectors tryna collect every dollar in debt And taking it all Before I'm even getting my check, damn. (Chorus) AU Without a pot to piss in or a dollar to peel Lacking nutrition like McDonald's dollar deals I've seen more things than them eyes on a dollar bill Like when the chrome in your mouth It shine like Mike Jones' grill I came from the struggle so I know how broke feel I developed character, disciple, and will I'm from West Phil, where people kill at will And they'll do anything for a dollar dollar bill, forreal ...
- published: 22 Jun 2010
- views: 2660416
- author: ecomogtv
UN - ECOMOG war criminals terrorising sierra leone and liberia / The Order 777
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:55
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
UN - ECOMOG war criminals terrorising sierra leone and liberia / The Order 777
http://wn.com/UN_ECOMOG_war_criminals_terrorising_sierra_leone_and_liberia_The_Order_777
UN - ECOMOG war criminals terrorising sierra leone and liberia / The Order 777
- published: 16 Aug 2010
- views: 39612
- author: madnick77
Criminal Organisation UN-ECOMOG / The Order 777
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:57
- Updated: 17 Jun 2012
Criminal Organisation UN-ECOMOG / The Order 777
http://wn.com/Criminal_Organisation_UN-ECOMOG_The_Order_777
Criminal Organisation UN-ECOMOG / The Order 777
- published: 12 Nov 2011
- views: 1442
- author: madnick77
ecomog Opening Up for Dom Kennedy at the TLA (Behind the Scenes)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:14
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
ecomog along with Viv and the Revival opening up for Dom Kennedy at the TLA Sorry about the distorted audio during our set...apparently the sheer awesomeness of the band was too much for the camera's mic to handle... Website | ecomog.net Facebook | http Twitter | www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/ecomog_Opening_Up_for_Dom_Kennedy_at_the_TLA_Behind_the_Scenes
ecomog along with Viv and the Revival opening up for Dom Kennedy at the TLA Sorry about the distorted audio during our set...apparently the sheer awesomeness of the band was too much for the camera's mic to handle... Website | ecomog.net Facebook | http Twitter | www.twitter.com
- published: 04 Apr 2012
- views: 38976
- author: ecomogtv
ecomog - Goodnight (feat. AU and Ratatat)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
click to facebook: bit.ly click to tweet: bit.ly "Goodnight", from the mixtape "The Message", available NOW: ecomog.bandcamp.com --- Website | http Facebook | www.facebook.com Twitter | www.twitter.com Lyrics Epidemic Now I can try to put you asleep in these 8 bars Can't count the sheep, okay then we'll find what's next Like we was shaking the 8-ball I take charge of your little expedition to dream land The Z's and the fairies here with me Hope you are no disease like apnea Stappin (Stopping) ya from falling asleep From these lullabies, closing your eyes, slowly This is not goodbye, see you again when the sunrise It's just... Chorus Goodnight (x4) Goodnight (x4) Goodnight (x4) Goodnight (x4) Tonik Uh, A lullaby to some It's bedtime on Fed time it's lights-out and you're done So lay it down, no mouth Can hear you well, first time felon Tyrone Was shouting until the door opened Mess with Calhoun if you want Pull up the covers, turn over like alligators, you're caught I hear another remark, Take off my belt, no more talk I tried being nice, nerves shot like Hit in the back, I pop you two Now go to sleep in the dark Chorus Entity I speak your dream probably cause my words are laced With barbiturates, sleep now I start to replace Everything you know no longer staying awake So dream a little dream for a couple of days Envision all my words and listen to my voice And visualize what I've written cause you don't have a choice You're hypnotized to the rhythm cause it strikes with a ...
http://wn.com/ecomog_Goodnight_feat_AU_and_Ratatat
click to facebook: bit.ly click to tweet: bit.ly "Goodnight", from the mixtape "The Message", available NOW: ecomog.bandcamp.com --- Website | http Facebook | www.facebook.com Twitter | www.twitter.com Lyrics Epidemic Now I can try to put you asleep in these 8 bars Can't count the sheep, okay then we'll find what's next Like we was shaking the 8-ball I take charge of your little expedition to dream land The Z's and the fairies here with me Hope you are no disease like apnea Stappin (Stopping) ya from falling asleep From these lullabies, closing your eyes, slowly This is not goodbye, see you again when the sunrise It's just... Chorus Goodnight (x4) Goodnight (x4) Goodnight (x4) Goodnight (x4) Tonik Uh, A lullaby to some It's bedtime on Fed time it's lights-out and you're done So lay it down, no mouth Can hear you well, first time felon Tyrone Was shouting until the door opened Mess with Calhoun if you want Pull up the covers, turn over like alligators, you're caught I hear another remark, Take off my belt, no more talk I tried being nice, nerves shot like Hit in the back, I pop you two Now go to sleep in the dark Chorus Entity I speak your dream probably cause my words are laced With barbiturates, sleep now I start to replace Everything you know no longer staying awake So dream a little dream for a couple of days Envision all my words and listen to my voice And visualize what I've written cause you don't have a choice You're hypnotized to the rhythm cause it strikes with a ...
- published: 08 Nov 2010
- views: 126322
- author: ecomogtv
ecomog Associates | Trademark Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:21
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Philly artist and producer The TradeMark Experience, known to ECOMOG fans for his work in the videos "Black Guy Gets Knocked The Hell Out" and "Censored Conversation," as well as his feature appearance on the ECOMOG song "A Lovely Day," gives a candid out-of-character interview to explain the origins of TradeMark, address some of the criticisms he has received for his music, the obstacles he created for himself as an artist, and how he intends to move forward with a new outlook. --- www.thetrademarkexperience.com http www.YouTube.com www.Facebook.com www.soundcloud.com
http://wn.com/ecomog_Associates_|_Trademark_Interview
Philly artist and producer The TradeMark Experience, known to ECOMOG fans for his work in the videos "Black Guy Gets Knocked The Hell Out" and "Censored Conversation," as well as his feature appearance on the ECOMOG song "A Lovely Day," gives a candid out-of-character interview to explain the origins of TradeMark, address some of the criticisms he has received for his music, the obstacles he created for himself as an artist, and how he intends to move forward with a new outlook. --- www.thetrademarkexperience.com http www.YouTube.com www.Facebook.com www.soundcloud.com
- published: 13 Sep 2012
- views: 656
- author: ecomogtv
Viv and the Revival x ECOMOG - Mixtape from the Angels
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:51
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
The official music video for "Mixtape From the Angels" by Viv and the Revival and ECOMOG. Download: soundcloud.com --- Viv and the Revival: YouTube | www.youtube.com Facebook | www.facebook.com Soundcloud | www.http ECOMOG: Website | ecomog.net Facebook | http Twitter | www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Viv_and_the_Revival_x_ECOMOG_Mixtape_from_the_Angels
The official music video for "Mixtape From the Angels" by Viv and the Revival and ECOMOG. Download: soundcloud.com --- Viv and the Revival: YouTube | www.youtube.com Facebook | www.facebook.com Soundcloud | www.http ECOMOG: Website | ecomog.net Facebook | http Twitter | www.twitter.com
- published: 14 Jun 2012
- views: 20681
- author: ecomogtv
ECOMOG x RATATAT - The Rain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
click to facebook: on.fb.me click to tweet: bit.ly The first single from the recently released album "Birds of a Feather," available for download at ecomog.bandcamp.com --- ECOMOG x THE INTERNET: www.ecomog.net ECOMOG x FACEBOOK www.facebook.com ECOMOG x TWITTER: www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/ECOMOG_x_RATATAT_The_Rain
click to facebook: on.fb.me click to tweet: bit.ly The first single from the recently released album "Birds of a Feather," available for download at ecomog.bandcamp.com --- ECOMOG x THE INTERNET: www.ecomog.net ECOMOG x FACEBOOK www.facebook.com ECOMOG x TWITTER: www.twitter.com
- published: 21 Jun 2011
- views: 43298
- author: ecomogtv
Viv and the Revival / ecomog - Rock With Me (Live @ The Grape Room)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
Viv and the Revival performs "Rock With Me" with ecomog @ The Grape Room
http://wn.com/Viv_and_the_Revival_ecomog_Rock_With_Me_Live_@_The_Grape_Room
Viv and the Revival performs "Rock With Me" with ecomog @ The Grape Room
- published: 30 Jul 2012
- views: 55
- author: ecomogmusic
Mixtape from the Angels (Live w/ ECOMOG) - Viv and the Revival
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
Viv and the Revival perform "Mixtape from the Angels" with ECOMOG (@ecomogtv) for Radio 104.5's show at The Grape Room in Philadelphia. July 19, 2012. Viv and the Revival on iTunes: itunes.apple.com bit.ly vivandtherevival.com http twitter.com
http://wn.com/Mixtape_from_the_Angels_Live_w_ECOMOG_Viv_and_the_Revival
Viv and the Revival perform "Mixtape from the Angels" with ECOMOG (@ecomogtv) for Radio 104.5's show at The Grape Room in Philadelphia. July 19, 2012. Viv and the Revival on iTunes: itunes.apple.com bit.ly vivandtherevival.com http twitter.com
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 75
- author: vivandtherevival
Music is my Epitaph ft ECOMOG
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Stevie Kincade Six Slug Singles steviekincade.bandcamp.com Website http twitter.com Facebook.com
http://wn.com/Music_is_my_Epitaph_ft_ECOMOG
Stevie Kincade Six Slug Singles steviekincade.bandcamp.com Website http twitter.com Facebook.com
- published: 29 Oct 2012
- views: 8
- author: Stevie Kincade
ecomog - Grady (Behind the Scenes + SNEAK PEAK)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Some behind the scenes footage of "Grady", from our upcoming "As Seen On TV 1.5" album. Hope ya like it! Website | ecomog.net Facebook | http Twitter | www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/ecomog_Grady_Behind_the_Scenes_+_SNEAK_PEAK
Some behind the scenes footage of "Grady", from our upcoming "As Seen On TV 1.5" album. Hope ya like it! Website | ecomog.net Facebook | http Twitter | www.twitter.com
- published: 21 Jan 2012
- views: 7156
- author: ecomogtv
ecomog & slaughterhouse shot out
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 10 Aug 2012
ya boy 2many issues / tallman first vid
http://wn.com/ecomog_slaughterhouse_shot_out
Rock With Me (Live w/ ECOMOG) - Viv and the Revival
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
Viv and the Revival perform "Rock With Me" with ECOMOG (@ecomogtv) for Radio 104.5's show at The Grape Room in Philadelphia. July 19, 2012. Viv and the Revival on iTunes: itunes.apple.com bit.ly vivandtherevival.com http twitter.com
http://wn.com/Rock_With_Me_Live_w_ECOMOG_Viv_and_the_Revival
Viv and the Revival perform "Rock With Me" with ECOMOG (@ecomogtv) for Radio 104.5's show at The Grape Room in Philadelphia. July 19, 2012. Viv and the Revival on iTunes: itunes.apple.com bit.ly vivandtherevival.com http twitter.com
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 41
- author: vivandtherevival
ECOMOG x RATATAT - Birds of a Feather (OUT NOW)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:41
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Download the album: ecomog.bandcamp.com Website | http Facebook | www.facebook.com Twitter | www.twitter.com BIRDS OF A FEATHER is ecomog's seventh studio album, and second collaboration album with legendary electronic duo Ratatat. It is also the sequel to "Classics Revisited" which was a big experimental success blending Ratatat's original sound with ecomog's unique style.
http://wn.com/ECOMOG_x_RATATAT_Birds_of_a_Feather_OUT_NOW
Download the album: ecomog.bandcamp.com Website | http Facebook | www.facebook.com Twitter | www.twitter.com BIRDS OF A FEATHER is ecomog's seventh studio album, and second collaboration album with legendary electronic duo Ratatat. It is also the sequel to "Classics Revisited" which was a big experimental success blending Ratatat's original sound with ecomog's unique style.
- published: 17 May 2011
- views: 18595
- author: ecomogtv
2011 = Total Ecomog Control
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
2011 is gonna be the year of ecomog. More videos, more music, more audience participation. Expect to have more input into what we make, so let's put those thinking caps on everyone...it's time for TOTAL ECOMOG CONTROL! Website | ecomog.net Facebook | http Twitter | www.twitter.com ecomog - I Need A Dollar: www.youtube.com ecomog - Goodnight: www.youtube.com Viv Peyrat - Crazy Remix (featuring ecomog): soundcloud.com Viv Peyrat: www.vivpmusic.com
http://wn.com/2011_=_Total_Ecomog_Control
2011 is gonna be the year of ecomog. More videos, more music, more audience participation. Expect to have more input into what we make, so let's put those thinking caps on everyone...it's time for TOTAL ECOMOG CONTROL! Website | ecomog.net Facebook | http Twitter | www.twitter.com ecomog - I Need A Dollar: www.youtube.com ecomog - Goodnight: www.youtube.com Viv Peyrat - Crazy Remix (featuring ecomog): soundcloud.com Viv Peyrat: www.vivpmusic.com
- published: 12 Jan 2011
- views: 2089
- author: ecomogtv
ecomog x Viv and the Revival - Crazy (Rehearsal)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
ecomog along with Viv and Jake from Viv and the Revival practicing "Crazy" for their upcoming November 25th show
http://wn.com/ecomog_x_Viv_and_the_Revival_Crazy_Rehearsal
ecomog along with Viv and Jake from Viv and the Revival practicing "Crazy" for their upcoming November 25th show
- published: 15 Nov 2011
- views: 925
- author: ecomogmusic
ecomog x Viv and the Revival - "Friday Night Lights" LIVE @ The Grape Room
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/ecomog_x_Viv_and_the_Revival_Friday_Night_Lights_LIVE_@_The_Grape_Room
ecomog x Viv and the Revival - "1 Mile" LIVE @ The Grape Room
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 09 Aug 2012
http://wn.com/ecomog_x_Viv_and_the_Revival_1_Mile_LIVE_@_The_Grape_Room
ecomog x Viv and the Revival - "Crazy" LIVE @ The Grape Room
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 27 May 2012
http://wn.com/ecomog_x_Viv_and_the_Revival_Crazy_LIVE_@_The_Grape_Room
ecomog x Viv and the Revival - "Heartbreaker" LIVE @ The Grape Room
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/ecomog_x_Viv_and_the_Revival_Heartbreaker_LIVE_@_The_Grape_Room
photo: AP / Aijaz Rahi
22 Dec 2012
Tweet. 0 Email. Report. Photo 1 of 18. In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics. She is an icon of fashion in her country. Credit. Aimee Kligman. In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics. She is an icon of fashion in her country.In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics ... Syrians detained by the Assad regime. 13 Photos ... 10 Photos ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: AP / Virginie Nguyen Huang
23 Dec 2012
Tweet. Moscow, Dec 23 (IANS/RIA Novosti) Chemical weapons in Syria are under the control of the government, which has consolidated them in one or two locations, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said. "As of right now, the (Syrian) government is doing all it can to safeguard those weapons," he said. "We are following all leads concerning chemical weapons," Lavrov said ... "My answer is very simple. Why use us as a postman ... pm/ ... ) .. ). ... . ....(size: 3.2Kb)
photo: AP / Eranga Jayawardena
22 Dec 2012
Salman Khan's Dabangg 2 has broken the record for the biggest non-holiday opener ... "Biggest opener [holiday] #EkThaTiger 32.92 cr ... Biggest opener [non-holiday] #RowdyRathore 15.1 cr ... ....(size: 0.9Kb)
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
23 Dec 2012
A commission will be set up to probe the gang-rape and torture of a 23-year-old woman in Delhi and measures to ensure such crimes do not recur while laws will be amended to enhance punishment for rape, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde said . He also appealed the thousands of protesters on the capital’s streets, demanding justice for the victim, to withdraw ... “The government is serious on the issue. ... . . ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Giorgione
24 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. A deadly silence immediately followed after a bullet penetrated the calf's skull. Against my wishes, Vic had decided against either amputating its leg or contacting a veterinarian-something he reasoned would have been too expensive. The unfortunate calf had slid down into a ravine where its hind leg, which was mangled and torn, became wrapped in barbed wire ... But it was more than a bellow ... 9....(size: 6.3Kb)
noodls
11 Dec 2012
the Second United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF II) in 1979; the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in 1986 and 1993; the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in 1995; and the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) in both Liberia and Sierra Leone from 1998 to 1999. He also served the ......(size: 3.5Kb)
BBC News
21 Nov 2012
While West African leaders still hold hope that a solution to the Malian crisis can be reached through peace talks, a military operation is also being prepared in case force is required to oust the Islamist militants from the north of Mali. The Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas) wants to send 3,300 soldiers ... The Nigerian force in Sierra Leone in the late 1990s, known as Ecomog, faced a daunting challenge ... 'No cakewalk' ... ....(size: 9.1Kb)
Independent online (SA)
15 Nov 2012
Freetown -. Julius Maada Bio of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) is an ex-military leader who despite a slightly murky past has scored significant support in his bid to oust P1resident Ernest Koroma at the polls ... Observers say Bio's support has been underestimated ... He joined the army, graduating in 1987 and later served in the west African bloc ECOWAS Peacekeeping Force (ECOMOG) in neighbouring Liberia ... - Sapa-AFP. ....(size: 3.6Kb)
All Africa
13 Sep 2012
Johnson seems far from over, even 22 years after Prince Johnson's INPFL rebels captured the late ......(size: 0.5Kb)
Joy Online
16 Aug 2012
Presentation by Bernard Mornah at the first summer school organized by Comité International Joseph Ki-Zerbo at Centre de conférence Cardinal Paul Zoungrana, Ouagadougou on Africa in Globalization. Vision and Action on 8 9 August, 2012. Introduction. Comrades and friends,. First, let me regret my coming a day after this conference has started ... The President of Ghana, H.E. Prof ... Second, let me, Dr ... Dr ... 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... E ... E ... ECO and ECOMOG for ECOWAS ... ....(size: 15.6Kb)
All Africa
15 Aug 2012
All Africa
04 Jul 2012
One year later Kabbah was reinstated to power by the West African intervention forces known as ECOMOG ... ....(size: 0.5Kb)
Voa News
05 Jun 2012
West African regional bloc ECOWAS sent soldiers from its peacekeeping force, known as ECOMOG, to Liberia in 1990 ... Liberians say the ECOMOG soldiers fathered and then abandoned hundreds, some say thousands, of children to Liberian mothers in the ensuing eight years. The force numbered 12,000 soldiers at its peak ... Of the 35 kids currently living at the home, caretaker Noah Wleh says ten are children of ECOMOG peacekeepers....(size: 4.0Kb)
Joy Online
25 May 2012
... Gullit that entered Freetown, and a group of 150 fighters with Abu Keita (a former ULIMO member), known as the Scorpion Unit, who participated in the attack on Kenema. During the mass atrocities in Freetown in January 1999, Taylors subordinates in Liberia also transmitted 448 messages to RUF forces to warn them of impending ECOMOG jet attacks....(size: 11.2Kb)
Graphic
01 May 2012
The meeting is the final planning conference of Africa Endeavour 2012 to be hosted by the Armed Forces of Cameroon ... according to military experts, has always been the ECOMOG peacekeeping operation in Liberia in the 1980s ... ECOMOG units initially landed without intelligence or military maps of Monrovia, some without their personal weapons and with inadequate supplies of boots and uniforms and lacking adequate logistics. ....(size: 3.5Kb)
Joy Online
27 Apr 2012
Ghanas exceptionalism as an Island of peace in a zone of war is on the brink of collapse by current political hostilities with indelible devastative ramifications for Ghanas democratic stability if immediate collective action is not taken to stem it ... Self-proclaimed invincible figures such as Foday Sankoh, Capt. S.AJ ... Flight Lieutenant) and served with United Nations Assisted Mission in Rwanda and with ECOMOG in Sierra Leone. ....(size: 6.5Kb)
BBC News
26 Apr 2012
A chronology of key events. 1787 - British abolitionists and philanthropists establish a settlement in Freetown for repatriated and rescued slaves ... War and coups ... 1998 February - Nigerian-led West African intervention force Ecomog storms Freetown and drives rebels out ... 1999 January - Rebels backing Revolutionary United Front leader Foday Sankoh seize parts of Freetown from Ecomog ... Meanwhile, Ecomog troops are attacked outside Freetown ... ....(size: 9.6Kb)
BBC News
25 Apr 2012
Liberia's former President Charles Taylor is awaiting Thursday's verdict in his war crimes trial, accused of responsibility for atrocities committed in neighbouring Sierra Leone ... West African peacekeepers, known as Ecomog, were also sent to Sierra Leone - here they are protecting a man accused of collaborating with the rebels from a lynch mob ... By 1999, Sierra Leone's RUF rebels seized parts of Freetown from Ecomog....(size: 5.2Kb)
 |
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2008) |
The Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group ('ECOMOG) was a West African multilateral armed force established by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOMOG was a formal arrangement for separate armies to work together. Its backbone was Nigerian armed forces and financial resources, with sub-battalion strength units contributed by other ECOWAS members — Ghana, Guinea, Sierra Leone, The Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and others.
Contents |
History[link]
Nigeria, Ghana and other ECOWAS members agreed a Protocol on Mutual Defence Assistance, in Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 29 May 1981. Among other organs such as a Defence Committee and Council, it provided for the establishment of an Allied Armed Force of the Community (AAFC) as needed.
Anglophone ECOWAS members established ECOMOG in 1990 to intervene in the civil war in Liberia (1989–96). Nigerian scholar Adekeye Adebajo wrote in 2002 that "there was merit...in the argument that the establishment of ECOMOG did not conform to the constitutional legal requirements of ECOWAS". The Standing Mediation Committee, the body that established ECOMOG at its meeting in Banjul, Gambia on 6–7 August 1990, was 'on shaky legal foundations.'[1] Adebajo concludes that the arguments used to establish ECOMOG had more solid grounds in politics than in law. The Defence Protocol's guidelines were not followed, and ECOMOG was justified largely on humanitarian grounds.
Within Africa, ECOMOG represented the first credible attempt at a regional security initiative since the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) tried to established an 'Inter-African Force' to intervene in Chad in 1981.
Anglophone members of ECOMOG acted because several Francophone ECOWAS members strongly opposed the deployment.[2] The leaders of Burkina Faso and Cote d'Ivoire supported Charles Taylor in his attempt to depose Samuel Doe. Unlike the typical UN mission of its day, ECOMOG's first deployment entailed fighting its way into a many-sided civil war, in an attempt to forcibly hold the warring factions apart.
The first Force Commander was Ghanaian Lieutenant General Arnold Quainoo, but he was succeeded by an unbroken line of Nigerian officers. Major General Joshua Dogonyaro took over from Quainoo after Quainoo had left Monrovia for consultations with senior ECOWAS officials soon after the death of Samuel Doe at the hands of Prince Johnson's Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia on 9 September 1990.[3]
After some prompting from Taylor that the anglophone Nigerians and Ghanaians were opposed to him, Senegalese troops were brought in with some financial support from the United States.[4] Their service was, however, short-lived, after a major confrontation with Taylor forces in Vahun, Lofa County on 28 May 1992, when six were killed when a crowd of NPFL supporters surrounded their vehicle and demanded they surrender their jeep and weapons.[5] All of Senegal's 1,500 soldiers were withdrawn by mid January 1993.
Throughout the mission, corruption and organized looting by ECOMOG troops led some Liberians to re-coin the acronym ECOMOG as "Every Car or Movable Object Gone." Stephen Ellis reports one of the most egregious examples as being the total removal of the Buchanan iron ore processing machinery for onward sale while the Buchanan compound was under ECOMOG control.[6]
The United States State Department provided some logistics support to the force via the U.S. company Pacific Architects & Engineers, which provided trucks and drivers.[7] Five Air Force C-130 Hercules also moved African troops and supplies during Operation Assured Lift in February–March 1997.[8]
Following Charles Taylor's election as President of Liberia on 19 July 1997, the final Field Commander, General Timothy Shelpidi, withdrew the force fully by the end of 1998.
ECOWAS deployed ECOMOG forces later on to control conflict in other cases:
- 1997 — Sierra Leone, to stop the RUF rebellion.
- 1999 — Guinea-Bissau[9]
In 2001, ECOWAS planned to deploy 1,700 men along the Guinea–Liberia border to stop guerrilla infiltration by fighters opposed to the new post-1998 election government. However, fighting between Charles Taylor's new government and the new LURD rebel movement, plus a lack of funding, meant no force was actually ever deployed.[10]
In 2003 ECOWAS, under pressure from the United States, launched a similar mission named ECOMIL to halt the occupation of Monrovia by rebel forces as peace efforts were ongoing, during the Second Liberian Civil War. Always intended as an interim force, it was quickly succeeded by the United Nations mission UNMIL.
ECOMOG Commanders[link]
| Commander | Deployment | Year(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Major General Gabriel Kpamber | Sierra Leone | 2000 |
| Brigadier General Abu Ahmadu | Sierra Leone | 2000 |
| General Maxwell Khobe[11][12] | Sierra Leone | 1999 |
| Major-General Felix Mujakperuo | Sierra Leone | 1999 |
| Brigadier-General Abdul One Mohammed | Sierra Leone | 1998 |
| Brigadier-General G. Kwabe | Liberia | 1998 |
| Brigadier General Abdul One Mohammed | Liberia | 1998 |
| Maj-Gen Timothy Shelpidi | Guinea Bissau | 1997 |
| General Rufus kupolati | Liberia | 1998 |
| Lt-Gen Chikadibia Isaac Obiakor | Liberia | 1996–1997 |
| Brig-Gen Victor Malu | Liberia | 1993 |
| Brig-Gen Adetunji Idowu Olurin | Liberia | 1992-1993 |
| Major General Joshua Dogonyaro | Liberia | 1991 |
| General Arnold Quainoo | Liberia | 1990 |
Notes[link]
- ^ Adekeye Adebajo, 'Liberia's Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa,' Lynne Rienner/International Peace Academy, 2002, p.64-5, also citing David Wippman, 'Enforcing Peace: ECOWAS and the Liberian Civil War,' in Lori Fisler Damrosch (ed), 'Enforcing Restraint, Collective Interventions in Internal Conflicts,' New York, Council on Foreign Relations, 1993, pp.157-203
- ^ Berman and Sams, 2000, p.88-89
- ^ Adekeye Adebajo, 'Liberia's Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa,' Lynne Rienner/International Peace Academy, 2002, p.78-79
- ^ Adekeye Adebajo, 2002, p.107
- ^ Adebajo, 2002, p.108
- ^ The Mask of Anarchy, by Stephen Ellis, 2001 (There is also an NYU Press Updated Edition 2006, ISBN 0-8147-2238-5)
- ^ Mitikishe Maxwell Khobe, The Evolution and Conduct of ECOMOG Operations in West Africa, in Monograph No.44, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa
- ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/assured_lift.htm, accessed 2011
- ^ United Nations Security Council Document 294 Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1216(1998) relative to the situation in Guinea-Bissau on 17 March 1999
- ^ Adebajo, 2002, p.234
- ^ General Khobe served as the chiefof staff of the Sierra Leone army after , the war- He died of Encephalitis at the St. Nicholas Hospital in Lagos, due to injury from the war.
- ^ http://www.dawodu.com/barrack7.htm
References[link]
- Adekeye Adebajo, 'Liberia's Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa,' Lynne Rienner/International Peace Academy, 2002
- Berman, Eric G.; Sams, Katie E. (2000). Peacekeeping In Africa : Capabilities And Culpabilities. Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. ISBN 92-9045-133-5.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: ECOMOG |
- Assessment of ECOMOG's Liberia intervention published in "Human Rights Watch World Reports", Volume 5, Issue No. 6, June 1993,
- ECOMOG: A model for Africa? by Comfort Ero, Centre for Defence Studies, King's College London in Monograph No 46, February 2000 published by the Institute for Security Studies.
- Profile: Ecomog, BBC News Online, 17 June 2004.
- ECOMOG: Peacekeeper or Participant?, BBC News Online, February 11, 1998.
- U.S Citizenship and Immigration Services, Sierra Leone: Information on the 1997 coup d'état, ECOMOG harassment of civilians, and the current situation in Sierra Leone, 5 January 2000
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http://wn.com/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States_Monitoring_Group
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Economic Community of West African States Cease-fire Monitoring Group
http://de.wn.com/ECOWAS Monitoring Group
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States_Monitoring_Group
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Aloe Blacc | |
|---|---|
 Blacc at Festival Mundial in Tilburg on June 19, 2011 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Egbert Nathaniel Dawkins III |
| Born | January 8, 1979 |
| Origin | Orange County, California, United States |
| Genres | Soul, R&B, jazz, hip hop |
| Occupations | Musician |
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Years active | 1995–present |
| Labels | Stones Throw Records, Goontrax |
| Associated acts | Emanon, Exile, Lena Meyer-Landrut, Sherif |
| Website | Aloe Blacc.com |
Aloe Blacc (born Egbert Nathaniel Dawkins III; January 7, 1979[1][2]) is an American soul singer, rapper and musician. He is married to Australian rapper Maya Jupiter.
Contents |
[edit] Early career and Shine Through (1995–2009)
Blacc was born in Orange County, California to Panamanian parents.[3] He began his music career in 1995 as a rapper in the hip hop duo Emanon with producer Exile.
By the late 1990s, Blacc was part of the duo Emanon and joined the group Lootpack on tour in Europe. The duo released six albums. This led to Blacc working with the French Jazz group Jazz Liberatorz. He released an album at the end of the 1990s.[4]
In 2003, Blacc signed with Stones Throw Records and began a solo career. On July 11, 2006, he released his first LP album, Shine Through, on CD, vinyl record and online (on the Stones Throw website).
He then toured across Europe and the U.S. with Emanon, while working on his second solo album.
In 2009, Blacc collaborated with the Japanese hip hop producer Cradle. They called themselves Bee.
[edit] Mainstream success and Good Things (2010–present)
In 2010, Blacc released his second album, Good Things, on Stones Throw records. The album was produced by Jeff Dynamite and Leon Michels for Truth & Soul Productions.
Blacc was signed by Matthew Larkin for the charity album Red Hot + Rio 2, a follow-up to the 1996 Red Hot + Rio. Proceeds from the sales were donated to raise awareness and money to fight AIDS/HIV and related health and social issues. In 2011, Kenneth Bager used Aloe Blacc on "The Sound of Swing, Pt. 2 (Oh Na Na)" co-written by Thomas Troelsen.[5]
In summer 2011, Blacc performed on the main stages at major festivals such as Glastonbury and The Falls Festival in Australia with his primary touring band The Grand Scheme. "I Need a Dollar" is the opening title track on the HBO series, How To Make It In America.
Television appearances[link]
| Year | Show |
|---|---|
| 2010 | Later... with Jools Holland |
| 2010 | Late Night with Jimmy Fallon |
| 2011 | Conan with The Grand Scheme |
| 2011 | The Graham Norton Show[6] |
| 2011 | Strictly Come Dancing |
| 2011/2012 | Hootenanny with The Grand Scheme |
| 2012 | Frost Over The World[7] |
Discography[link]
Studio albums[link]
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Certifications | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US R&B [8] |
US Heat [8] |
AUS [9] |
AUT [10] |
BEL (FL) [11] |
BEL (WL) [12] |
NL [13] |
NZ [14] |
FRA [15] |
SWI [16] |
IRE [17] |
UK [18] |
|||
| Shine Through |
|
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Good Things |
|
41 | 10 | 22 | 36 | 5 | 30 | 39 | 21 | 19 | 31 | 12 | 8 | |
| "—" denotes albums that did not chart or were not released | ||||||||||||||
Extended plays[link]
| Title | EP details |
|---|---|
| The Aloe Blacc EP[21] |
|
| The Aloe Blacc EP 2: Me and My Music[22] |
|
Singles[link]
| Year | Title | Peak chart positions | Certifications (sales threshold) |
Album | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AUS [9] |
BEL (FL) [23] |
GER [24] |
AUT [25] |
DEN [26] |
SWI [27] |
FRA [28] |
NL [29] |
NZ [30] |
IRE [17] |
UK [31] |
|||||
| 2010 | "I Need a Dollar" | 11 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 35 | 5 | 52 | 53 | 20 | 2 | 2 | Good Things |
||
| 2011 | "Loving You Is Killing Me" | — | 12 | 12 | 8 | — | 26 | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| "Green Lights" | — | — | — | 69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 130 | ||||
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or receive certification. | |||||||||||||||
With Emanon[link]
Main article: Emanon discography
With Cradle[link]
- Bee – Open Your Mind (2009)
With The Grand Scheme[link]
- "Dark End Of The Street" from the Carhartt: Dark End Of The Street Compilation (2010)
- "Green Lights Grand Scheme Remix" from the UK Sony/Epic Single Release (2011)
With Joel Van Dijk[link]
- "I Got The Blues" Rolling Stones Cover - Mojo: Sticky Soul Fingers Compilation (2011)
References[link]
- ^ Liston, Enjoli (May 5, 2011). "Aloe Blacc, Scala, London". The Independent (London: INM). ISSN 0951-9467. OCLC 185201487. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/aloe-blacc-scala-london-2278978.html. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
- ^ California Birth Index, 1905–1995
- ^ Aloe Blacc x LA Stereo interview. LA Stereo. July 16, 2010.
- ^ Laidlow, Benn. Aloe Blacc: Good Things. The Music Network. November 11, 2011.
- ^ "The Sound of Swing, Pt. 2". http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/city-lounge-cool-tempo-new/id429618586. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
- ^ "Episode 7". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b011ktfl. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ "Andy Murray: Mental strength and believe". Al Jareeza English. 21 April 2012. http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/frostovertheworld/2012/04/2012421123551742382.html. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ a b http://www.billboard.com/#/album/aloe-blacc/good-things/1473999
- ^ a b "australian-charts.com – Discography Aloe Blacc". Hung Medien. http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Aloe+Blacc. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
- ^ Steffen Hung. "Aloe Blacc – Good Things". austriancharts.at. http://www.austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Aloe+Blacc&titel=Good+Things&cat=a. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ "Aloe Blacc – Good Things". ultratop.be. http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Aloe+Blacc&titel=Good+Things&cat=a. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Aloe Blacc. "Good Things (Aloe Blacc album) – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Things_%28Aloe_Blacc_album%29#cite_note-5. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Steffen Hung. "Aloe Blacc – Good Things". dutchcharts.nl. http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Aloe+Blacc&titel=Good+Things&cat=a. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Steffen Hung. "Aloe Blacc – Good Things". charts.org.nz. http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Aloe+Blacc&titel=Good+Things&cat=a. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Steffen Hung. "Aloe Blacc – Good Things". lescharts.com. http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Aloe+Blacc&titel=Good+Things&cat=a. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Steffen Hung. "Aloe Blacc – Good Things". hitparade.ch. http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Aloe+Blacc&titel=Good+Things&cat=a. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ a b ">> IRMA << Irish Charts - Singles, Albums & Compilations >>". Irma.ie. April 12, 2012. http://irma.ie/aucharts.asp. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ "ChartArchive – Aloe Blacc – Good Things". Chartstats.com. http://www.chartstats.com/release.php?release=50215. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ "Good Things Are Golden". AloeBlacc.com. May 4, 2011. http://aloeblacc.com/post/5197137418/good-thing-gold-record-france-05-04-11. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ a b http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/Search.aspx
- ^ "Aloe Blacc – The Aloe Blacc EP (CD) at Discogs". Discogs.com. http://www.discogs.com/Aloe-Blacc-The-Aloe-Blacc-EP/release/1352299. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ 02:06 am. "New CD & Wax from Aloe Blacc of Emanon". Board.rapmusic.com. http://board.rapmusic.com/battle-video-archives/801853-new-cd-wax-aloe-blacc-emanon.html. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ "Ultratop Belgian Charts". ultratop.be. April 14, 2012. http://www.ultratop.be/nl/weekchart.asp?cat=s. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ "Die ganze Musik im Internet: Charts, News, Neuerscheinungen, Tickets, Genres, Genresuche, Genrelexikon, Künstler-Suche, Musik-Suche, Track-Suche, Ticket-Suche". musicline.de. http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Blacc%2CAloe/I+Need+A+Dollar+%282-track%29/single. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Steffen Hung. "Aloe Blacc – I Need A Dollar". austriancharts.at. http://www.austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Aloe+Blacc&titel=I+Need+A+Dollar&cat=s. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Steffen Hung. "Aloe Blacc – I Need A Dollar". danishcharts.com. http://www.danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Aloe+Blacc&titel=I+Need+A+Dollar&cat=s. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Steffen Hung. "Aloe Blacc – I Need A Dollar". swisscharts.com. http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Aloe+Blacc&titel=I+Need+A+Dollar&cat=s. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Steffen Hung (January 29, 2011). "Les charts français". lescharts.com. http://lescharts.com/search.asp?search=i+need+a+dollar&cat=s. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Steffen Hung (April 14, 2012). "Dutch charts portal". dutchcharts.nl. http://www.dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=s. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Steffen Hung. "Aloe Blacc – I Need A Dollar". charts.org.nz. http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Aloe+Blacc&titel=I+Need+A+Dollar&cat=s. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ "Official UK Singles Top 100 – 21st April 2012 | Official UK Top 40 | music charts | Official Singles Chart". Theofficialcharts.com. http://www.theofficialcharts.com/singles-chart/. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ "Top 50 Singles Chart – Australian Record Industry Association". Ariacharts.com.au. April 16, 2012. http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ Steffen Hung. "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community". Swisscharts.com. http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2010. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ "Bundesverband Musikindustrie: Gold-/Platin-Datenbank". Musikindustrie.de. http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/#topSearch. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_Nielsen_week3411.pdf
- ^ "The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Rianz.org.nz. http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aloe Blacc |
- Aloe Blacc
- Aloe Blacc at Stones Throw Records
- RBMA Radio On Demand – Melbourne Marvels – Aloe Blacc (Stones Throw)
- Short Film on Aloe Blacc
- NPR interview from October 2010
- (fr) Interview with Aloe Blacc on Soulrnb.com
- NPR interview from February 2011
- Aloe Blacc – Radio 1Xtra Live Lounge
|
|||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Blacc, Aloe |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American soul singer, rapper and musician |
| Date of birth | January 7, 1979 |
| Place of birth | His mum's vagina |
| Date of death | Today |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Aloe_Blacc
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Алоэ Блэк
http://fr.wn.com/Aloe Blacc
http://nl.wn.com/Aloe Blacc
http://de.wn.com/Aloe Blacc
http://it.wn.com/Aloe Blacc
http://pl.wn.com/Aloe Blacc
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_Blacc
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Dom Kennedy | |
|---|---|
 Kennedy performing at the 2011 Paid Dues Festival in San Bernardino, CA |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Dominic Hunn |
| Also known as | DOM |
| Born | (1984-08-22) August 22, 1984 (age 27) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Origin | Leimert Park, Los Angeles, California |
| Genres | West Coast hip hop |
| Occupations | Rapper |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Labels | OpM - Other People's Money (Independent) |
| Associated acts | Pac Div, Skeme, J Skillz, Curren$y, Brandun DeShay, cARTer, Schoolboy Q, Polyester The Saint, Kendrick Lamar, Casey veggies, Dat Nigga DeWayne Ward, |
| Website | DopeItsDom [1], Twitter [2], Myspace [3] |
Dominic Hunn (born August 22, 1984)[1], better known by his stage name Dom Kennedy, is an American rapper from Leimert Park, Los Angeles, California.[2] Since 2008, Kennedy has released 5 Independent record label mixtapes, most notably his 2010 "critically acclaimed mixtape"[3] From the Westside with Love. His first commercial studio album From the Westside with Love II was released on iTunes June 28, 2011.[4]. Despite it being his iTunes debut, FTWSWL2 received "a top 10 spot on Hip Hop/Rap albums chart during its release week"[5] and was Kennedy's first album associated with The OpM Company, Kennedy's self established record label.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Dom Kennedy was born on August 22, 1984 in Los Angeles, California. In an interview with music media outlet IMFlashy, Kennedy describes his childhood growing up as "normal".[1] After his parents' divorce, Kennedy moved with his mother to Leimert Park.[3] Upon graduating high school, Kennedy enrolled in junior college, majoring in business management. He studied a few classes briefly before eventually leaving to focus solely on his music.[3]
Music career[link]
Working with his cousin Jason Madison,[3] Kennedy released his debut mixtape album 25th Hour in 2008, instantly producing a buzz throughout the south side of L.A. In particular, the song "Watermelon Sundae" was widely played on local radio stations and performed live throughout the area, bringing more attention to Kennedy's music ambitions. Around this time, Kennedy's cousin Madison was a film student at Loyola Marymount University,[3] sparking the beginning importance of visuals in Kennedy's later projects.
After his 25th Hour debut, Kennedy released 2 additional mixtapes in 2009; Best After Bobby (the title referring to "Bobby" Robert Kennedy), and Future Street/Drug Sounds. For the Best After Bobby mixtape, Kennedy collaborated with West Coast heavy hitter DJ Sour Milk and the Los Angeles Leakers, producing an instant buzz in underground circles across the country.[6] Within the first hours of dropping the mixtape, Kennedy amassed over 10,000 downloads,[6] officially solidifying his name among some of the top rappers in L.A.
However, with the release of From the Westside With Love in 2010, Kennedy became a major hit throughout the underground hip hop scene L.A. Gaining over 100,000 internet downloads,[7] Kennedy began receiving praise from many established figures within the game. As reported by Texas based, major music festival South by Southwest, "Dom Kennedy has been verbally endorsed by many, including The Hundreds, Kenny Burns, Rick Ross, Taz Arnod of Sa-Ra, 9th Wonder, Murs, The Game, Justice League, DJ Mormile, Alchemist (producer), and Don Cannon just to name a few".[7] With the success of From the Westside With Love, Kennedy became a major player on the independent circuit, traveling for performances throughout and outside the country; including a show in Dijibouti, Africa.[2] Kennedy also began releasing an extensive amount of visual material at this time, including From the Westside With Love music videos for songs such as "1997", "Locals Only", and "The 4 Heartbeats".
In early 2011, Kennedy released his 5th studio mixtape The Original Dom Kennedy, a tape meant to reflect Kennedy's individuality and sound as an artist. In an interview with MTV News reporter James Lacsina, Kennedy described the project as something that was a testament to himself in the rap game as well as the city he proudly represents:
.[2]
Kennedy also took a personal stance in the mixtape against major hip hop DJ and producer Funkmaster Flex.[2] On his song "The Homies", Kennedy takes shots at Flex's disparaging remarks regarding the late California rapper Tupac Shakur: "Shit I heard Funk Flex say that Pac ain't shit/ and I hope when you see him that he slap your mouth/"
Influences[link]
Kennedy is often heard proclaiming his hometown rep one liner "Leimert Park what's cool". As a kid, Kennedy describes himself as being highly influenced by artists such as "The Notorious B.I.G., Outkast, and LL Cool J"[1] through the fact that by simply listening to their music, he could feel a sense of where they were from.[8] With his music, Kennedy does the same thing, bringing the feel of the inner city streets of L.A. to anyone willing to listen. In an interview with Hip Hop DX, Kennedy talks about the influence behind the L.A. sound in his music:
Kennedy has rapped over a wide range of past and present hip hop beats in his career, consistently bringing the element of L.A. and West Coast hip hop to his music.[9] Such beats include Big Poppa[disambiguation needed 
] on the track "Notorious Dom" (25th Hour) and Best I Ever Had (Drake song) on the track "Best You Never Had" (Best After Bobby). South by Southwest reports major music executive John Monopoly as saying "He is going to get signed".[7]
Performances[link]
Kennedy has performed in a wide variety of venues from local clubs in L.A. to the campus of Georgetown University.[10] In 2010, Kennedy performed a major, hip hop music festival Paid Dues in San Bernardino, California.[11] Other performer included those such as People Under the Stairs, Curren$y, and Jake One.
In 2011, Kennedy performed at premier film festival South by Southwest's Music Matters Show in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The show was hosted by cable entertainment network Black Entertainment Television.[12] Both his performance and that of East Coast rapper J. Cole's were featured online by major, hip hop music magazine The Source (magazine). Kennedy performed his first show outside of the U.S. also in 2011 in Dijibouti, Africa.[13]
Following the release of From the Westside With Love II, Kennedy headlined at The Key Club in West Hollywood, California alongside fellow West Coast rappers Overdoz, Epic Twelve, and Black Cobain.[14] Marketed as the show on "7.1.11", the event was sold out, prompting another show the following week, marketed as the "7.7.11" show.[14]
Endorsements & Marketing[link]
Outside of the music realm, Kennedy is also an avid promoter of fashion, appearing on the Sneaker Pimps Tour in Los Angeles back in 2007.[15] "Sneaker Pimps is the worlds largest touring sneaker hip-hop lifestyle exhibition",[16] featuring celebrity autographed sneakers as well as live music performances by collaborating artists. Past artists to appear include: Nas, Lupe Fiasco, DJ Premier, Public Enemy, Bun B, Redman, Pete Rock, along with many others.[16] In 2009, Kennedy co-signed with California based clothing line and marketing agency The Hundreds.[17]
After the release of his Original Dom Kennedy mixtape,[18] Dom was featured on the cover of Jenesis Magazine as part of their 4th Year Anniversary.
Kennedy is also one of the front running young rappers associated with the JUST BE COOL Campaign and LAx Paperboys. He is often heard promoting the global, lifestyle brand through lines in his raps such as "just be cool". During an interview with BarrelHouse BKLYN, Kennedy describes the movement as something that started with a crew of inner city kids in L.A. who "just wanted to do something positive".[19]
Discography[link]
Mixtapes[link]
- 25th Hour (2008)
- FutureStreet/DrugSounds (2009)
- Best After Bobby: Mixed by LA Leakers (2009)
- From The Westside With Love (2010)
- The Original Dom Kennedy (2011)
Commercial Albums[link]
- From The Westside With Love II (2011)
- Yellow Album (2012)
Guest Appearances[link]
- "The Life I Know" with cARTer
- "Cooking Up" with cARTer
- "Cali's Finest" from cARTer's mixtape Legal Trappin
- "The Preview" with cARTer
- "Get Through" with Casey veggies
- "Hall of Fame" with C-San
- "Ridin Round Town Remix" with Casey veggies
- "Friends. Women. Money" from Fly.Union's album TGTC
- "Like That" from Fly.Union mixtape Value Pack 4
- "Don't Forget the Swishers" from Pac Div mixtape Don't Mention it
- "Everybody Knows Us" from Pac Div mixtape Don't Mention it
- "Fat Raps Remix" from Big Sean's mixtape Finally Famous Vol. 3: BIG
- "She Needs Me Remix" from Kendrick Lamar's mixtape Overly Dedicated
- "GoodTalk" from Smoke DZA mixtape George Kush Da Button
- "Show Her The Way" from Terrace Martin's mixtape Here, My Dear
- "No Stress" from Skeme's mixtape The Statement
- "LA Night" from Skeme's mixtape Pistols & Palm Trees
- "Racing Stripes" from Curren$y's mixtape Smokee Robinson
- "Real Estates" from Curren$y's album Pilot Talk II
- "Counting My Money" from OverDoz. mixtape Live For, Die For
- "Time" with Juicy J
- "Bun B For President" with J. Cole
- "2 Sports Cars" with CurT@!n$
- "Right Back" with brandUn DeShay
- "Weekend Chic" with Polyester
- "Get Through" from Casey Veggie's Sleeping In Class
- "Miss Donna Karan" from L.A.U.S.D. mixtape L.A.U.S.D. Presents: Curly Tops & Nautica Jackets
- "L.A. To Chicago" from G.o.D. Jewels mixtape Glory or Death
- "Hennesy Beach" from Curren$y's mixtape Verde Terrace
- "There They Go" from Freddie Gibbs' mixtape Fuckin Wit Fred
- "Ridin' Roun Town (Remix)" from Casey Veggie's Sleeping In Class: Deluxe Edition
- "I Need That" from Nipsey Hussle's mixtape The Marathon Continues
- "Menace II Society" from Freddie Gibbs' mixtape Cold Day In Hell
- "Smoke On" from Statik Selektah's album Population Control
- "Pow Wow" from Smoke DZA's album Rolling Stoned & Jet Life's (Curren$y's rap group) collaboration album Jet World Order (Bonus Loud Pack edition)
- "Grooveline Pt. 1" from Schoolboy Q's album Habits & Contradictions
- "Doing My Thang" from Le$ mixtape Menace
- "Playa For Life" from Too Short's album No Trespassing
- "It Ain't Really Nuthin" with Rich Hil
- "Cali Livin'" with YG
References[link]
- ^ a b c "", Just Be Cool, IMFlashy
- ^ a b c d "", Complex, Interview
- ^ a b c d e f "", Interview: Dom Kennedy, Ozone Magazine
- ^ "", Dom Kennedy Reveals From the Westside With Love 2 Release Date, Semtex Media
- ^ "", Dom Kennedy Reacts To The Success Of His First Retail Mixtape, HipHopDX
- ^ a b "", "Support the Homies: Dom Kennedy", 3rd Eye Drops
- ^ a b c "", "Dom Kennedy", SXSW South by Southwest
- ^ "",Myspace,
- ^ "", All Hip Hop, Infinity
- ^ ""Dom Kennedy Live at Georgetown University", 2DopeBoyz
- ^ "Paid Dues Independent Music Festival
- ^ ""SXSW J. Cole and Dom Kennedy Perform at BET's Music Matters Showcase", The Source
- ^ ""Dom Kennedy in Africa", Hip Hop South
- ^ a b ""DOM KENNEDY 7.1.11", Sunset Live Presents Key Club Hollywood
- ^ "", "Dom Kennedy Interview (3/29/11)", Hip Hop at Lunch
- ^ a b "",Sneaker Pimps World Tour, Sneakerpimps.net
- ^ "",DOM Kennedy: Future Street/Drug Sounds, Nah Right
- ^ "",JENESIS Magazine’s 4th Anniversary Issue Feat Dom Kennedy, Jenesis Magazine
- ^ ", "", "Dom talks about Just Be Cool {Video}", BarrelHouseBKLYN
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dom Kennedy (rapper) |
- DopeItsDom [4]
- Paid Dues Independent Music Hip Hop Festival Archives [5]
- SXSW Music [6]
- Dom Kennedy on Myspace
- Dom Kennedy on Twitter
- LAxpaperboys.com
- Justbecool.net
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Kennedy, Dom |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | August 22, 1984 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Dom_Kennedy
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Kennedy
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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Wiki Summary
The Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group ('ECOMOG) was a West African multilateral armed force established by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOMOG was a formal arrangement for separate armies to work together. Its backbone was Nigerian armed forces and financial resources, with sub-battalion strength units contributed by other ECOWAS members — Ghana, Guinea, Sierra Leone, The Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and others.
Nigeria, Ghana and other ECOWAS members agreed a Protocol on Mutual Defence Assistance, in Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 29 May 1981. Among other organs such as a Defence Committee and Council, it provided for the establishment of an Allied Armed Force of the Community (AAFC) as needed.
Anglophone ECOWAS members established ECOMOG in 1990 to intervene in the civil war in Liberia (1989–96). Nigerian scholar Adekeye Adebajo wrote in 2002 that "there was merit...in the argument that the establishment of ECOMOG did not conform to the constitutional legal requirements of ECOWAS". The Standing Mediation Committee, the body that established ECOMOG at its meeting in Banjul, Gambia on 6–7 August 1990, was 'on shaky legal foundations.' Adebajo concludes that the arguments used to establish ECOMOG had more solid grounds in politics than in law. The Defence Protocol's guidelines were not followed, and ECOMOG was justified largely on humanitarian grounds.
