- published: 12 Jul 2006
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Amarapura
Amarapura (Burmese: အမရပူရ, pronounced: [ʔəməɹa̰pùɹa̰]) is a former capital of Myanmar, and now a township of Mandalay. Amarapura is bounded by the Irrawaddy river in the west, Chanmyathazi township in the north, and the ancient capital site of Ava (Inwa) in the south. It was the capital of Myanmar twice during the Konbaung period (1783–1821 and 1842–1859) a before finally supplanted by Mandalay 11 km north in 1859. It is historically referred to as Taungmyo (Southern City) in relation to Mandalay. Amarapura today is part of Mandalay, as a result of the urban sprawl. The township is known today for its traditional silk and cotton weaving, and bronze casting. It is a popular tourist day-trip destination from Mandalay.
Amarapura comes from Pali: आमरपुर, which means "City of Immortality".
Amarapura was founded by King Bodawpaya of the Konbaung Dynasty founded Amarapura as his new capital in May 1783. The new capital became a center of Buddhist reforms and learning. In 1800, Buddhist clergy from Sri Lanka obtained higher ordination in this city and founded the Amarapura Nikaya (Amarapura sect).
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Ayeyarwady Region
Ayeyarwady Region (Burmese: ဧရာဝတီတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, pronounced: [ʔèjàwədì táiɴ dèθa̰ dʑí]; formerly Ayeyarwady Division and Irrawaddy Division) is a region of Myanmar, occupying the delta region of the Ayeyarwady River (Irrawaddy River). It is bordered by Bago Region to the north, Bago Region and Yangon Region to the east, and the Bay of Bengal to the south and west. It is contiguous with the Rakhine State in the northwest.
The region lies between north latitude 15° 40' and 18° 30' approximately and between cast longitude 94° 15' and 96° 15'. It has an area of 13,566 square miles (35,140 km2). The population is over 6.5 million, making it the most populous of Burma’s states and regions. The population density is 466 /sq mi (180 /km2).
Ayeyarwady Region is flanked by the Rakhine Yoma (Arakan Mountains) range in the west and large areas were cleared for paddy cultivation, leading to its preeminent position as the main rice producer in the country, a position it has retained into the 21st century.
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Bagan
Bagan (Burmese: ပုဂံ; MLCTS: pu.gam, IPA: [bəɡàɴ]; formerly Pagan) is an ancient city located in the Mandalay Region of Burma (Myanmar). From the 9th to 13th centuries, the city was the capital of the Kingdom of Pagan, the first kingdom to unify the regions that would later constitute modern Myanmar. During the kingdom's height between the 11th and 13th centuries, over 10,000 Buddhist temples, pagodas and monasteries were constructed in the Bagan plains alone, of which the remains of over 2200 temples and pagodas still survive to the present day.
The Bagan Archaeological Zone is a main draw for the country's nascent tourism industry.
Bagan is the present-day standard Burmese pronunciation of the Burmese word Pugan (ပုဂံ), derived from Old Burmese Pukam (ပုကမ်). Its classical Pali name is Arimaddana-pura (အရိမဒ္ဒနာပူရ, lit. "the City that Tramples on Enemies"). Its other names in Pali are in reference to its extreme dry zone climate: Tattadesa (တတ္တဒေသ, "parched land"), and Tammadipa (တမ္မဒီပ, "bronzed country").
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Bago Region
Bago Region (Burmese: ပဲခူးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, pronounced: [bəɡó táɪɴ dèθa̰ dʑí]; formerly Pegu Division and Bago Division) is an administrative region of Burma, located in the southern central part of the country. It is bordered by Magway Region and Mandalay Region to the north; Kayin State, Mon State and the Gulf of Martaban to the east; Yangon Region to the south and Ayeyarwady Region and Rakhine State to the west. It is located between 46°45'N and 19°20'N and 94°35'E and 97°10'E.
According to legend, two Mon princes from Thaton founded the city of Bago in 573 AD. They saw a female goose standing on the back of a male goose on an island in a huge lake. Believing this was an auspicious omen, the princes built a city called Hanthawady (Pali: Hamsavati) on the edge of the lake.
The earliest mention of this city in history is by the Arab geographer Ibn Khudadhbin around 850 AD. At the time, the Mon capital had shifted to Thanton. The Bamar from Bagan ruled the area in 1056. After the collapse of Bagan to the Mongols in 1287, the Mon regained their independence.
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Bangkok
Bangkok is the capital city of and largest urban area in Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร, pronounced [krūŋ tʰêːp máhǎː nákʰɔ̄ːn] (
listen)) or simply Krung Thep (
listen), meaning "city of angels". Bangkok is by far the most densely populated city in Thailand with about 12 million people. Bangkok was a small trading post near the mouth of the Chao Phraya River during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century. It eventually grew in size and became the site of two capital cities: Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782.
Because of its strategic location in Southeast Asia, Siam (later Thailand) acted as a buffer-zone between the French and British colonial empires. Bangkok itself has gained a reputation as an independent, dynamic and influential city. Bangkok is the political, social and economic centre of Thailand, and one of the leading cities in Southeast Asia.
Due to the 1980s and 1990s Asian investment boom, many multinational corporations make their regional headquarters in Bangkok and the city is a regional force in finance and business. Its increasing influence on global politics, culture, fashion and entertainment underlines its status as an Alpha global city. In 2009, it was the second most expensive city in South-East Asia behind Singapore. The city's many cultural landmarks and attractions in addition to its nightlife venues has made it synonymous with exoticism. Its rapid modernization, reflected in the cityscape and the urban society, has left untouched the historic Grand Palace, Wat Arun, Vimanmek Palace Complex and hundreds of Buddhist temples draw about 10 million international visitors each year, second only to London.
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Bhamo
Bhamo (Burmese: ဗန်းမော်မြို့, also spelt Bamaw) is a city of Kachin State in northernmost part of Myanmar, located 186 km south from the capital city of Myitkyina. It is on the Ayeyarwady River. It lies within 65 km of the border with Yunnan Province, China. The population consists of Chinese and Shan, with Kachin peoples in the hills around the town. It is the administrative center of Bhamo District and Bhamo Township.
Bhamo was an important trading post with the Chinese Empire up to the nineteenth century, when copper coins from China flowed into Burma via Bhamo. VOC (United Dutch East India Company) records identified these copper coins as an important source of profit, and also mention the presence of a Customs Office in Bhamo to regulate the border trade. As of 1935 the town was situated at the highest navigable point of the river, and was the terminus of caravan routes from India and Burma, by which jade, in particular, was brought into China.
Bhamo was once called Sampanago, the capital of the now-extinct Shan kingdom of Manmaw. The ruins of the old city walls, dating from the fifth Century, are found some 5 km from the modern town.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 33,700,000 km2 (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after a war of independence deprived Britain of some of its oldest and most populous colonies.
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Burma
Burma
i/ˈbɜrmə/ BUR-mə, also known as Myanmar i/ˌmjɑːnˈmɑr/ MYAHN--MAR, is a country in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is bordered by India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. At 676,578 km2 (261,227 sq mi), it is the 40th largest country in the world and the second largest country in Southeast Asia. Burma is also the 24th most populous country in the world with over 60.28 million people.
Burma is home to some of the early civilizations of Southeast Asia including the Pyu and the Mon. In the 9th century, the Burmans of the Kingdom of Nanzhao, entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture slowly became dominant in the country. During this period, Theravada Buddhism gradually became the predominant religion of the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions (1277–1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, the country was reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty which for a brief period was the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma as well as Manipur and Assam. The country was colonized by Britain following three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1885).
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Cambodia
Cambodia (
i/kæmˈboʊdiə/;Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Kampuchea, IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə]), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total landmass of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), it is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.
With a population of over 14.8 million, Cambodia is the 68th most populous country in the world. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by around 95% of the Cambodian population. The country minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 various hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh; the political, economic, and cultural center of Cambodia. The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years.
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Chin State
Chin State (Burmese: ချင်းပြည်နယ်, pronounced: [tɕʰɪ́ɴ pjìnɛ̀]) is a state located in western Burma (Myanmar). The 36,019-square-kilometre (13,907 sq mi) Chin State is bordered by Rakhine State in the south, Bangladesh in south-west, Sagaing Division and Magway Division in the east, Indian state of Manipur in the north and Indian state of Mizoram in the west. The Chin ethnic group make up the majority of the state's 500,000 people.
The capital of the state is Hakha. The state is covered with mountainous region with few transportation links, Chin State is sparsely populated and remains one of the least developed areas of the country.
The Tibeto-Burman Zomi peoples entered the Zogam Hills some time in the first millennium AD, as part of the wider migration of Tibeto-Burman peoples into the area. Some historians speculate that the Thet people mentioned in the Burmese Chronicles might be the Chins. For much of history, sparsely populated Chin Hills were ruled by local chiefs. Political organization in the region prior to the Toungoo dynasty's conquest in mid-16th century remains largely conjectural. The first recorded instance of a western kingdom believed to be near the Chin Hills is the Kingdom of Pateikkaya, a tributary to the Pagan Kingdom in the 11th and 12th centuries. Some historians (Arthur Phayre, Tun Nyein) put Pateikkaya in eastern Bengal, thus placing the entire Chin Hills under Pagan suzerainty but others like Harvey, citing stone inscriptions, put it near eastern Chin Hills. (Burmese Chronicles report the kings of Pateikkaya as Indian though the ethnicity of the subjects is not explicitly cited.)
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Damascus
Damascus (Arabic: دِمَشق / ALA-LC: Dimashq; commonly known in Syria as al-Sham (Arabic: الشام / al-Shām), and as the City of Jasmine (Arabic: مدينة الياسمين / Madīnat al-Yāsmīn), is the capital and the second largest city of Syria. Both are part of the country's 14 governorates. In addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Damascus is a major cultural and religious center of the Levant. The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000 (2009 est.).
Located in southwestern Syria, Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area of 2.6 million people (2004). Geographically embedded on the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range 80 kilometres (50 mi) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres (2,230 ft) above sea-level, Damascus experiences a semi-arid climate due to the rain shadow effect. The Barada River flows through Damascus.
First settled in the 2nd millennium BC, it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750. After the victory of the Abbasid dynasty, the seat of Islamic power was moved to Baghdad. Damascus saw a political decline throughout the Abbasid era, only to regain significant importance in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods. During Ottoman rule, the city decayed completely while maintaining a certain cultural prestige. Today, it is the seat of the central government and all of the government ministries. Damascus was chosen as the 2008 Arab Capital of Culture.
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Fort Dufferin
Fort Dufferin was a Canadian government post located in southern Manitoba near the Canada-United States border at Emerson. Used during the 1870's, the fort was a base for the North American Boundary Commission and the North-West Mounted Police, and later used as an immigration station.
Fort Dufferin was founded in 1872 on the west side of the Red River, approximately three kilometers north of the Canada-U.S. border. It was originally constructed as a base for the Canadian-British contingent of the North American Boundary Commission, which was tasked with defining and marking the Canada-U.S. border along the 49th parallel north as agreed upon by the British and American governments in the Treaty of 1818.
With the Commission's surveyors working out west, the fort was used by the North-West Mounted Police as an assembly point prior to their infamous March West in 1874. Members of the force arrived at Fort Dufferin, coming from east through the United States, marking the only time the entire force was ever assembled at one place. On July 8, 1874, the NWMP moved out and began their journey west to bring law and order to the Northwest Territories. The NWMP also used Fort Dufferin as its Manitoba headquarters, before moving it to Winnipeg in 1875.
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Gangaw
Gangaw (Burmese: ဂန္႔ေဂါၿမိဳ႕, Burmese pronunciation: [ɡa̰ɴɡɔ́ mjo̰]) is a town of Gangaw Township in Gangaw District in the Magway Division in Myanmar. Gangaw is also known as the City of Yaw, a certain region in Myanmar including Gangaw, Tilin, Saw and villages around them. Myit Thar river (ျမစ္သာျမစ္) flows from South to North dividing the town into Gangaw and Western Gangaw.
Kale-Gangaw Road was a main road linking Gangaw and Kalaymyo of Sagaing Region. It was 83 miles long, the 59 miles and six furlongs was tarred road and three miles section, three furlongs was gravel road section and 19 miles and seven furlongs was earthen section.
The 4.65 inches (118 mm) rainfall collected in 19 Oct 2011 was the a new record of that town for October of past 47 years. The previous record was 4.21 inches (107 mm) of 3 Oct 1980.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Inwa
Inwa or Ava (Burmese: အင်းဝမြို့, IPA: [ʔɪ́ɴwa̰ mjo̰] or [ʔəwa̰ mjo̰]; also spelled Innwa), located in Mandalay Region, Burma (Myanmar), is an ancient imperial capital of successive Burmese kingdoms from the 14th to 19th centuries. Throughout history, it was sacked and rebuilt numerous times. The capital city was finally abandoned after it was completely destroyed by a series of major earthquakes in March 1839. Though only a few traces of its former grandeur remain today, the former capital is a popular day-trip tourist destination from Mandalay.
The name Inwa (အင်းဝ) literally means "mouth of the Lake", reflecting its geographical location at the mouth of lakes in the Kyaukse District. Another theory states that it is derived from Innawa (အင်းနဝ), meaning "nine lakes" in the area. The city's classical name in Pali is Ratanapura (ရတနာပူရ; Pali: ऋअतनपुर; "City of Gems").
The modern standard Burmese pronunciation is Inwa (IPA: [ʔɪ́ɴwa̰]), following the modern orthography. But the local Upper Burmese pronunciation is Awa ([ʔəwa̰]). Indeed, the spelling of the city in the royal records, all written prior to the modern Burmese spelling standardization drives, is အဝ (Awa), the phonetic spelling of the Upper Burmese usage. The most common Western transcription Ava comes from Awa via Portuguese.
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Kachin State
Kachin State (Burmese: ကချင်ပြည်နယ်, pronounced: [kətɕʰɪ̀ɴ pjìnɛ̀]; Kachin: Jingphaw Mungdaw), is the northernmost state of Burma. It is bordered by China to the north and east; Shan State to the south; and Sagaing Division and India to the west. It lies between north latitude 23° 27' and 28° 25' longitude 96° 0' and 98° 44'. The area of Kachin State is 89,041 km2 (34,379 sq mi). The capital of the state is Myitkyina. Other important towns include Bhamo.
Kachin State has Myanmar’s highest mountain, Hkakabo Razi (5,889 metres (19,321 ft)), forming the southern tip of the Himalayas, and a large inland lake, Indawgyi Lake.
The majority of the state's 1.2 million inhabitants are ethnic Kachin, also known as Jinghpaw. The state is home to other ethnic groups including the Rawang, Lisu, Zaiwa, Lawngwaw, Lachyit, Bamar, Shan, and a small number of Tibetans. According to government statistics, the state's population is 57.8% Buddhist and 36.4% Christian.[citation needed] The Kachin language is the state's lingua franca.
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Kalewa
Tahan is a town at the confluence of the Chindwin River and the Myittha River in Kale District, Sagaing Division of northwestern Burma (Myanmar). It is the administrative seat of Kalewa Township.
The Indo-Myanmar Friendship Bridge across the Tio River between Zokhuthar, Mizoram State, India, and Rih, Chin State, Burma, ultimately links Tahan to India's Manipur State's town of Moreh.
Upstream from Mandalay and Monywa on the Chindwin River, =Tahan is gaining importance as a staging point for trade between Burma and India (Tahan is about 150 km from the Burma-India border at Tamu).
Tahan Bazaar (market) is well known for its variety of goods from India, Burma as well as China, Japan and Thailand.
Tahan is facilitated with theological colleges, high school, market, clinics (private and church based) and many churches.
Tahan has one high school, a few English speaking hostels, a few Theological Colleges as well as clinics. Since majority of people are Christian, they are more adapted to western culture than most Burmese. Young Christians wear western cloths and listen to western music in Tahan. Tahan also has a University located on the border of Chin State, about six miles from downtown Tahan.
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Kanbalu
Kanbalu (sometimes Kantbalu) is a town in Shwebo District, Sagaing Division, in Burma (Myanmar). It is the administrative seat for Kanbalu Township. Kanbalu is on the main Burmese north-south railroad between Sagaing and Myitkyina. It's railyards were bombed by the Allies during World War II.
Coordinates: 23°12′14″N 95°30′55″E / 23.20389°N 95.51528°E / 23.20389; 95.51528
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Karakoram highway
Coordinates: 35°36′N 74°39′E / 35.6°N 74.65°E / 35.6; 74.65
The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is the highest paved international road in the world. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 m/15,397 ft as confirmed by both SRTM and multiple GPS readings. It connects China's Xinjiang region with Pakistan's Gilgit–Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa regions and also serves as a popular tourist attraction. Due to its high elevation and the difficult conditions in which it was constructed, it is also referred to as the "Ninth Wonder of the World."
The Karakorum Highway is known informally as the KKH, and — within Pakistan — officially as the N-35; within China, officially as China National Highway 314 (G314).
The Karakoram Highway, also known as the Friendship Highway in China, was built by the governments of Pakistan and China, it was started in 1959 and was completed in 1979 (open to the public since 1986) about 810 Pakistanis and about 200 Chinese workers lost their lives, mostly in landslides and falls, while building the highway. The route of the KKH traces one of the many paths of the ancient Silk Road.
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Kawlin
Kawlin is a town in the Sagaing Division in Myanmar.
Coordinates: 23°47′N 95°41′E / 23.783°N 95.683°E / 23.783; 95.683
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Kayah State
Kayah State (Burmese: ကယားပြည်နယ်, pronounced: [kəjá pjìnɛ̀] formerly, Karenni State) is a state of Myanmar. Situated in eastern Myanmar, it is bounded on the north by Shan State, on the east by Thailand's Mae Hong Son Province, and on the south and west by Kayin State. It lies approximately between 18° 30' and 19° 55' north latitude and between 94°40' and 97° 93' east longitude. The area is 11,670 km2 (4,510 sq mi). Its capital is Loikaw (also spelt Loi-kaw). The estimated population in 1998 was approximately 207,357, according to UNICEF. It is inhabited primarily by the Karenni ethnic group, also known as Red Karen or Kayah, a Sino-Tibetan people.
Kayah State is located in the eastern part of Myanmar. The relief of Kayah State is mountainous with the Dawna Range and the Karen Hills also known as "Kayah-Karen" mountains separated by the Salween River as it flows through Kayah State.Balu Chaung, called Nam Pilu in local language, flows from Inle Lake and converges with the Salween in southern Kayah State.
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Kayin State
Kayin State (Burmese: ကရင်ပြည်နယ်, pronounced: [kəjɪ̀ɴ pjìnɛ̀] also Karen State) is a state of Burma (Myanmar). The capital city is Hpa-an.
The relief of Kayin State is mountainous with the Dawna Range running along the state in a NNW - SSE direction and the southern end of the Karen Hills in the northwest.
The region that forms today's Kayin State was part of successive Burmese kingdoms since the formation of the Pagan Empire in mid-11th century. During the 13th to 16th centuries, much of the region belonged to the Hanthawaddy Kingdom while the northern part of the region belonged to Taungoo, which was a vassal state of Ava Kingdom. The region then became part of Taungoo Dynasty and Konbaung Dynasty from 16th to 19th centuries. The British seized the southern third of today's Kayin State (below the Salween River) after the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826), and the rest after the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852.
Towards the end of the British colonial era (1945-1948), the Karen leadership insisted on a separate state covering today's Kayin State and much of Mon State and Taninthayi Region, within the British Empire. They refused to sign the Panglong Agreement of February 1947, which was the basis for the 1947 Constitution of Burma, and boycotted the pre-independence elections of April 1947. Nonetheless, the constitution granted the Karen a state, though with an area less than what the Karen leadership had asked for from the British. The constitution also guaranteed states with the right to secede from the Union after a period of 10 years. (The Panglong Agreement gave only the Shan and the Kachin a state each; the Chin who actually signed the agreement did not receive a state.) The Karen National Union, which dominated the Karen leadership, was not satisfied, and wanted outright independence. In 1949, the KNU raised a rebellion that continues up to today. The KNU celebrates January 31 as 'revolution day', marking the day they went underground at the battle of Insein
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Kunming
Kunming (Chinese: 昆明, pinyin: Kūnmíng; UN/LOCODE:CNKMG) is the capital and largest city of Yunnan (云南) Province in Southwest China. It was known as Yunnan-Fou (云南府, Yúnnánfǔ) until the 1920s. A prefecture-level city, it is the political, economic, communications and cultural centre of Yunnan, and is the seat of the provincial government. It is also home to several universities, museums, galleries and other important economic, cultural, and educational institutions. The headquarters of many of Yunnan's large businesses are in Kunming as well. It was important during World War II as a Chinese military center, American air base, and transport terminus for the Burma Road. Located in the middle of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Kunming is located at an altitude of 1,900 m above sea level and at a latitude just north of the Tropic of Cancer. It covers an area of 21,473 square kilometres (8,291 sq mi) and its urban area covers 2,081 km2 (803 sq mi). Kunming has population of 6,432,212 including 3,055,000 in the urban area and is located at the northern edge of the large Lake Dian, surrounded by temples and lake-and-limestone hill landscapes.
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Kuthodaw Pagoda
Kuthodaw Pagoda (Burmese: ကုသိုလ်တော်ဘုရား, pronounced: [kṵðòdɔ̀ pʰəjá]; literally Royal Merit, and formally titled Mahalawka Marazein မဟာလောကမာရဇိန်စေတီ) is a Buddhist stupa, located in Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar), that contains the world's largest book. It lies at the foot of Mandalay Hill and was built during the reign of King Mindon. The stupa itself, which is gilded above its terraces, is 188 feet (57 m) high, and is modelled after the Shwezigon Pagoda at Nyaung-U near Bagan. In the grounds of the pagoda are 729 kyauksa gu or stone-inscription caves, each containing a marble slab inscribed on both sides with a page of text from the Tipitaka, the entire Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism.
Mindon Min had the pagoda built as part of the traditional foundations of the new royal city of Mandalay in 1857. He was later to convene the Fifth Buddhist Synod in 1871, but wanted to leave a great work of merit by having the Tipitaka set in stone for posterity, meant to last five millennia after the Buddha. Construction began in 1860, its hti (umbrella or crown) mounted on 19 July 1862, and the inscriptions were laid open to the public on 4 May 1868. They were arranged in neat rows within three enclosures, 42 in the first, 168 in the middle and 519 in the third. One more stands at the southeast corner of the first enclosure making it 730, and this stone records how it all came into being. Thirty four brick zayats (rest houses) stood all around except on the east side of the pagoda.
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Kyaukpadaung
Kyaukpadaung (Burmese: ကျောက်ပန်းတောင်း မြို့ [tɕaʊʔ bə dáʊɴ mjo̰]) is a town in Mandalay Region in Central Myanmar. It lies just southwest of Mount Popa. It is the administrative seat for Kyaukpadaung Township.
The name of Kyaukpadaung is derived from Kyauk (ကျောက်; Rock) + Pann (ပန်း; Flower) + Taung (တောင်း; Basket).
Kyaukpadaung is also known as the city of Jaggery (ထန်းညက်)
Since the name of this town is related to rock. There are some rocky-hills nearby and in town. The extinct Vocalno Mount Popa is about 10 miles from town.
Rail transport has been established since World War II, on the Pyinmana-Kyini Link. Buses and cars operate to and fro nearby townships. Kyaukpadaung is situated on the link road of Yangon-Myingyan-Mandalay road and Yangon-Meiktila-Mandalay.
In 1994, telephone system was upgraded, from Manual Switching Exchange to Auto Telephone System. Local Area Code is 061, it was same as Chauk.
Kyaukpadaung is located in Hot & Dry zone, and rain measure getting about 40 inch and below. Temperature during Summer: High=36~39'C, Low= 25~28'C, and Winter: High=30~31'C, Low=19~23'C. Popa region is an oasis in central Myanmar.
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Kyaukse
Kyaukse (Burmese: ကျောက်ဆည် မြို့, pronounced: [tɕaʊʔ sʰɛ̀ mjo̰]) is a small town in Mandalay Region, Myanmar. It is famous for the Kyaukse Elephant Dance.
Kyaukse is home to the Kyaukse Education College, Technological University, Kyaukse and Kyaukse University.
The Kyaukse area is known for its turmeric, mango and onions. The town has a relatatively large shopping centre Aye Mya Kyi Lin Market.
BEHS 1 Kyaukse
Kyaukse City Hall
Aye Mya Kyi Lin Market
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Kyaukse District
Kyaukse District is a district of the Mandalay Region in central Burma.
The district contains the following townships:
Coordinates: 21°45′N 96°15′E / 21.75°N 96.25°E / 21.75; 96.25
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Kyaukse Township
Kyaukse Township is a township of Kyaukse District in the Mandalay Region of Burma. It makes up the area including the town of Kyaukse. Yeywa Dam is located there.
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Las Vegas Strip
The Las Vegas Strip is an approximately 4.2-mile (6.8 km) stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard South in Clark County, Nevada. The Strip is not located within the city of Las Vegas proper— it passes through the unincorporated towns of Paradise and Winchester, which are south of the Las Vegas city limits. Most of the Strip has been designated an All-American Road.
Many of the largest hotel, casino and resort properties in the world are located on the Las Vegas Strip. Fifteen of the world's 25 largest hotels by room count are on the Strip, with a total of over 62,000 rooms.
One of the most visible aspects of Las Vegas' cityscape is its use of dramatic architecture. The modernization of hotels, casinos, restaurants, and residential high-rises on the Strip has established the city as one of the most popular destinations for tourists.
Historically, the casinos that were not in Downtown Las Vegas along Fremont Street were restricted to outside of the city limits on Las Vegas Boulevard. In 1959 the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was constructed exactly 4.5 miles (7.2 km) outside of the city limits. The sign is today about 0.4 miles (0.64 km) south of the southernmost entrance to Mandalay Bay (the southernmost casino).
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Lashio
Lashio (Burmese: လားရှိုးမြို့; MLCTS: la hri: mrui., IPA: [láʃó mjo̰]; Shan: လႃႈသဵဝ်ႈ) is the largest town in northern Shan State, Myanmar, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) northeast of Mandalay. It is situated on a low mountain spur overlooking the valley of the Nam Yao river. Loi Leng, the highest mountain of the Shan Hills, is located 45 km to the southeast of Lashio.
Lashio is the administrative center of Lashio Township and Lashio District. before April/2010, it was also the administrative center of Shan State (North). The population grew from around 5000 in 1960 to 88,590 in 1983. It is currently estimated at around 130,000.
The population is made up of mostly Shan, Chinese and Burmans. The annual rainfall averages 54 in. The average maximum temperature is 27°C (80.5°F) and the average minimum 13°C (55.5°F).
The British colonial period in this part of the country began in 1887, and the Myanmar Railways line from Mandalay reached Lashio in 1903.
Before British rule Lashio was also the centre of authority for the northern Shan States, but the Burmese post in the valley was close to the Nam Yao, in an old Chinese fortified camp. The Lashio valley was formerly very populous; but a rebellion, started by the sawbwa of Hsenwi, about ten years before the British occupation, ruined it.
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Lewe
Lewe is a town in the Mandalay Division of central Myanmar.
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Madaya
Madaya is a town in the Mandalay Division of central Myanmar. It is the seat of Madaya Township. It lies along National Highway 31.Lamaing lies just to the southeast. The Madaya River in the area is connected to the Mandalay Canal, and crosses the township of Madaya diagonally for some 30 miles and joins the Irrawaddy River.
In the 16th century, the Gwe Shans built a stockade in the village of Okpo.On October 1, 1886 there was a reported small native garrison at Madaya and nearby Lamaing and the town was subject to invasion the same month.
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Madaya Township
Madaya is a township of Pyin Oo Lwin District in the Mandalay Division of Burma.
In the 16th century, the Gwe Shans built a stockade in the village of Okpo.On October 1, 1886 there was a reported small native garrison at Madaya and nearby Lamaing and the town was subject to invasion the same month.
Madaya consists Madaya town and the following villages:
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Magway Region
Magway Region (Magwe Region Burmese: မကွေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, pronounced: [məɡwé táiɴ dèθa̰ dʑí], formerly Magway Division) is an administrative division in central Burma (Myanmar). Magway Region is the largest of Myanmar's seven divisions, with an area of 17,306 square miles (44,820 km2).
Mayway Region sits approximately between north latitude 18° 50' to 22° 47' and east longitude 93° 47' to 95° 55'. It is bordered by Sagaing Region to the north, Mandalay Region to the east, Bago Region to the south, and Rakhine State and Chin State to the west.
Fossils of the early primates over 40 million years old were excavated in the Pondaung and Ponnya areas in Magway Region, leading the government to proclaim that Myanmar as "the birthplace of humanity in the world". An ancient city of the Pyu, Peikthano-myo, about 2000 years old, is located in Taungdwingyi Township, Magway Region.
The history of Magway Region mirrors that of the other divisions of central Burma.
Magway Region is made up of the districts of Magwe, Minbu, Thayet, Pakokku and Gangaw comprising 25 townships and 1,696 ward village-tracts. The capital is the city of Magwe (1994 population estimated at 300,000). Other major towns are Pakokku and Minbu.
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Mahlaing
Mahlaing is a town in the Mandalay Division of central Myanmar.
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Mahlaing Township
Ma Hlaing Township is a township of Meiktila District in the Mandalay Division of Burma.
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Mandalay
Mandalay (Burmese: မန္တလေး; MLCTS: manta.le: [máɴdəlé]; English: /ˌmændəˈleɪ/ or /ˈmændəleɪ/) is the second-largest city and the last royal capital of Burma (Myanmar). Located 445 miles (716 km) north of Yangon on the east bank of the Irrawaddy River, the city has a population of one million, and is the capital of Mandalay Region.
Mandalay is the economic hub of Upper Burma and considered the centre of Burmese culture. A continuing influx of Chinese immigrants, mostly from Yunnan Province, in the past twenty years, has reshaped the city's ethnic makeup and increased commerce with China. Despite Naypyidaw's recent rise, Mandalay remains Upper Burma's main commercial, educational and health centre.
The city gets its name from the nearby Mandalay Hill. The name is likely a derivative of a Pali word although the exact word of origin remains unclear. The root word has been speculated as: "Mandala" (meaning, circular plains), "Mandare" (believed to mean "auspicious land"), or "Mandara" (a mountain from Hindu mythology).
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Mandalay Bay
Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino is a 44-story luxury hotel casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. It is owned by MGM Resorts International. One of the property's towers operates as THEhotel, while the top five floors of the other tower are occupied by a Four Seasons Hotel.
Mandalay Bay has 3,309 hotel rooms, 24 elevators and a casino of 135,000 sq ft (12,500 m2). Adjacent to the hotel are the 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Mandalay Bay Convention Center and the 12,000-seat Mandalay Bay Events Center. The Mandalay Bay Tram connects the resort to its sister properties, Excalibur and Luxor.
On December 31, 1996, the Hacienda was imploded to make way for Mandalay Bay.
The working title for the $950 million resort and casino was "Project Paradise", officially replaced with Mandalay Bay in 1998.
During construction engineers discovered vertical movements and particularly differential movements ('dishing') between the tower core and the wings. The tower core was sinking at a rate of 1⁄2 to 3⁄4 inch (13 to 19 mm) per week and the wings were sinking at a slower rate causing differential distortion between the column bays. If these movements were not stopped structural damage would occur. Construction was halted while a solution was developed and implemented. The solution proved to be the installation of micro-piles (formerly marketed as 'Pin Piles') filled with grout 200 feet (61 m) deep below the structure each capped with a hydraulic jack to stabilize the structure at the desired vertical height to carry the weight. Since then, there have not been any reports of this problem recurring.
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Mandalay District
Mandalay District (Burmese: မန္တလေး ခရိုင်) is a district of the Mandalay Division in central Myanmar. Though the district used to consist of two cities, Mandalay and Amarapura, today, with the urban sprawl of Mandalay capturing Amarapura and Patheingyi, the district and the city of Mandalay are one and the same.
The Mandalay District consists of the following townships.
Coordinates: 21°58′N 96°05′E / 21.967°N 96.083°E / 21.967; 96.083
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Mandalay Hill
Mandalay Hill (Burmese: မန္တလေးတောင်; MLCTS: manta. le: taung [màɴdəlé tàʊɴ]) is a 240 metre (790 ft) hill that is located to the northeast of the city centre of Mandalay in Burma. The city took its name from the hill. Mandalay Hill is known for its abundance of pagodas and monasteries, and has been a major pilgrimage site for Burmese Buddhists for nearly two centuries. At the top of the hill is the Sutaungpyei (literally wish-fulfilling) Pagoda. A panoramic view of Mandalay from the top of Mandalay Hill alone makes it worthwhile to attempt a climb up its stairways. There are four covered stairways called saungdan leading up the hill from the south, southeast, west and north, and convenient seats of masonry work line these stairways all the way up. A one-way motor road today saves time and also makes it accessible for those who are unable to climb up the stairs, leading to an escalator and a lift to the pagoda at the summit.
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Mandalay Palace
The Mandalay Palace (Burmese: မန္တလေး နန်းတော်, pronounced: [máɴdəlé náɴdɔ̀]), located in Mandalay, Myanmar, is the last royal palace of the last Burmese monarchy. The palace was constructed, between 1857 and 1859 as part of King Mindon's founding of the new royal capital city of Mandalay. The plan of Mandalay Palace largely follows the traditional Burmese palace design, inside a walled fort surrounded by a moat. The palace itself is at the centre of the citadel and faces east. All buildings of the palace are of one storey in height. The number of spires above a building indicated the importance of the area below.
Mandalay Palace was the primary royal residence of King Mindon and King Thibaw, the last two kings of the country. The complex ceased to be a royal residence and seat of government on 28 November 1885 when, during the Third Anglo-Burmese War, troops of the Burma Field Force entered the palace and captured the royal family. The British turned the palace compound into Fort Dufferin, named after the then viceroy of India. Throughout the British colonial era, the palace was seen by the Burmese as the primary symbol sovereignty and identity. Much of the palace compound was destroyed during World War II by allied bombing; only the royal mint and the watch tower survived. A replica of the palace was rebuilt in the 1990s with some modern materials.
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Mandalay Region
Mandalay Region (Burmese: မန္တလေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, pronounced: [máɴdəlé táiɴ dèθa̰ dʑí], formerly Mandalay Division) is an administrative division of Myanmar. It is located in the center of the country, bordering Sagaing Region and Magway Region to the west, Shan State to the east, and Bago Region and Kayin State to the south. The regional capital is Mandalay. In the south of the division lies the national capital of Naypyidaw. The division consists of seven districts, which are subdivided into 30 townships and 2,320 wards and village-tracts.
Mandalay Region is important in Burma's economy, accounting for 15% of the national economy.
The history of Mandalay Region is the same as that of much of Upper Myanmar except that for much of Burmese history, the political power emanated out of royal capitals located in Mandalay Region. The country's present capital, Naypyidaw, and most former royal capitals of the Burmese nation--Pagan, Ava, Amarapura, Mandalay--are all located here.
The Tibeto-Burman speaking Pyu were the first historical people to dominate the dry zone in central Myanmar that includes Mandalay Region as early as the 1st century AD. By the early 9th century, the Pyu were decimated in a series of wars with the Nanzhao kingdom from Yunnan. The Burmans, who had been migrating into the region from Yunnan in the 9th century, founded a city of their own, Pagan, in 849. The Pagan dynasty gradually came to dominate the central zone over the next two centuries, and by the late 11th century, all of present day Myanmar. The Burmese language and script came to prominence with royal patronage of Pagan kings.
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Meiktila
Meiktila (Burmese: မိတ္ထီလာမြို့; MLCTS: mik thi la mrui.; Burmese pronunciation: [meɪʔtʰìlà mjo̰]) is a city in central Myanmar, located on the banks of Lake Meiktila in Mandalay Division, at the junctions of the Bagan-Taunggyi, Yangon-Mandalay and Meiktila-Myingyan highways. Because of its strategic position, Meiktila is home to Myanmar Air Force's central command and Meiktila Air Force Base. The country's main aerospace engineering university, Myanmar Aerospace Engineering University is also located in Meiktila.
The name Meiktila comes from Mithila, the name of an Indian kingdom and present city in India.
The history of Meiktila is closely tied to that of central Myanmar's dry zone, home of the Bamar (Burmans). The region had been part of various Burman kingdoms at least from 11th century CE to 19th century CE before the British took over all of Upper Myanmar in 1885.
Meiktila was the site of the 1945 battle of Meiktila, in which the Allies forces under William Slim defeated the Japanese forces. Soon after Myanmar's independence from Britain in 1948, Meiktila briefly fell under the insurgent Karen forces.
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Meiktila District
Meiktila District is a district of the Mandalay Division in central Burma.
The district consists of the following townships:
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Meiktila Township
Meiktila Township (Burmese: မိတ္ထီလာ မြို့နယ်) is a township of Meiktila District in the Mandalay Division of Burma.
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Mingun
Mingun (Burmese: မင်းကွန်းမြို့; MLCTS: mang: kwan mrui. [mɪ́ɴɡʊ́ɴ mjo̰]) is a town in Sagaing Region, northwest Myanmar (Burma), located 11 km up the Ayeyarwady River on the west bank from Mandalay. Its main attraction is the ruined Mingun Pahtodawgyi.
The Mingun temple is a monumental uncompleted stupa began by King Bodawpaya in 1790. It was not completed, due to an astrologer claiming that, once the temple was finished, the king would die.[citation needed] The completed stupa would have been the largest in the world at 150 meters. Huge cracks are visible on the structure from the earthquake of 23 March 1839, Like many large pagodas in Myanmar, a Pondaw paya or working model of the stupa can be seen nearby.
King Bodawpaya also had a gigantic bell cast to go with his huge stupa, the Mingun Bell weighing 90 tons, and is today the largest ringing bell in the world. The weight of the bell in Burmese measurement, is 55,555 viss or peiktha (1 viss = 1.63 kg), handed down as a mnemonic "Min Hpyu Hman Hman Pyaw", with the consonants representing the number 5 in Burmese astronomy and numerology.
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Mogaung
Mogaung (Burmese: မိုးကောင်း [móɡáʊɴ]; Shan: Mong Kawng) is a town in Kachin State, Myanmar. It is situated on the Mandalay-Myitkyina railway line.
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Mogok
Mogok (Burmese: မိုးကုတ်, pronounced: [móɡoʊʔ]; Shan: မိူင်းၵုတ်ႈ) is a city in the Pyin Oo Lwin District of the Mandalay Region of Burma (Myanmar), located 200 km north of Mandalay and 148 km northeast of Shwebo.
At 1170 meters in elevation, the city has fairly temperate climate year-round, and is home to mostly Bamar, with large minorities of Shan, Lisu, Palaung, Karen ethnic groups, as well as Chinese, Indians and Gurkha.
Mogok and other villages nearby have been famous since ancient times for its gemstones, especially ruby and sapphire, but semi-precious stones such as lapis lazuli, garnet, moonstone, peridot and chrysoberyl are also found. The gems are found in alluvial marble gravels by means of panning, tunneling and digging pits by hand. There is little mechanization of the mining. The gravels derive from the metamorphosed limestones (marbles) of the Mogok metamorphic belt.
Gems are sold in markets in Mogok; however, foreigners require special permits to visit the town, and purchase/export of gems from Myanmar at non-government licensed dealers is illegal.
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Mogok Township
Mogok Township is a township of Pyin Oo Lwin District in the Mandalay Region of Burma (Myanmar). It is located north of the city of Mandalay and surrounds the area of Mogok City.
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Mohnyin
Mohnyin (Burmese: မိုးညှင်း, Burmese pronunciation: [móɲ̥ɪ́ɴ]; Shan:Mong Yang) is a town in Kachin State, Myanmar. It is the administrative center for both Mohnyin Township and Mohnyin District.
Shells of different sizes were found in mass on 19 September. Those were found in apple-pie order while rooting up a tree between Mohnyin District Court and the Township General Administration Department. From 19 to 24 October, 3,916 shells of 11 kinds have been dig out from about three feet deep in the ground.
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Mon State
Mon State (Burmese: မွန်ပြည်နယ်, pronounced: [mʊ̀ɴ pjìnɛ̀]; Mon: တြဳႝရးဍဳင္မန္၊ ရးမညေဒသ) is an administrative division of Myanmar. It is sandwiched between Kayin State on the east, the Andaman Sea on the west, Bago Region on the north and Tanintharyi Region on the south, and has a short border with Thailand's Kanchanaburi Province at its south-eastern tip. The land area is 12,155 km². The Dawna Range, running along the eastern side of the state in a NNW - SSE direction forms a natural border with Kayin State. Mon State includes some small islands, such as Kalegauk, Wa Kyun and Kyungyi Island, along its 566 km of coastline. The state's capital is Mawlamyaing.
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Monywa
Monywa (Burmese: မုံရွာမြို့; MLCTS: muṃ rwa mrui.; pronounced: [mòʊɴjwà mjo̰]) is a city in Sagaing Region, Myanmar, located 136 km northwest of Mandalay on the eastern bank of the River Chindwin.
It is served by the Mandalay-Budalin branch railway line, but is best reached by bus as the road from Mandalay is in reasonably good shape. Monywa is now linked by road to Budalin, Dabayin, Ye-U and Kin-U, and by rail to Sagaing and the Mandalay - Myitkyina line. River transport on the Chindwin has always been important as it is navigable for 640 km (400 mi) up to Hkamti during the monsoon season, and most of the year to Homalin.
It got 5.47 inches (139 mm) of rainfall in 19 Oct 2011. It was the new record of rainfall within 24 hours of October in Monywa for last 47 years. The previous record was 5.31 inches (135 mm) of 24 Oct 1967.
Monywa is a major centre for trade and commerce and for agricultural produce from the surrounding Chindwin valley, especially beans, orange, pulses and jaggery (palm sugar). In addition, the local industry includes mills for the production of cotton, flour, noodles, and edible oils. Sausages from Alon called wet udaunk are quite popular, and Budalin longyi (sarong) is known for the strength of the fabric and its checked patterns. Monywa's rough cotton blankets are famous throughout Myanmar (with Monywa providing 80% of the country's blanket for a century), and some can even be found sewn up into knapsacks sold to unsuspecting tourists in Bangkok. Other regional crafts include bamboo and reed products, bullock carts and agricultural implements. The village of Kyaukka is well known for its lacquerware utensils for everyday use.
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Myingyan
Myingyan is a city and district in the Mandalay Division of central Myanmar, previously, it was a district in the Meiktila Division of Upper Burma. It is currently the capital of Myingyan Township and lies along the National Highway 2. As of 2002[update], the city had a population of 123,700 and the district had 580,000. It lies in the valley of the Ayeyarwady River, to the south of Mandalay, on the east bank of the river. The area around the town is flat, especially to the north and along the banks of the Ayeyarwady. Inland the country rises in gently undulating slopes. The most noticeable feature is Popa Hill, an extinct volcano, to the south-east. The highest peak is 4,962 ft. above sea-level. The climate is dry, with high south winds from March until September. The annual rainfall averages about 35 in. The temperature varies between 106 and 70 Fahrenheit. The ordinary crops are millet, sesame, cotton, maize, rice and a great variety of peas and beans. There are no forests, but a great deal of low scrubland. Myingyan is the head of the branch railway to Thazi and the main line between Yangon and Mandalay.
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Myingyan District
Myingyan District is a district of the Mandalay Division in central Burma.
The district contains the following townships:
Myingdan District includes the following towns:
Coordinates: 21°15′N 95°15′E / 21.25°N 95.25°E / 21.25; 95.25
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Myingyan Township
Myingyan is a township of Myingyan District in the Mandalay Division of Burma.
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Myitkyina
Myitkyina (Burmese: မြစ်ကြီးနားမြို့; MLCTS: mrac kri: na: mrui., pronounced: [mjɪʔtɕíná]) is the capital city of Kachin State in Myanmar (Burma), located 1,480 kilometers (920 mi) from Yangon, and 785 kilometers (488 mi) from Mandalay. In Burmese it means "near the big river", and in fact "Myitkyina" lies on the west bank of the Ayeyarwady River, just below 40 kilometers (25 mi) from Myit-son (Burmese for confluence) of its two headstreams (the Mali and N'mai rivers). It is the northernmost river port and railway terminus in Myanmar.
Myitkyina has been a important trading town between China and Burma since ancient times.
American Baptist missionary George J. Geis and his wife arrived in Myitkyina in the late 1890s and in 1900 requested permission to build a misison there.
In August 1944 during World War II, Myitkyina fell to the Allied forces under General Joseph Stilwell after a prolonged siege and heavy fighting between Nationalist Chinese divisions, the Chindits, and Merrill's Marauders of the Northern Combat Area Command and the besieged elements of the 33rd Imperial Japanese Army under General Masaki Honda. The town was strategically important not only because of its rail and water links to the rest of Burma, but also because it was on the planned route of the Ledo Road.
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Myitnge
Myitnge (Burmese: မြစ်ငယ်မြို့) is a town in Amarapura Township in the Mandalay Region of central Burma. It is situated between Amarapura and the Myitnge River and lies along National Highway 1 which connects it to the city of Mandalay in the north.
It has one of Burma's main railway workshops for passenger coaches and freight wagons.The General Strike of 1974 started at the Myitnge railway yard at the end of May spreading to the rest of the country including the capital Rangoon where it ended in bloodshed when the army opened fire on workers at Thamaing textile mill and Simmalaik dockyard.
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Myittha Township
Myittha Township is a township of Kyaukse District in the Mandalay Division of Burma. The capital is Myittha. Myittha Township consists of 6 wards, 227 villages.
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Natogyi
Natogyi is a town in the Mandalay Division of central Myanmar.
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Natogyi Township
NwarHtoGyi Township is a township of Myingyan District in the Mandalay Division of Burma.
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Naypyidaw
Naypyidaw (Burmese: နေပြည်တော်; MLCTS: Nepranytau, officially spelled Nay Pyi Taw and Naypyitaw; pronounced: [nèpjìdɔ̀]) is the capital city of Burma, also known as Myanmar. It is administered as the Naypyidaw Union Territory, as per the 2008 Constitution. On 6 November 2005, the administrative capital of Myanmar was officially moved to a greenfield 3.2 km (2.0 mi) west of Pyinmana, and approximately 320 km (200 mi) north of Yangon (Rangoon), the previous capital. The capital's official name was announced on 27 March 2006, Myanmar Armed Forces Day. Much of this planned city is still under construction, which is set to be completed by around 2012. As of 2009, the population was 925,000, which makes it Myanmar's third largest city, behind Yangon and Mandalay. The city is one of the world's 10 fastest-growing cities.
Nay Pyi Daw is generally translated as "royal capital", "seat of the king" or "abode of kings". Traditionally, it was used as a suffix to the names of royal capitals, such as Mandalay, which was called ရတနာပုံနေပြည်တော် (Yadanabon Naypyidaw). The name literally means "royal city of the sun" in Burmese.
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Nganzun
Nganzun is a town in the Mandalay Division of central Myanmar. It is the seat of Nganzun Township
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Ngazun Township
NgaZon Township is a township of Myingyan District in the Mandalay Division of Burma.
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Nyaung U
Nyaung-U Burmese: ညောင်ဦးမြို့ is the administrative town of Nyaung-U Township of Nyaung-U District in the Mandalay Region of central Myanmar. It lies on the eastern bank of Ayeyarwaddy River. It is just 4 kilometers away from old Bagan, a popular tourist attraction. The Shwezigon Pagoda is located there. The other popular places in and around Nyaung-U were
It is the home of Nyaung U Airport. It can be reached by air, by railway, by bus and by boat.
The 8.10 inches (203 mm) rainfall of 19 Oct 2011 was the record breaking one for past 47 years. The previous record was 5.67 inches (144 mm) of 9 Oct 1989.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Pakokku
Pakokku or Pa Kok Ku (Burmese:
[pəkoʊʔkù]) is a town in the Magway Division in Myanmar. It is situated about 30 km northwest of Bagan on the Ayeyarwady River. It is the second most important education center for Sangha after Mandalay. It is the administration seat of Pakokku Township and Pakokku District.
The town is home to the Computer University (Pakokku), Pakokku Education College and Pakokku University.
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Patheingyi Township
Patheingyi Township (Burmese: ပုသိမ်ကြီး မြို့နယ်, pronounced: [pəθèiɴdʑí mjo̰nɛ̀]) is located in the eastern part of Mandalay, Myanmar. The township is bounded by Aungmyethazan township and Chanayethazan township in the west. Incorporated into the Mandalay city's limits, Patheingyi represents the eastward march of Mandalay's urban sprawl. Patheingyi is still largely made up of rice paddy fields but in the past two decades has become home to a number of universities.
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Peshawar
Peshawar (Pashto: پېښور Pēx̌awar; Hindko: پيشور Pishōr; Urdu: پشاور Pishāwar; Persian: پیشاور P īshāwar; pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as NWFP), and the administrative centre and central economic hub for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. Peshawar is situated in a large valley near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass. Known as "City on the Frontier", Peshawar's strategic location on the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia has made it one of the most culturally vibrant and lively cities in the greater region. Peshawar is irrigated by various canals of the Kabul River and by its right tributary, the Bara River.
Peshawar has evolved into one of Pakistan's most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities. In the last three decades, there has been a significant increase in urban population, in part due to internal migration of people in search of better employment opportunities, education, and services, and in part because of the influx of Afghan refugees and other people displaced by military operations and civil unrest in neighboring regions. Peshawar is the major educational, political and business center of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
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Phnom Penh
Phnom Penh (/pəˈnɒm ˈpɛn/ or /ˈnɒm ˈpɛn/; Khmer: ភ្នំពេញ, Khmer pronunciation: [pnum pɨɲ]) is the capital and largest city of Cambodia. Located on the banks of the Mekong River, Phnom Penh has been the national capital since the French colonized Cambodia, and has grown to become the nation's center of economic and industrial activities, as well as the center of security, politics, economics, cultural heritage, and diplomacy of Cambodia.
Once known as the “Pearl of Asia”, it was considered one of the loveliest French-built cities in Indochina in the 1920s. Phnom Penh, along with Siem Reap and Sihanoukville, are significant global and domestic tourist destinations for Cambodia. Founded in 1434, the city is noted for its beautiful and historical architecture and attractions. There are a number of surviving French colonial buildings scattered along the grand boulevards.
Situated on the banks of the Tonlé Sap, Mekong and Bassac rivers, the Phnom Penh metropolitan area is home to more than 2 million of Cambodia’s population of over 14 million. The city is the wealthiest and most populous city in Cambodia and is home to the country’s political hub.
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Pyawbwe Township
Pyawbwe Township is a township of Yamethin District in the Mandalay Division of Myanmar.
46 items from the Bronze and Iron Age were excavated by a French-Myanmar joint team near Gyogon village in 2011. 35 human remains including 6 nearly complete remains. 7 humans remains were buried in pots and 3 in wooden coffins. One remain was wearing a bronze ring and a necklace decroated with eyeteeth. The research work had been conducted over 19 sites since 1998. It was the first time human remains found in the area had been buried in wooden coffins and decorated with a necklace.
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Pyigyidagun Township
Pyigyidagun Township (also spelled Pyigyitagun Township; Burmese: ပြည်ကြီးတံခွန် မြို့နယ်, pronounced: [pjìdʑí dəɡʊ̀ɴ mjo̰nɛ̀]) is located in the southern part of Mandalay, Myanmar. The township is bounded by Chanmyathazi township in the north and the west, and Amarapura in the south.
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Pyin U Lwin
Pyin U Lwin or Pyin Oo Lwin (Burmese: ပြင်ဦးလွင်, pronounced: [pjɪ̀ɴ ʔú lwɪ̀ɴ]; MLCTS=prang u: lwang mrui.), formerly Maymyo (မေမြို့), is a scenic hill town in Mandalay Division, Myanmar, located in the Shan Highland, some 67 kilometers (42 mi) east of Mandalay, and at an altitude of 1070 meters (3510 ft).
The town began as a military outpost established near a small Shan village with two dozen households situated on the Lashio-Mandalay trail between Nawnghkio and Mandalay. In 1896, a permanent military post was established in the town and later, because of its climate, it became a hill station and the summer capital of British Burma. The establishment in Burma (civil, commercial and military) would move to Maymyo during the hot season to escape from the high heat and humidity of Rangoon. During British rule and through the 1970s, Maymyo had a large Anglo-Burmese population, but this steadily declined. During the Japanese occupation, as many Anglos were concentrated in and around Maymyo, the Japanese incarcerated many of them for fear of their loyalty to the British very close to Maymyo. Today though, Maymyo still has one of the larger hold over populations of Anglo-Burmese in the country. The British named the location Maymyo, literally May's Town in Burmese, after Colonel May, a veteran of the Indian Mutiny and commander of the Bengal Regiment temporarily stationed at the location of the town in 1887. The military government of Burma renamed the town Pyin U Lwin.
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Pyinmana
Pyinmana (Burmese: ပျဉ်းမနားမြို့; MLCTS: pyanymana: mrui., IPA: [pjɪ̀ɴməná mjo̰]; population: 100,000 (2006 estimate)) is a logging town and sugarcane refinery center in the Mandalay Region of Myanmar. The administrative capital of Myanmar was officially moved to a militarized greenfield site (which the leader, Than Shwe, dubbed Naypyidaw, or Royal City) two miles (3.2 km) west of Pyinmana on November 6, 2005. Pyinmana is approximately 200 miles (320 km) north of Yangon. The village of Yezin, a few miles north and east of Pyinmana, has been the site of national scientific research institutions since the late 1970s.
During World War II, Pyinmana was the base of the Burma Independence Army (later renamed and reorganized into the Burma Defence Army by the Japanese). It was in Pyinmana that the army and its officers were trained. Later the Burma National Army changed sides, aiding the Allies with guerrilla warfare, and the operations were seen as a victory by the Burmese. Pyinmana became an icon in the Burmese Army where it was seen as the place where 'superior invaders' were defeated by the Burmese. This may be one of the reasons why the current junta chose to locate Naypyidaw in such close proximity to Pyinmana.
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Pyinoolwin Township
Pyinoolwin Township (Pyin U Lwin Township, Maymyo Township) is a township in Pyinoolwin District, Mandalay Region of Burma (Mandalay). The administrative seat is Pyin U Lwin.
Pyinoolwin Township includes the following towns and villages:
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Rakhine State
Rakhine State (Burmese: ရခိုင်ပြည်နယ်, Rakhine pronunciation [ɹəkʰàiɴ pɹènè]; Burmese pronunciation: [jəkʰàiɴ pjìnɛ̀]; formerly Arakan) is a Burmese state. Situated on the western coast, it is bordered by Chin State in the north, Magway Region, Bago Region and Ayeyarwady Region in the east, the Bay of Bengal to the west, and the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh to the northwest. It is located approximately between latitudes 17°30' north and 21°30' north and east longitudes 92°10' east and 94°50' east. The Arakan Mountains, which rise to 3,063 metres (10,049 ft) at Victoria Peak, separate Rakhine State from central Burma. Off the coast of Rakhine State there are some fairly large islands such as Cheduba and Myingun Island. Rakhine State has an area of 36,762 square kilometres (14,194 sq mi) and its capital is Sittwe.
The term Rakhine is believed to have been derived from the Pali word "Rakkhapura" from "Rakkhita" meaning the land of the people of Rakhasa (Rakhasa > Rakkha > Rakkhaing > Rakhaing) who were given this name in honor of their preservation of their national heritage and ethics or morality. The word Rakhine means, "one who maintains his own race." In the Rakhine language, the land is called Rakhinepray, the ethnic Rakhine are called Rakhinetha.
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Sagaing
Sagaing (Burmese: စစ်ကိုင်းမြို့; MLCTS: sac kuing: mrui., pronounced: [zəɡáiɴ mjo̰]) is the capital of Sagaing Region (formerly Sagaing Division) in Myanmar. Located on the Ayeyarwady River, 20 km to the southwest of Mandalay on the opposite bank of the river, Sagaing with numerous Buddhist monasteries is an important religious and monastic center. The pagodas and monasteries crowd the numerous hills along the ridge running parallel to the river. The central pagoda, Soon U Ponya Shin Pagoda, is connected by a set of covered staircases that run up the 240 m hill.
Sagaing was the capital of Sagaing Kingdom (1315–1364), one of the minor kingdoms that rose up after the fall of Pagan dynasty. During the Ava period (1364–1555), the city was the common fief of the crown prince or senior princes. The city briefly became the royal capital between 1760 and 1763 in the reign of King Naungdawgyi.
On August 8, 1988, Sagaing was the site of demonstrations which were concluded by a massacre in which around 300 civilians were killed.
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Sagaing Region
Sagaing Region (Burmese: စစ်ကိုင်းတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, pronounced: [zəɡáiɴ táiɴ dèθa̰ dʑí], formerly Sagaing Division) is an administrative region of Burma (Myanmar), located in the north-western part of the country between latitude 21° 30' north and longitude 94° 97' east. It is bordered by India’s Nagaland and Manipur States to the north, Kachin State, Shan State, and Mandalay Region to the east, Mandalay Region and Magway Region to the south, with the Ayeyarwady River forming a greater part of its eastern and also southern boundary, and Chin State and India to the west. The region has an area of 93,527 km², and population (1996) of over 5,300,000. The capital is Sagaing.
The Pyu were the first to in recorded history to populate the area of Sagaing Region by the 1st century CE. The Burmans first migrated into Upper Myanmar by 9th century CE. The area came under the Pagan Kingdom certainly by the middle of 11th century when King Anawrahta (r. 1044-1077) founded the Pagan Empire, which encompasses the modern day Myanmar.
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Shan State
Shan State (Burmese: ရှမ်းပြည်နယ်, pronounced: [ʃáɴ pjìnɛ̀]; Shan: မိုင်းတႆး [mœ́ŋ tɑ́ɪ]) is a state of Burma (Myanmar). Shan State borders China to the north, Laos to the east, and Thailand to the south, and five administrative divisions of Burma in the west. Largest of the 14 administrative divisions by land area, Shan State covers 155,800 km², almost a quarter of the total area of Burma. The state gets its name from the Shan people, one of several ethnic groups that inhabit the area. Shan State is largely rural, with only three cities of significant size: Lashio, Kengtung, and the capital, Taunggyi.
Shan State, with many ethnic groups, is home to several armed ethnic armies. While the military government has signed ceasefire agreements with most groups, vast areas of the state, especially those east of Thanlwin river, remain outside the central government's control, and in recent years have come under heavy ethnic-Chinese economic and political influence, whereas other areas are under the control of military groups such as the Shan State Army.
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Shwebo
Shwebo (Burmese: ရွှေဘိုမြို့ [ʃwèbò mjo̰]) is a city in Sagaing Region, Myanmar, located 113 km northwest of Mandalay between the Irrawaddy and the Mu rivers. The city was the national capital from 1752 to 1760 during the Konbaung period. According to the saying "Oakallawmyi Kongbaung tee",Shwebo was built on Myanmar era 1115 (ျမန္မာသကၠရာဇ္ ၁၁၁၅ ခုႏွစ္၊ ပထမ ၀ါဆိုလျပည့္ေက်ာ္ ၆ ရက္၊ ၾကာသပေတးေန႔)by the king Alaungpayar U Aung Zeya.
Up to 1752, Shwebo was a village, called Moksobo (Burmese: မုဆိုးဘို [moʊʔ sʰó bò]; lit. "Hunter Chief") of about 300 houses. It lies near the site of the ancient Pyu city-state of Hanlin. On 29 February 1752, the chief of the village Aung Zeya founded the Konbaung Dynasty to resist the upcoming invasion of Lower Burma-based Hanthawaddy forces. Aung Zeya, who also assumed the royal title of Alaungpaya, gained the allegiance of 46 surrounding villages, and organized defenses building a stockade and digging a moat around Moksobo. He renamed his village, Shwebo (lit. Golden Chief). Over the next eight years, Alaungpaya led the reunification of Burma with Shwebo as his capital.
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Shwedagon Pagoda
The Shwedagon Pagoda (Burmese: ရွှေတိဂုံ ဘုရား; MLCTS: hrwe ti. gum. bhu. ra:, IPA: [ʃwèdəɡòʊɴ pʰəjá]); Mon: ကျာ် လ္ဂုၚ်, [tɕaɪʔ təkɜ̀ŋ]; officially titled Shwedagon Zedi Daw ([ʃwèdəɡòʊɴ zèdìdɔ̀]), also known in English as the Great Dagon Pagoda and the Golden Pagoda, is a 99 metres (325 ft)[citation needed] gilded pagoda and stupa located in Yangon, Burma. The pagoda lies to the west of Kandawgyi Lake, on Singuttara Hill, thus dominating the skyline of the city. It is the most sacred Buddhist pagoda for the Burmese with relics of the past four Buddhas enshrined within, namely the staff of Kakusandha, the water filter of Koṇāgamana, a piece of the robe of Kassapa and eight strands of hair of Gautama, the historical Buddha. Uppatasanti Pagoda is a same-sized replica of Shwedagon Pagoda in Naypyidaw, the new capital of Burma.
According to tradition, the Shwedagon Pagoda has existed for more than 2,500 years, making it the oldest historical pagoda in Burma and the world. According to tradition, two merchant brothers, Taphussa and Bhallika, from the land of Ramanya, met the Lord Gautama Buddha during his lifetime and received eight of the Buddha's hairs. The brothers traveled back to their homeland in Burma and, with the help of the local king, King Okkalapa of Burma, found Singuttara Hill, where relics of other Buddhas preceding Gautama Buddha had been enshrined. When the king opened the golden casket in which the brothers had carried the hairs, incredible things happened:
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Shwenandaw Monastery
Shwenandaw Monastery (Burmese: ရွှေနန်းတော်ကျောင်း; MLCTS: hrwe. nan: taw kyaung:, IPA: [ʃwènándɔ̀ tʃáun]; lit. "Golden Palace Monastery") is a historical monastery located near Mandalay Hill, Mandalay Division, Myanmar (formerly Burma).
It was built by King Mindon in the 19th century. It is known for its teak carvings of Buddhist myths, which adorn its walls and roofs. The monastery is built in the traditional Burmese architectural style. King Mindon Min died on this building. King Thibaw Min, son of King Mindon moved this building from the palace to its current location. Shwenandaw Monastery is the single remaining major structure of the original wooden Royal Palace today.
Media related to Shwenandaw Monastery at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 22°0′2.43″N 96°6′49.40″E / 22.000675°N 96.113722°E / 22.000675; 96.113722
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Shwezigon Pagoda
The Shwezigon Pagoda or Shwezigon Paya (Burmese: ရွှေစည်းခုံဘုရား) is a Buddhist temple located in Nyaung-U, a town near Bagan, in Burma (Myanmar). It is a prototype of Burmese stupas, and consists of a circular gold leaf-gilded stupa surrounded by smaller temples and shrines. Construction of the Shwezigon Pagoda began during the reign of King Anawrahta and was completed in 1102 AD, during the reign of King Kyansittha of the Pagan Dynasty. The pagoda is believed to enshrine a bone and tooth of Gautama Buddha. Within the compound of the Shwezigon Pagoda is a stone pillar containing Mon language inscriptions dedicated by King Kyansittha.
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Singapore
Singapore (i/ˈsɪŋəpɔər/ SI-ngə-pohr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. Singapore is highly urbanised but almost half of the country is covered by greenery. More land is being created for development through land reclamation.
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Singu
Singu is a town in the Mandalay Division of central Myanmar.
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Singu Township
Singu (Burmese: စဥ့်ကူးမြို့နယ်) is a township of Pyinoolwin District, Mandalay Division, Myanmar.
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Sintgaing
Sintgaing (Burmese: စဥ့်ကိုင်မြို့) is a town in the Mandalay Region of central Myanmar.
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Sintgaing Township
Sintgaing Township is a township of Kyaukse District in the Mandalay Region of Burma (Myanmar).
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Sinywagale
Sinywagale is a village in Madaya Township in Pyin Oo Lwin District in the Mandalay Division of central Myanmar. It lies approximately 15 kilometres north of Mandalay city.
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Tanintharyi Region
Tanintharyi Region (Burmese: တနင်္သာရီတိုင်းဒေသကြီး [tənɪ́ɴθàjì táɪɴ dèθa̰ dʑí], Mon: ဏၚ်ကသဳ or တနၚ်သြဳ; formerly Tenasserim Division and subsequently Tanintharyi Division, Thai: ตะนาวศรี; RTGS: Tanao Si, Malay: Tanah Sari' تانه ساري), is an administrative region of Myanmar, covering the long narrow southern part of the country on the Kra Isthmus. It borders the Andaman Sea to the west and the Tenasserim Hills, beyond which lies Thailand, to the east. To the north is the Mon State. There are many islands off the coast, the large Mergui Archipelago in the southern and central coastal areas and the smaller Moscos Islands off the northern shores. The capital of the division is Dawei (Tavoy). Other important cities are Myeik (Mergui) and Kawthaung. The division covers an area of 43,328 km², and had an estimated population of 1,455,000 in 2002.
Tanintharyi Region historically included the entire Tanintharyi peninsula—today's Tanintharyi Region, Mon State and southern Kayin State. The northernmost peninsula region was part of the Thaton Kingdom before 1057, and the entire coastline became part of King Anawrahta's Pagan Empire after 1057. After the fall of Pagan in 1287, the area fell to the Siamese kingdom of Sukhothai, and later its successor Ayutthaya Kingdom. The region's northernmost border was around the Thanlwin (Salween) river near today's Mawlamyaing (Moulmein).
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Taungtha
Taungtha or Thaungtha is a town in the Mandalay Division of central Burma (Myanmar). It located southwest of the volcanic cone Mount Taungtha (1788 ft) and above the right (east) bank of the Sindewa (Sintewa) River. Taungtha is the administrative seat for Taungtha Township, and is on both the Taunggyi–Myingyan railway and the Meiktila–Myingyan highway. It is also on the Western Trunk Road from Kyaukpadaung to Natogyi.
Taungtha is in the cotton growing area of Burma and the China World Best Group completed a garment factory there in 2006.
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Taungtha Township
Taungtha Township is a township of Myingyan District in the Mandalay Division of Burma (Myanmar). Its principal town and administrative seat is Taungtha.
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Thabeikkyin
Thabeikkyin is a town in the Mandalay Division of central Myanmar. It is alleged by the Democratic Voice of Burma that a secret nuclear facility is located there. [1]
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Thabeikkyin Township
Thabeikkyin Township (Tha Pate Kyin Township) is a township of Pyin Oo Lwin District in the Mandalay Region of Burma. It is the northern-most township in Pyin Oo Lwin District and, although it primarily lies on the east bank (left bank) of the Irrawaddy, it has a small enclave on the western bank extending as far as the village of Gagalaw, near the town of Baw in Katha District, Sagaing Region. On the south it borders Singu Township, on the east, Mogote Township and further north Shan State, while it abuts Tigyaing Township of Sagaing Region to the north.
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Thazi Township
Thazi Township is a township of Meiktila District in the Mandalay Region of Burma.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Wundwin
Wundwin is a town in the Mandalay Division of central Myanmar.
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Wundwin Township
Wundwin is a township of Meiktila District in the Mandalay Division of Burma.
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Yamethin
Yamethin is a town in central Burma (Myanmar) in Yamethin District, Mandalay Region. Yamethin provides a market and processing for local agriculture production of rice and beans, as well having a small textile industry, and serving as a railroad shipping point on the Rangoon (Yangon) – Mandalay line.
Coordinates: 20°26′N 96°09′E / 20.433°N 96.15°E / 20.433; 96.15
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Yamethin District
Yamethin District is a district of the Mandalay Division in central Burma.
The district contains the following townships:
Coordinates: 20°15′N 96°15′E / 20.25°N 96.25°E / 20.25; 96.25
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Yamethin Township
Yamethin Township is a township of Yamethin District in the Mandalay Region of Burma (Myanmar). The administrative seat and principal city is Yamethin, which is also the major rail stop in the township.
Among the many communities in Yamethin Township are: North and South Pyar Si, Upper and Lower Warpyutaung (Wapyudaung), and Yebyu.
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Yangon
Yangon (Burmese: ရန်ကုန်; MLCTS: rankun mrui, pronounced: [jàɴɡòʊɴ mjo̰]; also known as Rangoon, literally: "End of Strife") is a former capital of Burma (Myanmar) and the capital of Yangon Region. Although the military government has officially relocated the capital to Naypyidaw since March 2006, Yangon, with a population of over four million, continues to be the country's largest city and the most important commercial centre.
Yangon's infrastructure is undeveloped compared to those of other major cities in Southeast Asia. Yangon has the largest number of colonial buildings in Southeast Asia today. While many high-rise residential and commercial buildings have been constructed or renovated throughout downtown and Greater Yangon in the past two decades, most satellite towns that ring the city continue to be deeply impoverished.
Yangon (ရန်ကုန်) is a combination of the two words yan (ရန်) and koun (ကုန်), which mean "enemies" and "run out of" respectively. It is also translated as "End of Strife". "Rangoon" most likely comes from the British imitation of the pronunciation of "Yangon" in the Rakhine dialect (Arakanese) of Burmese, which is [rɔ̀ɴɡʊ́ɴ].
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Yangon Region
Yangon Region (Burmese: ရန်ကုန်တိုင်းဒေသကြီး, MLCTS:rankun tuing desa. kri:, pronounced: [jàɴɡòʊɴ táɪɴ dèθa̰ dʑí]; formerly Rangoon Division and Yangon Division) is an administrative region of Myanmar. Located in the heart of Lower Myanmar, the division is bordered by Bago Region in the north and east, the Gulf of Martaban in the south, and Ayeyarwady Region in the west. Yangon Region is dominated by its capital city of Yangon, the former national capital and the largest city in the country. Other important cities are Thanlyin and Twante. The division is the most developed region of the country and the main international gateway. The division measures 10,170 km2 (3,930 sq mi).
The region was historically populated by the Mon. Politically, the area was controlled by Mon kingdoms prior to 1057, and after 1057, with few exceptions, by Burman kingdoms from the north. The control of the region reverted back to Bago-based Mon kingdoms in the 13th to 16th centuries (1287–1539) and briefly in 18th century (1740–1757). The Portuguese were in control of Thanlyin (Syriam) and the surrounding area from 1599 to 1613. For centuries, Thanlyin was the most important port city in Lower Myanmar until the mid-18th century when King Alaungpaya chose to enlarge a small village across the river near the great Shwedagon Pagoda named Dagon.
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Yunnan
Coordinates: 24°30′N 101°30′E / 24.5°N 101.5°E / 24.5; 101.5
Yunnan (simplified Chinese: 云南; traditional Chinese: 雲南; pinyin: Yúnnán; IPA: [y̌nnǎn] ( listen)) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country spanning approximately 394,000 square kilometers (152,000 sq mi) and with a population of 45.7 million (2009). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.
Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with high elevations in the northwest and low elevations in the southeast. Most of the population lives in the eastern part of the province. In the west, the relative height from mountain peaks to river valleys can be as much as 3,000 m.[citation needed] Yunnan is rich in natural resources and has the largest diversity of plant life in China. Of the approximately 30,000 species of higher plants in China, Yunnan has perhaps 17,000 or more.[citation needed] Yunnan's reserves of aluminium, lead, zinc and tin are the largest in China, and there are also major reserves of copper and nickel.[citation needed] Yunnan has over 600 rivers and lakes, which provide an annual water supply of 222 billion cubic meters.[citation needed] Projected hydropower reserves stand at 103 GW, with an exploitable capacity of 90 GW.[citation needed]
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Bodawpaya
Bodawpaya (Burmese: ဘိုးတော်ဘုရား, pronounced: [bódɔ̀ pʰəjá]; Thai: ปะดุง; 11 March 1745 – 5 June 1819) was the sixth king of the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma. Born Maung Shwe Waing and later Badon Min, he was the fourth son of Alaungpaya, founder of the dynasty and the Third Burmese Empire. He was proclaimed king after deposing his nephew Phaungkaza Maung Maung, son of his oldest brother Naungdawgyi, at Ava. Bodawpaya moved the royal capital back to Amarapura in 1782. He was titled Hsinbyumyashin (Lord of the White Elephants), although he became known to posterity as Bodawpaya in relation to his successor, his grandson Bagyidaw (Royal Elder Uncle), who in turn was given this name in relation to his nephew Mindon Min. He fathered 62 sons and 58 daughters by about 200 consorts.
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Chinese people
The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following:
Race (hereditary reasons), nationality, citizenship, place of residence (geographical factors), and ancestry (historical and genealogical factors) can be used to define someone as Chinese.
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Colin Hay
Colin James Hay (born 29 June 1953) is a Scottish-Australian musician, who made his mark during the 1980s as lead vocalist of the Australian band Men at Work, and later as a solo artist. Regarding his solo career, Hay stated, in 2011: "I feel like it’s been building for the last fifteen, or so, years that I’ve been touring. It’s slow and steady. It’s been word-of-mouth. People see the show, like it, and tell their friends. It feels very organic."
Hay's music has been frequently used by actor and director Zach Braff in his work, subsequently leading to a career rebirth in the mid-2000s. Commenting on his younger fanbase, Hay noted, "Most of them have an idea about Men at Work, but that's the subplot. They picked up on me since Scrubs, they're young enough they never heard of Men at Work. But I've found if people discover you they discover everything about you."
Hay was born in Kilwinning, North Ayrshire, Scotland, but moved to Australia at the age of 14 with his family.
In 1978, Hay met Ron Strykert and the men began playing acoustic music as a duo. Hay and Strykert formed the band Men at Work, adding Jerry Speiser (drums), John Rees (bassist) and Greg Ham (flautist/saxophonist). The group released their debut album Business as Usual in 1981.
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Daphne du Maurier
Dame Daphne du Maurier, Lady Browning DBE ( /ˈdæfni duː ˈmɒri.eɪ/; 13 May 1907 – 19 April 1989) was a British author and playwright.
Many of her works have been adapted into films, including the novels Rebecca (which won the Best Picture Oscar in 1941) and Jamaica Inn and the short stories The Birds and Don't Look Now. The first three were directed by Alfred Hitchcock.
Her elder sister was the writer Angela du Maurier. Her father was the actor Gerald du Maurier. Her grandfather was the writer George du Maurier.
Daphne du Maurier was born in London, the second of three daughters of the prominent actor-manager Sir Gerald du Maurier and actress Muriel Beaumont (maternal niece of William Comyns Beaumont). Her grandfather was the author and Punch cartoonist George du Maurier, who created the character of Svengali in the novel Trilby.
These connections helped her in establishing her literary career, and du Maurier published some of her very early work in Beaumont's Bystander magazine. Her first novel, The Loving Spirit, was published in 1931.
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Dudley Moore
Dudley Stuart John Moore, CBE (19 April 1935 – 27 March 2002) was an English actor, comedian, composer and musician.
Moore first came to prominence as one of the four writer-performers in the ground-breaking comedy revue Beyond the Fringe in the early 1960s, and then became famous as half of the highly popular television double-act he formed with Peter Cook.
His fame as a comedy film actor was later heightened by success in hit Hollywood films such as 10 with Bo Derek and Arthur in the late 1970s and early 1980s, respectively. He received an Oscar nomination for the latter role. He was frequently referred to in the media as "Cuddly Dudley" or "The Sex Thimble", a reference to his short stature and reputation as a "ladies' man".
Moore was born in Charing Cross Hospital, London, the son of Ada Francis (née Hughes), a secretary, and John Moore, a railway electrician. He was brought up in Dagenham, Essex. He was notably short: 5 ft 2.5 in (1.588 m) and was born with club feet that required extensive hospital treatment and which, coupled with his diminutive stature, made him the butt of jokes from other children. His right foot responded well to corrective treatment and had straightened itself by the time he was six, but his left foot became permanently twisted and consequently his left leg below the knee was withered. Seeking refuge from his problems, he became a choirboy at the age of six and took up piano and violin. He rapidly developed into a highly talented pianist and organist and was playing the pipe organ at church weddings by the age of 14. He attended Dagenham County High School (now The Sydney Russell School) where he received musical tuition from a dedicated teacher, Peter Cork. Cork became a friend and confidant to Moore, corresponding with him until 1994.
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Elton John
Sir Elton Hercules John, CBE (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight on 25 March 1947) is an English rock singer-songwriter, composer, pianist and occasional actor. He has worked with lyricist Bernie Taupin as his songwriter partner since 1967; they have collaborated on more than 30 albums to date.
In his four-decade career John has sold more than 250 million records, making him one of the most successful artists of all time. His single "Candle in the Wind 1997" has sold over 33 million copies worldwide, and is the best selling single in Billboard history. He has more than 50 Top 40 hits, including seven consecutive No. 1 US albums, 56 Top 40 singles, 16 Top 10, four No. 2 hits, and nine No. 1 hits. He has won six Grammy Awards, four Brit Awards, an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Tony Award. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked him Number 49 on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time.
John was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. Having been named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1996, John received a knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II for "services to music and charitable services" in 1998.
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Erasmus Darwin
Erasmus Darwin (12 December 1731 – 18 April 1802) was an English physician who turned down George III's invitation to be a physician to the King. One of the key thinkers of the Midlands Enlightenment, he was also a natural philosopher, physiologist, slave trade abolitionist, inventor and poet. His poems included much natural history, including a statement of evolution and the relatedness of all forms of life. He was a member of the Darwin–Wedgwood family, which includes his grandsons Charles Darwin and Francis Galton. Darwin was also a founding member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, a discussion group of pioneering industrialists and natural philosophers.
Erasmus Darwin House, his home in Lichfield, is now a museum dedicated to Erasmus Darwin and his life's work. A school in nearby Chasetown recently converted to Academy status and is now known as Erasmus Darwin Academy.
Born at Elston Hall, Nottinghamshire near Newark-on-Trent, England, the youngest of seven children of Robert Darwin of Elston (12 August 1682–20 November 1754), a lawyer, and his wife Elizabeth Hill (1702–1797). The name Erasmus had been used by a number of his family and derives from his ancestor Erasmus Earle, Common Sergent of England under Oliver Cromwell. His siblings were:
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Frank Sinatra
Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra, /sɨˈnɑːtrə/, (December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer and film actor.
Beginning his musical career in the swing era with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey, Sinatra became an unprecedentedly successful solo artist in the early to mid-1940s, after being signed to Columbia Records in 1943. Being the idol of the "bobby soxers", he released his first album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra in 1946. His professional career had stalled by the 1950s, but it was reborn in 1953 after he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here to Eternity.
He signed with Capitol Records in 1953 and released several critically lauded albums (such as In the Wee Small Hours, Songs for Swingin' Lovers, Come Fly with Me, Only the Lonely and Nice 'n' Easy). Sinatra left Capitol to found his own record label, Reprise Records in 1961 (finding success with albums such as Ring-a-Ding-Ding!, Sinatra at the Sands and Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim), toured internationally, was a founding member of the Rat Pack and fraternized with celebrities and statesmen, including John F. Kennedy. Sinatra turned 50 in 1965, recorded the retrospective September of My Years, starred in the Emmy-winning television special Frank Sinatra: A Man and His Music, and scored hits with "Strangers in the Night" and "My Way".
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George Harrison
George Harrison,MBE (25 February 1943 – 29 November 2001) was an English musician and singer-songwriter who achieved international fame as lead guitarist of The Beatles. Often referred to as "the quiet Beatle", Harrison became over time an admirer of Indian culture and mysticism, and introduced it to the other Beatles, as well as their Western audience. Following the band's break-up he was a successful solo artist, and later a founding member of the Traveling Wilburys. Harrison was also a session musician and a film and record producer. He is listed at number 11 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Although most of The Beatles' songs were written by Lennon and McCartney, Beatle albums generally included one or two of Harrison's own songs, from With The Beatles onwards. His later compositions with The Beatles include "Here Comes the Sun", "Something" and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". By the time of the band's break-up, Harrison had accumulated a backlog of material, which he then released as the triple album All Things Must Pass in 1970, from which two hit singles originated: a double A-side single, "My Sweet Lord" backed with "Isn't It a Pity", and "What Is Life". In addition to his solo work, Harrison co-wrote two hits for former Beatle Ringo Starr, as well as songs for the Traveling Wilburys—the supergroup he formed in 1988 with Jeff Lynne, Bob Dylan, Tom Petty, and Roy Orbison.
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George Orwell
Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist and journalist. His work is marked by keen intelligence and wit, a profound awareness of social injustice, an intense opposition to totalitarianism, a passion for clarity in language and a belief in democratic socialism.
Considered perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of English culture, Orwell wrote literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. He is best known for the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and the allegorical novella Animal Farm (1945), which together have sold more copies than any two books by any other 20th-century author. His book Homage to Catalonia (1938), an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, is widely acclaimed, as are his numerous essays on politics, literature, language and culture. In 2008, The Times ranked him second on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".
Orwell's influence on popular and political culture endures, and several of his neologisms, along with the term Orwellian—a byword for totalitarian or manipulative social practices—have entered the vernacular.
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John Masters
Lieutenant Colonel John Masters, DSO (1914–1983) was an English officer in the British Indian Army and novelist. His works are noted for their treatment of the British Empire in India.
Masters was the son of a lieutenant-colonel whose family had a long tradition of service in the Indian Army. He was educated at Wellington and Sandhurst. On graduating from Sandhurst in 1933, he was seconded to the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (DCLI) for a year before applying to serve with the 4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles. He saw service on the North-West Frontier with the 2nd battalion of the regiment, and was rapidly given a variety of appointments within the battalion and the regimental depot, becoming the Adjutant of the 2nd battalion in early 1939.
During World War II his battalion was sent to Basra in Iraq, during the brief Anglo-Iraqi War. Masters subsequently served in Iraq, Syria and Persia. In early 1942, he attended the Indian Army Staff College at Quetta. Here he met the wife of a fellow officer and began an affair. They were later to marry. This caused a small scandal at the time.
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Kanishka
Kanishka (Kanishka the Great), (Sanskrit: कनिष्क, Bactrian language: Κανηϸκι, Middle Chinese: 迦腻色伽 (Jianisejia)) was an emperor of the Kushan Empire, ruling an empire extending from Bactria to large parts of northern India in the 2nd century of the common era, and famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. His main capital was at Purushpura (Peshawar in present day northwestern Pakistan) with regional capitals at the location of the modern city of Taxila in Pakistan, Begram in Afghanistan and Mathura in India.
Kanishka was a Kushan of probable Yuezhi ethnicity. He used an Eastern Iranian, Indo-European language known as Bactrian (called "αρια," i. e. "Aryan" in the Rabatak inscription), which appears in Greek script in his inscriptions, though it is not certain what language the Kushans originally spoke; possibly some form of Tocharian - a "centum" Indo-European language. The "Aryan" language of the inscription was a "satem" Middle Iranian language, possibly the one spoken in "Arya" or "Ariana" (the region around modern Herat) and was, therefore, quite possibly unrelated to the original language of the Kushans (or the Yuezhi), but adopted by them to facilitate communication with local people.
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Ken Russell
Henry Kenneth Alfred "Ken" Russell (3 July 1927 – 27 November 2011) was an English film director, known for his pioneering work in television and film and for his flamboyant and controversial style. He attracted criticism as being obsessed with sexuality and the church. His films often dealt with the lives of famous composers or were based on other works of art which he adapted loosely. Russell began directing for the BBC, where he made creative adaptations of composers' lives which were unusual for the time. He also directed many feature films independently and for studios.
He is best known for his Oscar-winning film Women in Love (1969), The Devils (1971), The Who's Tommy (1975), and the science fiction film Altered States (1980). Classical musicians and conductors held him in high regard for his story-driven biopics of various composers, most famously Elgar, Delius, Liszt, Mahler and Tchaikovsky.
British film critic Mark Kermode speaking in 2006, and attempting to sum up the director's achievement, called Russell, "somebody who proved that British cinema didn't have to be about kitchen-sink realism—it could be every bit as flamboyant as Fellini. Later in his life he turned to making experimental films such as Lion's Mouth and Revenge of the Elephant Man, and they are as edgy and 'out there' as ever".
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Kurt Weill
Kurt Julian Weill (March 2, 1900 – April 3, 1950) was a German-Jewish composer, active from the 1920s, and in his later years in the United States. He was a leading composer for the stage who was best known for his fruitful collaborations with Bertolt Brecht. With Brecht, he developed productions such as his most well known work The Threepenny Opera, a Marxist critique of capitalism, which included the ballad "Mack the Knife". Weill was a socialist[unreliable source?] who held the ideal of writing music that served a socially useful purpose. He also wrote a number of works for the concert hall, as well as several Judaism-themed pieces.
Kurt Julian Weill was born on March 2, 1900, the third of four children to Albert Weill (1867–1950) and Emma Weill née Ackermann (1872–1955). He grew up in a religious Jewish family in the "Sandvorstadt", the Jewish quarter in Dessau, Germany, where his father was a cantor. At the age of twelve, Kurt Weill started taking piano lessons and made his first attempts at writing music; his earliest preserved composition was written in 1913 and is titled Mi Addir. Jewish Wedding Song.
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Lars von Trier
Lars von Trier (Danish pronunciation: [ˈlɑːs fʌn ˈtʁiːˀɐ]; born Lars Trier; 30 April 1956) is a Danish film director and screenwriter. He is closely associated with the Dogme 95 collective – an avant-garde filmmaking movement – although his own films have taken a variety of approaches. His work has frequently divided the critics.
Von Trier began making films at the age of eleven. Raised by a communist mother and a socialist father in an austere environment, he converted at the age of 30 to the Catholic Church. Von Trier suffers periodically from depression, as well as various fears and phobias, including an intense fear of flying. As he himself said in an interview, "Basically, I'm afraid of everything in life, except filmmaking".. His first publicly released film was an experimental short called The Orchid Gardener (1977) and his first feature film came seven years later with The Element of Crime (1984). Among many other prizes, awards and nominations, he is the recipient of the Palme d'Or, the Grand Prix, and the Prix du Jury at the Cannes Film Festival.
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Leon Russell
Claude Russell Bridges (born April 2, 1942), known professionally as Leon Russell, is an American musician and songwriter, who has recorded as a session musician, sideman, and maintained a solo career in music.
Born in Lawton, Oklahoma, he began playing piano at the age of four. Russell attended Will Rogers High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma. At this time he was already performing at Tulsa nightclubs. After moving to Los Angeles, he became a session musician, working as a pianist on the recordings of many notable musical artists since the 1960s. By the late 1960s, Russell diversified, becoming successful as an arranger and wrote/co-wrote songs. As a musician, he worked his way from gigs as a sideman to well known performers. By 1970 he had graduated to solo recording artist, although he never ended all his previous roles within the music industry.
Russell was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame on Monday, March 14, 2011, at a black-tie dinner at The Waldorf-Astoria hotel in Manhattan.
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Ludu Daw Amar
Ludu Daw Amar (also Ludu Daw Ah Mar; Burmese: လူထုဒေါ်အမာ, pronounced: [lùdṵ dɔ̀ ʔəmà]; 29 November 1915 – 7 April 2008) was a well known and respected leading dissident writer and journalist in Mandalay, Burma. She was married to fellow writer and journalist Ludu U Hla and was the mother of popular writer Nyi Pu Lay. She is best known for her outspoken anti-government views and radical left wing journalism besides her outstanding work on traditional Burmese arts, theatre, dance and music, and several works of translation from English, both fiction and non-fiction.
Born into an old established Mandalay family that traded in tobacco and manufactured cheroots, Amar was the fourth in a family of twelve, of whom only six survived to adulthood. She was educated at the American Baptist Mission School and subsequently the National High School under the headmaster Abdul Razak who later became the Education Minister in Aung San's cabinet and was assassinated with him and others in July 1947. She read science at the Mandalay Intermediate College and went on to Rangoon University for a Bachelor's degree. Her first notable work was a translation of Trials in Burma by Maurice Collis in 1938, and by that time she was already published in the university's Owei (အိုးဝေ, Peacock's Call) magazine, and also Kyipwa Yay (ကြီးပွားရေးမဂ္ဂဇင်း, Progress) magazine, run by her future husband U Hla, under her own name as well as the pen names Mya Myint Zu and Khin La Win.
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Mindon Min
Mindon Min (Burmese: မင်းတုန်းမင်း, pronounced: [mɪ́ɴdóʊɴ mɪ́ɴ]; 8 July 1808 – 1 October 1878) was the penultimate king of Burma (Myanmar) from 1853 to 1878. He was one of the most popular and revered kings of Burma. Under his half brother King Pagan, the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852 ended with the annexation of Lower Burma by the British Empire. Mindon and his younger brother Kanaung overthrew their half brother King Pagan. He spent most of his reign trying to defend the upper portion of his country from British encroachments, and to modernize his kingdom.
King Mindon founded the last royal capital of Burma, Mandalay, in 1857. His younger brother Kanaung proved to be a great administrator and modernizer. During Mindon's reign, scholars were sent to France, Italy, the United States, and Great Britain, in order to learn about the tremendous progress achieved by the Industrial Revolution.
During Mindon's reign, the following reforms were undertaken: centralization of the kingdom's internal administration, introduction of a salary system for the bureaucracy (to dampen the authority and income of bureaucrats), fixed judicial fees, comprehensive penal laws, reorganization of the financial system, removal of trade barriers including custom duties, reform of the thathameda taxes (to increase direct taxation), and modernization of the kingdom's army and introduction of new police forces.
wn.com/Mindon_Min -
Myoma Nyein
Myoma Nyein (25 January 1909 – 15 September 1955) was a renowned Burmese musician and composer. Born Kyaw Nyein to father U Nyi, a goldsmith, and mother Daw Chit Oo, a lacquerware merchant in Mandalay, Myanmar, he was educated at Central National School, Mandalay. At the age of ten, he learnt a Burmese classic titled Jambu Kyun Lone (Universal) from Deva Einda Maung Maung Gyi in a single day much to the surprise of the famous harpist. In 1925 he co-founded the Myoma (meaning City Proper) music band or Myoma Amateur Music Association with his teacher artist and musician U Ba Thet and a city burgher Dahdan U Thant.
Myoma Nyein's greatest love song was ''Chit Da Phadana'' (Love is Fundamental), the gramophone recording made circa 1935-38.
One of his earlier songs written in 1939 was Eindawya Paya Zay in support of Mandalay's central Zegyo Market shopkeepers' all out strike against Section 23(7) enacted by the British colonial government when they relocated to the Eindawya Pagoda precincts.
During the Second World War, the music troupe along with the townspeople of Mandalay fled to Sagaing Hills across the Ayeyarwady River, and Myoma Nyein came up with the song Sagaing Taung (Sagaing Hills) among others.
wn.com/Myoma_Nyein -
Nanda
Nanda (also Nandha and Nandhra) is a surname of Punjabis . Nanda is a Tarkhan (Punjab) and Kamboj surname. All the clans of Tarkhan (Punjab), Lohar, Gujjar, Kamboj tribes have a close genetic and ancestral relationship with each other, and together they form the Khatri caste.
Nanda (and Nandha) is a Kamboj clan name found among the Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus Kamboj of India, Pakistan and Afghanistan .
Some of the Tarkhan people such as Ramgarhias of Mohali, Jallandhar, Amritsar, and Chandigarh have Nanda as their surname.
Nandra is sikh ramgarhia clan
In earlier days the Virdi, Hunjan, Kalsi, Bhogal, Bhuie, Dev, Jandu, Bhambra, Bhurjee, Matharu, Rayat, and Sehmi had a historical connection with Nanda, as mentioned in the Lions of Punjab.
wn.com/Nanda -
Ne Win
Ne Win (Burmese: နေဝင်း IPA: [nè wɪ́ɴ]; born on 24 May or 14 May 1911 or 10 July 1910 – 5 December 2002) was a Burmese politician and military commander. He was Prime Minister of Burma from 1958 to 1960 and 1962 to 1974 and also head of state from 1962 to 1981. He also was the founder and from 1962 to 1988 the chairman of the Burma Socialist Programme Party, which from 1964 until 1988 was the sole political party in the Burmese nation state.
Ne Win's date of birth is not known with certainty. The English language publication Who's Who in Burma published in 1961 by People's Literature House, Rangoon, stated that Ne Win was born on 24 May 1911. Dr. Maung Maung stated in the Burmese version of his book Burma and General Ne Win, also published in English, that Ne Win was born on 14 May 1911. However, in a book written in Burmese titled The Thirty Comrades, the author Kyaw Nyein gave Ne Win's date of birth as 10 July 1910.
wn.com/Ne_Win -
Oley Speaks
Oley Speaks (June 28, 1874 – August 7, 1948) was an accomplished composer and songwriter who was born in Canal Winchester, Franklin County, Ohio. The Canal Winchester Area Historical Society Museum has exhibits about the life of Oley Speaks, including original sheet music written by him.
Speaks was born in Canal Winchester, Ohio, the son of a grain merchant and contractor. He was ten when his father died, and his family moved to Columbus soon afterwards. He learned the piano as a boy, and was praised for his baritone voice as early as 1891 by The Columbus Dispatch. In the 1890s he began his career as a railroad clerk at a station in Columbus, Ohio, until he decided to pursue his musical passions. He was developing a reputation as a fine baritone singer in churches in Columbus before he moved to New York City in 1898 and started taking lessons. One of his voice teachers was the American soprano Emma Thursby. Speaks had a successful career as a singer, touring the US giving recitals and also appearing in oratorios.
wn.com/Oley_Speaks -
Peter Cook
Peter Edward Cook (17 November 1937 – 9 January 1995) was an English satirist, writer and comedian. An extremely influential figure in modern British comedy, he is regarded as the leading light of the British satire boom of the 1960s. Cook has been described by Stephen Fry as "the funniest man who ever drew breath", although his work was also controversial. Cook was closely associated with anti-establishment comedy which emerged in Britain and the United States in the late 1950s.
Cook was born at his parents' house "Shearbridge", in Middle Warberry Road, Torquay, Devon. He was the only son and eldest of the three children of Alexander Edward (Alec) Cook (1906–1984), a colonial civil servant, and his wife Ethel Catherine Margaret, née Mayo (1908–1994). He was educated at Radley College and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he studied French and German. As a student, Cook initially intended to become a career diplomat like his father, but Britain "had run out of colonies", as he put it. Although politically largely apathetic, particularly in later life when he displayed a deep distrust of politicians of all hues, he did join the Cambridge University Liberal Club.
wn.com/Peter_Cook -
Rob Hirst
Robert George "Rob" Hirst (born in 1955) is an Australian musician from Camden, New South Wales. He is a founding member of rock band Midnight Oil on drums, percussion and backing vocals from the 1970s until the band's break up in 2002. He also wrote a book, Willie's Bar & Grill, recounting the experiences on the tour Midnight Oil embarked on shortly after the 11 September terrorist attacks in 2001.
In the early 1970s, schoolboys Rob Hirst and Jim Moginie along with friend Andrew "Bear" James played their first public performance in a school hall in Sydney’s leafy northern suburbs under the name Schwampy Moose playing mainly Beatles covers. By 1976 the band had changed their name to Farm and Hirst, now a student at University of Sydney (BA/LLB), placed an advertisement in The Sydney Morning Herald for a singer to join the trio. The new line up of Peter Garrett (lead vocals), Hirst (drums and vocals), Moginie (guitar, keyboards, backing vocals), and James (bass guitar) was joined soon after by Martin Rotsey on guitar and their manager and 6th member Gary Morris. The band changed their name to Midnight Oil.
wn.com/Rob_Hirst -
Robbie Williams
Robert Peter "Robbie" Williams (born 13 February 1974) is an English singer-songwriter, vocal coach and occasional actor. He is a member of the pop group Take That.
Williams rose to fame in the band's first run in the early- to mid-1990s. After many disagreements with the management and certain group members, Williams left the group in 1995 to launch his solo career. On 15 July 2010, it was announced he had rejoined Take That and that the group intended to release a new album in November 2010 which became the second fastest-selling album of all-time in UK chart history and the fastest-selling record of the century.
Williams has sold over 70 million records worldwide, which ranks him among the best-selling music artists worldwide. He is the best-selling British solo artist in the United Kingdom and the best selling non-Latino artist in Latin America. Six of his albums are among the top 100 biggest-selling albums in the United Kingdom. He has also been honoured with seventeen BRIT Awards—more than any other artist—and seven ECHO Awards. In 2004, he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame after being voted as the "Greatest Artist of the 1990s."
wn.com/Robbie_Williams -
Rudyard Kipling
Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( /ˈrʌdjəd ˈkɪplɪŋ/ RUD-yəd KIP-ling; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English poet, short-story writer, and novelist chiefly remembered for his tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. Kipling received the 1907 Nobel Prize for Literature. He was born in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, and was taken by his family to England when he was five years old. Kipling is best known for his works of fiction, including The Jungle Book (a collection of stories which includes "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"), Just So Stories (1902) (1894), Kim (1901) (a tale of adventure), many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888); and his poems, including Mandalay (1890), Gunga Din (1890), The White Man's Burden (1899) and If— (1910). He is regarded as a major "innovator in the art of the short story"; his children's books are enduring classics of children's literature; and his best works are said to exhibit "a versatile and luminous narrative gift".
wn.com/Rudyard_Kipling -
Shan people
The Shan (Shan: တႆး; IPA: [tɑ́ɪ], Burmese: ရှမ်းလူမျိုး; [ʃán lùmjó]; Chinese: 掸族 or 傣族; pinyin: Shànzú) are a Tai ethnic group of Southeast Asia. The Shan live primarily in the Shan State of Burma (Myanmar), but also inhabit parts of Mandalay Division, Kachin State, and Kayin State, and in adjacent regions of China and Thailand. Though no reliable census has been taken in Burma since 1935, the Shan are estimated to number approximately 6 million.
The capital of Shan State is Taunggyi, a small city of about 150,000 people. Other major cities include Thibaw (Hsipaw), Lashio, Kengtung and Tachileik.
The Shan people can be divided into five major groups:
There are various ethnic groups designated as Tai throughout Shan State and Kachin State. Some of these groups in fact speak Tibeto-Burman and Mon-Khmer languages, although they are assimilated into Shan society. The following list is drawn from Edmondson (2008).
The majority of Shan are Theravada Buddhists, and the Shan constitute one of the four main Buddhist ethnic groups in Burma; the others are the Bamar, the Mon and the Rakhine.
wn.com/Shan_people -
Supayalat
Supayalat (Burmese: စုဖုရားလတ်, pronounced: [sṵpʰəjá laʔ]; 13 December 1859 – 24 November 1925) was the last queen of Burma who reigned in Mandalay (1878–1885), born to King Mindon Min and Queen of Alenandaw (literally Middle Palace, also known as Hsinbyumashin or Lady of the White Elephant). The British corruption of her name was 'Soup Plate'. She was married to her half-brother, Thibaw, who became the last king of the Konbaung dynasty in 1878, upon Mindon Min's death. She is best known for engineering a massacre of 80 to 100 royal family members, to prevent potential rivals from usurping Thibaw's power, although she had always denied any knowledge of the plot, which may have been hatched by her mother together with some of the ministers, including the chancellor Kinwon Min Gyi U Kaung.
wn.com/Supayalat -
Thibaw Min
Thibaw Min (Burmese: သီပေါမင်း, pronounced: [θìbɔ́ mɪ́ɴ]; 1 January 1859 – 19 December 1916) was the last king of the Konbaung dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) and also the last in Burmese history. His reign ended when Burma was defeated by the forces of the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Burmese War, on 29 November 1885, prior to its official annexation on 1 January 1886.
Prince Thibaw was born Maung Pu (မောင်ပု), the son of king Mindon and one of his minor consorts, the princess of Laungshe. Thibaw's mother had been banished from the palace court by Mindon and spent her final years as a thilashin (female reununciant similar to a Buddhist nun). During the early years of his life, Thibaw studied Buddhist scriptures at a Buddhist monastery to win his father's favor. He passed the Pahtamabyan religious examinations and gained respect and recognition from his father and the chief queen.
One of Mindon's chief consorts, the Queen of the Middle Palace, Hsinbyumashin, helped to broker a marriage between her second daughter, Supayalat and Thibaw, who were half-siblings by blood.
wn.com/Thibaw_Min
karaoke
Save me from drowning in the sea
Beat me up on the beach
What a lovely holiday
There's nothing funny left to say
This sombre song would drain the sun
But it won't shine until it's sung
No water running in the stream
The saddest place we've ever been
Everything I touched was golden
Everything I loved got broken
On the road to Mandalay
Every mistake I've ever made
Has been rehashed and then replayed
As I got lost along the way
There's nothing left for you to give
The truth is all that you're left with
Twenty paces then at dawn
We will die and be reborn
I like to sleep beneath the trees
Have the universe at one with me
Look down the barrel of a gun
And feel the Moon replace the Sun
Everything we've ever stolen
Has been lost returned or broken
No more dragons left to slay
Every mistake I've ever made
Has been rehashed and then replayed
As I got lost along the way
Save me from drowning in the sea
Beat me up on the beach
What a lovely holiday
There's nothing funny left to say.
I traced the footsteps through the multi-colored avenues
That wind their way down to the sea
I see the birds that fly beneath the darkened sky
They are the messengers of dreams
Mandalay, now I know what you try to be
Mandalay, now I wish you were here with me
Pages filled with science fiction
Without fear of contradiction
Walking through the fields of evergreen I see a turn and walk away
And from the east there comes a breeze that flows up high into the blue
Mandalay, now I know what you try to be
Mandalay, now I wish you were here with me
The sound of retribution
In total disillusion, Mandalay
Mandalay, now I know what you try to be
Mandalay, now I wish you were here with me
Amidst the confusion
The only conclusion
Mandalay of the misty eyes
Have gazed into the coming door
The leaves that turn to gold and brown
I've watched them falling to the ground
Mandalay, now I know what you try to be
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Not Seventeen
- Like Her
- Beautiful
- Deep Love
- It's Enough Now
- This Life
- Flowers Bloom
- Enough Love
- Don't Invent Me
- Insensible
- Kissing the Day
- Believe
- I Don't Want the Night to End
- Not Seventeen
- Like Her
- Beautiful
- Deep Love
- It's Enough Now
- This Life
- Flowers Bloom
- Enough Love
- Don't Invent Me
- Insensible
- Kissing The Day
- I Don't Want The Night To End
- Believe
- Not Seventeen
- Don't Invent Me
- Like Her
- Deep Love
- No Reality
- You Forget
- Simple Things
- Too Much Room
- What If I
- It's Enough Now
- Believe
- This Life
- Flowers Bloom
- Insensible
- Another
- Enough Love
- All My Sins
- Opposites
- This Time Last Year
- Kissing the Day
- Beautiful
- About You
- Beautiful (7" Canny mix)
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Mandalay - Beautiful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Someone look for this video? :) "Beauty-fulls" lyric and voice for this beautiful song. I love this duo and their Atlantic side release, Solace; the bad new is that they splitup.
http://wn.com/Mandalay_Beautiful
Someone look for this video? :) "Beauty-fulls" lyric and voice for this beautiful song. I love this duo and their Atlantic side release, Solace; the bad new is that they splitup.
48 hours in Mandalay
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
This is our latest work that we shot in Mandalay which is the 2nd-largest city and the last royal capital of Burma (Myanmar). We tried our best in this clip & finished my directing during 48 hours through sleepless night! I just want to show what're the living style & belief of Mandalay people and how lovely it ! Please check it out & hope to get any comments to improve for our future works! (AUNG MYAT)
http://wn.com/48_hours_in_Mandalay
This is our latest work that we shot in Mandalay which is the 2nd-largest city and the last royal capital of Burma (Myanmar). We tried our best in this clip & finished my directing during 48 hours through sleepless night! I just want to show what're the living style & belief of Mandalay people and how lovely it ! Please check it out & hope to get any comments to improve for our future works! (AUNG MYAT)
- published: 17 Apr 2012
- views: 8398
- author: Aung Myat
Mandalay - This life
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
This Life (album "EMPATHY" 1998) You couldn't even bring yourself To stay, oh no You had to go Spoil it all I know you had to go Now I find these endlessly Colourblind days To fill You never will (Take this life) Take this life Take it all In your hands You were mine I could smile You understand, fine Again I dream You come to me (Come back to me) And comfort me But now I dream Where did this time go Where did this time go Did your love go I know You have to go Spoil it all And now I know You never will (Take this life) Take this life Take it all In your hands You were mine I could smile You understand, fine (Take this life) Take this life Take it all In your hands You were mine I could smile Again Just what you said was cold advice I discovered sticks go with knives I discovered I could've died in your chains Still I feel, so won't you stay Oh, babe (Take this life) Take this life Take it all In your hands You were mine I could smile You understand, fine (Take this life) Take this life Take it all In your hands You were mine I could smile Again
http://wn.com/Mandalay_This_life
This Life (album "EMPATHY" 1998) You couldn't even bring yourself To stay, oh no You had to go Spoil it all I know you had to go Now I find these endlessly Colourblind days To fill You never will (Take this life) Take this life Take it all In your hands You were mine I could smile You understand, fine Again I dream You come to me (Come back to me) And comfort me But now I dream Where did this time go Where did this time go Did your love go I know You have to go Spoil it all And now I know You never will (Take this life) Take this life Take it all In your hands You were mine I could smile You understand, fine (Take this life) Take this life Take it all In your hands You were mine I could smile Again Just what you said was cold advice I discovered sticks go with knives I discovered I could've died in your chains Still I feel, so won't you stay Oh, babe (Take this life) Take this life Take it all In your hands You were mine I could smile You understand, fine (Take this life) Take this life Take it all In your hands You were mine I could smile Again
- published: 27 Dec 2008
- views: 230506
- author: Sabina Boevska
Mandalay - It's enough now
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Music: "It's enough now" by Mandalay. Just a simple video for a beautiful song.
http://wn.com/Mandalay_It's_enough_now
Music: "It's enough now" by Mandalay. Just a simple video for a beautiful song.
- published: 29 Dec 2008
- views: 130147
- author: Mandollo
Road to Mandalay - Burma
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:26
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Suu Kyi exhausted a week before elections? To see more go to www.youtube.com Follow us on Facebook (goo.gl or Twitter (www.twitter.com Having long been closed off to the outside world, Burma is now lifting the curtain and making staggering democratic reforms. But will the regime really pass power to its people in the upcoming elections? For years Burma has been ruled by a corrupt military junta that brutally suppressed all opposition, used forced labour and imprisoned thousands for their political views. But recently - and suddenly - things have changed. After elections that most observers regarded as a sham, the new government released Aung San Suu Kyi, suspended a hugely unpopular dam project with China, freed thousands of prisoners and signed peace pacts with a number of warring ethnic groups. Even Hillary Clinton dropped in for a visit. Ko Ko Hlaing, the President's Chief Advisor, admits the sins of the past and insists that Burma is now heading in a new direction. "We need credibility and we need legitimacy and we need to make trust between the people and the government". It's still early days for the reform process and whether the regime actually passes power to the people will be the ultimate test. For tourism at least, the changes have already proved to be a huge draw. "I wanted to be here right now to spend my tourism dollars in those changes and I also wanted to you know really see for myself what's going on". A Film By ABC Australia Disibuted By Journeyman ...
http://wn.com/Road_to_Mandalay_Burma
Suu Kyi exhausted a week before elections? To see more go to www.youtube.com Follow us on Facebook (goo.gl or Twitter (www.twitter.com Having long been closed off to the outside world, Burma is now lifting the curtain and making staggering democratic reforms. But will the regime really pass power to its people in the upcoming elections? For years Burma has been ruled by a corrupt military junta that brutally suppressed all opposition, used forced labour and imprisoned thousands for their political views. But recently - and suddenly - things have changed. After elections that most observers regarded as a sham, the new government released Aung San Suu Kyi, suspended a hugely unpopular dam project with China, freed thousands of prisoners and signed peace pacts with a number of warring ethnic groups. Even Hillary Clinton dropped in for a visit. Ko Ko Hlaing, the President's Chief Advisor, admits the sins of the past and insists that Burma is now heading in a new direction. "We need credibility and we need legitimacy and we need to make trust between the people and the government". It's still early days for the reform process and whether the regime actually passes power to the people will be the ultimate test. For tourism at least, the changes have already proved to be a huge draw. "I wanted to be here right now to spend my tourism dollars in those changes and I also wanted to you know really see for myself what's going on". A Film By ABC Australia Disibuted By Journeyman ...
- published: 26 Mar 2012
- views: 57611
- author: journeymanpictures
Mandalay -Insensible.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
http://wn.com/Mandalay_-Insensiblewmv
Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
- published: 14 Dec 2010
- views: 33764
- author: tnightwolf
Lawrence Tibbett - 1935 On the Road to Mandalay
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
Brilliant Mr. Tibbett sings from 1935. Lyrics by Rudyard Kipling; unsurpassed!
http://wn.com/Lawrence_Tibbett_1935_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay
Brilliant Mr. Tibbett sings from 1935. Lyrics by Rudyard Kipling; unsurpassed!
- published: 30 Oct 2008
- views: 18374
- author: varadero1839
Mandalay - Not Seventeen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Promo video directed by Luke Losey. 'Not Seventeen' is a single from their debut album 'Instinct', released in 2000. It can also be found on the US release 'Solace'. Mandalay was Saul Freeman and Nicola Hitchcock (vocals).
http://wn.com/Mandalay_Not_Seventeen
Promo video directed by Luke Losey. 'Not Seventeen' is a single from their debut album 'Instinct', released in 2000. It can also be found on the US release 'Solace'. Mandalay was Saul Freeman and Nicola Hitchcock (vocals).
- published: 19 Aug 2008
- views: 54851
- author: cozenimus
Robbie Williams - Road to Mandalay
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Robbie Williams - Road to Mandalay
http://wn.com/Robbie_Williams_Road_to_Mandalay
Mandalay - Another
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
I've used pictures which I found on the web, I own nothing.
http://wn.com/Mandalay_Another
I've used pictures which I found on the web, I own nothing.
- published: 22 Mar 2008
- views: 82991
- author: Nevrotika
Cafe del Mar - Mandalay (Beautiful)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Cafe del Mar - Mandalay (Beautiful) with slide-show.
http://wn.com/Cafe_del_Mar_Mandalay_Beautiful
Cafe del Mar - Mandalay (Beautiful) with slide-show.
- published: 05 Nov 2008
- views: 1736618
- author: VitoVlad
Robbie Williams - The Road To Mandalay
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Get more Robbie at www.robbiewilliams.com Music video by Robbie Williams performing The Road To Mandalay. (P) 2001 The copyright in this audiovisual recording is owned by Chrysalis Records Ltd
http://wn.com/Robbie_Williams_The_Road_To_Mandalay
Get more Robbie at www.robbiewilliams.com Music video by Robbie Williams performing The Road To Mandalay. (P) 2001 The copyright in this audiovisual recording is owned by Chrysalis Records Ltd
- published: 10 Jan 2011
- views: 743357
- author: robbiewilliamsvevo
MANDALAY-deep love
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/MANDALAY-deep_love
Mandalay - Beautiful (7' Canny Mix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
Mandalay - Beautiful (7' Canny Mix)
http://wn.com/Mandalay_Beautiful_7'_Canny_Mix
Mandalay - Beautiful with Music Video footage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
Mandalay - Beautiful with Music Video footage
http://wn.com/Mandalay_Beautiful_with_Music_Video_footage
Mandalay - Beautiful with Music Video footage
- published: 28 Oct 2006
- views: 238904
- author: talesofcoyote
On the road to Mandalay - Peter Dawson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Australian bass-baritone singing one of those songs recalling a time that we English are not allowed to mention these days, unless we condemn it of course.
http://wn.com/On_the_road_to_Mandalay_Peter_Dawson
Australian bass-baritone singing one of those songs recalling a time that we English are not allowed to mention these days, unless we condemn it of course.
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 17313
- author: hawkmoon03111951
Robbie Williams - The Road To Mandalay (HQ)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Music video by Robbie Williams performing The Road To Mandalay. (P) 2001 Save me from drowning in the sea Beat me up on the beach What a lovely holiday There's nothing funny left to say This sombre song would drain the sun But it won't shine until it's sung No water running in the stream The saddest place we've ever been Everything I touched was golden Everything I loved got broken on the road to Mandalay Every mistake I've ever made has been rehashed and then replayed As I got lost along the way There's nothing left for you to give The truth is all that you're left with Twenty places then at dawn We will die and be reborn I like to sleep beneath the trees Have the universe at one with me Look down the barrel of a gun And feel the moon replace the sun Everything we've ever stolen has been lost, returned or broken No more dragons left to slay Every mistake I've ever made has been rehashed and then replayed As I got lost along the way Save me from drowning in the sea Beat me up on the beach What a lovely holiday There's nothing funny left to say
http://wn.com/Robbie_Williams_The_Road_To_Mandalay_HQ
Music video by Robbie Williams performing The Road To Mandalay. (P) 2001 Save me from drowning in the sea Beat me up on the beach What a lovely holiday There's nothing funny left to say This sombre song would drain the sun But it won't shine until it's sung No water running in the stream The saddest place we've ever been Everything I touched was golden Everything I loved got broken on the road to Mandalay Every mistake I've ever made has been rehashed and then replayed As I got lost along the way There's nothing left for you to give The truth is all that you're left with Twenty places then at dawn We will die and be reborn I like to sleep beneath the trees Have the universe at one with me Look down the barrel of a gun And feel the moon replace the sun Everything we've ever stolen has been lost, returned or broken No more dragons left to slay Every mistake I've ever made has been rehashed and then replayed As I got lost along the way Save me from drowning in the sea Beat me up on the beach What a lovely holiday There's nothing funny left to say
- published: 22 Aug 2010
- views: 490049
- author: 75veto
Charice - All By Myself, David Foster Mandalay Bay LV Oct 15/2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
The One and Only Hit-Man David Foster and Friends Returns to Mandalay Bay Events Center on October 15, 2010 featuring our CHARICE. Charice sang a group Tribute song to Michael Jackon as well as two other songs: *To Love You More" and "All by Myself"
http://wn.com/Charice_All_By_Myself,_David_Foster_Mandalay_Bay_LV_Oct_15_2010
The One and Only Hit-Man David Foster and Friends Returns to Mandalay Bay Events Center on October 15, 2010 featuring our CHARICE. Charice sang a group Tribute song to Michael Jackon as well as two other songs: *To Love You More" and "All by Myself"
- published: 15 Mar 2011
- views: 1919508
- author: top0063
Visualtraveling presents "The Mandalay Express" (Trailer)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
DVD NOW AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.VISUALTRAVELING.COM After completing a 10000 Kilometer journey from Moscow to Hong Kong, Patrik Wallner is proud to present the continuation of the trail around the Asian peninsula with "The Mandalay Express". The route from south Vietnam to northern Myanmar is followed by Casey Rigney, Geng Jakkarin, Dan Zvereff, Kenny Reed, John Tanner, Laurence Keefe and Denny Pham. This skateumenatry style shot film displays the skateboarding and adventures of an one month journey through the exotic Southeast Asia. DVD release is planned for Autumn 2011, stayed tuned to visualtraveling.com for more info on the release and premieres. This project has been sponsored by Converse, Quiksilver, Preduce, Titus and Cliche.
http://wn.com/Visualtraveling_presents_The_Mandalay_Express_Trailer
DVD NOW AVAILABLE THROUGH WWW.VISUALTRAVELING.COM After completing a 10000 Kilometer journey from Moscow to Hong Kong, Patrik Wallner is proud to present the continuation of the trail around the Asian peninsula with "The Mandalay Express". The route from south Vietnam to northern Myanmar is followed by Casey Rigney, Geng Jakkarin, Dan Zvereff, Kenny Reed, John Tanner, Laurence Keefe and Denny Pham. This skateumenatry style shot film displays the skateboarding and adventures of an one month journey through the exotic Southeast Asia. DVD release is planned for Autumn 2011, stayed tuned to visualtraveling.com for more info on the release and premieres. This project has been sponsored by Converse, Quiksilver, Preduce, Titus and Cliche.
- published: 29 May 2011
- views: 34307
- author: NycPatNyc
![Seal - Secret Live at Mandalay Bay - featuring David Foster [Live]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121230000718im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/u5OBQ41_eIY/default.jpg "Seal - Secret Live at Mandalay Bay - featuring David Foster [Live]")
Seal - Secret Live at Mandalay Bay - featuring David Foster [Live]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
© 2012 WMG Seal performs 'Secret' live at the Mandalay Bay with David Foster. www.facebook.com twitter.com www.seal.com Lyrics: You must know me I'm one of your secrets You must know me I'm one of your secrets I belong to you I belong to you And you belong to me You must know me I'm one of your secrets From what I see You're trying hard to keep it Oh yes you are Well I belong to you I belong to you I belong to you And you belong to me Look at me I'm your heart's keeper Met for 3:21 AM She will be here Oh yes she will And I belong to you Yes I belong to you I belong to you And you belong to me Look at me I'm one of your secrets From what I see You're trying hard to keep it Oh yeah But I belong to you I belong to you I belong to you And you belong to me You belong to me You belong to me
http://wn.com/Seal_Secret_Live_at_Mandalay_Bay_featuring_David_Foster_Live_
© 2012 WMG Seal performs 'Secret' live at the Mandalay Bay with David Foster. www.facebook.com twitter.com www.seal.com Lyrics: You must know me I'm one of your secrets You must know me I'm one of your secrets I belong to you I belong to you And you belong to me You must know me I'm one of your secrets From what I see You're trying hard to keep it Oh yes you are Well I belong to you I belong to you I belong to you And you belong to me Look at me I'm your heart's keeper Met for 3:21 AM She will be here Oh yes she will And I belong to you Yes I belong to you I belong to you And you belong to me Look at me I'm one of your secrets From what I see You're trying hard to keep it Oh yeah But I belong to you I belong to you I belong to you And you belong to me You belong to me You belong to me
- published: 18 Feb 2011
- views: 65301
- author: SealOfficial
Robbie Williams - The Road to Mandalay - Slideshow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
This video is my second with Robbie. It's a bit like my first one, but this time i only use one song, and the way i use the pictures are a lot more advanced..
http://wn.com/Robbie_Williams_The_Road_to_Mandalay_Slideshow
This video is my second with Robbie. It's a bit like my first one, but this time i only use one song, and the way i use the pictures are a lot more advanced..
- published: 22 Apr 2007
- views: 241565
- author: robbiefans
Mandalay - Insensible
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Mandalay_Insensible
Mandalay Bay Hotel & Casino - Las Vegas Resorts HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:54
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino Las Vegas Resorts was one of the busiest resort hotels we saw. A large convention had the hotel buzzing but we were more interested in the shark tank aquarium at the resort. Admission was 18 dollars for adults.
http://wn.com/Mandalay_Bay_Hotel_Casino_Las_Vegas_Resorts_HD
Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino Las Vegas Resorts was one of the busiest resort hotels we saw. A large convention had the hotel buzzing but we were more interested in the shark tank aquarium at the resort. Admission was 18 dollars for adults.
- published: 26 Jul 2011
- views: 8437
- author: JCVdude
photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives
27 Dec 2012
Imperial adventures are nothing new in the Middle East. Neither is their glorification, as Peter O’Toole’s pained Lawrence of Arabia eternally reminds us. But for a decade or so now, things have been heating up, as if to coincide with climate change and fears of declining petroleum reserves ... The Belly for Belligerence? ... The question loomed over beltway intelligentsia like an ephemeral Gordian knot ... We’re All Hawks Now ... While George W ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
27 Dec 2012
Washington. Six people, including two young children, were left dead in weather-related accidents, as winter snowstorms complicated travel for many Americans in the Midwest and Northeast on Wednesday. Snow totals in parts of Indiana ranged from 6 to 12 inches, CNN reported. About 350 snowploughs were clearing roads throughout the city. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo told residents they should avoid nonessential travel ... IANS ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
29 Dec 2012
Police in India have sealed off much of the capital, Delhi, and issued an appeal for calm after the death of a woman who was gang-raped in the city. The 23-year old woman, who has not been identified, died early on Saturday at a hospital in Singapore, where she had been taken for specialist treatment. Her body is to be flown back to India for burial ... Gatherings of more than five people have been banned in the city centre ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: AP / Ben Curtis
28 Dec 2012
The president of Central African Republic (CAR) has urgently called on France and other foreign powers to help his government fend off rebels who are quickly seizing territory and approaching the capital. Speaking to crowds in Bangui, a city of some 600,000, Francois Bozize on Thursday pleaded with foreign powers to do what they could. He pointed in particular to France, Central African Republic's former colonial ruler ... 516 Share ... News ... ....(size: 19.5Kb)
photo: AP / K.M.Chaudary
27 Dec 2012
Large crowds of Pakistan People's Party (PPP) supporters are gathering to mark the fifth anniversary of the murder of ex-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. Ms Bhutto died in a gun and bomb attack during her 2007 election campaign. Hundreds of thousands of people have set up camp near the Bhutto family's ancestral home in Sindh province ... He cannot contest an election until his 25th birthday. Show of strength ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
The Hindu
29 Dec 2012
Sitt’s poems, Zarganar’s jokes, and Htein Lin’s performances, along with drawings and photographs ... Zasha says, “The exhibition is the culmination of conversations, commissions, collected archives and translations since meeting first Htein Lin in his studio in 2007 and then, at his suggestion, the Mandalay artist Sitt Nyein Aye, a refugee then living in Delhi, and Zarganar in Yangon ... Where. Mandalay House, Kochi....(size: 3.4Kb)
Fox News
29 Dec 2012
Check out the spectacular views from the "The Mixx" restaurant located on the 64th floor of the Mandalay Bay and take in a four-course meal to remember.MGM Resorts. Next Slide Previous Slide ... Hollywood Takes Over The Strip ... "The Mixx" restaurant located on the 64th floor of the Mandalay Bay offers a spectacular view of the The Strip that provides the perfect view of the area's traditional firework show that sets off at midnight ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
The Examiner
29 Dec 2012
... Soleil and MGM Resorts International will unveil the revamped new look of LIGHT, an eponymous nightlife venue known for revolutionizing the Las Vegas nightlife experience more than a decade ago, coming to the Mandalay Bay in March 2013....(size: 1.3Kb)
The Examiner
29 Dec 2012
Mentored by judge L.A ... Broadcast from Las Vegas’ Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino, New Year’s Eve Live! also will feature Fox cameras capturing the world-famous New Year’s Eve Ball as it makes its descent into New York’s Times Square ... Video ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
29 Dec 2012
MYANMAR plane crash survivors Anna Bartsch and Stuart Benson have arrived home in Adelaide, relieved and keen for beer and muffins. The Beaumont couple was on board a Christmas Day flight from Mandalay to Heho, in central Myanmar, when it crash-landed 3km from the airport, killing two people and injuring 11 ... "When the plane touched down here in Adelaide it was a real feeling of relief," Mr Benson, 32, said ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
The Examiner
29 Dec 2012
"The X Factor" U.S. 2012 winner Tate Stevens has been added to the lineup of performers on Fox's "New Year's Eve Live!," which the network will televise on December 31, 20-12, at 11 p.m. Eastern Time from the Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino in Las Vegas. The show will be live in the Eastern Time Zone and tape-delayed in all other U.S. time zones ... Stevens, 37, was named the second winner of "The X Factor" U.S ... He replied ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
CNTV
29 Dec 2012
ISLAMABAD, Dec. 29 (Xinhua) -- An earthquake measuring 5.8 magnitude in the Richter scale hit parts of Pakistan on Saturday night, said Pakistan Meteorological Department. No immediate loss of life or property has been reported ... 4.3-magnitude earthquake jolts southwest China 2012-12-02 Strong earthquake jolts Myanmar's Mandalay region 2012-11-11 7.4-magnitude earthquake jolts Guatemala, death toll rises to 48 2012-11-08 ... Xinhua ... Topics ... ....(size: 5.1Kb)
Tampabay.com
29 Dec 2012
Times staff. Tampa Bay Times In Print. Sunday, December 30, 2012. ADVERTISEMENT. ADVERTISEMENT. Story Tools Print this story Purchase reprints Contact the editor Email Newsletters. COUNTYWIDE. Free dental screenings offered to kids. Pinellas youngsters without dental insurance or Medicaid may sign up for a free dental screening Feb ... The University of South Carolina Gamecock dolphin may be seen in the lobby of the Hilton at 400 Mandalay Ave....(size: 3.5Kb)
The Examiner
29 Dec 2012
New Year's is fast approaching and while many will go out on the town to celebrate, sometimes the best approach is staying in ... New Year's Eve gives us visions of party attire, hats, horns and bubbly ... Starting at 8.00 p.m ... Hailing from the Las Vegas strip in the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino, this New Year's celebration will have performances from Carmen Electra and Lifehouse as well as a live feed from New York to watch the ball drop ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
28 Dec 2012
JustCheapTickets.com has sold Maroon 5 tickets in high numbers for the popular group’s shows at the Mandalay Bay Events Center on Dec. 29 and 30. Both of the concerts will start at 8 p.m ... The pop rock band will be performing at the Mandalay Bay Events Center near the south end of the Las Vegas Strip at 8 p.m. on Dec. 29 and 30 ... The Mandalay Bay Events Center is conveniently located just three miles from McCarran International Airport ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
Seattle Post
28 Dec 2012
JustCheapTickets.com has sold Maroon 5 tickets in high numbers for the popular group’s shows at the Mandalay Bay Events Center on Dec. 29 and 30. Both of the concerts will start at 8 p.m ... The pop rock band will be performing at the Mandalay Bay Events Center near the south end of the Las Vegas Strip at 8 p.m. on Dec. 29 and 30 ... The Mandalay Bay Events Center is conveniently located just three miles from McCarran International Airport....(size: 2.5Kb)
Houston Chronicle
28 Dec 2012
JustCheapTickets.com has sold Maroon 5 tickets in high numbers for the popular group’s shows at the Mandalay Bay Events Center on Dec ... The pop rock band will be performing at the Mandalay Bay Events Center near the south end of the Las Vegas Strip at 8 p.m ... The Mandalay Bay Events Center is conveniently located just three miles from McCarran International Airport....(size: 11.5Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
28 Dec 2012
merrimaking and midnight champagne toasts ... 1 ... 2 ... $40 at Hussong’s Cantina in the Mandalay Bay gets guests a three course NYE meal including a bunch of dishes difficult to pronounce such as chorizo clam chowder, cappuccino flan and shrimp zarandeado ... Another Mandalay Bay restaurant makes Casino Boy’s list of the best cheap NYE 2013 dinners in Las Vegas ... Eating at Slice of Vegas in the Mandalay Bay costs $50 a person on New Year’s Eve 2013....(size: 3.7Kb)
This article is about the city in Burma. For other uses, see Mandalay (disambiguation).
| Mandalay မန္တလေး |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
 Mandalay
|
|
| Coordinates: 21°58′30″N 96°5′0″E / 21.975°N 96.083333°E / 21.975; 96.083333Coordinates: 21°58′30″N 96°5′0″E / 21.975°N 96.083333°E / 21.975; 96.083333 | |
| Country | Burma |
| Region | Mandalay Region |
| District | Mandalay District |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Aung Maung[1] |
| Area[2] | |
| • City | 45.70 sq mi (118.36 km2) |
| Population (2010)[3][4] | |
| • City | 1,034,000 |
| • Density | 23,000/sq mi (8,700/km2) |
| • Metro | 1.3 million |
| • Ethnic groups | Bamar, Burmese Chinese, Shan |
| • Religions | Buddhism, Christianity, Islam |
| Time zone | MST (UTC+6:30) |
| Area code(s) | 2 (mobile: 69, 90)[5] |
Mandalay (Burmese: မန္တလေး; MLCTS: manta.le: [máɴdəlé]; English: /ˌmændəˈleɪ/ or /ˈmændəleɪ/) is the second-largest city and the last royal capital of Burma (Myanmar). Located 445 miles (716 km) north of Yangon on the east bank of the Irrawaddy River, the city has a population of one million,[3] and is the capital of Mandalay Region.
Mandalay is the economic hub of Upper Burma and considered the centre of Burmese culture. A continuing influx of Chinese immigrants, mostly from Yunnan Province, in the past twenty years, has reshaped the city's ethnic makeup and increased commerce with China.[6][7] Despite Naypyidaw's recent rise, Mandalay remains Upper Burma's main commercial, educational and health centre.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The city gets its name from the nearby Mandalay Hill. The name is likely a derivative of a Pali word although the exact word of origin remains unclear. The root word has been speculated as: "Mandala" (meaning, circular plains),[4] "Mandare" (believed to mean "auspicious land"),[8] or "Mandara" (a mountain from Hindu mythology).[9]
When it was founded in 1857, the royal city was officially named Yadanabon (ရတနာပုံ, [jədənàbòʊɴ]), the Burmese version of its Pali name Ratanapura which means "The City of Gems". It was also called Lay Kyun Aung Myei (လေးကျွန်းအောင်မြေ, [lé dʑʊ́ɴ àʊɴ mjè]; Victorious Land over the Four Islands) and the royal palace, Mya Nan San Kyaw (မြနန်းစံကျော်, [mja̰ náɴ sàɴ tɕɔ̀]; Famed Royal Emerald Palace).
History[link]
Early history[link]
See also: Mandalay Palace
Like most former (and present) capitals of Burma, Mandalay was founded on the wishes of the ruler of the day. On 13 February 1857, King Mindon founded a new royal capital at the foot of Mandalay Hill, ostensibly to fulfill a prophecy on the founding of a metropolis of Buddhism in that exact place on the occasion of the 2,400th jubilee of Buddhism.[10]
The new capital city site was 25.5 square miles (66 km²) in area, surrounded by four rivers. The plan called for a 144-square block grid patterned citadel, anchored by a 16 square block royal palace compound at the center by Mandalay Hill.[11] The 1020-acre (413-hectare) citadel was surrounded by four 6,666 feet (2,032 m) long walls and a moat 210 ft (64 m) wide, 15 ft (4.6 m) deep. At intervals of 555 ft (169 m) along the wall, were turrets with gold-tipped spires for watchmen.[12] The walls had three gates on each side, and five bridges to cross the moat.[11] In addition, the king also commissioned the Kuthodaw Pagoda, the Pahtan-haw Shwe Thein higher ordination hall, the Thudhamma Zayats or public houses for preaching the Doctrine, and the library for the Buddhist scriptures. In June 1857, the former royal palace of Amarapura was dismantled and moved by elephants to the new location at the foot of Mandalay Hill although construction of the palace compound was officially completed only two years later, on Monday, 23 May 1859.[10]
For the next 26 years, Mandalay was to be the last royal capital of the last independent Burmese kingdom before its final annexation by the British. Mandalay ceased to be the capital on 28 November 1885 when the conquering British sent King Thibaw and his queen Supayalat to exile, ending the Third Anglo-Burmese War.
Colonial Mandalay (1885–1948)[link]
While Mandalay would continue to be the chief city of Upper Burma during the British colonial rule, the commercial and political importance had irreversibly shifted to Yangon. The British view on the development of Mandalay (and Burma) was mainly with commercial intentions. While rail transport reached Mandalay in 1889,[13] less than four years after the annexation, the first college in Mandalay, Mandalay College, was not established until 40 years later, in 1925.[14] The British looted the palace, with some of the treasures still on display in the Victoria and Albert Museum,[15] also renaming the palace compound Fort Dufferin and used it to billet troops.
Throughout the colonial years, Mandalay was the centre of Burmese culture and Buddhist learning, and as the last royal capital, was regarded by the Burmese as a primary symbol of sovereignty and identity. Between the two World Wars, the city was Upper Burma's focal point in a series of nationwide protests against the British rule. The British rule brought in many immigrants from India to the city. In 1904–05, a plague caused about one-third of the population to flee the city.[4] Many again fled the city during World War II when the city was under Japanese occupation from May 1942 to March 1945. The city suffered heavy damage. The palace citadel, turned into a supply depot by the Japanese, was burnt to the ground by Allied bombing; only the royal mint and the watch tower survived. (A faithful replica of the palace was rebuilt in the 1990s.)
Contemporary Mandalay (1948–present)[link]
After the country gained independence from Britain in 1948, Mandalay continued to be the main cultural, educational and economic hub of Upper Burma. Until the early 1990s, most students from Upper Burma went to Mandalay for university education. Until 1991, Mandalay University, the University of Medicine, Mandalay and the Defence Services Academy were the only three universities in Upper Burma. Only a few other cities had "Degree Colleges" affiliated with Mandalay University that offered a limited number of subjects. Today, the city attracts a fraction of students as the military government requires students to attend their local universities in order to reduce concentration of students in one place.
In November 1959, Mandalay celebrated its centennial with a festival at the foot of Mandalay Hill. Special commemorative stamps were issued.[16]
During Gen. Ne Win's isolationist rule (1962–1988), the city's infrastructure deteriorated. By the early 1980s, the second largest city of Burma resembled a town with low-rise buildings and dusty streets filled mostly with bicycles. In the 1980s, the city was hit by two major fires. In May 1981, a fire razed more than 6,000 houses and public buildings, leaving more than 36,000 homeless. On 24 March 1984, another fire destroyed 2,700 buildings and made 23,000 people homeless.[17][18] Fires continue to plague the city. A major fire destroyed Mandalay's second largest market, Yadanabon Market, in February 2008, and another major fire in February 2009 destroyed 320 homes and left over 1600 people homeless.[19][20]
The 1980s fires augured a significant change in the city's physical character and ethnic makeup. Huge swaths of land left vacant by the fires were later purchased, mostly by the ethnic Chinese, many of whom were recent immigrants from Yunnan.[21] The Chinese influx accelerated after the current military government came to power in 1988. With the Burmese government turning a blind eye, many Chinese immigrants from Yunnan (and also from Sichuan) poured into Upper Burma in the 1990s and many openly ended up in Mandalay.[7] In the 1990s alone, about 250,000 to 300,000 Yunnanese are estimated to have migrated to Mandalay.[22] Today, the Chinese are believed to make up about 30%–40% of the city's population,[22] and are a major factor in the city's doubling of population from about 500,000 in 1980 to one million in 2008. Chinese festivals are now firmly embedded in the city’s cultural calendar.[21] It is a common Burmese complaint that Mandalay is becoming little more than a satellite of China and that the romance of old Mandalay is long gone.[23]
The Chinese are largely responsible for the economic revitalization of the downtown, now rebuilt with apartment blocks, hotels and shopping malls, and returning the city to its role as the trading hub connecting Lower Burma, Upper Burma, China and India. The Chinese dominance in the city centre has pushed out the rest to the suburbs. The urban sprawl now encompasses Amarapura, the very city King Mindon left some 150 years ago. Mandalay celebrated its 150th birthday on 15 May 2009, precisely at 4:31:36 am.[4]
Despite the rise of Naypyidaw, the country's capital since 2006, Mandalay remains Upper Burma's main commercial, educational and health centre.
Geography[link]
Location[link]
Mandalay is located in the central dry zone of Burma by the Irrawaddy river at 21.98° North, 96.08° East, 64 metres (210 feet) above sea level. Its standard time zone is UTC/GMT +6:30 hours. Mandalay lies along the Sagaing Fault, a tectonic plate boundary between the India and Sunda plates. (The biggest earthquake in its history, with a magnitude of 7, occurred in 1956.[24] The devastation however was greatest in nearby Sagaing, and it came to be known as the Great Sagaing Quake.)
Climate[link]
Mandalay features a tropical wet and dry climate under the Koppen climate classification. Mandalay features noticeably warmer and cooler periods of the year. Average temperatures in January, the coolest month, hovers around 21 C while the warmest month, April, averages 31 C. Mandalay is very hot in the months of April and May, with average high temperatures easily exceeding 35 C. It is not uncommon to see high temperatures surpass 40 C during these two months in the city. Mandalay also features wet and dry seasons of nearly equal length, with the wet season running from May through October and the dry season covering the remaining six months.
| Climate data for Mandalay (1961-1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35 (95) |
37 (99) |
42 (108) |
45 (113) |
45 (113) |
41 (106) |
41 (106) |
39 (102) |
39 (102) |
38 (100) |
36 (97) |
33 (91) |
45 (113) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 28.6 (83.5) |
32.1 (89.8) |
35.8 (96.4) |
38.4 (101.1) |
36.8 (98.2) |
34.2 (93.6) |
34.3 (93.7) |
32.3 (90.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.2 (90.0) |
30.2 (86.4) |
28.2 (82.8) |
33.02 (91.43) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.0 (69.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
27.8 (82.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.1 (86.2) |
28.8 (83.8) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.9 (82.2) |
24.8 (76.6) |
21.5 (70.7) |
27.26 (81.06) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 13.3 (55.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
19.7 (67.5) |
24.4 (75.9) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
24.9 (76.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
21.46 (70.62) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 5 (41) |
8 (46) |
12 (54) |
17 (63) |
20 (68) |
20 (68) |
20 (68) |
18 (64) |
20 (68) |
16 (61) |
11 (52) |
6 (43) |
5 (41) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 4.0 (0.157) |
2.0 (0.079) |
1.0 (0.039) |
40.0 (1.575) |
138.0 (5.433) |
116.0 (4.567) |
83.0 (3.268) |
136.0 (5.354) |
150.0 (5.906) |
125.0 (4.921) |
38.0 (1.496) |
6.0 (0.236) |
839 (33.03) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 3.3 | 8.3 | 7.2 | 5.9 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 6.8 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 53 |
| Source no. 1: World Meteoroglogical Organization.[25], Hong Kong Observatory.[26] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: Weatherbase (record highs and lows).[27] | |||||||||||||
Cityscape[link]
File:Irrawaddy Mandalay-Hill.JPG
Mandalay Hill, at 790 ft (240 m), is home to many of Mandalay's religious sites.
Around the city[link]
- Mandalay Hill: The hill has for long been a holy mount. Legend has it that the Buddha, on his visit, had prophesied that a great city would be founded at its foot. Mandalay Hill, 230 metres in elevation, commands a magnificent view of the city and surrounding countryside. The construction of a motor road to reach the hill-top has already been finished.
- Mandalay Palace: The whole magnificent palace complex was destroyed by a fire during World War II. However, the finely built palace walls, the city gates with their crowning wooden pavilions and the surrounding moat still represent an impressive scene of the Mandalay Palace, "Mya-nan-san-kyaw Shwenandaw", which has been rebuilt using forced labour. A model of the Mandalay Palace, Nanmyint-saung and Cultural Museum are located inside the Palace grounds.
- Shwenandaw Monastery: Famous for its intricate wood-carvings, this monastery is a fragile reminder of the old Mandalay Palace. Actually, it was a part of the old palace later moved to its current site by King Thibaw in 1880.
- Maha Muni Pagoda: The Image is said to have been cast in the life-time of the Gautama Buddha and that the Buddha embraced it 7 times thereby bringing it to life. Consequently, devout Buddhists hold it to be alive and refer to it as the Maha Muni Sacred Living Image. Revered as the holiest pagoda in Mandalay, It was built by King Bodawpaya in 1784. The image in a sitting posture is 12 feet and 7 inches (3.8 m) high. As the image was brought from Rakhine State it was also called the Great Rakhine Buddha. The early morning ritual of washing the Face of Buddha Image draws a large crowd of devotees everyday. The Great Image is also considered as the greatest, next to the Shwedagon Pagoda, in Burma. A visit to Mandalay is incomplete without a visit to Maha Muni Pagoda.
- Kuthodaw Pagoda (The World's Biggest Book): Built by King Mindon in 1857, this pagoda modeled on the Shwezigon Pagoda at Nyaung U, is surrounded by 729 upright stone slabs on which are inscribed the entire Buddhist Scriptures as edited and approved by the Fifth Buddhist Synod. It is popularly known as "the World's Biggest Book" for its stone scriptures.
- Kyauktawgyi Pagoda: Near the southern approach to Mandalay Hill stands the Kyauktawgyi Buddha Image built by King Mindon in 1853–78. The Image was carved out of a huge single block of marble. Statues of 80 Arahants (the Great Disciples of the Buddha) are assembled around the Image, 20 on each side. The carving of the Image was completed in 1865.
- Buddha's Replica Tooth Relic Pagoda: One of the Buddha's Sacred Replica Tooth Relics was enshrined in the Mandalay Swedaw Pagoda on Maha Dhammayanthi Hill in Amarapura Township. The pagoda was built with cash donations contributed by the peoples of Burma and Buddhist donors from around the world under the supervision of the Burmese military government. The authorities and donors hoisted Buddha's Replica Tooth Relic Pagoda Mandalay's Shwe Htidaw (sacred golden umbrella), Hngetmyatnadaw (sacred bird perch vane) and Seinhpudaw (sacred diamond bud) on 13 December, 1996.
- Atumashi Monastery: The " Atumashi Kyaung ", which literally means the inimitable monastery, is also one of the well known sights. The original structure was destroyed by a fire in 1890 though the masonry plinth survived. It was indeed an inimitable one in its heyday. The reconstruction project was started by the government on 2 May, 1995 and completed in June, 1996.
- Yadanabon Zoological Gardens: A small zoo between the Mandalay Palace and Mandalay Hill. It has over 300 species and is notably the only zoo to have Burmese Roofed Turtles.
Administration[link]
The Mandalay City Development Committee (MCDC) is the city government. The Mandalay District consists of seven townships.
Transport[link]
Mandalay's strategic location in Central Burma makes it an important hub for transport of people and goods. The city is connected to other parts of the country and to China and India by multiple modes of transportation.
Air[link]
Mandalay International Airport is the largest and most modern airport in Burma. Built at a cost of US$150 million in 2000, the airport is highly underutilized; it serves mostly domestic flights with the exception of flights to Kunming. The airport has come to represent the military regime's propensity for bad planning and penchant for white elephant projects.[28]
River[link]
The Ayeyarwady River remains an important arterial route for transporting goods such as farm produce including rice, beans and pulses, cooking oil, pottery, bamboo and teak.
Rail[link]
File:Mandalay Central Station.JPG
Central Railway Station on 78th & 30th
Mandalay Central Railway Station is the terminus of Myanmar Railways's main rail line from Yangon and the starting point of branch lines to Pyin U Lwin (Maymyo), Lashio, Monywa, Pakokku, Kalay, Gangaw, and to the north, Shwebo, Kawlin, Naba, Kanbalu, Mohnyin, Hopin, Mogaung and Myitkyina.
Mandalay does not have an intra-city metro rail system.
Roads[link]
Mandalay literally is at the centre of Burma's road network. The highway network includes roads towards:[29]
- Upper Burma and China—Mandalay–Tagaung–Bhamo–Myitkyina Road, Mandalay–Mogok–SiU–Bhamo Road, Mandalay–Lashio–Muse Road (part of Asian Highway route 14 or AH14)[30]
- Western Burma and India—Mandalay–Sagaing–Monywa–Kalewa–Tamu Road (AH1)[30]
- Lower Burma–Yangon–Naypyidaw–Mandalay Road (AH1)[30]
Most stretches of these highways are one-lane roads in poor condition.
Buses and cars[link]
As the government allows only a few thousands of vehicles to be imported each year, motor transportation in Burma is highly expensive for most of its citizens.[31] Most people rely on bicycles, motorcycles and/or private and public buses to get around. The most popular car in Mandalay is the 1982/83 Nissan Sunny pickup truck. Because of its utility as a private bus or taxi, the two-and-a-half-decade old model still had strong demand and heady prices to match—from K10 million to K14 million (US$8,000 to US$11,000) in mid-2008.[32] To get around severe import limits, people of Mandalay have turned to illegally imported and hence unregistered (called "without" in Burmese English) motorcycles and cars despite the government's periodic confiscation sprees. (The number of domestically made cars remains negligible. Mandalay's small car makers produced i.e. assembled only about 3000 cars in 2007.)[33]
In March 2008, Mandalay had nearly 81,000 registered motor vehicles[34] plus an unknown number of unregistered vehicles. Although the number of cars in a city of one million is low, traffic in Mandalay is highly chaotic as thousands of bicycles and (unregistered) motorbikes freely roam around all the lanes of the streets. Unlike in Yangon where motorbikes, trishaws and bikes are prohibited from entering downtown and busy areas, in Mandalay it is anything goes. That many traffic lights in Mandalay do not work only adds to the chaos.
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1950 | 167,000 | — |
| 1960 | 250,000 | +49.7% |
| 1970 | 374,000 | +49.6% |
| 1980 | 499,000 | +33.4% |
| 1990 | 636,000 | +27.5% |
| 2000 | 810,000 | +27.4% |
| 2007 | 961,000 | +18.6% |
| 2010 | 1,034,000 | +7.6% |
| 2020 | 1,308,000 | +26.5% |
| 2025 | 1,446,000 | +10.6% |
| [3] | ||
A 2007 estimate by the UN puts Mandalay's population at nearly 1 million. The city's population is projected to reach nearly 1.5 million by 2025.[3] While Mandalay has traditionally been the bastion of Bamar (Burman) culture and populace, the massive influx of ethnic Chinese in the last 20 years has effectively pushed the Bamar out of the city center.[6][7] The foreign-born Chinese can easily obtain Burmese citizenship cards on the black market.[7] Ludu Daw Amar of Mandalay, the revered writer and journalist who died in April 2008, had said it felt like "an undeclared colony of Yunnan".[35] Today, the percentage of Chinese, estimated at 30% to 40% of the city (with the Yunnanese forming an estimated 20% of Mandalay's population), is believed to nearly rival that of the Bamar.[36] A sizable community of South Asians also resides in Mandalay.
Burmese is still the principal language of the city although Mandarin Chinese is increasingly heard in the city's commerce centers such as Chinatown and Zegyo Market. English is a distant third language, spoken only by the urban elite.
Culture[link]
Mandalay is Burma's cultural and religious centre of Buddhism, having numerous monasteries and more than 700 pagodas. At the foot of Mandalay Hill sits the world's official "Buddhist Bible", also known as the world’s largest book, in Kuthodaw Pagoda. There are 729 slabs of stone that together are inscribed with the entire Buddhist canon, each housed in its own white stupa. The buildings inside the old Mandalay city walls, surrounded by a moat,which is repaired in recent times using prison labour, comprise the Mandalay Palace, mostly destroyed during World War II. İt is now replaced by a replica, Mandalay Prison and a military garrison, the headquarters of the Central Military Command.
Media[link]
Much of the media in Mandalay — like elsewhere in Burma — comes from Yangon. The city's non-satellite TV programming comes from Yangon-based state-run TV Myanmar and military-run Myawaddy, both of which provide Burmese language news and entertainment. Since December 2006, MRTV-4, formerly a paid channel, has also been available in Mandalay.[37] Mandalay has two radio stations. Naypyidaw-based Myanmar Radio National Service is the national radio service and broadcasts mostly in Burmese (and in English during specific times.) Semi-state-run Mandalay City FM (87.9FM) is the Mandalay metropolitan area's pop culture oriented station.[38]
The military government, which controls all daily newspapers in Burma, uses Mandalay to publish and distribute its three national newspapers, the Burmese language Myanmar Alin and Kyemon and the English language New Light of Myanmar.[39] The state-run Yadanabon is published in Mandalay and serves the Upper Burma market.[40] The Mandalay Daily newspaper http://www.mandalaynews.net [41] is published by Mandalay City Development Committee since 1997 November 30.
Sports[link]
File:Bahtoo Stadium.JPG
Bahtoo Stadium, billboard advertising Mandalay FM Radio
Mandalay's sporting facilities are quite poor by international standards but are still the best in Upper Burma. The 17,000 seat Bahtoo Stadium is largest in Upper Burma and hosts mainly local and regional football and track-and-field tournaments. Since May 2009, professional football has arrived in Mandalay, with Yadanabon FC representing the city in the newly formed Myanmar National League, the country's first professional football league.[42]
Economy[link]
File:Mdy Shop.JPG
Chinese blankets for the Mandalay winter
Mandalay is the major trading and communications center for northern and central Burma. Much of Burmese external trade to China and India goes through Mandalay.
Among the leading traditional industries are silk weaving, tapestry, jade cutting and polishing, stone and wood carving, making marble and bronze Buddha images, temple ornaments and paraphernalia, the working of gold leaves and of silver, the manufacture of matches, brewing and distilling.
Ethnic Chinese have increasingly dominated Mandalay's economy since the imposition of sanctions by the United States and the European Union in the 1990s.
Education[link]
Mandalay has the best educational facilities and institutions, after Yangon, in Burma where state spending on education is among the lowest in the world.[43] Students in poor districts routinely drop out in middle school as schools have to rely on forced "donations" and various fees from parents for nearly everything – school maintenance to teachers' salaries.[44] Many wealthy Mandalay parents enroll their children in the city's English language private schools for primary and secondary education and Chinese and Singaporean universities for university education. Some wealthy ethnic Chinese families also send their children to "cram schools" where students study for entrance exams into Chinese universities from 6am to 8am, then to government high schools from 9am to 3pm, and finally preparation classes for Singapore GCE O levels from 4pm to 9pm.[45]
For the rest of the students who cannot afford to go abroad for studies, Mandalay offers Upper Burma's best institutions of higher education. The city's University of Medicine, Mandalay, University of Dental Medicine, Mandalay, Mandalay Technological University and University of Computer Studies, Mandalay are among the nation's most selective universities. The vast majority of university students in Mandalay attend liberal arts universities: Mandalay University, the oldest university in Upper Burma, and Yadanabon University.
Health care[link]
See also: List of hospitals in Mandalay
The general state of health care in Burma is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world.[46][47] In 2005, the public health care system of Mandalay Region with over 7.6 million people consisted of slightly over 1000 doctors and about 2000 nurses working in 44 hospitals and 44 health clinics. Over 30 of the so-called hospitals had less than 100 beds.[29] Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment.
Nonetheless Mandalay remains the main health care center for Upper Burma[48] as almost all of large public hospitals and private hospitals are in Mandalay. The city has ten public hospitals and one hospital specializing in traditional Burmese medicine. For a semblance of adequate health care, the well-to-do from Upper Burma go to private hospitals and clinics in Mandalay. For more advanced treatments, they have to go to Yangon or abroad. The wealthy Burmese routinely go abroad (usually Bangkok or Singapore) for treatment.[49]
Sister cities[link]
Mandalay in popular culture[link]
The Eagles' "Long Road Out of Eden," the title track to their 2007-released cd, includes a lyric "...on the road to Mandalay."
- John Masters wrote a book about his wartime experiences in Burma called The Road Past Mandalay. (Masters is the author of many books on India and Asia, Bhowani Junction being one of them.)
- Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem called "Mandalay", which is the origin of the phrase "on the road to Mandalay".[1]
- In 1907, Kipling's poem was set to music by Oley Speaks as "On the Road to Mandalay". Speaks' version was widely recorded. Among the best known renditions is the one by Frank Sinatra on Come Fly With Me.
- Kurt Weill's musical Happy End includes "The Mandalay Song". Mandalay is also mentioned in the bordello scene in his opera Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny.
- 46 Bliss perform a song "The Road to Mandalay" on their Pistachio Home release.
- Manderley (a variant spelling of "Mandalay") is the name of the house in the novel Rebecca by Daphne du Maurier.
- In a comedy sketch, Peter Cook, as a bicyclist, seeks directions to Mandalay from Dudley Moore, who is painting road lines on what he says is the Karakoram highway.
- George Orwell was stationed at Mandalay for a time while working for the Indian Imperial Police in Burma, and his first novel, Burmese Days, was based on his experiences in Burma. He also wrote a number of short non-fiction essays and short stories about Burma, such as "Shooting an Elephant" and "A Hanging".
- The children's song "Nellie the Elephant" features the line "they met one night by a silver light on the road to Mandalay."
An ear-piercing ceremony at Mahamuni Paya in Mandalay.
- Mandalay is referenced in the song "Not Guilty" written by George Harrison for The Beatles, but it was not released as a Beatles song until The Beatles Anthology was released in 1995. A solo version of the song was released by Harrison in 1979. He sings: 'Not Guilty, for leading you astray, on the roads of Mandalay', using it as an allusion for the Beatles' trip in India in 1968.
- Mandalay Bay is the name of a casino in Las Vegas.
- Mandalay is a music group responsible for the song "Beautiful".
- Saya Myoma Nyein composed many songs for Mandalay especially for the Thingyan Water Festival.
- The Ian Dury and the Blockheads song "Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick", features the line "On the Road to Mandalay".
- The Electric Light Orchestra had an unreleased track on their 1983 Secret Messages album called "Mandalay". It was later released on the 3rd CD of their boxed set Afterglow.
- Colin Hay, the lead singer and main writer from the group Men at Work has put out a number of solo albums since the breakup of Men at Work. His album Topanga, released in 1996, has a track called "Road to Mandalay".
- Mandalay is referenced in the song "Mountains of Burma" by Midnight Oil on the album Blue Sky Mining. It was written by Rob Hirst.
- Blackmore's Night has a song called "Way to Mandalay" on Ghost of a Rose.
- Manderlay is a film by Lars von Trier.
- Robbie Williams had a song called "The Road To Mandalay" on Sing When You're Winning.
- Manfat Voodoo has a song called "The Bus Times to Mandalay" on their album "Erasmus Darwin and the Chicken Ladder"
- The title song of the Eagles' 2007 release Long Road Out Of Eden includes the line "Been down the road to Damascus, the road to Mandalay."
- In Lady Chatterley, a 1993 Ken Russell film, Lady Chatterley and her sister plan a trip to Mandalay to visit their father.
- Echo & the Bunnymen reference 'Traveling dark on the road to Mandalay' in the song "Bombers Bay", from their 1987 eponymous album, Echo & the Bunnymen.
- A line in the theme song of the movie Five Weeks in a Balloon says "I wouldn't trade places with the king of Mandalay."
- Russian band Scarlet Dazzle has a song called "Mandalay" on their debut self-titled album released in 2008.
- Elton John and Leon Russell's 2010 album The Union includes a song called "Mandalay Again".
Gallery[link]
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Mandalay Hill
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A view from Mandalay Hill
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Another view from Mandalay Hill
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Mandalay Palace Watch Tower
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The Hluttaw Hall inside Mandalay Palace
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Mahamuni Buddha, A Rakhine masterpiece
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A Mandalay girl
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Shwe Kyaung, a famous monastery
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The Atumashi Monastery
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Now defunct old Sagaing Bridge
References[link]
- ^ Thein Sein (28 February 2012). "Mandalay Mayor appointed Republic of the Union of Myanmar". New Light of Myanmar (Government of Myanmar). http://myanmar.com/newspaper/nlm/Feb28_03.html. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ "Water Purification Plant #8 in Aungmyethazan Township 60% Coomplete" (in Burmese). Bi-Weekly Eleven (Eleven Media Group). 2011-04-28.
- ^ a b c d "United Nations World Urbanization Prospects, 2007 revision". The United Nations Population Division. http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2. Retrieved 2009-01-24.
- ^ a b c d Zon Pann Pwint, Minh Zaw and Khin Su Wai (May 18–24, 2009). "Mandalay marks 150th birthday". The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/no471/n001.htm.
- ^ "Myanmar Area Codes". http://en.18dao.net/Area_Code/Myanmar.
- ^ a b "China's Ambitions in Myanmar". IISS Strategic Comments. July 2000. http://www.asiapacificms.com/articles/myanmar_influence/.
- ^ a b c d Stephen Mansfield (1999-05-13). "Myanmar's Chinese connection". Japan Times. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fv19990513a2.html.
- ^ "History of Mandalay". Golden City of Asia, Official Mandalay City Site. http://www.goldencity.asia/index.php/history/51-history-of-mandalay. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
- ^ Issac Taylor (1898). Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature (2nd ed.). Rivingtons. p. 186.
- ^ a b "Mandalay Palace" (PDF). Directorate of Archaeological Survey, Burma. 1963. http://www.lib.washington.edu/asp/myanmar/pdfs/MP0001a.pdf. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
- ^ a b Kyaw Thein (1996). The Management of Secondary Cities in Southeast Asia. Case Study: Mandalay. UN-Habitat. ISBN 92-1-131313-9, 9789211313130.
- ^ Vincent Clarence Scott O'Connor (1907). Mandalay: And Other Cities of the Past in Burma. Hutchinson & Co.. pp. 6–9.
- ^ Herbert Thirkell White (1913). A Civil Servant in Burma. London: E. Arnold.
- ^ Ko Yin Aung (1999-12-23). "Prospects of Education in Myanmar". The New Light of Myanmar. http://www.burmalibrary.org/reg.burma/archives/199912/msg00769.html.
- ^ Bird, George W (1897). Wanderings in Burma. London: F J Bright & Son. pp. 254. http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=f7c73dc350626ca80c0cf1c8ff80315f;rgn=full%20text;idno=sea282;view=image;seq=360.
- ^ "Mandalay Centenary Stamps". eBay. http://cgi.ebay.com/BURMA-First-Day-Cover-MANDALAY-CENTENARY-1959-CACHET_W0QQitemZ390007523149QQcmdZViewItemQQptZLH_DefaultDomain_0?_trksid=p3286.m20.l1116#ebayphotohosting. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ "23,000 Homeless in Burma Fire". New York Times via Reuters. 26 March 1984. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E6D71139F935A15750C0A962948260. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ "Myanmar Fire Mar 1984 UNDRO Information Reports 1 - 2". ReliefWeb. 27 March 1984. http://ocha-gwapps1.unog.ch/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/ACOS-64BUBF?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ "Huge fire rages major market in Myanmar second largest city". China View via Xinhua. 2008-02-25. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/25/content_7665647.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ Ne Nwe Moe Aung and Sithu Naing (2009-03-02). Dry weather brings upsurge in outbreaks of fire in Myanmar. The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/no460/n004.htm.
- ^ a b Min Lwin (April, 2009). The Chinese Road to Mandalay. The Irrawaddy. http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=15404.
- ^ a b Poon Kim Shee (2002). "The Political Economy of China–Myanmar Relations: Strategic and Economic Dimensions". Ritsumeikan Annual Review of International Studies (Ritsumeikan University). http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/cg/ir/college/bulletin/e-vol1/1-3shee.pdf.
- ^ Finding George Orwell in Burma, Emma Larkin, p. 12
- ^ Christophe Vigny et al.. "Present-day crustal deformation around Sagaing fault, Myanmar" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research, vol 108, 19 November, 2003. pp. 2–4. http://www.geologie.ens.fr/~vigny/articles/2002JB001999.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ Climate Information for Mandalay, World Weather Information service, accessed 8 May 2012.
- ^ Climatological Information for Mandalay, Myanmar, Hong Kong Observatory, accessed 8 May 2012.
- ^ Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Mandalay, Weatherbase. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
- ^ Maung Maung Oo (2001-11-26). "Junta’s New White Elephant Project is Paying Off". The Irrawaddy. http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=25.
- ^ a b Thiha Aung (2005-02-13). "Mandalay Division marching to new golden land of unity and amity". New Light of Myanmar. http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Article/Article2005/Feb/Feb13.htm.
- ^ a b c "Asian Highway in Myanmar" (PDF). unescap.org. http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2303/MyanmarB5.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
- ^ "Burmese Economy Is an Obstacle to Aid". New York Times. 2008-05-29. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/29/world/asia/29aid.html?scp=18&sq=myanmar&st=nyt.
- ^ Phyo Wai Kyaw (2008-06-02). Sunny pick-ups turn back the clock on Mandalay’s roads. Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/care2008/care06.htm.
- ^ Phyo Wai Kyaw (2007-07-30). Domestic autos take over Mandalay streets. Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/no377/n019.htm.
- ^ Shwe Yinn Mar Oo (2008-06-02). "Motor vehicles in Myanmar". Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/care2008/care03.htm.
- ^ "Ludu Daw Amar: Speaking Truth to Power by Min Zin". The Irrawaddy, October 2002. http://www.irrawaddymedia.com/article.php?art_id=2739&page=4. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
- ^ Rieffel, Lex (2010). Myanmar/Burma: inside challenges, outside interests. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-0-8157-0505-5.
- ^ "Myanmar to launch 2nd FM radio station in northern city". People's Daily Online via Xinhua. 2008-03-20. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/6377348.html.
- ^ Kyaw Zin Htun and Soe Than Linn (2008-03-24). Mandalay gets FM station. Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/no411/n002.htm.
- ^ "Mandalay Media". Myanmar's Net. http://www.myanmars.net/myanmar-travel/myanmar-mandalay/mandalay.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
- ^ "Naypyidaw to Launch New Daily". Irrawaddy . 2008-12-23. http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=14834.
- ^ "Mandalay Daily Newspaper". Mandalay City Development Committee. 1997-11-30. http://www.mandalaynews.net.
- ^ Han Oo Khin (March 9–15, 2009). "New era for football". The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/no461/sport01.htm. [dead link]
- ^ "HRDU Yearbook 2006 Chapter 9: Rights to Education and Health". Human Rights Documentation Unit. http://burmalibrary.org/docs4/HRDU2006-CD/education.html. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
- ^ Yee May Aung (2008-09-10). "Educationalists concerned by Burmese literacy rate". DVB. http://english.dvb.no/news.php?id=1732.
- ^ Sandra Davie (2008-10-13). "'I see no future for my two sons in Myanmar.'". Straits Times. http://www.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20081011-93043.html.
- ^ "PPI: Almost Half of All World Health Spending is in the United States". 2007-01-17. http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=254167.
- ^ Yasmin Anwar (2007-06-28). 06.28.2007 "Burma junta faulted for rampant diseases". UC Berkeley News. http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/06/28_Burma.shtml 06.28.2007.
- ^ Aye Lei Tun (2007-06-11). Mandalay continues to play vital role as healthcare centre for the upper north. Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/health/h011.htm.
- ^ Thein Win Nyo (2007-06-11). Medical tourism gives patients options. Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/health/h012.htm.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mandalay |
- Mandalay travel guide from Wikitravel
- See also nearby Pyin Oo Lwin, the historic hill station above Mandalay
- Mandalay in 1885-1888 - the letters of James Alfred ColbeckPDF (107 KiB) SOAS
- Mandalay Gallery with antique, colonial views of Mandalay
- Mandalay, the Burmese Heartland by Dr. Constance Wilson, Northern Illinois University
- Asian Historical Architecture - Mandalay by Prof. Robert D. Fiala, Concordia University, Nebraska
- Mandalay Centenary Song by Than Myat Soe MRTV3
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Mandalay
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Capital of Burma 23 May 1859 – 29 November 1885 |
Succeeded by Yangon |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Lawrence Mervil Tibbett (November 16, 1896 – July 15, 1960) was a famous American opera singer and recording artist who also performed as a film actor and radio personality. A baritone, he sang with the New York Metropolitan Opera company more than 600 times from 1923 to 1950. He performed diverse musical theatre roles, ranging from Iago in Met productions of Othello to Captain Hook in Peter Pan in a touring show.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Lawrence Tibbett was born Lawrence Mervil Tibbet, (with a single "t") on November 16, 1896 in Bakersfield, California.[1] His father was a part-time deputy sheriff, killed in a shootout with desperado Jim McKinney in 1903. Tibbett grew up in Los Angeles, earning money by singing in church choirs and at funerals. He graduated from Manual Arts High School in 1915. A year later he met his future wife, Grace Mackay Smith, who rented a room in his mother's house.[2] During World War I he served in the Merchant Marine, after which he found employment singing as prologue to silent movies at the Grauman "Million Dollar" Theater in downtown Los Angeles.
Tibbett studied in New York City with Frank La Forge and in 1923 at the age of 26, he signed his first contract, for $60 per week, with the New York Metropolitan Opera, using the name "Tibbett" (a spelling he had used occasionally in his youth). Over the ensuing years, with the Met, he built a hugely successful career, displaying an outstanding voice, immaculate musicianship, and a strong stage presence.
His Met roles included Valentin in Charles Gounod's Faust, Silvio, and later, Tonio, in Ruggiero Leoncavallo's Pagliacci and the King's Herald in Richard Wagner's Lohengrin. He first achieved national recognition playing Ford in Giuseppe Verdi's Falstaff.[3] Tibbett traveled to California in 1927 to sing the lead role in the Grove Play St. Francis of Assisi, and it was during that trip to San Francisco when he met ex-New Yorker Jennie Marston Burgard, whom he married in 1932.[4] During the 1930s, Tibbett toured Europe and Australia, performing on stage or giving recitals in London, Paris, Prague and Vienna as well as in Sydney and Melbourne.
In the early 1930s, Tibbett also appeared in movies. His Hollywood sojourn proved brief, although he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his first film, The Rogue Song, a 1930 MGM production with Laurel & Hardy, shot in two-color Technicolor. (Only a few minutes of footage of the film, as well as the complete soundtrack, have been found.)[5] Soon afterward, he starred in another MGM musical film, New Moon, opposite Grace Moore and The Cuban Love Song (1931), with the Mexican Spitfire, Lupe Vélez. In 1935, he made Metropolitan for 20th Century Fox. This film is notable for its extensive segments of Tibbett performing operatic arias in a stage setting. His final film was Under Your Spell in 1936. Also during the 1930s, Tibbett had a domestic radio program sponsored by the Packard Motor Car Company of America on which he sang formal music. The company chose him to announce the Packard 120 to the world on air; he drove one. When the firm wanted to sell less expensive cars, they persuaded him to add popular tunes to his repertoire in order to boost sales. He also appeared on Your Hit Parade.
Together with violinist Jascha Heifetz, in 1936 he founded the American Guild of Musical Artists, the most important labor union for solo performing artists. He was the Guild's proactive president for 17 years. His forceful and articulate advocacy of artistic causes was unique in its day.
After his operatic career concluded, in the early 1950s Tibbett performed in musicals and plays. He spent a summer in stock as the Reverend Davidson in Rain and played Captain Hook in a short-lived tour of the John Burrell staging of Peter Pan that was mounted for Jean Arthur and featured a musical score by the young Leonard Bernstein. Veronica Lake played Peter. Most notably, Tibbett took over the Italian operatic bass Ezio Pinza's role in Fanny during its original Broadway run.
Later years and death[link]
In later years Tibbett served as host of a radio show featuring recordings of operatic singers. He leavened matters with reminiscences of his own stage experiences. Plagued by severe arthritis and a severe drinking problem, he aged prematurely as his health worsened. He died on July 15, 1960, after hitting his head on a table during a fall in his apartment. The Time obituary said of him: "Tibbett had a big, bronzelike, dramatically eloquent voice that combined ringing power with remarkable agility ... he left behind not only the echoes of a great voice but the memory of a performer who could feel equally at home with high art and popular entertainment, suggesting that there is a magical link between the two."[6]
Tibbett's operatic recordings made in the United States during the 1920s and '30s are regarded as among the finest of that period. Many of them are available on CD re-issues. A comprehensive story of his personal life and musical career, Dear Rogue: A Biography of the American Baritone Lawrence Tibbett, by Hertzel Weinstat and Bert Wechsler was published in 1996 by Amadeus Press of Portland, Oregon.
Famous roles[link]
Although regarded as a dashing, compelling actor as well, Tibbett's true fame stems from the fact that he has long been considered to be, in terms of sheer voice, one of the finest baritones ever to appear at the Metropolitan Opera. His voice was large, with a dark timbre approaching that of a bass, and he commanded a full range of dynamics in his prime, from powerful fortes to delicate pianissimos. He was renowned for his affinity with the works of Verdi, notably his breakthrough role of Ford in Falstaff, Simon Boccanegra in Simon Boccanegra and Iago in Otello. He was also an imposing, sinister Scarpia in Puccini's Tosca, a swaggering Escamillo in Bizet's Carmen and a powerful Tonio in Leoncavallo's Pagliacci.
In addition, Tibbett created leading roles in a number of American operas, including Louis Gruenberg's The Emperor Jones, based on Eugene O'Neill's play. (He sang this in blackface; the character of Brutus Jones is an African-American). He starred in Howard Hanson's Merry Mount, as well as operas by Deems Taylor, The King's Henchman and Peter Ibbetson. Tibbett performed the roles of Porgy and Jake in the first album of selections from George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess, two roles which, on stage, are usually performed by black singers. Gershwin himself was present at the recording sessions. Continuing in this vein, Tibbett made a recording of Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II's song, Ol' Man River, from Show Boat.
Awards and portrayals[link]
- Lawrence Tibbett was pictured on a set of United States postage stamps in the "Legends of American Music series", celebrating opera singers.
- The year he died, Tibbett was made a posthumous member of the charter class of honorees in the "Hollywood Walk of Fame." Though he was a pioneer in musical film, his star honors him as a recording artist.
- Tibbett is portrayed briefly as a character in the 1991 Hollywood film Bugsy, although the actor portraying him was shorter and pudgier than the real person.
- A full-length biography of Tibbett, titled Dear Rogue, by Hertzel Weinstat and Bert Wechsler, was published in 1996 (see above).
References[link]
- ^ Mobile Times Register. "Musical History is Made By Unknown in New York Debut". 5 January 1925.
- ^ Mobile Times Register.
- ^ Mobile Times Register.
- ^ Farkas, Andrew. Lawrence Tibbet, Singing Actor, Hal Leonard Corporation, 1989, p. 85. ISBN 0-931340-17-9
- ^ Turner Classic Movies
- ^ Time magazine, "Opera's Grand Trouper" July 25, 1960
- The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, corrected Second Edition, edited by Rosenthal and Warwick, London, 1980.
- The Lawrence Tibbett Papers, a portion of the singer's personal papers, in the Music Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
- Dear Rogue, by Weinstat and Wechsler, Portland, Oregon, 1996.
External links[link]
- Photograph of Tibbett, summer of 1927. Online Archive of California.
- Lawrence Tibbett at Find A Grave
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Tibbett, Lawrence |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | November 16, 1896 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | July 15, 1960 |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Tibbett
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people with the same name, see Robbie Williams (disambiguation).
| Robbie Williams | |
|---|---|
 Williams performing as part of the Progress Live tour in May 2011 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Robert Peter Williams |
| Born | (1974-02-13) 13 February 1974 (age 38) Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England |
| Genres | Pop rock, soft rock, dance |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, vocal coach, record producer, actor |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, bass guitar, synthesiser, drums, piano, violin, harmonica, marimba |
| Years active | 1990–present |
| Labels | Universal (2011–present) Virgin (2009–2010) Chrysalis (1996-2008) |
| Associated acts | Take That |
| Website | robbiewilliams.com |
Robert Peter "Robbie" Williams[1] (born 13 February 1974) is an English singer-songwriter, vocal coach and occasional actor. He is a member of the pop group Take That.
Williams rose to fame in the band's first run in the early- to mid-1990s. After many disagreements with the management and certain group members, Williams left the group in 1995 to launch his solo career. On 15 July 2010, it was announced he had rejoined Take That and that the group intended to release a new album in November 2010[2][3] which became the second fastest-selling album of all-time in UK chart history[4] and the fastest-selling record of the century.[5]
Williams has sold over 70 million records worldwide, which ranks him among the best-selling music artists worldwide.[6] He is the best-selling British solo artist in the United Kingdom and the best selling non-Latino artist in Latin America. Six of his albums are among the top 100 biggest-selling albums in the United Kingdom. He has also been honoured with seventeen BRIT Awards—more than any other artist—and seven ECHO Awards. In 2004, he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame after being voted as the "Greatest Artist of the 1990s."
Life and career[link]
1974–89: Early life[link]
Williams was born to Peter and Janet Williams in Stoke-on-Trent on 13 February 1974. His parents ran a pub called the Red Lion in the town of Burslem, before his father became the licensee at the Port Vale F.C. Social Club - this led to Williams' lifelong affinity for the team.[7] Williams attended Mill Hill Primary School in Stoke-on-Trent[8] then St Margaret Ward Roman Catholic School in Tunstall,[9] and also attended dance school UKDDF in Tunstall.[citation needed] He participated in several school plays, and his biggest role was that of the Artful Dodger in a production of Oliver!.
1990–95: Take That[link]
Main article: Take That
In 1990, the sixteen year old Williams was the youngest member to join Take That. According to the documentary Take That: For the Record, his mother read an advertisement seeking members for a new boy band and suggested that he try out for the group. He met fellow member Mark Owen on the day of his audition/interview with Nigel Martin-Smith. During the heights of the band's popularity, Williams was known as the extrovert and practical joker of the band. Although the majority of the band's material was written and performed by Gary Barlow, Williams did perform lead vocals on their first Top Ten hit "Could It Be Magic", "I Found Heaven", and "Everything Changes". However, he had conflicts with Martin-Smith over the restrictive rules for Take That members, and he began drinking more alcohol and dabbling in cocaine.
In July 1995, Williams's drug abuse had escalated to the point of his having a near drug overdose the night before the group was scheduled to perform at the MTV Europe Music Awards. According to the documentary For the Record, he stated that he was unhappy with his musical ideas not being taken seriously by lead singer Barlow and Nigel Martin-Smith, because his desire to explore hip hop and rap conflicted with the band's usual ballads. Barlow explained in interviews that Williams had given up trying to offer creative input and merely did as he was told. As well as Williams's friction with the management of the band, Jason Orange had problems with his increasingly belligerent behaviour, his lack of interest in performing, and his frequent habit of missing the band's rehearsals.
Both Orange and Barlow confronted Martin-Smith about the internal conflict, because they did not want him dropping out while touring and before any possible future touring of America, which never took place. During one of the last rehearsals before the tour commenced, the group confronted Williams about his attitude and stated they wanted to do the tour without him. He agreed to quit the band and left; it would be the last time for twelve years that they were all together. Despite the departure of Williams, Take That completed their Nobody Else Tour as a four-piece band. They later disbanded on 13 February 1996, Williams's 22nd birthday.
Shortly afterwards, Williams was photographed by the press partying with the members of Oasis at Glastonbury Festival. Following his departure, he became the subject of talk shows and newspapers as he acknowledged his plans to become a solo singer, and he was spotted partying with George Michael in France. However, a clause in his Take That contract prohibited him from releasing any material until after the group was officially dissolved, and he was later sued by Martin-Smith and forced to pay $200,000 in commission. After various legal battles over his right to a solo career, Williams was victorious in getting released from his contract with BMG. On 27 June 1996, Williams formally announced that he had signed with Chrysalis Records.
[edit] 1996–98: Life Thru a Lens and I've Been Expecting You
After leaving Take That, Williams launched his solo career starting off in 1996 by covering George Michael's "Freedom", the single reached number two in the UK Singles Chart.[10]
Recordings for Williams's first album began at London's Maison Rouge studios in March 1996. Shortly after his introduction to Guy Chambers, Williams released "Old Before I Die" which would be the first single taken from his début album. The single reached number two on the UK Charts;[10] however, it was largely ignored on international charts.
His debut album, Life Thru a Lens, was released in September 1997. The album launched with his first live solo gig at the Élysée Montmartre theatre in Paris, France. The album debuted at number eleven of the UK Album Charts.
Williams released what would be the fourth single taken from his album. "Angels" became Williams' best-seller in the United Kingdom.[11] The song, apart from becoming a hit around Europe and Latin America, caused sales of his album to skyrocket. The album remained inside the British top ten for forty weeks and spent 218 weeks there altogether, making it the 58th best selling album in UK history with sales of over 2.4 million.[12] The album eventually managed to sell over three million copies in Europe.[13]
Williams and Chambers started writing the second album in Jamaica in early 1998. The first single, "Millennium", became Williams' first solo number one single in the United Kingdom.[14] It also became a top twenty hit in many European countries, Latin America and Australia.[15]
When the album I've Been Expecting You was released in late October 1998, it débuted at number one in the UK Albums Chart.[14] The album received more attention outside the United Kingdom, leaving its mark in the European and Latin American markets with hits such as "No Regrets", a collaboration with The Pet Shop Boys' singer Neil Tennant and The Divine Comedy's Neil Hannon.
A cover of a track from World Party's album, Egyptology, became Williams' second number one hit in the UK.[14] Williams finished the year with a European Tour late in 1999.
The album I've Been Expecting You sold almost 3 million copies in the UK and was certified 10x Platinum by the BPI.[16] In Europe, the album sold over 4 million copies.[17]
[edit] 1999–2001: Sing When You're Winning and Swing When You're Winning
In 1999, Williams was signed to Capitol Records in the United States, a part of EMI. He embarked on a US promotional tour and released his first U.S. and Canadian single, "Millennium". The album The Ego Has Landed was released in July 1999 in the United States and Canada.
In the middle of promotion and the tours in 1999, Williams began work on his third studio album. This time he had finally found his inner confidence.[18]
The first single taken from the album was "Rock DJ", a song inspired by Williams's UNICEF mentor, the late Ian Dury. The video showed Williams in an attempt to get noticed by a group of females, first stripping and then tearing chunks of skin and muscle from his body, and caused controversy in the United Kingdom and many other countries. The video was edited by Top of the Pops for its graphic content and many other channels followed suit.[19] The song became an instant hit, reaching number one in the UK (becoming his third number one single as a solo artist) and New Zealand. The song went on to win "Best Song of 2000" at the MTV Europe Music Awards, "Best Single of the Year" at the BRIT Awards and an MTV Video Music Award for Best Special Effects.
When the album, Sing When You're Winning was released in August 2000, it topped the charts in many different countries.[20] In the UK the album was certified 2x Platinum on its first week of release.[21]
After the success of his third album, Williams wanted to take another musical direction. He took two weeks off from his tour to record what would be his fourth studio album, a big band album.[22] Born from his life-long love for Frank Sinatra – combined with the success of the track "Have You Met Miss Jones?" that he recorded for the film Bridget Jones' Diary in early 2001 – the album was recorded at Capitol Studios in Los Angeles.
Williams took the chance to duet with his long-time friend Jonathan Wilkes, Little Voice star Jane Horrocks, Saturday Night Live star Jon Lovitz, Rupert Everett and actress Nicole Kidman. The first single released from the album was a duet with Kidman, on "Somethin' Stupid". Originally a hit for Frank and Nancy Sinatra, the song became Williams' fifth number one hit in the UK.[23] It eventually went on to become one of the biggest hits of 2001.[24]
When the album Swing When You're Winning (in reference to his 2000 studio album Sing When You're Winning) was released in late 2001, it became an instant hit in the UK, Ireland, New Zealand, Austria, Germany and Switzerland.[25]
"Beyond the Sea" was featured over the credits of the film Finding Nemo in 2003 and was also released on the film's soundtrack CD.
A DVD called Robbie Williams Live at the Albert Hall was released in December of that year. So far, it has become one of the best selling music DVDs in Europe, being certified 6x Platinum in the United Kingdom[26] and 2x Platinum in Germany.[27]
[edit] 2002–05: Escapology and Intensive Care
In 2002, Williams signed a record-breaking £80 million contract with EMI.[28] The contract included a number of provisos, including the label ceding greater creative control to the artist and a commitment to breaking Williams into the US market. So far it is the biggest music deal in British history. The deal was brokered by Ingenious Media, a leading UK corporate finance advisory business.[29]
Williams began working on what would be his fifth studio album, spending a year in the recording studio. The album heralded a new era for Williams. He had taken a more active role in the making of this album, giving an indication of his growing confidence in the studio. "One Fine Day", "Nan's Song", and "Come Undone" were the first songs that Williams wrote without the input of Guy Chambers. Most of the songs were recorded in Los Angeles.[29]
The album's first single, "Feel", written by Williams and Chambers, was recorded as a demo. When they started working on the album and were trying to re-record the vocals, Williams felt unsatisfied with it, so he decided to include the demo version and then release it as the first single.[30] When the single was released in late 2002, it became Williams' biggest international hit, going number one in countries like The Netherlands and Italy, as well as reaching the top ten in almost every single European country.[31]
When Williams' fifth studio album, Escapology, was released in late 2002, it hit number one in at least 10 countries around the world. In the United States, however, it failed to make such an impact.
Due to the controversial video for the album's second single, "Come Undone", it was heavily censored by MTV Networks Europe for depicting a debauched (but fully clothed) Williams having three-way sex with two women. The video was about some young people having a party and it showed footage of fights, drug taking and alcohol abuse. It also showed unsettling images of insects and reptiles. The uncensored version of the video was released on DVD single in Europe and was also included on the Enhanced CD Single.[32] BBC Radio 2 also banned the song for its explicit content.[33] At that time, it was confirmed that Williams and Guy Chambers were to officially split up.[32]
Escapology sold almost 2 million copies by the end of 2003 in the United Kingdom.[34]
In October 2003, Williams released his first live album, Live at Knebworth.
In October 2004, Williams released, Greatest Hits, a retrospective of his career, and also, to reveal the new tracks he had been working on with the then-new collaborator, Stephen Duffy.[35] "Radio", the compilation's first single, debuted at number one in the UK Singles Chart[14] (becoming Williams' sixth number-one hit). When the compilation was later released it debuted at number one in the UK[14] and was the best selling album of the year in the UK[36] and Europe.[37]
Eight years after the release of "Angels", in February 2005 the British public voted it as the "Best Single of the Past Twenty-Five Years" at the 2005 BRIT Awards.[38]
After touring Latin America in late 2004 for the promotion Greatest Hits, Williams started working on his sixth studio album. Recorded at his house in the Hollywood Hills, the album was co-written by Stephen Duffy over the course of 24 months.[39]
The track "Ghosts" was inspired by the Human League's "Louise", about a man who breaks off a relationship with his partner and realises he still has strong feelings for her.[39]
The album Intensive Care was launched in Berlin on 9 October. It became a smash hit around the world.
In November 2005, Williams took home the MTV Europe Music Award for 'Best Male', but also, entered in The Guinness Book of World Records when he announced his World Tour for 2006, selling 1.6 million tickets in one single day.[40] But after the success, Gary Barlow, Mark Owen, Jason Orange, and Howard Donald had agreed to reunite in Notting Hill, west London, for a preview screening of a documentary about Take That. The documentary screened on ITV1 on 16 November 2005. Unfortunately, according to a source quoted by The Sunday Mirror, "Robbie announced he wasn't coming. The rest of the band were gutted but felt the show had to go on."[41]
Williams kicked off his Close Encounters World Tour in South Africa in April 2006, when he finished his European leg of the tour. 2.5 million people had seen the show,[42] and after touring Latin America and Australia the numbers went up to 3 million.
[edit] 2006–09: Rudebox and Reality Killed the Video Star
Williams released his much anticipated dance/electro album, Rudebox, on 23 October 2006. It featured collaborations with the Pet Shop Boys, William Orbit, Soul Mekanik, Joey Negro, Mark Ronson, Chris Grierson, The Orr Boys. It received mixed reviews: Allmusic gave it a four star rating, the NME 8 out of 10, and Music Week and MOJO were equally positive,[43] but it received much weaker reviews from some of the British press.
The first single, "Rudebox", was premièred on radio by Scott Mills on his show on BBC Radio 1. The event caused some controversy, as the record label's embargo date was broken, although Williams himself later backed the presenter for doing so. More controversy followed due to the first single's radical change of direction when compared to his older releases. British newspaper The Sun named the song "The Worst Song Ever".[44] However, Victoria Newton stated that there were sure-fire hits on the album.[45]
The album sold 2x Platinum in Europe with sales of over 2 million making it the fastest platinum-selling album of 2006.[46] The album finished at number eighteen in the list of 2006's best selling albums worldwide. Neil Tennant claimed the album had sold 4.5 million copies by early 2007.[47]
To promote his album, Williams commissioned a series of short films.[48] Goodbye to the Normals was directed by Jim Field Smith and features "Burslem Normals" by Robbie Williams.
On 4 October 2007, Williams made a guest appearance at Mark Ronson's concert in Los Angeles, performing The Charlatans' "The Only One I Know", which features on Ronson's album Version.
Rumours of a new studio album co-written with Guy Chambers surfaced in early 2007, along with known commitments required by Williams to his EMI contract. British singer-songwriter Laura Critchley commented that she had sung vocals for three songs, and said that it would not be released until 2009.[49]
On 16 January 2008 UK tabloid The Sun announced that Williams had been working on some songs with The Blockheads member Chaz Jankel. The article went on to state that the reunion with Chambers hadn't worked out and that the material that Williams is working on with Jankel will form the basis of his next studio album.[50] However, although it had been confirmed on the Blockheads' official site that Jankel was writing with Williams, the rumour that Chambers was no longer working with him was not official. In late August 2008, Williams' friend Callum Blue commented that he was still working on the album.[51]
In February 2009, it was confirmed that Williams had written material with Guy Chambers and Mark Ronson. A spokesman said that Williams was planning to begin the recording sessions in March and that the new album would be released in late 2009. This will probably be the last Williams album released by EMI.[52] On his official website, Williams confirmed that he was working with producer Trevor Horn on his new album, which would eventually be titled Reality Killed the Video Star,[53] a reference to the song "Video Killed the Radio Star" by Horn's former band The Buggles. The album was released on 9 November 2009 in the United Kingdom.[54]
On 11 October 2009 Williams published a 12-track compilation album, titled Songbook, as a free CD for the newspaper The Mail on Sunday. The CD is a one-off album of some of his biggest hits - including several rare live performances.[55] That same evening, Williams made his "comeback" on The X Factor results show, performing his new single "Bodies" for the first time live.[56]
On 20 October 2009 Williams opened the BBC Electric Proms at the London RoundHouse.[57] It was his first live concert for 3 years[58] and was broadcast across 200 cinemas worldwide.[59] Accompanied by a string section, horn section, full band and producer Trevor Horn, Williams performed several new tracks from Reality Killed the Video Star and older tracks.
Reality Killed the Video Star was previewed in the UK on the Spotify music streaming service on 6 November 2009, and official released on 9 November.[60] In a high profile chart battle, Williams' album was pitted against X Factor 2008 runners-up JLS who released their debut album the same day. JLS beat Williams to the number one spot by 1500 sales. The album was also released in the United States (Williams' first album to be released there since 2002's Escapology).
In late November 2009, Williams traveled to Australia to perform at the ARIA Music Awards of 2009.
[edit] 2010–2011: In and Out of Consciousness and reunion with Take That
In October 2010 Williams released his second greatest hits album, In and Out of Consciousness: The Greatest Hits 1990–2010, to celebrate 20 years as a performing artist.[61] A single, "Shame", was also released, which was written and sung by Williams and Barlow.[61]
On 15 July 2010, Williams announced he was returning to Take That. A joint statement between Williams and the group said "The rumours are true... Take That: the original lineup, have written and recorded a new album, to be called, Progress for release later this year," read the band's statement. "Following months of speculation Gary Barlow, Howard Donald, Jason Orange, Mark Owen and Robbie Williams confirmed they have been recording a new studio album as a five-piece, which they will release in November."[62]
On 26 August 2010, it was announced Williams would become a guest vocal coach on the ninth series of German reality television show Popstars: Girls forever to teach candidates for a girl group.[63]
On 20 September 2010, Williams released his second book called "You Know Me" in collaboration with Chris Heath. The book features a collection of photographs of Williams from the past 20 years of his career and discussion of them by Williams as transcribed by Heath.[64]
In October, Media Control named Williams the most successful album-artist of the millennium due to the fact that he had spent No. 1 on the German Albums Chart for 38 weeks since 2000. He also reached that chart's Top Ten 135 times.[65]
2011-present: Move to Universal and ninth studio album[link]
In June 2011 Robbie Williams revealed that he has been working with Gary Barlow on a new solo album, that will be produced by Barlow.[66] Williams confirmed on his official site that he will be doing a new duet.[67][citation needed]
Williams launched a radio show titled Radio Rudebox on 6 October 2011 where he played music and interviewed Gary Barlow.[68]
On 21 October 2011 Williams announced that he had signed with Universal Music, following his departure from his previous record label EMI in 2010. He said in a statement, "I'm really thrilled to be joining the Universal family at what I think is the most exciting time in my career." The singer's forthcoming ninth studio album is set to be released during the autumn of 2012.[69]
Other projects[link]
Reunion of Take That[link]
Williams announced in December 2008 that he was planning to relocate to the UK prior to releasing his eighth studio album in late-2009, and a possible reunion with Take That. Photos also showed Williams with his new tattoo of the Take That logo on his right arm, in tribute to his former bandmates.[70] Williams bought a £7 million home in the village of Compton Bassett, Wiltshire.
On 27 March 2009, Williams stated he felt ready to re-join Take That. He said: "I'm in regular contact with them, even Gaz, and it's looking more likely by the week. The lads all seem up for it and some people think it's a done deal. I think it would be fun."[71] Williams was eager to re-join the band on their The Circus Live tour, but these plans never materialised. In September 2009, Williams was reported to be working in New York with Take That, however these rumours were never confirmed.[72]
While it was rumoured that Williams would reunite with Take That on 12 November 2009 for a Children In Need charity concert at The Royal Albert Hall, they merely greeted each other warmly on stage between performances. However, both did join with the other acts in the final song of the evening, with Williams putting his arm around Gary Barlow and singing "Hey Jude". Williams subsequently implied in an interview that a proper reunion was still a distinct possibility. On 15 February 2010, The Sun printed an interview with Williams, stating that he and Take That had been sighted going to an Los Angeles studio together.[73]
It was announced on 15 July that Williams had rejoined Take That. In November 2010 the Take That album Progress was released, becoming the fastest selling album since 2000 and the second fastest selling album in UK history. Williams explained that the long-standing friction between himself and Gary has been resolved, and how close they now were.[74]
The band also announced the Progress Live tour which would travel across the UK, including a record breaking 8 nights at Wembley Stadium in London,[75] then continue across Europe. The tour was the fastest selling in UK history with ticket hotlines and websites crashing under the demand.[75]
Collaborations[link]
One of his most famous collaborations was on the song "Kids", a duet with Australian pop star Kylie Minogue. The single peaked at number 2 on the UK singles charts in 2000. Williams also collaborated with Australian film star Nicole Kidman on a cover of Frank and Nancy Sinatra's "Somethin' Stupid". The single reached number 1 on the UK singles chart in 2001. His single "No Regrets" featured Neil Tennant, and Neil Hannon on backing vocals.
In 2002, Williams appeared on the track "My Culture" on the 1 Giant Leap album, alongside rapper Maxi Jazz (which features lyrics from the hidden track "Hello Sir" from Life Thru a Lens). Williams also features on a double CD titled Concrete which was released on the same day as Rudebox. The CD features a concert recorded for the BBC featuring the Pet Shop Boys and Williams singing their classic hit "Jealousy". Their joint effort, "She's Madonna", was released as a single in March 2007. On 13 August 2007, a Dean Martin duets album was released, on which Williams sings "Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone". Most recently it was announced that Williams has recorded what is going to be Mexican singer Thalía's first single from her upcoming English-language album.
In 2010 he announced that he was to release "Shame", a duet with Take That lead singer songwriter Gary Barlow as the first single from his greatest hits collection In and Out of Consciousness: The Greatest Hits 1990–2010 which was certified silver in the UK and charted in 19 countries worldwide.
Video game[link]
Williams features in his own karaoke video game, We Sing Robbie Williams which was released on 12 November 2010 by Nordic Games.
Achievements[link]
It has been claimed that Williams has sold more albums in the UK than any other British solo artist in history and has won more BRIT Awards than any other artist to date.[76] His album sales stands at over 57 million worldwide.[77][78][79] Williams was entered in The Guinness Book of World Records when, after he announced his World Tour for 2006, 1.6 million tickets were sold in one single day.[80]
He has been presented many awards, including seventeen BRIT[81] and seven ECHO awards.[82] In 2004, he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame, after being voted as the Greatest artist of the 1990s.[83]
Williams appears in the list of the all-time Top 100 biggest selling albums in the United Kingdom six times.[36]
In October 2009 it was announced that he would receive the Outstanding Contribution To British Music award at the 2010 BRIT Awards.[84]
In September 2010 Williams switched on the Blackpool illuminations, stating that it was one of the greatest honours he'd ever achieved.[85]
Personal life[link]
Since 2006, Williams has spent most of his time in Los Angeles, California.[86] Williams moved back to the UK in 2009 when he bought an £8.5 million mansion in Compton Bassett, Wiltshire, nearby to close friend Jonathan Wilkes who lives in Swindon. Williams sold the mansion a year later to move back to Los Angeles.[citation needed]
Williams has reportedly battled mental illness, obesity, self-esteem issues, alcoholism, and substance abuse throughout his life.[87][88] He once discussed how his friend Elton John booked him into a clinic to cope with his drug use that emerged from the depression he was experiencing while still in Take That.[88] He entered a rehabilitation centre in Tucson for his addiction to the prescription pills Xanax, Seroxat/Paxil, Vicodin, and the energy drink Lucozade in February 2007[89] Williams used to smoke up to 60 cigarettes a day; he gave up in 2009 for his girlfriend Ayda Field.
Williams has a strong interest in UFOs and related paranormal phenomena, and has pursued this interest during his 2007–08 sabbatical.[90] His interest in the subject led to him taking part in a documentary for BBC Radio 4 with Jon Ronson. The documentary followed them to a UFO convention in Nevada. During an interview with Joss Stone on The Jeremy Kyle Show in 2008, Williams revealed that while out of his head on dispirin he has seen UFOs three times.[91] Williams said his first UFO sighting was when he was a child in Britain while he spotted his second in Beverly Hills, and added that the third sighting was just after he had written a song about alien contact.[91]
On 30 November 2009, Williams' hairdresser Aaron Vickers was found dead in woodland near to Williams' then home in Wiltshire. Vickers first met Williams in Los Angeles after being introduced by their mutual friend Jonathan Wilkes. When Williams bought the £8.5 million mansion in early 2009, Vickers lived at the estate for some months but had recently moved back in with his mother who lives nearby. Vickers was last seen by his boyfriend at 1am on 30 November, and his body was found hanged in the woods the following morning.[92][93]
Relationships[link]
Since May 2006, Williams has been in a relationship with the Turkish American actress Ayda Field.[94] They have reportedly been together for almost five years.[95] Despite several break up stories in the press[96][97][98] Williams and Field have been spotted together many times.[99][100][101] On 29 January 2008 they were pictured on vacation together at Mammoth Ski Resort in California, accompanied by Max Beesley.[102][103][104] She was featured in a UFO documentary that Williams did for BBC Radio 4 in April[105] and took part in a field investigation he did in Trout Lake, Washington in August 2008.[106]
On 8 November 2008, Williams was spotted with Field at football match at the Emirates Stadium home of Arsenal, where he was also seen with Gary Barlow accompanied by his two oldest children, and Williams's longtime friend Jonathan Wilkes.[107] The couple has been living together in a mansion in Wiltshire since the beginning of 2009 according to The Sun.[108] In October 2009, Field appeared in the video of Williams comeback single Bodies. Williams has been referring to Field as his "wife" in recent interviews.[109]
In November 2009, Williams announced to Jonathan Ross that he was 'in love' with Field.[110] On 26 November 2009, Williams proposed to Ayda Field live on the Australian radio channel 2dayfm in an interview on the Kyle and Jackie O Show.[111] However, it was later revealed by Williams' manager that it was "done as a joke following suggestions it was a stunt which was set up prior to the radio show." His spokesman confirmed: 'He did say it, but he did it in a jocular manner. They are not engaged.'[112] A few days later Williams himself denied the engagement, using his official blog to say "Hey all. We are not engaged. Rob.".[113][114] On 7 August 2010, Williams and Field married at his home in Los Angeles.[115] On 30 March 2012 Williams announced that he and his wife, Ayda, would become parents for the first time.[116]
Sexuality[link]
Williams won a libel case against MGN and Northern & Shell in December 2005 relating to articles which had reported he was a closet homosexual.[117] In the libel action that resulted from this, Williams accepted substantial damages, and the publishers accepted that the stories were untrue. His counsel, Tom Shields QC, told the court, "Mr Williams is not, and has never been, homosexual." Gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell called for any damages paid out from the libel case to be donated to gay charities, claiming Williams' legal actions had created the impression that it is "bad to be gay."[118] Williams responded that he was not bothered about being labelled as a gay man, and he would have taken the same action had it been regarding a heterosexual relationship. In 2008, Williams's friend, actor Max Beesley, rejected claims that Williams was gay. Beesley said, "Some of the stuff written about him is enough to make me mad, the rumours about him being gay, for example. Not true. I've never met anybody less gay in my life!"[119]
Wealth[link]
In 2009, the Sunday Times Rich List claimed he was worth over £130 million.[120] In 2011 his wealth was estimated at £90 million.[121]
Williams is a lifelong supporter of Port Vale, based in his home town of Stoke-on-Trent. In February 2006 he bought £240,000 worth of shares in the club, making him the majority shareholder.[122] He also has a restaurant at Vale Park named in his honour.[123]
Health[link]
He revealed in 2011 he had been battling a lethargy caused by a type of hormone imbalance called a Andropause for a number of years and thought at first it was a return of his depression.[124][125]
Charity[link]
Williams has set up a charity in his home town entitled Give It Sum, its goal being to "improve local conditions and strengthen community life by giving money to those who are disadvantaged."[87][126]
Williams, with the help of friend Jonathan Wilkes, has organised charity football matches called Soccer Aid to raise money for UNICEF UK. A mixture of celebrities and professional football players have played Soccer Aid matches in 2006, 2008 and 2010 at Old Trafford in Manchester and Wembley Stadium in London.[127]
Williams has been the Patron of the children's charity the Donna Louise Trust based in his home town of Stoke-on-Trent, for the last 8 years. The charity offers respite and palliative care to terminally ill and life-limited children who are not expected to live past the age of 16.[128]
Awards[link]
Main article: List of Robbie Williams' Awards
Williams has won various awards with some of his more recognised accolades being the BRIT awards. He has won 17 BRIT awards which also include the BRITs he won with Take That making him the most successful artist in BRIT history. He has also won 8 Echo Awards from the German music industry.[82][129]
Discography[link]
Main article: Robbie Williams discography
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Tours[link]
- The Show Off Must Go On (October–November 1997)
- The Ego Has Landed (May–June 1998)
- One More for the Rogue Tour / For a Few Dollars More... Tour (1998–99)
- Robbie Williams North American Tours (1999)
- The Sermon on the Mount Tour (2000–01)
- Weddings, Barmitzvahs & Stadiums Tour / Sing When You're Pacific Rimming Tour (2001)
- Weekends of Mass Distraction Tour / Cock of Justice/Aussie Typo Tour (2003)
- Close Encounters Tour (2006)
References[link]
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- ^ Samson, Pete (30 April 2008). "Robbie Williams has put on weight like Elvis after retiring - Singer seen playing golf with actress girlfriend Ayda Field". London: Thesun.co.uk. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article1106244.ece. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ^ "Robbie Williams Swears It's This Big". Tmz.com. 8 May 2008. http://www.tmz.com/2008/05/08/robbie-williams-swears-its-this-big/#comments. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ^ "Robbie Williams enjoys a day out with his favourite person... and girlfriend Ayda comes too". Daily Mail (London). 10 October 2008. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1076154/Robbie-Williams-enjoys-day-favourite-person--girlfriend-Ayda-comes-too.html. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ^ "Aftonbladet". Aftonbladet.se. 4 February 2008. http://www.aftonbladet.se/webbtv/noje/article1762260.ab. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ^ "Robbie Williams News: Robbie Williams spotted in snowy California!". Robbiewilliamsnews.blogspot.com. 26 February 2004. http://robbiewilliamsnews.blogspot.com/2008/02/robbie-williams-spotted-in-snowy.html. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ^ My Robbie Williams Journey: images thanks to rwcm @purerobbie.com[dead link]
- ^ "Jon Ronson heads deep into the Nevada desert with UFO obsessed Robbie Williams". Guardian (London). 19 April 2008. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/apr/19/popandrock.spaceexploration. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ^ "And Robbie Williams Investigate UFOs at Gilliland Ranch, page 1". Abovetopsecret.com. http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread389179/pg1. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ^ Back For Good? Robbie Williams and Gary Barlow reunite, Daily Mail Online, 8 November 2008
- ^ "TheSun.co.uk". London: TheSun.co.uk. 2 April 2009. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article2355332.ece. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ^ Adams, Cameron (16 October 2009). "Robbie Williams 'nervous not drunk' during comeback performance". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,28383,26216584-5013560,00.html. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ^ Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, Hot Sauce production for the BBC. First Broadcast 7 November 2009.
- ^ "2dayfm.com.au". 2dayfm.com.au. 27 November 2009. http://www.2dayfm.com.au/entertainment/daily_dirt//blog/robbie-proposes/20091127-6mnu.html. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ^ Robbie Williams' claims proposal to be a joke, Daily Mail. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
- ^ Robbie Williams denies engagement rumours Digital Spy. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
- ^ Robbie Williams denies engagement rumours BBC News. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
- ^ Sara Nathan, Ben Todd (8 August 2010). "Robbie's a married man! Take That star ties the knot with Ayda Field at £12m mansion". Daily Mail, UK (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1301086/Robbie-Williams-prepares-tie-knot-Ayda-Field-12m-mansion.html. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ Blog Author: Robert Williams. ""Me And Ayda Are Going To Be Mummy And Daddy This Year"". RobbieWilliams.com. http://www.robbiewilliams.com/news-blogs/me-and-ayda-are-going-to-be-mummy-and-daddy-year. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ "Williams wins 'gay' libel damages". BBC. 6 December 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4502834.stm. Retrieved 17 December 2006.
- ^ "Williams 'should donate damages'". BBC. 9 December 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4513430.stm. Retrieved 17 December 2006.
- ^ "Max Beesley: Robbie Williams is not gay!". Nowmagazine.co.uk. http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celeb_news/Max_Beesley_Robbie_Williams_is_not_gay_article_181582.html. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ^ "Sunday Times Rich List 2009". Sunday Times (London). 26 April 2009. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1017485/Rotund-Robbie-Williams-gains-pounds--new-girl.html. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ "Sunday Times Rich List 2011". Therichest.org. http://www.therichest.org/entertainment/sunday-times-music-millionaires/. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
- ^ "BBC Stoke & Staffordshire - Robbie buys into Vale". http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/content/articles/2006/02/27/robbie_williams_vale_stake_feature.shtml. Retrieved 17 December 2006.
- ^ "Williams given Port Vale honour". BBC News. 6 July 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/staffordshire/5153986.stm. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
- ^ "Robbie Williams | Williams Suffering From Hormone Imbalance". Contactmusic. 6 October 2010. http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/williams-suffering-from-hormone-imbalance_1169373. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
- ^ "Take That singer Robbie Williams admits to injecting himself with testosterone weekly". Dailytelegraph.com.au. 2 June 2011. http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/take-that-singer-robbie-williams-admits-to-injecting-himself-with-testosterone-weekly/story-e6frewyr-1226068200611. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
- ^ "Robbie's Givin It Sum...". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/robbie/giveitsum/index.shtml. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
- ^ "Robbie Williams Kicks for Charity". Novinite=Sofia News Agency. 23 March 2006. http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=60916.
- ^ "Donna Louise Trust". Donna Louise Trust. http://www.donnalouisetrust.org/. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
- ^ "robbie-scoops-echo-award-in-germany". Robbiewilliams.com. http://www.robbiewilliams.com/news-blogs/robbie-scoops-echo-award-in-germany. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Williams, Robbie |
| Alternative names | Williams, Robert Peter |
| Short description | English singer |
| Date of birth | 13 February 1974 |
| Place of birth | Stoke-on-Trent, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Robbie_Williams
Related pages:
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http://ru.wn.com/Уильямс, Робби
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Williams
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named David Foster, see David Foster (disambiguation).
| David Foster | |
|---|---|
 Foster speaking during a ceremony for Andrea Bocelli at the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in 2010. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | David Walter Foster |
| Born | (1949-11-01) November 1, 1949 (age 62) Victoria, British Columbia, Canada |
| Genres | Pop, pop rock, Classical, Gospel, R&B |
| Occupations | Music executive, Record producer, musician, composer, songwriter, arranger |
| Instruments | Piano, keyboards, French horn, synthesizer |
| Years active | 1971–present |
| Labels | Verve Records Reprise, 143, Atlantic |
| Associated acts | Skylark, Attitudes, Airplay, Ronnie Hawkins & The Hawks |
| Website | Official website |
 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2012) |
David Walter Foster, OC, OBC (born November 1, 1949), is a Canadian musician, record producer, composer, singer, songwriter, and arranger,[1] noted for discovering singers such as Michael Bublé, Josh Groban, and Charice Pempengco; and for producing some of the most successful artists in the world, such as Mariah Carey, Whitney Houston, Céline Dion, Andrea Bocelli, Toni Braxton, Madonna, Air Supply and Michael Jackson. Foster has won 16 Grammy Awards from 47 nominations. David Foster is the current Chairman of Verve Music Group. [2]
Contents |
Career[link]
Throughout his career, he has produced recordings for a wide range of musical artists, including Bryan Adams, Tamia, Christina Aguilera, The Bee Gees, Andrea Bocelli, Boz Scaggs, Mariah Carey, Toni Braxton, Chicago, Destiny's Child, Neil Diamond, Céline Dion, Earth Wind and Fire, Gloria Estefan, Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, Michael Jackson, Chaka Khan, Beyonce Knowles, Kenny Loggins, Madonna, Olivia Newton-John, Nsync, All-4-One, Plus One, Charice Pempengco, Prince, LeAnn Rimes, Kenny Rogers, Barbra Streisand, Donna Summer, Shania Twain, Hall & Oates, Tim Feehan, The Tubes, and Jackie Evancho.
Foster was a keyboardist for the pop group Skylark, discovered by Eirik Wangberg. The band's song, "Wildflower", was a top ten hit in 1973. Together with Jay Graydon he formed the band Airplay, whose album of the same name is often labeled the most important within the Westcoast AOR genre. He produced debut albums for The Corrs,[3] Michael Bublé,[4] Renee Olstead and Josh Groban, which were released under his own record label, 143 Records, and distributed through Warner Music.
In 1985, Rolling Stone magazine named Foster the "master of ... bombastic pop kitsch."[5] That year, Foster composed the score for the film St. Elmo's Fire,[6] including the instrumental "Love Theme from St. Elmo's Fire", which hit No. 15 on the US pop charts. Another song from the film, "St. Elmo's Fire (Man in Motion)", recorded by John Parr hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 7, 1985. The following years, Foster continued turning out occasional film scores, including the Michael J. Fox comedy The Secret of My Success and the Jodie Foster-Mark Harmon film Stealing Home, both of which spawned soundtrack albums with prominent Foster-penned contributions. He collaborated with then-wife Linda Thompson on the song "I Have Nothing", sung by Whitney Houston in the 1992 film The Bodyguard; the couple also appeared in the film's Oscars scene as the Oscar conductor and an Academy member. They were nominated for a Grammy Award and an Academy Award for Best Song for the song.[citation needed]
In 1995 Foster signed a deal with Warner Brothers that enabled him to set up his own boutique label, 143 Records, as a joint venture with Warner.[7] Foster gave the responsibility for running the label to then manager Brian Avnet.[7] One of the label's first signing was a then-little known Irish folk-rock band, The Corrs, for whom he produced their debut album.[7] By 1997, Foster had come to the realisation that, in the American market at least, "logo labels" like 143 were in a "bad spot" and as a result Foster sold the label back to Warner and became senior vice-president at the corporation.[7]
Foster, along with Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, composed "The Power of the Dream" as the official song of the 1996 Summer Olympics, with then-wife Thompson providing the lyrics (sung by Céline Dion). He also composed "Winter Games", the theme song for 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta. "Winter Games" is the soundtrack for a fountain show at the Bellagio resort in Las Vegas as well as a fountain show at Sea World Orlando and the awards ceremonies at the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair. Also in 2001, he collaborated with Lara Fabian and the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra to record the Canadian national anthem, "O Canada", for an English language version, a French version, and a bilingual (French/English) version, for a promotion of the Canadian government. Foster, with his then-wife Thompson, composed "Light the Fire Within", which was sung by LeAnn Rimes for the 2002 Winter Olympics. In 2003, Foster won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Music and Lyrics for The Concert for World Children's Day. His song, "I Will Be There With You" (sung with Katharine McPhee), is being used by Japan Airlines to promote the introduction of new aircraft to its US flights.
The 2001 movie, The Score, starring Robert De Niro and Marlon Brando has a Diana Krall recording, "I'll Make It Up As I Go". This song accompanies the film's ending Credits (Chapter 12) and was composed by David Foster (together with his daughter Amy Foster-Gilles), and was used in the film courtesy of the Verve Music Group.[8] In 2005, Foster, his daughter Amy Foster-Gillies, and Knowles wrote "Stand Up For Love" as the anthem to the World Children's Day, an annual worldwide event to raise awareness and funds for children causes. Over the past three years, more than $50 million has been raised to benefit Ronald McDonald House Charities and other children's organizations. Destiny's Child lent their voices and support as global ambassadors for the 2005 program.[citation needed]
In 2009 it was revealed that Foster had worked with songwriter Diane Warren to produce records for Whitney Houston's upcoming album. It was then announced that her comeback single would be the Foster-produced "I Didn't Know My Own Strength".[9]
On December 15, 2011 it was confirmed that Foster would become the Chairman of Verve Music Group.[citation needed]
Television appearances[link]
In early 1992, the national television station RCTI, Foster came to Indonesia for the TV show David Foster's Twilight Orchestra. In early 2001, Foster was in Popstars, a reality series that aired on WB. The series aimed at coming up with the next girl group and eventually became Eden's Crush (featuring Nicole Scherzinger). Foster and Linda Thompson wrote and produced several songs on their album. His home life was featured in a Fox staged[10] reality TV show, The Princes of Malibu, in which he attempted to force his spoiled stepsons, Brandon and Brody Jenner (the children of Thompson and Olympian Bruce Jenner), to straighten their lives up and earn their own way.[citation needed]
In late April 2005, he appeared as a special guest on both American Idol (as a mentor) and Nashville Star (as a judge) two weeks apart. He was also a judge on Celebrity Duets, a FOX TV show, and appeared on Star Tomorrow, where auditions were held in Los Angeles and New York for undiscovered talent. It aired only one (July 31, 2006) episode on NBC.[citation needed]
In July 2006, Foster made a brief appearance on The View as Star Jones's vocal coach. In August 2006, he was the musical director for JCPenney Jam's "The Concert For American Kids", which aired on CBS and was later released in CD/DVD format. In November 2007, Foster appeared in Oprah's annual "Favourite Things" episode, performing with Josh Groban. In September 2008, singer Charice joined Foster on The Oprah Winfrey Show with Celine Dion via satellite; and later on October 31, he and Andrea Bocelli appeared on Oprah again together, where he stated that Bocelli was his "favourite singer on the planet".[11]
In December 2008, Foster was featured in a PBS special titled Hit Man: David Foster & Friends, a concert featuring live performances by Foster and numerous other performers.[12] Foster was also featured in Under the Desert Sky in 2006, Vivere Live in Tuscany in 2007, the My Christmas Special, in 2009, and Live In Central Park, in 2011, Andrea Bocelli's four latest PBS Specials. Bocelli also performed during Foster's Hit Man special.
In late 2009, he also appeared on a number of TV shows to promote Bocelli's My Christmas album, which he produced, including The Oprah Winfrey Show, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Dr. Phil, The Early Show and Fox & Friends. He also made a number of appearances in 2010 with Filipino singer Charice, to promote her album.[citation needed]
Foster also has appeared in Nederlandse Hollywood Vrouwen. (Season 1 & 2 (2011/2011)Aired by NET 5, Netherlands) The Dutch reality series follows his wife Yolanda and three other woman.[citation needed]
In April 2012 rumors about his wife becoming a cast of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills appeared on E News. [13]
Personal life[link]
Foster has been married four times, has five biological daughters and six grandchildren. His first marriage was to singer/writer B.J. Cook, who already had a daughter, Tamre Winger, whom he raised. Cook and Foster had one daughter together, Amy Foster (b. July 29, 1973), a songwriter.
Foster's second wife was model Rebecca Dyer; they had three daughters: Sara Foster (b. August 24, 1981), Erin Foster (b. August 24, 1983), and Jordan Foster (b. September 1986).[14]
He married his third wife, Linda Thompson, on June 27, 1991. The two became a songwriting team, collaborating on several songs including "I Have Nothing" performed by Whitney Houston in The Bodyguard, and "Grown-Up Christmas List". Thompson filed for divorce on July 11, 2005, the day after her short-lived reality series, The Princes of Malibu, premiered.[14]
Foster married model Yolanda Hadid in Beverly Hills on November 11, 2011 in a star-studded 11/11/11-themed ceremony.[15]
Foster's sister, producer Jaymes Foster, is the mother of Clay Aiken's son Parker Foster Aiken.[16] A cousin, Billy Foster, died in a race car accident in 1967.
In 1992, Foster was driving on the Pacific Coast Highway when his car struck actor/dancer Ben Vereen, who had crashed his car and was in a daze. Despite being thrown 90 feet, Vereen survived. Vereen went on the record to state that it probably saved his life as he had had a serious drinking problem caused by the death of his daughter.[17]
Discography[link]
In addition to the numerous albums he has produced, the following are Foster's own solo or band works:[citation needed]
- 1972: Skylark (self-titled)
- 1974: 2 Skylark
- 1976: Attitudes (self-titled)
- 1977: Good News Attitudes
- 1980: Airplay (self-titled)
- 1983: The Best of Me
- 1986: David Foster (self-titled)
- 1988: The Symphony Sessions
- 1989: Time Passing
- 1990: River of Love
- 1991: Rechordings
- 1993: The Christmas Album
- 1994: Love Lights The World
- 2008: Hit Man: David Foster & Friends
- 2011: Hit Man Returns: David Foster & Friends
Singles[link]
- 1985: "Love Theme From St. Elmo's Fire (For Just a Moment)" (US #15)
- 1986: "The Best of Me" (Duet with Olivia Newton-John) (US #80)
- 1988: "Winter Games (Can't You Feel It)" - Official theme song for the Calgary 1988 Winter Olympics (US #85)
- 2001: O Canada (with Lara Fabian)
- 2003: Teko’s Theme - with Nita Whitaker
Compilations[link]
- 1992: A Touch Of David Foster
- 2000: The Best Of Me: A Collection of David Foster’s Greatest Works
- 2002: Love Stories
- 2010: The Magic of David Foster & Friends
Awards and Honours[link]
In 1995, Foster received the Order of British Columbia, the highest honour awarded in his native province of British Columbia. Foster became an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2006.[18]
Foster has won 16 Grammy Awards, including three Producer of the Year award and has been nominated a total of 47 times.[19]
He has been nominated three times for an Academy Award for Best Original Song and won the 1999 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for the song "The Prayer" (sung by Andrea Bocelli and Celine Dion) from the film Quest for Camelot. He has been named BMI's "Songwriter of the Year".[20]
In June 2010, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.[21]
See also[link]
- List of songs by David Foster
- Music of Canada
- Canadian Music Hall of Fame
- List of Canadian composers
References[link]
- ^ "David Foster Current Biography at Executive Visions". http://www.executivevisions.com/projectdetails.asp?ProjectID=114.
- ^ "David Foster Named Chairman of Verve Music Group"
- ^ "The Corrs, The Pride of Ireland - family biography". Emerald-corrner.com. http://www.emerald-corrner.com/the-corrs-biography.html. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ "Michael Bublé biography". Michaelbuble.com. http://www.michaelbuble.com/biography. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ Shewey, Don. Album Reviews: Kenny Loggins: Vox Humana, Rolling Stone, 6 June 1985.
- ^ St. Elmo's Fire credits, Internet Movie Database
- ^ a b c d "Interview with Brian Avnet". HitQuarters. February 16, 2004. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_BrianAvnetInterview.html. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
- ^ DVD (ending Credits), Universum Film GmbH & Co. KG., Constantin Films and BMG Video, Germany, 2005
- ^ "Dianne Warren Confirms Whitney's new single to VIBE magazine". Vibe.com. 2011-06-01. http://www.vibe.com/news/online_exclusives/2009/04/whitney_houston_new_single_confirmed. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ "Reality Blurred: "Princess of Malibu's fakeness 'was meant to play funny', producer says"". http://www.realityblurred.com/realitytv/archives/fox/2005_Aug_22_princes_malibu_effect.
- ^ "Live with Faith Hill & David Foster". http://www.oprah.com. http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/20081031_tows_fridays/9. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ^ "Hitman: David Foster & Friends". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/episodes/hitman-david-foster-friends/introduction/456. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
- ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/real_housewives_of_beverly_hills_coming/311794?cmpid=sn-000000-twitterfeed-365-topstories&utm_source=eonline&utm_medium=twitterfeed&utm_campaign=twitterfeed_topstories&%3Fcmpid=eonline-twitter&dlvrit=48939
- ^ a b David Foster profile at IMDb
- ^ Leach, Robin. "David Foster weds model Yolanda Hadid in fourth walk down the aisle", Las Vegas Sun, November 16, 2011
- ^ "Clay Aiken Welcomes A Son", People, August 8, 2008
- ^ "David Foster: Hitman", Huffington Post, December 2, 2008
- ^ Order of Canada citation
- ^ "David Foster eager to add to Grammy haul". CBC News. January 27, 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/music/story/2010/01/27/david-foster.html. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
- ^ David Foster. "Foster profile at Peermusic". Peermusic.com. http://www.peermusic.com/peermusic/index.cfm/artist-writer/artist-details/?artist_id=70. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ "2010 Award and Induction Ceremony". Songwritershalloffame.org. 2010-06-17. http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/ceremony/C6029. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
Further reading[link]
- David Foster; Pablo F. Fenjves (6 October 2009). Hitman: Forty Years Making Music, Topping the Charts, and Winning Grammys. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-4950-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=6vJQwZCIVbkC&pg=PP1.
External links[link]
| Preceded by Tommy LiPuma |
Chairman of Verve Music Group December 15, 2011 - present |
Succeeded by incumbent |
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|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Foster, David Walter |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Canadian musician, record producer, songwriter |
| Date of birth | November 1, 1949 |
| Place of birth | Victoria, British Columbia, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/David_Foster
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Фостер, Дэвид
http://fr.wn.com/David Foster (compositeur)
http://nl.wn.com/David Foster (musicus)
http://pt.wn.com/David Foster
http://de.wn.com/David Foster
http://it.wn.com/David Foster
http://pl.wn.com/David Foster
http://id.wn.com/David Foster
http://es.wn.com/David Foster
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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Mandalay (Burmese: မန္တလေး; MLCTS: manta.le: [máɴdəlé]; English: /ˌmændəˈleɪ/ or /ˈmændəleɪ/) is the second-largest city and the last royal capital of Burma (Myanmar). Located 445 miles (716 km) north of Yangon on the east bank of the Irrawaddy River, the city has a population of one million, and is the capital of Mandalay Region.
Mandalay is the economic hub of Upper Burma and considered the centre of Burmese culture. A continuing influx of Chinese immigrants, mostly from Yunnan Province, in the past twenty years, has reshaped the city's ethnic makeup and increased commerce with China. Despite Naypyidaw's recent rise, Mandalay remains Upper Burma's main commercial, educational and health centre.
The city gets its name from the nearby Mandalay Hill. The name is likely a derivative of a Pali word although the exact word of origin remains unclear. The root word has been speculated as: "Mandala" (meaning, circular plains), "Mandare" (believed to mean "auspicious land"), or "Mandara" (a mountain from Hindu mythology).
