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The imperative mood (abbreviated IMP) expresses commands or requests as a grammatical mood. These commands or requests urge the audience to act a certain way. It also may signal a prohibition, permission, or any other kind of exhortation.

Morphology[link]

Formulation of the English imperative simply uses the bare infinitive form of the verb. The infinitive form usually corresponds to the second-person present indicative form, with the exception of the verb be. The subject of these sentences is usually understood as you (the second person) except in the case of "Let's" which implies first person and at least a second person. Other languages such as Latin, French and German have several inflected imperative forms, which can vary according to grammatical categories such as:

• Distinct conjugation patterns;
• Grammatical number;
• Distinct grammatical persons.

For instance, Latin regular forms can exist:

• amā (singular); amāte (plural) ← from infinitive amāre, to 'love'
• monē (singular); monēte (plural) ← from monēre, to 'advise' or 'warn'
• audī (singular); audīte (plural) ← from audīre, to 'hear'
• cape (singular); capite (plural) ← from capĕre, to 'take'
• rege (singular); regite (plural) ← from regĕre, to 'reign'.

Some consider this richness of forms useful for a better understanding, particularly because no subject pronoun normally specifies with the imperative.

Usage[link]

The use of the imperative mood be seen as impolite, inappropriate or even offensive in certain circumstances.^[1] Commonly, polite speech will instead express the same thing as a question or statement, such as:

• Could you come here for a moment?
• I beg you to stop.
• " Be great if you made a drink"

and not as demands, such as:

• Come here.
• Stop!
• " Go and make me a drink."

Politeness strategies (for instance, indirect speech acts) can seem more appropriate in order not to threaten a conversational partner in their needs of self-determination and territory: the partner's negative face should not appear threatened.^[2] As a result, the imperative mood does not require someone to be direct, confrontational, nor over-bearing.

The imperative mood's appropriateness depends on such factors as psychological and social relationships, as well as the speaker’s basic communicative intention (illocutionary force).^{[citation needed]} For example, the speaker may have the simple intention to offer something, to wish or permit something, or just to apologize, and not to manipulate their conversational partner.^{[citation needed]} In such cases, people will not place restriction on the use of imperative^{[citation needed]}:

• Come to the party tomorrow!
• Just eat the apple if you want!
• Have a nice trip!
• Pardon me.

First-person plural form[link]

In some languages, including French and Spanish, in addition to the second-person imperative form shown above, there also exists a first-person plural (we) imperative form. This form, similar to the second-person imperative form, except conjugated in the first-person plural, usually translates to English as let's (short for let us). For example, the French national anthem, La Marseillaise, includes the words Marchons, marchons! (Let's march, let's march!). Irish has imperative forms in all three persons and both numbers, although the first person singular is most commonly found in the negative (e.g. ná cloisim sin arís "let me not hear that again"). In Finnish, there are two ways of forming a first-person plural imperative. A standard version exists, but it is typically replaced colloquially by the impersonal tense. mennä -to go menkäämme -let's go (standard) mennään -let's go (colloquial)

Indicative and prohibitive mood[link]

The prohibitive mood (abbreviated PROH) negates the imperative mood. The two moods often seem different in word order or in morphology.

English[link]

In English, the imperative mood uses the same word order as the indicative mood, while the prohibitive mood uses a different word order if you appears in the sentence.^{[dubious – discuss]}

French[link]

Similarly, French uses different word order for the imperative and prohibitive moods:

• Donne-le-leur ! (Give it to them!)
• Ne le leur donne pas ! (Don't give it to them!)

The prohibitive has the same word order as the indicative. See French personal pronouns#Clitic order for detail.

Hebrew[link]

In Hebrew, the imperative mood has two inflections: an original mode and a future mode. The negative consists of al אל (like the negative do not) + verb in the future mode.

Japanese[link]

Japanese uses separate verb forms as shown below. For the verb kaku (write):

See also the suffixes 〜なさい (–nasai) and 〜下さい/ください (–kudasai).

Mandarin[link]

Standard Chinese uses different words of negation for the indicative and the prohibitive moods. For the verb 做 zuò (do):

Sanskrit[link]

In Sanskrit, लोट लकार (lot lakar) is used with the verb to form the imperative mood. To form the negative, न (na) is placed before the verb in the imperative mood.

Footnotes[link]

References[link]

• Austin, J. L. How to do things with words, Oxford, Clarendon Press 1962.
• Schmecken, H. Orbis Romanus, Paderborn, Schöningh 1975, ISBN 3 506 10330.

Jack Michael is a researcher, professor and author in the field of the experimental analysis of behavior best known for his elucidations of the motivating operation(MO), comprising Establishing Operation (EO) and Abolishing Operations (AO).

Biographic Information[link]

He was born on January 16, 1926 in Los Angeles, California.^[1] He has no siblings.^[2] His father was an automobile mechanic, His mother did not work outside of the home.^[3] He lived in a lower middle class neighborhood near downtown L.A. from the time he was 5 years old until he was drafted into the army at 18.^[4]

He attended elementary School from 1931-1937(walking distance from home), Junior High School from 1938-1940(short bike ride from home), and High School from 1941-1943.^[5] He was in the Boy Scouts for about 3 years, took drum lessons, and played in a youth orchestra/marching band.^[6]

Entered UCLA as a chemistry major in Fall 1943, completed one semester, then was drafted into the army in June 1944 (in the middle of his second semester).^[7] He did not do very well at UCLA—although he was a very good student in high school, when he got to UCLA he was only average or less than average in terms of college skills.^[8] He made a C average his first semester and about the same during second semester.^[9]

Publications[link]

He has published over 70 articles and 1 book, Concepts and Principles of Behavior Analysis.^[10] Probably his most influential publication was in 1959 which helped to set behavior modification in motion. This, in turn, lead to the establishment of the discipline of applied behavior analysis and the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis(JABA).^[11] ,^[12] Jack Michael is also the past editor of The Analysis of Verbal Behavior (TAVB), which publishes theoretical and experimental work related to extensions of Skinner's analysis of Verbal Behavior.

Present day[link]

He is currently an emeritus professor at Western Michigan University. He began teaching at WMU in 1967 and retired from the University in April 2003, teaching for a total of 36 years at WMU.^[13] He is currently married to Dr. Alyce Dickinson, Chairman of the I/O department at Western Michigan University.

References[link]

www.jackmichael.org