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Luncheon, commonly abbreviated to lunch, is a middle of the day meal,^[1] and is generally smaller than dinner, which is the main meal of the day whenever dinner is eaten. The origin of the words lunch and luncheon relate to a small meal originally eaten at any time of the day or night, but during the 20th century gradually focused toward a small meal eaten at midday.

Origin of the term[link]

The abbreviation "lunch", in use from 1823,^[1] is taken from the more formal "lunchentach,"^[2] which the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) reports from 1580, as a word for a meal that was inserted between more substantial meals.

In medieval Germany, there are references to nuncheontach, a non lunchentach according to the OED, a noon draught – of ale, with bread – an extra meal between midday dinner and supper, especially during the long hours of hard labour during haying or early harvesting. In Munich, by the 1730s and 1740s, the upper class were rising later, and dining at three or four in the afternoon, and by 1770, their dinner hour in Pomberano was four or five.^[3] A formal evening meal, artificially lit by candles, sometimes with entertainment, was a "supper party" as late as the Regency era.

In the 19th century, male artisans went home for a brief dinner, where their wives fed them, but as the workplace was removed farther from the home, working men took to providing themselves with something portable to eat at a break in the schedule during the middle of the day. In parts of India a light, portable lunch is known as tiffin.

Ladies whose husbands would eat at the club would be free to leave the house and have lunch with one another, though not in restaurants until the 20th century. In the 1945 edition of Etiquette, Emily Post still referred to luncheon as "generally given by and for women, but it is not unusual, especially in summer places or in town on Saturday or Sunday, to include an equal number of men" – hence the mildly disparaging phrase, "the ladies who lunch". Lunch was a ladies' light meal; when the Prince of Wales stopped to eat a dainty luncheon with lady friends, he was laughed at for this effeminacy.^[3] Afternoon tea supplemented this luncheon at four o'clock, from the 1840s.^[3] Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management (1861) – a guide to all aspects of running a household in Victorian Britain, edited by Isabella Beeton – had much less to explain about luncheon than about dinners or ball suppers:

The remains of cold joints, nicely garnished, a few sweets, or a little hashed meat, poultry or game, are the usual articles placed on the table for luncheon, with bread and cheese, biscuits, butter, etc. If a substantial meal is desired, rump-steaks or mutton chops may be served, as also veal cutlets, kidneys, brains, guts, or any dish of that kind. In families where there is a nursery, the mistress of the house often partakes of the meal with the children, and makes it her luncheon. In the summer, a few dishes of fresh fruit should be added to the luncheon, or, instead of this, a compote of fruit or fruit tart, or pudding. – Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management

Around the world[link]

Typical Swedish school lunch

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (April 2010)

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Asia[link]

A traditional Bengali lunch is a seven-course meal. The first course being shukto, which is a mix of vegetables cooked with few spices and topped with coconut icing. The second course consists of rice, dal, and a vegetable curry. The third course consists of rice and fish curry. The fourth course is that of rice and meat curry (generally chevon, mutton, chicken or lamb). The fifth course contains sweet preparations like rasgulla, pantua, rajbhog, sandesh, etc. The sixth course consists of payesh or mishti doi (sweet yogurt). The seventh course is that of paan, which acts as a mouth freshener.

Europe[link]

In Denmark, lunch consists of a light meal. Often it would be rye bread with different toppings like liver pâté, herring and cheese.

In Finland and Sweden, lunch is a full hot meal, served as one course optionally with small salads and desserts. Dishes are diverse, ranging from meat or fish courses to soups heavy enough as standalone meals, and school diners occasionally serve even porridges. Workplaces have cafeterias that serve lunch from 11 a.m. to about 1 to 4 p.m., usually as a buffet with one to four dishes to choose from. Schools serve school lunches that are free of charge to pupils.

In France, the midday meal is taken between noon and 2 p.m. It is the main meal of the day in the South of France. The evening meal is the main meal of the day in northern France.

In Germany, lunch is called Mittagessen – literally "midday's food". As the main meal of the day it is traditionally a substantial hot meal, sometimes adding additional courses like soup and dessert. It is usually a savoury dish, consisting of protein (e.g., meat), starchy foods (e.g., potatoes) and vegetables or salad. Casseroles and stews are popular as well. There are a few sweet dishes like Germknödel or rice pudding that can serve as a main course, too.

In Hungary, lunch is traditionally the main meal of the day following a "leves", soup.

In the Netherlands, it is common to eat sandwiches for lunch: slices of bread that people usually carry to work for eating in the canteen, in school or at the work place. The slices of bread are usually filled with sweet or savory foodstuffs such as Chocolade sprinkels (hagelslag), apple syrup, peanut butter, slices of meat, or cheese. The meal typically includes coffee or milk. It is eaten around noon, during the (most of the time) 30 minute lunch break.

In Romania, lunch (prânz in Romanian) is the main hot meal of the day. It is usually eaten at 12:00, and never later than 15:00. The lunch usually consists of two dishes. Usually the first course is a light soup and the second course, the main course, usually consist of potatoes, rice or pasta with a garnish. Traditionally, people used to bake and eat desserts, but nowadays it is less common. On Sundays, the lunch is more consistent and is usually accompanied by an appetizer or salad.

In Spain, lunch takes place between 1:30 p.m and 3:00 p.m., earlier in northern Spain and later in southern Spain, where it can take place as late as 4:00 p.m. (in contrast, supper does not usually begin until between 8:30 p.m. and 10:00 p.m.). It is nonetheless the main meal of the day everywhere, and usually consists of a three course meal similar to a dinner. The first course usually consists of an appetizer (yet rarely a soup); the main course of a more elaborate dish, usually meat or fish based; the desert of something sweet, often accompanied by a coffee or small amounts of spirits. Workhouses have a complete restaurant with one-hour minimum break.

Spanish schools have a complete restaurant as well and students have minimum one-hour break. Three courses are common practice at home, workplace and schools. Most small shops close for between two to four hours – usually between 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. – to allow to go home for a full lunch.

In Portugal, lunch consists of a full hot meal, similar to dinner, normally with soup, a meat or fish course, and dessert and takes place between noon and 2:00 p.m. It is the main meal of the day throughout the country with the exceptions of the Metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto.

Middle East[link]

In the Middle East and most Arab countries, lunch is eaten between 1:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. and is the main meal of the day. It usually consists of meat, rice, vegetables and sauces and is sometimes but not always followed by dessert.

North America[link]

In the United States, lunch is usually a moderately sized meal eaten between 11:30 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., with 12:00 p.m. being the most-common lunch time. Americans generally eat a quick lunch which often includes some type of sandwich. Children often bring packed lunches to school, which might consist of a sandwich such as bologna (or other cold cut) and cheese, tuna, chicken, or peanut butter and jelly, as well as some fruit, chips, dessert and a drink such as juice, milk, or water. Adults often leave work to go out for a quick lunch, which might include some type of hot or cold sandwich such as a hamburger or "sub" sandwich. Salads and soups are also common, as well as tacos, burritos, sushi, bento boxes, and pizza. Some individuals may pack left overs for lunch. Americans generally do not go home for lunch, and lunch rarely lasts more than an hour. Business lunches are common and may last longer.

Oceania[link]

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South America[link]

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Working lunches and lunch breaks[link]

U.S. President Barack Obama and Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper with aides during a working luncheon in the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa, Ontario, in 2009.

Since lunch typically falls in the middle of the working day, it can either be eaten on a break from work, or as part of the workday. The difference between those who work through lunch and those who take it off could be a matter of cultural, social class, bargaining power, or the nature of the work. Also, to simplify matters, some cultures refer to meal breaks at work as "lunch" no matter when they occur – even in the middle of the night. This is especially true for jobs that have employees rotate shifts.

See also[link]

Food portal

• Mahlzeit

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up lunch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lunch

• Wikibooks Cookbook

Corey Duffel is a skater from Walnut Creek, California. He was born on April 11, 1984 as William Corey Duffel to Steve and Sharon. He is known for his fast-paced skating style, skating big gaps, rails, stairs, riding big wall ride gaps, and any large obstacles like the freeway gap in Cataclysmic Abyss. His skating stance is Goofy. Duffel still rides for his shop sponsor, Metro, in his hometown.^{[citation needed]}

Duffel has been skating since age ten, and turned pro at age eighteen. His favorite trick is to ollie and bomb big hills. Duffel also said he always puts a silver screw on the top right corner of the screws holding in his trucks on his skateboard. Some of his career highlights are just getting to ride a skateboard with his friends.

Duffel's sponsors include Foundation Skateboards, Osiris Shoes, Ambiguous Clothing, Venture Trucks, Mob Grip, Pig Wheels, Metro Skateboard Shop, Armourdillo. CCS magazine, Skullcandy headphones, and most recently Swiss Bearings.^{[citation needed]}

Duffel is also working with mentor Michael Davis' Music Is Revolution Foundation, raising money to support music education in public schools. Davis and Duffel have also collaborated on some fashion and skate items for Foundation. He has a tattoo of a spider on his back, which also appeared on one of his skateboard graphics. He also has tattoos of his dogs’ names on his arm in a heart with a dagger, and his 7th Seal deck on his rib which features the Grim Reaper playing chess. In an interview in Transworld Magazine, Corey describes it as a battle between him and the reaper. However, in the tattoo, his king has been knocked over. He also sports a 45 record logo on his chest. Corey Duffel Has 2 Pro Model Shoes On Osiris Footwear which are The Duffel and The Corpse.^[1]

Video Appearances[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2009)

• 1998 Think - Dedication
• 2001 Thrasher Magazine - Go For Broke
• 2002 Foundation - Madness & Mayhem.........skate till death
• 2002 411 VM - Issue #55
• 2002 Zero - Dying to Live (Friends Section)
• 2003 Pharmacy Boardshop - Chily
• 2004 Globe - World Cup Skateboarding Street Riot
• 2004 Foundation - That’s Life Flick (Last Part)
• 2004 Foundation - European Tour
• 2005 Foundation - Gareth Stehr's Go Go Toe Jam
• 2005 88 Footwear – Destroy Everything Now (Last Part)
• 2006 411 VM – Volume 14, Issue 1
• 2006 Stephen Duffel – Beautiful Breakdown
• 2007 Foundation - Cataclysmic Abyss (2nd Last Part)^[2]
• 2007 X-Games - Street contest tyrant and is round
• 2007 Osiris Footwear feed the need (2nd Last Part)
• 2007 chandler tour
• 2008 Congress oF Freaks Osiris
• 2008 Skate And Create Transworld/Osiris [Congress Of Freaks The Sensation Of The Year]
• 2009 Split Clothing - Demons in the Attic (Though the video was in fact produced and shipped, Split Clothing's untimely demise prevented this video from ever being seen, and Duffels footage has been unused)
• 2009 BATB2 (Battle at The Berics2)
• 2009 Transworld Skateboarding - Right Foot Forward (2nd Last Part)
• 2009 Maloof Money Cup 2009

References[link]

• http://www.thrashermagazine.com/Joomla_STBL/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=155&Itemid=51 Thrasher Interview
• http://www.skateboarding.com/skate/magazine/article/0,23271,408205,00.html Skateboarding.com Interview
• http://www.skateboard-city.com/messageboard/showthread.php?t=29748 Corey Duffel Forum
• http://skimthefat.com/skaters/showskater.cgi?skaterID=1027 List of Duffel's Skateboard video appearances

External links[link]

• Big Brother Interview
• Official Foskco Profile
• Official Pig Wheels Profile
• Official Sessions Profile
• Official HOVEN Skate Team Profile
• Official Osiris Shoes Profile

Rodney Mullen

Personal information
Birth name	Rodney Mullen
Born	(1966-08-17) August 17, 1966 (age 45) Gainesville, Florida, U.S.
Website	Dwindle Distribution
Sport
Country	United States
Sport	Skateboarding

John Rodney Mullen (born 17 August 1966) is a professional skateboarder who practices the disciplines of freestyle and street skateboarding. Mullen is credited with inventing numerous skateboarding tricks, including the kickflip, the heelflip, the impossible and the 360 flip.^[1] Mullen has appeared in a large volume of skateboarding videos and has co-authored an autobiography entitled The Mutt: How to Skateboard and Not Kill Yourself with Sean Mortimer (Mortimer also co-authored a Tony Hawk autobiography).^[2][3]

In a 2009 video Mullen sums up his passion for skateboarding:

I fell in love with skateboarding because it was individual. There were no teams, there were no captains... it was completely opposite of what I saw in so many sports: It was creative.^[4]

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Mullen was born in Gainesville, Florida, United States (US), and began skateboarding at the age of ten after a neighbourhood friend introduced him to a skateboard. He promised his worried father, a dentist, that he would cease skateboarding the first time he became seriously injured. Mullen began practicing whilst wearing a complete pad setup, as part of the deal with his father, and spent time with his sister's surfer friends, who skateboarded on weekdays.^[5] Mullen subsequently became obsessed with the skateboard and practiced for many hours on a daily basis.

Skateboarding[link]

In 1978, having owned a skateboard for less than a year, Rodney placed fifth in the Boy's Freestyle at the U.S. Open Championships at Kona Skatepark in Jacksonville. Skateboard manufacturer Bruce Walker saw his performance and sponsored Mullen through Walker Skateboards in 1978-1980. Mullen's biggest influence in skateboarding at the time was Walker pro skater Jim McCall. Mullen was coached in his early years by Bruce Walker (who also coached a young Kelly Slater).

In later years, Mullen was coached by Barry Zaritzky, aka SIO Barry. When his family moved to a farm in a remote part of Florida, Rodney began perfecting his flatground techniques in the family garage. Mullen cites the isolation and lack of terrain naturally influenced him toward freestyle skateboarding. Rodney cites 1979 - 1980 as his "most creative time".^[5] Mullen put together a string of 30 straight competitive amateur victories in the late 70s, mostly in his home state Florida, culminating in a win at the Oceanside Nationals in June, 1979.

In 1980, 14-year-old Rodney Mullen entered the Oasis Pro competition, defeating world champion Steve Rocco. Mullen later turned professional as a member of the Bones Brigade sponsored by Powell Peralta. Powell Peralta was co-owned by Stacy Peralta, who Mullen highly admired. Mullen competed voraciously throughout the 80s—often frustrating both competitors and judges with his consistency and progressive ability.^[6] By 1990, Mullen had won 34 out of 35 freestyle competitions that he entered, having been beaten only once by fellow Bones Brigade member Per Welinder, due to Mullen falling over during his run. Mullen established the most successful competitive run in the history of the sport.

Despite Alan "Ollie" Gelfand's fame for inventing the ollie air (Gelfand's maneuver being primarily a transition-oriented trick) Mullen is responsible for the invention and development of the street ollie. The ability to pop the board off of the ground and land back on the board while moving has been the most significant development in modern skateboarding. The invention alone would rank Mullen one of the most important skateboarders of all time.

Throughout the 1980s, he invented the majority of skating's ollie and flip tricks, including the flatground ollie, the kickflip, the heelflip and many others. These tricks are now considered an essential part of modern vert and street skateboarding. In early 1989, Mullen left the Bones Brigade to join World Industries as a principal investor with longtime friend and former rival Steve Rocco.^[6] The choice was a gamble since Powell Peralta was an established company, while Rocco's upstart company was struggling and losing money.

Street skating[link]

As the popularity of freestyle skateboarding declined, Mullen was urged to move his style toward street skating, which Mullen had refused to do.^[6] This is hinted at in the World Industries video Rubbish Heap, where Mullen's sequence ends with team member Jeremy Klein breaking Rodney's freestyle skateboard, and handing him a note from Steve Rocco, symbolizing the end of freestyle.^[7]

In 1991, Mullen joined the high-profile skateboarding team Plan B. Mike Ternasky, the owner of Plan B, influenced Mullen to transition from freestyle to street skating, and showcased his skills in the 1992 Plan B video Questionable. Mullen's segment begins with traditional freestyle tricks done on flat ground, but quickly accelerates across public terrain to shift into street skating. In relation to obstacles, he sequences tricks, mixes flip tricks with grinds and board slides. In the video, Mullen introduced two newly invented tricks, the kickflip underflip and the casper slide.

Mullen's Questionable performance may have marked the beginning of a new era in street skateboarding. His reluctant departure from freestyle to become a street skater was a symbol that legitimized the technical direction street skating had taken over the previous few years. Mullen specialized at this progression in subsequent Plan B videos, including 1993's Virtual Reality, where Mullen showcases the newly-mastered Darkslide. Mullen's participation in Plan B dissolved after Mike Ternasky died in a car crash 1994. In 1997, Mullen started another company A-Team, with the intent of forming a super team with the defection of Plan B from the World Industries empire.^[5] Rodney talked to friend and fellow pro Daewon Song to plan the video Rodney vs. Daewon, which featured each skater competing in segments from trick to trick.

Mainstream success[link]

Rodney Mullen has appeared in the Tony Hawk's Pro Skater video games, Underground, Underground 2, American Wasteland, Proving Ground and Ride.^[8] The A-Team folded in 2000 and Mullen went from company founder to company rider under former Maple rider Marc Johnson, who started Enjoi Skateboards. Mullen left Enjoi to head Almost Skateboards with Daewon Song, the company which he still helms and skates for. Mullen's role at Almost includes research and development on new designs and technologies, including Tensor truck in 2000^[9] and experimental and composite deck constructions for Dwindle brands.^[10]

After years of success and controversy, Steve Rocco decided to sell his company. In 2002, World Industries under the holding name Kubic Marketing, were sold to Globe International for $46 million, making Mullen and Rocco instant multi-millionaires. Kubic's management remained intact and Mullen began working for Globe under the Dwindle Distribution brand.^[11] In 2002, Mullen won the Transworld Readers' Choice Award for Skater of the Year. In 2003, Mullen wrote and released his autobiography entitled The Mutt: How to skateboard and not kill yourself. In late 2003 he was voted as the all-time greatest action sports athlete on the Extreme Sports Channel's Legends of the Extreme countdown.^[12][13]

From 2007 to 2009, Mullen worked to erase his riding stance, allowing him to move from regular stance to goofy. In an interview with Tony Hawk, Mullen explained that he had developed problems in his right hip joint and that his transition between stances came out of an effort to favor his leg. He goes on to describe that scar tissue had built up in his joint as a result of habitually hyper-extending his leg while skating. Mullen stated that through extensive and consistent stretching he was able to tear away the scar tissue.^[14] In December 2010, Mullen stated in an interview that he was preparing to film a part for the upcoming Almost video.^[15]

Personal life[link]

Rodney Mullen is married to his wife Traci. Mullen is nicknamed the Mutt.

Filmography[link]

• Powell Peralta: Skateboarding in the '80's (1982)
• Powell Peralta: The Bones Brigade Video Show (1984)
• Powell Peralta: Future Primitive (1985)
• Powell Peralta: Public Domain (1988)
• Gleaming the Cube ("Skate double", 1989)
• World Industries: Rubbish Heap (1989)
• Plan B: Questionable (1992)
• Plan B: Virtual Reality (1993)
• Plan B: Second Hand Smoke (1995)
• Rodney Mullen vs. Daewon Song (1997)
• Rodney Mullen Vs. Daewon Song Round 2 (1999)
• Globe: Opinion
• Almost: Round Three (2004)
• Transworld: Show Me the Way (Darkslide)
• Tony Hawk's Secret Skatepark Tour (2005)
• John from Cincinnati (Skate double, Episode 10, 2007)
• Globe: United by Fate (2008)
• Almost: "5 Incher" (2012)
• Bones Brigade: An Autobiography (2012)

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Brooke, M (1999). Concrete Wave: The History Of Skateboarding. ISBN 1-894020-54-5.
• Mullen, Rodney (2004). The Mutt: How to Skateboard and not Kill Yourself. Regan Books. 

This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions may be available. (February 2009)

Antwuan Willis "Big Kandy" Dixon (born August 19, 1988)^[1] is a professional skateboarder who rides for Baker Skateboards' sister company Deathwish Skateboards. Dixon was alternately featured in their promotional video Baker Has a Deathwish.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Born in Victorville, California and raised in Carson, Dixon received his first skateboard from his older brother who had stolen it from a kid, while hanging out at a local recreational park. One of his earliest experiences on a skateboard, include an accident in which he rolled off of a car, subsequently busting his eye open. The incident occurred after he found himself challenged by his brother to do something bold, leaving the top part of the younger Dixon's head permanently scarred.^[2]

On March 22, 2008, Antwuan Dixon was arrested by Tampa police on charges stemming from possession of marijuana (less than 20 grams) and cocaine with the intent to sell, as well as the battery of 3 law enforcement officers. Dixon was irrevocably held on $4,000 dollars bond, which was subsequently paid for his immediate release.^[1]

In an interview for Skateboardermag, Dixon spoke on the incident:

Ah, man, some crazy shit happened at Tampa! I was just over there chilling, smoking, and I'm chilling outside paying for that tatoo dude and this girl to get in. Then, all of a sudden, this girl's like, "Antwuan, you wanna go smoke?" So we go and we're about to smoke these blunts, then this truck rolls up and it's undercover cops. They just jumped out. Then, this lady had seen I had a big-ass bag of weed and shit. She'd seen my money and thought I was a drug dealer from out there. They were talking about seizing my money, and I was like, "I don't know what that means," and they're, like, "We're basically gonna take your money when we leave here," and I'm, like, "Hell no!" I'm sitting there being handcuffed and shit, so I got up and grabbed my wallet and then I held it. Then me and the cops started fighting for a little bit I guess. I don't know, I was pretty faded. I don't remember. Next thing you know, I end up in jail in Florida with all these batteries against police officers. Now I got to go to court and stuff all the time...^[2]

Tattoos[link]

Dixon has extensive tattooing including full sleeves, upper torso, face, head and hands. Several elaborate designs incorporate his birth date (est. 8/19/88), and a reference to his brother's incarceration, (Free Killa Dee)'uu9u99u'.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Baker Skateboards soundboard
• Baker Skateboards bio
• Official Deathwish Skateboards website
• Official KR3W press page
• Official MySpace page
• Antwuan Dixon Subpublic Profile