For the Province of Ghazni see Ghazni Province

Ghazni غزني
—  City  —
Ghazni Location in Afghanistan
Coordinates: 33°33′N 68°25′E / 33.55°N 68.417°E / 33.55; 68.417Coordinates: 33°33′N 68°25′E / 33.55°N 68.417°E / 33.55; 68.417
Country	Afghanistan
Province	Ghazni Province
District	Ghazni District
Elevation	2,219 m (7,280 ft)
Population (2006)
• Total	141,000
	Central Statistics Office of Afghanistan
Time zone	Afghanistan Standard Time (UTC+4:30)

Ghazni (Persian/Pashto: غزنی - Ġaznī; historically known as غزنین / Ġaznīn and غزنه / Ġazna) is a city in central-east Afghanistan with a population of about 141,000 people. Situated on a plateau at 7,280 feet (2,219 m) above sea level, the city is considered more like a town by international standard and serves as the capital of Ghazni Province. It is linked by a highway with Kandahar to the south-west, Kabul to the northeast and Gardez to the east. It is located 143 kilometes by road southwest of Kabul.

Just like other cities of Afghanistan, Ghazni is very old and has witnessed many military invasions. In pre-Islamic days, the area was inhabited by Buddhists and Hindus until the Saffarids from Zarang in the east came to spread Islam in the 9th century. Sabuktigin made it the capital of the Ghaznvid Empire in the 10th century. It was later destroyed by the Ghurids, when one of its rulers completely burned the city to the ground. During the First Anglo-Afghan War in the 19th century, it was again destroyed by the British-Indian forces. The city is currently being rebuilt by the NATO states, mainly by the United States.

History[link]

The minaret of Ghazni was built by Bahram Shah during the Ghaznavids era (963-1187).

History of Afghanistan

See also: Timeline

Pre-Islamic Proto-Elamite civilization (2300–1800 BC) Indus valley civilization (2200–1800 BC) Oxus civilization (2100–1800 BC) Aryans (1700–700 BC) Median Empire (728–550 BC) Achaemenids (550–330 BC) Seleucids (330–150 BC) Mauryans (305–180 BC) Greco-Bactrians (256–125 BC) Indo-Greeks (180–130 BC) Indo-Scythians (Sakas) (155–80? BC) Indo-Parthians (20 BC–50? AD) Kushans (135 BC–248 AD) Sassanids (230–565) Indo-Sassanids (248–410) Kidarites (320–465) Hephthalites (410–557) Kabul Shahi (565–879) Islamic period Rashidun Caliphate (642–641) Umayyads (661–750) Abbasids (750–821) Tahirids (821–873) Saffarids (863–900) Samanids (875–999) Ghaznavids (963–1187) Seljukids (1037–1194) Khwarezmids (1077–1231) Ghorids (1149–1212) Ilkhanate (1258–1353) Kartids (1245–1381) Timurids (1370–1506) Arghun (1479-1522) Mughals (1501–1738) |Safavids (1510–1709) Hotaki dynasty (1709–1738) Afsharids (1738–1747) Modern history Durrani Empire (1747–1826) Emirate (1826–1919) Kingdom (1919–1973) Republic (1973–1978) Democratic Republic (1978–1992) Islamic State (1992–1996) Islamic Emirate (1996–2001) Islamic Republic (2001–present) Afghan Civil War  (1979–present) Soviet war  (1979–1989) Civil War, first phase (1989–1992) Civil War, second phase (1992–1996) Civil War, third phase (1996–2001)  War in Afghanistan (2001–present)

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Ghazni was founded sometime in antiquity as a small market-town and is mentioned by Ptolemy.^[1] In the 6th century BC, the city was conquered by the Achaemenid king, Cyrus II, and incorporated into the Persian empire.

Ghazni was a thriving Buddhist centre up until the 7th century. In 683 AD, Arab armies brought Islam to the region but many refused to accept the new religion. Yaqub Saffari from Zaranj conquered the city in the late 9th century. It later became the dazzling capital of the Ghaznavid Empire, which encompassed much of northern India, Persia and Central Asia. Many iconoclastic campaigns were launched from Ghazni into India, resulting in the large scale destruction of ancient temples, libraries and palaces. The Ghaznavids took Islam to India and returned with fabulous riches taken from both Indian princes and temples. Although the city was sacked in 1151 by the Ghorid Ala'uddin, it soon became their secondary capital in 1173, and subsequently flourished once again. Between 1215–1221, Ghazni was managed by the Khwarezmid Empire, during which time it was destroyed by the Mongol armies of Genghis Khan, led by his son Ögedei Khan.^[2]

In the first decades of the 11th century, Ghazni was the most important centre of Persian literature. This was the result of the cultural policy of the Sultan Mahmud (reigned 998–1030), who assembled a circle of scholars, philosophers, and poets around his throne in support of his claim to royal status in Iran.^[3]

The famous Moroccan travelling scholar, Ibn Battuta, visiting Ghazni in 1333 writes:

We travelled thence to Parwan, where I met the amir Buruntayh. He treated me well and wrote to his representatives at Ghazna enjoining them to show me honour. We went on to the village of Charkh [Charikar], it being now summer, and from there to the town of Ghazna. This is the town of the famous warrior-sultan Mahmud ibn Sabuktagin, one of the greatest of rulers, who made frequent raids into India and captured cities and fortresses there. His grave is in this city and is surmounted by a hospice. The greater part of the town is in ruins and nothing but a fraction of it remains, though it was once a large city. It has an exceedingly cold climate, and the inhabitants move from it in the cold season to Qandahar, a large and prosperous town three nights journey from Ghazna, but I did not visit it.^[4]

—Ibn Battuta, 1304–1369

Contemporary visitors and residents in Ghazni wrote with wonder of the ornateness of the buildings, the great libraries, the sumptuousness of the court ceremonies and of the wealth of precious objects owned by Ghazni's citizens. Ghazni City is famous for its minarets built on a stellar plan. They date from the middle of the twelfth century and are the surviving elements of the mosque of Bahramshah. Their sides are decorated with intricate geometric patterns. Some of the upper sections of the minarets have been damaged or destroyed. The most important mausoleum located in Ghazni City is that of Sultan Mahmud. Others include the Tombs of poets and scientists, such as the Tomb of Al Biruni. The only ruins in Old Ghazni retaining a semblance of architectural form are two towers, about 43 m (140 ft) high and 365 m (1,200 ft) apart. According to inscriptions, the towers were constructed by Mahmud of Ghazni and his son. For more than eight centuries the “Towers of Victory” monuments to Afghanistan’s greatest empire have survived wars and invasions, the two toffee-colored minarets, adorned with terra-cotta tiles were raised in the early 12th century as monuments to the victories of the Afghan armies that built the empire.

Ghazni City in 1839, during the First Anglo-Afghan War.

The Buddhist site at Ghazni is known as Tapar Sardar and consists of a stupa on a hilltop, surrounded by a row of smaller stupas.^[5] Nearby, an 18 metre long Parinirvana (reclining) Buddha was excavated in the late 'sixties and early 'seventies. It is believed to have been built in the 8th Century AD as part of a monastery complex.^[6] In the 1980s, a mud brick shelter was created to protect the sculpture, but the wood supports were stolen for firewood and the shelter partially collapsed. In 2001, the Taliban blew the Buddha up, believing it to be idolatrous.^[7]

During the First Anglo-Afghan War, the city was stormed and taken over by the British forces on July 23, 1839 in the Battle of Ghazni. The Civil war in Afghanistan and the continued conflict between the Taliban and the Northern Alliance during the 1990s put the relics of Ghazni in jeopardy. Ghazni's strategic position, both economically and militarily, assured its revival, albeit without its dazzling former grandeur. Through the centuries the city has figured prominently as the all-important key to the possession of Kabul.

After the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, the United States armed forces built a base in Ghazni. They have been involved in rebuilding projects and protecting the local population against Taliban insurgents. In the meantime, they are also training the local Afghan National Police and Afghan National Army forces. In 2010, the United States established a Lincoln Learning Center in Ghazni.^[8] Lincoln Learning Centers in Afghanistan serve as programming platforms offering English language classes, library facilities, programming venues, Internet connectivity, educational and other counseling services. A goal of the program is to reach at least 4,000 Afghan citizens per month per location.^[9]

Infrastructure[link]

Education[link]

U.S. Deputy Ambassador to Afghanistan Anthony Wayne and Ghazni Provincial Govornor Musa Khan Ahmadzai talk to students who use Afghanistan's newest Lincoln Learning Center in the Directorate of Information and Culture in Ghazni City.

Girls from the district of Khawja Omari participate in classes being held outside at the all-girls school

A young boy and his friends play outside the Danesh Center educational facility in Ghazni City as members of Provincial Reconstruction Team Ghazni unload computers to be donated to the facility.

The city has a number of public schools. In May 2010, the U.S. government established Lincoln Learning Center. It is much like U.S. public libraries, which provides free access to information about the United States via multi-media, book collections, the Internet and programming for the general public.

Resources[link]

Ghazni City is located in an area of extreme drought. In 2007, one of the gates on a fifty-year-old dam on the Jikhai River broke, bringing up concerns among the inhabitants of Ghazni city about the water supply. The dam serves as a good source of irrigation water to Ghazni City and the surrounding agricultural areas.^[10][11] Nearby rivers have a history of flooding and causing severe damage and death,^[12] though efforts have begun to remedy this.^[13]

Climate[link]

Ethnography[link]

The population of Ghazni District is multi-ethnic, with approximately 50% Tajiks, 25% Pashtuns, 20% Hazaras and 5% Hindus.^[15][16] But in the much larger Ghazni province overall, Pashto speakers make up 51% of the population, and Persian speakers (Hazaras and Tajiks) are 47%.^[17]

Notables from Ghazni[link]

• Sadiq Ali Khan Tanoli (sons named Feroz Khan, Sanjay Khan, Akbar Khan (director), Indian film actors,
• Hajweri Ghaznawi
• Mahmud of Ghazni
• Sanai
• Hassan Ghaznavi
• Mullah Faiz Mohammad Katib
• Farrukhi Sistani, Manuchehri Damaghani, Abul-fazl Bayhaqi (royal poets and writers who lived during the Ghaznavids period)

Points of interest[link]

• Citadel
• Minarets of Ghazni
• Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III
• Tomb of Sebuktigin
• Mausoleum of Sultan Mahmud
• Mausoleum of Sanai
• Museum of Islamic Art
• Tapa Sardar Excavations

Sister cities[link]

• Hayward, California ^[18]
• Giżycko, Poland^[19]

See also[link]

• Ghazni Province
• Ghaznavid Empire
• Mahmud of Ghazni
• Ghurids

References and footnotes[link]

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ghazni

• Map of Ghazni district
• Ghazni.org
• 1911 encyclopedia entry
• The City Of Ghazni
• Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth Edition) - Mahmud of Ghazna
• Encyclopaedia Britannica (Online Edition) - Mahmud
• Encyclopaedia Britannica (Online Edition) - Ghaznavid Dynasty
• Encyclopaedia Britannica (Online Edition) - Ghaznavids and Ghurids
• Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth Edition) - Muhammad of Ghor
• Mahmud Ghaznavi's 17 invasions of India
• Mahmud Ghazni
• History of Iran: Ghaznevid Dynasty
• Rewriting history and Mahmud of Ghazni