- published: 30 Jun 2008
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- author: CariaWatt
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- 334 BC
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Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire (/ækəˈmɛnɪˌdi/; Old Persian: Parsā, name of ruling dynasty: Haxāmanišiya) (c. 550–330 BCE), sometimes known as First Persian Empire, was an Iranian empire in Southwest Asia, founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great who overthrew the Median confederation. It expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the Indus Valley in the east, to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece making it the biggest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs who unified its disparate tribes and nationalities by constructing a complex network of roads.
Calling themselves the Parsa after their original Aryan tribal name Parsua, Persians settled in a land which they named Parsua, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by the Persian Gulf. This became their heartland for the duration of the Achaemenid Empire. It was from this region that eventually Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia) would advance to defeat the Median, the Lydian, and the Babylonian Empires, opening the way for subsequent conquests into Egypt and Asia minor.
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Alabanda
Alabanda (Αλαβάνδα) or Antiochia of the Chrysaorians was an ancient city of Caria, Anatolia, the site of which is near Doğanyurt, Çine, Aydin Province, Turkey.
The city is located in the saddle between two heights. The area is noted for its dark marble and for gemstones that resembled garnets. Stephanus of Byzantium claims that there were two cities named Alabanda (Alabandeus) in Caria, but no other ancient source corroborates this.
According to legend, the city was founded by a Carian hero Alabandus. In the Carian language, the name is a combination of the words for horse ala and victory banda. In the early Seleucid period, the city was part of the Chrysaorian League, a loose federation of nearby cities linked by economic and defensive ties and, perhaps, by ethnic ties. The city was renamed Antiochia of the Chrysaorians in honor of Seleucid king Antiochus III who preserved the city's peace. It was captured by Philip V of Macedon in 201 BC. The name reverted to Alabanda after the Seleucid defeat at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC. The Romans occupied the city shortly thereafter.
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Anatolia
Coordinates: 39°N 32°E / 39°N 32°E / 39; 32
Anatolia (from Greek Ἀνατολή Anatolē — "east" or "(sun)rise"; also Asia Minor, from Greek: Μικρὰ Ἀσία Mikrá Asía "small Asia"; in modern Turkish: Anadolu) is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland. Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to a line between the Gulf of Iskenderun and the Black Sea, approximately corresponding to the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey. However, since Anatolia is now often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with the neighboring countries, which are Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria, in clockwise direction.
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Aphrodisias
Aphrodisias (Greek: Ἀφροδισιάς, Aphrodisiás) was a small city in Caria, on the southwest coast of Asia Minor. Its site is located near the modern village of Geyre, Turkey, about 230 km (140 mi) south-east of İzmir and about 100 km (62 mi) inland from the coast.
Aphrodisias was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias. According to the Byzantine encyclopedic compilation called the Suda, before being known as Aphrodisias, the city had held three previous names: Lelégōn Pólis (Λελέγων πόλις, "City of the Leleges"),Megálē Pólis (Μεγάλη Πόλις, "Great City"), and Ninóē (Νινόη),
Sometime before 640, in the Late Antique period, the city was renamed Stauroúpolis (Σταυρούπολις, "City of the Cross").
The city was built near a marble quarry that was extensively exploited in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, and sculpture in marble from Aphrodisias became famous in the Roman world. Many examples of statuary have been unearthed in Aphrodisias, and some representations of the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias also survive from other parts of the Roman world, as far afield as Pax Julia in Lusitania.
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Arabia Petraea
Arabia Petraea, also called Provincia Arabia or simply Arabia, was a frontier province of the Roman Empire beginning in the 2nd century; it consisted of the former Nabataean kingdom in modern Jordan, southern modern Syria, the Sinai Peninsula and northwestern Saudi Arabia. Its capital was Petra. It was bordered on the north by Syria, on the west by Iudaea and Aegyptus.
It was annexed by Trajan, like many other eastern frontier provinces of the Roman Empire, but held onto, unlike Armenia, Mesopotamia and Assyria, well after Trajan's rule – its desert frontier being called the Limes Arabicus. It produced no usurpers and no emperors (Philippus, though Arab, was from Shahbā, a Syrian city added to the province of Arabia at a point between 193 and 225—Philippus was born around 204). As a frontier province, it included a desert populated by the nomadic Saraceni, and bordering the Parthian hinterland.
Though subject to eventual attack and deprivation by the Parthians and Palmyrenes, it had nothing like the constant incursions faced in other areas on the Roman frontier, such as Germany and North Africa, nor the entrenched cultural presence that defined the other, more Hellenized, eastern provinces.
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Bargylia
Bargylia was an ancient city on the coast of Caria in southwestern Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) between Iasos and Myndus. Bargylia's location corresponds to the modern Turkish town of Boğaziçi in Muğla Province.
The city was said to have been founded by Bellerophon in honour of his companion Bargylos, who had been killed by a kick from the winged horse Pegasus. Near Bargylia was the Temple of Artemis Cindyas. Strabo reports the local belief that rain would fall around the temple but never touch it. Artemis Cindyas and Pegasus appear on coinage of Bargylia.
In 201/200 BC during the Cretan War King Philip V of Macedon wintered his fleet in Bargylia when he was blockaded by the Pergamene and Rhodian fleets.
Protarchus the Epicurean philosopher, the mentor of Demetrius Lacon, was a native of Bargylia.
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Battle of Issus
Coordinates: 36°50′16″N 36°12′40″E / 36.837894°N 36.211109°E / 36.837894; 36.211109
The Battle of Issus occurred in southern Anatolia, in November 333 BC. The invading troops, led by the young Alexander of Macedonia, defeated the army personally led by Darius III of Achaemenid Persia in the second great battle for primacy in Asia. After Alexander's forces successfully forced a crossing of the Hellespont (the Dardanelles) and defeated the Persian satraps led by a Greek mercenary, Memnon of Rhodes, in a prior encounter, the Battle of the Granicus, Darius took personal charge of his army, gathered a large army from the depths of the empire, and maneuvered to cut the Macedonian line of supply, requiring Alexander to countermarch his forces, setting the stage for the battle near the mouth of the Pinarus River and south of the town of Issus.
Eventual accounts tell of bodies piled within the waters high enough to dam its flow, and the river running red with blood. So while Alexander is known to have repeatedly emphasized the importance of maintaining contact with the beach to his sub-commander on the left (seaward) flank, it is safe to assume a lot of action that day along all the water course in its 2.5 km travel through the narrow and hilly coastal plain that prevented the Persians, with their greater numbers, from outflanking the attacking Greeks.
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Battle of Manzikert
The Battle of Manzikert (Modern Turkish: Malazgirt Meydan Savaşı; Classical Armenian: Մամազկերտ – Manazkert, City of Manaz) was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuq Turks led by Alp Arslan on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert (modern Malazgirt in Muş Province, Turkey). The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army and the capture of the Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes played an important role in undermining Byzantine authority in Anatolia and Armenia, and allowed for the gradual Turkification of Anatolia.
The brunt of the battle was borne by the professional soldiers from the eastern and western tagmata, as large numbers of the mercenaries and Anatolian levies fled early and survived the battle. The fallout from Manzikert was disastrous for the Byzantines, resulting in civil conflicts and an economic crisis that severely weakened the Byzantine Empire's ability to adequately defend its borders. This led to the mass movement of Turks into central Anatolia; by 1080 an area of 30,000 square miles (78,000 km2) had been gained by the Seljuk Turks. It took three decades of internal strife before Alexios I Komnenos (1081 to 1118) restored stability to the Byzantines. Historian Thomas Asbridge says: "In 1071, the Seljuqs crushed an imperial army at the Battle of Manzikert (in eastern Asia Minor), and though historians no longer consider this to have been an utterly cataclysmic reversal for the Greeks, it still was a stinging setback."
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Behistun Inscription
Coordinates: 34°23′18″N 47°26′12″E / 34.38833°N 47.43667°E / 34.38833; 47.43667
The Behistun Inscription (also Bistun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: بیستون < Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the place of god") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun in the Kermanshah Province of Iran, near the city of Kermanshah in western Iran.
Authored by Darius the Great sometime between his coronation as king of the Persian Empire in the summer of 522 BC and his death in autumn of 486 BC, the inscription begins with a brief autobiography of Darius, including his ancestry and lineage. Later in the inscription, Darius provides a lengthy sequence of events following the deaths of Cyrus the Great and Cambyses II in which he fought nineteen battles in a period of one year (ending in December of 521 BC) to put down multiple rebellions throughout the Persian Empire. The inscription states in detail that the rebellions, which had resulted from the deaths of Cyrus the Great and his son Cambyses II, were orchestrated by several impostors and their co-conspirators in various cities throughout the empire, each of whom falsely proclaimed kinghood during the upheaval following Cyrus's death.
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Bodrum
Bodrum (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈbodɾum]) is a port city in Muğla Province, in the southwestern Aegean Region of Turkey. It is located on the southern coast of Bodrum Peninsula, at a point that checks the entry into the Gulf of Gökova. The city was called Halicarnassus of Caria in ancient times and was famous for housing the Mausoleum of Mausolus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Bodrum Castle, built by the Crusaders in the 15th century, overlooks the harbour and the marina. The castle grounds include a Museum of Underwater Archeology and hosts several cultural festivals throughout the year.
The city had a population of 118,237 in 2009.
The region includes the municipalities of Bodrum, Turgutreis, Ortakent, Türkbükü, Yalıkavak, Gümüşlük, Bitez, Konacık, Yalı and Mumcular; with many tourist-oriented developments being constructed across the district area.
The name Bodrum derives from Petronium, named from the Hospitaller Castle of St. Peter (see history). The site was formerly known as Halicarnassus (Ancient Greek: Ἁλικαρνασσός,Turkish: Halikarnas.) In Turkish, the word bodrum or bodrum katı also refers to a basement floor.
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Colossae
Colossae or Colosse (also known as Chonae or Kona; Greek: Κολοσσαί, Χωναί/Χῶναι), was an ancient city of Phrygia, on the Lycus, which is a tributary of the Maeander River. It was situated about 12 miles South East of Laodicea, and near the great road from Ephesus to the Euphrates. The site, located near the modern town of Honaz in Turkey, has never been excavated.
In 396 BC, during the Persian Wars, the satrap Tissaphernes was lured to Colossae and slain by an agent of the party of Cyrus the Younger. Pliny tells that the wool of Colossae gave its name (colossinus) to the colour of the cyclamen flower. During the Hellenistic period, the town was of some mercantile importance, although by the first century it had dwindled greatly in size and significance.
It does not appear that St. Paul had visited this city when he wrote his Epistle to the Colossians (Col. 1:2, Col. 2:1), since he tells Philemon of his hope to visit it upon being freed from prison (see Philemon 1:22). It seems that Epaphras was the founder of the Colossian church (see Col. 1:7; 4:12).
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Constantinople
Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις, Konstantinoúpolis; Latin: Constantinopolis; Ottoman Turkish: قسطنطینیه, Qostantiniyye; and modern Turkish: İstanbul) was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin and the Ottoman Empires. It was founded in AD 330, at ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine I, after whom it was named. The city was the largest and wealthiest European city of the Middle Ages, and shared the glories of the Byzantine Empire, which was eventually reduced to the city and its environs.
Although besieged on numerous occasions by various peoples, it was taken only in 1204 by the army of the Fourth Crusade, in 1261 by Michael VIII, and in 1453 by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. An inner wall was erected by Constantine I, and the city was surrounded by a triple wall of fortifications, begun during the 5th century by Theodosius II. The city was built on seven hills as well as on the Bosporus, and thus presented an impregnable fortress enclosing magnificent palaces, domes and towers. The Church of Hagia Sophia, the sacred palace of the emperors, the hippodrome, and the Golden Gate were among the largest of the many churches, public edifices, and monuments lining the arcaded avenues and squares.
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Corsica
Corsica (
/ˈkɔːrsɪkə/; French: Corse, IPA: [kɔʁs]; Corsican: Corsica; Italian: Corsica, IPA: [ˈkɔrsika]) is a French island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the Italian island of Sardinia. Mountains comprise two-thirds of the island, forming a single chain.
Corsica is one of the 27 régions of France, although strictly speaking Corsica is designated as a territorial collectivity (collectivité territoriale) by law. As a territorial collectivity, it enjoys greater powers than other French régions, but for the most part its status is quite similar. Corsica is referred to as a "région" in common speech, and is almost always listed among the other régions of France.
Although the island is separated from the continental mainland by the Ligurian Sea and is closer to Italy than to the French mainland, politically Corsica is part of Metropolitan France. It was once briefly an independent Corsican Republic, until being incorporated into France in 1769. Its culture has French and Italian elements blended into it.
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Cyrenaica
Cyrenaica ( /saɪrɨˈneɪ.ɨkə/ SY-rə-NAY-ə-kə; Ancient Greek: Κυρηναϊκή, after the city of Cyrene; Arabic: برقة Barqah; Berber: Berqa) is the historical name of the eastern region in Libya, which self-declared autonomy. In a tribal meeting the National Federal Bloc party declared Cyrenaica as self-autonomous region, but no actual authority has been observed on the ground, as the National Transitional Council still the defacto authority in all of Libya. Also known as Pentapolis in antiquity, it was part of the Creta et Cyrenaica province during the Roman period, later divided in Libia Pentapolis and Libia Sicca. During the Islamic period, the area came to be known as Barqa, after the city of Barca.
Cyrenaica was the name of an administrative division of Italian Libya from 1927 through 1943, then under British military and civil administration from 1943 through 1951, and finally in the Kingdom of Libya from 1951 through 1963. In a wider sense, which is still used, Cyrenaica is composed of all of the eastern part of Libya, including the Kufra District. Cyrenaica is adjacent to Tripolitania in the northwest and Fezzan in the southwest. The region that used to be Cyrenaica officially through 1963 is now divided up into several shabiyat, the administrative divisions of Libya.
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Dalyan
Dalyan is a town in Muğla Province located between the well-known districts of Marmaris and Fethiye on the south-west coast of Turkey. The town is an independent municipality, within the administrative district of Ortaca.
Dalyan achieved international fame in 1987 when developers wanted to build a luxury hotel on the nearby İztuzu Beach, a breeding ground for the endangered loggerhead sea turtle species. The incident created major international storm when David Bellamy championed the cause of conservationists such as June Haimoff, Peter Günther, Nergis Yazgan, Lily Venizelos and Keith Corbett. The development project was temporarily stopped after Prince Philip called for a moratorium and in 1988 the beach and its hinterland were declared a protected area, viz. Köyceğiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protection Area.
Life in Dalyan revolves around the Dalyan Çayı River which flows past the town. The boats that ply up and down the river, navigating the maze of reeds, are the preferred means of transport to all the local sites.
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Datça Peninsula
The Datça Peninsula is an 80 km-long, narrow peninsula in southwest Turkey separating the Gulf of Gökova to the north from the Gulf of Hisarönü to the south. The peninsula corresponds almost exactly to the administrative district of Datça, part of Muğla Province. The town of Datça is located at its half-way point.
In the early 20th century, it was called the Reşadiye Peninsula; other names include the Dorian or Cnidos Peninsula or the Chersonisos Cnidia.
The eastern half of the peninsula is bare, mountainous and scarcely inhabited. In the middle of the peninsula, centered around the town of Datça, is the peninsula's largest area of good land, extending towards the southwest of its median isthmus dividing the two halves of the land mass. The western part is also mountainous, rising in places over 1,000 meters, but has towards its western end on the south side a considerable extent of well-watered land reaching to the coast at Palamutbükü locality and supporting a group of villages known collectively as Betçe (the five villages).
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Denizli
Denizli is a growing industrial city in the southwestern part of Turkey and the eastern end of the alluvial valley formed by the river Büyük Menderes, where the plain reaches an elevation of about a hundred meters. Denizli is located in the country's Aegean Region.
The city has a population of about 511,751 (2011 census). It jumped from 389,000 in 2007, due to the merger of 13 municipalities and 10 villages. The area of Denizli Municipality has increased almost five times and the population increase become around 50 percent. Denizli (Municipality) is the capital city of Denizli Province.
Denizli has achieved a remarkable economic development in the last decades based notably on textile production and exports. Having become a vibrant center of manufacturing focused on exportation, Denizli is frequently cited, along with a number of other Turkish cities, as one of the foremost examples of "Anatolian Tigers" in reference to its rapid pace of development.
Denizli also attracts many visitors to the nearby mineral-coated hillside hot spring of Pamukkale, and with red color thermal water spa hotels Karahayıt, just 5 km north of Pamukkale. Recently, Denizli becomes a major domestic tourism destination due to the various types of thermal waters in Sarayköy, Central/Denizli (where Karahayıt and Pamukkale towns are located), Akköy (Gölemezli), Buldan (Yenicekent), Çardak districts.
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Didyma
Didyma (Greek: Δίδυμα) was an ancient Ionian sanctuary, the modern Didim, Turkey, containing a temple and oracle of Apollo, the Didymaion. In Greek didyma means "twin", but the Greeks who sought a "twin" at Didyma ignored the Carian origin of the name. Next to Delphi, Didyma was the most renowned oracle of the Hellenic world, first mentioned among the Greeks in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, but an establishment preceding literacy and even the Hellenic colonization of Ionia. Mythic genealogies of the origins of the Branchidae line of priests, designed to capture the origins of Didyma as a Hellenic tradition, date to the Hellenistic period.
Didyma was the largest and most significant sanctuary on the territory of the great classical city Miletus. To approach it, visitors would follow the Sacred Way to Didyma, about 17 km long. Along the way, were ritual waystations, and statues of members of the Branchidae family, male and female, as well as animal figures. Some of these statues, dating to the 6th century BC are now in the British Museum, taken by Charles Newton in the 19th century.
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Elaeus
Coordinates: 40°05′N 26°15′E / 40.083°N 26.25°E / 40.083; 26.25
Elaeus is a Greek city in Thracian Chersonese, a colony of Ionian Teos, hometown of the mythological hero Protesilaus.
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Elam
Elam was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province, as well as a small part of southern Iraq. The modern name Elam is a transcription from Biblical Hebrew, corresponding to the Sumerian elam(a), the Akkadian elamtu, and the Elamite haltamti. Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the ancient near east. In classical literature, Elam was more often referred to as Susiana, a name derived from its capital, Susa.
Situated just to the east of Mesopotamia, Elam was part of the early urbanization during the Chalcolithic period (Copper Age). The emergence of written records from around 3000 BC also parallels Mesopotamian history where writing was used slightly earlier. In the Old Elamite period (Middle Bronze Age), Elam consisted of kingdoms on the Iranian plateau, centered in Anshan, and from the mid-2nd millennium BC, it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands. Its culture played a crucial role in the Gutian Empire, especially during the Achaemenid dynasty that succeeded it, when the Elamite language remained among those in official use. Elamite is generally treated as an isolate language.
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Fethiye
Fethiye (Greek: Μάκρη, "Makri") is a city and district of Muğla Province in the Aegean region of Turkey with about 68,000 inhabitants (2008).
Modern Fethiye is located on the site of the ancient city of Telmessos, the ruins of which can be seen in the city, e.g. the Hellenistic theatre by the main quay.
Telmessos was the most important city of Lycia, with a recorded history starting in the 5th century BC.
A Lycian legend explains the source of the name Telmessos as follows[citation needed]: The god Apollo falls in love with the youngest daughter of the King of Phoenicia, Agenor. He disguises himself as a small dog and thus gains the love of the shy, withdrawn daughter. After he reappears as a handsome man, they have a son, whom they name 'Telmessos' (the land of lights). The city became part of the Persian Empire after the invasion of the Persian King Harpagos in 547 BC, along with other Lycian and Carian cities. Telmessos then joined the Attic-Delos Union established in mid-5th century BC. and, although it later left the union and became an independent city, continued its relations with the union until the 4th century BC.
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Gandhara
Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार Gandḥārā, Urdu: گندھارا Ghandhāra, Pashto: ګندارا, Punjabi: گندھارا, Persian: ویهیند) is the name of an ancient kingdom (Mahajanapada), located in modern day northern Pakistan and parts of eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was located mainly in the vale of Peshawar, the Potohar plateau (see Taxila) and on the Kabul River. Its main cities were Purushapura (modern Peshawar), literally meaning "City of Man", Varmayana (modern Bamyan) and Takshashila (modern Taxila).
The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the early 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD. It attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Buddhist Kushan Kings. The Hindu term Shahi is used by history writer Al-Biruni to refer to the ruling Hindu dynasty that took over from the Turki Shahi and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1021 CE, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal times the area was part of Kabul province.
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Geyre
Geyre is the village in the province of Aydın, Turkey. It is a settlement which was developed among the ruins of the ancient city Aphrodisias.
Previously called Caria (before it changed to Geyre) the village emerged around the 17th century when settlers were attracted to the area due to fertile soil and plentiful water. The village was relocated when excavations began on the ruins.
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Gulf of Gökova
Gulf of Gökova (Turkish: Gökova Körfezi) or Gulf of Kerme (Turkish: Kerme Körfezi, Greek: Κεραμεικός κόλπος, Latin: Ceramicus Sinus, English: Ceramic Gulf or Gulf of Cos), is a long (100 km), narrow gulf of the Aegean Sea between Bodrum Peninsula and Datça Peninsula in south-west Turkey.
Administratively, Gulf of Gökova coastline includes portions of the districts of, clockwise, Bodrum, Milas, Muğla, Ula, Marmaris and Datça. The Greek island of Kos lies along the entry into the Gulf.
Bodrum, located in its northwest reaches, is the only large city on the gulf today. In ancient times, alongside Halicarnassus (modern-day Bodrum), the city of Ceramus, located midway along the gulf's northern shore and after which the gulf was named, was also an important urban center. Across Ceramus (Gereme) (in the modern township of Ören, at a short distance from the gulf's southern shore and not far from its outlying waters, was another historical site of note, called Cedrae in ancient times. Cedrae was located in Sedir Island, which was prized by visitors for its beach and of which some remains still exist.
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Güllük
Güllük, is a small harbor town with own municipality within the district of Milas, situated north of Bodrum in Muğla Province of Turkey. It is a small Turkish town and growing holiday destination, with the town being pleasantly developed with a range of tourist amenities. The Town centre is typically Turkish, with a wide range of restaurants being dotted along the waterfront. A yachting marina is being developed, as are a number of beaches. For some time Gulluk has been a popular stopover for tourists sailing the Blue Cruise tour [1] and also has an important port for lighter freight ships. Güllük is also an important center of construction for gulet boats, coming second only to Bodrum.
Coordinates: 37°14′24″N 27°36′06″E / 37.24°N 27.6017°E / 37.24; 27.6017
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Halicarnassus
Halicarnassus (Ancient Greek: Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός, Halikarnassós or Ἀλικαρνασσός, Alikarnassós; Turkish: Halikarnas) was an ancient Greek city at the site of modern Bodrum in Turkey. It was located in southwest Caria on a picturesque, advantageous site on the Ceramic Gulf. The city was famous for the tomb of Mausolus, the origin of the word mausoleum, built between 353 BC and 350 BC, and one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It was part of the Persian Empire until captured by Alexander the Great at the siege of Halicarnassus in 334 BC.
Halicarnassus originally occupied only a small island near to the shore called Zephyria, which was the original name of the settlement and the present site of the great Castle of St. Peter built by the Knights of Rhodes in 1404; but in course of time, the island united with the mainland and the city extended to incorporate Salmacis, an older town of the Leleges and Carians and site of the later citadel.
The founding of Halicarnassus is debated among various traditions; but they agree in the main point as to its being a Dorian colony, and the figures on its coins, such as the head of Medusa, Athena or Poseidon, or the trident, support the statement that the mother cities were Troezen and Argos. The inhabitants appear to have accepted Anthes, a son of Poseidon, as their legendary founder, as mentioned by Strabo, and were proud of the title of Antheadae. The Carian name for Halicarnassus has been tentatively identified with Alosδkarnosδ in inscriptions.
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Hispania
Hispania was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. Under the Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the Principate, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Baetica and Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Tarraconensis. Subsequently, the western part of Tarraconensis was split off, first as Hispania Nova, later renamed Callaecia (or Gallaecia, whence modern Galicia). From Diocletian's Tetrarchy (AD 284) onwards, the south of remaining Tarraconensis was again split off as Carthaginensis, and probably then too the Balearic Islands and all the resulting provinces formed one civil diocese under the vicarius for the Hispaniae (that is, the Celtic provinces). The name, Hispania, was also used in the period of Visigothic rule. The modern name Spain derives from Hispania.
The origin of the word Hispania is much disputed and the evidence for the various speculations are based merely upon what are at best mere resemblances, likely to be accidental, and suspect supporting evidence. One theory holds it to be of Punic derivation, from the Phoenician language of colonizing Carthage. Specifically, it may derive from a Punic cognate of Hebrew אי-שפניא (i-shfania) meaning "Island of the Hyrax" or "island of the hare" or "island of the rabbit" (Phoenician-Punic and Hebrew are both Canaanite languages and therefore closely related to each other). Another theory, proposed by the etymologist Eric Partridge in his work Origins, is that it is of Iberian derivation and that it is to be found in the pre-Roman name for Seville, Hispalis, which strongly hints at an ancient name for the country of *Hispa, an Iberian or Celtic root whose meaning is now lost. It may alternatively derive from Heliopolis (Greek for "city of the sun"). Occasionally it was called Hesperia, the western land, by Roman writers, or Hesperia ultima.
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Kaunos
Kaunos (Carian: Kbid;Lycian: Khbide;Ancient Greek: Καῦνος; Latin: Caunus) was a city of ancient Caria and in Anatolia, a few km west of the modern town of Dalyan, Muğla Province, Turkey.
The Calbys river (now known as the Dalyan river) was the border between Caria and Lycia. Initially Kaunos was a separate state; then it became a part of Caria and later still of Lycia.
Kaunos was an important sea port, the history of which is supposed to date back till the 10th century BC. Because of the formation of İztuzu Beach and the silting of the former Bay of Dalyan (from approx. 200 BC onwards) Kaunos is now located about 8 km from the coast. The city had two ports, the southern port at the southeast of Küçük Kale and the inner port at its northwest (the present Sülüklü Göl, the Lake of the Leeches). The southern port was used from the foundation of the city till roughly the end of the Hellenistic era, after which it became inaccessible due to its drying out. The inner or trade port could be closed by chains. The latter was used till the late days of Kaunos , but due to the silting of the delta and the ports, Kaunos had by then long lost its important function as a trade port. After Caria had been captured by Turkish tribes and the serious malaria epidemic of the 15th century AD, Kaunos was completely abandoned.
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Knidos
Coordinates: 36°41′09″N 27°22′30″E / 36.68583°N 27.375°E / 36.68583; 27.375
Knidos or Cnidus ( /ˈnaɪdəs/; Ancient Greek: Κνίδος [knidos]) is an ancient settlement located in Turkey. It was an ancient Greek city of Caria, part of the Dorian Hexapolis. It was situated on the Datça peninsula, which forms the southern side of the Sinus Ceramicus, now known as Gulf of Gökova. By the fourth century BC, Knidos was located at the site of modern Tekir, opposite Triopion Island. But earlier, it was probably at the site of modern Datça (at the half-way point of the peninsula).
It was built partly on the mainland and partly on the Island of Triopion or Cape Krio. The debate about it being an island or cape is caused by the fact that in ancient times it was connected to the mainland by a causeway and bridge. Today the connection is formed by a narrow sandy isthmus. By means of the causeway the channel between island and mainland was formed into two harbours, of which the larger, or southern, was further enclosed by two strongly built moles that are still in good part entire.
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Loryma
Loryma (Ancient Greek: Λώρυμα) is an ancient town and Roman Catholic titular see in the former Roman province of Caria, in Asia Minor (now Anatolia, Asian Turkey).
Loryma was a small fortified town and harbour on the coast of Caria, formerly in the Ottoman province (vilayet of Smyrna (present Izmir), not far from Cape Cynossema, at the western extremity of the peninsula known as Rhodian Chersonesus, opposite to and twenty Roman miles from Rhodes island.
Nothing is known of its ecclesiastical history, but William Martin Leake (Asia Minor, 223) mentions its ruins: towers, tombs and ramparts, west of Port Aplothiki. The Notitiæ episcopatuum mentions Loryma among the suffragan sees of the Metropolitan of Stauropolis (also in Caria) up to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Lequien (Oriens christianus, I, 915) names three bishops of Loryma: George, present at the Council of Constantinople in 680, Anthimus at the Council of Nicæa in 787 and Joseph at the Council of Constantinople in 879.
Above the bay of Loryma (modern Bozuk Bükü) lies the ruins of a curtain wall surrounding the top of the hill. Constructed from large blocks of stone shaped in-situ, the remaining walls (mostly a metre high on the outside) retain very precise corners and sheer faces.
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Lusitania
Lusitania (Portuguese: Lusitânia, Spanish: Lusitania) or Hispania Lusitania was an ancient Roman province including approximately all of modern Portugal south of the Douro river and part of modern Spain (the present autonomous community of Extremadura and a small part of the province of Salamanca). It was named after the Lusitani or Lusitanian people (an Indo-European people). Its capital was Emerita Augusta (currently Mérida, Spain), and it was initially part of the Roman Republic province of Hispania Ulterior, before becoming a province of its own in the Roman Empire.
The etymology of the origin of the Lusitani who gave the province their name, is unclear. The name may be of Celtic origin: Lus and Tanus, "tribe of Lusus", connecting the name with the personal Celtic name Luso and with the god Lugh.
Early modern scholars derived the name from Lucis, an ancient people mentioned in Avienus' Ora Maritima and Tan, from Celtic Tan (Stan), or Tain, meaning a region or implying a country of waters, a root word that formerly meant a prince or sovereign governor of a region. The name has been connected with the personal Celtic name Luso and with the god Lugh.
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Lycia
Lycia ( /ˈlɪʃə/;Lycian: 𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊖 Trm̃mis; Greek: Λυκία) was a geopolitical region in Anatolia in what are now the provinces of Antalya and Muğla on the southern coast of Turkey, and Burdur Province inland. Known to history since the records of ancient Egypt and the Hittite Empire in the Late Bronze Age, it was populated by speakers of the Luwian language group. Written records began to be inscribed in stone in the Lycian language (a later form of Luwian) after Lycia's involuntary incorporation into the Achaemenid Empire in the Iron Age. At that time (546 BC) the Luwian speakers were decimated, and Lycia received an influx of Iranian speakers.
Lycia fought for the Persians in the Persian Wars, but on the defeat of the Achaemenid Empire by the Greeks, it became intermittently a free agent. After a brief membership in the Athenian Empire, it seceded and became independent (its treaty with Athens had omitted the usual non-secession clause), was under the Persians again, revolted again, was conquered by Maussollus of Caria, returned to the Persians, and went under Macedonian hegemony at the defeat of the Persians by Alexander the Great. Due to the influx of Greek speakers and the sparsity of the remaining Lycian speakers, Lycia was totally Hellenized under the Macedonians. The Lycian language disappeared from inscriptions and coinage.
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Marmaris
Marmaris is a port town and tourist resort on the Mediterranean coast, located in Muğla Province, southwest Turkey, along the shoreline of the Turkish Riviera.
Marmaris' main source of income is tourism. Little is left of the sleepy fishing village that Marmaris was just a few decades ago, after a construction boom in the 1980s. Marmaris still retains its charm due to its exceptional location between two intersecting sets of mountains by the sea. The town's population was 30,957 in 2010 and peaks at around 300,000 to 400,000 people during the tourism season. Marmaris' nightlife rivals anything on the Turkish coast.
It is also a centre for sailing and diving, possessing two major and several smaller marinas. It is a popular wintering location for hundreds of cruising boaters. It is served by the nearby Dalaman Airport.
Marmaris has a Mediterranean climate characterised by a hot and humid summer and cool, rainy winter. Showers and rain are very unlikely between May and October.
Summers are hot and humid, and temperatures can reach over 40°C sometimes during heatwaves in July and August. October is still warm and bright, though with spells of rain, and many tourists prefer to visit in the early autumn, especially in September, because the temperatures are not as hot.
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Medes
The Medes (/midz/) (from Old Persian Māda-) were an ancient Iranian people who lived in Iran in an area known as Media and spoke a northwestern Iranian language referred to as the Median language. Their arrival to the region is associated with the first wave of Iranian tribes in the late second millennium BCE (the Bronze Age collapse) through the beginning of the first millennium BCE.
In the 7th century BCE a unified Median state was formed which together with Babylonia, Lydia, and Egypt became one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East. An alliance with the Babylonians helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BCE which resulted in the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland (central-western Iran) and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. The Median kingdom was conquered in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great who established the next Iranian dynasty—the Achaemenid Empire.
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Milas
Milas (ancient Mylasa Μύλασα) is an ancient city and the seat of the district of the same name in Muğla Province in southwestern Turkey. The city commands a region with an active economy, and the region is very rich in history and its remains, the whole territory of Milas district containing a remarkable twenty-seven archaeological sites of note. The city was the first capital of ancient Caria and of the Anatolian beylik of Menteşe in medieval times. There was a Jewish community.
The centre of Milas presents the overall characteristics of a well-grown city focused on agricultural and aquacultural processing, related industrial activities, services, transportation (particularly since the opening of Milas-Bodrum Airport), tourism and culture. The center is at a distance of about twenty km from the coast and is actually closer to the airport than Bodrum itself, with many late arrival passengers of the high season increasingly opting to stay in Milas rather than in Bodrum where accommodation is likely to be difficult to find.
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Miletus
Miletus (mī lē' təs) (Ancient Greek: Μίλητος, Milētos; Latin: Miletus) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia (in what is now Aydin Province, Turkey), near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria. Before the Persian invasion in the middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus was considered the greatest and wealthiest of Greek cities.
Evidence of first settlement at the site has been made inaccessible by the rise of sea level and deposition of sediments from the Maeander. The first available evidence is of the Neolithic. In the early and middle Bronze age the settlement came under Minoan influence. Legend has it that an influx of Cretans occurred displacing the indigenous Leleges. The site was renamed Miletus after a place in Crete.
The Late Bronze Age, 13th century BCE, saw the arrival of Luwian language speakers from south central Anatolia calling themselves the Carians. Later in that century the first Greeks arrived. The city at that time rebelled against the Hittite Empire. After the fall of that empire the city was destroyed in the 12th century BCE and starting about 1000 BCE was resettled extensively by the Ionian Greeks. Legend offers an Ionian foundation event sponsored by a founder named Neleus from the Peloponnesus.
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Muğla
Muğla (pronounced [mu:ɫa]) is a city in south-western Turkey. It is the center of the district the same name, as well as of Muğla Province, which stretches along Turkey´s Aegean coast. Muğla center is situated inland at an altitude of 660 m and lies at a distance of about 30 km (19 mi) from the nearest seacoast in the Gulf of Gökova to its south-west. Muğla district area neighbors the district areas of Milas, Yatağan and Kavaklıdere to its north by north-west and those of Ula and Köyceğiz, all of whom are depending districts. Muğla is the administrative capital of a province that incorporates internationally well-known and popular tourist resorts such as Bodrum, Marmaris and Fethiye.
The district area's physical features are determined by several pot-shaped high plains abbreviated by mountains, of which the largest is the one where the city of Muğla is located and which is called under the same name (Muğla Plain). It is surrounded by slopes denuded of soil, paved with calcerous formations and a scrub cover which gives the immediate vicinity of Muğla a barren look uncharacteristic for its region. Arable land is restricted to valley bottoms.
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Pergamon
Pergamon (Ancient Greek: τὸ Πέργαμον or ἡ Πέργαμος), or Pergamum, was an ancient Greek city in modern-day Turkey, in Mysia, today located 16 miles (26 km) from the Aegean Sea on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern day Bakırçay), that became the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 281–133 BC. Pergamon was cited in the book of Revelation as one of the seven churches of Asia. Today, the main sites of ancient Pergamon are to the north and west of the modern city of Bergama.
The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Kingdom of Thrace.
The Attalids, the descendants of Attalus, father of Philetaerus who came to power in 281 BC following the collapse of the Kingdom of Thrace, were among the most loyal supporters of Rome in the Hellenistic world. Under Attalus I (241-197 BC), they allied with Rome against Philip V of Macedon, during the first and second Macedonian Wars, and again under Eumenes II (197-158 BC), against Perseus of Macedon, during the Third Macedonian War. For support against the Seleucids, the Attalids were rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor.
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Persepolis
Persepolis (Old Persian تخت جمشید Pārsa, Takht-e Jamshid or Chehel Minar) was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire (ca. 550-330 BCE). Persepolis is situated 70 km northeast of the modern city of Shiraz in the Fars Province of modern Iran. In contemporary Persian, the site is known as Takht-e Jamshid (Throne of Jamshid). The earliest remains of Persepolis date from around 515 BCE. To the ancient Persians, the city was known as Pārsa, which means "The City of Persians". Persepolis is a transliteration of the Greek Πέρσης πόλις (Persēs polis: "Persian city").
UNESCO declared the citadel of Persepolis a World Heritage Site in 1979.
Archaeological evidence shows that the earliest remains of Persepolis date from around 515 BC. André Godard, the French archaeologist who excavated Persepolis in the early 1930s, believed that it was Cyrus the Great (Kūrosh) who chose the site of Persepolis, but that it was Darius the Great (Daryush) who built the terrace and the great palaces.
Darius ordered the construction of the Apadana Palace and the Council Hall (the Tripylon or three-gated hall), the main imperial Treasury and its surroundings. These were completed during the reign of his son, King Xerxes the Great (Khashayar). Further construction of the buildings on the terrace continued until the downfall of the Achaemenid dynasty.
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Persian Armenia
Persian Armenia or Persarmenia (Armenian: Պարսկահայաստան Parskahayastan) corresponds to the Persian territory in which Armenians have lived until the Arab conquest of Persia. The size of Persian Armenia varied over time. It sometimes simply referred to as Eastern Armenia. According to George A. Bournoutian, professor of Armenian history, "prior to the third century A.D., Iran had more influence on Armenia's culture than any of its other neighbours. Intermarriage among the Iranian and Armenian nobility was common."
After the fall of the Median empire In 550 B.C. Cyrus the Great, King of the Persians, took control of the Median empire and conquered Asia Minor and Mesopotamia. Cyrus' son continued his father's campaign in Egypt. Eventually, Armenia became a dependency of Persia.
The Armenian contingents, cavalry and infantry, had taken part in Cyrus the Great's conquest of Lydia in 546 and of Babylonia in 539. A rebellion of ten subject nations — one of them Armenia — broke out against Persia during the reign of Darius the Great (522–486).
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Roman Armenia
From the end of the 1st century BC onwards, Armenia was, in part or whole, subject to the Roman Empire and its successor, the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. Emperor Trajan created even a short-lived Province of Armenia between 114 and 118 AD.
Armenia was under direct Roman control as a province only for a few years under Trajan, but it had a far longer history as a vassal and client state of the Roman Empire for most of the first three centuries after Pompey's campaign in Armenia in 66 BC.
With the eastwards expansion of the Roman Republic during the Mithridatic Wars, the Kingdom of Armenia, under the Artaxiad Dynasty, was made a Roman protectorate by Pompey in 66/65 BC. For the next 100 years, Armenia remained under Roman influence. Towards the middle of the 1st century AD, the rising Parthian influence disputed Roman supremacy, which was re-established by the campaigns of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo.
This conflict ended after the Battle of Rhandeia, in an effective stalemate and a formal compromise: a Parthian prince of the Arsacid line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by the Roman emperor.
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Samnium
Samnium (Italian: Sannio) is a Latin exonym for a region of south or south and central Italy in Roman times. The name survives in Italian today, but today's territory comprising it is only a small portion of what it once was. The populations of Samnium were called Samnites by the Romans. Their own endonyms were Safinim for the country (attested in one inscription and one coin legend) and Safineis for the people. The language of these endonyms and of the population was the Oscan language. However, not all the Samnites spoke Oscan, and not all the Oscan speakers lived in Samnium.
The ancient authors were unable to relay a precise definition of Samnium's borders. Moreover, the regions included vary depending on the time period considered. The main configurations are the borders that it had during the floruit of the Oscan speakers, from about 600 BC to about 290 BC, known historically in the Roman Republic, and the borders as they were defined to be by the emperor Augustus, published in his official manifesto, Discriptio Italiae, lost to moderns, but serving as the basis of Pliny the Elder's description of Italy. By that time Oscan was not spoken. Samnium had ceased to be a sovereign state since about 290 BC. Augustus divided Italy into 11 regions. Samnium was Region IV. It included areas that had never been in the republican Samnium and also omitted much of it. Ancient Samnium was included in three of Augustus' regions.
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Sardinia
Sardinia ( /sɑrˈdɪniə/, Italian: Sardegna [sarˈdeɲɲa], Sardinian: Sardigna [sarˈdinja]) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and before Cyprus). It is an autonomous region of Italy, and the nearest land masses are (clockwise from north) the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands.
The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *sard[], romanised as sardus (feminine sarda); that the name had a religious connotation is suggested from its use also as the adjective for the ancient Sardinian mythological hero-god Sardus Pater "Sardinian Father" (misunderstood by many modern Sardinians/Italians as being "Father Sardus"), as well as being the stem of the adjective "sardonic". Sardinia was called Ichnusa (the Latinised form of the Greek Hyknousa), Sandalion, Sardinia and Sardo by the ancient Greeks and the Romans.
Sardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 23,821 km². It is situated between 38° 51' and 41° 15' latitude north and 8° 8' and 9° 50' east longitude. To the west of Sardinia is the Sea of Sardinia, a unit of the Mediterranean Sea; to Sardinia's east is the Tyrrhenian Sea, which is also an element of the Mediterranean Sea.
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Susa
Coordinates: 32°11′21″N 48°15′28″E / 32.18922°N 48.257785°E / 32.18922; 48.257785
Susa (Persian: شوش Shush [ʃuʃ]; Greek: Σοῦσα [ˈsuːsa]; Syriac: ܫܘܫ Shush; Old Persian Çūšā-; Biblical Hebrew שׁוּשָׁן Shushān) was an ancient city of the Elamite, Persian and Parthian empires of Iran. It is located in the lower Zagros Mountains about 250 km (160 mi) east of the Tigris River, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers.
The modern Iranian town of Shush is located at the site of ancient Susa. Shush is the administrative capital of the Shush County of Iran's Khuzestan province. It had a population 64,960 in 2005.
In historic literature, Susa appears in the very earliest Sumerian records, e.g. in Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta it is described as one of the places obedient to Inanna, patron deity of Uruk.
Susa is also mentioned in the Ketuvim of the Hebrew Bible by the name Shushan, mainly in Esther, but also once each in Nehemiah and Daniel. Both Daniel and Nehemiah lived in Susa during the Babylonian captivity of the 6th century BCE. Esther became queen there, and saved the Jews from genocide. A tomb presumed to be that of Daniel is located in the area, known as Shush-Daniel. The tomb is marked by an unusual white stone cone, which is neither regular nor symmetric. Many scholars believe it was at one point a Star of David. Susa is further mentioned in the Book of Jubilees (8:21 & 9:2) as one of the places within the inheritance of Shem and his eldest son Elam; and in 8:1, "Susan" is also named as the son (or daughter, in some translations) of Elam.
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Thessaly
Thessaly (Greek: Θεσσαλία, Thessalía — Thessalian: Πετθαλία, Petthalia) is a traditional geographical region and an administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages, Thessaly was known as Aeolia, and appears thus in Homer's Odyssey.
Thessaly became part of the modern Greek state in 1881, after four and a half centuries of Ottoman rule. Since 1987 it has formed one of the country's 13 regions and is further (since the Kallikratis reform of 2010) sub-divided into 5 regional units and 25 municipalities. The capital of the region is Larissa. Thessaly lies in central Greece and borders the regions of Macedonia on the north, Epirus on the west, Central Greece on the south and the Aegean Sea on the east. The Thessaly region also includes the Sporades islands.
Thessaly was home to an extensive Neolithic culture around 2500 BC. Mycenaean settlements have also been discovered, for example at the sites of Iolcos, Dimini and Sesklo (near Volos). In Archaic and Classical times, the lowlands of Thessaly became the home of baronial families, such as the Aleuadae of Larissa or the Scopads of Crannon. In the 4th century BC Jason of Pherae transformed the region into a significant military power, recalling the glory of Early Archaic times. Shortly after Philip II of Macedon was appointed Archon of Thessaly, and Thessaly was thereafter associated with the Macedonian Kingdom for the next centuries. Thessaly later became part of the Roman Empire as part of the province of Macedonia.
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Tripolitania
Tripolitania /trɨpɒlɨˈteɪniə/ or Tripolitana (Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus, Berber: Ṭrables, from Latin Regio Tripolitana) is a historic region and former province of Libya.
Tripolitania was a separate Italian colony from 1927 to 1934. From 1934 to 1963, Tripolitania was one of three administrative divisions within Italian Libya and the Kingdom of Libya, alongside Cyrenaica to the east and Fezzan to the south.
In the old system, Tripolitania included Tripoli, the capital city of Libya and a vast northwestern portion of the country; in the subsequent systems, the sha'biyah of Tripoli has become much smaller than the original Tripolitania, including merely the city of Tripoli and its immediate surroundings. Because the city and the sha'biyah are nowadays almost coextensive, the term "Tripolitania" has more historical than contemporary value. In Arabic the same word (طرابلس) is used for both the city and the region, and that word, used alone, would be understood to mean only the city; in order to designate Tripolitania in Arabic, a qualifier such as "state", "province" or "sha'biyah" is required.
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Troy
Coordinates: 39°57′27″N 26°14′20″E / 39.9575°N 26.23889°E / 39.9575; 26.23889
Troy (Ancient Greek: Ἴλιον, Ilion, and Τροία, Troia; Latin: Trōia and Īlium;Hittite: Wilusa or Truwisa;Turkish: Truva) was a city, both factual and legendary, located in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey, southeast of the Dardanelles and beside Mount Ida. It is best known for being the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey seems to show that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion). This was later supported by the Hittite form Wilusa.
A new city called Ilium was founded on the site in the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. It flourished until the establishment of Constantinople and declined gradually during the Byzantine era.
In 1865, English archaeologist Frank Calvert excavated trial trenches in a field he had bought from a local farmer at Hisarlık, and in 1868, Heinrich Schliemann, wealthy German businessman and archaeologist, also began excavating in the area after a chance meeting with Calvert in Çanakkale. These excavations revealed several cities built in succession. Schliemann was at first skeptical about the identification of Hissarlik with Troy, but was persuaded by Calvert and took over Calvert's excavations on the eastern half of the Hissarlik site, which was on Calvert's property. Troy VII has been identified with the Hittite Wilusa, the probable origin of the Greek Ἴλιον, and is generally (but not conclusively) identified with Homeric Troy.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Yehud Medinata
Yehud Medinata (Aramaic for "the province of Judah") or simply Yehud, was an autonomous province of the Achaemenid (ancient Persia) empire, roughly equivalent to the older kingdom of Judah but covering a smaller area, within the satrapy of Eber-Nari. The region corresponded to the Babylonian province with the same name, formed after the fall of the kingdom of Judah to the Neo-Babylonian Empire (c.597 after its conquest of the Mediterranean east coast, and again in 585/6 BCE after suppressing an unsuccessful Judean revolt).
The name Yehud is known from coins unearthed in the region. Archaeological evidence is quite limited, and a history of the period is dependent almost entirely on biblical sources of often uncertain reliability.
There is not complete agreement on the chronology of the Babylonian and Persian periods: the following table is used in this article, but alternative dates for many events are plausible - this is especially true of the chronological sequence of Ezra and Nehemiah, with Ezra 7:6-8 stating that Ezra came to Jerusalem "in the seventh year of Artaxerxes the King," without specifying whether this was Artaxerxes I (465-424 BCE) or Artaxerxes II (404-359 BCE); the probable date for his mission is 458 BCE, but it is possible that it took place in 397 BCE.
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Ada of Caria
Ada of Caria (Ἄδα in Greek) (fl. 377 – 326 BC) was satrap of Caria in the 4th century BC.
Ada was the daughter of Hecatomnus, satrap of Caria, and sister of Mausolus, Artemisia, Idrieus, and Pixodarus. She was married to her brother Idrieus, who succeeded Artemisia in 351 BC and died in 344 BC. On the death of her husband Ada became satrap of Caria, but was expelled by her brother Pixodarus in 340 BC; and on the death of the latter in 335 BC his son-in-law Orontobates received the satrapy of Caria from the Persian Great King.
When Alexander the Great entered Caria in 334 BC, Ada, who was in possession of the fortress of Alinda, surrendered the fortress to him. After taking Halicarnassus (modern Bodrum), Alexander committed the government of Caria to her; she, in turn, formally adopted Alexander as her son, ensuring that the rule of Caria passed unconditionally to him upon her eventual death.
According to Turkish archaeologists, the tomb of Ada has been discovered. Her remains are on display in the archaeological museum of Bodrum.
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas from the Greek αλέξω alexo "to defend, help" + ανήρ aner "man"), was a king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders.
Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II of Macedon, to the throne in 336 BC after Philip was assassinated. Upon Philip's death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's military expansion plans. In 334 BC, he invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire. At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.
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Caria
Caria ([pronunciation?]; or Karia) (from Luwian Karuwa meaning "steep country", Ancient Greek, Καρία) was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia (Mycale) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia. The Ionian and Dorian Greeks colonized the west of it and joined the Carian population in forming Greek-dominated states there. The eponymous inhabitants of Caria were known as Carians, and they had arrived in Caria before the Greeks. They were described by Herodotos as being of Minoan descent, while the Carians themselves maintained that they were Anatolian mainlanders intensely engaged in seafaring and were akin to the Mysians and the Lydians. The Carians did speak an Anatolian language, which does not necessarily reflect their geographic origin, as Anatolian once may have been widespread. Also closely associated with the Carians were the Leleges, which could be an earlier name for Carians or for a people who had preceded them in the region and continued to exist as part of their society in a reputedly second-class status.
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Carians
The Carians (Greek: Κάρες; Kares) were the ancient inhabitants of Caria in southwest Anatolia.
It is not clear when the Carians enter into history. The definition is dependent on corresponding Caria and the Carians to the "Karkiya" or "Karkisa" mentioned in the Hittite records. Bronze Age Karkisa are first mentioned as having aided the Assuwa League against the Hittite King Tudhaliya I. Later in 1323 BC, King Arnuwandas II was able to write to Karkiya for them to provide asylum for the deposed Manapa-Tarhunta of "the land of the Seha River", one of the principalities within the Luwian Arzawa complex in western Anatolia. This they did, allowing Manapa-Tarhunta to take back his kingdom. In 1274 BC, Karkisa are also mentioned among those who fought on the Hittite Empire side against the Egyptians in the Battle of Kadesh. Taken as a whole, Hittite records seem to point at a Luwian ancestry for the Carians and as such, they would have lost their literacy through the Dark Age of Anatolia.
The equation, however, between the Bronze Age "Karkiya" or "Karkisa" and the Iron Age Caria and the Carians is complicated, despite having western Anatolia as common ground, by the uncertainties regarding the exact location of the former on the map within Hittite geography. Yet, the supposition is suitable from a linguistic point-of-view given that the Phoenicians were calling them "KRK" in their alphabetic script and they were referred to as "krka" in Old Persian.
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Croesus
Croesus ( /ˈkriːsəs/ KREE-səs; Ancient Greek: Κροῖσος, Kroisos; 595 BC – c. 547? BC) was the king of Lydia from 560 to 547 BC until his defeat by the Persians. The fall of Croesus made a profound impact on the Hellenes, providing a fixed point in their calendar. "By the fifth century at least," J.A.S. Evans remarked, "Croesus had become a figure of myth, who stood outside the conventional restraints of chronology." Croesus was renowned for his wealth—Herodotus and Pausanias noted his gifts preserved at Delphi.
In Greek and Persian cultures the name of Croesus became a synonym for a wealthy man. Croesus' wealth remained proverbial beyond classical antiquity: in English, expressions such as "rich as Croesus" or "richer than Croesus" are used to indicate great wealth to this day. The earliest known such usage in English was John Gower's in Confessio amantis (1390):
That if the tresor of Cresus
And al the gold Octovien,
Forth with the richesse Yndien
Of Perles and of riche stones,
Were al togedre myn at ones...
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Dahae
The Dahae (Persian: داها; Latin: Dahae; Greek: Δάοι (Daoi), Δάαι, Δᾶαι (Daai), Δάσαι (Dasai)), or Dahaeans were a confederacy of three Ancient Iranian tribes who lived in the region to the immediate east of the Caspian Sea. They spoke an Eastern Iranian language.
The first dateable mention of this nomad confederacy appears in the list of nations of Xerxes the great Daeva inscription. In this list of the peoples and provinces of the Achaemenid Empire, the Dahae are identified in Old Persian as Dāha and are immediately followed by a "Saka" group, who are listed as being neighbors of the Dāha. It is however unclear whether the Dahae are also the *Dāha people (or *Dåŋha, only attested in the feminine Dahi) of the Avestan Yasht 13.144. An etymological relationship "is not proof that the two names refer to the same ethnic group."
In the 1st century BCE Strabo (Geographika 11.8.1) refers to the Dahae explicitly as the "Scythian Dahae" ("Scythian" is in Strabo not necessarily an equation with the "Sacae"). The historiographer further places the Dahae in the approximate vicinity of present-day Turkmenistan.
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Diauehi
The Kingdom of Diauehi (Georgian: დიაოხის სამეფო) (Diauhi or Diaokhi; "the Land of the Sons of Diau") (Georgian: დიაოხი) was an ancient monarchy emerged as a tribal union of early-Georgians in 12th century BC, in the post-Hittite period. It was located in northeastern Anatolia, mentioned in the Urartian inscriptions. It is usually (though not always) identified with Daiaeni of the Yonjalu inscription of the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I’s third year (1118 BC). Although the exact geographic extent of Diauehi is still unclear, many scholars place it in the Pasinler Plain in today’s northeastern Turkey, while others locate it in the Turkish-Georgian marshlands as it follows the Kura River. Most probably, the core of the Diauehi lands may have extended from the headwaters of the Euphrates into the river valleys of Çoruh to Oltu. The Urartian sources speak of Diauehi’s three key cities – Zua, Utu and Sasilu; Zua is frequently identified with Zivin Kale and Ultu is probably modern Oltu, while Sasilu is sometimes linked to the early medieval Georgian toponym Sasire, near Tortomi (present-day Tortum, Turkey).
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Diocletian
Diocletian (Latin: Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus; c. 22 December 244 – 3 December 311), was a Roman Emperor from 284 to 305. Born to a family of low status in the Roman province of Dalmatia, Diocletian rose through the ranks of the military to become cavalry commander to the Emperor Carus. After the deaths of Carus and his son Numerian on campaign in Persia, Diocletian was proclaimed Emperor. The title was also claimed by Carus' other surviving son, Carinus, but Diocletian defeated him in the Battle of the Margus. With his accession to power, Diocletian ended the Crisis of the Third Century. He appointed fellow officer Maximian Augustus his senior co-emperor in 285.
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Dorians
The Dorians (Ancient Greek: Δωριεῖς, Dōrieis, singular Δωριεύς, Dōrieus) were one of the four major Greek ethnē into which the Ancient Greeks, or Hellenes, of the Classical period considered themselves divided.Ethnos has the sense of ethnic group. Herodotus uses the word with regard to them. They are almost always referenced as just "the Dorians", as they are in the earliest literary mention of them in Odyssey, where they already can be found inhabiting the island of Crete.
They were diverse in way of life and social organization, varying from the populous trade center of the city of Corinth, known for its ornate style in art and architecture, to the isolationist, military state of Sparta. And yet, all Hellenes knew which localities were Dorian, and which were not. Dorian states at war could more likely, but not always, count on the assistance of other Dorian states. Dorians were distinguished by the Doric Greek dialect and by characteristic social and historical traditions.
In the 5th century BC, Dorians and Ionians were the two most politically important Greek ethne, whose ultimate clash resulted in the Peloponnesian War. The degree to which fifth-century Hellenes self-identified as "Ionian" or "Dorian" has itself been disputed. At one extreme Édouard Will concludes that there was no true ethnic component in fifth-century Greek culture, in spite of anti-Dorian elements in Athenian propaganda. At the other extreme John Alty reinterprets the sources to conclude that ethnicity did motivate fifth-century actions. Moderns viewing these ethnic identifications through the fifth- and fourth-century BC literary tradition have been profoundly influenced by their own social politics. Also, according to E.N. Tigerstedt, nineteenth-century European admirers of virtues they considered "Dorian" identified themselves as "Laconophile" and found responsive parallels in the culture of their day as well; their biases contribute to the traditional modern interpretation of "Dorians".
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Drangiana
Drangiana or Zarangiana (Greek: Δραγγιανή, from Old Persian: Zranka "waterland" and Pashto: Dzaranda/Dzaranga "watermill/waterland") was a historical region of the Achaemenid Empire. This region comprises territory around lake Hâmûn, wetlands in endorheic Sīstān basin on the Irano-Afghan-Pakistan border, and its primary watershed Helmand river in nowadays southwestern Afghanistan and the "Nok Kondi" ("blunt point") of western Pakistan.
In ancient times it was inhabited by an Iranian tribe which ancient Greeks were referring to as Sarangians or Drangians. The Drangians were first subdued by another Iranian people, the Medes, and later, by Cyrus the Great. According to Herodotus, during the reign of Darius I, the Drangians were placed in the same district as the Utians, Thamanaeans, Mycians, Drangians, and those deported to the Persian Gulf. In 330 BC, the region was conquered by Alexander the Great.
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Galatia
Ancient Galatia ( /ɡəˈleɪʃə/; Greek: Γαλατία) was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Galatia was named for the immigrant Gauls from Thrace (cf. Tylis), who settled here and became its ruling caste in the 3rd century BC, following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC. It has been called the "Gallia" of the East, Roman writers calling its inhabitants Galli (Gaul or Celt). The Galateans themselves were not literate, and their name for themselves remains unknown.
Galatia was bounded on the north by Bithynia and Paphlagonia, on the east by Pontus and Cappadocia, on the south by Cilicia and Lycaonia, and on the west by Phrygia. Its capital was Ancyra (i.e. Ankara, today the capital of modern Turkey ).
Seeing something of a Hellenized savage in the Galatians, Francis Bacon and other Renaissance writers called them "Gallo-Graeci", "Gauls settled among the Greeks" and the country "Gallo-Graecia", as had the 3rd century AD Latin historian Justin. The more usual term in Antiquity is Ἑλληνογαλάται (Hellēnogalátai) of Diodorus Siculus' Biblioteca historica v.32.5, in a passage that is translated "...and were called Gallo-Graeci because of their connection with the Greeks", identifying Galatia in the Greek East as opposed to Gallia in the West.
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Gandhara
Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार Gandḥārā, Urdu: گندھارا Ghandhāra, Pashto: ګندارا, Punjabi: گندھارا, Persian: ویهیند) is the name of an ancient kingdom (Mahajanapada), located in modern day northern Pakistan and parts of eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was located mainly in the vale of Peshawar, the Potohar plateau (see Taxila) and on the Kabul River. Its main cities were Purushapura (modern Peshawar), literally meaning "City of Man", Varmayana (modern Bamyan) and Takshashila (modern Taxila).
The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the early 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD. It attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Buddhist Kushan Kings. The Hindu term Shahi is used by history writer Al-Biruni to refer to the ruling Hindu dynasty that took over from the Turki Shahi and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1021 CE, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal times the area was part of Kabul province.
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George Rawlinson
Canon George Rawlinson (23 November 1812 – 7 October 1902) was a 19th century English scholar, historian, and Christian theologian. He was born at Chadlington, Oxfordshire, and was the younger brother of Sir Henry Rawlinson.
Having taken his degree at the University of Oxford (from Trinity College) in 1838, he was elected to a fellowship at Exeter College, Oxford, in 1840, of which from 1842 to 1846 he was fellow and tutor. He was ordained in 1841, was Bampton lecturer in 1859, and was Camden Professor of Ancient History from 1861 to 1889.
In 1872 he was appointed canon of Canterbury, and after 1888 he was rector of All Hallows, Lombard Street. In 1873, he was appointed proctor in Convocation for the Chapter of Canterbury. He married Louisa, daughter of Sir RA Chermside, in 1846.
His chief publications are his translation of the History of Herodotus (in collaboration with Sir Henry Rawlinson and Sir John Gardiner Wilkinson), 1858–60; The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, 1862–67; The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy (Parthian), 1873; The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy (Sassanian), 1875; Manual of Ancient History, 1869; Historical Illustrations of the Old Testament, 1871; The Origin of Nations, 1877; History of Ancient Egypt, 1881; Egypt and Babylon, 1885; History of Phoenicia, 1889; Parthia, 1893; Memoir of Major-General Sir HC Rawlinson, 1898. His lectures to an audience at Oxford University on the topic of the accuracy of the Bible in 1859 were published as the apologetic work The Historical Evidences of the Truth of the Scripture Records Stated Anew in later years. He was also contributor to the Speaker's Commentary, the Pulpit Commentary, Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, and various similar publications. He was the author of the article "Herodotus" in the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
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Hattians
The Hattians were an ancient Anatolian people who inhabited the land of Hatti in present-day central Anatolia, Turkey. The group was noted at least as early as the empire of Sargon of Akkad (ca. 2300 BC), until it was gradually absorbed ca. 2000–1700 BC by the Indo-European Hittites, who became identified with the "land of Hatti".
As the Hattians did not have a written language, scholars rely on indirect sources or statements by other peoples. Hattian leaders probably used scribes who wrote in Assyrian to conduct business with Assyria. From the 21st through to the mid 18th Centuries BC, Assyria established colonies in Hattia, such as at Kanesh. Scholars have long assumed that the predominant population of the region of Anatolia "in the third millennium [BC] was an indigenous pre-Indo-European group called the Hattians".
The oldest name for Anatolia, "Land of the Hatti" was found for the first time on Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets from the period of Sargon the Great of Akkad ca. 2350–2150 BC: on those tablets Assyrian-Akkadian traders implored the help of king Sargon. This appellation continued to exist for about 1500 years until 630 BC, as stated in Assyrian chronicles. According to later Hittite documents, Sargon the Great had fought with the Hatti king Nurdaggal of Burushanda, while his successor Naram-Sin of Akkad had battled Pamba, king of Hatti and 16 other confederates.
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Herodotus
Herodotus ( /hɨˈrɒdətəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἡρόδοτος Hēródotos) was an ancient Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus, Caria (modern day Bodrum, Turkey) and lived in the fifth century BC (circa 484 – 425 BC). He has been called the "Father of History", and was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative.The Histories—his masterpiece and the only work he is known to have produced—is a record of his "inquiry" (or ἱστορία historía, a word that passed into Latin and acquired its modern meaning of "history"), being an investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information. Although some of his stories were fanciful, he claimed he was reporting only what had been told to him. Little is known of his personal history.
The Histories, otherwise known as The Researches or The Inquiries, were divided by later Alexandrian editors into nine books, named after the nine Muses: the "Muse of History", Clio, representing the first book, then Euterpe, Thaleia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polymnia, Ourania and Calliope for books 2 to 9, respectively. At its simplest and broadest level of meaning, The Histories is structured as a dynastic history of four Persian kings:
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Hittites
The Hittites were a Bronze Age Indo-European speaking people of Anatolia. They established a kingdom centered at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia c. the 18th century BC. The Hittite empire reached its height c. the 14th century BC, encompassing a large part of Anatolia, north-western Syria about as far south as the mouth of the Litani River (in present-day Lebanon), and eastward into upper Mesopotamia. The Hittite military made successful use of chariots. By the mid-14th century BC (under king Suppiluliuma I), they had carved out an empire that included most of Asia Minor as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. After c. 1180 BC, the empire disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some surviving until the 8th century BC.
Their Hittite language was a member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family. Natively, they referred to their land as Hatti, and to their language as Nesili (the language of Nesa). The conventional name "Hittites" is due to their initial identification with the Biblical Hittites in 19th century archaeology. Despite the use of "Hatti", the Hittites should be distinguished from the Hattians, an earlier people who inhabited the same region until the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, and spoke a non-Indo-European language known as Hattic.
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Ionians
The Ionians (Greek: Ἴωνες, Íōnes, singular Ἴων, Íōn) were one of the four major Greek tribes into which the Classical Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been divided (along with the Dorians, Aeolians and Achaeans). The Ionian dialect was one of the three major linguistic divisions of the Hellenic world, together with the Dorian and Aeolian.
"Ionian" with reference to populations had several senses in Classical Greece. In the narrowest sense, it was used of the region of Ionia in Asia Minor. In a more broad sense, it could be used to describe all speakers of the Ionic dialect, which also included the populations of Euboea, the Cyclades and many colonies founded by Ionian colonists. Finally, in the broadest sense, it could be used to describe all those who spoke languages of the East Greek group, which included Attic.
The foundation myth which was current in the Classical period suggested that the Ionians were named after Ion, son of Xuthus, and lived in the north Peloponnesian region of Aegilaus. When the Dorians invaded the Peloponnese and expelled the Achaeans from the Argolid and Lacedaemonia, the Achaeans moved into Aegilaus (henceforth known as Achaea), and the Ionians were in turn expelled. The Ionians went to Attica and mingled with the population there, before many people finally emigrated to the coast of Asia Minor, founding the historical region of Ionia.
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John Lemprière
John Lemprière (c. 1765, Jersey, – February 1, 1824, London), English classical scholar, lexicographer, theologian, teacher and headmaster. He was the son of Charles Lemprière (died 1801), of Mont au Prêtre, Jersey.
He received his early education at Winchester School, where his father sent him in 1779, and from 1785 at Pembroke College, Oxford, probably on the advice of Richard Valpy, receiving graduating BA in 1790, MA in 1792, BD in 1801, and DD in 1803.
Lemprière may have been influenced by another Pembroke man, the lexicographer Dr Samuel Johnson, whose famous A Dictionary of the English Language had appeared in 1755. A little over thirty years later, around 1786, Lemprière started work on his own Classical dictionary.
In 1787, he was invited by Valpy to be assistant headmaster at Reading Grammar School, and in 1789, to the great pride of his father, he preached in St Helier, Jersey. He achieved renown for his Bibliotheca Classica or Classical Dictionary containing a full Account of all the Proper Names mentioned in Ancient Authors, (Reading, November, 1788), which, edited by various later scholars, long remained a readable if not absolutely trustworthy reference book in mythology and classical history. Lemprière wished "to give the most accurate and satisfactory account of all the proper names which occur in reading the Classics, and by a judicious collection of anecdotes and historical facts to draw a picture of ancient times, not less instructive than entertaining." (Lemprière, Preface, 1788). It has been a handbook for teachers, journalists, dramatists and poets for almost two hundred years and John Keats is said to have known the book almost by heart. "Far from being just an ordinary dictionary, however, Lemprière's encyclopedic work is full of incidental details and stories which bring the mythical past to life." It is also assumed that the great scholar Valpy helped Lemprière with the dictionary.
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Kaskians
The Kaska (Georgian: ქასქები) (also Kaška, later Tabalian Kasku) were a loosely-affiliated Bronze Age non-Indo-European tribal people of mountainous Pontic Anatolia, known from Hittite sources. They lived in the mountainous region between the core Hittite region in eastern Anatolia and the Black Sea, and are cited as the reason that the later Hittite empire never extended northward to that area.
The Kaska, probably originating from the eastern shore of the Propontis, may have displaced the speakers of the Palaic language from their home in Pala.[citation needed]
The Kaska first appear in the Hittite prayer inscriptions that date from the reign of Hantili II, c. 1450 BC, and make references to their movement into the ruins of the holy city of Nerik. During the reign of Hantili's son, Tudhaliya II (c. 1430 BC), "Tudhaliya's 3rd campaign was against the Kaskas." His successor Arnuwanda I composed a prayer for the gods to return Nerik to the empire; he also mentioned Kammama and Zalpuwa as cities which he claimed had been Hittite but which were now under the Kaskas. Arnuwanda attempted to mollify some of the Kaska tribes by means of tribute.
wn.com/Kaskians -
Leleges
The Leleges were one of the aboriginal peoples of southwest Anatolia (compare "Pelasgians"), who were already there when the Indo-European Hellenes emerged. The distinction between the Leleges and the Carians (another peoples living in south west Anatolia) is unclear. According to Homer, the Leleges were a distinct Anatolian tribe; according to Herodotus the Leleges were an early name for the Carians; and according to the fourth-century BCE historian Philippus of Theangela, who suggested the Leleges had connections to Messenia, in mainland Greece, they were overcome by the Carians.
It is thought that the name Leleges is not an autonym, a name these people applied to themselves, in a long-submerged tongue. Instead, during the Bronze Age the term lulahi was in use in the Luwian language of the Hittites in Anatolia: in a Hittite cuneiform inscription priests and temple servants are directed to avoid conversing with lulahi and foreign merchants. It is surmised that the reference is to strangers. According to the suggestion of Vitaly Shevoroshkin, applying the term to men of the lands that would become classical Caria and Lycia, "Leleges" would then be an attempt to transliterate lulahi into Greek.
wn.com/Leleges -
Lukka lands
The Lukka lands are often mentioned in Hittite texts from the second millennium BC. It denotes a region in the southwestern part of Anatolia. The Lukka lands were never put under permanent Hittite control and were viewed as hostile by the Hittites.
It is commonly accepted that the Bronze Age toponym Lukka is cognate with classical Lycia. There is a contrast between the maximalist and the minimalist views with regard to the extent of the Lukka Lands. The maximalist view is upheld by Trevor Bryce, who discusses the occurrences of Lukka in Bronze Age texts.
From these texts we can conclude the Lukka, or Lukka lands, referred to a regions extending from the western end of Pamphylia, through Lycaonia, Pisidia and Lycia.
The minimalist view is upheld by Ilya Yakubovich, who concludes based on the analysis of textual evidence:
[W]e have positive philological arguments for the presence of Bronze Age Lukka settlements in classical Lycia, but not anywhere else in Asia Minor or beyond it.
Soldiers from the Lukka lands fought on the Hittite side in the famous Battle of Kadesh (ca. 1274 BC) against the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II. A century later the Lukka had turned against the Hittites. The Hittite king Suppiluliuma II tried in vain to defeat the Lukka. They contributed to the collapse of the Hittite empire.
wn.com/Lukka_lands -
Lydia
Lydia (Assyrian: Luddu; Greek: Λυδία) was an Iron Age kingdom of western Asia Minor located generally east of ancient Ionia in the modern Turkish provinces of Manisa and inland İzmir. Its population spoke an Anatolian language known as Lydian.
At its greatest extent, the Kingdom of Lydia covered all of western Anatolia. Lydia (known as Sparda by the Achaemenids) was a satrapy (province) of the Achaemenid Empire, with Sardis as its capital. Tabalus, appointed by Cyrus the Great, was the first satrap (governor). (See: Lydia (satrapy)).
Lydia was later the name for a Roman province. Coins are thought to have been invented in Lydia around the 7th century BC.
The endonym Śfard (the name the Lydians called themselves) survives in bilingual and trilingual stone-carved notices of the Achaemenid Empire: the satrapy of Sparda (Old Persian), Aramaic Saparda, Babylonian Sapardu, Elamitic Išbarda. These in the Greek tradition are associated with Sardis, the capital city of Gyges, constructed in the 7th century BC.
wn.com/Lydia -
Lydians
The Lydians were the inhabitants of Lydia, a region in western Anatolia, who spoke the distinctive Lydian language, an Indo-European language of the Anatolian group.
Questions raised regarding their origins, as defined by the language and reaching well into the 2nd millennium BC, continue to be debated by language historians and archeologists . A distinct Lydian culture lasted, in all probability, until at least shortly before the Common Era, having been attested the last time among extant records by Strabo in Kibyra in south-west Anatolia around his time (1st century BC).
The Lydian capital was at Sfard or Sardis. Their recorded history of statehood, which covers three dynasties traceable to the Late Bronze Age, reached the height of its power and achievements during the 7th and 6th centuries BC, a time which coincided with the demise of the power of neighboring Phrygia which lay to the north-east of Lydia.
Lydian power came to an abrupt end with the fall of their capital in events subsequent to the Battle of Halys in 585 BC and defeat by Cyrus the Great in 546 BC.
wn.com/Lydians -
Mausolus
Mausolus (Greek: Μαύσωλος or Μαύσσωλλος) was ruler of Caria (377–353 BC). He took part in the revolt against Artaxerxes Mnemon (362 BC), conquered a great part of Lycia, Ionia and several Greek islands and cooperated with the Rhodians in the Social War against Athens. He moved his capital from Mylasa – the ancient seat of the Carian kings – to Halicarnassus.
Mausolus was the eldest son of Hecatomnus, a native Carian who became the satrap of Caria when Tissaphernes died, around 395 BC. These Carian rulers, the Hecatomnids, embraced Hellenic culture. He is best known for the monumental shrine, the Mausoleum of Mausolus, erected for him by order of his sister and widow Artemisia; Antipater of Sidon listed the Mausoleum as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The architects Satyrus and Pythis, and the sculptors Scopas of Paros, Leochares, Bryaxis and Timotheus, finished the work after the death of Artemisia, some of them working, it was said, purely for renown. The site and a few remains can still be seen in the Turkish town of Bodrum.
wn.com/Mausolus -
Medes
The Medes (/midz/) (from Old Persian Māda-) were an ancient Iranian people who lived in Iran in an area known as Media and spoke a northwestern Iranian language referred to as the Median language. Their arrival to the region is associated with the first wave of Iranian tribes in the late second millennium BCE (the Bronze Age collapse) through the beginning of the first millennium BCE.
In the 7th century BCE a unified Median state was formed which together with Babylonia, Lydia, and Egypt became one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East. An alliance with the Babylonians helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BCE which resulted in the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland (central-western Iran) and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. The Median kingdom was conquered in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great who established the next Iranian dynasty—the Achaemenid Empire.
wn.com/Medes -
Mysians
Mysians (Latin: Mysi, Ancient Greek: Μυσοί) were the inhabitants of Mysia, a region in northwestern Asia Minor.
Their first mention is by Homer, in his list of Trojans allies in the Iliad, and according to whom the Mysians fought in the Trojan War on the side of Troy, under the command of Chromis and Ennomus the Auger, and were lion-hearted spearmen who fought with their bare hands.
Herodotus in his Histories wrote that the Mysians were brethren of the Carians and the Lydians, originally Lydian colonists in their country, and as such, they had the right to worship alongside their relative nations in the sanctuary dedicated to the Carian Zeus in Mylasa. He also mentions a movement of Mysians and associated peoples from Asia into Europe still earlier than the Trojan War, wherein the Mysians and Teucrians had crossed the Bosphorus into Europe and, after conquering all of Thrace, pressed forward till they came to the Ionian Sea, while southward they reached as far as the river Peneus. Herodotus adds an account and description of later Mysians who fought in Darius' army.
wn.com/Mysians -
Phrygia
In antiquity, Phrygia ( /ˈfrɪdʒiə/; Greek: Φρυγία, Ancient Greek: [pʰryɡía]) Turkish: Frigya) was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey, centered around the Sakarya River.
The Phrygians are most famous for their legendary kings of the heroic age of Greek mythology: Gordias whose Gordian Knot would later be untied by Alexander the Great, Midas who turned whatever he touched to gold, and Mygdon who warred with the Amazons. According to Homer's Iliad, the Phrygians were close allies of the Trojans and participants in the Trojan War against the Achaeans. Phrygian power reached its zenith in the late 8th century BC under another, historical King Midas, who dominated most of western and central Anatolia and rivaled Assyria and Urartu for power in eastern Anatolia. This later Midas was however also the last independent king of Phrygia before its capital Gordium was sacked by Cimmerians around 695 BC. Phrygia then became subject to Lydia, and then successively to Persia, Alexander and his Hellenistic successors, Pergamon, Rome and Byzantium. Phrygians were gradually assimilated into other cultures by the early medieval era, and the name Phrygia passed out of usage as a territorial designation after the Turkish conquest of Anatolia.
wn.com/Phrygia -
Quaestura exercitus
The quaestura exercitus was a peculiar administrative district of the Eastern Roman Empire with a seat in Odessus established by Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) on May 18, 536.
Territorially, the quaestura exercitus contained the Roman provinces of Moesia Inferior and Scythia Minor, located in the lower Danube region, as well as the provinces of Cyprus, Caria, and the Aegean Islands (i.e. the Cyclades). All of these provinces were detached from the Praetorian prefecture of the East and placed under the authority of a new army official known as the quaestor exercitus ("Quaestor of the army"). The authority of the quaestor was the equivalent to that of a magister militum. Since the strategically vital Danubian provinces were economically impoverished, the purpose of the quaestura exercitus was to help support the troops that were stationed there. By connecting the lower Danubian provinces with wealthier provinces, Justinian was able to transport supplies via the Black Sea. This territorial restructuring relieved both the destitute populations and devastated countryside of the Danubian provinces from sustaining any stationed troops. Unfortunately, there is a lack of subsequent evidence on the history of the quaestura exercitus. However, since the position of quaestor was still existent during the mid-570s, this indicates that the overall territorial unit achieved a modicum of success.
wn.com/Quaestura_exercitus -
Saka
The Saka (Old Persian Sakā, Latinized Sacae; Greek Σάκαι; Sanskrit शक [śaka]; Chinese 塞; Old Chinese *sək) were a Scythian tribe or group of tribes of Iranian origin.
Greek and Latin texts suggest that the term Scythians referred to a much more widespread grouping of Central Asian peoples.
Accounts[which?] of the Indo-Scythian wars often assume that the Scythian protagonists were a single tribe called the Saka (Sakai or Sakas).[original research?] But in earlier Greek and Latin texts the term Scythians referred to a much more widespread grouping of Central Asian peoples.
"Scythia" was a generic term loosely applied to a vast area of Central Asia spanning numerous groups and diverse ethnicities. Ptolemy writes that Skuthia was not only "within the Imaos" (the Himalayas) and "beyond the Imaos" (north of the Himalayas), but also speaks of a separate "land of the Sakais" within Scythia.[original research?] He also notes that the Komedes inhabited "the entire mountainous land of the Sakas".[citation needed]
wn.com/Saka -
Sequani
Sequani, in ancient geography, were a Gallic people who occupied the upper river basin of the Arar (Saône), the valley of the Doubs and the Jura Mountains, their territory corresponding to Franche-Comté and part of Burgundy.
Sequani is an exonym assigned by the Romans, most likely based on a similar-sounding endonym. The endonym is not known for certain. Sequani is like Sequana, Caesar's name for the Seine, but the country of the Sequani is not in the Seine's watershed. Strabo was originally responsible for the folk-etymologic connection by supposing that the Sequana flowed through the country of the Sequani, a geographic error. The French name of the Saône, however, the river forming the western border of the Sequani, derives from Celtic Souconna. The Romans called it the Arar. William Smith hypothesized that Sequani and Souconna were related.
The country of the Sequani can be defined by the reports of the ancient writers. The Jura Mountains separated the Sequani from the Helvetii on the east, but the mountains belonged to the Sequani, as the narrow pass between the Rhone and Lake Geneva was Sequanian. They did not occupy the confluence of the Saône into the Rhone, as the Helvetii plundered the lands of the Aedui there. Extending a line westward from the Jura estimates the southern border at about Mâcon, but Mâcon belonged to the Aedui.Strabo says that the Arar separates the Sequani from the Aedui and the Lingones, which means that the Sequani were on the left, or eastern, bank of the Saône only. On the northeast corner the country of the Sequani touched on the Rhine.
wn.com/Sequani -
Sogdiana
Sogdiana or Sogdia ([pronunciation?]; Old Persian: Suguda-; Ancient Greek: Σογδιανή, Sogdianē; Persian: سغد Soġd; Tajik: Суғд, سغد Suġd; Uzbek: Sơģd; Chinese: 粟特 Sùtè) was the ancient civilization of an Iranian people and a province of the Achaemenid Empire, eighteenth in the list on the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great (i. 16). Sogdiana is "listed" as the second of the "good lands and countries" that Ahura Mazda created. This region is listed second after Airyana Vaeja, Land of the Aryans, in the Zoroastrian book of Vendidad or "Videvdat", indicating the importance of this region from ancient times. Sogdiana, at different times, included territories around Samarkand, Bukhara, Khujand and Shahrisabz in modern Uzbekistan. The inhabitants of Sogdiana were the Sogdians, an Eastern Iranian people who are among the ancestors of modern-day Tajik, Pashun and Yaghnobi peoples.
The Sogdian states, although never politically united, were centered around the main city of Samarkand. Sogdiana lay north of Bactria, east of Khwarezm, and southeast of Kangju between the Oxus (Amu Darya) and the Jaxartes (Syr Darya), embracing the fertile valley of the Zeravshan (ancient Polytimetus). Sogdian territory corresponds to the modern provinces of Samarkand and Bokhara in modern Uzbekistan as well as the Sughd province of modern Tajikistan.
wn.com/Sogdiana -
Trojan War
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably through Homer's Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy; the Odyssey describes Odysseus's journey home. Other parts of the war are contained in a cycle of epic poems, which have survived through fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid.
The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked "for the fairest". Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris' insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans (except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves) and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods' wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern day Italy.
wn.com/Trojan_War -
Turkish people
Turkish people, also known as the "Turks" (Turkish: singular: Türk, plural: Türkler), are a nation and ethnic group primarily living in Turkey, and in the former lands of the Ottoman Empire where Turkish minorities have been established in the Balkans, the island of Cyprus, the Levant, Meskhetia, and North Africa. The Turkish minorities are the second largest ethnic groups in Bulgaria and Cyprus. In addition, due to modern migration, a Turkish diaspora has been established, particularly in Western Europe (see Turks in Europe), where large communities have been formed in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. There are also Turkish communities living in Australia, the former Soviet Union and the United States.
Although Turkic languages may have been spoken as early as 600 BC, the name "Turk" first appeared in Chinese sources and derives from the term "Tujue" (T’u-chue), meaning "strong" or "powerful", which was used in the 6th century C.E. to refer to the Göktürks.
wn.com/Turkish_people
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Caria Watt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
PLEASE GIVE A RATING.... Photos taken over the last 2 years of actress Caria Watt. Thank you for watching...
http://wn.com/Caria_Watt
PLEASE GIVE A RATING.... Photos taken over the last 2 years of actress Caria Watt. Thank you for watching...
PELLET CARIA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
Λέβητας Pellet CARIA energiapatras εφαρμογές εξοικονόμησης ενέργειας
http://wn.com/PELLET_CARIA
Λέβητας Pellet CARIA energiapatras εφαρμογές εξοικονόμησης ενέργειας
- published: 02 Nov 2011
- views: 770
- author: dimitrisantoniou167
Caria Caravans - Escape Eagle LT23 Sports - Caria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Caria Caravan Trailers offer a range of ten sports caravans to choose from. The Escape Eagle group of four caravans sporting the unique second level bedroom. The conventional style Escape Falcon group of four and the Sports Master Caravans with the lower profile and narrow body width. For those who like our design but would like the conventional style caravan for touring, the Escape Adventurer Cruzer range will be of interest to you, offering three sizes. Sports caravans and toy haulers are our specialty with many options available to satisfy out door living combined with your favourite activity to its fullest. With our teams engineering experience we offer a strong structurally sound caravan, comfortably able to support the payloads outlined on our technical spec's page for each van. The external fibreglass finish will ensure a long life with little wear. The quality internal fit out will service your every need.
http://wn.com/Caria_Caravans_Escape_Eagle_LT23_Sports_Caria
Caria Caravan Trailers offer a range of ten sports caravans to choose from. The Escape Eagle group of four caravans sporting the unique second level bedroom. The conventional style Escape Falcon group of four and the Sports Master Caravans with the lower profile and narrow body width. For those who like our design but would like the conventional style caravan for touring, the Escape Adventurer Cruzer range will be of interest to you, offering three sizes. Sports caravans and toy haulers are our specialty with many options available to satisfy out door living combined with your favourite activity to its fullest. With our teams engineering experience we offer a strong structurally sound caravan, comfortably able to support the payloads outlined on our technical spec's page for each van. The external fibreglass finish will ensure a long life with little wear. The quality internal fit out will service your every need.
- published: 02 Apr 2011
- views: 3478
- author: CariaCaravansAUS
Anatolian Costumes of Ionia, Caria, Lycia and Tarsus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 11 Feb 2013
The song is AX TA MATIA SOY (ah ta matia sou) from Guardians of Hellenism VOL 3 (Smyrna, Ionian Coast). Anatolia (Aνατολή), which means East in Greek, which is now modern Turkey, was the heartland of Byzantium before the Ottoman invasion. There are various ethnic influences in its culture. Of course, many parts of Anatolia also have remnants of the glorious Ancient Greek civilization. Featured in the video are costumes from: Smyrne(Σμύρνη) in Ionia (Ἰωνία), Halicarnassus (Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός) in Caria, Baris in Lycia (Λυκία) and Zephyrion (Ζεφύριον) near Tarsus (Ταρσός).
http://wn.com/Anatolian_Costumes_of_Ionia,_Caria,_Lycia_and_Tarsus
The song is AX TA MATIA SOY (ah ta matia sou) from Guardians of Hellenism VOL 3 (Smyrna, Ionian Coast). Anatolia (Aνατολή), which means East in Greek, which is now modern Turkey, was the heartland of Byzantium before the Ottoman invasion. There are various ethnic influences in its culture. Of course, many parts of Anatolia also have remnants of the glorious Ancient Greek civilization. Featured in the video are costumes from: Smyrne(Σμύρνη) in Ionia (Ἰωνία), Halicarnassus (Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός) in Caria, Baris in Lycia (Λυκία) and Zephyrion (Ζεφύριον) near Tarsus (Ταρσός).
- published: 02 Apr 2010
- views: 1646
- author: Yanitsaros
Salim - Caria Ungi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:21
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Salim performing "Caria Ungi". Written by Joseph Kamaru. Please support our musicians and buy their music. Kenyan music can be found and bought online at: www.kentunes.com or www.pewahewa.com
http://wn.com/Salim_Caria_Ungi
Salim performing "Caria Ungi". Written by Joseph Kamaru. Please support our musicians and buy their music. Kenyan music can be found and bought online at: www.kentunes.com or www.pewahewa.com
- published: 30 Jan 2011
- views: 12665
- author: KimenyiWaNgumba
Didie Caria "Dipendente"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Info and contacts: www.myspace.com "Dipendente"is a song form the CD "Ladro di storie". Music and Lyrics by Didie Caria; guitars:Max Carletti The video "Dipendente" was directed, filmed and edited by Paolo E. Forni in January 2010 , Washington, DC, USA
http://wn.com/Didie_Caria_Dipendente
Info and contacts: www.myspace.com "Dipendente"is a song form the CD "Ladro di storie". Music and Lyrics by Didie Caria; guitars:Max Carletti The video "Dipendente" was directed, filmed and edited by Paolo E. Forni in January 2010 , Washington, DC, USA
- published: 09 Feb 2010
- views: 3055
- author: Paolo Forni
Inna Vibin' with Didie Caria @ Central Park
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:46
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Praise The Lord because while me and my Lady we'rr out enjoying God's creation a brother stopped and wanted to sing a tune for us on my acoustic. His name is Didie Caria Didie in French means "Of God" and he is truly that. A singer/songwriter from Italy here on vaca with so much soul and truth in him you guys will enjoy this one for real....God Bless and Ciao! HAHA
http://wn.com/Inna_Vibin'_with_Didie_Caria_@_Central_Park
Praise The Lord because while me and my Lady we'rr out enjoying God's creation a brother stopped and wanted to sing a tune for us on my acoustic. His name is Didie Caria Didie in French means "Of God" and he is truly that. A singer/songwriter from Italy here on vaca with so much soul and truth in him you guys will enjoy this one for real....God Bless and Ciao! HAHA
- published: 11 Jun 2010
- views: 936
- author: InnaVibe
Caria Caravans - Escape Falcon HT16 Sports
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
This single axle option to the Escape Falcon completes a neat group of four caravans.
http://wn.com/Caria_Caravans_Escape_Falcon_HT16_Sports
This single axle option to the Escape Falcon completes a neat group of four caravans.
- published: 02 Apr 2011
- views: 1324
- author: CariaCaravansAUS
Caria Holiday resort 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Updated: 26 Jul 2012
Our Holiday
http://wn.com/Caria_Holiday_resort_2008
Pretender Bleach AMV Shūhei Hisagi vs Findor Caria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
This is a AMV test to see If I was even able to make one. Its my first attempt with this. I also used I movie and the resolution will be crap because it was on the clip I used sorry ahead of time you are supposed to hear the voices and blades I just have the music loud enough to cancel out the others music also the only subs in the beginning are supposed to be there the rest were edited out this is the second half of the Shūhei Hisagi vs Findor Caria once Kasashin was released I own nothing this is just a fanbased video with no intention of making money so it does not violate copyrights. Enjoy rude comments and arguments will be removed
http://wn.com/Pretender_Bleach_AMV_Shūhei_Hisagi_vs_Findor_Caria
This is a AMV test to see If I was even able to make one. Its my first attempt with this. I also used I movie and the resolution will be crap because it was on the clip I used sorry ahead of time you are supposed to hear the voices and blades I just have the music loud enough to cancel out the others music also the only subs in the beginning are supposed to be there the rest were edited out this is the second half of the Shūhei Hisagi vs Findor Caria once Kasashin was released I own nothing this is just a fanbased video with no intention of making money so it does not violate copyrights. Enjoy rude comments and arguments will be removed
- published: 11 Oct 2009
- views: 5138
- author: Quintega
Noites de Caria xD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:24
- Updated: 05 Dec 2011
é só malucos
http://wn.com/Noites_de_Caria_xD
Carla Bruni-Sarkozy and the Born HIV Free campaign
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:46
- Updated: 29 Jul 2012
Carla Bruni-Sarkozy talks about supporting the Global Fund, so that all children can be born free of HIV.
http://wn.com/Carla_Bruni-Sarkozy_and_the_Born_HIV_Free_campaign
Carla Bruni-Sarkozy talks about supporting the Global Fund, so that all children can be born free of HIV.
- published: 18 May 2010
- views: 128412
- author: BornHIVFree
0065 - Selez. Pier Giorgio Caria a Voyager-15.2.2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:50
- Updated: 07 Mar 2012
Selezione degli interventi di Pier Giorgio Caria allo speciale sugli UFO di Voyager del 15.2.2010. Presenta i casi Urzi e Amicizia.
http://wn.com/0065_Selez_Pier_Giorgio_Caria_a_Voyager-1522010
Selezione degli interventi di Pier Giorgio Caria allo speciale sugli UFO di Voyager del 15.2.2010. Presenta i casi Urzi e Amicizia.
- published: 27 Feb 2010
- views: 1521
- author: PierGiorgioCaria59
E Minor Improvisation - Jorge Caria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
A little improvisation in the key of E minor. I´m playing a Carvin CL 450.
http://wn.com/E_Minor_Improvisation_Jorge_Caria
A little improvisation in the key of E minor. I´m playing a Carvin CL 450.
- published: 30 Oct 2008
- views: 2421
- author: jorgecaria01
TG 230711 Caria: "Nel 2012 non finirà il mondo"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:38
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
Una serata dedicata ai Maya, ai cerchi nel grano ed all'ufologia. I giardini di Villa Avenia, nel centro storico di Salerno, ospitano il documentarista Piergiorgio Caria che alle 19 terrà un convegno con una relazione sui collegamenti tra i tre fenomeni, esponendo le sue teorie (versione integrale).
http://wn.com/TG_230711_Caria_Nel_2012_non_finirà_il_mondo
Una serata dedicata ai Maya, ai cerchi nel grano ed all'ufologia. I giardini di Villa Avenia, nel centro storico di Salerno, ospitano il documentarista Piergiorgio Caria che alle 19 terrà un convegno con una relazione sui collegamenti tra i tre fenomeni, esponendo le sue teorie (versione integrale).
- published: 23 Jul 2011
- views: 2809
- author: telecolore
ALAN ROSS - Valentino Mon Amour (Extended) (best audio)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:36
- Updated: 10 Feb 2013
Credits by Gino Caria, Sandro Oliva, Stefano Cundari, Alessandro Zanni. LYRICS: Not many reasonsValentino Mon Amour - Alan Ross to be movin' tonight Not many chances to have it together You never give me any beautiful night's And now I'm feeling we're dancing together Because the light of your eyes, looks like a million little stars when you're talking about you got to feel you full of full of emotions, full of romantic dreams who leave together like many of yours, like many of yours freinds, who leaves forever... (Bridge) Valentino mon amour, everybody dream somebody, everybody want to say, Valentino, Hey - Hey
http://wn.com/ALAN_ROSS_Valentino_Mon_Amour_Extended_best_audio
Credits by Gino Caria, Sandro Oliva, Stefano Cundari, Alessandro Zanni. LYRICS: Not many reasonsValentino Mon Amour - Alan Ross to be movin' tonight Not many chances to have it together You never give me any beautiful night's And now I'm feeling we're dancing together Because the light of your eyes, looks like a million little stars when you're talking about you got to feel you full of full of emotions, full of romantic dreams who leave together like many of yours, like many of yours freinds, who leaves forever... (Bridge) Valentino mon amour, everybody dream somebody, everybody want to say, Valentino, Hey - Hey
- published: 25 Jun 2008
- views: 109620
- author: ItaloDiscoKing
Bobby McFerrin improvise with Didie Caria.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
The 23rd of May 2010, at the Auditorium of Lingotto - Torino, Bobby Mcferrin did a concert. In the middle of it he found a mic on the floor of the stage and he asked if somebody wanted to sing with him. After few seconds of fear i decided to run towards the stage. After few minutes I was singing with him. I don't have words to describe what it happended. Enjoy the view! Il 23 Maggio 2010 all'Auditorium del Lingotto - Torino, Bobby Mcferrin ha tenuto un magnifico concerto. Nel mezzo dello show si rende conto che sul palco c'e' un altro microfono e quindi chiede: "Qualcuno vuole duettare con me?" Dopo alcuni secondi di immobilita' mi sono lanciato verso il palco. Dopo alcuni minuti stavo cantando con lui. Non ho parole per descrivere quello che e' successo. Buona visione!
http://wn.com/Bobby_McFerrin_improvise_with_Didie_Cariamp4
The 23rd of May 2010, at the Auditorium of Lingotto - Torino, Bobby Mcferrin did a concert. In the middle of it he found a mic on the floor of the stage and he asked if somebody wanted to sing with him. After few seconds of fear i decided to run towards the stage. After few minutes I was singing with him. I don't have words to describe what it happended. Enjoy the view! Il 23 Maggio 2010 all'Auditorium del Lingotto - Torino, Bobby Mcferrin ha tenuto un magnifico concerto. Nel mezzo dello show si rende conto che sul palco c'e' un altro microfono e quindi chiede: "Qualcuno vuole duettare con me?" Dopo alcuni secondi di immobilita' mi sono lanciato verso il palco. Dopo alcuni minuti stavo cantando con lui. Non ho parole per descrivere quello che e' successo. Buona visione!
- published: 27 May 2010
- views: 10695
- author: Didie Caria
Intervista Piergiorgio Caria - Canale 9 (04-09-2009)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Intervista dell'emittente acese Canale 9 al ricercatore ufologico e documentarista Piergiorgio Caria durante la conferenza stampa per la presentazione del convegno «Contatto Cosmico», che ha poi avuto luogo il giorno seguente, sabato 5 Settembre 2009, presso l'Hotel Excelsior Palace Terme di Acireale.
http://wn.com/Intervista_Piergiorgio_Caria_Canale_9_04-09-2009
Intervista dell'emittente acese Canale 9 al ricercatore ufologico e documentarista Piergiorgio Caria durante la conferenza stampa per la presentazione del convegno «Contatto Cosmico», che ha poi avuto luogo il giorno seguente, sabato 5 Settembre 2009, presso l'Hotel Excelsior Palace Terme di Acireale.
- published: 10 Sep 2009
- views: 2552
- author: Angelo Aiello
Urzi ¿Cazaovni o contactado? Pier Giorgio Caria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
"Urzi es un cazaovni contactado" afirmó en entrevista con Punto Cero, el investigador italiano, Pier Giorgio Caria, quien desde hace varios años le ha dado seguimiento a Antonio y ha dado a conocer los videos tan impactantes de Urzi, que se ha caractizado por presentir cuando se aparecerán estos objetos sobre el cielo de los países en donde se encuentre. En tanto, el periodista Jaime Maussan nos da su punto de vista sobre este "mensaje del cielo"
http://wn.com/Urzi_¿Cazaovni_o_contactado?_Pier_Giorgio_Caria
"Urzi es un cazaovni contactado" afirmó en entrevista con Punto Cero, el investigador italiano, Pier Giorgio Caria, quien desde hace varios años le ha dado seguimiento a Antonio y ha dado a conocer los videos tan impactantes de Urzi, que se ha caractizado por presentir cuando se aparecerán estos objetos sobre el cielo de los países en donde se encuentre. En tanto, el periodista Jaime Maussan nos da su punto de vista sobre este "mensaje del cielo"
- published: 09 Aug 2010
- views: 1758
- author: yohanandiaz
RICARDO CARIA @ WEST TV ARAD 17-02-2012 - PART 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:12
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
Interview with Alexandra Tighean @ WEST TV in the Matinal Show.
http://wn.com/RICARDO_CARIA_@_WEST_TV_ARAD_17-02-2012_PART_1
Interview with Alexandra Tighean @ WEST TV in the Matinal Show.
- published: 20 Feb 2012
- views: 1088
- author: Ricardo Caria
dai Maya al 2012 bello!!! Pier Giorgio Caria conferenza Palermo12-02-2012.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 74:24
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
ttp://www.giorgiobongiovanni.it/ ttp://www.youtube.com/user/assgiordanobruno L´Apocalisse di Giovanni Relatori: Giorgio Bongiovanni Pier Giorgio Caria Flavio Ciucani
http://wn.com/dai_Maya_al_2012_bello!!!_Pier_Giorgio_Caria_conferenza_Palermo12-02-2012
ttp://www.giorgiobongiovanni.it/ ttp://www.youtube.com/user/assgiordanobruno L´Apocalisse di Giovanni Relatori: Giorgio Bongiovanni Pier Giorgio Caria Flavio Ciucani
- published: 02 Mar 2012
- views: 4179
- author: Stellinaindivenire
0105 - Pier Giorgio Caria - Simposio CUN San Marino - Marzo 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 112:45
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Simposio CUN (Centro Ufologico Nazionale) a San Marino - 17 marzo 2012 - Serata riservata ai documentaristi. Intervento di Pier Giorgio Caria, modera il Dott. Roberto Pinotti, Segretario Generale CUN.
http://wn.com/0105_Pier_Giorgio_Caria_Simposio_CUN_San_Marino_Marzo_2012
Simposio CUN (Centro Ufologico Nazionale) a San Marino - 17 marzo 2012 - Serata riservata ai documentaristi. Intervento di Pier Giorgio Caria, modera il Dott. Roberto Pinotti, Segretario Generale CUN.
- published: 12 Apr 2012
- views: 1720
- author: PierGiorgioCaria59
Intervista Piergiorgio Caria - Telecolor (04-09-2009)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:51
- Updated: 26 Aug 2011
Intervista dell'emittente siciliana Telecolor al ricercatore ufologico e documentarista Piergiorgio Caria durante la conferenza stampa per la presentazione del convegno «Contatto Cosmico», che ha poi avuto luogo il giorno seguente, sabato 5 Settembre 2009, presso l'Hotel Excelsior Palace Terme di Acireale.
http://wn.com/Intervista_Piergiorgio_Caria_Telecolor_04-09-2009
Intervista dell'emittente siciliana Telecolor al ricercatore ufologico e documentarista Piergiorgio Caria durante la conferenza stampa per la presentazione del convegno «Contatto Cosmico», che ha poi avuto luogo il giorno seguente, sabato 5 Settembre 2009, presso l'Hotel Excelsior Palace Terme di Acireale.
- published: 10 Sep 2009
- views: 2093
- author: Angelo Aiello
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RICARDO CARIA @ WEST TV ARAD 17-02-2012 - PART 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:12
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
Interview with Alexandra Tighean @ WEST TV in the Matinal Show.
http://wn.com/RICARDO_CARIA_@_WEST_TV_ARAD_17-02-2012_PART_1
Interview with Alexandra Tighean @ WEST TV in the Matinal Show.
- published: 20 Feb 2012
- views: 1019
- author: ricardoalvescaria
Big Time Rush - IMO Ep. 16 w/ Ciara Bravo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Ciara Bravo answers fans' questions about her Nickelodeon show Big Time Rush. what is your favorite Big Time Rush episode? tell us in the comments below and watch as the girls find out things like: how do Carlos and Logan smell?:) IMO Playlist - bit.ly → AWESOMENESSTV ← subscribe! bit.ly bit.ly facebook, twitter, instagram, G+, & tumblr. facebook.com bit.ly instagram.com plus.google.com awesomenesstv.tumblr.com join our network ;) http join our email list for exclusive stuff? bit.ly → HOSTS ← Bethany- www.youtube.com Meaghan - youtube.com twitter.com Gracie- youtube.com twitter.com Ciara- twitter.com Audrey - youtube.com twitter.com Teala - youtube.com twitter.com Michaela - twitter.com Shelby - twitter.com Daniella- twitter.com music courtesy of www.extrememusic.com → IMO ← IMO Playlist - http IMO- these girls have opinions on everything! boys, Bieber, breakups, fashion, celebrities and everything in between. if you're thinking about it, they're talking about it! join Supah Ninja's Gracie Dzienny, YouTube's own Bethany Mota (macbarbie07), Twitter star Meaghan Dowling (@teenthings), Audrey Whitby of So Random, Big Time Rush star Ciara Bravo, Shelby Fero, Victorious' Daniella Monet, Michaela Blacks and great special guests! they always want to hear from you so make sure you join in on all of the fun and comment like crazy. you never know when IMO will feature your comment! → ALL AWESOMENESSTV SHOWS ← bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly ...
http://wn.com/Big_Time_Rush_IMO_Ep_16_w_Ciara_Bravo
Ciara Bravo answers fans' questions about her Nickelodeon show Big Time Rush. what is your favorite Big Time Rush episode? tell us in the comments below and watch as the girls find out things like: how do Carlos and Logan smell?:) IMO Playlist - bit.ly → AWESOMENESSTV ← subscribe! bit.ly bit.ly facebook, twitter, instagram, G+, & tumblr. facebook.com bit.ly instagram.com plus.google.com awesomenesstv.tumblr.com join our network ;) http join our email list for exclusive stuff? bit.ly → HOSTS ← Bethany- www.youtube.com Meaghan - youtube.com twitter.com Gracie- youtube.com twitter.com Ciara- twitter.com Audrey - youtube.com twitter.com Teala - youtube.com twitter.com Michaela - twitter.com Shelby - twitter.com Daniella- twitter.com music courtesy of www.extrememusic.com → IMO ← IMO Playlist - http IMO- these girls have opinions on everything! boys, Bieber, breakups, fashion, celebrities and everything in between. if you're thinking about it, they're talking about it! join Supah Ninja's Gracie Dzienny, YouTube's own Bethany Mota (macbarbie07), Twitter star Meaghan Dowling (@teenthings), Audrey Whitby of So Random, Big Time Rush star Ciara Bravo, Shelby Fero, Victorious' Daniella Monet, Michaela Blacks and great special guests! they always want to hear from you so make sure you join in on all of the fun and comment like crazy. you never know when IMO will feature your comment! → ALL AWESOMENESSTV SHOWS ← bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly ...
- published: 12 Jul 2012
- views: 136181
- author: AwesomenessTV
Interview With Carian Scudamore
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:27
- Updated: 14 Nov 2011
Jade Lawlor chatted to Carian Scudamore following her success in the International Speed Class at Cavan on Saturday afternoon
http://wn.com/Interview_With_Carian_Scudamore
Jade Lawlor chatted to Carian Scudamore following her success in the International Speed Class at Cavan on Saturday afternoon
- published: 14 Nov 2011
- views: 194
- author: Lar Sutton
What Social Media is Really All About with Giuseppe de Caria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:46
- Updated: 26 Apr 2011
We were extremely honored to be able to share some time with Giuseppe de Caria for a COOL interview during Mike Klingler'sMarketing Funnel Mastery event held in Las Vegas. In this video Giuseppe shares how social media is really about communicating with people, interacting with them and sharing your knowledge. Don't take our word for it; listen to the interview with Giuseppe!!! Giuseppe doesn't just talk about communicating and interacting with others online... he lives it. If you got any value from this interview, please comment and share. Pat & Lorna Shanks - The Coolest Couple =} TheCoolestCouple.com
http://wn.com/What_Social_Media_is_Really_All_About_with_Giuseppe_de_Caria
We were extremely honored to be able to share some time with Giuseppe de Caria for a COOL interview during Mike Klingler'sMarketing Funnel Mastery event held in Las Vegas. In this video Giuseppe shares how social media is really about communicating with people, interacting with them and sharing your knowledge. Don't take our word for it; listen to the interview with Giuseppe!!! Giuseppe doesn't just talk about communicating and interacting with others online... he lives it. If you got any value from this interview, please comment and share. Pat & Lorna Shanks - The Coolest Couple =} TheCoolestCouple.com
- published: 26 Apr 2011
- views: 84
- author: PatAndLorna
Gaia Interview 3:Japan Week!And Poko The Dog!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:25
- Updated: 22 Jul 2010
gaiaonline.com interview featuring:Caria and Poko
http://wn.com/Gaia_Interview_3Japan_Week!And_Poko_The_Dog!
gaiaonline.com interview featuring:Caria and Poko
- published: 23 May 2008
- views: 185
- author: CariaTheCat
RICARDO CARIA @ WEST TV ARAD 17-02-2012 - PART 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:43
- Updated: 05 Mar 2012
second part of WEST TV Interview in Arad.
http://wn.com/RICARDO_CARIA_@_WEST_TV_ARAD_17-02-2012_PART_2
second part of WEST TV Interview in Arad.
- published: 04 Mar 2012
- views: 246
- author: ricardoalvescaria
Beyoncé Talks w/ Ciara (THE SHOWDOWN)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:11
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
After taking months off "Beyoncé" has return to take whats rightfully hers (The Throne) Which "Ciara" has been claiming for the past few months due to the absence of Beyoncé. Can Ciara stay on top? Or will Beyoncé prove that she still is the HBIC? Click play and find out!
http://wn.com/Beyoncé_Talks_w_Ciara_THE_SHOWDOWN
After taking months off "Beyoncé" has return to take whats rightfully hers (The Throne) Which "Ciara" has been claiming for the past few months due to the absence of Beyoncé. Can Ciara stay on top? Or will Beyoncé prove that she still is the HBIC? Click play and find out!
- published: 24 Nov 2011
- views: 83726
- author: ThisisMackTv
Ciara Bravo On "Big Time Rush" Season 3 & More
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Follow SO-M: www.twitter.com Become a Fan: www.facebook.com Shineon-media.com caught up with Ciara Bravo at Jimmy Bennett's Sweet 16 party at the Hard Rock Cafe in Hollywood. We chatted about parties, "Big Time Rush" season 3, and what it's really like working with BTR.
http://wn.com/Ciara_Bravo_On_Big_Time_Rush_Season_3_More
Follow SO-M: www.twitter.com Become a Fan: www.facebook.com Shineon-media.com caught up with Ciara Bravo at Jimmy Bennett's Sweet 16 party at the Hard Rock Cafe in Hollywood. We chatted about parties, "Big Time Rush" season 3, and what it's really like working with BTR.
- published: 17 Feb 2012
- views: 17384
- author: somediatv
My Man & My Music - Ciara &Lyrics;
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
lyrics go something likee this : ) MY MAN & MY MUSIC Fantasy Ride Ciara It's crazy cause i'm in the studio you blowing up my phone i can't answer after i write this song i'm headed to the show when i get off the stage straight to the radio doing this interview thinking about you wish i was with you i just can't be doing my music thing i'm getting out ..? said you could handle it you would stick by me i don't know if we gon make it i can't keep explaining this is my life and i love it i don't wanna change it told you from day one that there would be days like this you said it was cool and that we could get through this please, don't make me choose because i'm so in love with both of you my man & my music please, don't make me choose because i'm so in love with both of you my man & my music Got no control over my schedule i'm getting ready for a world wide tour when it is over i need to know will you be there for me to come home to i hate to pressure you but i gotta know who's really down for me really on my team all of this arguing is a distraction i know you love me but i knew this would happen i don't know if we gon make it i can't keep explaining this is my life and i love it i don't wanna change it told you from day one that there would be days like this you said it was cool and that we could get through this please, don't make me choose because i'm so in love with both of you my man & my music please, don't make me choose because i'm so in love with both of you my man ...
http://wn.com/My_Man_My_Music_Ciara_&Lyrics;
lyrics go something likee this : ) MY MAN & MY MUSIC Fantasy Ride Ciara It's crazy cause i'm in the studio you blowing up my phone i can't answer after i write this song i'm headed to the show when i get off the stage straight to the radio doing this interview thinking about you wish i was with you i just can't be doing my music thing i'm getting out ..? said you could handle it you would stick by me i don't know if we gon make it i can't keep explaining this is my life and i love it i don't wanna change it told you from day one that there would be days like this you said it was cool and that we could get through this please, don't make me choose because i'm so in love with both of you my man & my music please, don't make me choose because i'm so in love with both of you my man & my music Got no control over my schedule i'm getting ready for a world wide tour when it is over i need to know will you be there for me to come home to i hate to pressure you but i gotta know who's really down for me really on my team all of this arguing is a distraction i know you love me but i knew this would happen i don't know if we gon make it i can't keep explaining this is my life and i love it i don't wanna change it told you from day one that there would be days like this you said it was cool and that we could get through this please, don't make me choose because i'm so in love with both of you my man & my music please, don't make me choose because i'm so in love with both of you my man ...
- published: 20 Mar 2009
- views: 177225
- author: xcheolx
Ciara Bravo at Justin Bieber's Never Say Never 3D Movie Premiere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:23
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
Ciara Bravo attends Justin Biebers Never Say Never 3D Concert Movie Premiere!
http://wn.com/Ciara_Bravo_at_Justin_Bieber's_Never_Say_Never_3D_Movie_Premiere
Ciara Bravo attends Justin Biebers Never Say Never 3D Concert Movie Premiere!
- published: 07 Apr 2011
- views: 32811
- author: CBravoCom
Gaia Interview 2:Dawn The Rabbit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:13
- Updated: 21 Mar 2010
my username:CariaTheCat Dawn's:rabbitgirl11 Gaiaonline.com
http://wn.com/Gaia_Interview_2Dawn_The_Rabbit
my username:CariaTheCat Dawn's:rabbitgirl11 Gaiaonline.com
- published: 23 May 2008
- views: 146
- author: CariaTheCat
Ciara featuring Ludacris - Ride
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Music video by Ciara featuring Ludacris performing Ride. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Ciara_featuring_Ludacris_Ride
Music video by Ciara featuring Ludacris performing Ride. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment
- published: 21 Apr 2010
- views: 49251417
- author: CiaraVEVO
Ciara - Get Up (Live So You Think You Can 2007)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Ciara Performs Live On Dancing With The Stars
http://wn.com/Ciara_Get_Up_Live_So_You_Think_You_Can_2007
Ciara Performs Live On Dancing With The Stars
- published: 17 Dec 2010
- views: 98958
- author: CiaraMusicOnline
Roswell Incident: Department of Defense Interviews - Gerald Anderson (1991)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 47:02
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
thefilmarchive.org In 1992, Crash at Corona, written by Stanton Friedman and Don Berliner, suggested a high-level cover-up of a UFO recovery, based on documents they obtained such as the Majestic 12 archive. These documents were anonymously dropped off at a UFO researcher's house in 1984 and purported to be 1952 briefing papers for incoming President Dwight Eisenhower describing a high-level government agency whose purpose was to investigate aliens recovered at Roswell and to keep such information hidden from public view. Friedman had done much of the research for The Roswell Incident with William Moore, and Crash at Corona built on that research. The title contains Corona instead of Roswell as Corona is geographically closer to the Foster ranch crash site. The time-line is largely the same as previously, with Marcel and Cavitt visiting the ranch on Sunday, July 6. But the book says that Brazel was "taken into custody for about a week" and escorted into the offices of the Roswell Daily Record on July 10 where he gave an account he was told to give by the government. A sign of the disputes between various researchers is on display as Friedman and Berliner move the Barnett account back to near Socorro and introduce a new eyewitness account of the site from Gerald Anderson who provided vivid descriptions of both a downed alien craft and four aliens, of which at least one was alive. The authors note that much of their evidence had been dismissed by UFO Crash at Roswell ...
http://wn.com/Roswell_Incident_Department_of_Defense_Interviews_Gerald_Anderson_1991
thefilmarchive.org In 1992, Crash at Corona, written by Stanton Friedman and Don Berliner, suggested a high-level cover-up of a UFO recovery, based on documents they obtained such as the Majestic 12 archive. These documents were anonymously dropped off at a UFO researcher's house in 1984 and purported to be 1952 briefing papers for incoming President Dwight Eisenhower describing a high-level government agency whose purpose was to investigate aliens recovered at Roswell and to keep such information hidden from public view. Friedman had done much of the research for The Roswell Incident with William Moore, and Crash at Corona built on that research. The title contains Corona instead of Roswell as Corona is geographically closer to the Foster ranch crash site. The time-line is largely the same as previously, with Marcel and Cavitt visiting the ranch on Sunday, July 6. But the book says that Brazel was "taken into custody for about a week" and escorted into the offices of the Roswell Daily Record on July 10 where he gave an account he was told to give by the government. A sign of the disputes between various researchers is on display as Friedman and Berliner move the Barnett account back to near Socorro and introduce a new eyewitness account of the site from Gerald Anderson who provided vivid descriptions of both a downed alien craft and four aliens, of which at least one was alive. The authors note that much of their evidence had been dismissed by UFO Crash at Roswell ...
- published: 08 Oct 2011
- views: 56327
- author: thefilmarchived
50 Cent tells ALL about him and Ciara!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Are they dating? Wild 94.9's Christie gets the full scoop! Hear the full interview at www.wild949.com
http://wn.com/50_Cent_tells_ALL_about_him_and_Ciara!!
Are they dating? Wild 94.9's Christie gets the full scoop! Hear the full interview at www.wild949.com
- published: 06 Sep 2007
- views: 917548
- author: Wild949FM
Ciara teaches "Get Up" and "Promise" Dance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Learn Ciara's moves and routines for Get Up and Promise!
http://wn.com/Ciara_teaches_Get_Up_and_Promise_Dance
Learn Ciara's moves and routines for Get Up and Promise!
- published: 03 Nov 2006
- views: 739246
- author: thatsfunny
Fashion Police : Ciara On Rihanna "She wasn't the nicest ..."
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:50
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
twitter.com Visit ultimate-ciara.com for updates on ciara
http://wn.com/Fashion_Police_Ciara_On_Rihanna_She_wasn't_the_nicest_
twitter.com Visit ultimate-ciara.com for updates on ciara
- published: 26 Feb 2011
- views: 872613
- author: ciaragimmedat
Beyonce Beats Up Ciara (Tag Team)- Street Fighter w/ Jay-Z and Bow Wow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Justin Hires: Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: tinyurl.com Website: www.justinhires.com YouTube: tinyurl.com Instagram: JustinHires
http://wn.com/Beyonce_Beats_Up_Ciara_Tag_Team_Street_Fighter_w_Jay-Z_and_Bow_Wow
Justin Hires: Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: tinyurl.com Website: www.justinhires.com YouTube: tinyurl.com Instagram: JustinHires
- published: 13 Apr 2009
- views: 187980
- author: JustJustinTV
Beyonce Talks w/ Ciara *2011*
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:31
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
***EXCLUSIVE***
http://wn.com/Beyonce_Talks_w_Ciara_*2011*
Ciara - Love Sex and Magic Ft Justin Timberlake HQ *FREE DOWNLOAD* + Lyrics (Official Music Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
song track download link: 0b7c3a7c.realfiles.net *NO COPYRIGHT INTENDED. I DO NOT OWN THIS!* 1, 2, 3 Go... Ciara... Sex... Ciara... Here we go, talk to 'em... [Ciara] Ya touch is so magic to me Stangest things can happen The way that you react to me I wanna do something you can't imagine Imagine, if it was a million me's talking sexy to ya like that Ya think ya can handle, boy if I give you my sleaze And I need you to push it right back Baby show me, show me, What's your favorite trick that you wanna use on me And I'll volunteer... And I'll be flowing, and going to go the distant place And nothing but shoes on me Ohh baby... [Ciara & Justin Timberlake] All night showing, just you and ya crowd Doin' tricks you never seen... And I bet that I can make ya believe In love and sex and magic So let me drive my body around ya I bet you know what I mean Cause you know that I can make you believe In love and sex and magic [Justin Timberlake] Everything ain't what it seems I wave my hands and I got you And ya feel so fly, assistantin' me But now is my turn to watch you I ain't gonna stop you If ya wanna grab my neck, talk sexy to me like that Just do what I taught you, girl when I give you my heat And I need you to push it right back [Ciara] Baby show me, show me, What's your favorite trick that you wanna use on me And I'll volunteer... And I'll be flowing, and going to go the distant place And nothing but shoes on me Ohh baby.. [Ciara & Justin Timberlake] All night showing, just ...
http://wn.com/Ciara_Love_Sex_and_Magic_Ft_Justin_Timberlake_HQ_*FREE_DOWNLOAD*_+_Lyrics_Official_Music_Video
song track download link: 0b7c3a7c.realfiles.net *NO COPYRIGHT INTENDED. I DO NOT OWN THIS!* 1, 2, 3 Go... Ciara... Sex... Ciara... Here we go, talk to 'em... [Ciara] Ya touch is so magic to me Stangest things can happen The way that you react to me I wanna do something you can't imagine Imagine, if it was a million me's talking sexy to ya like that Ya think ya can handle, boy if I give you my sleaze And I need you to push it right back Baby show me, show me, What's your favorite trick that you wanna use on me And I'll volunteer... And I'll be flowing, and going to go the distant place And nothing but shoes on me Ohh baby... [Ciara & Justin Timberlake] All night showing, just you and ya crowd Doin' tricks you never seen... And I bet that I can make ya believe In love and sex and magic So let me drive my body around ya I bet you know what I mean Cause you know that I can make you believe In love and sex and magic [Justin Timberlake] Everything ain't what it seems I wave my hands and I got you And ya feel so fly, assistantin' me But now is my turn to watch you I ain't gonna stop you If ya wanna grab my neck, talk sexy to me like that Just do what I taught you, girl when I give you my heat And I need you to push it right back [Ciara] Baby show me, show me, What's your favorite trick that you wanna use on me And I'll volunteer... And I'll be flowing, and going to go the distant place And nothing but shoes on me Ohh baby.. [Ciara & Justin Timberlake] All night showing, just ...
- published: 30 Mar 2009
- views: 1023777
- author: uploadtodownIoad
PERERA BOXE - SAVATE - Max Caria vs Johnny Catherine (FRA)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:02
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
In memoria del francese: "L'ex campione europeo e mondiale di Boxe Francese-Savate, Johnny Catherine, 34 anni, è stato ucciso a colpi di sciabola e di mazze da baseball da una banda di giovani nell'isola della Reunion,territorio d'oltremare francese Catherine è stato aggredito da una ventina di giovani, accanto allo stadio di Saint Francois, dove aveva organizzato un torneo di calcio. L'uomo ha cercato di trovare rifugio nell' abitazione vicina di una zia, ma i giovani sono entrati ed hanno cominciato a colpirlo con violenza. Poi, con una sciabola, gli hanno fatto tagli su tutto il corpo ed amputato una gamba, portata via dagli stessi giovani come un trofeo, prima di abbandonarla a circa 300 metri dall'abitazione. La polizia ha compiuto diverse perquisizioni, e sette giovani sono stati interrogati. La vigilia di Natale l'ex pugile aveva avuto una discussione con giovani del posto. Catherine era stato campione del mondo (categoria leggeri) nel 1997, e campione europeo nel 1998 e 2000." mio
http://wn.com/PERERA_BOXE_SAVATE_Max_Caria_vs_Johnny_Catherine_FRA
In memoria del francese: "L'ex campione europeo e mondiale di Boxe Francese-Savate, Johnny Catherine, 34 anni, è stato ucciso a colpi di sciabola e di mazze da baseball da una banda di giovani nell'isola della Reunion,territorio d'oltremare francese Catherine è stato aggredito da una ventina di giovani, accanto allo stadio di Saint Francois, dove aveva organizzato un torneo di calcio. L'uomo ha cercato di trovare rifugio nell' abitazione vicina di una zia, ma i giovani sono entrati ed hanno cominciato a colpirlo con violenza. Poi, con una sciabola, gli hanno fatto tagli su tutto il corpo ed amputato una gamba, portata via dagli stessi giovani come un trofeo, prima di abbandonarla a circa 300 metri dall'abitazione. La polizia ha compiuto diverse perquisizioni, e sette giovani sono stati interrogati. La vigilia di Natale l'ex pugile aveva avuto una discussione con giovani del posto. Catherine era stato campione del mondo (categoria leggeri) nel 1997, e campione europeo nel 1998 e 2000." mio
- published: 21 Aug 2012
- views: 455
- author: Fabio Perera
A Video For Ciara Bravo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
Hey Everyone, Im Back from along break! Today I have a video for Ciara Bravo, I know its a shock its not Stefanie, dont worry ill have more vids for her soon This is a video made for rising star ciara bravo who plays Katie on Big Time Rush. I dont own the pics or song in this video, all rights go to the owners. Go Ciara Bravo Oh and for more info about me making vids for you contact me on youtube
http://wn.com/A_Video_For_Ciara_Bravo
Hey Everyone, Im Back from along break! Today I have a video for Ciara Bravo, I know its a shock its not Stefanie, dont worry ill have more vids for her soon This is a video made for rising star ciara bravo who plays Katie on Big Time Rush. I dont own the pics or song in this video, all rights go to the owners. Go Ciara Bravo Oh and for more info about me making vids for you contact me on youtube
- published: 24 Feb 2010
- views: 259817
- author: 7shaquan
Ciara Presents Paula Campbell's "Ain't Nobody Stupid" Video 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Ciara directed Paula's video and presented it at The Glamour Reel Music event (sponsored by Nissan). ultimateciara.com for ciara updates
http://wn.com/Ciara_Presents_Paula_Campbell's_Ain't_Nobody_Stupid_Video_2007
Ciara directed Paula's video and presented it at The Glamour Reel Music event (sponsored by Nissan). ultimateciara.com for ciara updates
- published: 29 May 2010
- views: 2044
- author: UltimateCiaraTV
15:12
RICARDO CARIA @ WEST TV ARAD 17-02-2012 - PART 1
Interview with Alexandra Tighean @ WEST TV in the Matinal Show....
published: 20 Feb 2012
author: ricardoalvescaria
RICARDO CARIA @ WEST TV ARAD 17-02-2012 - PART 1
Interview with Alexandra Tighean @ WEST TV in the Matinal Show.
- published: 20 Feb 2012
- views: 1019
- author: ricardoalvescaria
5:15
Big Time Rush - IMO Ep. 16 w/ Ciara Bravo
Ciara Bravo answers fans' questions about her Nickelodeon show Big Time Rush. what is your...
published: 12 Jul 2012
author: AwesomenessTV
Big Time Rush - IMO Ep. 16 w/ Ciara Bravo
Ciara Bravo answers fans' questions about her Nickelodeon show Big Time Rush. what is your favorite Big Time Rush episode? tell us in the comments below and watch as the girls find out things like: how do Carlos and Logan smell?:) IMO Playlist - bit.ly → AWESOMENESSTV ← subscribe! bit.ly bit.ly facebook, twitter, instagram, G+, & tumblr. facebook.com bit.ly instagram.com plus.google.com awesomenesstv.tumblr.com join our network ;) http join our email list for exclusive stuff? bit.ly → HOSTS ← Bethany- www.youtube.com Meaghan - youtube.com twitter.com Gracie- youtube.com twitter.com Ciara- twitter.com Audrey - youtube.com twitter.com Teala - youtube.com twitter.com Michaela - twitter.com Shelby - twitter.com Daniella- twitter.com music courtesy of www.extrememusic.com → IMO ← IMO Playlist - http IMO- these girls have opinions on everything! boys, Bieber, breakups, fashion, celebrities and everything in between. if you're thinking about it, they're talking about it! join Supah Ninja's Gracie Dzienny, YouTube's own Bethany Mota (macbarbie07), Twitter star Meaghan Dowling (@teenthings), Audrey Whitby of So Random, Big Time Rush star Ciara Bravo, Shelby Fero, Victorious' Daniella Monet, Michaela Blacks and great special guests! they always want to hear from you so make sure you join in on all of the fun and comment like crazy. you never know when IMO will feature your comment! → ALL AWESOMENESSTV SHOWS ← bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly bit.ly ...
- published: 12 Jul 2012
- views: 136181
- author: AwesomenessTV
1:27
Interview With Carian Scudamore
Jade Lawlor chatted to Carian Scudamore following her success in the International Speed C...
published: 14 Nov 2011
author: Lar Sutton
Interview With Carian Scudamore
Jade Lawlor chatted to Carian Scudamore following her success in the International Speed Class at Cavan on Saturday afternoon
- published: 14 Nov 2011
- views: 194
- author: Lar Sutton
1:46
What Social Media is Really All About with Giuseppe de Caria
We were extremely honored to be able to share some time with Giuseppe de Caria for a COOL ...
published: 26 Apr 2011
author: PatAndLorna
What Social Media is Really All About with Giuseppe de Caria
We were extremely honored to be able to share some time with Giuseppe de Caria for a COOL interview during Mike Klingler'sMarketing Funnel Mastery event held in Las Vegas. In this video Giuseppe shares how social media is really about communicating with people, interacting with them and sharing your knowledge. Don't take our word for it; listen to the interview with Giuseppe!!! Giuseppe doesn't just talk about communicating and interacting with others online... he lives it. If you got any value from this interview, please comment and share. Pat & Lorna Shanks - The Coolest Couple =} TheCoolestCouple.com
- published: 26 Apr 2011
- views: 84
- author: PatAndLorna
6:25
Gaia Interview 3:Japan Week!And Poko The Dog!
gaiaonline.com interview featuring:Caria and Poko...
published: 23 May 2008
author: CariaTheCat
Gaia Interview 3:Japan Week!And Poko The Dog!
gaiaonline.com interview featuring:Caria and Poko
- published: 23 May 2008
- views: 185
- author: CariaTheCat
8:43
RICARDO CARIA @ WEST TV ARAD 17-02-2012 - PART 2
second part of WEST TV Interview in Arad....
published: 04 Mar 2012
author: ricardoalvescaria
RICARDO CARIA @ WEST TV ARAD 17-02-2012 - PART 2
second part of WEST TV Interview in Arad.
- published: 04 Mar 2012
- views: 246
- author: ricardoalvescaria
10:11
Beyoncé Talks w/ Ciara (THE SHOWDOWN)
After taking months off "Beyoncé" has return to take whats rightfully hers (The Throne) Wh...
published: 24 Nov 2011
author: ThisisMackTv
Beyoncé Talks w/ Ciara (THE SHOWDOWN)
After taking months off "Beyoncé" has return to take whats rightfully hers (The Throne) Which "Ciara" has been claiming for the past few months due to the absence of Beyoncé. Can Ciara stay on top? Or will Beyoncé prove that she still is the HBIC? Click play and find out!
- published: 24 Nov 2011
- views: 83726
- author: ThisisMackTv
1:28
Ciara Bravo On "Big Time Rush" Season 3 & More
Follow SO-M: www.twitter.com Become a Fan: www.facebook.com Shineon-media.com caught up wi...
published: 17 Feb 2012
author: somediatv
Ciara Bravo On "Big Time Rush" Season 3 & More
Follow SO-M: www.twitter.com Become a Fan: www.facebook.com Shineon-media.com caught up with Ciara Bravo at Jimmy Bennett's Sweet 16 party at the Hard Rock Cafe in Hollywood. We chatted about parties, "Big Time Rush" season 3, and what it's really like working with BTR.
- published: 17 Feb 2012
- views: 17384
- author: somediatv
3:24
My Man & My Music - Ciara &Lyrics;
lyrics go something likee this : ) MY MAN & MY MUSIC Fantasy Ride Ciara It's crazy cause i...
published: 20 Mar 2009
author: xcheolx
My Man & My Music - Ciara &Lyrics;
lyrics go something likee this : ) MY MAN & MY MUSIC Fantasy Ride Ciara It's crazy cause i'm in the studio you blowing up my phone i can't answer after i write this song i'm headed to the show when i get off the stage straight to the radio doing this interview thinking about you wish i was with you i just can't be doing my music thing i'm getting out ..? said you could handle it you would stick by me i don't know if we gon make it i can't keep explaining this is my life and i love it i don't wanna change it told you from day one that there would be days like this you said it was cool and that we could get through this please, don't make me choose because i'm so in love with both of you my man & my music please, don't make me choose because i'm so in love with both of you my man & my music Got no control over my schedule i'm getting ready for a world wide tour when it is over i need to know will you be there for me to come home to i hate to pressure you but i gotta know who's really down for me really on my team all of this arguing is a distraction i know you love me but i knew this would happen i don't know if we gon make it i can't keep explaining this is my life and i love it i don't wanna change it told you from day one that there would be days like this you said it was cool and that we could get through this please, don't make me choose because i'm so in love with both of you my man & my music please, don't make me choose because i'm so in love with both of you my man ...
- published: 20 Mar 2009
- views: 177225
- author: xcheolx
0:23
Ciara Bravo at Justin Bieber's Never Say Never 3D Movie Premiere
Ciara Bravo attends Justin Biebers Never Say Never 3D Concert Movie Premiere!...
published: 07 Apr 2011
author: CBravoCom
Ciara Bravo at Justin Bieber's Never Say Never 3D Movie Premiere
Ciara Bravo attends Justin Biebers Never Say Never 3D Concert Movie Premiere!
- published: 07 Apr 2011
- views: 32811
- author: CBravoCom
6:13
Gaia Interview 2:Dawn The Rabbit
my username:CariaTheCat Dawn's:rabbitgirl11 Gaiaonline.com...
published: 23 May 2008
author: CariaTheCat
Gaia Interview 2:Dawn The Rabbit
my username:CariaTheCat Dawn's:rabbitgirl11 Gaiaonline.com
- published: 23 May 2008
- views: 146
- author: CariaTheCat
4:39
Ciara featuring Ludacris - Ride
Music video by Ciara featuring Ludacris performing Ride. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit o...
published: 21 Apr 2010
author: CiaraVEVO
Ciara featuring Ludacris - Ride
Music video by Ciara featuring Ludacris performing Ride. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment
- published: 21 Apr 2010
- views: 49251417
- author: CiaraVEVO
3:59
Ciara - Get Up (Live So You Think You Can 2007)
Ciara Performs Live On Dancing With The Stars...
published: 17 Dec 2010
author: CiaraMusicOnline
Ciara - Get Up (Live So You Think You Can 2007)
Ciara Performs Live On Dancing With The Stars
- published: 17 Dec 2010
- views: 98958
- author: CiaraMusicOnline
47:02
Roswell Incident: Department of Defense Interviews - Gerald Anderson (1991)
thefilmarchive.org In 1992, Crash at Corona, written by Stanton Friedman and Don Berliner,...
published: 08 Oct 2011
author: thefilmarchived
Roswell Incident: Department of Defense Interviews - Gerald Anderson (1991)
thefilmarchive.org In 1992, Crash at Corona, written by Stanton Friedman and Don Berliner, suggested a high-level cover-up of a UFO recovery, based on documents they obtained such as the Majestic 12 archive. These documents were anonymously dropped off at a UFO researcher's house in 1984 and purported to be 1952 briefing papers for incoming President Dwight Eisenhower describing a high-level government agency whose purpose was to investigate aliens recovered at Roswell and to keep such information hidden from public view. Friedman had done much of the research for The Roswell Incident with William Moore, and Crash at Corona built on that research. The title contains Corona instead of Roswell as Corona is geographically closer to the Foster ranch crash site. The time-line is largely the same as previously, with Marcel and Cavitt visiting the ranch on Sunday, July 6. But the book says that Brazel was "taken into custody for about a week" and escorted into the offices of the Roswell Daily Record on July 10 where he gave an account he was told to give by the government. A sign of the disputes between various researchers is on display as Friedman and Berliner move the Barnett account back to near Socorro and introduce a new eyewitness account of the site from Gerald Anderson who provided vivid descriptions of both a downed alien craft and four aliens, of which at least one was alive. The authors note that much of their evidence had been dismissed by UFO Crash at Roswell ...
- published: 08 Oct 2011
- views: 56327
- author: thefilmarchived
Vimeo results:
0:40
Caria
Caria; otomobil tarihine adını altın harfler ile yazdırmış çizgi üstü markaların çizgi üst...
published: 30 Jul 2012
author: Caria
Caria
Caria; otomobil tarihine adını altın harfler ile yazdırmış çizgi üstü markaların çizgi üstü araçlarını tek bir kolleksiyonda toplayan, modern galeri, yenilikçi ödeme olanakları ve profesyonel satış/satış sonrası hizmetleri ile otomobil satışına yeni bir renk, profesyonel bir çıta koymuş bir oto galerisidir.
26:57
Caria L
Myself, Families, Friends, ......
published: 17 May 2011
author: Caria L
Caria L
Myself, Families, Friends, ...
1:56
Caria & flipon
sk8 for fun...
published: 13 Jun 2010
author: flip.on
Caria & flipon
sk8 for fun
2:58
CARIA HOTEL
En uygun Fiyatlarla http://www.tatilvitrini.com adresinde
Best Prices at http://www.tatilv...
published: 25 Apr 2011
author: Tatilvitrini
CARIA HOTEL
En uygun Fiyatlarla http://www.tatilvitrini.com adresinde
Best Prices at http://www.tatilvitrini.com
Rezervasyon için : +90 232 421 1 421
To The Reservation : +90 232 421 1 42
Youtube results:
1:12
50 Cent tells ALL about him and Ciara!!
Are they dating? Wild 94.9's Christie gets the full scoop! Hear the full interview at www....
published: 06 Sep 2007
author: Wild949FM
50 Cent tells ALL about him and Ciara!!
Are they dating? Wild 94.9's Christie gets the full scoop! Hear the full interview at www.wild949.com
- published: 06 Sep 2007
- views: 917548
- author: Wild949FM
1:40
Ciara teaches "Get Up" and "Promise" Dance
Learn Ciara's moves and routines for Get Up and Promise!...
published: 03 Nov 2006
author: thatsfunny
Ciara teaches "Get Up" and "Promise" Dance
Learn Ciara's moves and routines for Get Up and Promise!
- published: 03 Nov 2006
- views: 739246
- author: thatsfunny
0:50
Fashion Police : Ciara On Rihanna "She wasn't the nicest ..."
twitter.com Visit ultimate-ciara.com for updates on ciara...
published: 26 Feb 2011
author: ciaragimmedat
Fashion Police : Ciara On Rihanna "She wasn't the nicest ..."
twitter.com Visit ultimate-ciara.com for updates on ciara
- published: 26 Feb 2011
- views: 872613
- author: ciaragimmedat
3:33
Beyonce Beats Up Ciara (Tag Team)- Street Fighter w/ Jay-Z and Bow Wow
Justin Hires: Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: tinyurl.com Website: www.justinhires.com YouT...
published: 13 Apr 2009
author: JustJustinTV
Beyonce Beats Up Ciara (Tag Team)- Street Fighter w/ Jay-Z and Bow Wow
Justin Hires: Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: tinyurl.com Website: www.justinhires.com YouTube: tinyurl.com Instagram: JustinHires
- published: 13 Apr 2009
- views: 187980
- author: JustJustinTV
photo: AP / Los Angeles Police Department
11 Feb 2013
A San Bernardino County sheriff's deputy searches a home for Christopher Dorner, a former police officer, on Sunday in Big Bear Lake, Calif. (Jae C. Hong, The Associated Press) ... "We will not tolerate anyone undermining the security of the community," Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa said at a news conference. "We will not tolerate this reign of terror." ... "He has targeted those we entrust to protect the public." ... Copyright 2012 The Denver Post ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: AP / Lee Jin-man
12 Feb 2013
A magnitude 5.1 “artificial earthquake” was reported near a nuclear test site in North Korea on Tuesday morning, with South Korean Defence Ministry officials telling local media that the seismic activity was the result of a third nuclear test conducted by the reclusive state ... The reported test has, however, not yet been confirmed by North Korean State media ... The move is set to heighten regional tensions ... Keywords....(size: 3.4Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
12 Feb 2013
JULIAN BORGER. North Korea’s and Iran’s ambitions to become nuclear powers may make US plans to cut its own warheads difficult to pass. President Barack Obama is expected to address the threat posed by North Korea in tonight’s state of the union speech, after news of Pyongyang’s third underground nuclear test triggered some last-minute rewriting of the presidential text ... Obama speech ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: AP / Kevin Frayer
11 Feb 2013
ALLAHABAD, India (Reuters) - A stampede at a railway station in northern India killed at least 36 Hindu pilgrims on Sunday, the busiest day of the world's largest religious festival at which some 30 million had gathered to wash away their sins in the sacred Ganges river. Twenty-seven of the dead were women, mostly elderly and poor. An eight-year-old girl was also crushed to death ... Daily Press Eyewitness ... M ... ....(size: 5.2Kb)
photo: AP / Riccardo De Luca
12 Feb 2013
Pope Benedict XVI will not interfere in choosing his successor after his shock decision to resign at the end of the month, the pontiff's brother has said. Georg Ratzinger told the BBC the Pope would only "make himself available" if he were needed. Benedict said on Monday he would resign after nearly eight years as the head of the Catholic Church because he was too old to continue at the age of 85 ... But resignation is extremely rare....(size: 3.8Kb)
noodls
12 Feb 2013
(Source. American University). Dean Ginzberg with first place winners of the Massachusetts division of the Kogod Case Competition, also known as the Slivinski Award, Golden Globe Consulting. Team members are Nida Ali, Selina Scharr, Gian-Manuel Alvarez, Megan Audet and Osato Aibangbee ... Real-life Learning ... Massachusetts ... Jake Carias, BA '15, Carlos Sanabria, BSBA '13, Nicholas Tan, BSBA '13, and Matthew Zonis, BA '13 ... (noodl....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: WN / Guillaume Poulet-Mathis
08 Feb 2013
A chime every four minutes for the victims as South Africa radio stations join rape outcry Nemo. Top ten worst blizzards to hit the US Michael Bloomberg puts 250,000 tons of salt on standby as New York prepares for blizzard. One of the most memorable experiences in my travelling life was to be shown around the Prado Museum in Madrid by a curator of Spanish paintings from the National Gallery ... Art ... 20 Lost Cities of Caria & Lycia ... ....(size: 35.6Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
08 Feb 2013
Nick Trend offers his selection of expert-led trips on themes from art and history to wine, while Sally Howard picks general itineraries for those who just want a taster. By Nick Trend. 2.39PM GMT 08 Feb 2013. Comments. One of the most memorable experiences in my travelling life was to be shown around the Prado Museum in Madrid by a curator of Spanish paintings from the National Gallery ... Art ... 4 China ... 20 Lost Cities of Caria & Lycia ... ....(size: 47.0Kb)
The Wichita Eagle
07 Feb 2013
TOPEKA — A bill that would delay renewable energy mandates in Kansas is being considered by the state Senate Utilities Committee ... It’s time to recognize this failure.” ... Holly Carias of NextEra Energy, the largest owner and operator of U.S ... “While there could be circumstances which would justify a delay, this action could promote inaction or delays among the utilities,” Carias said ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)
Review Journal
19 Jan 2013
Editor's note. Listings include the resale home's parcel number. Occasionally, the address listed is the homebuyer's mailing address and not the actual location of the home. Check the parcel number to make sure. Also, a few transactions do not reflect the market value of the homes. LAS VEGAS. 89135. 10356 Romantico Drive, $606,000, 164-24-519-018 ... 2368 Green Mountain Court, $112,500, 138-18-211-017 ... 1502 Caria Court, $145,000, 186-09-418-016....(size: 19.8Kb)
Sun Star
14 Jan 2013
The Benguet PPO Public Safety Company Team A emerged champion followed by the Kalinga PPO in second place and Benguet PPO Administrative Team landing in third place ... Senior Inspector Cherry Fajardo of RFSO 15 bagged the championship trophy in the Lady Production category, PO1 Joyce Carias of the Regional Public Safety Battalion was second while Chief Inspector Gema Braganza of the Kalinga PPO landed in third ... won the Standard category....(size: 3.3Kb)
Buffalo News
02 Jan 2013
ALL-WESTERN NEW YORK. FIRST TEAM. P Player School Yr. F Carissima Cutrona Williamsville South 11. F Melissa Smith Niagara-Wheatfield 12. F Meredith Licata Williamsville North 11. F Tiana Woodarek Springville 11. M Cailin Regan Akron 10. M Hannah Crofut Williamsville North 12. M Courtney Hartnett Orchard Park 12. M Jenna Smolinski Hamburg 12. D Christine Breindel Orchard Park 12. D Kiley Ransbury Orchard Park 12 ... GOALIE ... M Emily Carias Eden 12 ... MVP....(size: 14.8Kb)
Buffalo News
11 Dec 2012
When it comes to winning the largest classifications in Western New York, no league has a stash of Section VI plaques quite like the Niagara Frontier League ... ECIC I ... ECIC II ... ECIC III ... ECIC IV. Senior PG Emily Carias is the lone returning starter for defending league champ Eden. Carias will be joined by seniors Erin Dix, Meg McCarthy, Honna Zittel, and sophomore Sabrina Kraska ... Returning all-stars are Carias and Olivia Schmidt of Holland....(size: 15.2Kb)
The Guardian
08 Dec 2012
Campaigners are going to European court in attempt to repatriate artefacts created for the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus. Two marble statues from the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus. Photograph. The Trustees of the British Museum ... Kazmaz said ... However, the time has come for these assets to be returned to their place of origin ... She said ... The mausoleum – built for Mausolus, king of Caria – is believed to have collapsed after a medieval earthquake....(size: 6.3Kb)
noodls
09 Nov 2012
Austin American Statesman
20 Oct 2012
Honduran student Pamela Carias was recruited to be a member of the women’s soccer team, which is mostly Latino. Carias recalls her first day of soccer tryouts, three years ago, when she and her dad drove to Austin from Houston. The youngest of four children, none of whom attended college, Carias had no desire to accept an offer to attend Huston-Tillotson ... “She wanted me on the spot,” Carias recalls....(size: 10.3Kb)
Canberra Times
11 Oct 2012
ROME. A city council has been dismissed on suspicion of mafia infiltration, the first such action in Italy's history ... The city was administered jointly by the UDC, a conservative Catholic party, and Silvio Berlusconi's party, People of Freedom ... Bruno De Caria is suspected of colluding with mafia bosses to inflate the costs of public works contracts ... TELEGRAPH. ....(size: 1.8Kb)
For other uses, see Caria (disambiguation).
| Caria (Καρία) | |
|---|---|
| Ancient Region of Anatolia | |
 Theater in Caunos |
|
| Location | Southwestern Anatolia |
| State existed | 11-6th c. BC |
| Language | Carian |
| Biggest city | Halicarnassus |
| Roman province | Asia |
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Caria ([pronunciation?]; or Karia) (from Luwian Karuwa meaning "steep country", Ancient Greek, Καρία) was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia (Mycale) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia. The Ionian and Dorian Greeks colonized the west of it and joined the Carian population in forming Greek-dominated states there. The eponymous inhabitants of Caria were known as Carians, and they had arrived in Caria before the Greeks. They were described by Herodotos as being of Minoan descent,[1] while the Carians themselves maintained that they were Anatolian mainlanders intensely engaged in seafaring and were akin to the Mysians and the Lydians. The Carians did speak an Anatolian language, which does not necessarily reflect their geographic origin, as Anatolian once may have been widespread. Also closely associated with the Carians were the Leleges, which could be an earlier name for Carians or for a people who had preceded them in the region and continued to exist as part of their society in a reputedly second-class status.
Contents |
Municipalities of Caria[link]
File:Caria.svg
Carian cities in white. This map depicts the current rivers and coastline and certain features have changed over the years, notably Miletus, Heracleia, and Myus were on the south side of a gulf and Priene on the north side; the river Maeander has since filled in the gulf. Also politically Telmessos, Miletus, and Kalynda were sometimes considered Carian and sometimes not
Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns in classical Greece is based entirely on ancient sources.[2] The multiple names of towns and geomorphic features, such as bays and headlands, reveal an ethnic layering consistent with the known colonization.
Coastal Caria[link]
Coastal Caria begins with Didyma south of Miletus,[3] but Miletus had been placed in the pre-Greek Caria. South of it is the Iassicus Sinus (Güllük Körfezi) and the towns of Iassus and Bargylia, giving an alternative name of Bargyleticus Sinus to Güllük Körfezi, and nearby Cindye, which the Carians called Andanus. After Bargylia is Caryanda or Caryinda, and then on the Bodrum Peninsula Myndus (Mentecha or Muntecha), 56 miles (90 km) miles from Miletus. In the vicinity is Naziandus, exact location unknown.
On the tip of the Bodrum Peninsula (Cape Termerium) is Termera (Telmera, Termerea), and on the other side Ceramicus Sinus (Gökova Körfezi). It "was formerly crowded with numerous towns."[4] Halicarnassus, a Dorian Greek city, was planted there among six Carian towns: Theangela, Sibde, Medmasa, Euranium, Pedasa or Pedasum, and Telmissus. These with Myndus and Synagela (or Syagela or Souagela) constitute the eight Lelege towns. Also on the north coast of the Ceramicus Sinus is Ceramus and Bargasus.
On the south of the Ceramicus Sinus is the Carian Chersonnese, or Triopium Promontory (Cape Krio), also called Doris after the Dorian colony of Cnidus. At the base of the peninsula (Datça Peninsula) is Bybassus or Bybastus from which an earlier names, the Bybassia Chersonnese, had been derived. It was now Acanthus and Doulopolis ("slave city").
South of the Carian Chersonnese is Doridis Sinus, the "Gulf of Doris" (Gulf of Symi), the locale of the Dorian Confederacy. There are three bays in it: Bubassius, Thymnias and Schoenus, the last enclosing the town of Hyda. In the gulf somewhere are Euthene or Eutane, Pitaeum, and an island: Elaeus or Elaeussa near Loryma. On the south shore is the Cynossema, or Onugnathos Promontory, opposite Symi.
South of there is Peraea, a section of the coast under Rhodes. It includes Loryma or Larymna in Oedimus Bay, Gelos, Tisanusa, the headland of Paridion, Panydon or Pandion (Cape Marmorice) with Physicus, Physca or Physcus, also called Cressa (Marmaris). Beyond Cressa is the Calbis River (Dalyan River). On the other side is Caunus (near Dalyan), with Pisilis or Pilisis and Pyrnos between.
Then follow some cities that some assign to Lydia and some to Caria: Calynda on the Indus River, Crya, Carya, Carysis or Cari and Alina in the Gulf of Glaucus (Katranci Bay or the Gulf of Makri), the Glaucus River being the border. Other Carian towns in the gulf are Clydae or Lydae and Aenus.
Inland Caria[link]
At the base of the east end of Latmus near Selimiye was the district of Euromus or Eurome, possibly Europus, formerly Idrieus and Chrysaoris (Stratonicea), apparently the ethnic center of non-Hellenic Caria. The name Chrysaoris once applied to all of Caria; moreover, Euromus was originally settled from Lycia. Its towns are Tauropolis, Plarassa and Chrysaoris. These were all incorporated later into Mylasa. Connected to the latter by a sacred way is Labranda. Around Stratonicea is also Lagina or Lakena as well as Tendeba and Astragon.
Further inland towards Aydin is Alabanda, noted for its marble and its scorpions, Orthosia, Coscinia or Coscinus on the upper Maeander and Halydienses, Alinda or Alina. At the confluence of the Maeander and the Harpasus is Harpasa (Arpaz). At the confluence of the Maeander and the Orsinus, Corsymus or Corsynus is Antioch on the Maeander and on the Orsinus in the mountains a border town with Phrygia, Gordiutichos ("Gordius' Fort") near Geyre. Founded by the Leleges and called Ninoe it became Megalopolis ("Big City") and Aphrodisias, sometime capital of Caria.
Other towns on the Orsinus are Timeles and Plarasa. Tabae was at various times attributed to Phrygia, Lydia and Caria and seems to have been occupied by mixed nationals. Caria also comprises the headwaters of the Indus and Eriya or Eriyus and Thabusion on the border with the small state of Cibyra.
Pre-Hellenic States and People[link]
For more details on this topic, see Carians.
The name of Caria appears in a number of early languages: Hittite Karkija (a member state of the Assuwa league, ca. 1250 BC), Babylonian Karsa, Elamite and Old Persian Kurka. Allegedly, the region received the name of Caria from Car, an ancestral hero of the Carians.
Sovereign State Hosting the Greeks[link]
Caria arose as a Neo-Hittite kingdom around the 11th century BC.The coast of Caria was part of the Dorian hexapolis (six-cities) when the Dorians arrived after the Trojan War in the last and southernmost waves of Greek migration to western Anatolia's coastline and occupied former Mycenaean settlements such us Knidos and Halicarnassos (present-day Bodrum). Herodotus, the famous historian was born in Halicarnassus during the 5th century BC. But Greek colonization touched only the coast and the interior remained Carian organized in a great number of villages grouped in local federations.
The Iliad records that at the time of the Trojan War, the city of Miletus belonged to the Carians, and was allied to the Trojan cause.
Lemprière notes that "As Caria probably abounded in figs, a particular sort has been called Carica, and the words In Care periculum facere, have been proverbially used to signify the encountering of danger in the pursuit of a thing of trifling value." The region of Caria continues to be an important fig-producing area to this day, accounting for most fig production in Turkey, which is the world's largest producer of figs.
Lydian Province[link]
The expansionism of Lydia under Croesus (560-546 BC) incorporated Caria briefly into Lydia before it fell before the Persian advance.
Persian Satrapy[link]
Caria was then incorporated into the Persian Achaemenid empire as a satrapy in 545 BC. The most important town was Halicarnassus, from where its sovereigns reigned. Other major towns were Latmus, refounded as Heracleia under Latmus, Antiochia, Myndus, Laodicea, Alinda and Alabanda.
Halicarnassus was the location of the famed Mausoleum dedicated to Mausolus, a satrap of Caria between 377–353 BC, by his wife, Artemisia. The monument became one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and from which the Romans named any grand tomb a mausoleum.
Macedonian Kingdom[link]
Caria was conquered by Alexander III of Macedon in 334 BC with the help of the former queen of the land Ada of Caria who had been dethroned by the Persian Empire and actively helped Alexander in his conquest of Caria on condition of being reinstated as queen. After their capture of Caria, she declared Alexander as her heir.
Roman Province[link]
As part of the Roman Empire the name of Caria was still used for the geographic region but the territory administratively belonged to the province of Asia. During the administrative reforms of the 4th century this province was abolished and divided into smaller units. Caria became a separate province as part of the Diocese of Asia.
Christianity was on the whole slow to take hold in Caria. The region was not visited by St. Paul, and the only early churches seem to be those of Laodicea and Colossae (Chonae) on the extreme inland fringe of the country, which itself pursued its pagan customs. It appears that it was not until Christianity was officially adopted in Constantinople that the new religion made any real headway in Caria.[5]
Dissolution under the Byzantine Empire and Passage to Turkish Rule[link]
In the 7th century provinces were abolished and the new theme system was introduced. The region corresponding to ancient Caria was captured by the Turks under Menteşe dynasty in early 13th century.
There are only indirect clues regarding the population structure under the Menteşe and the parts played in it by Turkish migration from inland regions and by local conversions, but the first Ottoman Empire census records indicate, in a situation not atypical for the region as a whole, a large Muslim (practically exclusively Turkish) majority reaching as high as 99 % and a non-Muslim minority (practically exclusively Greek supplemented with a small Jewish community in Milas) as low as one per cent.[6] One of the first acts of the Ottomans after their takeover was to transfer the administrative center of the region from its millenary seat in Milas to the then much smaller Muğla, which was nevertheless better suited for controlling the southern fringes of the province. Still named Menteşe until the early decades of the 20th century, the kazas corresponding to ancient Caria are recorded by sources such as G. Sotiriadis (1918) and S. Anagiostopoulou (1997) as having a Greek population averaging at around ten per cent of the total, ranging somewhere between twelve to eighteen thousand, many of them reportedly recent immigrants from the islands. Most chose to leave in 1919, before the population exchange.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ The Histories, Book I Section 171.
- ^ Cramer (1832), pages 170-224.
- ^ Page 170.
- ^ Page 176.
- ^ Bean, George E. (2002). Turkey beyond the Maeander. London: Frederick A. Praeger. ISBN 0-87471-038-3.
- ^ Muhammet Yazıcı (2002). Thesis "XVI. Yüzyılda Batı Anadolu Bölgesinde (Muğla, İzmir, Aydın, Denizli) Türkmen Yerleşimi ve Demografik Dağılım (Turkmen Settlement and the Demographic Distribution of Western Anatolia in the 16th century), pp. 124-142 for Menteşe Subprovince". Muğla University. http://bliss.mu.edu.tr/tezdb/51008.pdf Thesis.
Sources[link]
- Bean, George E. (1971). Turkey beyond the Maeander. London: Frederick A. Praeger. ISBN 0-87471-038-3.
- Cramer, J.A. (1832). Geographical and Historical Description of Asia Minor; with a Map: Volume II. Oxford: University Press. Section X Caria. Downloadable Google Books.
- Riet van Bremen, Jan-Mathieu Carbon (ed.), Hellenistic Karia: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Hellenistic Karia, Oxford, 29 June-2 July 2006 (Talence: Ausonius Editions, 2010). (Etudes, 28).
- Lars Karlsson and Susanne Carlsson, Labraunda and Karia (Uppsala, 2011).
- Herodotus (1910) [original c. 440 BC].
History of Herodotus. Trans. George Rawlinson. Wikisource.
External links[link]
- Livius.org: History and Culture of Ancient Caria
- Asia Minor Coins: ancient Greek and Roman coins from Caria
- Ancient Caria: In the garden of the sun, CANAN KÜÇÜKEREN, Hürriyet Daily News, 28 March 2011
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caria
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This article is about the poet and editor. For the British linguist, see Alan S. C. Ross.
Alan John Ross, (6 May 1922 – 14 February 2001), was a British poet, writer and editor. He was born in Calcutta, India, where he spent the first seven years of his life. When he was sent to be educated in Falmouth, England, Ross spoke better Hindustani than English.
Contents |
Early years[link]
Following preparatory school Ross boarded at Haileybury where, being both small for his age and a latecomer to his year, he initially suffered greatly from bullying—to his intense relief the bully was killed in a vacation cycling accident—but his stock quickly rose when he revealed a talent which matched his passion for cricket. With a hint of the debonair style that was to characterise his life, he avoided participation in the OTC and all study of mathematics and science, instead enjoying art, French poetry and racquet sports. As a senior boy he was caned for making an unlicensed visit to Wimbledon; it was his misfortune that he figured, smoking a cigarette, in a photograph of spectators carried in his headmaster's newspaper the following morning.[1]
In 1940 he went to read modern languages at St John's College, Oxford, where he was a contemporary of Philip Larkin and Kingsley Amis. Ross represented the university at both cricket and squash but did not complete his studies after joining the Royal Navy in 1941. Before doing so, he appeared in the annual match against Cambridge at Lord's in 1941, but because of World War II the fixture was reduced to a single day and did not have first-class status.[2] The same season he appeared in one one-day match for Northamptonshire.
Naval career[link]
During his first two years in the Royal Navy, Ross served on several destroyers escorting supply ships to the Soviet Union. On 30 December 1942 Ross was almost killed whilst serving aboard HMS Onslow (G17), the leading destroyer in a convoy assigned to fend off a strong flotilla of German capital ships intent on annihilating the arctic convoy JW51B, at the Battle of the Barents Sea. He was ordered to take a turn controlling a fire below in the forward part of the ship and, to save the main body of the ship in the event of an explosion, sealed in for half an hour with a hose, armpit-deep in water, the bodies of two gun crews washing against him. The incident is vividly described in both his poem "J.W.51B a convoy", and his first volume of memoirs.[3]
Journalistic career[link]
After he was demobilised in 1946 Ross decided not to resume his studies at Oxford but instead try his hand at journalism. In 1946 his first poetry collection The Derelict Day was published, it contained poems he had written whilst in the Navy. The following year the publisher John Lehmann funded Ross and the artist John Minton to travel to Corsica to produce the travel book Time Was Away.
In 1949 Ross married Jennifer Fry, only daughter of Sir Geoffrey Fry, Bt. of the Frys who founded the chocolate company. He became a sports writer for The Observer in 1950 and became the paper's cricket correspondent in 1953, the same year his son was born. Throughout the 1950s Ross was a regular contributor to Lehmann's London Magazine, before taking over as the title's editor in 1961. He edited the monthly magazine until his death; during this period it transformed from an academic literary review to a far more cutting-edge review of the arts.
Bibliography[link]
- The Derelict Day (1947)
- Time Was Away: a notebook in Corsica (1948)
- The bandit on the billiard table, a journey through Sardinia (1954)
- Something of the Sea (1954) pub. Derek Verschoyle - London
- Poems 1942-67 (1967)
- The Taj Express (1973)
- Open Sea (1975)
- Death Valley (1980)
- Blindfold Games (1986)
- Coastwise Lights (1988)
- Winter Sea: War, Journeys, Writers (1998)
- Reflections on Blue Water (2000)
- Poems (2005)
Major works on Cricket[link]
- Australia 55 (1955)
- Cape Summer and the Australians in England (1956)
- Through the Caribbean (1960)
- Australia 63 (1963)
- Ranji: Prince of Cricketers (1983)
- The Cricketer's Companion (ed) (1960). Republished as Kingswood book of cricket (1979)
- Green fading into blue (1999) (Writings on sport)
Notes[link]
- ^ Ross, Alan (1986). Blindfold Games. London: Collins Harvill. pp. 96–111.
- ^ Scorecard of the University Match in which Ross played
- ^ Blindfold Games. pp. 161–200.
References[link]
- Haigh, Gideon. "Big pictures, artfully painted." 6 September 2008. Accessed 7 September 2008.
- Ross, Alan (1986). Blindfold Games. London, Collins Harvill. ISBN 0-00-272773-0.
- Ross, Alan (1988). Coastwise Lights. London, Collins Harvill. ISBN 0-00-271767-0.
- Obituary from The Guardian
- Photograph of Alan Ross, The Guardian. Accessed 26 October 2010.
- “Antwerp” (Poem)
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ross, Alan |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 6 May 1922 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | 14 February 2001 |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Alan_Ross
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ross
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the album, see Bobby McFerrin (album).
| Bobby McFerrin | |
|---|---|
 Bobby McFerrin in March 2011 |
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| Background information | |
| Birth name | Robert McFerrin, Jr |
| Born | (1950-03-11) March 11, 1950 (age 62) Manhattan, New York |
| Genres | Jazz, Reggae, World Music, Classical Music |
| Occupations | Musician Songwriter Conductor Arranger Producer |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, bass guitar, clarinet |
| Years active | 1977–present |
| Labels | Manhattan Records Blue Note Records Elektra Records Sony Classical |
| Associated acts | Chick Corea Herbie Hancock |
| Website | www.bobbymcferrin.com |
Robert "Bobby" McFerrin, Jr. (born March 11, 1950) is a virtuoso American vocalist and conductor. He is best known for his 1988 hit song "Don't Worry, Be Happy". He is a ten-time Grammy Award winner. He is well known for his unique vocal techniques and singing styles.
Contents |
Life[link]
Bobby McFerrin was born in Manhattan, New York City, the son of operatic baritone Robert McFerrin and singer Sara Copper.[1] Robert Sr. was the first African American to be a regular with New York's Metropolitan Opera. Sara is a former soloist with regional opera companies and in Broadway shows, and is a professor emeritus of music at Fullerton College in Fullerton, California.
Bobby McFerrin married Debbie Green in 1975. They have three children.[2]
McFerrin's song "Don't Worry, Be Happy" was a No. 1 U.S. pop hit in 1988 and won Song of the Year and Record of the Year honors. McFerrin has also worked in collaboration with instrumental performers, including pianists Chick Corea, Herbie Hancock, and Joe Zawinul, drummer Tony Williams, and cellist Yo-Yo Ma.
Vocal technique[link]
As a vocalist, McFerrin often switches rapidly between modal and falsetto registers to create polyphonic effects, performing both the main melody and the accompanying parts of songs. He makes use of percussive effects created both with his mouth and by tapping on his chest. McFerrin is also capable of multiphonic singing, as observed in his song "Drive" from the 2005 DVD Live in Montreal.[3]
A notable document of McFerrin's approach to singing is his 1984 album The Voice, the first solo vocal jazz album recorded with no accompaniment or overdubbing.[4]
Career[link]
In 1986, McFerrin was the voice of Santa Bear in Santa Bear's First Christmas, and in 1987 he was the voice of Santa Bear/Bully Bear in the sequel Santa Bear's High Flying Adventure. That same year, he performed the theme song for the opening credits of Season 4 of The Cosby Show, as well as the music for a Cadbury chocolate commercial.[citation needed]
In 1988, McFerrin recorded the hit song "Don't Worry, Be Happy", which brought him widespread recognition across the world. However, the song's success "ended McFerrin's musical life as he had known it," and he began to pursue other musical possibilities – on stage and in recording studios.[5] The song was used in George H. W. Bush's 1988 U.S. presidential election as Bush's 1988 official presidential campaign song, without Bobby McFerrin's permission or endorsement. In reaction, Bobby McFerrin publicly protested that particular use of his song, including stating that he was going to vote against Bush, and completely dropped the song from his own performance repertoire, to make the point even clearer.[citation needed]
In 1989, he composed and performed the music for the Pixar short film Knick Knack. The rough cut to which McFerrin recorded his vocals had the words "blah blah blah" in place of the end credits (meant to indicate that he should improvise). McFerrin spontaneously decided to sing "blah blah blah" as lyrics, and the final version of the short film includes these lyrics during the end credits. Also in 1989, he formed a ten-person "Voicestra" which he featured on both his 1990 album Medicine Music and in the score to the 1989 Oscar-winning documentary Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt. The song "Common Threads" has frequently reappeared in some public service advertisements about AIDS. McFerrin also performed with the Vocal Summit.[citation needed]
As early as 1992, widespread rumors circulated that falsely claimed McFerrin committed suicide. The rumors intentionally made fun of the distinctly positive nature of his popular song "Don't Worry, Be Happy" by claiming McFerrin ironically took his own life.[6]
In 1993, McFerrin sang Henry Mancini's "Pink Panther" theme for the movie Son of the Pink Panther.
In addition to his vocal performing career, in 1994, Mr. McFerrin was appointed as creative chair of the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra. He makes regular tours as a guest conductor for symphony orchestras throughout the United States and Canada, including the San Francisco Symphony (on his 40th birthday), the New York Philharmonic, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the London Philharmonic, the Vienna Philharmonic and many others. In McFerrin's concert appearances, he combines serious conducting of classical pieces with his own unique vocal improvisations, often with participation from the audience and the orchestra. For example, the concerts often end with McFerrin conducting the orchestra in an a cappella rendition of the "William Tell Overture," in which the orchestra members sing their musical parts in McFerrin's vocal style instead of playing their parts on their instruments.
File:BobbyMcFerrinBrampton.jpg
Bobby McFerrin - August, 2011.
For a few years in the late 1990s, he toured a concert version of Porgy and Bess, partly in honor of his father, who sang the role for Sidney Poitier in the 1959 film version, and partly "to preserve the score's jazziness" in the face of "largely white orchestras" who tend not "to play around the bar lines, to stretch and bend". McFerrin says that because of his father's work in the movie, "This music has been in my body for 40 years, probably longer than any other music."[7]
McFerrin also participates in various music education programs and makes volunteer appearances as a guest music teacher and lecturer at public schools throughout the U.S. McFerrin has collaborated with his son, Taylor, on various musical ventures. Taylor has recently been singing, rapping, and playing minimal keyboard accompaniment with Vernon Reid (leader-guitarist of Living Colour) in the eclectic metal-fusion-funk group Yohimbe Brothers.[citation needed]
In 2009, McFerrin and musician-scientist Daniel Levitin served as co-hosts of The Music Instinct, a two-hour award-winning documentary produced by PBS and based on Levitin's best-selling book This Is Your Brain On Music. Later that year, the two appeared together on a panel at the World Science Festival, where McFerrin demonstrated audience participation with the ubiquitous nature of human understanding of the pentatonic scale by singing and dancing, and having the audience sing while following his movements.[8]
Discography[link]
As leader[link]
- Bobby McFerrin (1982)
- The Voice (1984)
- Spontaneous Inventions (1987)
- Elephant's Child (1987)
- Simple Pleasures (1988)
- Don't Worry, Be Happy (1988)
- How the Rhino Got His Skin/How the Camel Got His Hump (1990)
- Medicine Music (1990)
- Play, with Chick Corea, 1992
- Hush, with Yo-Yo Ma, 1992
- Many Faces of Bird (1991)
- "The Siamese Cat Song" on Simply Mad About the Mouse (1991)
- Sorrow Is Not Forever (1994)
- Paper Music (1995, Doick with the St. Paul Chamber orchestra)
- Bang! Zoom (1996)
- The Mozart Sessions, with Chick Corea, 1996
- Circlesongs (1997)
- Mouth Music (2001)
- Beyond Words (2002) – featuring Chick Corea, Cyro Baptista and Richard Bona
- Konzert für Europa -The Schönbrunn Concert (2004)
- VOCAbuLarieS (2010)
As sideman[link]
- Pharoah Sanders, Journey to the One, 1980
- Grover Washington, Jr., The Best Is Yet to Come, 1982
- Various Artists, The Young Lions, 1983
- Charles Lloyd Quartet, A Night in Copenhagen (Blue Note, 1984)
- Various Artists, A Tribute to Thelonius Monk, 1984
- Chico Freeman, Tangents, 1984
- Michael Hedges, Watching My Life Go By, 1985
- The Manhattan Transfer, Vocalese, 1985
- Joe Zawinul, Di•a•lects, 1986
- Weather Report, Sportin' Life, 1985
- Al Jarreau, Heart’s Horizon, 1988
- Quincy Jones, Back on the Block, 1989
- Laurie Anderson, Strange Angels, 1989
- Gal Costa, The Laziest Gal in Town, 1991
- Dizzy Gillespie, Bird Songs: The Final Recordings (Telarc, 1992), To Bird with Love (Telarc, 1992)
- Jack DeJohnette, Extra Special Edition (Blue Note, 1994)
- Yellowjackets, Dreamland, 1995
- George Martin, In My Life, 1998 – on "Come Together" with Robin Williams
- En Vogue, Masterpiece Theatre, 2000
- Bela Fleck and the Flecktones, Little Worlds, 2003
- Chick Corea, Rendezvous in New York, 2003
- Wynton Marsalis, The Magic Hour, 2004
- size2shoes, 2006 (free track)[9]
Grammys[link]
- 1985, Best Jazz Vocal Performance, male, "Another Night In Tunisia" with Jon Hendricks
- 1985, Best Vocal Arrangement for two or more voices, "Another Night In Tunisia" with Cheryl Bentyne
- 1986, Best Jazz Vocal Performance, male, "Round Midnight"
- 1987, Best Jazz Vocal Performance, male, "What Is This Thing Called Love"
- 1987, Best Recording for Children, "The Elephant's Child" with Jack Nicholson
- 1988, Song of the year, Best Pop Vocal Performance, male, Record of the year, "Don't Worry, Be Happy"
- 1988, Best Jazz Vocal Performance, male, "Brothers"
- 1992, Best Jazz Vocal Performance, "Round Midnight"
References[link]
- ^ Accessmylibrary.com. Accessmylibrary.com. Retrieved on July 1, 2011.
- ^ IMDB
- ^ Bobby McFerrin (performer) (2 July 2005). Bobby McFerrin - Drive (Live from Montreal) (YouTube). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=codmxk7uLv8.
- ^ Allmusic.com
- ^ Bobby McFerrin's Improv-Inspired 'Vocabularies'. Npr.org. Retrieved on July 1, 2011.
- ^ "Don't Worry, Be Dead". Snopes.com. Retrieved on July 1, 2011.
- ^ Cori Ellison, "'Porgy' and Music's Racial Politics", December 13, 1998, The New York Times; available online here [1], accessed July 15, 2010.
- ^ Bobby McFerrin demonstrates the power of the pentatonic scale, using audience participation, at the event "Notes & Neurons: In Search of the Common Chorus", from the 2009 World Science Festival, June 12, 2009., accessed April 11, 2010
- ^ Moley & Bobby performance download. Vault.size2shoes.com (January 14, 2009). Retrieved on July 1, 2011.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | McFerrin, Bobby |
| Alternative names | McFerrin, Robert, Jr. |
| Short description | Singer-songwriter, musician, conductor, producer |
| Date of birth | March 11, 1950 |
| Place of birth | New York |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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http://es.wn.com/Bobby McFerrin
http://pl.wn.com/Bobby McFerrin
http://fr.wn.com/Bobby McFerrin
http://de.wn.com/Bobby McFerrin
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_McFerrin
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
