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Alberto Coutinho
Albert Coutinho (born June 16, 1969) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has served in the New Jersey General Assembly since January 8, 2008, where he represents the 29th legislative district.
In the Assembly, Coutinho serves on the Commerce and Economic Development Committee (as Vice-Chair) and on the Higher Education Committee.
He served the City of Newark as Central Planning Board Commissioner from 1996-2005 and as a Zoning Board of Adjustment Commissioner from 1993-96. He was an Essex County Utilities Authority Commissioner from 1992-98.
Coutinho earned a B.S. degree from New York University, with a major in Economics and Finance, and was awarded an M.B.A. from New York University in International Operations and Organizational Behavior. He is Managing Partner at Alter International.
Each of the forty districts in the New Jersey Legislature has one representative in the New Jersey Senate and two members in the New Jersey General Assembly. The other representatives from the 29th District for the 2010-2011 Legislative Session are:
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Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi), it covers approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and about 26% of its water surface area. The first part of its name refers to Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic the "Sea of Atlas".
The oldest known mention of "Atlantic" is in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): Atlantis thalassa (Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα; English: Sea of Atlas); see also: Atlas Mountains. The term Ethiopic Ocean, derived from Ethiopia, was applied to the southern Atlantic ocean as late as the mid-19th century. Before Europeans discovered other oceans, the term "ocean" itself was synonymous with the waters beyond the Strait of Gibraltar that we now know as the Atlantic. The early Greeks believed this ocean to be a gigantic river encircling the world.
The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected global ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean (which is sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic), to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south. (Other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica.) The equator subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean.
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (
i/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ AZ-ər-by-JAHN; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası) is the largest country in the Caucasus region located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while having a short borderline with Turkey to the northwest.
Azerbaijan has an ancient and historic cultural heritage. Aside from having been the first Muslim-majority country to have operas, theater and plays, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim-majority countries where support for secularism and tolerance is the highest. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world, was established in 1918, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991. Shortly thereafter, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War, neighboring Armenia occupied Nagorno-Karabakh, its surrounding territories and the enclaves of Karki, Yukhary Askipara, Barkhudarly and Sofulu. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which emerged in Nagorno-Karabakh, continues to be not diplomatically recognized by any nation and the region is still considered a de jure part of Azerbaijan, despite being de facto independent since the end of the war. Azerbaijan has come under repeated international criticism for its record on human rights.
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Banjul
Banjul (formerly Bathurst), officially the City of Banjul, is the capital of The Gambia, and is in the division of the same name. The population of the city proper is only 34,828, with the Greater Banjul Area, which includes the City of Banjul and the Kanifing Municipal Council, at a population of 357,238 (2003 census). Banjul is on St Mary's Island (Banjul Island), where the Gambia River enters the Atlantic Ocean. The island is connected to the mainland — by passenger and vehicle ferries to the north and by bridges to the south.
Banjul takes its name from the Mandé people who gathered specific fibres on the island, which were used in the manufacture of ropes. Bang julo is the Mandinka (Mande) word for rope fibre. The mispronunciation led to the word Banjul.[citation needed]
In 1651 Banjul was leased by the Duke of Courland from the king of Kombo, as part of Courland colonization.
In 1816, the British founded Banjul as a trading post and base for suppressing the slave trade. The British renamed the Banjul Island to St. Mary and first named Bathurst after Henry Bathurst, the secretary of the British Colonial Office, but was changed to Banjul in 1973.
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Barclays Center
The Barclays Center is a sports arena currently under construction in Brooklyn, New York. The arena is being built partly on a platform over the Metropolitan Transportation Authority-owned Vanderbilt Yards at Atlantic Avenue. It is part of a proposed $4.9 billion sports arena, business and residential complex. The arena will serve as a new home for the National Basketball Association's Brooklyn Nets, who previously played in Newark, New Jersey. The team will start playing in the arena in the 2012–13 season.
The project is being developed by developer Forest City Ratner, who acquired the Nets in 2004, with the purpose of moving them from New Jersey to this site near the Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center subway station (2 3 4 5 B D N Q R trains) and the Long Island Rail Road's Atlantic Terminal in Brooklyn, one of the most transit-accessible locations in the city. The move would mark the return of major league sports to Brooklyn, which have been absent since the departure of the Dodgers to Los Angeles in 1957 (their proposal for the world's first domed stadium just north of the Atlantic Yards site--currently the Atlantic Terminal Mall, owned by Forest City Ratner--to replace the unprofitable Ebbets Field had been turned down by the city in the past). Controversies involving local residents and the use of eminent domain, multiple lawsuits, as well as a lack of financing, have delayed the project.
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Belo Horizonte
Belo Horizonte (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˌbɛloɾiˈzõtʃi],Beautiful Horizon) is the capital and largest city in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, located in the southeastern region of the country. It is the third largest metropolitan area in the country. Belo Horizonte (also known as "Belô", "Beagá", or "BH") has a population of 2,475,440 inhabitants (2010) in the city and 5,497,922 people in the official Metropolitan Area (2010).
The region was first settled in the early 18th century, but the city as it is known today was planned and constructed in the 1890s, in order to replace Ouro Preto as the capital of Minas Gerais. The city features a mixture of contemporary and classical buildings, and is home to several modern Brazilian architectural icons, most notably the Pampulha Complex. In planning the city, Aarão Reis and Francisco Bicalho sought inspiration in the urban planning of Washington, D.C. The city has employed notable programs in urban revitalization and food security, for which it has been awarded international accolades.
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Brazil
Brazil
i/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, 
listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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Cameroon
Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon (French: République du Cameroun), is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country is called "Africa in miniature" for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. The highest point is Mount Cameroon in the southwest, and the largest cities are Douala, Yaoundé, and Garoua. Cameroon is home to over 200 different linguistic groups. The country is well known for its native styles of music, particularly makossa and bikutsi, and for its successful national football team. French and English are the official languages.
Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ("River of Prawns"), the name from which Cameroon derives. Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms. Cameroon became a German colony in 1884.
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Central Jersey
Central Jersey is a common colloquial term used to describe the region in the middle of state of New Jersey in the United States of America.
Lacking any official definition, there are varying descriptions as to what comprises Central Jersey. All tend to include Middlessex and the region radiating from New Brunswick including much of Monmouth, Mercer, and Somerset counties. Inclusion of adjacent areas of Hunterdon, Union, and Ocean counties is subjective and a source of debate.
Other colloquial and official terms are used to describe overlapping areas for the counties in the mid-section of the state.
"North Jersey" and "South Jersey" are used to describe the northern and southern halves of New Jersey. While there is agreement that their border is somewhere in the middle third of the state, there is no official definition.
While the region is considered part of the New York metropolitan area in its greatest extent, Mercer County constitutes a separate Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Metropolitan Statistical Areas of New Jersey further subdivides the middle third of the state into smaller groups of counties.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Cleopatra Tucker
Cleopatra G. Tucker (born April 9, 1943) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has served in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2008, where she represents the 28th legislative district.
Tucker serves in the Assembly on the Military and Veterans' Affairs Committee (as Vice-Chair) and on the Human Services Committee.
Assemblywoman Tucker is the widow of Assemblyman Donald Kofi Tucker, who held the seat until his death in November 2005. Assemblyman Tucker was replaced in a special election convention by Evelyn Williams, who was elected to serve the remaining month of the term and to serve the first year of the full term Assemblyman Tucker won in the 2005 election. Assemblywoman Williams resigned from the Assembly in January 2006, following her arrest for shoplifting, creating a vacant seat. A special election convention elected Democratic Party activist Oadline Truitt to the seat for the remainder of Williams's term, but the convention was invalidated because of lack of notice for the seat and a second convention was called.[citation needed]
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Connecticut
Connecticut (i/kəˈnɛtɨkət/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and the state of New York to the west and the south (with which it shares a water boundary in Long Island Sound).
Connecticut is named for the Connecticut River, the major U.S. river that approximately bisects the state. Its capital city is Hartford. Much of southern and western Connecticut (along with the majority of the state's population) is part of the New York metropolitan area; three of Connecticut's eight counties are statistically included in the New York City combined statistical area, the same area is widely referred to as the Tri-State area. Connecticut's center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, which is also located within the Tri-State area.
Connecticut is the 3rd least extensive, the 29th most populous, and 4th most densely populated of the 50 United States. Called the Constitution State, Nutmeg State, and "The Land of Steady Habits", Connecticut was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States.
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CWOW Gallery
cWOW Gallery is New Jersey's oldest non-profit alternative art space. It is located in Newark, New Jersey. It relies on members to curate their on-site and off-site gallery spaces. cWOW, which stands for City Without Walls, has an estimated 6-10 exhibitions per year. It also runs three educational programs called City Murals, Newark New Media, and ArtReach. ArtReach is currently in its 18th year of existence. It will have 15 mentors paired with 15 students to create artwork over the course of a semester. The program will conclude with a group exhibition at City Without Walls on June 10, 2010.
Coordinates: 40°44′13″N 74°10′33″W / 40.7370°N 74.1757°W / 40.7370; -74.1757
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Delaware Valley
In general, the Delaware Valley is a term used to refer to the valley where the Delaware River flows.
However, this article discusses the economic region centered on the cities on the tidal part of the Delaware Valley, including the metropolitan areas centered on Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. and Wilmington, Delaware. It is roughly the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Delaware-Maryland (PA-NJ-DE-MD) Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The Delaware Valley as discussed here is composed of several counties in Eastern Pennsylvania and Western New Jersey, one county in northern Delaware and one county in northeastern Maryland. The area has a population of over 6.1 million (as of the 2010 Census Bureau count). Philadelphia, being the region's major commercial, cultural, and industrial center, maintains a rather large sphere of influence that affects the counties that immediately surround it. The majority of the region's populace resides in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.
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Douala
Douala is the largest city in Cameroon and the capital of Cameroon's Littoral Province. Home to Cameroon's largest port and its major international airport, Douala International Airport, it is the commercial capital of the country. Consequently, it handles most of the country's major exports, such as oil, cocoa and coffee, timber, metals and fruits.
Douala is the richest city in the whole CEMAC region of 11 countries.
The city is located on the banks of the Wouri River, the two sides linked by Bonaberi Bridge. Its population in 2008 was recorded at close to 3,000,000. The climate is tropical.
The first Europeans to visit the area were the Portuguese in about 1472. By 1650, it had become the site of a town formed by immigrants from the interior who spoke the Douala language and during the eighteenth century it was center of the transatlantic slave trade. Before coming under German rule in 1884, the town was also known as Cameroons Town; thereafter it became Kamerunstadt ("Camaroon City"), the capital of German Kamerun. It was renamed Douala in 1907 and became part of the French Cameroons in 1919. From 1940 to 1946, it was the capital of Cameroon.
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Downtown Newark
Downtown Newark is Newark, New Jersey's major central business, retail, and cultural district. It is located at a bend in the Passaic River.
Downtown is the site of the original Puritan settlement of Newark. The first settlers, led by Robert Treat, landed not far from the present site of the New Jersey Performing Arts Center. The intersection of Broad and Market Streets, known as Four Corners was once considered the busiest intersection in the nation, and is the heart of traditional downtown.
Most of Newark's office buildings are located in this area. In the post-World War II era, downtown seemed to be moving north during the New Newark architectural period, in the direction of Washington Park. Since the 1967 riots, it has been shifting slightly east in the direction of Newark Penn Station, the Gateway Center and the Passaic River.
Downtown Newark is the home to Newark's major cultural venues - the New Jersey Performing Arts Center (NJPAC), the 3,000-seat Newark Symphony Hall, Prudential Center, the Newark Museum, Military Park, the Playland Arcade and the New Jersey Historical Society. Downtown is also home to Seton Hall University School of Law and Aljira, an emerging artist's gallery. It is also home to Government Center, an area of municipal and federal government offices. It was once home to a Chinatown neighborhood centered around Mulberry Arcade, which was off of Mulberry Street, near Lafayette and Green Streets. Many of downtown's cultural and historical sites are linked by the unmarked Lenape Trail, which also leads to Branch Brook Park, the Watchung Mountains and the Passaic Meadows on this yellow-blazed trail.
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Drew University
Drew University is a private university located in Madison, New Jersey.
Originally established as the Drew Theological Seminary in 1867, the university later expanded to include an undergraduate liberal arts college in 1928 and commenced a program of graduate studies in 1955. Nicknamed the "University in the Forest" because of the serenity of its wooded 186 acres (753,000 m²) relative to the school's suburban surroundings, Drew University maintains a combined undergraduate and graduate enrollment of approximately 2,500 students, with the majority living on-campus.
While Drew is affiliated with the United Methodist Church, it makes no religious demands of its students. Many of the Theological School's students and faculty are United Methodist, and the General Commission on Archives and History of the United Methodist Church is housed on campus.
In 1867, Daniel Drew (1797–1879), a financier and railroad tycoon, endowed his antebellum estate in Madison for the purpose of establishing the Drew Theological Seminary. John McClintock was the first president of the Seminary. To this day, the Theological Seminary continues to graduate candidates for service in the ministry; however, the institution grew to include a liberal arts curriculum.
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Gateway Region
The Gateway Region is located in the northeastern part of State of New Jersey in the United States of America. The area encompasses Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Passaic, Union and Middlesex counties. It is the most urban part of the state, with population of more than four million, and is home to most of its larger cities, though much housing was originally developed as suburbs as part of the New York metropolitan area. It is home to Ellis Island, the "gateway" through which many immigrants entered the United States, many of whom choose to stay in the region, which continues to be the port of entry and first home to many born abroad, making it one of the most ethnically diverse of the nation. It may also be the most socio-economically diverse, with some of the biggest pockets of poverty and most exclusive of suburbs in the state.
The designation has not caught on in local parlance, as the topography and self-identification of the residents tend not to correspond to the collective name. The terms North Jersey and Central Jersey are used describe parts of the Gateway. The name may have been taken from the 1960s Newark nickname Gateway City after the newly developed Gateway Center downtown. Amtrak's high-speed rail project throughout the region is called Gateway. It is one of six tourism regions established by the New Jersey State Department of Tourism, the others being the Greater Atlantic City Region, the Southern Shore Region, the Delaware River Region, the Shore Region and the Skylands Region. The Gateway National Recreation Area, though not located inside the Gateway Region, is nearby.
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Ghana
Ghanai/ˈɡɑːnə/ is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "Warrior King" and is derived from the ancient Ghana Empire.
Ghana was inhabited in pre-colonial times by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms, including the inland Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Akyem, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Fante among others. Non-Akan states created by the Ga also existed as did states by the Dagomba. Prior to contact with Europeans trade between the Akan and various African states flourished due to Akan's gold wealth. Trade with European states began after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in 1874 over parts but not all of the country.
The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the First sub-Saharan African nation to do so from European Colonialism. The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.
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Governador Valadares
Governador Valadares is a Brazilian city in the state of Minas Gerais. In 2006, its population was 260,405 inhabitants. It is an economical center of the middle Valley of the Rio Doce, making a significant influence on the east and northeast of Minas Gerais and local authorities of the state of the Espírito Santo. Governador Valadares sits on the bank of the Rio Doce, 324 km from Belo Horizonte.
The main watercourse through the municipality is the Doce River ("Doce" means sweet in Portuguese) whose basin (of 83,500 square kilometers) is composed of 222 municipalities. Nowadays its waters are very polluted, with little vegetation on its banks and depleted fish stocks.
Governador Valadares is also a statistical micro-region including 25 municipalities: Alpercata, Campanário, Capitão Andrade, Coroaci, Divino das Laranjeiras, Engenheiro Caldas, Fernandes Tourinho, Frei Inocêncio, Galiléia, Governador Valadares, Itambacuri, Itanhomi, Jampruca, Marilac, Mathias Lobato, Nacip Raydan, Nova Módica, Pescador, São Geraldo da Piedade, São Geraldo do Baixio, São José da Safira, São José do Divino, Sobrália, Tumiritinga, and Virgolândia. Its population (2006) was estimated by the IBGE to be 407,815 inhabitants in a total area of 11, 327 km².
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Gray Charter School
Gray Charter School is a public school located at 55 Liberty Street in Newark, New Jersey that operates under an independent charter granted by the New Jersey Department of Education, serving students in Newark in kindergarten through eighth grade. The school was opened in September 2000 by Verna Gray, an educator from Montclair, New Jersey who had spent 24 years working for the Newark Public Schools and was one of 10 in New Jersey to be honored as a Blue Ribbon School by the United States Department of Education for the 2010 school year. Gray has since released a book on her educational experiences called How to Run a Successful Public School in America.
The school maintains affiliations with the American Red Cross, Montclair State University, the New Jersey Institute of Technology, the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Rutgers University, Seton Hall University and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.
Admission priority is given to existing students and to their siblings, with all other students accepted into kindergarten based on a waiting list established in order as drawn by a lottery. As of the 2010 school year, there were nearly 1,200 potential students on the school's waiting list.
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Jersey Shore
The Jersey Shore is a term used to refer to both the Atlantic coast of the U.S. state of New Jersey and the adjacent resort and residential communities. The New Jersey State Department of Tourism considers the Shore Region, Greater Atlantic City, and the Southern Shore to be distinct, each having a different character. The other three tourism marketing areas are the Gateway, the Delaware Valley, and the Skylands.
Geographically, the term encompasses about 217 miles of the New Jersey coastal area from Sandy Hook in the north to Cape May in the south. The Jersey Shore area includes the easternmost portions of Monmouth, Atlantic, Cape May and Ocean counties. While there is no defined border between North Jersey and South Jersey, the Manasquan River or Interstate 195 are often mentioned as the border.
The coast is lined with over 40 communities, including Long Branch, Asbury Park, Ocean Grove, Belmar, Spring Lake, Manasquan, Point Pleasant Beach, Seaside Heights, Long Beach Island, Brigantine, Atlantic City, Ocean City, Sea Isle City, Wildwood, Wildwood Crest, Chadwick Beach Island, Cape May, and Stone Harbor. Long Branch and Cape May both claim to be the country's original seashore resort; Ocean Grove and Cape May are world-renowned for their collections of Victorian residential architecture.
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Kumasi
Kumasi (historically spelled Comassie[2]) is a city in southern central Ghana's Ashanti region. It is located near Lake Bosomtwe, in the Rain Forest Region about 250 kilometres (160 mi) (by road) northwest of Accra. Kumasi is approximately 300 miles (480 km) north of the Equator and 100 miles (160 km) north of the Gulf of Guinea. It is popularly known as "The Garden City" or "heart beat" of Ghana because of its many beautiful species of flowers and plants.
There is evidence that the area around Kumasi has been kept cleared since the Neolithic age.[citation needed] The city rose to prominence in 1695 when it became capital of the Ashanti Confederacy due to the activities of its ruler Osei Tutu. The ruler of Kumasi, known as the Asantehene, also served as ruler of the Confederacy. With their 1701 victory over Denkyira the Asante confederacy became the primary state among the Twi speaking Akan peoples. After this victory, the Ashanti became allies of the Dutch, who were based in Elmina. After the cession of the Dutch Gold Coast to the Fante-allied British in 1872, parts of Kumasi, including the Royal Palace, were destroyed by British troops in the Third Anglo-Ashanti War of 1874.
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Liberia
Liberiai/laɪˈbɪəriə/, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Sierra Leone on the west, Guinea on the north and Ivory Coast on the east. Liberia's coastline is composed of mostly mangrove forests while the more sparsely populated inland consists of forests that open to a plateau of drier grasslands. The country possesses 40% of the remaining Upper Guinean rainforest. Liberia has a hot equatorial climate, with significant rainfall during the May to October rainy season and harsh harmattan winds the remainder of the year. Liberia covers an area of 111,369 km2 (43,000 sq mi) and is home to about 3.7 million people. English is the official language, while over 30 indigenous languages are spoken within the country.
Along with Ethiopia, Liberia is one of the two modern countries in Sub-Saharan Africa without roots in the European colonization of Africa. Beginning in 1820, the region was colonized by freed American slaves with the help of the American Colonization Society, a private organization that believed ex-slaves would have greater freedom and equality in Africa. Slaves freed from slave ships were also sent there instead of being repatriated to their countries of origin. In 1847, these colonists founded the Republic of Liberia, establishing a government modeled on that of the United States and naming the capital city Monrovia after James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States and a prominent supporter of the colonization. The colonists, known as Americo-Liberians, led the political and economic sectors of the country.
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Llewellyn Park
Llewellyn Park is a 425-acre (1.7 km2) gated residential community of 175 homes within West Orange, New Jersey. Llewellyn Park does not have its own municipal government, but operates as part of the Township of West Orange. It is located just 12 miles (19 km) west of New York City.
The Ramble is a common area of 50 acres (200,000 m2) landscaped with streams and paths. Period gas lamps line the curving streets of the community. The Llewellyn Park Ladies Association is largely responsible for the beautification of the Park. Its activities include annual plantings; purchasing, and selecting appropriate sites for rustic architecture including gazebos and benches; and directing the Park's maintenance staff to care for the trees, shrubs and flowers.
A major function of the Ladies Association is its commitment to fostering a sense of community among Park residents by planning social activities for adults and children. These activities include a Halloween Party for the children and a Holiday Party for adults. Recently the Ladies Association has also sponsored a barn dance, an Easter egg hunt, a Victorian picnic, and a High Tea. Residents' professions and occupations range widely and include business persons, professionals, academics, and artists.
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Long Island
Long Island is an island located in the southeast part of the U.S. state of New York, just east of Manhattan. Stretching northeast into the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island contains four counties, two of which are boroughs of New York City (Queens and Brooklyn), and two of which are mainly suburban (Nassau and Suffolk). The term "Long Island" often refers only to Nassau and Suffolk counties in order to differentiate them from New York City, though all four counties are on the island and part of the New York metropolitan area.
As of the 2010 census, Long Island had a population of 7,568,304, making it the most populated island in any U.S. state or territory. It is also the 17th most populous island in the world, ahead of Ireland, Jamaica and the Japanese island of Hokkaidō. Its population density is 5,402 inhabitants per square mile (2,086 /km2). If it were a state, Long Island would rank 13th in population (after Virginia) and first in population density.
Both the longest and the largest island in the contiguous United States, Long Island extends 118 miles (190 km) eastward from New York Harbor to Montauk Point, and has a maximum north-to-south expanse of 23 miles (37 km) between the northern Long Island Sound coast and the southern Atlantic coast. With a land area of 1,401 square miles (3,629 km2), Long Island is the 11th largest island in the United States and the 148th largest island in the world — larger than the 1,214 square miles (3,140 km2) of the smallest state, Rhode Island.
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Lower Manhattan
Lower Manhattan is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the City of New York. Lower Manhattan or "downtown" is defined most commonly as the area delineated on the north by 14th Street, on the west by the Hudson River, on the east by the East River, and on the south by New York Harbor (also known as Upper New York Bay). When referring specifically to the lower Manhattan business district and its immediate environs, the northern border is commonly designated by thoroughfares approximately a mile-and-a-half south of 14th Street and a mile north of the island's southern tip: Chambers Street from near the Hudson east to the Brooklyn Bridge entrances and overpass. Two other major arteries are also sometimes identified as the northern border of "lower" or "downtown Manhattan": Canal Street, roughly half a mile north of Chambers Street, and 23rd Street, roughly half a mile north of 14th Street. Anchored by Wall Street, in Lower Manhattan, New York City functions as the financial capital of the world and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies.
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Manhattan
Manhattan (/mænˈhætən/) is the most densely populated and the oldest of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the U.S. state of New York. The borough and county consist of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island, Wards Island, Governors Island, Liberty Island, part of Ellis Island,Mill Rock, and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill, a very small area on the mainland bordering the Bronx. The original city of New York began at the southern end of Manhattan, expanded northward, and then between 1874 and 1898, annexed land from surrounding counties.
The New York County is the most densely populated county in the United States, and one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a 2010 population of 1,585,873 living in a land area of 22.96 square miles (59.5 km2), or 69,464 residents per square mile (26,924/km²), more dense than any individual American city. It is also one of the wealthiest counties in the United States, with a 2005 per capita income above $100,000. Manhattan is the third-largest of New York's five boroughs in population, and its smallest borough in land area.
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Monrovia
Monrovia is the capital city of the West African nation of Liberia. Located on the Atlantic Coast at Cape Mesurado, it lies geographically within Montserrado County, but is administered separately. The city is governed as a metropolitan city called Greater Monrovia District, which had a population of 970,824 as of the 2008 census, containing 29% of the total population of Liberia and is the country's most populous city. Monrovia is the cultural, political and financial hub for the entire country. The body that administers the government of Greater Monrovia District is the Monrovia City Corporation.
Founded in 1822, Monrovia is named in honor of U.S. President James Monroe, a prominent supporter of the colonization of Liberia. Along with Washington, D.C., it is one of two national capitals to be named after a U.S. President. Monrovia was founded thirty years after Freetown, Sierra Leone, the first permanent Black American settlement in Africa. The city's economy is dominated by its harbor, and government offices. Monrovia's harbor was significantly expanded by U.S. forces during the Second World War and the main exports include latex and iron ore. Materials are also manufactured on-site, such as cement, refined petroleum, food products, bricks and tiles, furniture and chemicals. Located near the confluence of the Mesurado and Saint Paul rivers, the harbor also has facilities for storing and repairing vessels.
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Morris Canal
The Morris Canal was an anthracite-carrying canal that incorporated a series of water-driven inclined planes in its course across northern New Jersey in the United States. It was in use for about a century — from the late 1820s to the 1920s.
The Morris Canal stretched from Phillipsburg on the Delaware River at its western end to Jersey City on the Hudson River at its eastern end. Completed to Newark in 1831, the canal was extended eastward to Jersey City between 1834 and 1836. It greatly facilitated the transportation of anthracite coal from Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley to northern New Jersey's growing iron industry and other developing industries in New Jersey and the New York City area. It also carried iron ore westward through New Jersey to iron furnaces in western New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania until the development of Great Lakes iron ore caused them to decline. By the 1850s, the canal began to be eclipsed by the construction of railroads, although it remained in heavy use throughout the 1860s. It was leased to the Lehigh Valley Railroad in 1871, taken over by the state of New Jersey late in 1922, and formally abandoned in 1924. Although it was largely dismantled in the following five years, portions of the canal and its accompanying feeders and ponds are preserved in places across northern New Jersey. It was considered a technical marvel because of its extensive use of inclined planes to overcome the large elevation changes necessary to cross the northern New Jersey hills.
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New Jersey
New Jersey (i/nuː ˈdʒɜrzi/) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the U.S. state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the 4th least extensive, but the 11th most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies mostly within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is also the third wealthiest by 2009–2010 median household income.
The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. The British later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey. It was granted as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. At this time, it was named after the largest of the British Channel Islands, Jersey, Carteret's birthplace. New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War.
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New Jersey Senate
The New Jersey Senate was established as the upper house of the New Jersey Legislature by the Constitution of 1844, replacing the Legislative Council. From 1844 until 1965 New Jersey's counties elected one Senator, each. Under the 1844 Constitution the term of office was three years. The 1947 Constitution changed the term to four years. Since 1968 it has consisted of 40 Senators, who are elected in a "2-4-4" cycle, representing districts with average populations of 210,359 (2000 figures). The "2-4-4" cycle was put into place so that Senate elections can reflect the changes made to the district boundaries on the basis of the decennial United States Census. (If the cycle were not put into place, then the boundaries would sometimes be four years out of date before being used for Senate elections. Rather, with the varied term, the boundaries are only two years out of date). Thus elections for Senate seats take place in years ending with a "1", "3" or "7" (i.e. next elections in 2011, 2013 and 2017).
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New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. The city is referred to as New York City or The City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part. As a global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.
Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county. The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. The New York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km2), and is also part of the most populous combined statistical area in the United States, containing 22.1 million people as of the 2010 Census.
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Newark Bay
Newark Bay is a tidal bay at the confluence of the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers in northeastern New Jersey. It is home to the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, the largest container shipping facility in Port of New York and New Jersey, 3rd largest and one of busiest in the United States. An estuary, it is periodically dredged to accommodate ocean-going container ships.
Newark Bay is rectangular, approximately 5.5 miles (8.9 km) long, varying in width from 0.6 to 1.2 miles. It is enclosed on the west by the cities of Newark and Elizabeth, and on the east by Jersey City and Bayonne. At the south is Staten Island, New York and at the north Kearny Point and Droyer's Point mark the mouth of the Hackensack. Shooters Island is a bird sanctuary where the borders of Staten Island, Bayonne and Elizabeth meet at one point. The southern tip of Bergen Neck, known as Bergen Point, juts into the bay and lent its name to the former Bergen Point Lighthouse. Built offshore in 1849 it was demolished and replaced with a skeletal tower in the mid 20th century.
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Newark Museum
The Newark Museum is the largest museum in New Jersey, USA. It holds fine collections of American art, decorative arts, contemporary art, and arts of Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the ancient world. Its extensive collections of American art include works by Hiram Powers, Thomas Cole, John Singer Sargent, Albert Bierstadt, Frederick Church, Childe Hassam, Mary Cassatt, Edward Hopper, Georgia O'Keeffe, Joseph Stella, Tony Smith and Frank Stella.
The Newark Museum's Tibetan galleries are considered among the best in the world. The collection was purchased from Christian missionaries in the early twentieth century. The Tibetan galleries have an in-situ Buddhist altar that the Dalai Lama has consecrated.
In addition to its extensive art collections, The Newark Museum is dedicated to natural science. It includes the Dreyfuss Planetarium and the Victoria Hall of Science which highlights some of the museum's 70,000 specimen Natural Science Collection.
The Alice Ransom Dreyfuss Memorial Garden, located behind the museum, is the setting for community programs, concerts and performances. The garden is also home to a 1784 old stone schoolhouse and Fire Safety Center.
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North Jersey
North Jersey is a colloquial term, with no precise consensus definition, for the northern portion of the U.S. state of New Jersey. A straightforward, noncolloquial term for the region is northern New Jersey.
Some[who?] define North Jersey as all points in New Jersey north of I-295 in the western part of the state and all points north of I-195 in the eastern part of the state. Others define it using the two original telephone area codes- 201 and all its additions for north and 609 (today plus 856) for south.
Others, primarily those who live in the northern tier of counties, count only that area north of the mouth of the Raritan River.
The state is also sometimes described as having North Jersey and South Jersey separated from each other by Central Jersey.
In this approach, the state is divided into three different sections, North Jersey being north of Route 22, Central Jersey being south of the Route 22 but north of Interstate 195, and South Jersey being anything south of Interstate 195.
New Jersey State Department of Tourism defines two distinct areas of North Jersey which address their quality and character:
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Pascack Valley
The Pascack Valley is the name for a region of New Jersey, United States, contained within Bergen County. It is named for the Pascack Brook, which defines the valley. The region consists of eight municipalities: Montvale, Park Ridge, Woodcliff Lake, Hillsdale, Westwood, River Vale, Washington Township and Emerson.
Several area entities are named after the valley:
Coordinates: 41°01′19″N 74°03′11″W / 41.022°N 74.053°W / 41.022; -74.053
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Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre (local Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpoɾtʊ aˈlɛɡɾi] (
listen);Merry Harbour) is the capital and largest city in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The city population is 1,509,939 inhabitants (2010), the tenth most populous city in the country and the centre of Brazil's fourth largest metropolitan area, with 4,405,760 inhabitants (2010). The city is the southernmost capital city of a Brazilian state. Porto Alegre is one of the top cultural, political and economic centers of Brazil. Two Mercosul countries, Argentina and Uruguay, border on the State of Rio Grande do Sul.
Porto Alegre was founded in 1772 by immigrants from the Azores, Portugal. In the late 19th century the city received many immigrants from other parts of the world, particularly Germany, Italy, and Poland. The vast majority of the population is of European descent.
The city lies on the eastern bank of the Rio Guaiba (Guaiba Lake), where five rivers converge to form the Lagoa dos Patos (Lagoon of the Ducks), a giant freshwater lagoon navigable by even the largest of ships. This five-river junction has become an important alluvial port as well as a chief industrial and commercial center of Brazil.
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Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Raritan Bayshore
The Raritan Bayshore region of New Jersey is the area around Raritan Bay from The Amboys to Sandy Hook, mostly in Monmouth County, including the towns from Keyport, New Jersey, "Pearl of the Bayshore", to Highlands, New Jersey. At Keansburg is a traditional amusement park while at Sandy Hook are found ocean beaches. The Sadowski Parkway beach area in Perth Amboy, which lies at the mouth of the Raritan River, was deemed the "Riviera of New Jersey" by local government. In the last years many of the beaches on the Bayshore are have been rediscovered and upgraded as the quality of the water continues to improve.
In September 1609, the Halve Maen, anchored along the shores of the Raritan Bay, and remained for five days to explore the estuary and establish contact with local Lenape people (who later become known as the Navesink and Raritan). Four his crew were sent up the Arthur Kill and to Newark Bay. Upon their return they were attacked and one of them, John Colman was fatally shot by arrrow. Taken ashore to be buried, the spot was christened Coleman's Point. The location Keansburg still bears the name.
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ deɪ ʒəˈnɛəroʊ/ or /ˈriːoʊ deɪ dʒəˈnɛəroʊ/; Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒaˈnejɾu],River of January), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th largest in the Americas, and 26th in the world.
The city was the capital of Brazil for nearly two centuries, from 1763 to 1815 during the Portuguese colonial era, 1815 to 1821 as the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves, and 1822 to 1960 as an independent nation. Rio is nicknamed the Cidade Maravilhosa or "Marvelous City."
Rio de Janeiro represents the second largest GDP in the country (and 30th largest in the world in 2008), estimated at about R$ 343 billion (IBGE/2008) (nearly US$ 201 billion), and is the headquarters of two major Brazilian companies – Petrobras and Vale, and major oil companies and telephony in Brazil, besides the largest conglomerate of media and communications companies in Latin America, the Globo Organizations. The home of many universities and institutes, it is the second largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific production – according to 2005 data.
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Rutgers University
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey /ˈrʌtɡərz/, usually referred to as Rutgers University or just Rutgers, is the largest institution for higher education in New Jersey, United States. It was originally chartered as Queen's College in 1766. It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine Colonial colleges founded before the American Revolution. Rutgers was originally a private university affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church and admitted only male students, but evolved into a coeducational public research university. Rutgers is one of only two colonial colleges that later became public universities, the other being The College of William and Mary.
Rutgers was designated The State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956. The three campuses of Rutgers are in (1) New Brunswick and Piscataway, (2) Newark and (3) Camden. The Newark campus was formerly the University of Newark, which merged into the Rutgers system in 1946, and the Camden campus was created in 1950 from the College of South Jersey and the South Jersey Law School. Rutgers is the largest state university within New Jersey. The university offers more than 100 distinct bachelor, 100 master, and 80 doctoral and professional degree programs across 175 academic departments, 29 degree-granting schools and colleges, 16 of which offer graduate programs of study.
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Skylands Region
The Skylands Region is a marketing area of the State of New Jersey located in the Northern and Central part of the state. It is one of six tourism regions established by the New Jersey State Department of Tourism, the others being the Gateway Region, Greater Atlantic City Region, the Southern Shore Region, the Delaware River Region and the Shore Region. The area officially encompasses Hunterdon, Morris, Somerset, Sussex, Passaic and Warren counties. The area features uplifted land, rolling hills and mountains characteristic of North Jersey. The region contains two national parks at its edges, 60,000 acres (240 km²) of state parkland, and a diverse geography filled with lakes, rivers and picturesque hills.
Coordinates: 40°41′35″N 74°51′59″W / 40.6931°N 74.8663°W / 40.6931; -74.8663
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South Broad Valley
South Broad Valley is a neighborhood in Newark, New Jersey. It borders South Ironbound, Dayton, Lower Clinton Hill, Springfield/Belmont and The Coast. It is bounded by The McCarter Highway, Peddie St, Irvine Turner Blvd, Avon Ave, Clinton Ave, Lincoln Pl, Pennsylvania Ave and South St. The area is a residential neighborhood with Elizabeth Ave, Frelinghuysen Ave and Broad St running through it (all north-south roads). The neighborhood is home to the locally well-known Malcolm X Shabazz High School and two small parks: Milford and one on Gillett Place.
Coordinates: 40°43′16″N 74°11′49″W / 40.721°N 74.197°W / 40.721; -74.197
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The Bahamas
The Bahamasi/bəˈhɑːməz/, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets. It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its land area is 13,939 km2 (5,382 sq mi), with a population of 353,658. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands; the designation of Bahamas refers normally to the Commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
Originally inhabited by the Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taino people, the Bahamas were the site of Columbus' first landfall in the New World in 1492. Although the Spanish never colonized the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 to 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera.
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The Gambia
The Republic of The Gambia, commonly referred to as The Gambia, or Gambiai/ˈɡæmbiə/, is a country in West Africa. Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, surrounded by Senegal except for a short coastline on the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
The country is situated around the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the country's centre and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Its area is 11,295 km² with an estimated population of 1.7 million.
On 18 February 1965, Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom and joined the Commonwealth of Nations. Banjul is Gambia's capital, but the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.
Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade, which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River, first by the Portuguese and later by the British. Since gaining independence in 1965, Gambia has enjoyed relative political stability, with the exception of a brief period of military rule in 1994.
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WBGO
WBGO (88.3 FM, "Jazz 88") is a public radio station broadcasting from Newark, New Jersey with its transmission system located on top of 4 Times Square in New York City. The station primarily plays jazz music. In addition the station airs public affairs programming, locally-produced newscasts, traffic reports from Metro Traffic during morning and afternoon rush hours, and NPR-produced newscasts and programming.
Until 2008 WBGO was, with smooth jazz station WQCD-101.9 FM, one of two major FM jazz stations in the New York metropolitan area. That changed when Emmis Communications decided to change WQCD's format to rock and its call letters to WRXP, leaving WBGO as the New York area's only jazz station. While WBGO's base of operations remains in Newark, NJ, the station's broadcast antenna and transmission system moved to Midtown Manhattan on December 30, 2011.
The station was originally owned by the Newark Board of Education and had studios in Central High School. Studios and offices are now located at 54 Park Place in downtown Newark. It is also available as a web radio station, with both a live stream and on-demand replay of shows.
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Xuzhou
Xuzhou (Chinese: 徐州; pinyin: Xúzhōu), otherwise known as Pengcheng (Chinese: 彭城; pinyin: Péngchéng) in ancient times, is a major city in and the fourth largest prefecture-level city of Jiangsu province, People's Republic of China. It is known for its convenient location as a transportation hub in northwestern Jiangsu, as it has expressways and railway links connecting directly to the provinces of Henan and Shandong, the neighboring port city of Lianyungang, as well as the economic hub Shanghai.
Before the adoption of Hanyu Pinyin, the city's name was typically Romanized as Suchow, although also appearing as Hsu-chou,Hsuchow,[citation needed] and Hsüchow.[citation needed]
During the Xia and Shang Dynasties (c. 2200–1600 BC), Xuzhou lay in an area inhabited by the Dongyi or Huaiyi peoples who were constantly at war with the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The Xuzhou region was called Huaiyang[disambiguation needed
] during the Zhou Dynasty (1600 BC–256 BC) since the Huai River crosses the area. During the Spring and Autumn Period (771 BC–426 BC), Xuzhou was a collection of small farming/fishing villages and towns and formed part of the border region between the Zhou vassal States of Chu, Wu and Qu. Both the States of Pi and Peng lay within its borders. Xuzhou was at one time a capital of the State of Xu, a vassal state exterminated by the State of Wu in 512 BC. In turn, Wu was conquered by the State of Yue a few decades later. Chu gradually expanded its influence around Xuzhou after absorbing the nearby State of Cai in 447 BC followed by the conquest of the State of Yue in 334 BC. By the Warring States Period, it was firmly in the cultural and administrative sphere of Chu. The State of Chu moved to this area in 278 BC after the Qin army captured its old capital, Ying, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei.
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Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincolni/ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən/ (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest constitutional, military and moral crisis – the American Civil War – preserving the Union while ending slavery, and promoting economic and financial modernization. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, Lincoln was mostly self-educated. He became a country lawyer, a Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator in the 1830s, and a one-term member of the United States House of Representatives in the 1840s. After a series of debates in 1858 that gave national visibility to his opposition to the expansion of slavery, Lincoln lost a Senate race to his arch-rival Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln, a moderate from a swing state, secured the Republican Party nomination. With almost no support in the South he swept the North and was elected president in 1860. His election was the signal for seven southern slave states to declare their secession from the Union and form the Confederate States of America. The departure of the Southerners gave Lincoln's party firm control of Congress, but no formula for compromise or reconciliation was found. And the war came.
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States that have ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States. However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations, or their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.
African-American history starts in the 16th century with African slaves who quickly rose up against the Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón and progresses to the present day, with Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there have been events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, including slavery, racism, Reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.
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AirTrain Newark
AirTrain Newark is a 3-mile (4.8 km) monorail system connecting Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) to the Newark Liberty International Airport train station on the Northeast Corridor (NEC) rail line of New Jersey Transit and Amtrak. Originally serving only as an airport circulator, a service which allows passengers to transfer between airport terminals or concourses, the monorail track was refurbished and extended to the NEC, with construction beginning in 1997. The system reopened for service on October 21, 2000. The contract to build the system was awarded to Von Roll AG, but the project was finished by Adtranz, who acquired Von Roll's monorail division while the system was being built. Adtranz was later acquired by Bombardier Transportation, who continues to operate the AirTrain under contract to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the operator of the airport.
Automated announcements recorded by traffic reporter Bernie Wagenblast tell riders which airlines can be found in each terminal.
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Alberto Coutinho
Albert Coutinho (born June 16, 1969) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has served in the New Jersey General Assembly since January 8, 2008, where he represents the 29th legislative district.
In the Assembly, Coutinho serves on the Commerce and Economic Development Committee (as Vice-Chair) and on the Higher Education Committee.
He served the City of Newark as Central Planning Board Commissioner from 1996-2005 and as a Zoning Board of Adjustment Commissioner from 1993-96. He was an Essex County Utilities Authority Commissioner from 1992-98.
Coutinho earned a B.S. degree from New York University, with a major in Economics and Finance, and was awarded an M.B.A. from New York University in International Operations and Organizational Behavior. He is Managing Partner at Alter International.
Each of the forty districts in the New Jersey Legislature has one representative in the New Jersey Senate and two members in the New Jersey General Assembly. The other representatives from the 29th District for the 2010-2011 Legislative Session are:
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Albio Sires
Albio Sires (born January 26, 1951 in Bejucal, Cuba) is the U.S. Representative for New Jersey's 13th congressional district, serving since a special election in 2006. The district includes most of Jersey City, as well as most of the Latino neighborhoods of Newark. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He previously represented district 33 in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2000 to 2006.
Albio Sires was born in Cuba and immigrated to the United States with his family at age 11 with the help of relatives in the United States.
Sires is a graduate of Memorial High School. He went to Saint Peter's College on a basketball scholarship and received a B.A. in 1974 in Spanish and Marketing. He received an M.A. in 1985 from Middlebury College in Spanish. He is the owner of the A.M. Title Agency Inc.
Sires served as the Speaker of the Assembly from 2002 to 2006 and was the first Hispanic person to serve as New Jersey's Assembly Speaker. He was considered a surprise pick for speaker, since he had only served one term in the Assembly before taking the position. It has been reported that he was elected as speaker after Gov.-Elect Jim McGreevey decided he did not want then Assembly Minority Leader Joseph Doria, a former speaker, to serve as speaker during his governorship.
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Alicia Keys
Alicia Augello Cook (born January 25, 1981), better known by her stage name Alicia Keys, is an American R&B singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress. Keys was raised by a single mother in the Hell's Kitchen area of Manhattan in New York City. At age seven, Keys began playing the piano. She attended Professional Performing Arts School and graduated at 16 as valedictorian. Keys released her debut album with J Records, having had previous record deals first with Columbia and then Arista Records.
Keys' debut album, Songs in A Minor, was a commercial success, selling over 12 million copies worldwide. She became the best-selling new artist and best-selling R&B artist of 2001. The album earned Keys five Grammy Awards in 2002, including Best New Artist and Song of the Year for "Fallin'". Her second studio album, The Diary of Alicia Keys, was released in 2003 and was also another success worldwide, selling eight million copies. The album garnered her an additional four Grammy Awards in 2005. Later that year, she released her first live album, Unplugged, which debuted at number one in the United States. She became the first female to have an MTV Unplugged album to debut at number one and the highest since Nirvana in 1994.
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Augusto Amador
Augusto Amador is an American Democratic Party politician, council member of the East Ward of Newark, New Jersey, though all nine council members of Newark are elected on a nonpartisan basis at the regular municipal election or at the general election for terms of four years. The famous Ironbound or Little Portugal is part of the East Ward.
Amador was born in January 1949, in a small town called Murtosa, Portugal. He began his primary education in that small town and went on to graduate from high school Colégio de São João de Brito. In 1966, he immigrated to the United States. Upon becoming a resident of Newark, he continued his higher education at Rutgers University.
Augusto Amador’s first professional career was with the Public Service Electric & Gas Company of New Jersey in 1969. He currently holds the position of Performance Administrator at this major public utility company. In 1981, Amador gained first hand experience working with the City of Newark when he was appointed to serve on the Newark Parking Commission. In 1993 Amador ran for the Newark Board of Education and was the first from the Portuguese-American Community of Newark to win this elected position. Soon, his service to the people of Newark was recognized by the mayor, earning him the appointment of Deputy Mayor in 1997.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
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Black people
The term black people is used in some socially-based systems of racial classification for humans of a dark-skinned phenotype, relative to other racial groups represented in a particular social context. Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and often social variables such as class and socio-economic status also play a role, so that relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness" and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.
As a biological phenotype being "black" is often associated with the very dark skin colors of some people who are classified as "black". But, particularly in the United States, the racial or ethnic classification also refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have African ancestry, or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African-American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color but of socially based racial classification.
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Bob Menendez
Robert "Bob" Menendez (born January 1, 1954) is the junior United States Senator from New Jersey and a member of the Democratic Party. In January 2006, he was appointed to fill the U.S. Senate seat vacated by Jon Corzine, who resigned upon being elected Governor of New Jersey. Menendez was elected to his own full six-year term in the 2006 U.S. Senate election.
Prior to his appointment to the U.S. Senate, Menendez was a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing New Jersey's 13th congressional district. He previously served as Mayor of Union City (1986–1992) and as a member of the New Jersey General Assembly and the New Jersey Senate.
Following the 2008 elections, Menendez was appointed to head the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee.
Bob Menendez was born on New Year's Day in New York City to Cuban immigrants who left their homeland a few months earlier, in 1953, seeking economic and political freedom from the repressive government headed by Fulgencio Batista. His father, Mario Menendez, was a carpenter, and his mother, Evangelina, a seamstress. The family subsequently moved to neighboring New Jersey where, growing up in Union City, he graduated from Union Hill High School.
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Britney Spears
Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an American recording artist and entertainer. Born in McComb, Mississippi, and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, Spears began performing as a child, landing acting roles in stage productions and television shows. She signed with Jive Records in 1997 and released her debut album ...Baby One More Time in 1999, which became the best-selling album by a teenage solo artist. During her first decade in the music industry, she became a prominent figure in mainstream popular music and popular culture, followed by a much-publicized personal life. Her first two albums established her as a pop icon and broke sales records, while title tracks "...Baby One More Time" and "Oops!... I Did It Again" became international number-one hits. Spears was credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s, and became the 'best-selling teen aged artist of all time' before she turned 20, garnering her the honorific title of "Princess of Pop".
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Cass Gilbert
Cass Gilbert (November 24, 1859 – May 17, 1934) was a prominent American architect. An early proponent of skyscrapers in works like the Woolworth Building, Gilbert was also responsible for numerous museums (Saint Louis Art Museum) and libraries (Saint Louis Public Library), state capitol buildings (the Minnesota, Arkansas and West Virginia State Capitols, for example) as well as public architectural icons like the United States Supreme Court building. His public buildings in the Beaux Arts style reflect the optimistic American sense that the nation was heir to Greek democracy, Roman law and Renaissance humanism. Gilbert's achievements were recognized in his lifetime; he served as president of the American Institute of Architects in 1908-09.
Gilbert was a conservative who believed architecture should reflect historic traditions and the established social order. His design of the new Supreme Court building (1935), with its classical lines and small size contrasted sharply with the very large modernist Federal buildings going up along the National Mall in Washington, D.C., which he disliked.
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Chris Christie
Christopher James "Chris" Christie (born September 6, 1962) is the 55th and current Governor of New Jersey. Upon his election to the governorship in November 2009, Christie became the first Republican to win a statewide election in New Jersey in 12 years. Christie, an attorney, previously served as United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey and as a Morris County, New Jersey Freeholder. In 2011, he considered entering the race for the Republican Presidential nomination but ultimately decided not to run.
Chris Christie was born in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Sondra A. (née Grasso) and Wilbur James "Bill" Christie, a certified public accountant. Christie is of Scottish, Irish, and Sicilian descent. He was raised in Livingston, graduating from Livingston High School. Christie graduated from the University of Delaware with a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1984 and Seton Hall University School of Law with a Juris Doctor in 1987. Christie was admitted to the Bar of the State of New Jersey and the Bar of the United States District Court, District of New Jersey, in December 1987. After being elected the Governor of New Jersey, he was awarded honorary doctorate degrees from Rutgers University, the state university of New Jersey, and Monmouth University in 2010.
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Cleopatra Tucker
Cleopatra G. Tucker (born April 9, 1943) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has served in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2008, where she represents the 28th legislative district.
Tucker serves in the Assembly on the Military and Veterans' Affairs Committee (as Vice-Chair) and on the Human Services Committee.
Assemblywoman Tucker is the widow of Assemblyman Donald Kofi Tucker, who held the seat until his death in November 2005. Assemblyman Tucker was replaced in a special election convention by Evelyn Williams, who was elected to serve the remaining month of the term and to serve the first year of the full term Assemblyman Tucker won in the 2005 election. Assemblywoman Williams resigned from the Assembly in January 2006, following her arrest for shoplifting, creating a vacant seat. A special election convention elected Democratic Party activist Oadline Truitt to the seat for the remainder of Williams's term, but the convention was invalidated because of lack of notice for the seat and a second convention was called.[citation needed]
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Cory Booker
Cory Anthony Booker (born April 27, 1969) is an American Democratic Party politician who has been serving as the 36th Mayor of Newark, New Jersey since 2006. He is the third African-American mayor of Newark, and was formerly a Newark City Councilman, and practicing attorney. He is a graduate of Stanford University, the University of Oxford (where he was a Rhodes Scholar), and Yale Law School.
Booker was born in Washington, D.C., and grew up in the predominantly white, affluent town of Harrington Park, New Jersey, 20 miles north of Newark. His parents, Cary Alfred and Carolyn Rose (Jordan) Booker, were among the first black executives at IBM. In 2009, he told US News that he was raised in a religious household, and that he and his family attended a small, African Methodist Episcopal Church in New Jersey. Booker graduated from Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan. He was named to the USA Today All-USA high school football team in 1986.
He went on to Stanford University, receiving a B.A. in political science in 1991 and an M.A. in sociology the following year. While at Stanford, Booker played varsity football. He also made the All–Pacific Ten Academic team[citation needed] and was elected senior class president.. In addition, he ran The Bridge, a student-run crisis hotline and organized help for youth in East Palo Alto, from Stanford students. After Stanford, he attended The Queen's College, Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship, earning an honours degree in U.S. history in 1994. Booker received a J.D. in 1997 from Yale Law School, where he operated free legal clinics for low-income residents of New Haven. At Yale, he was a founding member of the Chai Society (now the Eliezer Society). He was also a Big Brother and was active in the Black Law Students Association. Booker lived in Newark during his final year at Yale. After graduation, Booker served as Staff Attorney for the Urban Justice Center in New York and Program Coordinator of the Newark Youth Project.
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David Archuleta
David James Archuleta (born December 28, 1990) is an American pop singer-songwriter. At ten years old he won the children's division of the Utah Talent Competition leading to other television singing appearances. When he was twelve years old, Archuleta became the Junior Vocal Champion on Star Search 2. In 2007, at sixteen years old, he became one of the youngest contestants on the seventh season of American Idol. In May 2008 he finished as the runner-up, receiving 44 percent of over 97 million votes.
In August 2008 Archuleta released "Crush," the first single from his self-titled debut album. The album, released three months later, debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 chart; it has sold over 750,000 copies in the U.S., and over 900,000 worldwide. In October 2010 he released a third album, The Other Side of Down featuring lead single "Something 'Bout Love". In 2011, Archuleta announced he is taking a two-year hiatus to be a missionary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. As of February 2012, Archuleta has sold 1,108,000 albums and 3,327,000 tracks in the United States.
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Demi Lovato
Demetria Devonne "Demi" Lovato (born August 20, 1992) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and actress. Her earliest roles included Angela on Barney & Friends, before she became better known for her starring roles in the Camp Rock movies, as Sonny Munroe in the Disney sitcom Sonny with a Chance, and as the star of the 2009 movie Princess Protection Program. She is also involved in philanthropic activities through charity work and various social and environmental causes.
As a solo musical artist, Lovato released her debut album Don't Forget on September 23, 2008. The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 selling 89,000 copies in the first week. It has since shipped over 500,000 copies, earning a gold certification in the United States. Lovato released her second album, Here We Go Again, on July 21, 2009. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 108,000 copies in the first week. Her third studio album, Unbroken, was released on September 20, 2011 and peaked at number four on the Billboard 200. She is working on her fourth studio album.
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Diana Ross
Diana Ernestine Earle Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, record producer, and actress.
Diana Ross was lead singer of the Motown group The Supremes during the 1960s. After leaving the group in 1970, Ross began a solo career that has included successful ventures into film and Broadway. She received a Best Actress Academy Award nomination for her role as Billie Holiday in Lady Sings the Blues (1972), for which she won a Golden Globe award. She has won seven American Music Awards, was honored with a 2012 Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award, and won a Tony Award for her one-woman show, An Evening with Diana Ross, in 1977.
In 1976, Billboard magazine named her the "Female Entertainer of the Century." In 1993, the Guinness Book of World Records declared Diana Ross the most successful female music artist in history due to her success in the United States and United Kingdom for having more hits than any female artist in the charts with a career total of 18 number one records in the United States. Diana Ross has sold more than 100 million records worldwide.
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Frank Lautenberg
Frank Raleigh Lautenberg (/ˈlɔːtənbɜrɡ/; born January 23, 1924) is the senior United States Senator from New Jersey and a member of the Democratic Party. He first served in the United States Senate from 1982 to 2001; after a brief retirement, he was re-elected to the Senate and has served since 2003. At age 88, Lautenberg is the oldest current senator. Before entering politics, he was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Automatic Data Processing, Inc.
Lautenberg was born in Paterson, New Jersey, to Sam and Mollie Lautenberg, impoverished Jewish immigrants from Poland and Russia who had arrived in the United States as infants. When Lautenberg was 19, his father, Sam, who worked in silk mills, sold coal, farmed and once ran a tavern, died of cancer. Frank Lautenberg had no formal Jewish education as a child; the family could not afford to join a synagogue and did not live very long in any single place.
Lautenberg served overseas in the United States Army Signal Corps in World War II after graduating from Nutley High School. Then, financed by the GI Bill, he attended and graduated from Columbia Business School in 1949 with a degree in economics. He was the first salesman at successful Automatic Data Processing, Inc. (ADP) and was its chairman and CEO. He was the executive commissioner of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey from 1978 to 1982.
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George Halas
George Stanley Halas, Sr. (February 2, 1895 – October 31, 1983), nicknamed "Papa Bear" and "Mr. Everything", was a player, coach, owner and pioneer in professional American football. He was the iconic longtime leader of the NFL's Chicago Bears. He was also lesser known as an inventor, jurist, producer, philanthropist, philatelist, and professional baseball player.
Halas was born in Chicago, Illinois, into a family of Czech-Bohemian immigrants. His parents were Slavic migrants from Pilsen, Bohemia part of what would later become Czechoslovakia. George had a varied career in sports. In 1915, Halas worked temporarily for Western Electric and was planning on being on the Eastland. He was running late, however, and missed the capsizing. After graduating from Crane High School in Chicago, he attended the University of Illinois, playing football for coach Bob Zuppke as well as baseball and basketball, and earning a degree in civil engineering. He also became a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity. He helped Illinois win the 1918 Big Ten football title.
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Germans
The Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Legally, Germans are citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, about 66–75 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Argentina, France, Russia, Chile, Poland, Australia and Romania who most likely are not native speakers of German. Thus, the total number of Germans worldwide lies between 66 and 160 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).
Today, peoples from countries with a German-speaking majority or significant German-speaking population groups other than Germany, such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg, have developed their own national identity and usually do not refer to themselves as "Germans" in a modern context.
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Gutzon Borglum
(John) Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum(March 25, 1867 – March 6, 1941) was a Danish-American born artist and sculptor famous for creating the monumental presidents' heads at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota, the famous carving on Stone Mountain near Atlanta, as well as other public works of art.
The son of Mormon Danish immigrants, Gutzon Borglum was born in 1867 in St. Charles, Idaho. Borglum was a child of polygamy. His father, James Miller Borglum, had two wives when he lived in Idaho—Borglum's mother and his mother's sister, his father's first, legal wife. His father decided to leave Mormonism and to go back to Omaha, where polygamy was illegal and taboo. He decided that Gutzon's mother would be cast out of the family and never spoken of again. His father worked mainly as a woodcarver before leaving Idaho to attend the Saint Louis Homeopathic Medical College in Saint Louis, Missouri. Upon his graduation from the Missouri Medical College in 1874, Dr. Borglum moved the family to Fremont, Nebraska, where he established a medical practice. Gutzon Borglum remained in Fremont until 1882, when his father enrolled him in Saint Mary’s Academy. After a brief stint at Saint Mary’s Academy, Borglum relocated to Omaha, Nebraska, where he apprenticed in a machine shop and graduated from Creighton Preparatory School. He was trained in Paris at the Académie Julian, where he came to know Auguste Rodin and was influenced by Rodin's impressionistic light-catching surfaces. Back in the U.S. in New York City he sculpted saints and apostles for the new Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in 1901; in 1906 he had a group sculpture accepted by the Metropolitan Museum of Art— the first sculpture by a living American the museum had ever purchased—and made his presence further felt with some portraits. He also won the Logan Medal of the Arts.
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Italian American
An Italian American (Italian: Italoamericano singular, Italian: Italoamericani plural), is an American of Italian ancestry. The designation may also refer to someone possessing Italian and American dual citizenship. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States (not including American ethnicity, an ethnonym used by many in the United States; overall, Italian Americans rank seventh, behind German, Irish, African American, English, American and Mexican).
About 5.5 million Italians immigrated to the U.S. from 1820 to 2004. The greatest surge of immigration, which occurred in the period between 1880 and 1920, alone brought more than 4 million Italians to America. About 80% of the Italian immigrants came from Southern Italy, especially from Sicily, Campania, Abruzzo and Calabria. This was a largely agricultural and overpopulated region, where much of the populace had been impoverished by centuries of foreign misrule, and the economic measures imposed on the South after Italian unification in 1861 . After unification the Italian government initially encouraged emigration of landless peasants to relieve economic pressures in the South. In the U.S., most Italians began their new lives as unskilled, manual workers in Eastern cities, mining camps and in agriculture. Italian Americans gradually moved from the lower rungs of the economic scale in 1890-1910 to a level comparable to the national average by 1970. By 1990, more than 65% of Italian Americans were managerial, professional, or white-collar workers. The Italian-American communities have often been characterized by strong ties with family, the Catholic Church, fraternal organizations and political parties. Today, over 17.8 million Americans claim Italian ancestry.
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Italians
Italians (Italian: italiani) are an ethnic group native of Southern Europe that share a common Italian culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue. Within Italy, Italians are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence (though the principle of jus sanguinis is used extensively and arguably more favorably in the Italian nationality law), and are distinguished from people of Italian descent and, historically, from ethnic Italians living in the unredeemed territories adjacent to the Italian Peninsula.
In 2012, in addition to the 60 million Italians in Italy and 3,000 in San Marino, Italian-speaking, autonomous groups are found in neighboring countries: about 500,000 in Switzerland, a large, but undefined population in France (Nice, Corsica), and smaller groups in Slovenia and Croatia, primarily in Istria. If regarded as an ethnic group, they constitute one of the world's largest.
Because of wide-ranging and long-lasting diaspora, about 4 and half million Italian citizens and over 70 million people of full or part Italian ancestry live outside of Italy, most notably in South America, North America, Australia and parts of Europe.
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Jerramiah Healy
Jerramiah T. Healy (born December 16, 1950) is the current mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey. He ran for the unexpired term of the late Glenn D. Cunningham and was elected in November 2004. In the special election, he defeated Acting Mayor L. Harvey Smith. He was subsequently elected to a full term by a record landslide.
Healy entered public service as an assistant prosecutor for the Hudson County Prosecutor's Office in 1977. From 1981 to 1991, he maintained a private law practice in Jersey City. He was appointed Chief Judge in the Jersey City Municipal Court in 1991, and was reappointed in 1995. In 1997, he ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of Jersey City against Bret Schundler, who later ran for Governor of New Jersey against Jim McGreevey. Healy resumed his private law practice until 2004, when he was elected Mayor.
Jerramiah Healy was the fourth of five children born to Daniel and Catherine Healy, Irish immigrants who met and married in Jersey City. His father died when Healy was five years old. He attended St. Michael's Grammar School in Union City and Xavier High School in New York City, and is a 1972 graduate of Villanova University. Healy attended Seton Hall University School of Law, and supported himself as a bartender and an ironworker.
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Jews
The Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3 Yhudim Israeli pronunciation [jehuˈdim]), also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and an ethnoreligious group, originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is equal to those born into it, have been absorbed into the Jewish people throughout the millennia.
In Jewish tradition, Jewish ancestry is traced to the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the second millennium BCE. The modern State of Israel defines itself as a Jewish state in its Basic Laws, and Israel's Law of Return states: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh." Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. Jews achieved political autonomy twice before in ancient history. The first of these periods lasted from 1350 to 586 BCE, and encompassed the periods of the Judges, the United Monarchy, and the Divided Monarchy of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, ending with the destruction of the First Temple. The second was the period of the Hasmonean Kingdom spanning from 140 to 37 BCE. Since the destruction of the First Temple, most Jews have lived in diaspora. A minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.
wn.com/Jews -
Katy Perry
Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson (born October 25, 1984), known by her stage name Katy Perry, is an American singer, songwriter and actress. Perry grew up with gospel music, and during her first year of high school she pursued a music career as Katy Hudson, releasing her first studio album called Katy Hudson which failed to chart. She recorded a solo album later, which was never released. After signing with Capitol Music Group in 2007, her fourth record label in seven years, she adopted the stage name Katy Perry.
She first gained recognition with the release of her first mainstream album, One of the Boys in 2008, which spawned three Billboard Hot 100 top-ten songs—"I Kissed A Girl", "Hot n Cold" and "Waking Up In Vegas". Perry supported the album with her Hello Katy Tour. In 2010, her third studio album, Teenage Dream (2010), which topped the Billboard 200 chart, and spawned five number one singles—"California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", "Firework", "E.T." and "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)"—Teenage Dream was the only album (after Michael Jackson's Bad)—to do so, and the first female in history to achieve this milestone. She embarked on the California Dreams Tour, which grossed nearly $60 million worldwide. Perry re-released the album under the name of Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection on March 26, 2012, and the re-release has already spawned the number-one single "Part of Me".
wn.com/Katy_Perry -
Kim Guadagno
Kim Guadagno (pronounced gwah-DAH-nyoh; born April 13, 1959) is the first Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey, having won the 2009 election as the running mate of Governor Chris Christie. She is also concurrently the Secretary of State of New Jersey.
Born as Kimberly Ann McFadden in Waterloo, Iowa. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Ursinus College in 1980, and a law degree in 1983 from the American University's Washington College of Law.
Kim Guadagno is a former Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York and the District of New Jersey. She was also Assistant New Jersey Attorney General. Serving as deputy chief of the U.S. Attorney's office's corruption unit from 1994–98, Guadagno was responsible for the corruption prosecutions of former Essex County Executive Thomas D'Alessio (a Democrat) and of Somerset County Prosecutor Nicholas Bissell (a Republican). In1994, in a case involving an executive of lottery contractor GTECH Corporation, the U.S. Attorney's Office was criticized by the judge overseeing the case for the disclosure of grand jury testimony in a sentencing report; the issue was never referred for further ethical or legal investigation. The lottery executive went to jail.
wn.com/Kim_Guadagno -
Lady Gaga
Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (/ˈstɛfəniː dʒʌrməˈnɑːtə/ STE-fə-nee jurr-mə-NAH-tə; born March 28, 1986), known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in New York City, she primarily studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and briefly attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before withdrawing to focus on her musical career. She began performing in the rock music scene of Manhattan's Lower East Side, and was signed with Streamline Records by the end of 2007. During her employment as a songwriter for the record company, her vocal abilities captured the attention of recording artist Akon, who signed her to his label Kon Live Distribution.
Lady Gaga came to prominence as a recording artist following the release of her debut album The Fame (2008), which was a critical and commercial success that topped charts around the world and included the international number-one singles "Just Dance" and "Poker Face". After embarking on the The Fame Ball Tour, she followed the album with The Fame Monster (2009), which spawned the worldwide hit singles "Bad Romance", "Telephone" and "Alejandro". The album's success allowed her to embark on the eighteen-month long Monster Ball Tour, which later became one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time. Her most recent album Born This Way (2011) topped the charts of most major markets and generated more international chart-topping singles, including "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory". Besides her musical career, she involves herself with humanitarian causes and LGBT activism.
wn.com/Lady_Gaga -
Mark Zuckerberg
Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur. He is best known as one of four co-founders of the social networking site Facebook, of which he is chairman and chief executive.
Zuckerberg was born and raised in a Jewish household in New York state. While still in middle school in his early teens, he took up writing software programs as a hobby, beginning with BASIC, with help from his father. His father then hired a tutor to help his son develop his programming skills further. Zuckerberg's enjoyment in writing programs led him to developing computer games, writing a music player, and setting up a primitive home network he called "ZuckNet." His private tutor calls him a "prodigy." In high school he excelled in classic literature and science, while becoming proficient in four other languages. He was also captain of the school's fencing team.
He later enrolled in Harvard, majoring in computer science and sociology. In his sophomore year he wrote a program called Facemash as a "fun" project, letting students on the college's network vote on other students' photo attractiveness. It was shut down within days, but would become a template for his writing Facebook, a program he launched from his dormitory room. With the help of friends, including roommate Dustin Moskovitz, Facebook went national on other campuses, and they moved to Palo Alto, California. By 2010, the site had an estimated 500 million users worldwide. Zuckerberg and Facebook have since been involved in various legal disputes initiated by others who have claimed a share of the company's profits due to their help in setting it up. Zuckerberg is the largest individual shareholder with 28.4 percent of the common stock and controls 56.9 percent of the voting power. As of 2012[update], his personal wealth was estimated at more than $19.1 billion, making him one of the world's youngest billionaires. Zuckerberg is one of the 30 richest people on Earth.
wn.com/Mark_Zuckerberg -
Miley Cyrus
Miley Ray Cyrus (born Destiny Hope Cyrus; November 23, 1992) is an American actress and pop singer-songwriter. She achieved wide fame for her role as Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana on the Disney Channel sitcom Hannah Montana.
Cyrus recorded music for the soundtracks, Hannah Montana (2006) and Hannah Montana 2/Meet Miley Cyrus (2007), released by Walt Disney Records. With the success of the Hannah Montana franchise she established herself as a teen idol. In 2007, Cyrus signed to Hollywood Records to pursue a solo career. She embarked upon the Best of Both Worlds Tour the same year, in which she performed as both herself and in character as Hannah Montana. The tour was eventually turned into a high-grossing concert film titled Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert (2008). In July 2008, Cyrus released her first solo album, Breakout (2008), which was commercially successful.
She began her foray into film by providing the voice of "Penny" in the animated film Bolt (2008). Cyrus earned a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for her performance of Bolt's theme song, "I Thought I Lost You". She also reprised her role as Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana in Hannah Montana: The Movie (2009). The Hannah Montana: The Movie' soundtrack introduced her to new audiences within country and adult contemporary markets.
wn.com/Miley_Cyrus -
Nathan Heard
Nathan Heard (1937 – March 16, 2004), sometimes known as Nathan C. Heard, was a best-selling author in the United States, noted for the grim realism of his novels. He wrote his most famous book, Howard Street (1968), while serving time in the Trenton State Penitentiary for armed robbery.
Heard grew up in New Jersey, spending much of his life there. He spent some time teaching creative writing at Fresno State College (now known as California State University, Fresno), where he won a teaching award in 1970. He also taught creative writing at Rutgers University.
His other books include A Cold Fire Burning, House of Slammers, To Reach a Dream and When Shadows Fall.
His movie credits include Gordon's War (1973).
He died of complications from Parkinson's disease.
wn.com/Nathan_Heard -
Portuguese people
The Portuguese (Portuguese: os Portugueses) are a nation and ethnic group native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe. Their language is Portuguese, and Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion.
Due to the large historical extent of the Portuguese Empire and the colonization of territories in Africa, Asia and the Americas, as well as historical and recent emigration, Portuguese communities can be found in many diverse regions around the globe, and a large Portuguese diaspora exists.
The Portuguese are a southwestern European population, with origins predominantly from Atlantic Europe, Western Europe and the Western Mediterranean.
The earliest modern humans inhabiting Portugal are believed to have been Paleolithic peoples that may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that modern-day Portuguese traces largely a significant amount of these lineages to the paleolithic peoples which began arriving to the European continent between the end of the last glaciation around 45,000 years ago.
wn.com/Portuguese_people -
Ras Baraka
Ras Baraka is a politician and activist from Newark, New Jersey. He currently serves on Newark's city council representing the South Ward and is also principal of the city's Central High School.
Baraka defeated then-councilman Oscar James II in a highly contested 2010 election, on a platform critical of Mayor Cory Booker. The election was documented on the Sundance reality television series Brick City, which stars Booker, Baraka and other Newark political and residential figures.
He is son of poet and activist Amiri Baraka and his wife Amina.
wn.com/Ras_Baraka -
Robert Treat
Robert Treat (February 23, 1622 – July 12, 1710) was an American colonial leader, militia officer and governor of the Connecticut Colony between 1683 and 1698.
Treat was born in Pitminster, Somerset, England, but was brought to Massachusetts as a child. His father was Richard Treat and his mother was Alice Gaylord. His family were early settlers at Wethersfield, Connecticut. He settled in Milford, Connecticut in 1639 and became one of the leaders of the New Haven Colony, serving in the General Court as its assembly was known.
On Christmas Day, December 25, 1647 he married Jane Tapp in Milford, with whom he had eight children. Their great-grandson, Robert Treat Paine, signed the Declaration of Independence.
When the Connecticut Charter of 1662 forced the New Haven Colony to merge with Connecticut in 1665, Treat led a group of dissidents who left the colony. They moved to New Jersey in 1666 where they were joined by other dissidents from Branford, Connecticut, another part of the former New Haven Colony. The dissidents from Branford were led by the Rev. Abraham Pierson, Sr. Robert Treat wanted the new community to be named Milford, New Jersey. Pierson, a devout Puritan, preferred the name New Ark, and this place is now known as Newark. Robert himself returned to Milford, Connecticut in 1672 and lived there the rest of his life.
wn.com/Robert_Treat -
Ronald Rice
Ronald L. Rice (born December 18, 1945) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has served in the New Jersey State Senate since 1986, where he represents the 28th Legislative District. While serving in the Senate, Rice has held a variety of different leadership roles including Associate Minority Leader (1998-2001), Assistant Deputy Minority Leader (1994-1997), and Assistant Majority Leader (1990-1991). His son, Ronald C. Rice, is a city councilman in Newark, New Jersey. He is the third-most senior senator in the state, behind Gerald Cardinale and Richard Codey.
Rice served 16 years on the Newark City Council (1982-1998), and he was the Deputy Mayor of Newark, a position he held from 2002 until March 2006. He stepped down as deputy mayor in order to run for mayor.
Rice serves in the Senate on the Community and Urban Affairs Committee (as Chair), the Joint Committee on the Public Schools and the Health, Human Services and Senior Citizens Committee.
Rice was one of New Jersey's presidential electors casting the state's Electoral College votes after the 2004 presidential election. New Jersey's electors cast their ballots on December 13, 2004 in the State House Annex, in Trenton, where all 15 votes were cast for the Democratic Party candidate John Kerry.
wn.com/Ronald_Rice -
Sharpe James
Sharpe James (born February 20, 1936) is a Democratic politician and convicted felon from New Jersey, who served as State Senator for the 29th Legislative District and was 35th Mayor of Newark, New Jersey. James was the second African American Mayor of Newark and served five four-year terms before declining to run for re-election. From June 1999 until leaving his position as Mayor in July 2006, James simultaneously served as Mayor of Newark and New Jersey State Senator. He declined to run for re-election to the State Senate in 2007; his term as Senator expired in January 2008. Prior to politics, James worked as a teacher, athletic director and professor at Essex County College.
On July 12, 2007, following an investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, a federal grand jury sitting in Newark indicted James on 25 counts that include mail fraud, wire fraud and conspiracy. James pled not guilty and his trial on five counts of fraud began March 4, 2008.
On April 16, 2008, James was convicted of five counts of fraud by a federal jury. On July 29, 2008, he was sentenced by Judge William J. Martini to 27 months in prison.
wn.com/Sharpe_James -
Taylor Swift
Taylor Alison Swift (born December 13, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter and occasional actress. Raised in Wyomissing, Pennsylvania, Swift moved to Nashville, Tennessee at the age of fourteen to pursue a career in country music. She signed to the independent label Big Machine Records and became the youngest songwriter ever hired by the Sony/ATV Music publishing house. The release of Swift's self-titled debut album in 2006 established her as a country music star. "Our Song", her third single, made her the youngest sole writer and singer of a number one song on the country chart. She received a Best New Artist nomination at the 50th Grammy Awards.
Swift's second album, Fearless, was released in late 2008. Buoyed by the chart success of the singles "Love Story" and "You Belong with Me", Fearless attracted a crossover audience and became the top-selling album of 2009. The record won four Grammy Awards, with Swift becoming the youngest ever Album of the Year winner. Fearless also received Album of the Year plaudits at the American Music Awards, Academy of Country Music Awards and Country Music Association Awards, making it the most awarded album in country music history. In 2010, Swift released her third album, Speak Now, which sold over one million copies in its first week. She then embarked on the 111-date Speak Now World Tour, which was attended by over 1.6 million fans and has become one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time. The album's third single, "Mean", won two Grammy Awards for Best Country Song and Best Country Solo Performance. Swift is currently recording her fourth studio album, due for release in the fall of 2012.
wn.com/Taylor_Swift
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Newark -- Big Apple's rotting façade
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:09
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
Newark is the largest town in the state of New Jersey. It is filled with crime, drugs and poverty. RT's Anastasia Churkina reports the hard truth of a city right in the back yard of the Big Apple.
http://wn.com/Newark_-_Big_Apple's_rotting_façade
Newark is the largest town in the state of New Jersey. It is filled with crime, drugs and poverty. RT's Anastasia Churkina reports the hard truth of a city right in the back yard of the Big Apple.
Gang shooting n Newark nj (RIpbocky)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:40
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Broad day light shooting ,RIp bocky . 14th ave & s18 th street Newark new jersey ...(07/14/11)
http://wn.com/Gang_shooting_n_Newark_nj_RIpbocky
Broad day light shooting ,RIp bocky . 14th ave & s18 th street Newark new jersey ...(07/14/11)
- published: 08 Mar 2012
- views: 71329
- author: dashawn freeman
GUNS DOWN HANDS UP Newark New Jersey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:38
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
1on1boxing is hitting the streets trying to talk to people about putting the guns down hands up .save peoples life one at a time. Www.1on1boxing.com
http://wn.com/GUNS_DOWN_HANDS_UP_Newark_New_Jersey
1on1boxing is hitting the streets trying to talk to people about putting the guns down hands up .save peoples life one at a time. Www.1on1boxing.com
- published: 29 Sep 2009
- views: 123411
- author: 1Gun1Video
SKATE Newark, NJ with Quim Cardona
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:35
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
Every other Thursday pro skateboarders take you on a personal tour of the their favorite cities to SKATE. You'll discover some of the best skate, chill, gear, food and beer spots as you get the vibe of a new city. This week, Quim Cardona gives you a personal skate tour of Newark, New Jersey. Music: Mr.Green "Beautiful Stuff" "Sky's The Limit" Greenhiphop.com Teddy Powell "Broken Watchtowers" Nosroma's Album Subscribe to Ride: www.youtube.com facebook.com twitter.com instagram @ridechannel
http://wn.com/SKATE_Newark,_NJ_with_Quim_Cardona
Every other Thursday pro skateboarders take you on a personal tour of the their favorite cities to SKATE. You'll discover some of the best skate, chill, gear, food and beer spots as you get the vibe of a new city. This week, Quim Cardona gives you a personal skate tour of Newark, New Jersey. Music: Mr.Green "Beautiful Stuff" "Sky's The Limit" Greenhiphop.com Teddy Powell "Broken Watchtowers" Nosroma's Album Subscribe to Ride: www.youtube.com facebook.com twitter.com instagram @ridechannel
- published: 02 Aug 2012
- views: 47566
- author: RIDEChannel
Mayor Cory Booker Responds to Question about NJ Marriage Equality Referendum
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:59
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: www.twitter.com Google+: www.gplus.to Foursquare: www.foursquare.com Quora: www.quora.com LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com Flickr: www.flickr.com
http://wn.com/Mayor_Cory_Booker_Responds_to_Question_about_NJ_Marriage_Equality_Referendum
Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: www.twitter.com Google+: www.gplus.to Foursquare: www.foursquare.com Quora: www.quora.com LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com Flickr: www.flickr.com
- published: 25 Jan 2012
- views: 415374
- author: CoryBookerdotcom
Buses in Newark, New Jersey (NJ Transit Buses)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
all kinds of buses in all kinds of models of the NJ transit system. In Newark, New Jersey.
http://wn.com/Buses_in_Newark,_New_Jersey_NJ_Transit_Buses
all kinds of buses in all kinds of models of the NJ transit system. In Newark, New Jersey.
- published: 25 Jun 2010
- views: 10806
- author: timosha21
Riots in Newark New Jersey 1967
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Riots_in_Newark_New_Jersey_1967
KOOL KIDZ PARTY In Newark nj
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
KOOL KIDZ PARTY Kin Newark new nj
http://wn.com/KOOL_KIDZ_PARTY_In_Newark_nj
★ WHITNEY HOUSTON FUNERAL NEWARK NEW JERSEY ★ (IN CASE YOU MISSED IT) (PART 4)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:00
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
Stars mourn Whitney Houston at hometown service NEWARK, New Jersey (Reuters) - Stars, family and friends mourned Whitney Houston in a spirited funeral service at her hometown church on Saturday, a week after the sudden death of the singer whose spectacular voice made her one of the biggest pop stars of her era. At Whitney Houston's funeral, faith more than fame (CNN) -- A close friend of Whitney Houston's family may have said it best: They would have loved her, even if she couldn't sing. But how she could sing. Houston, the six-time Grammy Award winner and only artist to consecutively chart seven No. 1 hits, will be remembered Saturday in the Newark, New Jersey, church where she performed as a child in front of her family and community. In addition to her family, those expected to celebrate Houston's life at New Hope Baptist Church will include entertainment mogul Tyler Perry; "The Queen of Soul," Aretha Franklin; Grammy Award winner Stevie Wonder; and Academy Award winner Kevin Costner. The fact that Houston's funeral will bring a coterie of "A-listers" together is hardly surprising. After all, she had worked for nearly 30 years with the best in the business. Whitney Houston funeral live stream (Feb 18th 2012) Jamaica Entertainment News (February 18th 2012) Associated Press - Whiney Houston Funeral (Feb 18th 2012) Whitney Houston Funeral Website Link (February 18th 2012) Whitney Houston Funeral in Newarc New Jersey - Live Stream (February 18th 2012) Whitney Houston ...
http://wn.com/★_WHITNEY_HOUSTON_FUNERAL_NEWARK_NEW_JERSEY_★_IN_CASE_YOU_MISSED_IT_PART_4
Stars mourn Whitney Houston at hometown service NEWARK, New Jersey (Reuters) - Stars, family and friends mourned Whitney Houston in a spirited funeral service at her hometown church on Saturday, a week after the sudden death of the singer whose spectacular voice made her one of the biggest pop stars of her era. At Whitney Houston's funeral, faith more than fame (CNN) -- A close friend of Whitney Houston's family may have said it best: They would have loved her, even if she couldn't sing. But how she could sing. Houston, the six-time Grammy Award winner and only artist to consecutively chart seven No. 1 hits, will be remembered Saturday in the Newark, New Jersey, church where she performed as a child in front of her family and community. In addition to her family, those expected to celebrate Houston's life at New Hope Baptist Church will include entertainment mogul Tyler Perry; "The Queen of Soul," Aretha Franklin; Grammy Award winner Stevie Wonder; and Academy Award winner Kevin Costner. The fact that Houston's funeral will bring a coterie of "A-listers" together is hardly surprising. After all, she had worked for nearly 30 years with the best in the business. Whitney Houston funeral live stream (Feb 18th 2012) Jamaica Entertainment News (February 18th 2012) Associated Press - Whiney Houston Funeral (Feb 18th 2012) Whitney Houston Funeral Website Link (February 18th 2012) Whitney Houston Funeral in Newarc New Jersey - Live Stream (February 18th 2012) Whitney Houston ...
- published: 19 Feb 2012
- views: 47027
- author: dutty redz
Rosalita - Springsteen - Newark NJ May 2, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:01
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band - Wrecking Ball Tour 2012. Prudential Center Newark NJ. Shot from the pit. I do not sell DVDs and I do not give my footage to bootleg re-sellers. I have never made any money from my concert videos. If you see my footage on a DVD that you purchased, It was stolen from YouTube without my permission.
http://wn.com/Rosalita_Springsteen_Newark_NJ_May_2,_2012
Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band - Wrecking Ball Tour 2012. Prudential Center Newark NJ. Shot from the pit. I do not sell DVDs and I do not give my footage to bootleg re-sellers. I have never made any money from my concert videos. If you see my footage on a DVD that you purchased, It was stolen from YouTube without my permission.
- published: 03 May 2012
- views: 11088
- author: TheMagikRat
The Best Empire State of Mind Parody - Newark State of Mind - Jay-Z Alicia Keys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
"Empire State of Mind" has dozens of parodies but I guarantee you this one's the best! Rob Ryan (Comedian), Josie Vitetta and Giovanni Vargas. Jay Z and Eminem at Yankee Stadium...sure. But check out this.
http://wn.com/The_Best_Empire_State_of_Mind_Parody_Newark_State_of_Mind_Jay-Z_Alicia_Keys
"Empire State of Mind" has dozens of parodies but I guarantee you this one's the best! Rob Ryan (Comedian), Josie Vitetta and Giovanni Vargas. Jay Z and Eminem at Yankee Stadium...sure. But check out this.
- published: 13 May 2010
- views: 498438
- author: TheReelPublic
New Edition: "Home Again" - NJPAC Newark, NJ 2/19/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:41
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
www.facebook.com February 19, 2012 - New Edition performed "Home Again" at the close of their New Edition 30th Anniversary Tour stop at Prudential Hall (NJPAC) in Newark, New Jersey. Get the latest concert tour news, tour dates, information, reviews, videos, and more at www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/New_Edition_Home_Again_NJPAC_Newark,_NJ_2_19_12
www.facebook.com February 19, 2012 - New Edition performed "Home Again" at the close of their New Edition 30th Anniversary Tour stop at Prudential Hall (NJPAC) in Newark, New Jersey. Get the latest concert tour news, tour dates, information, reviews, videos, and more at www.facebook.com
- published: 21 Feb 2012
- views: 24977
- author: LIVEfromFrontRow
Street League Skateboarding Championships: Newark, New Jersey 2011 - BIG SECTION
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:51
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
skatecamz.com (HOME) http (Videos) skatecamz.com (SkateShop) skatecamz.com (Live Cam Feeds) tiny.cc (FB Fan Page) Street League Skateboarding Championships: Newark, New Jersey 2011 - BIG SECTION
http://wn.com/Street_League_Skateboarding_Championships_Newark,_New_Jersey_2011_BIG_SECTION
skatecamz.com (HOME) http (Videos) skatecamz.com (SkateShop) skatecamz.com (Live Cam Feeds) tiny.cc (FB Fan Page) Street League Skateboarding Championships: Newark, New Jersey 2011 - BIG SECTION
- published: 29 Aug 2011
- views: 38530
- author: SkateCamz
Street League Skateboarding Championships: Newark, New Jersey 2011 - LINE SECTION
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:18
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
skatecamz.com (HOME) http (Videos) skatecamz.com (SkateShop) skatecamz.com (Live Cam Feeds) tiny.cc (FB Fan Page) Street League Skateboarding Championships: Newark, New Jersey 2011 - LINE SECTION
http://wn.com/Street_League_Skateboarding_Championships_Newark,_New_Jersey_2011_LINE_SECTION
skatecamz.com (HOME) http (Videos) skatecamz.com (SkateShop) skatecamz.com (Live Cam Feeds) tiny.cc (FB Fan Page) Street League Skateboarding Championships: Newark, New Jersey 2011 - LINE SECTION
- published: 29 Aug 2011
- views: 23389
- author: SkateCamz
Street League Skateboarding Championships: Newark, New Jersey 2011 - TECH SECTION Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:54
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
TECH SECTION Part 1: www.youtube.com skatecamz.com (HOME) http (Videos) skatecamz.com (SkateShop) skatecamz.com (Live Cam Feeds) tiny.cc (FB Fan Page) Street League Skateboarding Championships: Newark, New Jersey 2011 - TECH SECTION Part 2
http://wn.com/Street_League_Skateboarding_Championships_Newark,_New_Jersey_2011_TECH_SECTION_Part_2
TECH SECTION Part 1: www.youtube.com skatecamz.com (HOME) http (Videos) skatecamz.com (SkateShop) skatecamz.com (Live Cam Feeds) tiny.cc (FB Fan Page) Street League Skateboarding Championships: Newark, New Jersey 2011 - TECH SECTION Part 2
- published: 30 Aug 2011
- views: 9446
- author: SkateCamz
New Jersey Railfanning - Elizabeth - Newark Airport - Secaucus Junction - Februrary 23, 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:52
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
During my vacation, I took a day and went down to New Jersey to do some photos. This is everything that I saw. A total of 6 hours, combined into one video. Enjoy. First we start off on top of the parking garage in Elizabeth NJ that overlooks the tracks. One engineer from an acela was nice to give me some horn. (Thank you to that engineer) While the rest provided some excellent photo opportunities. After a while it was time to go but before I headed all the way back into New York I made two more stops. First I stopped at Newark Airport. The landing pattern had put several aircraft directly over the platform and in one lucky shot, I managed to snag a plane fliying directly over a silver service train. Finally, to end the day, I stopped at Secaucus for about two hours until I snagged my ride back home from Penn Station. I hope that if you do watch this video, you take the time to watch the entire thing instead of skip around. There are some pretty neat catches here. A more mechanical aspect to things rather than just hornshows. I apreciate your comments. Thanks!
http://wn.com/New_Jersey_Railfanning_Elizabeth_Newark_Airport_Secaucus_Junction_Februrary_23,_2011
During my vacation, I took a day and went down to New Jersey to do some photos. This is everything that I saw. A total of 6 hours, combined into one video. Enjoy. First we start off on top of the parking garage in Elizabeth NJ that overlooks the tracks. One engineer from an acela was nice to give me some horn. (Thank you to that engineer) While the rest provided some excellent photo opportunities. After a while it was time to go but before I headed all the way back into New York I made two more stops. First I stopped at Newark Airport. The landing pattern had put several aircraft directly over the platform and in one lucky shot, I managed to snag a plane fliying directly over a silver service train. Finally, to end the day, I stopped at Secaucus for about two hours until I snagged my ride back home from Penn Station. I hope that if you do watch this video, you take the time to watch the entire thing instead of skip around. There are some pretty neat catches here. A more mechanical aspect to things rather than just hornshows. I apreciate your comments. Thanks!
- published: 26 Feb 2011
- views: 10024
- author: AmtrakFanNEC927
Bishop Danced - Springsteen - Newark NJ May 2, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band - Wrecking Ball Tour 2012. Prudential Center Newark NJ. Shot from the pit. I do not sell DVDs and I do not give my footage to bootleg re-sellers. I have never made any money from my concert videos. If you see my footage on a DVD that you purchased, It was stolen from YouTube without my permission.
http://wn.com/Bishop_Danced_Springsteen_Newark_NJ_May_2,_2012
Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band - Wrecking Ball Tour 2012. Prudential Center Newark NJ. Shot from the pit. I do not sell DVDs and I do not give my footage to bootleg re-sellers. I have never made any money from my concert videos. If you see my footage on a DVD that you purchased, It was stolen from YouTube without my permission.
- published: 03 May 2012
- views: 17045
- author: TheMagikRat
NJ Style House Music Dancers in Newark
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
NJPAC - Sounds of the City in Newark NJ brings some the the best talent each and every Thursday night. Its a free outdoor music event all summer long ~ I filmed a group of NJ House Music Dancers doing their thing ~ Ain't nothing like it! I especially love the way Anthony encourages the next generaton.
http://wn.com/NJ_Style_House_Music_Dancers_in_Newark
NJPAC - Sounds of the City in Newark NJ brings some the the best talent each and every Thursday night. Its a free outdoor music event all summer long ~ I filmed a group of NJ House Music Dancers doing their thing ~ Ain't nothing like it! I especially love the way Anthony encourages the next generaton.
- published: 11 Jul 2009
- views: 45701
- author: MsAbigailMovin
whitney elisebeth houston funeral service 18 february 2012 newark, new jersey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 214:27
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
funeral service for whitney houston from 11:14 am cst - 2:48 pm cst (12:14 pm - 3:48 pm est} saturday 18 february 2012 recorded live ==== whitney houston funeral program wesawthat.files.wordpress.com 12 pages [7.46 mb] ==== whitney houston obituary 4 page .pdf [2.59 mb] wesawthat.files.wordpress.com ==== whitney houston autopsy report 42 pages .pdf 4.54 mb wesawthat.files.wordpress.com ==== ***COPYRIGHT NOTICE*** This video is posted pursuant to 17 USC Section 107 the "Fair Use" provision for purposes such as, including but not limited to, criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, research, church religious services study, due to Ms Houston's stature as a major figure in American culture and the immense public interest in her life, career and death. Any DMCA Takedown Notice filed to YouTube over this video and its contents will be answered immediately by the uploader with a DMCA Counter-Notification... ======== Sec. 107. Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall ...
http://wn.com/whitney_elisebeth_houston_funeral_service_18_february_2012_newark,_new_jersey
funeral service for whitney houston from 11:14 am cst - 2:48 pm cst (12:14 pm - 3:48 pm est} saturday 18 february 2012 recorded live ==== whitney houston funeral program wesawthat.files.wordpress.com 12 pages [7.46 mb] ==== whitney houston obituary 4 page .pdf [2.59 mb] wesawthat.files.wordpress.com ==== whitney houston autopsy report 42 pages .pdf 4.54 mb wesawthat.files.wordpress.com ==== ***COPYRIGHT NOTICE*** This video is posted pursuant to 17 USC Section 107 the "Fair Use" provision for purposes such as, including but not limited to, criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, research, church religious services study, due to Ms Houston's stature as a major figure in American culture and the immense public interest in her life, career and death. Any DMCA Takedown Notice filed to YouTube over this video and its contents will be answered immediately by the uploader with a DMCA Counter-Notification... ======== Sec. 107. Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall ...
- published: 18 Feb 2012
- views: 2313551
- author: wesawthat1
☆ WHITNEY HOUSTON FUNERAL SERVICE IN IT'S ENTIRETY - NEWARK, NJ ☆ (REST IN PEACE)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 242:36
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Stars mourn Whitney Houston at hometown service NEWARK, New Jersey (Reuters) - Stars, family and friends mourned Whitney Houston in a spirited funeral service at her hometown church on Saturday, a week after the sudden death of the singer whose spectacular voice made her one of the biggest pop stars of her era. At Whitney Houston's funeral, faith more than fame (CNN) -- A close friend of Whitney Houston's family may have said it best: They would have loved her, even if she couldn't sing. But how she could sing. Houston, the six-time Grammy Award winner and only artist to consecutively chart seven No. 1 hits, will be remembered Saturday in the Newark, New Jersey, church where she performed as a child in front of her family and community. In addition to her family, those expected to celebrate Houston's life at New Hope Baptist Church will include entertainment mogul Tyler Perry; "The Queen of Soul," Aretha Franklin; Grammy Award winner Stevie Wonder; and Academy Award winner Kevin Costner. The fact that Houston's funeral will bring a coterie of "A-listers" together is hardly surprising. After all, she had worked for nearly 30 years with the best in the business. Whitney Houston funeral live stream (Feb 18th 2012) Jamaica Entertainment News (February 18th 2012) Associated Press - Whiney Houston Funeral (Feb 18th 2012) Whitney Houston Funeral Website Link (February 18th 2012) Whitney Houston Funeral in Newarc New Jersey - Live Stream (February 18th 2012) Whitney Houston ...
http://wn.com/☆_WHITNEY_HOUSTON_FUNERAL_SERVICE_IN_IT'S_ENTIRETY_NEWARK,_NJ_☆_REST_IN_PEACE
Stars mourn Whitney Houston at hometown service NEWARK, New Jersey (Reuters) - Stars, family and friends mourned Whitney Houston in a spirited funeral service at her hometown church on Saturday, a week after the sudden death of the singer whose spectacular voice made her one of the biggest pop stars of her era. At Whitney Houston's funeral, faith more than fame (CNN) -- A close friend of Whitney Houston's family may have said it best: They would have loved her, even if she couldn't sing. But how she could sing. Houston, the six-time Grammy Award winner and only artist to consecutively chart seven No. 1 hits, will be remembered Saturday in the Newark, New Jersey, church where she performed as a child in front of her family and community. In addition to her family, those expected to celebrate Houston's life at New Hope Baptist Church will include entertainment mogul Tyler Perry; "The Queen of Soul," Aretha Franklin; Grammy Award winner Stevie Wonder; and Academy Award winner Kevin Costner. The fact that Houston's funeral will bring a coterie of "A-listers" together is hardly surprising. After all, she had worked for nearly 30 years with the best in the business. Whitney Houston funeral live stream (Feb 18th 2012) Jamaica Entertainment News (February 18th 2012) Associated Press - Whiney Houston Funeral (Feb 18th 2012) Whitney Houston Funeral Website Link (February 18th 2012) Whitney Houston Funeral in Newarc New Jersey - Live Stream (February 18th 2012) Whitney Houston ...
- published: 21 Feb 2012
- views: 30434
- author: dutty redz
No Surrender - Springsteen - Newark NJ May 2, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band - Wrecking Ball Tour 2012. Prudential Center Newark NJ. Shot from the pit. I do not sell DVDs and I do not give my footage to bootleg re-sellers. I have never made any money from my concert videos. If you see my footage on a DVD that you purchased, It was stolen from YouTube without my permission.
http://wn.com/No_Surrender_Springsteen_Newark_NJ_May_2,_2012
Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band - Wrecking Ball Tour 2012. Prudential Center Newark NJ. Shot from the pit. I do not sell DVDs and I do not give my footage to bootleg re-sellers. I have never made any money from my concert videos. If you see my footage on a DVD that you purchased, It was stolen from YouTube without my permission.
- published: 03 May 2012
- views: 19092
- author: TheMagikRat
Taylor Swift "Fifteen" Live @ The Prudential Center Newark, New Jersey July 20, 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
Taylor Swift "Fifteen" Live @ The Prudential Center Newark, New Jersey July 20, 2011
http://wn.com/Taylor_Swift_Fifteen_Live_@_The_Prudential_Center_Newark,_New_Jersey_July_20,_2011
Taylor Swift "Fifteen" Live @ The Prudential Center Newark, New Jersey July 20, 2011
- published: 21 Jul 2011
- views: 13445
- author: Guy Agron
Iron Maiden - The Prisoner - Live in Newark, New Jersey July 2nd, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:57
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
playing an old favorite live at the prudential center
http://wn.com/Iron_Maiden_The_Prisoner_Live_in_Newark,_New_Jersey_July_2nd,_2012
playing an old favorite live at the prudential center
- published: 03 Jul 2012
- views: 20687
- author: TimLovesMetal
photo: AP / Menahem Kahana
08 Jan 2013
JERUSALEM (Reuters) - It's Bibi against the world on a campaign trail that took the combative Israeli prime minister to a Jewish settlement on Tuesday. Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu attends the weekly cabinet meeting in Jerusalem December 9, 2012. REUTERS/Ammar Awad ... Tweaking his message to match the locality, Netanyahu said ... The danger comes from Iran, which is building nuclear weapons." ... CHEMICAL WEAPONS ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
photo: AP / Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
08 Jan 2013
MOSCOW, January 8 (RIA Novosti) – At least 17 billion Earth-size planets may inhabit the Milky Way galaxy, SPACE.com reported citing a new study by US astronomers ... That translates to a minimum of 17 billion planets as there are about 100 billion stars in the Milky Way ... Over a hundred of candidates have been confirmed as planets so far, NASA said....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Channi Anand
09 Jan 2013
India's Defence Minister A.K ... The Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore June 2, 2012. REUTERS/Tim Chong. Officials said Pakistan's envoy to New Delhi was likely to be summoned during the day to register a protest over Tuesday's incident, in which Pakistani troops crossed the territory's heavily militarised Line of Control (LoC) and fired at an Indian army patrol ... Antony, told reporters in New Delhi ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Richard Drew
09 Jan 2013
A commuter ferry has crashed into the dockside in Lower Manhattan in New York during the morning rush hour, injuring between 30 and 50 people.. The Seastreak Ferry, which provides daily services from Atlantic Highlands in New Jersey, struck Pier 11 in the East River not far from Wall Street at about 8.45am ET (1.45pm GMT). ... told NBC 4 New York....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: US Army / Sgt. Christopher Bonebrake
07 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When Congress granted President Lyndon B. Johnson absolute powers to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression," Congress could have also included "all necessary vanities." ... Johnson smiles and says his new war powers are like grandma's nightshirt-it covers everything.(1) ... Dallas Darling (darling@wn.com)....(size: 5.2Kb)
The Australian
10 Jan 2013
The new plane is undoubtedly Boeing's most visible ... Boeing asserts such growing pains are typical for new models ... New planes like the 787 take years - and hundreds of millions of dollars - to develop ... Last month a United Airlines 787 flying from Houston to Newark, New Jersey, diverted to New Orleans because of an electrical problem with a power distribution panel....(size: 4.8Kb)
The Washington Post
10 Jan 2013
NEWARK, N.J. — The levels of harmful contaminants at Superstorm Sandy cleanup sites in New York and New Jersey have so far not exceeded federal workplace exposure limits, officials said Wednesday ... signal regarding potential exposure to health hazards,” said Robert Kulick, OSHA’s regional administrator in New York, in a statement....(size: 5.5Kb)
noodls
10 Jan 2013
In front of 12,000 drenched New Yorkers, the Scottish-born striker undeterred (or perhaps at home) in the rainy conditions led the U.S ... Army and served in France, before returning to the States in 1919 where he played for two different New Jersey based clubs, Patterson FC and Erie AA ... Stark netted 45 goals in his 69 games played with New York FC from 1921-24 before beginning his incredible run with Bethlehem Steel the following season....(size: 7.3Kb)
NZ Herald
10 Jan 2013
The retiring Julian Dean from GreenEDGE won the New Zealand road championships in 2007 and 2008, Radioshack Nissan Trek pro Hayden Roulston triumphed in 2006 and 2011, while Garmin-Sharp Olympian Jack Bauer beat them both in 2010 ... "It's a very prominent jersey too so if you had the national jersey sitting in front of Greipel who is winning stages of the Tour de France I guess it is helping put New Zealand on the map."....(size: 3.0Kb)
MSNBC
10 Jan 2013
Columbus — The Newark City School district admits a lot of things went wrong last Friday ......(size: 0.7Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
10 Jan 2013
Opening statements are on course to begin tomorrow in the first trial of one of the hundreds of cases included in a Gynecare vaginal mesh mass tort in New Jersey Superior Court, the Rottenstein Law Group reports ... Atl-L-6966-10, Superior Court of Atlantic County, New Jersey (Atlantic City)). The case is the first of the 1,800 Gynecare lawsuits pending in New Jersey Superior Court to go to trial, Bloomberg reports....(size: 3.4Kb)
Star Tribune
10 Jan 2013
Fairleigh Dickinson University found that 73 percent of New Jersey voters approved of the job their Republican governor, Chris Christie, is doing -- near his all-time high ... So grim are things for the Democrats in heavily Democratic New Jersey that the state Senate president, Democrat Stephen Sweeney, apologized Monday after saying Christie wished for Hurricane Sandy to hit New Jersey....(size: 5.0Kb)
Chicago Sun-Times
10 Jan 2013
At a time when it should be focused on anticipated expanded deliveries of its new next generation 787 Dreamliner airplane, Chicago-based Boeing Co ... In December, a United Airlines 787 flight flying from Houston to Newark, N.J., had to divert to New Orleans because of an electrical problem with a power distribution panel, and Qatar Airways grounded one of its 787s because of the same issue....(size: 3.8Kb)
The Examiner
10 Jan 2013
Snooki to debut new line of audio tech gearPantless JWoWW apologizes for 'vile' upskirt photo, reveals real backside'Jersey Shore' star Deena Cortese wants to go 'Dancing with the Stars'Pauly D lands new Las Vegas residency for 2013JWoWW wants summer 2013 wedding to Roger Mathews; Plans hits snag....(size: 1.9Kb)
The Wichita Eagle
10 Jan 2013
The new plane is undoubtedly Boeing's most visible ... Boeing asserts such growing pains are typical for new models ... New planes like the 787 take years - and hundreds of millions of dollars - to develop ... Last month a United Airlines 787 flying from Houston to Newark, N.J., diverted to New Orleans because of an electrical problem with a power distribution panel ... AP Airlines reporter Scott Mayerowitz in New York contributed to this report....(size: 4.6Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
10 Jan 2013
Duggan, a Rider recruit, was a starter on the Red Raiders team that won the South Jersey Group 3 title in 2011. Last season, Ocean City dropped a classic on its home court in the South Jersey Group 3 semifinals to eventual sectional champion Seneca. Duggan returns this season as the top scorer on her team, averaging 15.6 points, and arguably the best rebounder in South Jersey ... New Bryz could benefit Flyers....(size: 25.5Kb)
The Washington Post
10 Jan 2013
“I stepped it up this year ... I want to put on a jersey.”. Loading... 2 jersey soon and said that he plans to be back on the court against Atlanta on Saturday if he doesn’t have any setbacks in practice ... “That was my New year’s resolution and my Christmas present, just to play basketball again ... I’m just ready to put on a jersey, the real jersey — and play — instead of the practice one.”....(size: 5.1Kb)
For other places with the same name, see Newark.
| City of Newark | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
 |
|||
|
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| Nickname(s): The Brick City, The Gateway City | |||
 |
|||
| Census Bureau map of Newark, New Jersey | |||
| Coordinates: 40°43′27″N 74°10′21″W / 40.72422°N 74.172574°W / 40.72422; -74.172574Coordinates: 40°43′27″N 74°10′21″W / 40.72422°N 74.172574°W / 40.72422; -74.172574 | |||
| Country | United States | ||
| State | New Jersey | ||
| County | Essex | ||
| Incorporated | October 31, 1693 (as township) | ||
| Incorporated | April 11, 1836 (as city) | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Faulkner Act (Mayor-Council) | ||
| • Mayor | Cory Booker (D) | ||
| Area[1] | |||
| • Total | 26.107 sq mi (67.617 km2) | ||
| • Land | 24.187 sq mi (62.644 km2) | ||
| • Water | 1.920 sq mi (4.973 km2) 7.35% | ||
| Elevation[2] | 13 ft (4 m) | ||
| Population (2010 Census)[3][4][5] (63rd) | |||
| • Total | 277,140 | ||
| • Density | 11,458.3/sq mi (4,424.1/km2) | ||
| • Demonym | Newarker | ||
| Time zone | Eastern (EST) (UTC-5) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC-4) | ||
| ZIP codes | 07101-07108, 07112, 07114[6] | ||
| Area code(s) | 862/973 | ||
| FIPS code | 34-51000[7][8] | ||
| GNIS feature ID | 0885317[9][1] | ||
| Website | http://www.ci.newark.nj.us/ | ||
Newark ( /ˈnjuː.ərk/)[10] is the largest city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, and the seat of Essex County. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 277,140.[5] It is the 67th largest city in the United States[11] and one of the nation's major air, shipping, and rail hubs.
Newark is located in the heart of New Jersey's Gateway Region, approximately 8 miles (13 km) west of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Its location near the Atlantic Ocean on Newark Bay has helped make its port facility, Port Newark, the key container shipping facility for the New York metropolitan area, and the largest on the East Coast of the United States. It is the home of Newark Liberty International Airport, the first municipal commercial airport in the United States and one of the nation's busiest.[12][13]
Newark is headquarters to numerous corporations such as Prudential Financial and PSEG. It is home to several universities including Rutgers University, the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, the Seton Hall University School of Law, and the New Jersey Institute of Technology, along with hosting the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, the Prudential Center (home of the National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils), as well as numerous other cultural and sports venues.
A culturally diverse city, Newark is divided into five geographical wards, and contains neighborhoods ranging in character from bustling urban districts to quiet suburban enclaves. Newark's Branch Brook Park is the oldest county park in the United States and is home the nation's largest collection of cherry blossom trees, which number about 4,300.[14][15][16]
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Newark, New Jersey
Newark was originally founded in 1666 by Connecticut Puritans led by Robert Treat from the New Haven Colony. The city saw tremendous industrial and population growth during the 19th century and early 20th century, and experienced racial tension and urban decline in the second half of the 20th century, culminated by the 1967 Newark riots. The city has experienced revitalization during the 1990s and early 21st century.
Newark was originally formed as a township on October 31, 1693, based on the Newark Tract, which was first purchased on July 11, 1667. Newark was granted a Royal Charter on April 27, 1713, and was incorporated as one of New Jersey's initial 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. During its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township (April 14, 1794), Caldwell Township (now known as Fairfield Township (February 16, 1798), Orange Township (November 27, 1806), Bloomfield Township (March 23, 1812) and Clinton Township (April 14, 1834, remainder reabsorbed by Newark on March 5, 1902). Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11, 1836, replacing Newark Township, based on the results of a referendum passed on March 18, 1836. The previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1, 1905. In 1926, South Orange Township, changed its name to Maplewood. As a result of this, a portion of Maplewood known as Ivy Hill was reannexed to Newark's Vailsburg.[17]
Geography and climate[link]
Geography[link]
Newark is located at 40°43′27″N 74°10′21″W / 40.72422°N 74.172574°W / 40.72422; -74.172574 (40.72422,-74.172574). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 26.107 square miles (67.617 km2), of which, 24.187 square miles (62.644 km2) of it is land and 1.920 square miles (4.973 km2) of it (7.35%) is water.[18][1] It has the second smallest land area among 100 most populous cities in the U.S, after neighboring Jersey City.[citation needed] The city's altitude ranges from 0 (sea level) in the east to approximately 230 feet (70 m) above sea level in the western section of the city.[19] Newark is essentially a large basin sloping towards the Passaic River, with a few valleys formed by meandering streams. Historically, Newark's high places have been its wealthier neighborhoods. In the 19th century and early 20th century, the wealthy congregated on the ridges of Forest Hill, High Street, and Weequahic.
Until the 20th century, the marshes on Newark Bay were difficult to develop, as the marshes were essentially wilderness, with a few dumps, warehouses, and cemeteries on their edges. During the 20th century, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was able to reclaim much of the marshland for the further expansion of Newark Airport, as well as the growth of the port lands.
Newark is surrounded by residential suburbs to the west (on the slope of the Watchung Mountains), the Passaic River and Newark Bay to the east, dense urban areas to the south and southwest, and middle-class residential suburbs and industrial areas to the north. The city is the center of New Jersey's Gateway Region.
 |
East Orange and Bloomfield Township |
Belleville Twp | East Newark, Harrison and Kearny |
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| Irvington Twp, Maplewood Twp and South Orange Village Twp |
 |
Jersey City | ||
 Newark East |
||||
 |
||||
| Hillside Twp | Elizabeth | Bayonne |
Neighborhoods[link]
Main article: List of neighborhoods in Newark, New Jersey
Newark is New Jersey's largest and second-most diverse city (after neighboring Jersey City).
The city is divided into five political wards,[20] which are often used by residents to identify their place of habitation. In recent years, residents have begun to identify with specific neighborhood names instead of the larger ward appellations. Nevertheless, the wards remain relatively distinct. Industrial uses, coupled with the airport and seaport lands, are concentrated in the East and South Wards, while residential neighborhoods exist primarily in the North, Central, and West Wards.
State law requires that wards be compact and contiguous and that the largest ward may not exceed the population of the smallest by more than 10% of the average ward size. While it is possible that ward boundaries may not need to be changed if population changes in each ward were similar across the city, if the ward boundaries need to be redrawn they will be done so by a board of ward commissioners consisting of two Democrats and two Republicans appointed at the county level and the municipal clerk.[21] Redrawing of ward lines in previous decades have shifted traditional boundaries, so that downtown currently occupies portions of the East and Central Wards. The boundaries of the wards are altered for various political and demographic reasons and sometimes gerrymandered, especially the northeastern portion of the West Ward.
Newark's North Ward is surrounded by Branch Brook Park. Its neighborhoods include Broadway, Mount Pleasant, and the affluent Forest Hill section.[22] Forest Hill contains the Forest Hill Historic District, which is registered on state and national historic registers, and contains many older mansions and colonial homes. A row of residential towers with security guards and secure parking line Mt. Prospect Avenue in the Forest Hill neighborhood. The North Ward has lost geographic area in recent times; its southern boundary is now significantly further north than the traditional boundary near Interstate 280. The North Ward historically had a large Italian population; demographics have transitioned to Latino in recent decades, though the ward as a whole remains ethnically diverse.[22]
The Central Ward, formerly known as the old Third Ward, contains much of the city's original history including the Lincoln Park, Military Park and the James Street Commons Historic Districts. The Ward contains the University Heights, The Coast/Lincoln Park, Government Center, Springfield/Belmont and Seventh Avenue Neighborhoods. Of these neighborhood designations only University Heights, a newer designation for the area that was the subject of the 1968 novel Howard Street by Nathan Heard, is still in common usage. This primarily because of the massive demolition and replacement of old structures and neighborhoods with new. The central ward extends at one point as far north as 2nd Avenue.
In the 19th century the Central Ward was inhabited by Germans and other white Catholic and Christian groups. The German inhabitants were later replaced by Jews, who were then replaced by Blacks. The increased academic footprint in the University Heights Neighborhood has produced a gentrification, with landmark buildings seeing new life. Located in the Central Ward is the largest health sciences university in the nation, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School. It is also home to three other universities – New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Rutgers University - Newark, and Essex County College. The Central Ward forms the present-day heart of Newark. It has 26 public schools, two police precincts, including headquarters, four firehouses, and one branch library.[23]
The West Ward comprises the neighborhoods of Vailsburg, Ivy Hill, West Side, Fairmount and the once affluent Roseville sections. The West Ward, once a predominately Irish-American, Polish, and Ukrainian neighborhood, is now home to neighborhoods composed primarily of Latino, Italian American, African American, Africans and Caribbean Americans.[24]
The South Ward comprises the Weequahic, Clinton Hill, Dayton, and South Broad Valley neighborhoods. The South Ward, once home to residents of predominately Jewish descent, now has ethnic neighborhoods made up primarily of African-Americans, Dominicans, Puerto Ricans and Panamanians. The South Ward is represented by Council Member Ras Baraka. The city’s second-largest hospital, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, can be found in the South Ward, as can 17 public schools, five daycare centers, three branch libraries, one police precinct, a mini precinct, and three fire houses.[25]
Finally, the East Ward consists of Newark's Downtown commercial district, as well as the heavily Portuguese Ironbound neighborhood, where much of Newark's industry was located in the 19th century. Today, due to the enterprise of its immigrant population, the Ironbound (also known as "Down Neck") is a very successful part of Newark. As a transient community, the East Ward has currently transitioned from Portuguese to Brazilian to Latin and South American cultures. East Side High School is the local public high school. There are six elementary schools; Ann Street School, Hawkins Street School, Lafayette Street School, Oliver Street School, South Street School and Wilson Avenue School. It is largely composed of houses packed very closely together, and is one of the most desired sections for new residents.
Climate[link]
Newark has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild winters and hot, humid summers. Its proximity to the ocean has a moderating effect. Also, being near to the Atlantic Ocean means Newark tends to have warmer winters than cities at a similar latitude or even somewhat further south, such as Chicago, Columbus, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis. The January average is 32.3 °F (0.2 °C), and temperatures down to the 15 °F (−9.4 °C) range are not uncommon, though they rarely fall to 0 °F (−18 °C) or below. With a seasonal total of 26 inches (66.0 cm), snow cover does not usually remain for long. Spring in the area is of reasonable length and relatively devoid of temperature extremes. Summers are particularly hot and humid, with a July average of 77.2 °F (25.1 °C), and highs exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on an average 25 days per year.[26] Heat advisories are not uncommon during the summer months, particularly July and August, when temperatures can reach 100 °F (38 °C) with high humidity. The city cools off at a moderate pace during autumn.
The city receives precipitation ranging from 2.9 to 4.7 inches (74 to 119 mm) monthly, usually falling on 8 to 12 days monthly. Measurable snowfall occurs each winter, but in lesser amounts than cities in the Midwest at a similar latitude. The highest recorded temperature was 108 °F (42 °C) on July 22, 2011.
| Climate data for Newark, New Jersey (Newark Liberty Int'l), 1981-2010 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 74 (23) |
76 (24) |
89 (32) |
97 (36) |
99 (37) |
102 (39) |
108 (42) |
105 (41) |
105 (41) |
93 (34) |
85 (29) |
76 (24) |
108 (42) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 39.4 (4.1) |
42.9 (6.1) |
51.3 (10.7) |
62.6 (17.0) |
72.8 (22.7) |
82.1 (27.8) |
86.6 (30.3) |
84.7 (29.3) |
77.3 (25.2) |
66.0 (18.9) |
55.3 (12.9) |
44.1 (6.7) |
63.76 (17.64) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 25.1 (−3.8) |
27.5 (−2.5) |
34.2 (1.2) |
44.3 (6.8) |
53.9 (12.2) |
63.8 (17.7) |
69.2 (20.7) |
68.0 (20.0) |
60.3 (15.7) |
48.5 (9.2) |
39.6 (4.2) |
30.2 (−1.0) |
47.05 (8.36) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −8 (−22) |
−14 (−26) |
6 (−14) |
16 (−9) |
33 (1) |
41 (5) |
51 (11) |
45 (7) |
35 (2) |
25 (−4) |
12 (−11) |
−8 (−22) |
−14 (−26) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) | 3.53 (89.7) |
2.88 (73.2) |
4.18 (106.2) |
4.20 (106.7) |
4.09 (103.9) |
4.02 (102.1) |
4.76 (120.9) |
3.70 (94) |
3.82 (97) |
3.60 (91.4) |
3.65 (92.7) |
3.80 (96.5) |
46.24 (1,174.5) |
| Snowfall inches (cm) | 8.9 (22.6) |
9.5 (24.1) |
4.4 (11.2) |
.9 (2.3) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
.4 (1) |
5.4 (13.7) |
29.5 (74.9) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.4 | 9.8 | 11.0 | 11.5 | 11.3 | 11.0 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 9.5 | 10.6 | 122.2 |
| Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 5.0 | 3.7 | 2.4 | .4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .4 | 2.9 | 14.8 |
| Source: NOAA [27] The Weather Channel (extreme temps, except for Jul record high) [28] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
| Newark, New Jersey | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1790 | 1,000 |
|
|
| 1800 | 6,000 | 500.0% | |
| 1820 | 6,507 |
|
|
| 1830 | 10,953 | 68.3% | |
| 1840 | 17,290 | 57.9% | |
| 1850 | 38,894 | 125.0% | |
| 1860 | 71,941 | 85.0% | |
| 1870 | 105,059 | 46.0% | |
| 1880 | 136,508 | 29.9% | |
| 1890 | 181,830 | 33.2% | |
| 1900 | 246,070 | 35.3% | |
| 1910 | 347,469 | 41.2% | |
| 1920 | 414,524 | 19.3% | |
| 1930 | 442,337 | 6.7% | |
| 1940 | 429,760 | −2.8% | |
| 1950 | 438,776 | 2.1% | |
| 1960 | 405,220 | −7.6% | |
| 1970 | 381,930 | −5.7% | |
| 1980 | 329,248 | −13.8% | |
| 1990 | 275,221 | −16.4% | |
| 2000 | 273,546 | −0.6% | |
| 2010 | 277,140 | 1.3% | |
| Population sources:1840-1930[29] 1930-1990[30] 2000.[31] 2010[3][4][5][32] |
|||
2010 Census[link]
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 277,140 people, 94,542 households, and 61,641 families residing in the city. The population density was 11,458.3 inhabitants per square mile (4,424.1 /km2). There were 109,520 housing units at an average density of 4,528.1 per square mile (1,748.3 /km2). The racial makeup of the city was 26.31% (72,914) White, 52.35% (145,085) African American, 0.61% (1,697) Native American, 1.62% (4,485) Asian, 0.04% (118) Pacific Islander, 15.22% (42,181) from other races, and 3.85% (10,660) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33.83% (93,746) of the population.[3]
There were 94,542 households out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.0% were married couples living together, 28.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.36.[3]
In the city the age distribution of the population shows 25.6% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32.3 years. For every 100 females there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males.[3]
The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $35,659 (with a margin of error of +/- $1,009) and the median family income was $41,684 (+/- $1,116). Males had a median income of $34,350 (+/- $1,015) versus $32,865 (+/- $973) for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,367 (+/- $364). About 22.0% of families and 25.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.9% of those under age 18 and 22.4% of those age 65 or over.[33]
File:Poverty Rates in Newark, New Jersey in 2003 graph.png
Poverty rates, as of 2003
Poverty and lack of investment[link]
Poverty remains a consistent problem in Newark, despite its revitalization in recent years. As of 2010, roughly one-third of the city's population is impoverished.[34] The 1967 riots resulted in White flight, a significant population loss of the city's middle class, many of them Jews, which continued from the 1970s through to the 1990s.[35] The city lost about 130,000 residents between 1960 and 1990. The city's formerly most populous ethnic group, White,[36] declined from 82.8% in 1950 to 26.3% by 2010.[37]
Portions of Newark are rebounding and improving due to the abandonment and demolition of public housing projects, especially the Baxter Terrace area. Baxter Park, a mixed-use development started in July 2011 that will include 400 apartment units along with shopping and recreation space, will replace the 500 units in the original Baxter Terrace development, which was demolished starting in 2008.[38]
Government[link]
Local government[link]
Effective as of July 1, 1954, the voters of the city of Newark, by a referendum held on November 3, 1953 and under the Optional Municipal Charter Law (commonly known as the Faulkner Act), adopted the Faulkner Act (Mayor-Council) Plan C as the form of local government.[39]
There are nine council members are elected on a nonpartisan basis at the regular municipal election or at the general election for terms of four years: one council member from each of five wards and four council members on an at-large basis. The mayor is also elected for a term of four years.
The Municipal Council is the legislative branch of city government. It enacts by ordinance, resolution or motion the local laws which govern the people of the city, and is responsible for approval of the municipal budget, establishment of financial controls, and setting of salaries of elected officials and top appointed administrators. It may reduce or increase appropriations requested by the Mayor. By these methods the Council decides "what" the city will do about any particular matter, and then the Mayor and cabinet members decide "how" to do it. It also renders advice and consent on the Mayor's appointments and policy programs, and may investigate, when necessary, any branch of municipal government. The Council also authorizes a continuing audit by an outside firm, of all city financial transactions.
As established by ordinance, regular public meetings of the Municipal Council are held on the first Wednesday of each month at 1:00 p.m., and the third Wednesday of each month at 7:00 p.m. in the Municipal Council Chamber in City Hall. Exceptions are made for national or religious holidays. During July and August only one meeting is held each month. A special meeting of the Municipal Council may be called by the President or a majority of its members or by the Mayor whenever an emergency requires immediate action.
As of 2012[update], Newark's Municipal Council consists of the following members, all with a term end date of 2014.[40]
- Donald M. Payne, Jr. (Council President/Council Member-at-Large) Who is also a Freeholder-at-Large
- Augusto Amador (Council Member, East Ward)
- Ras J. Baraka (Council Member, South Ward, also Principal, Central High School)
- Mildred C. Crump (Council Member-at-Large)
- Carlos M. Gonzalez (Council Member-at-Large)
- Luis A. Quintana (Council Member-at-Large)
- Anibal Ramos, Jr. (Council Vice President/Council Member, North Ward)
- Ronald C. Rice (Council Member, West Ward)
- Darrin S. Sharif (Council Member, Central Ward)
Federal, state, and county representation[link]
Newark is split between the 10th and 13th Congressional districts and is part of New Jersey's 28th and 29th state legislative district.[41][42]
New Jersey's Tenth Congressional District was represented by Donald M. Payne (D, Newark), until his death on March 6, 2012.[43] New Jersey's Thirteenth Congressional District is represented by Albio Sires (D, West New York). New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Frank Lautenberg (D, Cliffside Park) and Bob Menendez (D, Hoboken).
The 28th District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Ronald Rice (D, Newark) and in the General Assembly by Ralph R. Caputo (D, Belleville) and Cleopatra Tucker (D, Newark).[44] The 29th District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Teresa Ruiz (D, Newark) and in the General Assembly by Alberto Coutinho (D, Newark) and L. Grace Spencer (D, Newark).[45] The Governor of New Jersey is Chris Christie (R, Mendham).[46] The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey is Kim Guadagno (R, Monmouth Beach).[47]
Essex County's County Executive is Joseph N. DiVincenzo, Jr.[48] The executive, along with the Board of Chosen Freeholders administer all county business. The county's Board of Chosen Freeholders consists of nine members, four elected on an at-large basis and one from each of five wards, who serve terms of office on a concurrent basis.[49] As of 2011 Essex County's Freeholders are Freeholder President Blonnie R. Watson (at large)[50], Freeholder Vice President Ralph R. Caputo (District 5)[51], Rufus I. Johnson (at large)[52], Donald M. Payne, Jr. (at large)[53], Patricia Sebold (at large)[54], Samuel Gonzalez (District 1)[55], D. Bilal Beasley (District 2)[56], Carol Y. Clark (District 3)[57] and Linda Lordi Cavanaugh (District 4).[58][59]
Politics[link]
On the national level, Newark leans strongly toward the Democratic Party. In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama received 91% of the vote.[60]
Political corruption[link]
Newark has been marred with episodes of political corruption throughout the years. Five of the last seven Mayors of Newark have been indicted on criminal charges, including the last three Mayors: Hugh Addonizio, Kenneth Gibson, and Sharpe James. As reported by Newsweek: "... every mayor since 1962 (except the current one, Cory Booker) has been indicted for crimes committed while in office."[61]
Addonizio was mayor of Newark from 1962 to 1970. A son of Italian immigrants, a tailor and WWII veteran, he ran on a reform platform, defeating the incumbent, Leo Carlin, who, ironically, he characterized as corrupt and a part of the political machine of the era. During the 1967 riots, it was found that Addonizio and other city officials were taking kickbacks from city contractors. He was convicted of extortion and conspiracy in 1970, and was sentenced to ten years in federal prison.[62]
His successor was Kenneth Gibson, the city's first African American mayor, elected in 1970. He pleaded guilty to federal tax evasion in 2002 as part of a plea agreement on fraud and bribery charges. During his tenure as Mayor in 1980, he was tried and acquitted of giving out no-show jobs by an Essex County jury.[63]
Sharpe James, who defeated Gibson in 1986 and declined to run for a sixth term in 2006, was indicted on 33 counts of conspiracy, mail fraud, and wire fraud by a federal grand jury sitting in Newark. The grand jury charged that James illegally used city-owned credit cards for personal gain, illegally spending $58,000, and that James orchestrated a scheme to sell city-owned land at below-market prices to his companion, who immediately re-sold the land to developers and gained profit of over $500,000. James had an initial appearance on July 12, 2007 and entered a plea of not guilty to the 25 counts facing him. However, James was eventually found guilty on fraud charges by a federal jury on April 17, 2008 for his role in the conspiring to rig land sales at nine city-owned properties. The former mayor was sentenced to serve up to 27 months in prison.
Crime[link]
In 1996, Time magazine ranked Newark "The Most Dangerous City in the Nation."[64] By 2007, however, the city recorded a total of 99 homicides for the year, representing a significant drop from the record of 161 murders set in 1981.[65][66][67][68] The number of murders in 2008 dropped to 65, a decline of 30% from the previous year and the lowest in the city since 2002 when there were also 65 murders.[69]
However, in 2011 Newark recorded 90 homicides, after experiencing 86 homicides in 2010.[70] Overall, there was a 6 percent increase in crime numbers over the previous year. Along with the increase in crime, the Newark Police Department increased its recovery of illegally-owned guns in 2011 to 696, up from 278 in 2010.[70]
After being forced to lay off 162 officers due to economic reasons in 2010, the NPD was able to rehire eight of those officers in 2012, with plans for another 17 rehires later in the year.[70]
Economy[link]
Newark has over 300 types of business. These include 1,800 retail, 540 wholesale establishments, eight major bank headquarters (including those of New Jersey's three largest banks), and twelve savings and loan association headquarters. Deposits in Newark-based banks are over $20 billion.[citation needed]
Newark is the third-largest insurance center in United States, after New York City and Hartford. The Prudential Financial and Mutual Benefit Life companies originated in Newark. The former, one of the largest insurance companies in the world, is still headquartered in Newark. Many other companies are headquartered in the city, including International Discount Telecommunications, New Jersey Transit, Public Service Enterprise Group (PSEG), and Horizon Blue Cross and Blue Shield of New Jersey.
Though Newark is not the industrial colossus of the past, the city does have a considerable amount of industry. The southern portion of the Ironbound, also known as the Industrial Meadowlands, has seen many factories built since World War II, including a large Anheuser-Busch brewery. The service industry is also growing rapidly, replacing those in the manufacturing industry, which was once Newark's primary economy. In addition, transportation has become a large business in Newark, accounting for 24,000 jobs in 1996.
Newark based companies:
- Prudential Financial
- Panasonic (starting in 2013)
- IDT Corporation
- Horizon Blue Cross and Blue Shield of New Jersey
- Net2Phone
- PSEG
- McCarter & English, LLP
- New Jersey Transit
- Manischewitz[71]
The Consulate-General of Ecuador in New Jersey is located on the 4th Floor at 400 Market Street.[72] The Consulate-General of Portugal is located at the main floor of the Legal Center at One Riverfront Plaza.[73] The Vice Consulate of Italy is located in Suite 100 at 1 Gateway Center.[74] The Mission of the Central African Republic to the United Nations is located in Suite 2008 at 51 Clifton Avenue in Newark.[75]
Panasonic plans to leave their longtime headquarters in nearby Secaucus, New Jersey and move its North American headquarters to a 250,000 square feet (23,000 m2) space in Newark in 2013, as part of a deal in which the company would receive over $100 million in tax incentives to add to the 800 employees it already has in New Jersey.[76]
Port Newark[link]
Main article: Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal
Port Newark is the part of Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal and the largest cargo facility in the Port of New York and New Jersey. Located on Newark Bay, it is run by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and serves as the principal container ship facility for goods entering and leaving the New York metropolitan region and the northeastern quadrant of North America. The Port moved over $100 billion in goods in 2003, making it the 15th busiest in the world at the time, but was the number one container port as recently as 1985.[77] Plans are underway for billions of dollars of improvements - larger cranes, bigger railyard facilities, deeper channels, and expanded wharves.[78]
Urban Enterprise Zone[link]
Portions of Newark are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the Zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3½% sales tax rate (versus the 7% rate charged statewide).[79]
Education[link]
Colleges and universities[link]
Newark is the home of the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Rutgers University in Newark, Seton Hall University School of Law, the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (Newark Campus), Essex County College, and a Berkeley College campus. Most of Newark's academic institutions are located in the city's University Heights district. Rutgers-Newark and NJIT are in the midst of major expansion programs, including plans to purchase, and sometimes raze, surrounding buildings, as well as revitalize current campuses. With more students requesting to live on campus, the universities have plans to build and expand several dormitories. Such overcrowding is contributing to the revitalization of nearby apartments. Nearby restaurants primarily serve college students. Well-lit, frequently policed walks have been organized by the colleges to encourage students to venture downtown.
Public schools[link]
File:Educational Attainment of People in Newark, New Jersey in 2003 graph.png
Educational attainment, as of 2003
The Newark Public Schools, a state-operated school district, is the largest school system in New Jersey. The district is one of 31 Abbott Districts statewide.[80] As of the 2009-10 school year, the district's 75 schools had an enrollment of 39,443 students and 2,685 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.69.[81]
The city's public schools are among the lowest-performing in the state, even after the state government decided to take over management of the city's schools in 1995, which was done under the presumption that improvement would follow. The school district continues to struggle with low high school graduation rates and low standardized test scores. A notable exception to this was Science Park High School, which was the 69th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 322 schools statewide, in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2010 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", after being ranked 50th in 2008 out of 316 schools. Technology High School has a GreatSchools rating of 9/10 and is ranked 165th in the 2010 "Top High Schools" in New Jersey Monthly out of 322 schools statewide. Newark high schools in the bottom 10% of the magazine's 2010 rankings included Central (274th), East Side (293rd), Newark Vocational (304th), Weequahic (310th), Barringer (311th), Malcolm X Shabazz (314th) and West Side (319th).[82] The total school enrollment in Newark city was 75,000 in 2003. Pre-primary school enrollment was 12,000 and elementary or high school enrollment was 46,000 children. College enrollment was 16,000. As of 2003, 64% of people 25 years and over had at least graduated from high school and 11% had a bachelor's degree or higher. Among people 16 to 19 years old, 10% were dropouts; they were not enrolled in school and had not graduated from high school.[83] Facebook's creator Mark Zuckerberg donated $100 million to the district on September 24, 2010. Zuckerberg said he chose Newark because he believes in them.[84]
Charter schools in Newark include the Robert Treat Academy Charter School, a National Blue Ribbon School drawing students from all over Newark. It remains one of the top performing K-8 schools in New Jersey based on standardized test scores.[85] University Heights Charter School is another charter school, serving children in grades K-5, recognized as a 2011 Epic Silver Gain School.[86] Gray Charter School, like Robert Treat, also won a Blue Ribbon Award.[87] Also, Newark Collegiate Academy (NCA) opened in August 2007 and currently serves 420 students in grades 9-12. It will ultimately serve over 570 students, mostly matriculating from other charter schools in the area.[88]
Private schools[link]
The city hosts three high schools as part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark.[89] The coeducational Christ The King Prep, founded in 2007, is part of the Cristo Rey Community; Saint Benedict's Preparatory School is an all-boys Roman Catholic high school founded in 1868 and conducted by the Benedictine monks of Newark Abbey, whose campus has grown to encompass both sides of MLK Jr. Blvd. near Market Street and includes a dormitory for boarding students; and Saint Vincent Academy, is an all girls Roman Catholic high school founded and sponsored by the Sisters of Charity of Saint Elizabeth and operated continuously since 1869.
Link Community School is a non-denominational coeducational day school located serving approximately 128 students in seventh and eighth grades. The Newark Boys Chorus School was founded in the 1960s.[90] The University Heights Charter School teaches 160 students in grades K-5.
Culture[link]
Architecture and sculptures[link]
See also: List of tallest buildings in Newark and National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New Jersey
There are several notable Beaux-Arts buildings, such as the Veterans' Administration building, the Newark Museum, the Newark Public Library, and the Cass Gilbert-designed Essex County Courthouse. Notable Art Deco buildings include several 1920s era skyscrapers, such as the National Newark Building (Newark's tallest building), the restored Newark Penn Station, and Arts High School. Gothic architecture can be found at the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart by Branch Brook Park, which is one of the largest gothic cathedrals in the United States. It is rumored to have as much stained glass as the Cathedral of Chartres. Newark also has two public sculpture works by Gutzon Borglum — Wars of America in Military Park and Seated Lincoln in front of the Essex County Courthouse. Moorish Revival buildings include Newark Symphony Hall and the Prince Street Synagogue, one of the oldest synagogue buildings in New Jersey.
Performing arts[link]
Newark is home to the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, located near Military Park, which since its opening in 1997 has become one the most visited in the United States.[91] NJPAC is involved in the construction of One Theater Square, a mixed-use skyscraper in the heart of the cultural district. The center's programs world renowned national and international music, dance, and theater.
Prior to the opening of the performing arts center, Newark Symphony Hall was home to the New Jersey Symphony, the New Jersey State Opera, and the Garden State Ballet, which stills maintains an academy there.[92] The 1925 neo-classic building, originally built by the Shriners, has three performance spaces, including the main concert named in honor of famous Newarker Sarah Vaughn. The venue programs rhythm and blues, rap, hip-hop, and gospel music concerts, and is part of the modern day Chitlin circuit.
The Newark Boys Chorus founded in 1966, has gained a world-wide reputation, performs regularly in the city. The Arican Globe Theater Works presents a new works seasonally. The biennal Geraldine R. Dodge Poetry Festival took place in Newark for the first time in 2010.[93][94]
Venues at the universities in the city are also used to present professional and semi-professional theater, dance, and music. Since its opening the Prudential Center in 2007 has presented Bon Jovi, Diana Ross, Katy Perry, Lady Gaga, Britney Spears, The Eagles, Hannah Montana/Miley Cyrus, Spice Girls, Jonas Brothers, Metro Station, Metallica, Alicia Keys, Demi Lovato, David Archuleta, Taylor Swift & American Idol Live!, among others.
Museums, libraries, and galleries[link]
The Newark Museum is the largest in New Jersey. It has a first-class American art collection and its Tibetan collection is considered one of the best in the world. The museum also contains science galleries, a planetarium, a gallery for children's exhibits, a fire museum, a sculpture garden and an 18th century schoolhouse. Also part of the museum is the historic John Ballantine House, a restored Victorian mansion which is a National Historic Landmark. The museum co-sponsors the Newark Black Film Festival, which has premiered numerous films since its founding in 1974.[95]
The city is also home to the New Jersey Historical Society, which has rotating exhibits on New Jersey and Newark. The Newark Public Library, the state's largest system with 11 locations, also produces a series of historical exhibits. The library houses more than a million volumes and has frequent exhibits on a variety of topics, many featuring items from its Fine Print and Special Collections.
In February 2004, plans were announced for a new Smithsonian-affiliated Museum of African American Music to be built in the city's Coast/Lincoln Park neighborhood. The museum will be dedicated to black musical styles, from gospel to rap. The new museum will incorporate the facade of the old South Park Presbyterian Church, where Abraham Lincoln once spoke.[96]
On December 9, 2007 the Jewish Museum of New Jersey,[97] located at 145 Broadway in the Broadway neighborhood held its grand opening. The museum is dedicated to the rich cultural heritage of New Jersey’s Jewish people. The museum is housed at Ahavas Sholom,[98] the last continually operating synagogue in Newark. At one time there were fifty synagogues in Newark serving a Jewish population of 70,000, once the sixth largest Jewish community in the United States.
Newark is also home to numerous art galleries including Aljira, City Without Walls, Gallery Aferro, Rupert Ravens Contemporary, Sumei Arts Center,[99] and the Paul Robeson Galleries[100] at Rutgers-Newark.
In April 2010 it was announced that a new Children's Museum of New Jersey may be created across from Newark Penn Station.[101]
Professional sports[link]
While there have been many sports teams in Newark proper, it has spent much of its history without an NBA, NHL, or NFL team actually located in the city itself. The Meadowlands Sports Complex which hosts NYC metropolitan area teams, is about five miles from downtown.
| Club | Sport | Founded | League | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Jersey Devils | Ice Hockey | 1974 (Moved to Newark in 2007.) | NHL | Prudential Center |
| Red Bulls | Soccer | 1995 (Moved to Harrison, a suburb of Newark in 2010.) | MLS | Red Bull Arena |
| Newark Bears | Baseball | 1998 | Can-Am League | Riverfront Stadium |
| New York Liberty | Basketball | 1997 (Will play in Newark from 2011-2013 while Madison Square Garden undergoes summer renovations.) | WNBA | Prudential Center |
Baseball[link]
Although the city has never had an MLB team, they were home to a Federal League team. Newark has a rich history in baseball as it was one of the first cities with professional baseball teams. Newark had eight National Association of Baseball Players (NABBP) teams, including the Newark Eurekas and the Newark Adriatics. Newark was then home to the Newark Indians of the International League and then to the Newark Peppers of the Federal League, sometimes nicknamed the Newfeds. Newark was also home to the Negro League team the Newark Dodgers and the Newark Eagles for which the Bears and Eagles Riverfront Stadium is partially named. Although Newark has had a rich history in baseball and currently has a minor league team, it has never had an MLB team. The current Newark minor league team, the revived Newark Bears, play at Bears and Eagles Riverfront Stadium, a stop on the Newark Light Rail. The Bears are part of the independent Atlantic League, which also has teams in Bridgewater Township and Camden.
Football[link]
Newark had a team which competed in the first American Football League in 1926, the Newark Bears. A short-lived NFL franchise named the Newark Tornadoes folded in 1930. In 1937, the AFL team the Orange Tornadoes moved to Newark, becoming the Newark Tornadoes which competed in the AA's Southern Division. In 1939, the Tornadoes were purchased by Chicago Bears owner George Halas as a farm team, eventually moving to Akron, Ohio.[102] In 1946, they were replaced by the Newark Bombers, which in 1947 moved to Bloomfield, New Jersey and became the Bloomfield Cardinals.
Hockey[link]
Newark was without a National Hockey League team until Fall of 2007, when the New Jersey Devils took to the ice for the first time in the Prudential Center.
Soccer[link]
The indoor soccer team New Jersey Ironmen plays in the Prudential Center. In Harrison, across from the Ironbound neighborhood, Red Bull Arena serves as the home stadium for the New York Red Bulls soccer team. A pedestrian bridge linking the two cities at the Riverbank Park/Minish Park is planned as part of the Passaic River promenade.[103]
Basketball[link]
Newark gained an NBA tenant for the first time when the then-New Jersey Nets moved to the city in 2010, though the move was temporary as the team completed construction of its own arena, the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York for the 2012–13 season. In the WNBA, the New York Liberty will play in Newark until renovations of Madison Square Garden are completed in 2013.
A professional basketball team in the American Basketball Association, the Newark Express was introduced to the city in 2005. The team formerly played their home at Essex County College and Drew University in Madison and now play at East Orange Campus High School.
Local media[link]
Newark does not have any major television network affiliates due to its proximity to New York City. However, WNET, a flagship station of the Public Broadcasting Service, and Spanish-language WFUT-TV, a TeleFutura owned-and-operated station, are licensed to Newark. The state's leading newspaper, The Star-Ledger, owned by Advance Publications, has editorial offices in Newark. Radio Station WJZ (now WABC (AM)) made its first broadcast in 1921 from the Westinghouse plant near Lackawanna Station. It moved to New York City in the 1920s. Pioneer radio station WOR AM was originally licensed to and broadcast from the Bamberger's Department Store in Newark. Radio Station WNEW-AM (now WBBR) was founded in Newark in 1934. It later moved to New York City. In addition, WBGO, a National Public Radio affiliate that reaches New York City with a format of standard and contemporary jazz, is located in downtown Newark. WNSW AM-1430 (formerly WNJR) and WQXR (which was formerly WHBI and later WCAA) 105.9 FM are also licensed to Newark. A news website, www.localtalknews.com, was launched in early 2010.
Film[link]
Life of Crime was originally produced 1988 in Newark with a sequel in 1998.[104] Street Fight is a film about the 2002 mayoral election. New Jersey Drive is a 1995 film about the city when it was "car theft capital of the world".[105] In 2009, the Sundance Channel aired Brick City, a five-part documentary about Newark, focusing on the community's attempt to become a better and safer place to live, against a history of nearly a half century of violence, poverty and official corruption. The second season premiered January 30, 2011.[106]
Transportation[link]
Early history[link]
Innovation and improvements to methods of transportation in Newark could arguably be traced back to the completion of the Morris Canal within Newark. With the canal in place, a greater number of goods and resources were brought in and shipped out at a much greater rate on a regular basis. This ultimately led to increased settlement in Newark, vastly increasing the population for years to come. As the city came to be more and more congested, further means of transportation were sought; eventually leading to horse drawn trolleys which eventually became electric trolleys that ran down the main streets of downtown Newark including Broad Street and up Market Street near the courthouse. The trolley cars did not last long as the personal motor vehicle quickly gained popularity and slowly made the trolley system seem like a burden.[107] The Morris Canal also saw its days come to an end, only to be more recently used by the Newark City Subway, now known as the Newark Light Rail. Even today, many of the subway stations still portray the Canal in its original state in the form of mosaic works.
Present day[link]
Newark is a hub of air, road, rail, and ship traffic, making it a significant gateway into the New York metropolitan area and the northeastern United States.[108] Newark Liberty International Airport, the second-busiest airport in the New York region and the 14th-busiest in the United States (in terms of passenger traffic),[109] had 403,429 plane movements, transported 33,107,041 passengers, 860,845 tons of cargo and processed 82,479 tons of airmail in 2010.[110] Just east of the airport lies Port Newark, the fifteenth-busiest port in the world and the largest container port on the East Coast of the United States. In 2003, the port moved over $100 billion in goods.
Newark is served by numerous highways including the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95), Interstate 280, Interstate 78, the Garden State Parkway, U.S. Route 1/9, U.S. Route 22, and Route 21. Newark is connected to the Holland Tunnel and Lower Manhattan by the Pulaski Skyway, spanning both the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers.
Local streets in Newark conform to a quasi-grid form, with major streets radiating outward (like spokes on a wheel) from the downtown area. Some major roads in the city are named after the towns to which they lead, including South Orange Avenue, Springfield Avenue, and Bloomfield Avenue. These are some of the oldest roads in the city.
Newark is second in the U.S. to New York City in the proportion of households without an automobile, and is extensively served by mass transit. Newark Penn Station, situated just east of downtown, is a major train station, connecting the interurban PATH system (which links Newark to Manhattan) with three New Jersey Transit commuter rail lines and Amtrak service to Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. Only one mile north, the Newark Broad Street Station is served by two commuter rail lines. The two train stations are linked by the Newark Light Rail system, which also provides services from Newark Penn Station to Newarks's northern communities and into the neighboring towns of Belleville and Bloomfield. Built in the bed of the Morris Canal, the light rail cars run underground in Newark's downtown area. The city's third train station, Newark Liberty International Airport, connects the Northeast Corridor and North Jersey Coast Line to the airport via AirTrain Newark. Bus service in Newark is provided by New Jersey Transit, CoachUSA contract operators, and DeCamp in North Newark.
Newark is served by New Jersey Transit bus routes 1, 5, 11, 13, 21, 25, 27, 28, 29, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 59, 62, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 99, 107, and 108. Bus route 308 is an express bus route to Six Flags Great Adventure from Newark Penn Station while 319 is an express service to Atlantic City.[111]
The go bus 25 and go bus 28 are bus rapid transit lines through the city to Irvington, Bloomfield, and Newark Liberty.[112] [113]
Health and safety[link]
Hospitals and medical care[link]
Newark is home to four hospitals. University Hospital is the principal teaching hospital of the UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School and is the busiest Level I trauma center in the state.[114] UMDNJ also provides emergency medical services to the city. Newark Beth Israel Medical Center is the largest hospital in the city and is a part of Barnabas Health, the state's largest system of hospital and health care facilities.[115] Beth Israel is also one of the oldest hospitals in the city, dating back to 1901. This 669-bed regional facility is also home to the Children's Hospital of New Jersey. Catholic Health East operates St. Michael's Medical Center. Hospitals that have been closed over the past years include the St. James Hospital, Columbus Hospital, Mount Carmel Guild Hospital and the United Hospitals Medical Center.
Emergency Medical Services[link]
UMDNJ Staffs a full time EMS system off of Cabinet Street behind the old Martland hospital building. The department operates a 24/7 fleet of 10 BLS units staffed with two EMTs, 5 ALS units staffed with two paramedics (units cover Port Newark, EWR, and most of Essex County), one Heavy Rescue unit, one Critical Care unit staffed with one paramedic and one nurse, and 2 Field Supervisors. University Hospital EMS (UH-EMS) carries special operations equipment that can cover any sepctrum of disaster. The fast-paced EMS system is the busiest system per unit in the nation. On average, a BLS unit may be sent to 20-25 dispatches in a 12-hour shift. UMDNJ also operates the Regional Emergency Medical Communications Service (REMCS), the regional dispatch center for UH-EMS as well as state-wide disaster management and the JEMSTAR medivac program, managing inter-facility and on-scene medivac requests to the state's aircraft (Northstar, Southstar, MEDIVAC1, Monoc Air 1, Atlantic Air 1, Atlantic Air 2). Staffed at all times by 6 EMD certified dispatchers, REMCS also dispatches the Orange, Maplewood, and Irvington NJ fire departments. The EMS system in Newark handles upwards of 150,000 requests for service annually.
Fire Department[link]
The City of Newark is protected 24/7, 365 by the 700 professional paid firefighters of the city of Newark Fire Department(NFD). Founded in 1863, the NFD operates out of 16 Fire Stations, located throughout the city in 4 Battalions. The NFD also operates a front line fire apparatus fleet of 15 Engines, 8 Trucks, 1 Rescue, 4 Hazmat Units, a Foam Unit, a Mobile Command Unit, 1 Fireboat, and numerous other special, support, and reserve units. The Newark Fire Department responds to on average, approximately 50,000 emergency calls annually.
On October 1, 2010, the NFD removed Battalion 1 from service and distributed the command of its Fire Stations and Companies over the remaining 4 Battalions. Also, Engine 12, Engine 16, and Truck 1 were disbanded from service.[116][117][118]
| Engine Company | Truck Company | Special Unit | Battalion | Address | Neighborhood |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Engine 5 | 65 Congress St. | North Ironbound | |||
| Engine 6 | Deputy 1 | 344 Springfield Ave. | Springfield/Belmont | ||
| Engine 7 | Battalion 6 | 129 Sigourney St. | University Heights | ||
| Engine 9 | Battalion 3 | 197 Summer Ave. | Mount Pleasant/Lower Broadway | ||
| Engine 10 | Truck 5 | 360 Clinton Ave. | South Broad Street | ||
| Engine 11 | Truck 11 | Rescue 1, Haz-Mat. 1 | 345 S. 9th St. | Fairmount | |
| Engine 13 | Truck 6 | 718 Mount Prospect Ave. | Forest Hill | ||
| Engine 14 | 71 Vesey St. | South Ironbound | |||
| Engine 15 | Truck 7 | 271 Park Ave. | Lower Roseville | ||
| Truck 8 | 473 Ferry St. | North Ironbound | |||
| Engine 18 | Battalion 4 | 395 Avon Ave. | West Side | ||
| Engine 19 | 528 Frelinghuysen Ave. | Newark Liberty International Airport | |||
| Engine 26 | Truck 12 | 420 Sanford Ave. | Lower Valisburg | ||
| Engine 27 | Truck 4 | Battalion 5 | 89 Elm Rd. | South Ironbound | |
| Engine 28 | 691 N. 6th St. | Upper Roseville | |||
| Engine 29 | Truck 10 | 86 Clinton Pl. | Weequahic |
Up until 2010, Fire Station # 1, located at 191 Orange St. houses Truck 1, Rescue 1, and Haz-Mat. 1. Currently, it no longer houses active fire companies, however it is the headquarters of the department's Special Operations Division and houses Haz-Mat. 2, the Haz-Mat. Spill Unit, the Decon. Unit, the Foam Unit, the Mobile Command Unit, and many other Special Operations Units. Like other stations in the city, it also houses a fleet of reserve/spare fire apparatuses. Also, the Special Services and Fire Alarm Line Divisions are located at 56 Prospect St.(former quarters of Engine 5) in the North Ironbound neighborhood.
International relations[link]
Twin towns - sister cities[link]
Newark has eleven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:[119]
Freeport, Bahamas
Douala, Cameroon
Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
Aveiro, Portugal
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Banjul, Gambia
Kumasi, Ghana- Porto Alegre, Brazil
Monrovia, Liberia
Ganja, Azerbaijan- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Governador Valadares, Brazil
- Reserva, Paraná, Brazil
Elected officials, past and present[link]
Main article: List of Mayors of Newark, New Jersey
Main article: List of elected officials in Newark, New Jersey
Notable residents[link]
Main article: List of Newark, New Jersey people
See also[link]
- Brick City (TV series) - a documentary series based on current Mayor Cory Booker's term
References[link]
- Notes
- ^ a b c Gazetteer of New Jersey Places, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: City of Newark, Geographic Names Information System. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Newark city, Essex County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ a b Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Newark city, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ a b c The Counties and Most Populous Cities and Townships in 2010 in New Jersey: 2000 and 2010, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ ZIP codes for Newark, New Jersey, United States Postal Service. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ A Cure for the Common Codes: New Jersey, Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed May 15, 2012.
- ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ Wells, J.C.. Pronunciation Dictionary. Longman.
- ^ Table 27. Incorporated Places With 175,000 or More Inhabitants in 2010—Population: 1970 to 2010, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ History of Newark Liberty International Airport, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ Facts & Information, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ "Student scientists track nation's largest collection of cherry blossom trees at Essex County park". The Star-Ledger. August 13, 2010. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/08/aspiring_scientists_track_coun.html. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
- ^ Hinds, Kate (March 25, 2012). "Cherry Blossom Trees Flourish in Newark". WNYC. http://culture.wnyc.org/articles/features/2012/mar/25/newarks-cherry-blossom-trees. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
- ^ Drew Anne, Scarantino (March 14, 2011), "In Full Bloom", New Jersey Monthly, http://njmonthly.com/articles/events/in-full-bloom-2011.html, retrieved 2012-04-10
- ^ Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 130. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ^ The Official Website of the City of Newark, NJ. 2005. Accessed May 28, 2012.
- ^ "Newark City Ward Boundaries (2000)". Rutgers University. 2000. http://policy.rutgers.edu/cupr/rcopc/data_atlas/6.pdf. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ Reock, Ernest C., Jr. "Redistricting New Jersey After the Census of 2010", Rutgers University Center for Government Studies, March 2008, pp. 7-9. Accessed 2011-09-13. "The law requires that wards be formed of compact and contiguous territory. The most precise requirement is that the population of the largest ward may not exceed the population of the smallest ward by more than 10% of the mean average population of the wards."
- ^ a b "City of Newark, NJ - North Ward". Ci.newark.nj.us. http://www.ci.newark.nj.us/residents/neighborhood_services/north_ward.php. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ "City of Newark, NJ - Central Ward". City of Newark. http://www.ci.newark.nj.us/residents/neighborhood_services/central_ward.php. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ "City of Newark, NJ - West Ward". City of Newark. http://www.ci.newark.nj.us/residents/neighborhood_services/west_ward.php. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ "City of Newark, NJ - South Ward". Ci.newark.nj.us. http://www.ci.newark.nj.us/residents/neighborhood_services/south_ward.php. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ "NCDC: U.S. Climate Normals". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/nj/286026.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for Newark Liberty International Airport". The Weather Channel. http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/vacationplanner/wxclimatology/monthly/EWR:9. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 - Population Volume I", United States Census Bureau, p. 711. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1930 - 1990, Workforce New Jersey Public Information Network, backed up by the Internet Archive as of May 2, 2009. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Newark city, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers New Jersey's 2010 Census Population Totals". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-03. http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn15.html. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
- ^ DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Newark city, Essex County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ Wilwohl, Joshua (Sept 26 2011). "Report: Newarkers Among New Jersey's Poorest". Newark Patch. patch.com. http://newarknj.patch.com/articles/report-newarkers-among-new-jerseys-poorest. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
- ^ Burr, Ty. "Heart of Stone: Seeing the good one man can do", The Boston Globe, October 22, 2009. Accessed February 15, 2012. "The twin forces of light at Weequahic are principal Ron Stone and the school’s alumni association, the latter made up almost entirely of white middle-class Jews. Until the Newark riots and ensuing white flight crippled the neighborhood in the late 1960s, Weequahic was one of the country’s finest schools..."
- ^ "New Jersey - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
- ^ "Newark (city), New Jersey". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/34/3451000.html.
- ^ Giambusso, David. "Newark's Baxter Terrace to be replaced with housing, retail space, park in $130M project", The Star-Ledger, July 14, 2011. Accessed February 15, 2012. "Ground was broken today on the first phase of 'Baxter Park,' which will bring housing, retail space and parkland to the Central Ward.The $130 million project, between Broad Street Station, NJIT, St. Michael’s Hospital and Route 280 will replace the 70-year-old, 502-unit complex now being demolished. Fewer than 400 units will go up in their stead and not all will be affordable for low-income residents."
- ^ 2005 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book, Rutgers University Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, April 2005, p. 125.
- ^ Municipal Officials, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ Municipalities Grouped by 2011-2020 Legislative Districts, New Jersey Department of State, p. 13. Accessed March 7, 2012.
- ^ Districts by Number for 2011-2020, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed March 7, 2012.
- ^ Hernandez, Raymond. "Donald M. Payne, First Black Elected to Congress From New Jersey, Dies at 77", The New York Times, March 6, 2012. Accessed March 7, 2012. "Representative Donald M. Payne, a former chairman of the Congressional Black Caucus who achieved a long-held goal of becoming the first black congressman from New Jersey, died on Tuesday in Livingston, N.J. He was 77."
- ^ Legislative Roster 2012-2013 Session, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 11, 2012.
- ^ Legislative Roster 2012-2013 Session, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 11, 2012.
- ^ "About the Governor". New Jersey. http://www.nj.gov/governor/about/. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
- ^ "About the Lieutenant Governor". New Jersey. http://www.nj.gov/governor/lt/. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
- ^ Essex County Executive, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed January 3, 2011.
- ^ Definition of a Freeholder, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed January 3, 2011.
- ^ Blonnie R. Watson, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed January 3, 2011.
- ^ Ralph R. Caputo, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed January 3, 2011.
- ^ Rufus I. Johnson, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed January 3, 2011.
- ^ Donald M. Payne, Jr., Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed January 3, 2011.
- ^ Patricia Sebold, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed January 3, 2011.
- ^ Samuel Gonzalez, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed January 3, 2011.
- ^ D. Bilal Beasley, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed January 3, 2011.
- ^ Carol Y. Clark, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed January 3, 2011.
- ^ Linda Lordi Cavanaugh, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed January 3, 2011.
- ^ The Board of Chosen Freeholders, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed January 3, 2011.
- ^ "New Jersey Division of Elections". State.nj.us. http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/results_2009_doe.html. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ Andrew Romano (2010-03-10). "The Swamps of Jersey - The Daily Beast". Newsweek.com. http://www.newsweek.com/2010/03/10/the-swamps-of-jersey.html. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
- ^ Josh Barbanel (1981-02-02). "HUGH J. ADDONIZIO, 67, EX-MAYOR OF NEWARK JAILED 5 YEARS, DEAD". nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/02/obituaries/hugh-j-addonizio-67-ex-mayor-of-newark-jailed-5-years-dead.html. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
- ^ Wally Edge (2007-07-12). "The Newark Tradition | Politicker NJ". Politicsnj.com. http://www.politicsnj.com/newark-tradition-10260. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
- ^ Fried, Carla (1996-11-27). "AMERICA'S SAFEST CITY: AMHERST, N.Y.; THE MOST DANGEROUS: NEWARK, N.J.". MONEY Magazine. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/moneymag_archive/1996/11/27/225088/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- ^ Lueck, Thomas J. "As Newark Mayor Readies Crime Fight, Toll Rises", The New York Times, January 8, 2007. Accessed 2007-10-06. "For all of 2006, the police said, Newark had 104 homicides, far below its record of 161 in 1981, but more than in any other year since 1995."
- ^ Murr, Andrew; and Noonoo, Jemimah. "A Return To The Bad Old Days?", Newsweek, August 17, 2007. "Murders rose 27 percent in Newark (population 280,000) in the past two years, as killings rose from 83 in 2004 to 104 last year. So far, the pace this year is slower—61 deaths since January."
- ^ This link contains a reference to a June 11, 2007 article in Newsday stating that "Meanwhile, homicides in Newark have jumped from 65 in 2002 to 113 last year, with nonfatal shootings also on the rise."
- ^ Newark and New York Comparative Crime Ratios per 100,000 People, areaConnect. Accessed 2007-10-07.
- ^ Schweber, Nate. "Newark Murder Rate Dropped 30 Percent in 2008", The New York Times, January 3, 2009. Accessed February 15, 2012. "Newark recorded 67 homicides in 2008, according to the police, the fewest since 2002, when there were 65. In 2007, there were 97 homicides; in 2006, just over 100."
- ^ a b c Eustachewich, Lia. Newark Releases 2011 Crime Statistics, Newark Patch. January 26, 2012. Accessed May 3, 2012.
- ^ Verdon, Joan. "Manischewitz calls Newark a key ingredient in its growth plan", Herald News, June 15, 2011. Accessed March 31, 2012. "Newark landed the new corporate headquarters of The Manischewitz Co., executives said Tuesday, because city officials provided one crucial ingredient — they moved quickly to solve problems."
- ^ "Contacto." Consulate-General of Ecuador. Accessed 2009-01-26.
- ^ Consulados. Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros. Accessed 2009-01-26.
- ^ Official Website of the Vice Consulate of Italy in Newark. Vice Consulate of Italy in Newark. Accessed 2009-01-26.
- ^ United Nations Member States. United Nations. Accessed 2009-01-26.
- ^ Morley, Hugh R. "Hartz withdraws suit over Panasonic move", The Record (Bergen County), September 12, 2011. Accessed 2011-09-13.
- ^ Lipton, Eric. "New York Port Hums Again, With Asian Trade", The New York Times, November 22, 2004. Accessed 2011-09-13. "New York is not the only seaport lifted by the tide of Asian imports. No one expects it to regain its status as the world's busiest container port - a title it held until 1985 - or the nation's. Today it is ranked 15th in the world, 3rd in the United States."
- ^ Terminal Improvements, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Accessed 2011-09-13.
- ^ Geographic & Urban Redevelopment Tax Credit Programs: Urban Enterprise Zone Employee Tax Credit, State of New Jersey, backed up by the Internet Archive as of May 25, 2009. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ Abbott Districts, New Jersey Department of Education, backed up by the Internet Archive as of May 15, 2009. Accessed 2011-08-26.
- ^ District information for the Newark School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed 2011-08-26.
- ^ Staff. "2010 Top High Schools", New Jersey Monthly, August 16, 2010. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ US Census, Accessed 2007-03-27. Archived March 11, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Johson, Carla K.; Mulvilhill, Geoff (24 September 2010), "Facebook CEO announces $100M gift to NJ schools", News Journal (Gannett); from Associated Press (Chicago), http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20100924/BUSINESS/100924027/-1/NLETTER02, retrieved 24 September 2010
- ^ History, Robert Treat Academy Charter School. Accessed 2011-09-13.
- ^ University Heights Charter School wins national award LocalTalkNews.com. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
- ^ About Us GreyCharterSchool.com. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
- ^ About NCA TeamSchools.org. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
- ^ Essex County Secondary Schools. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. Accessed February 14, 2012.
- ^ About Us, Newark Boys Chorus School. Accessed 2011-12-07.
- ^ NJPAC achieves 180 million fundraising goal for nation's sixth largest performing arts center and the forth largest arts education program of a performing arts center Newjerseynewsroom.com. Accessed 2009-11-18.
- ^ "Newark Symphony Hall". Newark Symphony Hall. http://www.newarksymphonyhall.org/index.php. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
- ^ "GoNewark website". Gonewark.com. http://www.gonewark.com/. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
- ^ "Dodge Poetry Festival Awarded To Newark And New Jersey Performing Arts Center" (PDF). http://ws1.njpac.org/joomla/images/PDF/dpf_final.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ "Newark Black Film Festival". Newarkmuseum.org. 2011-08-03. http://www.newarkmuseum.org/museum_pages.aspx?id=240. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
- ^ "Lincoln Park Coast Cultural District/Museum of African American Music". Smithsonian Institution. http://affiliations.si.edu/AffiliateDetail.Asp?AffiliateID=143. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
- ^ "Jewish Museum of New Jersey". Jewishmuseumnj.org. http://www.jewishmuseumnj.org. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
- ^ "Congregation Ahavas Sholom". Ahavassholom.org. http://www.ahavassholom.org. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
- ^ "GoNewark website:Galleries". Gonewark.com. http://www.gonewark.com/arts.html. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
- ^ "Paul Robeson Galleries". Andromeda.rutgers.edu. http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/artgallery/current/index.html. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
- ^ "Children's Museum of New Jersey will add another gem to Newark's downtown". NJ.com. 2010-04-11. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/04/childrens_museum_of_new_jersey.html. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ Staff. "Bears to Aid Tornadoes", The New York Times, August 22, 1939. Accessed March 31, 2012.
- ^ Chamberlain, Liza (March 1, 2006), "A New Newark Moves Closer to Reality", The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/01/realestate/commercial/01newark.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1338072412-JzhRAFCNweg1n3r/b0Eh2g, retrieved 2012-05-25
- ^ Kannapell, Andrea. "CITY LIFE; Giving Away a Film's Ending: It's Not Happy", The New York Times, December 13, 1998. Accessed 2012-01-19. "And the backdrop to these unhappy lives, the Ironbound -- a residential and industrial section outlined in Newark's southeast corner by various train lines -- emerges as a vicious trap of a neighborhood, a painful counterpoint to downtown Newark's spreading veneer of investment and municipal energy."
- ^ Quinn, Zachary. "Analysis of New Jersey Drive", University of Minnesota Duluth. Accessed 2012-01-19. "The story takes place in Newark, New Jersey, the car theft capital of the world. And in this urban setting we find the young African American teens involved in stealing cars and dodging police in what can be described as empty lives, no goals, no focus and no direction. The only thing that these young men are interested in is the ride."
- ^ About the series Brick City, Sundance Channel. Accessed 2012-01-19.
- ^ Transportation and the Shaping of the Physical Environment In an Urban Place: Newark. Drummond, James O.. NYU Dissertation.
- ^ "New Jersey’s Long-Range Transportation Plan" (PDF). http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/works/njchoices/pdf/newark.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ Enplanements at Primary Airports (Rank Order) CY10, Federal Aviation Administration, October 26, 2011. Accessed April 11, 2012.
- ^ Newark Liberty International Airport: Facts & Information, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Accessed April 11, 2012.
- ^ Essex County Bus/Rail Connections, New Jersey Transit, backed up by the Internet Archive as of May 22, 2009. Accessed 2011-08-26.
- ^ "go bus 25". New Jersey Transit. http://www.njtransit.com/var/var_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=GoBus25To. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ "go bus 28". New Jersey Transit. http://www.njtransit.com/var/var_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=GoBus28To. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ [Romano, Jay. "A Busy Weekend At Trauma Center", The New York Times, September 19, 1993. Accessed March 11, 2012. "And so began a typical weekend at the busiest trauma center in New Jersey."
- ^ Keller, Susan Jo. "NEW JERSEY DAILY BRIEFING;Hospitals Consider Partnership", The New York Times, November 6, 1995. Accessed March 11, 2012. "Newark Beth Israel, founded in 1901 and the only hospital in New Jersey that performs heart and lung transplants, has 607 beds and about 3,300 employees."
- ^ Newark Fire Department, City of Newark. Accessed 2011-09-13.
- ^ Newark Fire Department Stations, City of Newark. Accessed 2011-09-13.
- ^ Home page, Newark Fire History. Accessed 2011-09-13.
- ^ Online Directory: New Jersey, USA, Sister Cities International, backed up by Internet Archive as of January 1, 2008. Accessed 2008-10-25.
- Further reading
- Ezra Shales. Made in Newark: Cultivating Industrial Arts and Civic Identity in the Progressive Era (Rivergate Books/Rutgers University Press; 2010) 302 pages
- Stummer, Helen M. (1994). No Easy Walk: Newark, 1980–1993. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-56639-242-X.
- 2005-Newark's land use plan including historical data
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Newark, New Jersey |
 |
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Newark, New Jersey. |
- Official website
- Go Newark visitor guide
- Newark Downtown District
- Downtown Newark Guide by The Star-Ledger
- Ironbound Business Improvement District
- U.S. Census Bureau - State & County QuickFacts
http://wn.com/Newark,_New_Jersey
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. state of New Jersey. For other uses, see New Jersey (disambiguation).
"NJ" redirects here. For other uses, see Nj (disambiguation).
| State of New Jersey | |||||
|
|||||
| Nickname(s): The Garden State[1] | |||||
| Motto(s): Liberty and prosperity | |||||
 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | None | ||||
| Demonym | New Jerseyan,[2] New Jerseyite[3] | ||||
| Capital | Trenton | ||||
| Largest city | Newark | ||||
| Area | Ranked 47th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 8,721 sq mi (22,608 km2) |
||||
| - Width | 70 miles (112 km) | ||||
| - Length | 170 miles (273 km) | ||||
| - % water | 14.9 | ||||
| - Latitude | 38° 56′ N to 41° 21′ N | ||||
| - Longitude | 73° 54′ W to 75° 34′ W | ||||
| Population | Ranked 11th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 8,821,155 (2011 est)[4] | ||||
| - Density | 1189/sq mi (459/km2) Ranked 1st in the U.S. |
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| - Median household income | $70,378 (2nd) | ||||
| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest point | High Point[5][6] 1,803 ft (549.6 m) |
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| - Mean | 250 ft (80 m) | ||||
| - Lowest point | Atlantic Ocean[5] sea level |
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| Before statehood | Province of New Jersey | ||||
| Admission to Union | December 18, 1787 (3rd) | ||||
| Governor | Chris Christie (R) | ||||
| Lieutenant Governor | Kim Guadagno (R) | ||||
| Legislature | New Jersey Legislature | ||||
| - Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - Lower house | General Assembly | ||||
| U.S. Senators | Frank Lautenberg (D) Bob Menendez (D) |
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| U.S. House delegation | 7 Democrats, 6 Republicans (list) | ||||
| Time zone | Eastern: UTC -5/-4 | ||||
| Abbreviations | NJ N.J. US-NJ | ||||
| Website | www.nj.gov | ||||
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| Bird(s) | Eastern Goldfinch |
| Fish | Brook trout |
| Flower(s) | Viola sororia |
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| Insect | European honey bee |
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| Tree | Quercus rubra |
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| Colors | Buff and Blue |
| Dance | Square Dance |
| Fossil | duck-billed dinosaur |
| Gemstone | None |
| Mineral | None |
| Soil | Honeoye |
| Song(s) | None |
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New Jersey (i/nuː ˈdʒɜrzi/) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the U.S. state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the 4th least extensive, but the 11th most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies mostly within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is also the third wealthiest by 2009–2010 median household income.[7]
The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements.[8] The British later seized control of the region,[9] naming it the Province of New Jersey. It was granted as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. At this time, it was named after the largest of the British Channel Islands, Jersey, Carteret's birthplace.[10] New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War.
In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Elizabeth, Paterson, and Trenton helped to drive the Industrial Revolution. New Jersey's position at the center of the Northeast megalopolis, between Boston and New York City to the northeast, and Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. to the southwest, fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the 1950s and beyond.
Contents |
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of New Jersey
See also: List of counties in New Jersey
New Jersey is bordered on the north and northeast by New York (parts of which are across the Hudson River, Upper New York Bay, the Kill Van Kull, Newark Bay, and the Arthur Kill); on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the southwest by Delaware across Delaware Bay; and on the west by Pennsylvania across the Delaware River.
New Jersey can be thought of as five regions, based on natural geography and population. Northeastern New Jersey, the Gateway Region, lies within the New York City Metropolitan Area, and some residents commute into the city to work. Northwestern New Jersey, or the "Skylands", is, compared to the northeast, more wooded, rural, and mountainous. The "Shore", along the Atlantic Coast in the central-east and southeast, has its own natural, residential, and lifestyle characteristics owing to its location by the ocean. The Delaware Valley includes the southwestern counties of the state, which reside within the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area. The fifth region is the Pine Barrens in the interior of the southern part. Covered rather extensively by mixed pine and oak forest, it has a much lower population density than much of the rest of the state.
New Jersey also can be broadly divided into three geographic regions: North Jersey, Central Jersey, and South Jersey. Some New Jersey residents do not consider Central Jersey a region in its own right, but others believe it is a separate geographic and cultural area from the North and South.
The federal Office of Management and Budget divides New Jersey's counties into seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas, including sixteen counties in the New York City or Philadelphia metro areas. Four counties have independent metro areas, and Warren County is part of the Pennsylvania-based Lehigh Valley metro area. (See Metropolitan Statistical Areas of New Jersey for details.)
It is also at the center of the Northeast megalopolis.
Additionally, the New Jersey Commerce, Economic Growth, & Tourism Commission divides the state into six distinct regions to facilitate the state's tourism industry. The regions are:
- Gateway Region, encompassing Middlesex County, Union County, Essex County, Hudson County, Bergen County, and Passaic County.
- Skylands Region, encompassing Sussex County, Morris County, Warren County, Hunterdon County, and Somerset County.
- Shore Region, encompassing Monmouth County and Ocean County.
- Delaware River Region, encompassing Mercer County, Burlington County, Camden County, Gloucester County, and Salem County.
- Greater Atlantic City Region, encompassing Atlantic County.
- Southern Shore Region, encompassing Cumberland County and Cape May County.
High Point, in Montague Township, Sussex County, is the highest elevation, at 1,803 feet (550 m). The Palisades are a line of steep cliffs on the lower west side of the Hudson River.
Major rivers include the Hudson, Delaware, Raritan, Passaic, Hackensack, Rahway, Musconetcong, Mullica, Rancocas, Manasquan, Maurice, and Toms rivers.
Sandy Hook, along the eastern coast, is a popular recreational beach. It is a barrier spit and an extension of the Barnegat Peninsula along the state's Atlantic Ocean coast.
Long Beach Island ("LBI"), a barrier island along the eastern coast, has popular recreational beaches. The primary access point to the island is by a single bridge connection to the mainland. Barnegat Lighthouse is on the northern tip.
Areas managed by the National Park Service include:
- Appalachian National Scenic Trail
- Delaware National Scenic River
- Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area
- Ellis Island National Monument
- Gateway National Recreation Area in Monmouth County
- Great Egg Harbor River
- Morristown National Historical Park in Morristown
- New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route
- New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve
- Thomas Edison National Historical Park in West Orange
Prominent geographic features include:
- Delaware Water Gap
- Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge
- The Highlands
- New Jersey Meadowlands
- Pine Barrens
- South Mountain
Climate[link]
As with many other geographic features, New Jersey's climate divides into regions. The south, central, and northeast parts of the state have a humid mesothermal climate, while the northwest has a humid continental climate (microthermal), with slightly cooler temperatures due to higher elevation. New Jersey receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually.[12]
Summers are typically hot and humid, with statewide average high temperatures of 82–88 °F (28–31 °C) and lows of 60–70 °F (16–21 °C); however, temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average 25 days each summer, though rarely exceed 100 °F (38 °C). Winters are usually cold, with average high temperatures of 38–46 °F (3–8 °C) and lows of 26–32 °F (-3–0 °C) for most of the state, but temperatures could, for brief interludes, be as low as 10–20 °F (-12–-7 °C) and sometimes rise to 50–60 °F (10–16 °C). Northwestern parts of the state have slightly colder winters with average temperatures just below freezing. Spring and autumn may feature wide temperature variations, with lower humidity than summer.[13]
Average annual precipitation ranges from 43 to 51 inches (1,100 to 1,300 mm), uniformly spread through the year. Average snowfall per winter season ranges from 10–15 inches (25–38 cm) in the south and near the seacoast, 15–30 inches (38–76 cm) in the northeast and central part of the state, to about 40–50 inches (1.0–1.3 m) in the northwestern highlands, but this varies from year to year. Precipitation falls on an average of 120 days a year, with 25 to 30 thunderstorms, most of which occur during the summer.
During winter and early spring, New Jersey can in some years experience "nor'easters", which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States. Hurricanes and tropical storms (such as Tropical Storm Floyd in 1999[14]), tornadoes, and earthquakes are rare.
| Average high and low temperatures in various cities of New Jersey °C (°F) | |||||||||||||
| City | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sussex | 1/-10 (33/14) | 3/-9 (38/16) | 8/-4 (46/25) | 15/2 (59/36) | 21/7 (70/45) | 26/12 (78/54) | 28/15 (83/59) | 28/14 (82/57) | 23/9 (73/48) | 17/3 (63/38) | 11/-1 (52/30) | 4/-6 (39/21) | |
| Newark | 3/-4 (38/25) | 5/-3 (41/27) | 10/1 (50/34) | 16/7 (61/45) | 22/12 (72/54) | 27/18 (81/64) | 29/21 (84/70) | 28/20 (82/68) | 24/16 (75/61) | 18/9 (64/48) | 12/4 (54/39) | 6/-1 (43/30) | |
| Atlantic City | 5/-2 (42/28) | 6/-1 (44/30) | 9/3 (48/38) | 14/7 (57/45) | 19/13 (66/56) | 24/18 (75/64) | 27/21 (80/70) | 27/21 (80/70) | 23/18 (73/64) | 18/12 (64/54) | 13/6 (55/44) | 8/1 (46/34) | |
| Cape May | 6/-3 (43/27) | 6/-2 (43/28) | 11/2 (52/36) | 16/6 (61/43) | 21/12 (70/54) | 26/17 (79/63) | 29/19 (84/66) | 28/19 (82/66) | 25/16 (77/61) | 19/9 (66/48) | 13/4 (55/39) | 8/-1 (46/30) | |
| Weather.com[15] | |||||||||||||
History[link]
Main article: History of New Jersey
Around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains. Around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as many rivers, swamps, and gorges.[16]
New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time Europeans arrived. The Lenape were loosely organized groups that practiced small-scale agriculture (mainly based on corn) in order to increase their largely mobile hunter-gatherer society in the region surrounding the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. The Lenape society was divided into matrilinear clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign: Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf. They first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade.
Colonial era[link]
Main article: Colonial history of New Jersey
New Jersey was first claimed by the Dutch. The Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of land ownership was not recognized by the Lenape, Dutch West India Company policy required their colonists to purchase land which they settled. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship named Pavonia along the North River which eventually became the Bergen. Peter Minuit's purchase of lands along the Delaware River establish the colony of New Sweden. The entire region became a territory of England in 1664, when an English fleet under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into what is today New York Harbor and took control of Fort Amsterdam, annexing the entire province.
During the English Civil War the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the Crown and gave sanctuary to the King. It was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was first proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York (later King James II), the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony (as opposed to a royal colony). James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River (the land that would become New Jersey) to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton. The area was named the Province of New Jersey.
Since the state's inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic and religious diversity. New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants. While the majority of residents lived in towns with individual landholdings of 100 acres (40 ha), a few rich proprietors owned vast estates. English Quakers and Anglicans owned large landholdings. Unlike Plymouth Colony, Jamestown and other colonies, New Jersey was populated by a secondary wave of immigrants who came from other colonies instead of those who migrated directly from Europe. New Jersey remained agrarian and rural throughout the colonial era, and commercial farming only developed sporadically. Some townships, such as Burlington on the Delaware River and Perth Amboy, emerged as important ports for shipping to New York and Philadelphia. The colony's fertile lands and tolerant religious policy drew more settlers, and New Jersey boasted a population of 120,000 by 1775.
Settlement for the first 10 years of English rule was along Hackensack River and Arthur Kill and settlers came primarily from New England. Unlike other colonies that were settled by immigrants from Europe, New Jersey was populated by a secondary wave of settlement from communities already established on the North American continent. March 18, 1673, Berkeley sold his half of the colony to Quakers in England, who settled the Delaware Valley region as a Quaker colony. (William Penn acted as trustee for the lands for a time.) New Jersey was governed very briefly as two distinct provinces, East and West Jersey, for 28 years between 1674 and 1702, at times part of the Province of New York or Dominion of New England.
In 1702, the two provinces were reunited under a royal, rather than a proprietary, governor. Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, became the first governor of the colony as a royal colony. Lord Cornbury was an ineffective and corrupt ruler, taking bribes and speculating on land, so in 1708 he was recalled to England. New Jersey was then ruled by the governors of New York, but this infuriated the settlers of New Jersey, who accused those governors of favoritism to New York. Judge Lewis Morris led the case for a separate governor, and was appointed governor by King George II in 1738.[17]
Revolutionary War era[link]
Main article: New Jersey during the American Revolution
New Jersey was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. The New Jersey Constitution of 1776 was passed July 2, 1776, just two days before the Second Continental Congress declared American Independence from Great Britain. It was an act of the Provincial Congress, which made itself into the state Legislature. To reassure neutrals, it provided that it would become void if New Jersey reached reconciliation with Great Britain.
New Jersey representatives Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, and Abraham Clark were among those who signed the United States Declaration of Independence.
During the American Revolutionary War, British and American armies crossed New Jersey numerous times, and several pivotal battles took place in the state. Because of this, New Jersey today is often referred to as "The Crossroads of the Revolution." The winter quarters of the revolutionary army were established there twice by General George Washington in Morristown, which was called the military capital of the revolution.
On December 25, 1776, the Continental Army under George Washington crossed the Delaware River. After the crossing, he surprised and defeated the unprepared Hessian troops in the Battle of Trenton. Slightly more than a week after victory at Trenton, on January 3, 1777, American forces gained an important victory by stopping General Cornwallis's charges at the Second Battle of Trenton. By evading Cornwallis's army, Washington made a surprise attack on Princeton and successfully defeated the British forces there. Emanuel Leutze's painting of Washington Crossing the Delaware became an icon of the Revolution.
American forces under Washington met the forces under General Henry Clinton at the Battle of Monmouth in an indecisive engagement in June 1778. Washington attempted to take the British column by surprise; when the British army attempted to flank the Americans, the Americans retreated in disorder. The ranks were later reorganized and withstood the British charges.
In the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall at Princeton University, making Princeton the nation's capital for four months. It was there that the Continental Congress learned of the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the war.
On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution, which was overwhelmingly popular in New Jersey, as it prevented New York and Pennsylvania from charging and keeping tariffs on goods imported from Europe. On November 20, 1789, the state became the first in the newly formed Union to ratify the Bill of Rights.
The 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to "all inhabitants" who had a certain level of wealth. This included women and blacks, but not married women, because they could not own property separately from their husbands. Both sides, in several elections, claimed that the other side had had unqualified women vote and mocked them for use of "petticoat electors" (entitled to vote or not); on the other hand, both parties passed Voting Rights Acts. In 1807, the legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal white male suffrage, excluding paupers. (This was less revolutionary than it sounds: the "constitution" was itself only an act of the legislature.)[18]
19th century[link]
Main article: New Jersey in the 19th century
On February 15, 1804, New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish new slavery and enacted legislation that slowly phased out existing slavery. This led to a gradual scale-down of the slave population. By the close of the Civil War about a dozen African Americans in New Jersey were still apprenticed freedmen. New Jersey voters initially refused to ratify the constitutional amendments banning slavery and granting rights to the United States' black population.
In 1844, the second state constitution was ratified and brought into effect. Counties thereby became districts for the State Senate, and some realignment of boundaries (including the creation of Mercer County) immediately followed. This provision was retained in the 1947 Constitution, but was overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1962 by the decision Baker v. Carr. While the Governorship was stronger than under the 1776 constitution, the constitution of 1844 created many offices that were not responsible to him, or to the people, and it gave him a three-year term, but he could not succeed himself.
Unlike the Revolutionary War, no Civil War battles took place within the state. However, throughout the course of the Civil War, over 80,000 from New Jersey enlisted in the Northern army to defeat the Southern Confederacy.
New Jersey was one of the few Northern states (the others being Delaware and Kentucky) to select a candidate other than Abraham Lincoln twice in national elections, and sided with Stephen Douglas (1860) and George B. McClellan (1864) during their campaigns. McClellan later became governor (1878–81). During the Civil War, the state was led first by Republican Governor Charles Smith Olden, then by Democrat Joel Parker.
In the Industrial Revolution, cities like Paterson grew and prospered. Previously, the economy had been largely agrarian, which was problematically subject to crop failures and poor soil. This caused a shift to a more industrialized economy, one based on manufactured commodities such as textiles and silk. Inventor Thomas Edison also became an important figure of the Industrial Revolution, having been granted 1,093 patents, many of which for inventions he developed while working in New Jersey. Edison's facilities, first at Menlo Park and then in West Orange, are considered perhaps the first research centers in the U.S. Christie Street in Menlo Park was the first thoroughfare in the world to have electric lighting. Transportation was greatly improved as locomotion and steamboats were introduced to New Jersey.
Iron mining was also a leading industry during the middle to late 19th century. Bog iron pits in the Southern New Jersey Pinelands were among the first sources of iron for the new nation.[19] Mines such as Mt. Hope, Mine Hill and the Rockaway Valley Mines created a thriving industry. Mining generated the impetus for new towns and was one of the driving forces behind the need for the Morris Canal. Zinc mines were also a major industry, especially the Sterling Hill Mine.
20th century[link]
Main article: New Jersey in the 20th century
Through both World Wars, New Jersey was a center for war production, especially in naval construction. Battleships, cruisers, and destroyers were all made in this state. In addition, Fort Dix (1917) (originally called "Camp Dix"),[20] Camp Merritt (1917)[21] and Camp Kilmer (1941)[22] were all constructed to house and train American soldiers through both World Wars. New Jersey also became a principal location for defense in the Cold War. Fourteen Nike Missile stations were constructed, especially for the defense of New York City and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. PT-109, a motor torpedo boat commanded by Lt. (j.g.) John F. Kennedy in World War II, was built at the Elco Boatworks in Bayonne. The aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CV-6) was briefly docked at the Military Ocean Terminal in Bayonne in the 1950s before she was sent to Kearney to be scrapped.[23] In 1962, the world's first nuclear-powered cargo ship, the NS Savannah, was launched at Camden.
New Jersey prospered through the Roaring Twenties. The first Miss America Pageant was held in 1921 in Atlantic City, the first drive-in movie was shown in 1933 in Camden, and the Holland Tunnel opened in 1927. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the state offered begging licenses to unemployed residents,[24] the zeppelin airship Hindenburg crashed in flames over Lakehurst, and the SS Morro Castle beached itself near Asbury Park after going up in flames while at sea.
In 1951, the New Jersey Turnpike opened, permitting fast travel by car and truck between North Jersey (and metropolitan New York) and South Jersey (and metropolitan Philadelphia).
In the 1960s, race riots erupted in many of the industrial cities of North Jersey. The first race riots in New Jersey occurred in Jersey City on August 2, 1964. Several others ensued in 1967, in Newark and Plainfield. Other riots followed the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in April 1968, just as in the rest of the country. A riot occurred in Camden in 1971.
As a result of an order from the New Jersey Supreme Court to fund schools equitably, the New Jersey legislature reluctantly passed an income tax bill in 1976. Prior to this bill, the state had no income tax.[25]
21st century[link]
Originally competing at Giants Stadium before moving to adjacent MetLife Stadium in 2010, the Giants and Jets franchises felt the Meadowlands and its sports venues were outdated by today's professional sports standards. This also led to the Devils' relocation from the Izod Center to the Prudential Center in Newark at the start of the 2007–08 season. The Brooklyn Nets, also formerly based at the Izod Center, left for the Prudential Center in 2010 for two NBA seasons. The team then relocated to Brooklyn, New York at the Barclays Center for the 2012–13 season.
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1790 | 184,139 |
|
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| 1800 | 211,149 | 14.7% | |
| 1810 | 245,562 | 16.3% | |
| 1820 | 277,575 | 13.0% | |
| 1830 | 320,823 | 15.6% | |
| 1840 | 373,306 | 16.4% | |
| 1850 | 489,555 | 31.1% | |
| 1860 | 672,035 | 37.3% | |
| 1870 | 906,096 | 34.8% | |
| 1880 | 1,131,116 | 24.8% | |
| 1890 | 1,444,933 | 27.7% | |
| 1900 | 1,883,669 | 30.4% | |
| 1910 | 2,537,167 | 34.7% | |
| 1920 | 3,155,900 | 24.4% | |
| 1930 | 4,041,334 | 28.1% | |
| 1940 | 4,160,165 | 2.9% | |
| 1950 | 4,835,329 | 16.2% | |
| 1960 | 6,066,782 | 25.5% | |
| 1970 | 7,168,164 | 18.2% | |
| 1980 | 7,364,823 | 2.7% | |
| 1990 | 7,730,188 | 5.0% | |
| 2000 | 8,414,350 | 8.9% | |
| 2010 | 8,791,894 | 4.5% | |
| Source: 1910–2010[26] | |||
State population[link]
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of New Jersey was 8,821,155 on July 1, 2011, a 0.33% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[4] Residents of New Jersey are most commonly referred to as "New Jerseyans" or "New Jerseyites". As of the census[27] of 2010[update], there were 8,791,894 people residing in the state. The racial makeup of the state was 68.6% White, 13.7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 8.3% Asian, 6.4% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. 17.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino. Non-Hispanic Whites were 59.3% of the population in 2010,[28] down from 85% in 1970.[29]
The United States Census Bureau, as of July 1, 2009 (2009 -07-01)[update], estimated New Jersey's population at 8,707,739,[30] which represents an increase of 268,301, or 3.2%, since the last census in 2000.[31] This includes a natural increase since the last census of 343,965 people (that is, 933,185 births minus 589,220 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 53,930 people out of the state.[31] Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 384,687 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 438,617 people.[31] As of 2005[update], there were 1.6 million foreign-born living in the state (accounting for 19.2% of the population).[32]
As of 2010, New Jersey is the eleventh-most populous state in the United States, and the most densely populated, at 1,185 residents per square mile (458 per km2), with most of the population residing in the counties surrounding New York City, Philadelphia, and along the eastern Jersey Shore, while the extreme southern and northwestern counties are relatively less dense overall. It is also the second wealthiest state according to the U.S. Census Bureau.[33]
The center of population for New Jersey is located in Middlesex County, in the town of Milltown, just east of the New Jersey Turnpike.[34]
New Jersey is home to more scientists and engineers per square mile than anywhere else in the world.[35]
| By race | White | Black | AIAN* | Asian | NHPI* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 (total population) | 79.16% | 14.98% | 0.61% | 6.28% | 0.13% |
| 2000 (Hispanic only) | 11.87% | 1.29% | 0.20% | 0.10% | 0.05% |
| 2005 (total population) | 77.68% | 15.19% | 0.66% | 7.70% | 0.15% |
| 2005 (Hispanic only) | 13.66% | 1.45% | 0.22% | 0.12% | 0.06% |
| Growth 2000–05 (total population) | 1.68% | 5.01% | 11.60% | 27.06% | 18.52% |
| Growth 2000–05 (non-Hispanic only) | -1.41% | 3.89% | 8.86% | 27.17% | 17.30% |
| Growth 2000–05 (Hispanic only) | 19.21% | 16.92% | 17.36% | 20.28% | 20.68% |
| * AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | |||||
New Jersey is one of the most ethnically and religiously diverse states in the country. It has the second largest Jewish population by percentage (after New York);[36] the second largest Muslim population by percentage (after Michigan); the largest population of people from Costa Rica in the United States; the largest population of Cubans outside of Florida; the third highest Asian population by percentage; and the third highest Italian population by percentage according to the 2000 Census. African Americans, Hispanics and Latinos, and Arabs are also high in number. It has the third highest Indian population of any state by absolute numbers.[37][38][39][40] It has the third largest Korean population, fourth largest Filipino population, and fourth largest Chinese population, per the 2000 U.S. Census. The five largest ethnic groups are: Italian (17.9%), Irish (15.9%), African (13.6%), German (12.6%), Polish (6.9%).
Newark is the fourth poorest city in America,[41] but New Jersey as a whole has the second highest median household income.[42] This is largely because so much of New Jersey consists of suburbs, most of them affluent, of New York City and Philadelphia. New Jersey is also the most densely populated state, and the only state that has had every one of its counties deemed "urban" as defined by the Census Bureau's Combined Statistical Area.[43]
The state has very sizable enclaves of different non-English-speaking communities. Some of these languages include:
- Spanish – spoken throughout the state.
- Italian – spoken throughout the state.
- Polish – spoken throughout the state.
- Gujarati – spoken throughout the state.
- Hindi – spoken throughout the state.
- Tagalog – spoken throughout the state.
- Mandarin Chinese – spoken throughout the state, most prominently in the northern and central counties.
- Korean – spoken prominently in Bergen County.
- Telugu – spoken prominently in Middlesex County and Hudson County.
- Tamil – spoken prominently in Middlesex County and Hudson County.
- Malayalam – spoken prominently in Bergen County.
- Portuguese – spoken prominently in the Ironbound section of Newark.
- Turkish – spoken prominently in the Little Istanbul section of Paterson.
- Russian – spoken prominently in the Fair Lawn borough of Bergen County.
Each county's largest ethnic group, according to the 2000 Census, is:
- Italian — Passaic, Bergen, Union, Hudson, Morris, Somerset, Middlesex, Mercer, Monmouth, Ocean, Atlantic, Cumberland[40]
- Irish — Sussex, Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, Cape May[40]
- German — Warren, Hunterdon, Salem[40]
6.7% of its population was reported as under age 5, 24.8% under 18, and 13.2% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.5% of the population.
According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 12.31% of the population aged 5 and over speak Spanish at home, while 1.12% speak Italian, 1.03% speak Portuguese, and 1.02% speak Tagalog (Filipino).[46]
In 2010, illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 6.4% of the population. This was the fourth highest percentage of any state in the country.[47][48]
Religion[link]
See also: Religion in New Jersey
| Religious group | % |
|---|---|
| Catholic | 37 |
| None | 15 |
| Baptist | 8 |
| Methodist | 6 |
| Refused to identify | 5 |
| Christian (no denomination stated) |
4 |
| Jewish (by religion only) |
2 |
| Other | 4 |
| Presbyterian | 4 |
| Lutheran | 3 |
| Episcopalian/Anglican | 2 |
| Other Protestant | 2 |
| Jehovah's Witness | 1 |
| Mormon/LDS | 1 |
| Muslim/Islamic | 1 |
| Non-denominational | 1 |
| Pentecostal | 1 |
| Assemblies of God | * |
| Buddhist | * |
| Church of Christ | * |
| Church of God | * |
| Congregational/UCC | * |
| Evangelical | * |
| Seventh Day Adventist | * |
*Less than 0.5%
Economy[link]
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Jersey's gross state product in 2010 was $487 billion.[50][51] As of January 2012[update], the state's unemployment rate is 9%.[52][53][54]
Affluence[link]
Its per capita gross state product in 2008 was $54,699, 2nd in the U.S. and above the national per capita gross domestic product of $46,588.[55] Its per-capita income was the third highest in the nation with $51,358.[55] The state also has the highest percentage of millionaire households.[56] It is ranked 2nd in the nation by the number of places with per capita incomes above national average with 76.4%. Nine of New Jersey's counties are in the wealthiest 100 of the country.
Fiscal policy[link]
New Jersey has seven tax brackets for determining income tax rates. The rates range from 1.4 to 8.97%. The standard sales tax rate is 7%, applicable to all retail sales unless specifically exempt by law. Exemptions include most food items for at-home preparation, medicines, clothing (except fur items), footwear, and disposable paper products for use in the home. Approximately 30 New Jersey municipalities are designated as Urban Enterprise Zones and shoppers are charged a 3½% tax rate, half of the rate charged outside the UEZs. Sections of Elizabeth and Jersey City are examples of communities that are subject to the lower sales tax rate. New Jersey has the highest tax rate of all 50 states with residents paying a total of $68 billion in state and local taxes annually with a per capita burden of $7,816 at a rate of 12.9% of income.[57] All real property located in the state is subject to property tax unless specifically exempted by statute. New Jersey does not assess an intangible personal property tax, but it does impose an inheritance tax.
Federal taxation disparity[link]
New Jersey has the highest disparity of any state in the United States between what it gives to the federal government and what it receives. In fiscal year 2005, New Jersey taxpayers gave the federal government $77 billion, while only receiving $55 billion. This difference is higher than any other state and means that for every $1 New Jersey taxpayers send to Washington, the state only receives $0.61 in return. This calculation is applied correctly after making the federal government deficit neutral, as sometimes the federal government spends more than it receives.[58] As of 2005[update], New Jersey has never been above 48th in rank for per capita federal spending (with a rank of 50th for the majority of that time) since 1982, while being second or third in per capita federal taxes paid to Washington.
New Jersey runs into deficits frequently and has one of the highest tax burdens in the nation.[59] Factors for this include the large federal tax liability which is not adjusted for New Jersey's higher cost of living and Medicaid funding formulas. As shown by the study, incomes tend to be higher in New Jersey, which puts those in higher tax brackets especially vulnerable to the alternative minimum tax.
Industries[link]
New Jersey's economy is centered on the pharmaceutical industry, the financial industry, chemical development, telecommunications, food processing, electric equipment, printing and publishing, and tourism. New Jersey's agricultural outputs are nursery stock, horses, vegetables, fruits and nuts, seafood, and dairy products. New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production, third in cranberries and spinach, and fourth in bell peppers, peaches, and head lettuce.[60] New Jersey harvests the fourth-largest number of acres planted with asparagus.[61]
Although New Jersey is home to many energy-intensive industries, its energy consumption is only 2.7% of the U.S. total, and its carbon dioxide emissions are only 0.8% of the U.S. total. Its comparatively low greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to nuclear power. According to the Energy Information Administration, nuclear power dominates New Jersey’s electricity market, typically supplying more than one-half of State generation. New Jersey has three nuclear power plants, including the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, which came online in 1969 and is the oldest operating nuclear plant in the country.[62]
New Jersey has a strong scientific economy. New Jersey is home to major pharmaceutical firms such as Johnson and Johnson, Sanofi-Aventis, Novartis, Pfizer, Merck, Hoffman-LaRoche, and Bristol-Myers Squibb. New Jersey is home to major telecommunications firms such as Verizon Wireless, Avaya, Alcatel-Lucent and AT&T Communications. Furthermore, New Jersey draws upon its large and well-educated labor pool which also supports the myriad of industries that exist today.
New Jersey is the ultimate bedroom community since the state is right next to New York City and Philadelphia. Thus, there is a strong service economy in New Jersey serving residents who work in New York City or Philadelphia. Some of these industries include retail sales, education and real estate. Newark Liberty International Airport is ranked seventh among the nation's busiest airports and among the top 20 busiest airports in the world.
Shipping is a strong industry in New Jersey because of the state's strategic location, the Port of New York and New Jersey the busiest on the East Coast. The Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal was the world's first container port and is one of the world's largest container ports. New Jersey also has a strong presence in chemical development, refining, and food processing operations.
New Jersey hosts several business headquarters, including twenty-four Fortune 500 companies.[63] Paramus is noted for having one of the highest retail sales per person ratios in the nation. Several New Jersey counties such as Somerset (7), Morris (10), Hunterdon (13), Bergen (21), Monmouth (42) counties are ranked among the highest-income counties in the United States. Four others are also in the top 100.
Natural resources[link]
New Jersey's greatest natural resource is its location, which has made the state a crossroads of commerce. Other commercial advantages include its extensive transportation system, which puts one quarter of all United States consumers within overnight delivery range. Lake and seaside resorts such as Atlantic City have contributed to New Jersey's rank of fifth among the states in revenues from tourism.
Almost half of New Jersey is wooded. The chief tree of the northern forests is the oak. A large part of the southern section is in pine. Jersey oak has been used extensively in shipbuilding.
The mineral resources in New Jersey are small. The state, however, does rank high in smelting and refining minerals from other states. Some mining activity does still take place in the area in and around the Franklin Furnace, which was long a center of zinc production (see New Jersey Zinc Company).
New Jersey is second in the nation in solar power installations, enabled by one of the country's most favorable net metering policies, and the renewable energy certificates program. The state has more than 10,000 solar installations.[64]
Education[link]
See also: Post-secondary education in New Jersey, Primary education in the United States, Secondary education in the United States, Higher education in the United States, and Education in the United States
In 2010, there were 605 school districts in the state.[65]
Secretary of Education Rick Rosenberg, appointed by Governor Jon Corzine, created the Education Advancement Initiative (EAI) to increase College admission rates by 10% for New Jersey's high school students, decrease dropout rates by 15%, and increase the amount of money devoted to schools by 10%. Rosenberg retracted this plan when criticized for taking the money out of healthcare to fund this initiative.
In 2010 the state government paid all of the teachers' premiums for health insurance.[65]
Census data reveal that New Jersey spent more per each public school student than any other state except New York in 2009, amounting to $16,271 spent per pupil, with 41% of the revenue derived from state sources.[66]
According to 2011 Newsweek statistics, students of High Technology High School in Lincroft, Monmouth County and Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, Bergen County registered average SAT scores of 2145 and 2100, respectively,[67] representing the highest and second-highest scores, respectively, of all listed U.S. high schools.[68]
Princeton University in Princeton, Mercer County, is tied with Harvard University in Massachusetts as the top ranked U.S. national university for 2012 as per U.S. News & World Report.[69]
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in New Jersey
Roadways[link]
See also: List of New Jersey State Highways
The New Jersey Turnpike is one of the best-known and most-trafficked roadways in the United States. This toll road carries interstate traffic between Delaware and New York, and the East Coast in general. Commonly referred to as simply "the Turnpike," it is known for its numerous rest-areas named after prominent New Jerseyans as diverse as inventor Thomas Edison; United States Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton; United States Presidents Grover Cleveland and Woodrow Wilson; writers James Fenimore Cooper, Joyce Kilmer, and Walt Whitman; patriot Molly Pitcher; Red Cross advocate Clara Barton; and football coach Vince Lombardi.
The Garden State Parkway, or simply "the Parkway," carries more in-state traffic and runs from the town of Montvale along New Jersey's northern border to its southernmost tip at Cape May for 172.4 miles (277.5 km). It is the trunk that connects the New York metropolitan area to Atlantic City and is consistently one of the safest roads in the nation. With a total of 15 travel lanes and 6 shoulder lanes, the Driscoll Bridge on the Parkway, spanning the Raritan River in Middlesex County, is the widest motor vehicle bridge in the world by number of lanes[72] as well as one of the busiest.
New Jersey is connected to New York City via various bridges and tunnels. The George Washington Bridge at 300,000 vehicles per day carries the heaviest load of motor vehicle traffic of any bridge in the world[70][71] from Fort Lee, New Jersey in Bergen County to the Washington Heights neighborhood in Upper Manhattan in New York City on the Trans-Manhattan Expressway carrying I-95, US 1, and US 9. The Lincoln Tunnel connects to Midtown Manhattan carrying New Jersey State Route 495 and the Holland Tunnel connects to Lower Manhattan carrying I-78. These are the three major Hudson River crossings that see heavy vehicular traffic. New Jersey is also connected to Staten Island by three bridges. From the southernmost to northernmost; the Outerbridge Crossing, Goethals Bridge, and Bayonne Bridge.
Other expressways in New Jersey include the Atlantic City Expressway, the Palisades Interstate Parkway, Interstate 76, Interstate 78, Interstate 80, Interstate 95, Interstate 195, Interstate 278, Interstate 280, Interstate 287, Interstate 295, and Interstate 676. Other major roadways include U.S. 1, U.S. 9, New Jersey Route 17, New Jersey Route 4, and U.S. Route 46.
New Jersey has interstate compacts with all three neighboring states. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the Delaware River Port Authority (with Pennsylvania), and the Delaware River and Bay Authority (with Delaware) operate most of the major transportation routes into and out of New Jersey. Bridge tolls are collected in one direction only — it is free to cross into New Jersey, but motorists must pay when exiting the state. Exceptions to this are the Dingman's Ferry Bridge and the Delaware River – Turnpike Toll Bridge where tolls are charged both ways. The Washington Crossing and Scudders Falls (on I-95) bridges near Trenton, as well as Trenton's Calhoun Street and Bridge Street ("Trenton Makes") bridges, are toll-free. In addition, * Riverton-Belvidere Bridge, Northampton Street Bridge, Riegelsville Bridge, and Upper Black Eddy-Milford Bridge are free Delaware River bridges into and out of NJ.
- Uhlerstown-Frenchtown Bridge – (NJ 12)
- Lumberville-Raven Rock Bridge – (pedestrian)
- Centre Bridge-Stockton Bridge – (PA 263 / CR 523)
New Jersey is one of only two states (along with Oregon) where all fuel dispensing stations are required to sell gasoline full-service to customers. It is unlawful for a customer to serve him/herself.
New Jersey's Highway Maintenance Program was rated "Extremely Poor" by Reason Foundation's "17th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems."
Airports[link]
Newark Liberty International Airport is one of the busiest airports in the United States. Operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which runs the other two major airports in the New York metropolitan area (John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport), it is one of the main airports serving the New York City area. Continental Airlines is the facility's largest tenant, operating an entire terminal at Newark, which it uses as one of its primary hubs. FedEx Express operates a large cargo hub. The adjacent Newark Airport railroad station provides access to the trains of Amtrak and New Jersey Transit along the Northeast Corridor Line.
Two smaller commercial airports, Atlantic City International Airport and Trenton-Mercer Airport, also operate in other parts of New Jersey. Teterboro Airport, in Bergen County, is a general aviation airport popular with private and corporate aircraft, due to its proximity to New York City. Millville Municipal Airport, in Cumberland County, is a general aviation airport popular with private and corporate aircraft, due to its proximity to the shore.
Rail and bus[link]
Main article: New Jersey Transit
Further information: New Jersey Transit Bus Operations, New Jersey Transit Rail Operations, Port Authority Trans-Hudson, and PATCO Speedline
The New Jersey Transit Corporation (NJ Transit) operates extensive rail and bus service throughout the state. NJ Transit is a state-run corporation that began with the consolidation of several private bus companies in North Jersey. In the early 1980s, it acquired the commuter train operations of Conrail that connect towns in northern and central New Jersey to New York City. NJ Transit has eleven lines that run throughout different parts of the state. Most of the trains start at various points in the state and most end at either Pennsylvania Station, in New York City, or Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken. NJ Transit began service between Atlantic City and Lindenwold in 1989 and extended it to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the 1990s.
NJ Transit also operates three light rail systems in the state. The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail connects Bayonne to North Bergen, with planned expansion into Bergen County communities. The Newark Light Rail is the only subway system entirely in the state, but it is only partially underground. Its Main Line connects Newark Penn Station in Downtown Newark with outer parts of the city, ending at Grove Street station in Bloomfield. The Broad Street Line of the subway, the first component of the Newark-Elizabeth Rail Link, connects Newark Broad Street Station to Newark Penn Station. The last of the three light rail lines is the River Line which connects Trenton and Camden.
The PATH is a subway and above-ground railway which links Hoboken, Jersey City, Harrison and Newark with New York City. The PATH operates four lines that connect various points in North Jersey and New York. The lines all terminate in Hudson County, Essex County or Manhattan in New York City.
The PATCO High Speedline links Camden County and Philadelphia. PATCO operates a single elevated and subway line that runs from Lindenwold to Center City Philadelphia. PATCO operates stations in Lindenwold, Voorhees, Cherry Hill, Haddonfield, Haddon Township, Collingswood, and Camden, along with four stations in Philadelphia.
Amtrak also operates numerous long-distance passenger trains in New Jersey to and from neighboring states and around the country. In addition to the Newark Airport connection, other major Amtrak railway stations include Trenton Rail Station, Metropark, and the grand historic Newark Penn Station.
SEPTA also has two lines that operate into New Jersey. The Trenton Line terminates at the Trenton Transit Center, and the West Trenton Line terminates at the West Trenton Rail Station in Ewing.
AirTrain Newark is a monorail connecting the Amtrak/NJ Transit station on the Northeast Corridor to the airport's terminals and parking lots.
Some private bus carriers still remain in New Jersey. Most of these carriers operate with state funding to offset losses and state owned buses are provided to these carriers of which Coach USA companies make up the bulk. Other carriers include private charter and tour bus operators that take gamblers from other parts of New Jersey, New York City, Philadelphia, and Delaware to the casino resorts of Atlantic City.
Ferries[link]
On the Delaware Bay, the Delaware River and Bay Authority operates the Cape May-Lewes Ferry. The agency also operates ferries between Fort Mott (New Jersey) and Fort Delaware and Fort DuPont in Delaware. The Delaware River Port Authority operates the RiverLink Ferry between the Camden waterfront and Penn's Landing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
In the Port of New York and New Jersey, New York Waterway has ferry terminals at Belford Harbor, Jersey City, Hoboken and Weehawken, and Edgewater Landing. There are slips are at Port Liberte, Liberty Harbor, Exchange Place in Jersey City, Port Imperial and Lincoln Harbor in Weehawken, Hoboken Terminal and 14th Street in Hoboken. Manhattan terminals are located at Wall Street/Pier 11, Battery Park City (BPC) or West Midtown Ferry Terminal. Liberty Water Taxi in Jersey City has ferries from Paulus Hook and Liberty State Park to (BPC). Statue Cruises has service from Liberty State Park and Statue of Liberty National Monument, including Ellis Island. (Although there is a bridge from Ellis Island to the park built for renovations on the island it is not open for public use.) SeaStreak offers services from the Raritan Bayshore to Manhattan and during the Met's season to Shea Stadium. The ferries on leave from Atlantic Highlands and two terminals in Highlands. Ferry service from Keyport and Perth Amboy have been also been proposed. Service from Elizabeth at Newark Bay is proposed in conjunction with re-development plans on the shore near Jersey Gardens.[73]
Private bus carriers[link]
Several private bus lines provide transportation service in the state of New Jersey. Below is a list of major carriers and their areas of operation:
- Academy--commuter bus service from Burlington, Middlesex, Monmouth, and Ocean counties to lower and midtown Manhattan
- Bergen Avenue IBOA—local bus service in Jersey City
- Broadway Bus—local bus service in Bayonne
- Coach USA
- Community Coach--commuter bus service from Essex and Morris counties
- ONE Bus/Olympia Trails--local bus service in Essex and Union counties, commuter bus service from the Raritan Valley to Manhattan
- Red & Tan in Hudson County--local bus service in Hudson County
- Rockland Coaches--commuter and local bus service from Bergen County to Manhattan
- Suburban Trails--commuter bus service from Middlesex County to Manhattan, local bus service in Middlesex County
- DeCamp Bus Lines--commuter bus service from Essex County to Manhattan
- Greyhound--interstate bus service from terminals in Newark, Atlantic City, and Mount Laurel
- Lakeland Bus Lines--commuter and local bus service from Morris, Somerset, Union, and Sussex counties to Manhattan
- Martz Trailways—service from Warren County to Manhattan
- Montgomery & West Side IBOA--local bus service in Jersey City
- Trans-Bridge Lines--service from the Skylands Region to and from Manhattan
Governance[link]
Main article: Government of New Jersey
Further information: Governor of New Jersey, Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey, New Jersey Legislature, and 2006 New Jersey State Government Shutdown
Executive[link]
The position of Governor of New Jersey has been considered one of the most powerful in the nation. Until 2010 the governor was the only statewide elected office in the state appointed numerous government officials. Formerly, an Acting Governor was even more powerful as he simultaneously served as President of the New Jersey State Senate, thus directing half of the legislative and all of the executive process. In 2002 and 2007, President of the State Senate Richard Codey held the position of Acting Governor for a short time, and from 2004 to 2006 Codey became a long-term Acting Governor due to Jim McGreevey's resignation. A 2005 amendment to the state Constitution prevents the Senate President from becoming Acting Governor in the event of a permanent gubernatorial vacancy without giving up her or his seat in the state Senate. Chris Christie (Republican) is the Governor.
The governor's mansion is Drumthwacket, located in Princeton Township.
Before 2010, New Jersey was one of the few states without a lieutenant governor. Republican Kim Guadagno was elected the first Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey and took office on January 19, 2010. She was elected on the Republican ticket with Governor-Elect Chris Christie in the November 2009 NJ gubernatorial election. The position was created as the result of a Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution passed by the voters on November 8, 2005 and effective as of January 17, 2006.
Legislative[link]
The current version of the New Jersey State Constitution was adopted in 1947. It provides for a bicameral New Jersey Legislature, consisting of an upper house Senate of 40 members and a lower house General Assembly of 80 members. Each of the 40 legislative districts elects one State Senator and two Assembly members. Assembly members are elected for a two-year term in all odd-numbered years; State Senators are elected in the years ending in 1, 3, and 7 and thus serve either four- or two-year terms.
New Jersey is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd-numbered years. (The others are Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Virginia.) New Jersey holds elections for these offices every four years, in the year following each federal Presidential election year. Thus, the last year when New Jersey elected a Governor was 2009; the next gubernatorial election will occur in 2013, with future gubernatorial elections to take place in 2017, 2021, 2025, etc.
Judicial[link]
The New Jersey Supreme Court[74] consists of a Chief Justice and six Associate Justices. All are appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the State Senate. Justices serve an initial seven-year term, after which they can be reappointed to serve until age 70.
Most of the day-to-day work in the New Jersey courts is carried out in the Municipal Courts, where simple traffic tickets, minor criminal offenses, and small civil matters are heard.
More serious criminal and civil cases are handled by the Superior Court for each county. All Superior Court judges are appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the State Senate. Each judge serves an initial seven-year term, after which he or she can be reappointed to serve until age 70.
New Jersey's judiciary is unusual in that it still has separate courts of law and equity, like its neighbor Delaware but unlike most other U.S. states. The New Jersey Superior Court is divided into Law and Chancery Divisions at the trial level.
The Superior Court also has an Appellate Division, which functions as the state's intermediate appellate court. Superior Court judges are assigned to the Appellate Division by the Chief Justice.
There is also a Tax Court, which is a court of limited jurisdiction. Tax Court judges hear appeals of tax decisions made by County Boards of Taxation. They also hear appeals on decisions made by the Director of the Division of Taxation on such matters as state income, sales and business taxes, and homestead rebates. Appeals from Tax Court decisions are heard in the Appellate Division of Superior Court. Tax Court judges are appointed by the Governor for initial terms of seven years, and upon reappointment are granted tenure until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 70. There are 12 Tax Court judgeships.
Counties[link]
Further information: List of New Jersey counties
New Jersey is divided into 21 counties; 13 date from the colonial era. New Jersey was completely divided into counties by 1692; the present counties were created by dividing the existing ones; most recently Union County in 1857. New Jersey is the only state in the nation where elected county officials are called "Freeholders," governing each county as part of its own Board of Chosen Freeholders. The number of freeholders in each county is determined by referendum, and must consist of three, five, seven or nine members.
Depending on the county, the executive and legislative functions may be performed by the Board of Chosen Freeholders or split into separate branches of government. In 16 counties, members of the Board of Chosen Freeholders perform both legislative and executive functions on a commission basis, with each Freeholder assigned responsibility for a department or group of departments. In the other 5 counties (Atlantic, Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Mercer), there is a directly elected County Executive who performs the executive functions while the Board of Chosen Freeholders retains a legislative and oversight role. In counties without an Executive, a County Administrator (or County Manager) may be hired to perform day-to-day administration of county functions.
Municipalities[link]
New Jersey has 566 municipalities; the number was 567 before Pahaquarry Township was absorbed by Hardwick Township in 1997. Unlike states in the west and south, all New Jersey land is part of a municipality. In 2008, Governor Jon Corzine proposed cutting state aid to all towns under 10,000 people, to encourage mergers to reduce administrative costs.[75] In May 2009, the Local Unit Alignment Reorganization and Consolidation Commission (LUARC) began a study of about 40 small communities in South Jersey to decide which ones might be good candidates for consolidation.[76]
Types of government[link]
When the types of government were devised in the 19th century, the intention was that cities would be large built-up areas, with progressively smaller boroughs, towns, and villages; the rural areas in between would be relatively large townships. This is still often true, although Shrewsbury Township has been divided over the years; today it is less than a square mile, consisting only of a single housing development. Some townships — notably Brick, Hamilton, Middletown, and Toms River — have, without changing their boundaries, become large stretches of suburbia, as populous as cities, often focused around shopping centers and highways rather than traditional downtowns and main streets.
Short Hills, Murray Hill, and many other locations in New Jersey are not municipalities but rather neighborhoods, with no exact boundaries. Often the cluster of houses, the traditional neighborhood, the postal district, and the Census designated place will differ.
Forms of government[link]
| New Jersey Municipal Government |
||||
| Traditional forms | ||||
| Borough | Township | |||
|
||||
| Modern Forms | ||||
| Walsh Act/Commission | ||||
| 1923 Municipal Manager | ||||
| Faulkner Act Forms | ||||
| Mayor-Council | Council-Manager | |||
| Small Municipality | ||||
| Mayor-Council-Administrator | ||||
| Nonstandard Forms | ||||
| Special Charter | ||||
| Changing Form of Municipal Government | ||||
| Charter Study Commission | ||||
The five types of municipality differ mostly in name. Originally, each type had its own form of government but more modern forms are available to any municipality, even though the original type is retained in its formal name. Only boroughs can (but are not required to) have the "borough form" of government.
Starting in the 20th century, largely driven by reform-minded goals, a series of six modern forms of government was implemented. This began with the Walsh Act, enacted in 1911 by the New Jersey Legislature, which provided for a 3- or 5-member commission elected on a non-partisan basis. This was followed by the 1923 Municipal Manager Law, which offered a non-partisan council, provided for a weak mayor elected by and from the members of the council, and introduced Council-Manager government with an (ideally apolitical) appointed manager responsible for day-to-day administration of municipal affairs.
The Faulkner Act, originally enacted in 1950 and substantially amended in 1981, offers four basic plans: Mayor-Council, Council-Manager, Small Municipality, and Mayor-Council-Administrator. The act provides many choices for communities with a preference for a strong executive and professional management of municipal affairs and offers great flexibility in allowing municipalities to select the characteristics of its government: the number of seats on the Council; seats selected at-large, by wards, or through a combination of both; staggered or concurrent terms of office; and a mayor chosen by the Council or elected directly by voters. Most large municipalities and a majority of New Jersey's residents are governed by municipalities with Faulkner Act charters. Municipalities can also formulate their own unique form of government and operate under a Special Charter with the approval of the New Jersey Legislature.
While municipalities retain their names derived from types of government, they may have changed to one of the modern forms of government, or further in the past to one of the other traditional forms, leading to municipalities with formal names quite baffling to the general public. For example, though there are four municipalities that are officially of the village type, Loch Arbour is the only one remaining with the village form of government. The other three villages—Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter)—have all migrated to other non-village forms.
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of New Jersey
Social attitudes and issues[link]
Socially, New Jersey is considered one of the more liberal states in the nation. Polls indicate that 60% of the population are self-described as pro-choice, although a majority are opposed to late trimester and Partial Birth Abortion and public funding of Abortion.[77][78] In a 2009 Quinnipiac University poll, a plurality supported same-sex marriage 49% to 43% opposed.[79]
In April 2004, New Jersey enacted a domestic partnership law, which is available to both same-sex and opposite-sex couples aged 62 and over. During 2006, the New Jersey Supreme Court voted 4 to 3 that state lawmakers must provide the rights and benefits of marriage to gay and lesbian couples. Moreover, effective February 19, 2007, New Jersey became the third state in the U.S. (the other two being Connecticut and Vermont) to offer civil unions to same-sex couples, conferring over 850 rights, privileges and responsibilities of marriage; legislators declined, however, to use the term "marriage" for same-sex unions. Thus, three separate government-recognized relationships are now in effect in the Garden State: domestic partnerships, civil unions, and marriage.
See also: LGBT rights in New Jersey
New Jersey also has some of the most stringent gun-control laws in the U.S. These include bans on assault firearms, hollow-nose bullets and even slingshots. No gun offense in New Jersey is graded less than a felony. BB guns and black powder guns are all treated as modern firearms. New Jersey does not recognize out-of-state gun licenses and aggressively enforces its own gun laws.[80]
New Jersey has a severe city/urban litter reputational problem, as noted in the report, "New Jersey: America's Ugly Urban/City Litter (Trash) State." The state still has no statewide anti-litter slogan and its 1986 Clean Communities Act has been controversial in failing to help abate litter and debris on public streets, roadways and properties.
Elections[link]
Main article: Elections in New Jersey
| Year | Republicans | Democrats |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 41.61% 1,613,207 | 57.14% 2,215,422 |
| 2004 | 46.24% 1,670,003 | 52.92% 1,911,430 |
| 2000 | 40.29% 1,284,173 | 56.13% 1,788,850 |
| 1996 | 35.86% 1,103,078 | 53.72% 1,652,329 |
| 1992 | 40.58% 1,356,865 | 42.95% 1,436,206 |
| 1988 | 56.24% 1,743,192 | 42.60% 1,320,352 |
| 1984 | 60.09% 1,933,630 | 39.20% 1,261,323 |
| 1980 | 51.97% 1,546,557 | 38.56% 1,147,364 |
| 1976 | 50.08% 1,509,688 | 47.92% 1,444,653 |
| 1972 | 61.57% 1,845,502 | 36.77% 1,102,211 |
| 1968 | 46.10% 1,325,467 | 43.97% 1,264,206 |
| 1964 | 33.86% 963,843 | 65.61% 1,867,671 |
| 1960 | 49.16% 1,363,324 | 49.96% 1,385,415 |
In past federal elections, New Jersey was a Republican bastion, but recently has become a Democratic stronghold. Currently, New Jersey Democrats have majority control of both houses of the New Jersey Legislature (Senate, 22–18, and Assembly, 48–32), both U.S. Senate seats, and 8 out of the state's 13 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. The state had a Republican governor from 1994 to 2002, as Christie Todd Whitman won twice with vote percentages of 47 and 49 percent.
In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie defeated incumbent Democrat Jon Corzine. Because each candidate for lieutenant governor runs on the same ticket as the party's candidate for governor, the current Governor and Lieutenant Governor are members of the Republican Party. The governor's appointments to cabinet and non-cabinet positions may be from either party. (The 2009 Attorney General appointee is a Democrat.)
In federal elections, the state leans heavily towards the Democratic Party. For many years, however, it was a Republican stronghold, having given comfortable margins of victory to the Republican candidate in the close elections of 1948, 1968, and 1976. New Jersey was a crucial swing state in the elections of 1960, 1968, and 1992. The last elected Republican to hold a Senate seat from New Jersey was Clifford P. Case in 1979. (Nicholas F. Brady was appointed a U.S. Senator by Governor Thomas Kean in 1982 and served for eight months, after Harrison A. Williams resigned the Senate seat following the Abscam investigations.)
The state's Democratic strongholds include Camden County, Essex County (including Newark, the state's largest city), Hudson County (including Jersey City, the state's second-largest city); Mercer County (especially around Trenton and Princeton), Middlesex County, and Union County (including Elizabeth, the state's fourth-largest city).
The suburban northwestern and southeastern counties of the state are reliably Republican: Republicans have support along the coast in Ocean County and in the mountainous northwestern part of the state, especially Morris County, Sussex County, and Warren County. Other suburban counties, especially Bergen County and Burlington County had the majority of votes go to the Democratic Party. In the 2008 election, President Barack Obama won New Jersey with approximately fifty-seven percent of the vote, compared to McCain's forty-one percent. Independent candidate Ralph Nader garnered less than one percent of the vote.
About one-third of the state's counties are considered "swing" counties, but some go more one way than others. For example, Salem County, the same is true with Passaic County, with a highly populated Hispanic Democratic south (including Paterson, the state's third-largest city) and a rural, Republican north. Other "swing" counties like Monmouth County, Somerset County, and Cape May County tend to go Republican, as they also have population in conservative areas.
To be eligible to vote in a U.S. election, all New Jerseyans are required to start their residency in the state 30 days prior to an election and register 29 days prior.
Capital punishment[link]
On December 17, 2007, Governor Jon Corzine signed into law a bill that would eliminate the death penalty in New Jersey. New Jersey is the first state to pass such legislation since Iowa and West Virginia eliminated executions in 1965.[82] Corzine also signed a bill that would downgrade the Death Row prisoners' sentences from "Death" to "Life in Prison with No Parole."[83]
Prominent cities and towns[link]
See also: List of municipalities in New Jersey
File:MilitaryPark.JPG
Downtown Newark
Large cities (100,000 or greater)[link]
For its overall population and nation-leading population density, New Jersey has a relative paucity of classic large cities. As of the United States 2010 Census[update], only four municipalities had populations in excess of 100,000, but Edison and Woodbridge came very close.
- Newark, Essex County: 277,140
- Jersey City, Hudson County: 247,597
- Paterson, Passaic County: 146,199
- Elizabeth, Union County: 124,969
- Edison, Middlesex County: 99,967
- Woodbridge Township, Middlesex County: 99,585
Towns and small cities (60,000 to 100,000)[link]
See also: Town #United States
- Lakewood Township (Ocean County): 92,843
- Toms River Township (Ocean County): 91,239
- Hamilton Township (Mercer County): 88,464
- Trenton (Mercer County): 84,913
- Clifton (Passaic County): 84,136
- Camden (Camden County): 77,344
- Brick Township (Ocean County): 75,072
- Cherry Hill Township (Camden County): 71,045
- Passaic (Passaic County): 69,781
- Middletown Township (Monmouth County): 66,522
- Union City (Hudson County): 66,455
- Old Bridge Township (Middlesex County): 65,375
- Gloucester Township (Camden County): 64,634
- East Orange (Essex County): 64,270
- Bayonne (Hudson County): 63,024
Wealth of municipalities[link]
Main article: New Jersey locations by per capita income
Points of interest[link]
Museums[link]
See also: List of museums in New Jersey
New Jersey has many museums of all kinds. A few major museums in the state are listed.
| Museum | Location | Year Opened | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| New Jersey State Museum | Trenton | 1895 | General Education |
| Liberty Science Center | Liberty State Park, Jersey City | 1993 | Science museum |
| Maywood Station Museum | Maywood | 2004 | Railroad museum |
| Montclair Art Museum | Montclair | 1914 | Art museum |
| Newark Museum | Newark | 1909 | Natural Science & Art museum |
| Thomas Edison Museum | Menlo Park | 1938 | Thomas Edison museum |
Entertainment and concert venues[link]
Due to the major highways and cities located in and around the state, many residents and visitors take advantage of and contribute to performances in music, theater, and dance. There are many theater and dance companies throughout the region. Major events and performance venues include:
| Venue | Type | Location | Year Opened |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prudential Center | Arena | Newark | 2007 |
| Izod Center | Arena | Meadowlands Sports Complex | 1981 |
| PNC Bank Arts Center | Amphitheater | Holmdel | 1977 |
| NJPAC | Concert Hall | Newark | 1997 |
| Paper Mill Playhouse | Regional Theater | Millburn | 1968 |
| State Theater | Regional Theater | New Brunswick | 1921 |
| Boardwalk Hall | Arena | Atlantic City | 1926 |
| Susquehanna Bank Center | Amphitheater | Camden | 1995 |
| Sun National Bank Center | Arena | Trenton | 1999 |
Theme parks[link]
New Jersey has a number of amusement parks, including the world's largest seasonal theme park,[citation needed] to the biggest drive-thru safari outside of Africa,[citation needed] and an amusement and water park spread across three piers above the beach.[citation needed]
| Main Park | Other Parks | Location | Year Opened |
|---|---|---|---|
| Six Flags Great Adventure | Six Flags Wild Safari, Six Flags Hurricane Harbor | Jackson | 1974 |
| Clementon Amusement Park | Splash World | Clementon | 1907 |
| Land of Make Believe | Pirate's Cove | Hope | 1958 |
| Morey's Piers | None | Wildwood | 1969 |
| Mountain Creek Waterpark | None | Vernon | 1998 |
Jersey Shore[link]
Main article: Jersey Shore
File:Belmar-panorama.jpg
Belmar, on the Jersey Shore.
Sports[link]
Professional sports[link]
New Jersey currently has four teams from major professional sports leagues playing in the state, although the Major League Soccer team and two National Football League teams identify themselves as being from New York City. A fifth team, the Women's National Basketball Association's Liberty, are temporarily playing in Newark until renovations for Madison Square Garden are completed in 2013.
The National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils, based in Newark at the Prudential Center, is the only major league franchise to bear the state's name, However, most of the Devils fans are in the Northern part of the state; the southern part of the state, is an overwhelming fan base for the Philadelphia Flyers, due to the region's close proximity to Philadelphia, leading to an intense rivalry between the two teams.
The Metropolitan Area's two National Football League teams, the New York Giants and the New York Jets, both play in East Rutherford, at MetLife Stadium.[84] At completion, with a construction cost of approximately $1.6 billion,[85] the venue is the most expensive sports stadium ever built.[86] On February 2, 2014, MetLife Stadium is scheduled to host Super Bowl XLVIII.
The New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer play in Red Bull Arena, a soccer-specific stadium located in Harrison outside of Downtown Newark.
The sports complex is also home to the Meadowlands Racetrack, one of three major harness racing tracks in the state. The Meadowlands Racetrack along with Freehold Raceway in Freehold are two of the major harness racing tracks in North America. Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport is also a popular spot for thoroughbred racing in New Jersey and the northeast. It hosted the Breeders' Cup in 2007, and its turf course was renovated in preparation.
| Club | Sport | League | Stadium |
|---|---|---|---|
| New Jersey Devils | Ice Hockey | National Hockey League | Prudential Center |
| New York Giants | Football | National Football League | MetLife Stadium |
| New York Jets | Football | National Football League | MetLife Stadium |
| New York Red Bulls | Soccer | Major League Soccer | Red Bull Arena |
| New York Liberty | Basketball | Women's National Basketball Association | Prudential Center |
| Trenton Devils | Ice Hockey | East Coast Hockey League | Sun National Bank Center |
| New Jersey Ironmen | Indoor Soccer | Xtreme Soccer League | Prudential Center |
| Jersey Express | Basketball | American Basketball Association | Baldwin Gymnasium |
| Lakewood Blue Claws | Baseball | Minor League Baseball | FirstEnergy Park |
| New Jersey Jackals | Baseball | Minor League Baseball | Yogi Berra Stadium |
| Sussex Skyhawks | Baseball | Minor League Baseball | Skylands Park |
| Trenton Thunder | Baseball | Minor League Baseball | Mercer County Waterfront Park |
| Camden Riversharks | Baseball | Minor League Baseball | Campbell's Field |
| Newark Bears | Baseball | Minor League Baseball | Bears & Eagles Riverfront Stadium |
| Somerset Patriots | Baseball | Minor League Baseball | TD Bank Ballpark |
Collegiate sports teams[link]
New Jerseyans' collegiate allegiances are predominately split among the three major NCAA Division I programs in the state — the Rutgers University (New Jersey's largest state university) Scarlet Knights, the Seton Hall University (which is the state's largest Roman Catholic university) Pirates, and the Princeton University (the state's Ivy League university) Tigers. Both Rutgers and Seton Hall compete in the Big East Conference, and the rivalry between the two teams has always been an intense one. Rutgers and Princeton likewise have an intense rivalry—stemming from the first intercollegiate football game in 1869—though the two schools have not met on the football field since 1980. They continue to play each other annually in all other sports offered by the two universities.
Rutgers, which fields 24 teams in various sports, is nationally known for its excellent football and women's basketball programs. The university is planning a large expansion to the on-campus Rutgers Stadium—to accommodate the rising number of fans—and the teams play in Piscataway, which is adjacent to the New Brunswick campus. The university also fields rising basketball and baseball programs. Rutgers' fan base is mostly derived from the western parts of the state and Middlesex County, not to mention its alumni base, which is the largest in the state.
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, also has campuses in Camden and Newark (in addition to its main campus in New Brunswick). The Rutgers-Camden athletic teams are called the Scarlet Raptors. The Rutgers-Newark athletic teams are called the Scarlet Raiders. The Scarlet Raiders and the Scarlet Raptors both compete within NCAA Division III.
Seton Hall, unlike Rutgers, does not field a football team. Its basketball team, however, has been one of the most storied programs in the Big East, and it plays its home games at the state-of-the-art Prudential Center, located in downtown Newark. The Pirates, while lacking as large an alumni base as the state university, have a large well of support in the predominately Roman Catholic areas of the northern part of the state and the Jersey Shore.
The state's other Division I schools include the Monmouth University Hawks (West Long Branch), the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Highlanders (Newark), the Rider University Broncs (Lawrenceville), and the Saint Peter's College Peacocks and Peahens (Jersey City).
Fairleigh Dickinson University competes in both Division I and Division III. It has two campuses, each with its own sports teams. The teams at the Metropolitan Campus are known as the FDU Knights, and compete in the Northeast Conference and NCAA Division I. The College at Florham (FDU-Florham) teams are known as the FDU-Florham Devils and compete in the Middle Atlantic Conferences' Freedom Conference and NCAA Division III.
Among the various Division III schools in the state, the Stevens Institute of Technology Ducks have fielded the longest continuously running collegiate men's lacrosse program in the country. 2009 marked the 125th season.
High-school sports[link]
- See footnote[87]
Gambling[link]
Main article: Gambling in New Jersey
In 1978, the New Jersey legislature approved casino gambling in Atlantic City. At that time, Las Vegas was the only mega-casino resort.[88] By 1978, Atlantic City was in decline. It was no longer the seaside resort that it once was. With the institution of casino gambling, Atlantic City has come back as a resort city. There are numerous famous casinos, with its main contributor being Donald Trump. Many lie along the Atlantic City Boardwalk, the longest boardwalk in the world.
Media[link]
Newspapers[link]
There are many major New Jersey newspapers, including:
|
|
On-line news[link]
Since 2005 there have been a growing number of "hyperlocal news sites."[92][93] These sites provide relevant news for their respective communities.[94]
Radio stations[link]
Television and film[link]
Main article: Television and film of New Jersey
Motion picture technology was developed by Thomas Edison, with much of his early work done at his West Orange laboratory. Edison's Black Maria was the first motion picture studio. America's first motion picture industry started in 1907 in Fort Lee and the first studio was constructed there in 1909.[95] DuMont Laboratories in Passaic, developed early sets and made the first broadcast to the private home.
A number of television shows and films have been filmed in New Jersey. Since 1978, the state has maintained a Motion Picture and Television Commission to encourage filming in-state.[96] New Jersey has long offered tax credits to television producers. Governor Christopher Christie suspended the credits in 2010, but the New Jersey State Legislature in 2011 approved the restoration and expansion of the tax credit program. Under bills passed by both the state Senate and Assembly, the program offers 20 percent tax credits (22% in urban enterprise zones) to television and film productions that shoot in the state and meet set standards for hiring and local spending.[97][98]
Music[link]
Main article: Music of New Jersey
New Jersey has long been an important area for both rock and rap music. Some prominent musicians from or with significant connections to New Jersey are:
- Singer Frank Sinatra was born in Hoboken. He sang with a neighborhood vocal group, the Hoboken Four, and appeared in neighborhood theater amateur shows before he became an entertainment legend as an Academy Award winning actor and one of the most famous male vocalists of all time.
- Bruce Springsteen, who has sung of New Jersey life on most of his albums, hails from Freehold and is the most popular rock musician to ever come out of the state. Some of his songs that represent New Jersey life are "Born to Run", "Spirit In The Night," "Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)", "Thunder Road", "Atlantic City", and "Jungleland".
- The Jonas Brothers all reside in Wyckoff, New Jersey, where the eldest brother of the group, Kevin Jonas was born, as well as the youngest Jonas, Frankie.
- Irvington's Queen Latifah was the first female rapper to succeed in music, film, and television.
- Lauryn Hill is from South Orange, New Jersey. Her 1998 debut solo album, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, sold 10 million copies internationally. She also sold millions with The Fugees second album The Score.
- Redman (Reggie Noble) was born, raised, and resides in Newark. He is the most successful African-American solo hip-hop artist out of New Jersey.
- All members of The Sugarhill Gang were born in Englewood.
- Roc-A-Fella Records rap producer Just Blaze hails from Paterson, New Jersey.
- Jon Bon Jovi, who hails from Sayreville, reached fame in the 1980s with hard rock outfit Bon Jovi. The band has also written many songs about life in New Jersey including "Livin' On A Prayer" and even named one of his albums after the state. (see New Jersey)
- Singer Dionne Warwick was born in East Orange.
- Singer Whitney Houston (who is Dionne Warwick's cousin) was born in Newark, and grew up in neighboring East Orange.
- Legendary jazz pianist and bandleader Count Basie was born in Red Bank in 1904. In the 1960s, he collaborated on several albums with fellow New Jersey native Frank Sinatra. The Count Basie Theatre in Red Bank is named in his honor.
- Parliament-Funkadelic, the pioneering funk music collective, was formed in Plainfield by George Clinton.
- Asbury Park is home of The Stone Pony, which Bruce Springsteen and Bon Jovi frequented early in their careers and is still considered by many to be a "Mecca" for up-and-coming Jersey Shore musicians.
- Hip-hop pioneers Naughty By Nature hail from East Orange.
- In 1964, the Isley Brothers founded the record label T-Neck Records, named after Teaneck, their home at the time.
- The Broadway musical "Jersey Boys" is based on the lives of the members of the Four Seasons, three of whose members were born in New Jersey (Tommy DeVito, Frankie Valli, and Nick Massi)
- Jazz pianist Bill Evans was born in Plainfield in 1929.
- Rock band Thursday was formed in New Brunswick, NJ. Numerous songs reference the city.
- Horror punk band The Misfits hail from Lodi, as well as their founder Glenn Danzig.
- Punk rock poet Patti Smith is from Mantua.
- Acclaimed indie rock veterans Yo La Tengo are based in Hoboken. They also have a song called "The Night Falls on Hoboken".
- New Jersey was the East Coast hub for ska music in the 90s. Some of the most popular ska bands, such as Catch 22 and Streetlight Manifesto, come from East Brunswick.
- Black Label Society's and Ozzy Osbourne's famed guitarist Zakk Wylde was born in Bayonne and raised in Jackson
- The Bouncing Souls original four members grew up in Basking Ridge and formed in New Brunswick in the late 1980s.
- My Chemical Romance's Frank Iero, Gerard Way, Mikey Way, and Ray Toro all hail from Belleville, New Jersey.
- Cobra Starship frontman Gabe Saporta is from New Jersey
Video games[link]
- Grand Theft Auto 1 (1997), takes place in New Jersey, called New Guernsey.
- Grand Theft Auto IV (2008), The Lost and Damned (2009) and The Ballad of Gay Tony, which take place in New Jersey, especially in Hudson County, Bergen County, Essex County, and Union County, New Jersey. Jersey City is called Alderney City.
Culture[link]
General[link]
Like every state, New Jersey has its own cuisine, religious communities, museums, and halls of fame.
New Jersey is the birthplace of modern inventions such as: FM radio, the motion picture camera, the lithium battery, the light bulb, transistors, and the electric train. Other New Jersey creations include: the drive-in movie, the cultivated blueberry, cranberry sauce, the postcard, the boardwalk, the zipper, the phonograph, saltwater taffy, the dirigible, the seedless watermelon,[99] the first use of a submarine in warfare, and the ice cream cone.
There are mineral museums in Franklin and Ogdensburg.
Diners are common in New Jersey. The state is home to many diner manufacturers and has more diners than any other state: over 600. There are more diners in the state of New Jersey than any other place in the world.[100]
New Jersey is the only state without a state song. "I'm From New Jersey" is incorrectly listed on many websites as being the New Jersey State Song, but wasn't even a contender when in 1996 the New Jersey Arts Council submitted their suggestions to the New Jersey Legislature.[101]
Legends and ghosts[link]
A long-circulated legend says a creature, the Jersey Devil or the Leeds Devil, terrorizes the population of the Pine Barrens. The New Jersey Devils are named for this mythical creature. New Jersey is also home to several other legends, such as the ghost of Annie's Road — a section of Riverview Drive between Totowa Road and Union Boulevard in Totowa, which is said to be haunted by a "Lady in White";[102] and the haunted and demon-possessed Clinton Road in West Milford. Cooper Road in Middletown is said to be haunted by strange, ghostly people who jump out from behind trees at cars traveling down the unpaved portion of the road. The unpaved section has no street lights and thus is very dangerous as it has sharp turns where the ghostly people are said to jump in front of the cars from behind trees, causing them to crash. There is also the Atco Ghost — the ghost of a little boy who runs across the street late at night in Atco. It is also rumored that Jimmy Hoffa, the late leader of the Teamsters Union, is buried beneath Giants Stadium or the New Jersey Turnpike. However, on the popular television show MythBusters, the myth of Jimmy Hoffa being buried under Giants Stadium was debunked using ground penetrating radar.
The magazine Weird NJ (the creators of which later started Weird U.S.) was started to catalog and explore the ghosts, legends, and prevalence of otherwise "weird" things in the state.
State symbols[link]
Main article: List of New Jersey state symbols
| State animal | Horse (Equus caballus) |
| State bird | American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) |
| State freshwater fish | Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) |
| State dance | Square dance |
| State insect | European honey bee (Apis mellifera) |
| State flower | Common meadow violet (Viola sororia) |
| State motto | "Liberty and Prosperity" |
| State song | None[103] |
| State tree | Northern Red Oak (Quercus borealis maxima) (syn. Quercus rubra) |
| State dinosaur | Hadrosaurus foulkii |
| State soil | Downer |
| State color | Buff and Jersey Blue |
| State ship | A. J. Meerwald |
| State fruit | Northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) |
| State vegetable | Jersey tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) |
| State shell | Knobbed whelk (Busycon carica gmelin) |
| State memorial tree | Dogwood (Cornus Florida) |
| State slogan | Come See For Yourself |
Notable people[link]
Further information: List of people from New Jersey
See also[link]
 |
Book: United States |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Outline of history
- Outline of geography
- List of National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
- List of people from New Jersey
References[link]
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- ^ ""New Jersey has most millionaires in country," Associated Press, January 10, 2008". Nj.com. January 10, 2008. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2008/01/nj_has_most_millionaires_in_co.html. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ "States Where People Pay The Most (And Least) In Taxes - 24/7 Wall St". 24/7 Wall St.. 2011-07-21. http://247wallst.com/2011/07/21/108558/3/. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ link Chart of State to Federal government spend/receive ratios, Tax Foundation
- ^ "link Tax Burdens in New Jersey". Taxfoundation.org. http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/topic/44.html. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ Judith H. Dobrzynski (June 24, 2010). "A Garden Crawl Through the Garden State". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/garden/25garden.html. Retrieved June 25, 2010. "Nowadays New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production, third in cranberries and spinach and fourth in bell peppers, peaches and head lettuce, the official state Web site, nj.gov, boasts."
- ^ [ "It’s No Tomato, but a Stalk Gets Some Respect"]. New York Times. May 4, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/06/nyregion/in-new-jersey-asparagus-takes-its-place-at-the-table.html#h[]. Retrieved 2012-05-07. "... New Jersey harvests the fourth-largest number of acres dedicated to asparagus in the nation."
- ^ "EIA State Energy Profiles: New Jersey". June 12, 2008. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=NJ. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
- ^ "Fortune 500 2007 – States: New Jersey". CNN. March 30, 2007. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/states/NJ.html. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
- ^ Solar Shore: Jersey Hits 10,000 Installations
- ^ a b Will, George F. (April 22, 2010). "The thunder from New Jersey". Washington Post (Washington, D.C.): pp. A19. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/21/AR2010042104451.html?hpid=opinionsbox1.
- ^ "The States That Spend The Most And Least On Each Student". 2011 24/7 Wall St. http://247wallst.com/2011/05/31/the-states-that-spend-the-most-and-least-on-each-student/3/. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ "America's Best High Schools 2011". 2011 The Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC. June 19, 2011. http://www.newsweek.com/feature/2011/americas-best-high-schools.html. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
- ^ "America's Best High Schools 2011". 2011 The Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC. June 19, 2011. http://www.newsweek.com/feature/2011/americas-best-high-schools.html. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
- ^ "National University Rankings". Copyright 2011 U.S.News & World Report LP. All rights reserved. http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ^ a b "Port Authority of New York and New Jersey – George Washington Bridge". http://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/george-washington-bridge.html. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
- ^ a b George Washington Bridge turns 75 years old: Huge flag, cake part of celebration, Times Herald-Record, October 24, 2006. "The party, however, will be small in comparison to the one that the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey organized for 5,000 people to open the bridge to traffic in 1931. And it won't even be on what is now the world's busiest bridge for fear of snarling traffic."
- ^ "Garden State Parkway opens world's widest bridge – 15 lanes". TOLLROADSnews, Peter Samuel. http://www.tollroadsnews.com/node/1492. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ Harrison, Brianne (2008-02-11). "$2B MXD Planned for Elizabeth Waterfront". Globest.com. http://www.globest.com/news/1091_1091/newjersey/168147-1.html. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "Supreme Court of New Jersey". Judiciary.state.nj.us. http://www.judiciary.state.nj.us/supreme/index.htm. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ "Small Towns in N.J. Told to Merge or Face Cuts". Npr.org. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90090911. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ "N.J. town mergers could start in 18 months"[dead link] by Jan Hefler, The Philadelphia Inquirer, May 29, 2009. Retrieved on May 29, 2009
- ^ "Poll says majority of Americans opposed to abortion funding in health care bill :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)". Catholic News Agency. http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/new.php?n=17086. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ "SurveyUSA Pro-Life vs. Pro Choice Sorted by State". Surveyusa.com. http://www.surveyusa.com/50State2005/50StateAbortion0805SortedbyState.htm. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ "Poll: NJ voters support gay marriage". Abclocal.go.com. April 23, 2009. http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=news/local&id=6776022&rss=rss-wpvi-article-6776022. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
- ^ NRAILA.org[dead link]
- ^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison – New Jersey". US Election Atlas. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=34&f=0&off=0&elect=0&type=state. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
- ^ Google.com[dead link] Hester Jr., Tom (2007) N.J. Bans Death Penalty for Associated Press
- ^ Peters, Jeremy W. "Corzine Signs Bill Ending Executions, Then Commutes Sentences of Eight." The New York Times. December 18, 2007. Retrieved on December 25, 2009.
- ^ New Meadowlands Stadium official website New Meadowlands Stadium Corporation. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
- ^ Belson, Ken (April 8, 2010). "New Stadium, a Football Palace, Opens Saturday With Lacrosse". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/09/sports/football/09stadium.html. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
- ^ "World's Most Expensive Sport Stadium Ever Built". http://www.mostexpensivefacts.com/general/worlds-most-expensive-sport-stadium-ever-built.html. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
- ^ New Jersey High School News and Sports. iHigh.com, Inc – The High School Internet Network. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ "Gambling Becomes Legal In New Jersey". Associated Press. May 26, 1978. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ejEeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VL4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4008,3062175&dq=gambling+in+new+jersey&hl=en. Retrieved November 4, 2010. "The nation's only legal gambling casino outside Nevada won state approval Thursday night and planned Friday morning opening ..."
- ^ "New Jersey Advertising". NJ.com. http://www.nj.com/mediakit/. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ "The New Jersey Herald: Top Stories". Njherald.com. http://www.njherald.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ "providing local news, sports & classifieds for Northern New Jersey!". NorthJersey.com. http://www.northjersey.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ Moskowitz, Gary (August 2, 2010). "Are Hyperlocal News Sites Replacing Newspapers?". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2005729-2,00.html. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
- ^ Jessica Durkin. "Meet the New Jersey Hyperlocal News Association". Block by Block Practioners' Blog. http://mybxb.com/meet-the-new-jersey-hyperlocal-news-associati. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
- ^ Tammy La Gorce (October 13, 2009). "Dateline: Maplewood". NJ Monthly. http://njmonthly.com/articles/lifestyle/dateline-maplewood.html. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
- ^ "Fort Lee Film Commission | Fort Lee, NJ". Fortleefilm.org. http://www.fortleefilm.org/. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "NJ Motion Picture & Television Commission". Njfilm.org. http://www.njfilm.org/. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ Wright, E. Assata (February 20, 2011). "Getting the film crews back to NJ Gov. to decide future of tax credit that benefited Hudson County". Hudson Reporter. http://www.hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/11505447/article-Getting-the-film-crews-back-to-NJ-Gov--to-decide-future-of-tax-credit-that-benefited-Hudson-County-?. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
- ^ Ross, Micheal (August 7, 1988). "State Seeks Bigger Role In Making Of Movies". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DA133FF934A3575BC0A96E948260&scp=27&sq=sixth%20borough&st=cse. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
- ^ "New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame". Njinvent.njit.edu. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080423223438/http://www.njinvent.njit.edu/1992/pioneer_inductees_1992/andrews.html. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ "New Jersey Facts and Trivia". 50states.com. http://www.50states.com/facts/newjerse.htm. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ "The History of the New Jersey State Song?". Aboutnewjersey.com. http://www.aboutnewjersey.com/editorials/stateSong_3_15_04.php. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ Moran, Mark; Sceurman, Mark (2009). Weird N.J.: Your Travel Guide to New Jersey's Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.. pp. 216–217. ISBN 978-1-4027-6685-5.
- ^ "State of New Jersey – FAQs". State.nj.us. November 20, 2008. http://www.state.nj.us/faqs/facts.html. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
External links[link]
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- State Government
- Official New Jersey state web site
- New Jersey State Databases – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by New Jersey state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
- Descriptions of NJ forms of government (e.g., township, borough, etc.) from NJ State League of Municipalities
- U.S. Government
- Energy Data & Statistics for New Jersey
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of New Jersey
- US Census Bureau
- New Jersey State Facts
- Other
- New Jersey at the Open Directory Project
- The New Jersey Digital Highway, the statewide cultural heritage portal to digital collections from the state's archives, libraries and museums
- Abandoned and Historic Mines of New Jersey
- New Jersey travel guide from Wikitravel
Geographic data related to New Jersey at OpenStreetMap
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 New York |
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| New Jersey: Outline • Index East |
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 Delaware |
Delaware Bay |
| Preceded by Pennsylvania |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Ratified Constitution on December 18, 1787 (3rd) |
Succeeded by Georgia |
Coordinates: 40°00′N 74°30′W / 40°N 74.5°W / 40; -74.5lez:Нью-Джерси
http://wn.com/New_Jersey
Related pages:
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http://es.wn.com/Nueva Jersey
http://ru.wn.com/Нью-Джерси
http://cs.wn.com/New Jersey
http://pt.wn.com/Nova Jersey
http://pl.wn.com/New Jersey
http://hi.wn.com/न्यू जर्सी
http://it.wn.com/New Jersey
http://id.wn.com/New Jersey
http://nl.wn.com/New Jersey
http://fr.wn.com/New Jersey
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Jersey (disambiguation).
"GBJ" redirects here. For other uses, see GBJ (disambiguation).
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Bailiwick of Jersey
Bailliage de Jersey |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Anthem: "God Save the Queen" (official) "Island Home" by Gerard Le Feuvre (official for occasions when distinguishing anthem required) |
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 Location of Jersey (Dark Green)
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| Capital (and largest city) |
Saint Helier 49°11.401′N 2°06.600′W / 49.190017°N 2.11°W / 49.190017; -2.11 |
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| Official language(s) | English, French | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Jèrriais[1] | |||||
| Ethnic groups (2011) | 50% Jersey, 31% Other Britons, 7% Portuguese, 3% Polish, 2% Irish, 0.88% French[2] | |||||
| Government | Parliamentary system, Constitutional monarchy and Crown dependency | |||||
| - | Duke | Elizabeth II, Duke of Normandy | ||||
| - | Lieutenant Governor | John McColl | ||||
| - | Bailiff | Michael Birt | ||||
| - | Chief Minister | Ian Gorst | ||||
| Status | British Crown dependency | |||||
| - | Separation from mainland Normandy | 1204 |
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| - | Liberation from German occupation | 9 May 1945 |
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| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 119.49 km2 (227th) 46.13 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 0 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2011 estimate | 97,857[3] (199th) | ||||
| - | Density | 819/km2 (14th²) 2,121/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2003 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $13.6 billion (167th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | £40,067 (6th) | ||||
| HDI (n/a) | n/a (very high) (n/a) | |||||
| Currency | Pound sterling (GBP) |
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| Time zone | GMT4 | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | (UTC+1) | ||||
| Drives on the | left | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | JE | |||||
| Internet TLD | .je | |||||
| Calling code | +44 specifically +44-1534 (landline) +44-7797 (Jersey Telecom mobile) +44-7700 (Sure mobile) +44-7829 (Airtel-Vodafone mobile) |
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| Patron saint | St. Helier | |||||
| 1 | Jersey’s Resident Population 2007 | |||||
| 2 | Rank based on population density of Channel Islands including Guernsey. | |||||
| 3 | The States of Jersey issue their own sterling notes and coins (see Jersey pound). | |||||
| 4 | In a referendum on 16 October 2008, voters rejected a proposal to adopt Central European Time, by 72.4%.[4] | |||||
Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, French: Bailliage de Jersey ( /ˈdʒɜrzi/, French: [ʒɛʁzɛ]; Jèrriais: Jèrri), is a British Crown Dependency[5] off the coast of Normandy, France.[6] As well as the island of Jersey itself, the bailiwick includes two groups of small islands that are no longer permanently inhabited, the Minquiers and Écréhous, and the Pierres de Lecq[7] and other rocks and reefs.
Jersey is a self-governing parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with its own financial, legal and judicial systems.[8]
The island of Jersey is the largest of the Channel Islands. Although the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey are often referred to collectively as 'the Channel Islands', they are not a constitutional or political unit. Jersey has a separate relationship to the British Crown from the other Crown Dependencies of Guernsey and the Isle of Man.[9] It is not part of the United Kingdom,[10] and has an international identity separate from that of the UK[11] but the United Kingdom is constitutionally responsible for the defence of Jersey.[12] Jersey is not a part of the European Union but has a special relationship with it, being treated as part of the European Community for the purposes of free trade in goods.[13]
Contents |
Toponymy[link]
Historic mentions[link]
- Andium (?) 4e C.[14]
- insula Gersoi 1022/1026.[15]
- insula Gerseii, var. Gersey, Gersei, Gersoii 1042.[16]
- Gersus ~1070.[17]
- insula de Gerzoi 1080/~1082.[18]
- insula de Gersoi 1066/1083.[19]
- insula Gersoi 1066/1083.[20]
- l'isle de Gersui 1160/1174.[21]
- in Gersoio 1223/1236.[22]
- Gersuy 1339.[23]
- Gersui 1339.[24]
- insula de Jersey 1372.[25]
- insula de Jereseye 1372.[26]
- insula de Gersey 1386.[27]
- insula […] de Jersey 1419.[28]
- Iarsay [read Jarsay] 1585.[29]
- Jarsey 1693.[30]
- Jerzey 1753.[31]
- Isle de Gersey 1753/1785.[32]
- Jerry 1829.[33]
- Ile de Jersey 1854.[34]
Etymology[link]
The Channel Islands are mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary as following : Sarnia, Caesarea, Barsa, Silia and Andium, but Jersey cannot be identified specifically because none correspond directly to the present names.[35] Furthermore, later records evoke Angia (also spelled Agna ).[36]
Andium is a Latinized version of the Gaulish (Celtic) *Andion, with and- the Gaulish intensive prefix meaning "very", "much", "big". Andium roughly translates as "big Island", Jersey being the largest of the Channel Islands. The spelling Angia could be an ultimate development of *Andia.
Some others identify it as Caesarea, a late recorded Roman name influenced by the Old English suffix -ey for "island";[37][38] this is plausible if, in the regional pronunciation of Latin, Caesarea was not [kaisarea] but [tʃeːsarea]. Another theory is that the variation of the "J" sound today could be connected with phonetical cousins "g" and "k" (International Phonetic Alphabet) through variable pronunciations based on similar spelling. Theoretically, if Caesarea was originally pronounced with a "k", that may have naturally developed into a "g" sound for locals (or foreigners), making Gersei, Gersoi, or the other spellings relatable. Because "g" is pronounced as both a hard glutteral "g" as in "go" or a soft "j" as in "gym" or "gem", the spelling of Jersey could be a result of the variance in its pronunciation.
Angia could be a misspelling for *Augia, that is the Latinized form of Germanic *aujō (> Old English ī(e)ġ > is-land).[39]), that could have extended before the Viking Age along the coast of France, as for île d'Yeu (Augia, Insula Oya) or Oye-Plage (Ogia 7th C.) and constitutes the suffix -ey in Jersey, Guernsey (Greneroi), Alderney (Alneroi) and Chausey (Calsoi).[40] Chausey can be compared with Cholsey (GB, Berkshire, Ċeolesiġ 891), interpreted by Eilert Ekwall[41] as "Ċeola 's island".
These -ey names could have been reinforced by the Viking heritage, because -ey is similar, so that it is possible to interpret the first part of the toponym as an Old Norse element. The source of it is unclear. Scholars surmise it derives from jarð (Old Norse for "earth") or jarl (earl), or perhaps a personal name, Geirr ("Geirr's Island").[42]
History[link]
Main article: History of Jersey
Jersey history is influenced by its strategic location between the northern coast of France and the southern coast of England; the island's recorded history extends over a thousand years.
Evidence of Bronze Age and early Iron Age settlements can be found in many locations around the island. Archaeological evidence of Roman influence has been found, in particular the coastal headland site at Le Pinacle, Les Landes, where remains of a primitive structure are attributed to Gallo-roman temple worship (fanum).[43] Evidence for settled Roman occupation has yet to be established[dubious – discuss].
Jersey was part of Neustria with the same Gallo-Frankish population as the continental mainland. Jersey, the whole Channel Islands and the Cotentin peninsula (probably with the Avranchin) came formerly under the control of the duke of Brittany during the Viking invasions, because the king of the Franks was unable to defend them, however they remained in the archbishopric of Rouen. Jersey was invaded by Vikings in the ninth century, and was eventually annexed to the future Duchy of Normandy, together with the other Channel Islands, Cotentin and Avranchin, by William Longsword, count of Rouen in 933 and it became one of the Norman Islands. When William's descendant, William the Conqueror, conquered England in 1066, the Duchy of Normandy and the kingdom of England were governed under one monarch.[44] The Dukes of Normandy owned considerable estates in the island, and Norman families living on their estates established many of the historical Norman-French Jersey family names. King John lost all his territories in mainland Normandy in 1204 to King Philip II Augustus, but retained possession of Jersey and the other Channel Islands. The islands have been internally self-governing since then.[45]
Islanders travelled across the North Atlantic to participate in the Newfoundland fisheries in the late 16th century.[46] In recognition for help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s, Charles II gave George Carteret, bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the American colonies in between the Hudson and Delaware rivers which he promptly named New Jersey. It is now a state in the United States of America.[47][48]
On 6 January 1781, a French invasion force of 2,000 men (of whom half didn't arrive) landed to take over the island. The battle by 9,000 men to defend the Island, although touch-and-go, and decisive, only lasted about half an hour. There were about thirty casualties on each side, and 600 French prisoners were taken. Both commanders were slain.[49]
Trade laid the foundations of prosperity, aided by neutrality between England and France.[50] The Jersey way of life involved agriculture, milling, fishing, shipbuilding, and production of woollen goods. 19th century improvements in transport links brought tourism to the island.
During World War II, Jersey was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945, when Germany surrendered.[51] During this time the Germans constructed many fortifications using Russian slave labour. After 1944 supplies from mainland France were interrupted by the D-Day landings and food on the island became scarce. The SS Vega was sent to the island carrying Red Cross supplies and news of the success of the Allied advance in Europe. The Channel Islands were one of the last places in Europe to be liberated.
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of Jersey
Jersey's unicameral legislature is the Assembly of the States of Jersey. It includes fifty-one elected members: ten senators (elected on an island-wide basis), twelve Connétables (often called 'constables', heads of parishes) and twenty-nine deputies (representing constituencies), all elected for four year terms as from the October 2011 elections.[52] There are also five non-voting members appointed by the Crown: the Bailiff, the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey, the Dean of Jersey, the Attorney General and Solicitor General.[53]
The government is a Council of Ministers, consisting of a Chief Minister and nine ministers.[54] Each minister may appoint up to two assistant ministers.[55] A Chief Executive is head of the civil service.[56] Some government functions are carried out in the island's twelve parishes.
The Bailiff is President (presiding officer) of the States Assembly,[57] head of the judiciary and as civic head of the island carries out various ceremonial roles.
As one of the Crown Dependencies, Jersey is autonomous and self-governing, with its own independent legal, administrative and fiscal systems.[58] In 1973, the Royal Commission on the Constitution set out the duties of the Crown as including: ultimate responsibility for the 'good government' of the Crown Dependencies; ratification of island legislation by Order in Council (Royal Assent); international representation, subject to consultation with the island authorities before concluding any agreement which would apply to them; ensuring the islands meet their international obligations; and defence.[59]
Elizabeth II's traditional title as Head of State is Duke of Normandy.[60] "The Crown" is defined by the Law Officers of the Crown as the "Crown in right of Jersey".[61] The Queen's representative and adviser in the island is the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey. He is a point of contact between Jersey ministers and the United Kingdom government and carries out executive functions in relation to immigration control, deportation, naturalisation and the issue of passports.[62] Since September 2011, the incumbent Lieutenant Governor has been General Sir John McColl.
Legal system[link]
Main article: Law of Jersey
Jersey is a distinct jurisdiction for the purposes of conflict of laws, separate from the other Channel Islands, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.[63]
Jersey law has been influenced by several different legal traditions, in particular Norman customary law, English common law and modern French civil law.[64] Jersey's legal system is therefore described as 'mixed' or 'pluralistic', and sources of law are in French and English languages, although since the 1950s the main working language of the legal system is English.
The principal court is the Royal Court, with appeals to the Jersey Court of Appeal and, ultimately, to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Bailiff is head of the judiciary; the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff are appointed by the Crown. Other members of the island's judiciary are appointed by the Bailiff.
Parishes[link]
Main article: Parishes of Jersey
Administratively, Jersey is divided into twelve parishes. All border on the sea. They were named after the Christian saints to whom their ancient parish churches were dedicated:
- Grouville (historically Saint Martin de Grouville; incorporating Les Minquiers)
- Saint Brélade
- Saint Clément
- Saint Helier
- Saint John
- Saint Lawrence
- Saint Martin (historically Saint Martin le Vieux; incorporating Les Écréhous)
- Saint Mary
- Saint Ouen
- Saint Peter
- Saint Saviour
- Trinity
The parishes of Jersey are further divided into vingtaines (or, in St. Ouen, cueillettes), divisions that are historic. Today they are used chiefly for purposes of local administration and electoral constituency.
The Connétable is the head of each parish, elected at a public election for a four-year term to run the parish and to represent the municipality in the Assembly of the States of Jersey. The Procureur du Bien Public (two in each parish) is the legal and financial representative of the parish (elected at a public election since 2003 in accordance with the Public Elections (Amendment) (Jersey) Law 2003; formerly an Assembly of Electors of each parish elected the Procureurs in accordance with the Loi (1804) au sujet des assemblées paroissiales). A Procureur du Bien Public is elected for three years as a public trustee for the funds and property of the parish and may contract when authorised by a Parish Assembly. The Parish Assembly is the decision-making body of local government in each parish; it consists of all entitled voters of the parish.
Each parish elects its own force of Honorary Police consisting of Centeniers, Vingteniers and Constable's Officers. Centeniers are elected at a public election within each parish for a term of three years to undertake policing within the parish. The Centenier is the only officer authorised to charge and bail offenders. Formerly, the senior Centenier of each parish (entitled the Chef de Police) deputised for the Connétable in the States of Jersey when the Connétable was unable to attend a sitting of the States. This function has now been abolished.
International relations[link]
Although diplomatic representation is reserved to the Crown, Jersey has been developing its own international identity over recent years. It negotiates directly with foreign governments on matters within the competence of the States of Jersey. Jersey maintains the Bureau de Jersey in Caen, France, a permanent non-diplomatic representation, with a branch office in Rennes. A similar office, the Maison de Normandie in St. Helier, represents the Conseil général of Manche and the Conseil régional of Basse-Normandie. It hosts the Consulate of France.
Jersey is a member of the British-Irish Council, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie. Jersey wants to become a full member of the Commonwealth in its own right.[65]
International identity[link]
In 2007, the Chief Minister and the UK Lord Chancellor signed an agreement[11] that established a framework for the development of the international identity of Jersey. The agreement stated that:
- the UK has no democratic accountability in and for Jersey;
- the UK will not act internationally on behalf of Jersey without prior consultation;
- Jersey has an international identity that is different from that of the UK;
- the UK recognises that the interests of Jersey may differ from those of the UK, and the UK will seek to represent any differing interests when acting in an international capacity; and
- the UK and Jersey will work together to resolve or clarify any differences that may arise between their respective interests.
In January 2011, the Chief Minister designated one of his assistant ministers as having responsibility for external relations; he is now often described as the island's 'foreign minister'.[66]
Tax information exchange agreements (TIEAs) have been signed directly by the island with several countries, including: the United States of America (2002); the Netherlands (2007); Denmark, the Faroes, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Sweden and Norway (2008); the United Kingdom, France, Australia and New Zealand (2009); Portugal (2010); People's Republic of China, Turkey, Mexico, Canada, Indonesia, Czech Republic, South Africa, Argentina, and India (2011).[67]
Relationship with the European Union[link]
Jersey is neither a Member State nor an Associate Member of the European Union. It does, however, have a relationship with the EU governed by Protocol 3 to the UK’s Treaty of Accession in 1972.[68] Protocol 3 and other relevant treaty provisions are made part of Jersey Law by the European Communities (Jersey) Law 1973.[69] The relationship between the Channel Islands and the EU cannot be changed without the unanimous agreement of all Member States and Island authorities.[70]
Under Protocol 3, Jersey is part of the European Union Customs Union of the European Community. The common customs tariff, levies and other agricultural import measures apply to trade between the island and non-Member States. There is free movement of goods and trade between the island and Member States. EU rules on freedom of movement for workers do not apply in Jersey.[71] Nor is Jersey part of the single market in financial services. It is not required to implement EU Directives on such matters as movement of capital, company law or money laundering. Jersey plans to incorporate such measures where appropriate, with particular regard to the island's commitment to meeting international standards of financial regulation and countering money laundering and terrorist financing.
British citizens who have only a connection to Jersey, and not with the United Kingdom or another Member state of the European Union, are not considered to be European Union citizens.[72] They have 'Islander status' and their Jersey-issued British passports are endorsed with the words 'the holder is not entitled to benefit from EU provisions relating to employment or establishment'.[73]
Jersey residents do not have a right to vote in elections for the European Parliament. Jersey and Guernsey jointly opened an office in Brussels in 2010 to promote their common interests with European Union institutions.[74] Jersey is particularly concerned about European Union legislation and reforms that may affect its trading partners in international financial centres round the world.
Independence[link]
See also: Devolution in the United Kingdom and European microstates
The question of Jersey's independence has been discussed from time to time in the Assembly of the States of Jersey. In 2005-2008, a working group of the States of Jersey examined the options for independence, concluding that Jersey 'is equipped to face the challenges of independence' but making no recommendations.[75] Proposals for Jersey independence continue to be discussed outside the States.[76]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Jersey
Jersey is an island measuring 118.2 square kilometres[5] (65,569 vergée / 46 sq mi), including reclaimed land and intertidal zone. It lies in the English Channel, about 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) from the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy, France, and about 87 nautical miles (161 km; 100 mi) south of Great Britain.[77] It is the largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands, with a maximum land elevation of 136 m (446 ft) above sea level at WA 57795 06708 (current UTM30 grid).
The climate is temperate with mild winters and cool summers.[78] The average annual temperature, 11.6 °C (52.9 °F) is similar to the South Coast of England and the mean annual total sunshine is 1912 hours.[79] The terrain consists of a plateau sloping from long sandy bays in the south to rugged cliffs in the north. The plateau is cut by valleys running generally north-south.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Jersey
Jersey's economy is based on financial services (43% of GVA in 2009), tourism (hotels, restaurants and bars making 3% of GVA in 2009), electronic commerce, and agriculture (2% of GVA in 2009).[80]
Thanks to specialisation in a few high-return sectors, at purchasing power parity Jersey has high economic output per capita, substantially ahead of all of the world's large developed economies. Gross national income in 2009 was £3.7 billion (approximately £40,000 per head of population).[80] However, this is not indicative of each individual resident's purchasing power, and the actual standard of living in Jersey is comparable to that in the United Kingdom outside central London. The island is recognised as one of the leading offshore financial centres. In June 2005 the States introduced the Competition (Jersey) Law 2005[81] to regulate competition and stimulate economic growth. This competition law was based on that of other jurisdictions.
Tourism supports not only hotels, but also retail and services: in 2009 there were 685,200 visitors spending £230 million.[80] Duty-free goods are available for purchase on travel to and from the island.
In 2009 57% of the Island's area was agricultural land (an increase on 2008). Major agricultural products are potatoes and dairy produce; agriculture's share of GVA increased 5% in 2009, a fifth successive year of growth.[80] Jersey cattle are a small breed of cow widely known for its rich milk and cream; although the quality of its meat is also appreciated on a small scale.[82][83] The herd total in 2009 was 5,090 animals.[80] Fisheries and aquaculture make use of Jersey's marine resources to a total value of over £6 million in 2009.[80]
Farmers and growers often sell surplus food and flowers in boxes on the roadside, relying on the honesty of customers to drop the correct change into the money box and take what they want. In the 21st century, diversification of agriculture and amendments in planning strategy have led to farm shops replacing many of the roadside stalls.
53,460 people were employed in Jersey as of December 2010: 24% in financial and legal services; 16% in wholesale and retail trades; 16% in the public sector; 10% in education, health and other private sector services; 10% in construction and quarrying; 9% in hotels, restaurants and bars.[80]
Jersey along with Guernsey has its own lottery called The Channel Islands Lottery that was launched in 1975.
On 18 February 2005, Jersey was granted Fairtrade Island status.[84]
Taxation[link]
Until the 20th century, the States relied on indirect taxation to finance the administration of Jersey. The levying of impôts (duties) different from those of the United Kingdom was granted by Charles II and remained in the hands of the Assembly of Governor, Bailiff and Jurats until 1921 when that body's tax raising powers were transferred to the Assembly of the States, leaving the Assembly of Governor, Bailiff and Jurats to serve simply as licensing bench for the sale of alcohol (this fiscal reform also stripped the Lieutenant-Governor of most of his effective remaining administrative functions). The Income Tax Law of 1928 introducing income tax was the first law drafted entirely in English. Income tax has been levied at a flat rate of 20% set by the occupying Germans during World War II.
Because VAT has not been levied in the island, luxury goods have often been cheaper than in the UK or in France, providing an incentive for tourism from neighbouring countries. The absence of VAT has also led to the growth of the fulfilment industry, whereby low-value luxury items, such as videos, lingerie and contact lenses are exported, avoiding VAT on arrival and thus undercutting local prices on the same products. In 2005, the States of Jersey announced limits on licences granted to non-resident companies trading in this way.
Although Jersey does not have VAT, the States of Jersey introduced a goods and services tax (GST) on 6 May 2008, at a standard rate of 3%. The rate was amended to 5% on the 1st June 2011. Some supplies are taxed at 0% and others exempt. Although GST is at 5%, shopping in Jersey is still far more expensive than in the UK, food is also not exempt unlike with VAT.
Jersey is not subject to European Union fiscal legislation and its Zero-Ten legislation will be compliant with the Code of Conduct in business taxation as from the removal of the deemed distribution and attribution anti-avoidance legislation as of 31 December 2011, which was apparently criticised by certain unnamed members of the Code of Conduct Group. The Code of Conduct Group, at least in theory, keeps most of its documentation and discussion confidential. The European Commission has confirmed that the Code is not a legal instrument, and therefore is not legally binding, only becoming of limited "political" authority once a unanimous report has been adopted by the Group at the end of the Presidency concerned.
Currency[link]
Main article: Jersey pound
Jersey issues its own Jersey banknotes and coins that circulate with UK coinage, Bank of England notes, Scottish notes and Guernsey currency within the island. Jersey currency is not legal tender outside Jersey: However, in the United Kingdom it is acceptable tender[85] and can be surrendered at banks within that country in exchange for Bank of England-issued currency on a like-for-like basis.
Coinage[link]
Designs on the reverse of Jersey coins:
- 1p Le Hocq Tower (coastal defence)
- 2p L'Hermitage, site where St. Helier lived
- 5p Seymour Tower (offshore defence)
- 10p La Pouquelaye de Faldouet (dolmen)
- 20p La Corbière Lighthouse
- 50p Grosnez Castle (ruins)
The main currency of Jersey is the pound, although in many places the euro is accepted because of the positioning of the island. Pound coins are issued, but are much less widely used than pound notes. Designs on the reverse of Jersey pound coins include historic ships built in Jersey and a series of the twelve parishes' crests. The motto around the milled edge of Jersey pound coins is Insula Caesarea (English: Island of Jersey). Two pound coins are also issued, but in very small quantities.
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Jersey
Censuses have been undertaken in Jersey since 1821. In the 2011 census, the total resident population was estimated to be 97,857, of whom 34% live in Saint Helier, the island's only town.[86] Only half the island's population was born in Jersey; 31% of the population were born elsewhere in the British Isles, 7% in Portugal or Madeira, 8% in other European countries and 4% elsewhere.[87]
The people of Jersey are often called Islanders or, in individual terms, Jerseyman or Jerseywoman. Some Jersey-born people identify as British and value the special relationship between the British Crown and the island.
Religion in Jersey has a complex history and much diversity. The established church is the Church of England. In the countryside, Methodism found its traditional stronghold. A minority of Roman Catholics can also be found in Jersey. There are two Catholic private secondary schools: De La Salle College in Saint Saviour is an all-boys school, and Beaulieu Convent School in Saint Helier is an all-girls school; and FCJ primary school in St. Saviour. A Catholic order of Sisters has a presence in school life.
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1951 | 55,244 | — |
| 1961 | 59,489 | +7.7% |
| 1971 | 69,329 | +16.5% |
| 1981 | 76,050 | +9.7% |
| 1991 | 84,082 | +10.6% |
| 2001 | 87,186 | +3.7% |
| 2011 | 97,857 | +12.2% |
Immigration[link]
Jersey belongs to the Common Travel Area[88] and the definition of "United Kingdom" in the British Nationality Act 1981 is interpreted as including the UK and the Islands together.[89]
For immigration and nationality purposes, the United Kingdom generally treats Jersey as though it were part of the UK. Jersey is constitutionally entitled to restrict immigration[90] by non-Jersey residents, but control of immigration at the point of entry cannot be introduced for British, certain Commonwealth and EEA nationals without change to existing international law.[91] Immigration is therefore controlled by a mixture of restrictions on those without residential status purchasing or renting property in the island and restrictions on employment. Migration policy is to move to a registration system to integrate residential and employment status.[91] Jersey maintains its own immigration[92] and border controls. United Kingdom immigration legislation may be extended to Jersey by order in council (subject to exceptions and adaptations) following consultation with Jersey and with Jersey's consent.[93] Although Jersey citizens are full British citizens, an endorsement restricting the right of establishment in European Union states other than the UK is placed in the passports of British citizens connected solely with the Channel Islands and Isle of Man.[94] Those who have a parent or grandparent born in the United Kingdom, or who have lived in the United Kingdom for five years, are not subject to this restriction.
Historical large-scale immigration was facilitated by the introduction of steamships (from 1823). By 1840, up to 5,000 English people, mostly half-pay officers and their families, had settled in Jersey.[95] In the aftermath of 1848, Polish, Russian, Hungarian, Italian and French political refugees came to Jersey. Following Louis Napoléon's coup of 1851, more French proscrits arrived. By the end of the 19th century, well-to-do British families, attracted by the lack of income tax, were settling in Jersey in increasing numbers, establishing St Helier as a predominantly English-speaking town.
Seasonal work in agriculture had depended mostly on Bretons and mainland Normans from the 19th century. The growth of tourism attracted staff from the United Kingdom. Following Liberation in 1945, agricultural workers were mostly recruited from the United Kingdom – the demands of reconstruction in mainland Normandy and Brittany employed domestic labour.
Until the 1960s, the population had been relatively stable for decades at around 60,000 (excluding the Occupation years). Economic growth spurred immigration and a rise in population. From the 1960s Portuguese workers arrived, mostly working initially in seasonal industries in agriculture and tourism.
A trend that has developed over the past few years is the setting up of recruitment agencies in a number of countries in the world, to employ either cheap labour (often from poor countries) or qualified/experienced labour. Amongst the countries that have been targeted for this type of recruitment are: Australia, Cyprus, Kenya, Latvia, Nigeria, Poland, Portugal, and South Africa.
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Jersey
Until the 19th century, indigenous Jèrriais – a variety of Norman – was the language of the island, though French was used for official business. During the 20th century an intense language shift took place and Jersey today is predominantly English-speaking. Jèrriais nonetheless survives; around 2,600 islanders (three percent) are reckoned to be habitual speakers, and some 10,000 (12 percent) in all claim some knowledge of the language, particularly amongst the elderly in rural parishes. There have been efforts to revive Jèrriais in schools, and the highest number of declared Jèrriais speakers is in the capital.
The dialects of Jèrriais differ in phonology and, to a lesser extent, lexis between parishes, with the most marked differences to be heard between those of the west and east. Many place names are in Jèrriais, and French and English place names are also to be found. Anglicisation of the toponymy increased apace with the migration of English people to the island.
Some Neolithic carvings are the earliest works of artistic character to be found in Jersey. Only fragmentary wall-paintings remain from the rich mediaeval artistic heritage, after the wholesale iconoclasm of the Calvinist Reformation of the 16th century.
The island is particularly famous for the Battle of Flowers, a carnival held annually since 1902.[96] Other festivals include La Fête dé Noué[97] (Christmas festival), La Faîs'sie d'Cidre (cidermaking festival),[98] the Battle of Britain air display, Jersey Live Music Festival, Branchage Film Festival, food festivals, and parish events.
The island's patron saint is Saint Helier.[99]
Media[link]
Broadcast[link]
Main article: Telecommunications in Jersey
BBC Radio Jersey provides a radio service, and BBC Channel Islands News with headquarters in Jersey provides a joint television news service with Guernsey.
Channel Television is a regional ITV franchise shared with the Bailiwick of Guernsey but with its headquarters in Jersey.
Channel 103 is a commercial radio station.
Jersey used to be served by the Normandy based radio station Contact 94.
SurfFM.co.uk is a internet based radio station broadcasting worldwide but focusing on promoting the burgeoning music scene in Jersey. With a mix of chart friendly shows during the day it switches to specialist mixes in the evening and nighttime from a raft of the local DJ talent. Also providing local news and competitions. Aiming to secure one of the new digital broadcasting licenses when they become available to the Channel Islands. Currently the station broadcasts MP3 streams to provide higher quality music than conventional streaming internet radio. The site is constantly developing as the radio station grows.
The Frémont Point transmitting station is a facility for FM and television transmission at Frémont
Newspaper[link]
Jersey's only newspaper, the Jersey Evening Post, claims that it has an average issue readership of 73% of adults in Jersey and that over the course of a week 93% of all adults will read a copy of the newspaper,[100] it being the main printed source of local news and official notices. The newspaper features a weekly Jèrriais column accompanied by English-language précis.
Magazines[link]
Lifestyle magazines include Gallery Magazine[101] (monthly), Jersey Now[102] (quarterly) and The Jersey Life[103] (monthly).
Les Nouvelles Chroniques du Don Balleine[104] is a quarterly literary magazine in Jèrriais.
"20/20 magazine"[105] is the island's only annual personal finance magazine; Global Assets [106] the island's online quarterly international offshore finance magazine is also produced by the same company.
Music[link]
The traditional folk music of Jersey was common in country areas until the mid-20th century. It cannot be separated from the musical traditions of continental Europe, and the majority of songs and tunes that have been documented have close parallels or variants, particularly in France. Most of the surviving traditional songs are in French, with a minority in Jèrriais.
In contemporary music, Nerina Pallot has enjoyed international success. Music festivals include Jersey Live, Rock in the Park, Avanchi presents Jazz in July, the music section of the Jersey Eisteddfod and the Liberation Jersey Music Festival.[108]
Cinema[link]
In 1909, T.J. West established the first cinema in the Royal Hall in St. Helier, which became known as West's Cinema in 1923 (demolished 1977). The first talking picture, The Perfect Alibi, was shown on 30 December 1929 at the Picture House in St. Helier. The Jersey Film Society was founded on 11 December 1947 at the Café Bleu, West's Cinema. The large Art Deco Forum Cinema was opened in 1935 – during the German occupation this was used for German propaganda films.
The Odeon Cinema was opened 2 June 1952 and, was later rebranded in the early 21st century as the Forum cinema. Its owners, however, struggled to meet tough competition from the Cineworld Cinemas group, which opened a 10 screen multiplex on the waterfront centre in St. Helier on reclaimed land in December 2002 and the Forum closed its doors in late 2008. In August 2006, plans were revealed to convert the former Odeon building into a department store while retaining the landmark architecture.
Since 1997, Kevin Lewis (formerly of the Cine Centre and the New Forum) has arranged the Jersey Film Festival, a charity event showing the latest and also classic films outdoors in 35 mm on a big screen. The 2011 festival was held in Howard Davis Park, St Saviour, on the 13–19 August 2011.[109] First held in 2008, the Branchage Jersey International Film Festival[110] attracts filmmakers from all over the world.
Food and drink[link]
Seafood has traditionally been important to the cuisine of Jersey: mussels (called moules in the Island), oysters, lobster and crabs – especially spider crabs – ormers, and conger.
Jersey milk being very rich, cream and butter have played a large part in insular cooking. (See Channel Island milk) However there is no indigenous tradition of cheese making, contrary to the custom of mainland Normandy, but some cheese is produced commercially. Jersey fudge, mostly imported and made with milk from overseas Jersey cattle herds, is a popular food product with tourists.
Jersey Royal potatoes are the local variety of new potato, and the island is famous for its early crop of Chats (small potatoes) from the south-facing côtils (steeply sloping fields). Originally grown using vraic as a natural fertiliser giving them their own individual taste, only a small portion of those grown in the island still use this method. They are eaten in a variety of ways, often simply boiled and served with butter or when not as fresh fried in butter.
Apples historically were an important crop. Bourdélots are apple dumplings, but the most typical speciality is black butter (lé nièr beurre), a dark spicy spread prepared from apples, cider and spices. Cider used to be an important export. After decline and near-disappearance in the late 20th century, apple production is being increased and promoted. Apple brandy is also produced, as is some wine.
Among other traditional dishes are cabbage loaf, Jersey wonders (les mèrvelles), fliottes, bean crock (les pais au fou), nettle (ortchie) soup, vraic buns.
Sport[link]
Main article: Sport in Jersey
In its own right Jersey participates in the Commonwealth Games and in the biennial Island Games, which it last hosted in 1997 and will next host in 2015.[111]
In sporting events in which Jersey does not have international representation, when the British Home Nations are competing separately, islanders that do have high athletic skill may choose to compete for any of the Home Nations – there are, however, restrictions on subsequent transfers to represent another Home Nation.
Jersey is an affiliate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). The Jersey cricket team plays in the Inter-insular match among others. The Jersey cricket team competed in the World Division 4, held in Tanzania in October 2008, after recently finishing as runners-up and therefore being promoted from the World Division 5 held in Jersey. They also competed in the European Division 2, held in Guernsey during August 2008. The youth cricket teams have been promoted to play in the European Division 1 alongside Ireland, Scotland, Denmark, the Netherlands and Guernsey. In two tournaments at this level Jersey have finished 6th.
For horseracing, Les Landes Racecourse can be found at Les Landes in St. Ouen next to the ruins of Grosnez Castle.
The Jersey Football Association supervises football in Jersey. The Jersey Football Combination has 9 teams in its top division. The 2006/07 champions were Jersey Scottish where Ross Crick is the top scorer. The Jersey national football team plays in the annual Muratti competition among others.
Rugby union in Jersey comes under the auspices of the Jersey Rugby Association (JRA), which is a member of the Rugby Football Union of England. Jersey R.F.C. compete in the English rugby union system;[112] after four promotions in five seasons, the last three of which were consecutive, they will compete in the second-level RFU Championship in 2012–13.[113]
Jersey has two public indoor swimming pools. Swimming in the sea, surfing, windsurfing and other marine sports are practised. Jersey Swimming Club have organised an annual swim from Elizabeth Castle to Saint Helier Harbour for over 50 years. A round-island swim is a major challenge that a select number of swimmers have achieved. The Royal Channel Island Yacht Club is based in Jersey.
There is one facility for extreme sports and some facilities for youth sports. Jersey has one un-roofed skateboarding park. Coastal cliffs provide opportunities for rock climbing.
In golf, two golfers from Jersey have won The Open Championship 7 times between them, Harry Vardon winning 6 times and Ted Ray winning once. Harry and Ted also won the US Open one time each and Harry's brother Tom Vardon had some smaller wins on European Tours.
Literature[link]
Wace is Jersey's earliest known author. Printing arrived in Jersey only in the 1780s, but the island supported a multitude of regular publications in French (and Jèrriais) and English throughout the 19th century, in which poetry, most usually topical and satirical, flourished (see Jèrriais literature).The first Jèrriais book to be published was Rimes et Poésies Jersiaises de divers auteurs réunies et mises en ordre, edited by Abraham Mourant in 1865. Writers born in Jersey include Elinor Glyn, John Lemprière, Philippe Le Sueur Mourant, Robert Pipon Marett, and Augustus Asplet Le Gros. Frederick Tennyson and Gerald Durrell were among authors who made Jersey their home. Contemporary authors based in Jersey include Jack Higgins, and Sinclair Forrest, author of the 2007 novel, The Dragon of Angur.
Education[link]
Schools[link]
The States of Jersey provides education through state schools (including a fee-paying option at secondary level) and also supports private schools. The Jersey curriculum generally follows that of England.
Further and higher education[link]
Jersey has a college of further education and university centre, Highlands College. As well as offering part-time and evening courses Highlands is the largest sixth form provider in the Island, and works collaboratively with a range of organisations including the Open University, University of Plymouth and London South Bank University. In particular students can study at Highlands for the two year Foundation Degree in Financial Services and for BSc Social Sciences, both validated by the University of Plymouth.
The Institute of Law is Jersey's law school, providing a course for students seeking to qualify as Jersey advocates and solicitors. It also provides teaching for students enrolled on the University of London LLB degree programme, via the International Programmes. The Open University supports students in Jersey (but they pay higher fees than UK students). Private sector higher education providers include the Jersey International Business School.
Environment[link]
Three areas of land are protected for their ecological or geological interest as Sites of Special Interest (SSI): Les Landes, Les Blanches Banques and La Lande du Ouest. A large area of intertidal zone is designated as a Ramsar site.
Jersey is the home of Durrell Wildlife Park (formerly known as the Jersey Zoological Park) founded by the naturalist, zookeeper, and author Gerald Durrell.
Biodiversity[link]
Four species of small mammal are considered native:[114] the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), the Jersey bank vole (Myodes glareolus caesarius), the Lesser white-toothed shrew (Crocidura suaveolens) and the French shrew (Sorex coronatus). Three wild mammals are well-established introductions: the rabbit (introduced in the mediaeval period), the red squirrel and the hedgehog (both introduced in the 19th century). The stoat (Mustela erminea) became extinct in Jersey between 1976 and 2000. The Green lizard (Lacerta bilineata) is a protected species of reptile; Jersey is its only habitat in the British Isles.[115]
Trees generally considered native are the alder (Alnus glutinosa), silver birch (Betula pendula), sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), hazel (Corylus avellana), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), beech (Fagus sylvatica), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), aspen (Populus tremula), wild cherry (Prunus avium), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), holm oak (Quercus ilex), oak (Quercus robur), sallow (Salix cinerea), elder (Sambucus nigra), elm (Ulmus spp.), and medlar (Mespilus germanica). Among notable introduced species, the cabbage palm (Cordyline australis) has been planted in coastal areas and may be seen in many gardens.[116]
Notable marine species[117] include the ormer, conger, bass, undulate ray, grey mullet, ballan wrasse and garfish. Marine mammals include the bottlenosed dolphin[118] and grey seal.[119]
Emergency services[link]
Emergency services[120] are provided by the States of Jersey Police with the support of the Honorary Police as necessary, States of Jersey Ambulance Service,[121] Jersey Fire and Rescue Service[122] and the Jersey Coastguard.[123] The Jersey Fire and Rescue Service and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate an inshore rescue and lifeboat service; Channel Islands Air Search provides rapid response airborne search of the surrounding waters.[124]
The States of Jersey Fire Service was formed in 1938 when the States took over the Saint Helier Fire Brigade, which had been formed in 1901.
The first lifeboat was equipped, funded by the States, in 1830. The RNLI established a lifeboat station in 1884.[125]
Border security and Customs controls are undertaken by the States of Jersey Customs and Immigration Service.
Jersey has adopted the 112 emergency number alongside its existing 999 emergency number.
Notable people[link]
- Wace, mediaeval author (1100–1174)
- Renaud De Carteret III, land-owner (1129-1169)
- Walter Raleigh, Governor from 1600 to 1603
- George Carteret, vice-admiral, royalist statesman (1610–1680)
- King Charles II, exiled in Jersey, 1649–50
- Victor Hugo, exiled in Jersey, 1852–55
- Lillie Langtry, actress (1853–1929)
- Harry Vardon, golfer (1870–1937)
- Ted Ray, golfer (1877–1943)
- Gerald Durrell, conservationist, author (1925–1995)
- Graeme Le Saux, football player (b. 1968)
- Nerina Pallot, singer-songwriter (b. 1974)
- Henry Cavill, actor (b. 1983)
- Matt Banahan, rugby player (b. 1986)
- Brett Pitman, football player (b. 1988)
See also[link]
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Footnotes and references[link]
- ^ "Development Of A Cultural Strategy For The Island". Statesassembly.gov.je. http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/propositions/22189-12814-1972005.htm. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ Bulletin 2: Place of birth, ethnicity, length of residency, marital status.
- ^ "2011 census results". Gov.je. 8 December 2011. http://www.gov.je/Government/Census/Census2011/Pages/2011CensusResults.aspx. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
- ^ "Jersey rejects time-zone change". BBC News. 16 October 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/jersey/7671009.stm. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
- ^ a b "www.gov.je – Welcome to the States of Jersey website". States of Jersey. 2006. http://www.gov.je/. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
- ^ "Where is Jersey". Jersey Tourism. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060820081549/http://www.jersey.com/wij/wij_en.htm. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
- ^ "Walking – Walking Routes – Moonwalks". Jersey Tourism. http://www.jersey.com/content_page.asp?id=127. Retrieved 18 October 2006.
- ^ "Jersey Facts and Figures". http://www.gov.je/Jersey/Pages/Profile.aspx. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ House of Commons Justice Committee. Crown Dependencies. 8th Report of Session 2009-10 (HC 56-1 ed.). The Stationery Office Ltd. ISBN 978-0-215-55334-8. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmjust/56/5602.htm.
- ^ http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx
- ^ a b Jersey and UK agree framework for developing Jersey’s international identity[dead link]
- ^ "Civil Unreported Templates". Statesassembly.gov.je. http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/reports/46527-24954-2762008.htm#_Toc188083991. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ "Jersey's relationship with the UK and EU". Gov.je. http://www.gov.je/Government/JerseyWorld/InternationalAffairs/Pages/RelationshipEUandUK.aspx. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ Antonine Itinerary, 4e C.
- ^ Marie Fauroux, Recueil des actes des ducs de Normandie (911–1066), Mémoire de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie XXXVI, Caen, 1961, p. 161, § 49.
- ^ ibid., p. 255, § 99.
- ^ Adrian Room, Dictionary of place names in the British Isles, Bloomsbury, London, 1988, p. 188.
- ^ Lucien Musset, Les actes de Guillaume le Conquérant et de la Reine Mathilde pour les abbayes caennaises, Mémoires de la société des Antiquaires de Normandie XXXVII, Caen, 1967, p. 84, § 8.
- ^ ibid., p. 94, § 11.
- ^ ibid., p. 97, § 12.
- ^ Wace, Roman de Rou (1160/1174), édition de Hugo Andersen, Heilbronn, 1877, III, v. 5302, 5305.
- ^ Julie Fontanel, Le cartulaire du chapitre cathédral de Coutances, Archives départementales de la Manche, Saint-Lô, 2003, p. 411, § 273.
- ^ Léopold Delisle, Les actes normands de la Chambre des Comptes sous Philippe de Valois (1328–1350), Rouen, Le Brument, 1871, p. 208, § 116.
- ^ Ibid., p. 209, § 117.
- ^ Rôles Normands et Français et autres pièces tirées des archives de Londres par Bréquigny en 1764, 1765 et 1766, Mémoires de la société des Antiquaires de Normandie XXIII (3e série, 3e volume), 1re partie, Paris, 1858, p. 4b, § 42.
- ^ ibid., p. 4b, § 46.
- ^ ibid., p. 5b, § 61.
- ^ ibid., p. 72a, § 393.
- ^ Gerard Mercator (1512–1594), Britannia et Normandia cum confinibus regionibus, Duisbourg, 1585 [NBF, Collection d'Anville, cote 00456 bis.
- ^ Greenville Collins, Chart of the channell, Manche, 1693 [BNF, Collection d'Anville, cote 00757].
- ^ Herman van Loon, D2.me [= Deuxième] carte particuliere des costes de Normandie contenant les costes du Cotentin depuis la Pointe de la Percée Jusqu'a Granville ou sont Comprises les Isles de Jersey, Grenezey, Cers, et Aurigny, avec les Isles de Brehat. Comme elles paroissent a basse Mer dans les grandes marées, Atlas Van Keulen, Amsterdam, 1753 [BN]
- ^ Cassini's map.
- ^ La Gazette de l'Île de Jersey. 24 January 1829.
- ^ V. Lavasseur, Atlas National Illustré des 86 départements et des possessions de la France, A. Combette éditeur, Paris, 1854.
- ^ Dominique Fournier, Wikimanche.
- ^ "History of stamps". Jersey Post. Archived from the original on 8 May 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060508134224/http://www.jerseypost.com/jppage.aspx?id=170. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
- ^ Harper, Douglas (November 2001). "Online Etymological Dictionary". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=jersey. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
- ^ Le Messurier, H. W. (December 1916). "The Early Relations between Newfoundland and the Channel Islands". Geographical Review (American Geographical Society) 2 (6): 449. DOI:10.2307/207514. JSTOR 207514.
- ^ T. F Hoad, English Etymology, Oxford University Press paperback 1993.
- ^ François de Beaurepaire, Les noms des communes et anciennes paroisses de la Manche, éditions Picard 1986. p. 100.
- ^ The Concise Oxford Dictionary Of English Placenames, Oxford 1947.
- ^ "Jersey", Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. John Everett-Heath. Oxford University Press 2005. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Jersey Library. 6 October 2006 [1]
- ^ "Countryside Character Appraisal – Character Area A1: North Coast Heathland". States of Jersey. http://www.gov.je/PlanningEnvironment/Planning/Island+Plan+and+Other+Policy+Guidance/Countryside+Character+Appraisal/Character+Area+A1+North+Coast+Heathland.htm. Retrieved 6 October 2006. [dead link]
- ^ "A Short Constitutional History of Jersey". Voisin & Co.. 18 May 1999. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070826101652/http://www.voisinlaw.com/pg368.htm. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
- ^ Liddicoat, Anthony (1 August 1994). A Grammar of the Norman French of the Channel Islands. Walter de Gruyter. p. 6. ISBN 3-11-012631-1. http://books.google.com/?id=pgobrmlMAGQC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6.
- ^ Ommer, Rosemary E. (1991). From Outpost to Outport. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0-7735-0730-2. http://books.google.com/?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA13&lpg=PP11.
- ^ Weeks, Daniel J. (1 May 2001). Not for Filthy Lucre's Sake. Lehigh University Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-934223-66-1. http://books.google.com/?id=FM_BrMaXR2kC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45.
- ^ Cochrane, Willard W. (30 September 1993). The Development of American Agriculture. University of Minnesota Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-8166-2283-3. http://books.google.com/?id=gnqxb5vuTEMC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18.
- ^ Syvret and Stevens. Balleine's History of Jersey. Phillimore. ISBN 1-86077-065-7.
- ^ Ommer, Rosemary E. (1991). From Outpost to Outport. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-7735-0730-2. http://books.google.com/?id=nrdYUXv817sC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12.
- ^ Bellows, Tony. "What was the "Occupation" and why is "Liberation Day" celebrated in the Channel Islands?". Société Jersiaise. http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/whitsco/liberat1.htm. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
- ^ States of Jersey (Miscellaneous Provisions) Law 2011 http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce\htm\LawFiles\2011%2fL-13-2011.htm
- ^ States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 1 http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473877
- ^ States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 18 http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473897
- ^ States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 24 http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473903
- ^ States of Jersey Official Report, 3 May 2011, 5.1. Statement by the Chief Minister regarding the appointment of a new Chief Executive to the Council of Ministers.
- ^ States of Jersey Law 2005, Article 3 http://www.jerseylaw.je/Law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce/htm/LawFiles/2005/l-08-2005.htm#_Toc88473878
- ^ House of Commons, Justice Committee (23 March 2010). Crown Dependencies. 8th Report of Session 2009-10. London: The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-215-55334-8. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmjust/56/56i.pdf.
- ^ Royal Commission on the Constitution 1969-1973 (1973). Report. Part XI of Volume 1. London.
- ^ The official website of the British Monarchy. "Channel Islands". http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ http://www5.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20Attorney%20General%20Transcript%2020100702%20WM.pdf
- ^ Office of the Lieutenant Governor. "Lieutenant-Governor". http://www.jersey.com/governmenthouse/About/Pages/default.aspx. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ Collins of Mapesbury, Lord; More, McLean, Briggs, Harris, McLachlan (2010). Dicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws (14th ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 978-1-84703-461-8.
- ^ See generally S Nicolle (2009). The Origin and Development of Jersey law: an Outline Guide (5th ed.). St Helier: Jersey and Guernsey Law Review. ISBN 978-0-9557611-3-3. and "Study Guide on Jersey Legal System and Constitutional Law". Jersey: Institute of Law. http://www.lawinstitute.ac.je/default.asp?contentID=629.
- ^ Jersey Evening Post, 23 September 2006
- ^ 'Meet our new foreign minister', Jersey Evening Post, 14 January 2011 http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/14/meet-our-new-foreign-minister/; Editorial, 'A new role of great importance', Jersey Evening Post, 17 January 2011 http://www.thisisjersey.com/2011/01/17/a-new-role-of-great-importance/
- ^ "TAX INFORMATION EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS (TIEAs)". http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Tax%20and%20your%20money/ID%20TIEAsSignedToDate.pdf. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 355(5)(c) states "the Treaties shall apply to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man only to the extent necessary to ensure the implementation of the arrangements for those islands set out in the Treaty concerning the accession of new Member States to the European Economic Community and to the European Atomic Energy Community signed on 22 January 1972".
- ^ "European Communities (Jersey) Law 1973". http://www.jerseylaw.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2Fconsolidated%2F17%2F17.210_EuropeanCommunitiesLaw1973_RevisedEdition_1January2007.htm. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- ^ See Sutton, Alastair (2005), "Jersey's changing constitutional relationship with Europe", Jersey and Guernsey Law Review 9 (1), http://www.jerseylaw.je/Publications/jerseylawreview/feb05/JLR0502_Sutton.aspx#P007
- ^ Rui Alberto Pereira Roque v His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey, Case C-171/96 (European Court of Justice) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61996J0171:EN:HTML
- ^ States of Jersey (4 February 2008). "Status of Channel Islands in the European Union". http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyReports/2008/45051-30164-1222008.pdf. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ^ States of Jersey. "Islander status". http://www.gov.je/Travel/Passports/OtherInfo/Pages/IslanderStatus.aspx. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ "Channel Islands appoint representative in Brussels", BBC News, 25 January 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-12276525
- ^ "Second Interim Report of the Constitution Review Group". Statesassembly.gov.je. http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/reports/46527-24954-2762008.htm. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ Editorial, 'Legal ideas of political importance', Jersey Evening Post, 21 September 2010 http://www.thisisjersey.com/2010/09/21/legal-ideas-of-political-importance/; Andy Sibcy, 'Sovereignty or dependency on agenda at conference', Jersey Evening Post, 17 September 2010 http://www.thisisjersey.com/2010/09/17/sovereignty-or-dependency-on-agenda-at-conference/
- ^ Geographically it is not part of the British Isles. As of 15 October 2006, the States of Jersey indicates that the island is situated "only 22 km off the northwest coast of France and 140 km south of England".
- ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Jersey". Central Intelligence Agency. 5 October 2006. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/je.html. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
- ^ "Climate Averages Jersey 1971–2000". Jerseymet.gov.je. http://www.jerseymet.gov.je. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Jersey in Figures booklet". http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/ID%20JerseyInFigures2010%2020110427%20SU.pdf. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ http://www.jcra.je/pdf/051101%20Competition-Jersey-Law--2005.pdf
- ^ Davenport, Philippa (20 May 2006). "Jersey's cash cow". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/7a7bb3e0-e720-11da-9046-0000779e2340.html. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
- ^ Witmer, Jason (11 June 2004). "CROPP contracts brings profitability to Ohio grass-based, organic dairies". The Rodale Institute. http://www.newfarm.org/features/0604/nissley/index.shtml. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
- ^ "Island achieves Fairtrade status". BBC News. 24 February 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/jersey/4295551.stm. Retrieved 6 October 2006.
- ^ Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Lords, Westminster (6 December 2001). "Lords Hansard text for 6 Dec 2001 (211206-28)". Publications.parliament.uk. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldhansrd/vo011206/text/11206-28.htm. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ "Jersey Census 2011 Bulletin no 1". States of Jersey. December 2011. http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020111208%20SU.pdf.
- ^ "Jersey Census 2011 Bulletin no 2". States of Jersey. January 2012. http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin2%2020111214%20SU.pdf.
- ^ "Visas / entry clearances / work permit issue". Home Affairs, Customs & Immigration, Immigration. States of Jersey. Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071010113620/http://www2.gov.je/HomeAffairs/CusAndImm/Immigration/. Retrieved 14 September 2009. "Passengers arriving from outside of the Common Travel Area (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) will pass through an Immigration control."
- ^ "British Nationality Act 1981". Legislation, UK, Acts. Office of Public Sector Information. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1981/cukpga_19810061_en_8#pt5-l1g57. Retrieved 14 September 2009. "the Islands” means the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man; [...] the United Kingdom” means Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the Islands, taken together;"
- ^ gov.je – Summary Policy[dead link]
- ^ a b gov.je – Migration Monitoring and Regulation[dead link]
- ^ gov.je – Immigration[dead link]
- ^ Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Lords, Westminster. "Answer by Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Home Office, (Lord West of Spithead) in UK House of Lords 18 January 2010". Publications.parliament.uk. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldhansrd/text/100118w0003.htm. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ gov.je – Passports – I have an observation in my passport that says – the holder is not entitled to benefit from EC Provisions relating to employment and settlement – what does that mean?[dead link]
- ^ Balleine's History of Jersey
- ^ "The Jersey Battle of Flowers". Jersey Battle of Flowers Association. 2005. http://www.battleofflowers.com/thebattle/index.htm. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
- ^ "La Fête dé Noué". http://www.jersey.com/english/sightsandactivities/eventscalendar/christmas/pages/default.aspx. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- ^ "La Faîs'sie d'Cidre". http://jerseyheritage.org/events/la-fa-s-sie-d-cidre. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- ^ Falle, Samuel. "Saint Helier – Saint Hélyi – Saint Hélier". Geraint Jennings, Société Jersiaise. http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/geraint/helier/falle.html. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
- ^ "At the heart of island life since 1890". Jersey Evening Post. http://www.jerseyeveningpost.com/index.html. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
- ^ "Gallery Magazine Jersey". Gallerymagazine.co.uk. http://www.gallerymagazine.co.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ http://www.jerseyeveningpost.com/pub2.html
- ^ Quality LifeStyle Magazines – Jersey, Harpenden,Jersey Estrella Radlett, St Albans
- ^ "Les Nouvelles Chroniques du Don Balleine". Societe-jersiaise.org. http://www.societe-jersiaise.org/langsec/chroniques.html. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ "20/20 magazine". 2020.je. http://www.2020.je. Retrieved 15 june 2012.
- ^ "Global Assets". financeoffshore.com. http://www.financeoffshore.com. Retrieved 15 june 2012.
- ^ "Band of the Island of Jersey". http://www.islandband.org.je. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- ^ "Liberation Jersey Music Festival". http://www.liberationjersey.com/. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- ^ "Jersey Film Festival". http://www.jerseyfilmfestival.com/. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- ^ "Branchage Film Festival". http://www.branchagefestival.com/. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- ^ "Island Games Jersey 2015 Bid | Home". Jersey2015.com. http://www.jersey2015.com/home. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
- ^ "Jersey Rugby Football Club". Jrfc.je. http://www.jrfc.je/. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
- ^ Pryor, Tim (23 April 2012). "Jersey promoted: The rise and rise of an island side". BBC Radio Jersey (BBC Sport). http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/17678699. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- ^ Species Based Research Projects – The Jersey Mammal Survey[dead link]
- ^ Biodiversity Action Plan[dead link]
- ^ Trees in Jersey, The Jersey Association of Men of the Trees, Jersey 1997, ISBN 0-9530979-0-0
- ^ "A-Z of Fish". Jersey.com. 21 August 2008. http://www.jersey.com/English/sightsandactivities/activities/fishing/AtoZFish/Pages/default.aspx. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ "Contacts". Gov.je. http://www.gov.je/pages/contacts.aspx?contactId=87. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ "Jersey Fire and Rescue Service". Gov.je. http://www.gov.je/Government/Departments/HomeAffairs/Departments/FireService/Pages/default.aspx. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ "Jersey Coastguard". Portofjersey.je. http://www.portofjersey.je/JerseyCoastguard/Pages/default.aspx. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ Ivor Bisson (3 February 2011). "CI Air Search Home page". Ci-airsearch.com. http://www.ci-airsearch.com/. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ "St Helier History". Rnli.org.uk. 14 December 1982. http://www.rnli.org.uk/rnli_near_you/southwest/stations/StHelierJerseyCI/history. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Print[link]
- Jersey Through the Centuries, Leslie Sinel, Jersey 1984, ISBN 0-86120-003-9
Further reading[link]
See also: Bibliography of Jersey
- Balleine's History of Jersey, Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens (1998) ISBN 1-86077-065-7
- A Biographical Dictionary of Jersey, G.R. Balleine
- Archaeology
- The Archaeology of the Channel Islands. Vol. 2: The Bailiwick of Jersey by Jacquetta Hawkes (1939)
- The Prehistoric Foundations of Europe to the Mycenean Age, 1940, C. F. C. Hawkes
- Jersey in Prehistory, Mark Patton, 1987
- The Archaeology and Early History of the Channel Islands, Heather Sebire, 2005.
- Dolmens of Jersey: A Guide, James Hibbs (1988).
- A Guide to The Dolmens of Jersey, Peter Hunt, Société Jersiaise, 1998.
- Statements in Stone: Monuments and Society in Neolithic Brittany, Mark Patton, 1993
- Hougue Bie, Mark Patton, Warwick Rodwell, Olga Finch, 1999
- The Channel Islands, An Archaeological Guide, David Johnston, 1981
- The Archaeology of the Channel Islands, Peter Johnston, 1986
- Cattle
One Hundred Years of the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society 1833–1933. Compiled from the Society's Records, by H.G. Shepard, Secretary Eric J. Boston. Jersey Cattle, 1954
- Religion
- The Channel Islands under Tudor Government, A.J. Eagleston
- Reformation and Society in Guernsey, D.M. Ogier
- International Politics and the Establishment of Presbytarianism in the Channel Islands: The Coutances Connection, C.S.L. Davies
- Religion, History and G.R. Balleine: The Reformation in Jersey, by J. St John Nicolle, The Pilot Magazine
- The Reformation in Jersey: The Process of Change over Two centuries, J. St John Nicolle
- The Chroniques de Jersey in the light of contemporary documents, BSJ, AJ Eagleston
- The Portrait of Richard Mabon, BSJ, Joan Stevens
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jersey |
- States of Jersey Main website of the Jersey government.
- Jersey Tourism Government owned tourism website.
- Jersey Elections
- Locate Jersey
- Jerripedia
- BBC Jersey
- Isle News
- This Is Jersey
- Jersey in The World Factbook
- Prehistoric Jersey
- Jersey travel guide from Wikitravel
Coordinates: 49°11′24″N 2°6′36″W / 49.19°N 2.11°W / 49.19; -2.11 
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Cory Booker | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Booker at the 2011 Time 100 gala | |
| 36th Mayor of Newark | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office July 1, 2006 |
|
| Preceded by | Sharpe James |
| Central Ward Council Member of the Newark City Council | |
| In office 1998–2002 |
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | Cory Anthony Booker (1969-04-27) April 27, 1969 (age 43) Washington, D.C. |
| Political party | Democratic Party |
| Alma mater | Yale Law School (J.D.) Oxford University (M.A.) Stanford University (M.A.) Stanford University (B.A.) |
| Profession | Mayor, attorney |
| Religion | Christian[1] |
| Website | corybooker.com |
Cory Anthony Booker (born April 27, 1969) is an American Democratic Party politician who has been serving as the 36th Mayor of Newark, New Jersey since 2006. He is the third African-American mayor of Newark, and was formerly a Newark City Councilman, and practicing attorney. He is a graduate of Stanford University, the University of Oxford (where he was a Rhodes Scholar), and Yale Law School.
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Booker was born in Washington, D.C., and grew up in the predominantly white, affluent town of Harrington Park, New Jersey, 20 miles north of Newark.[2] His parents, Cary Alfred and Carolyn Rose (Jordan) Booker, were among the first black executives at IBM.[2][3][4] In 2009, he told US News that he was raised in a religious household, and that he and his family attended a small, African Methodist Episcopal Church in New Jersey.[1] Booker graduated from Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan. He was named to the USA Today All-USA high school football team in 1986.[5]
He went on to Stanford University, receiving a B.A. in political science in 1991 and an M.A. in sociology the following year. While at Stanford, Booker played varsity football.[6] He also made the All–Pacific Ten Academic team[citation needed] and was elected senior class president.[7]. In addition, he ran The Bridge, a student-run crisis hotline and organized help for youth in East Palo Alto, from Stanford students.[8] After Stanford, he attended The Queen's College, Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship, earning an honours degree in U.S. history in 1994.[7] Booker received a J.D. in 1997 from Yale Law School, where he operated free legal clinics for low-income residents of New Haven. At Yale, he was a founding member of the Chai Society (now the Eliezer Society).[9] He was also a Big Brother and was active in the Black Law Students Association. Booker lived in Newark during his final year at Yale. After graduation, Booker served as Staff Attorney for the Urban Justice Center in New York and Program Coordinator of the Newark Youth Project.
Early political career[link]
In 1998, Booker won an upset victory for a seat on the Newark Municipal Council, beating four-term incumbent George Branch. To draw attention to the problems of open-air drug dealing and the associated violence, Booker went on a 10-day hunger strike, and lived in a tent and later in a motor home near drug dealing areas of the city.[10] He proposed Council initiatives that impacted housing, young people, law and order and the efficiency and transparency of City Hall, but was regularly outvoted 8–1. He also became an outspoken advocate of education reform.
2002 mayoral run[link]
In 2002, rather than run for re-election as Councilman, Booker decided to run for Mayor of Newark.[11] This pitted him against longtime mayor Sharpe James. In this campaign and the next, James' supporters questioned Booker's suburban background, calling him a carpetbagger who was "not black enough" to understand the city.[12] Booker was defeated 53%-47%.
Between mayoral campaigns (2003–2005)[link]
After concluding his service as Central Ward Councilman, Booker in 2002 founded Newark Now, a grassroots non-profit organization that connects Newarkers to useful resources and services in order to help transform their communities.[13] In addition, Booker also became a partner at the West Orange, law firm Booker, Rabinowitz, Trenk, Tully, Lubetkin, DiPasquale and Webster, and a senior fellow at Rutgers University's Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy.
2006 mayoral run[link]
Booker announced on February 11, 2006, that he would again run for mayor. Incumbent Mayor James then declined to seek a sixth term[14] and Deputy Mayor (and State Senator) Ronald Rice ran against Booker.[15] Booker's campaign outspent Rice's 25 to 1. Rice ran a campaign attacking Booker for raising over $6 million for the race; Booker attacked Rice as a "political crony" of James.[16][17] Booker won the nonpartisan election of May 9, 2006 with 72 percent of the vote, with his slate of City Council candidates, known as the "Booker Team," sweeping the Council elections, and giving Booker firm leadership of the city's government.
Before taking office as mayor, Booker sued the James administration seeking to terminate cut-rate land deals favoring two redevelopment agencies which were contributors to James' campaigns and which listed James as a member of their advisory boards. Booker argued that the state’s “pay-to-play” laws had been violated and that the land deals would cost the city more than $15 million in lost revenue. Specifically, Booker referenced a parcel on Broad and South streets that would generate only $87,000 under the proposed land deals yet was valued at $3.7 million under then-current market rates.[18] On June 20, 2006, Superior Court Judge Patricia Costello ruled in favor of Booker.[19] In late June 2006, before Booker took office, New Jersey investigators foiled a plot, led by Bloods gang leaders inside four New Jersey state prisons, to assassinate Booker. The motive for the plot was unclear, but was described variously as a response to the acrimonious campaign [20] and to Booker's campaign promises to take a harder line on crime.[21][22][23]
Mayor of Newark (2006–present)[link]
First term[link]
Booker assumed office as mayor of Newark on July 1, 2006, and is the third consecutive black person to govern the city since 1970.[24][25][26] After his first week in office, Booker announced a 100-day plan to implement reforms in Newark. Some of the proposed changes included: adding police officers, ending background checks for many city jobs (an effort to help former offenders find employment in the city), refurbishing police stations, improving city services, and expanding summer youth programs.[27][28]
On October 16, 2006, Booker formally introduced his administration's first adopted Newark City Budget. The approved $697.1 million budget resulted in an 8.3% increase in the city's property tax, which is one of the largest property tax increases in the city's history. The budget also increased the number of city employees from 3,968 to 4,197.[29][30] These increases were cited as necessary to fix the structural financial deficit and secure a solid foundation for Newark’s future. Booker pledged to not increase taxes the following year, a promise he kept – the City of Newark did not raise taxes for the following two years. His administration also reduced the size of government with a 2009 Budget proposal containing 3935 city employees. In addition, the City of Newark in 2008 and 2009 received the GFOA’s Distinguished Budget Presentation Award.[31][32]
One of the mayor's first priorities was to reduce the city's crime rate. Booker appointed Garry McCarthy, former Deputy Commissioner of Operations of the New York City Police Department, as the director of the Newark Police Department.[33] Public safety in Newark has been overhauled under Director McCarthy’s lead. A new Central Narcotics Division was created as well as a Fugitive Apprehension Unit, which has been responsible for the capture of 11 out of 12 Most Wanted Felons in Newark. In addition, major technological advances have been made to crime-fighting initiatives such as citywide camera and gunshot detection systems. Community-oriented and privately funded programs such as the Crime Stoppers and Gun Stoppers anonymous tip lines have made an important impact in crime prevention and apprehension of criminals in Newark. Crime reduction has been such a central concern to the Booker Administration that Booker, along with his security team, was known to personally patrol the streets of Newark until times as late as 4 a.m. early in his first term.[34]
Crime has dropped significantly in the city of Newark, which led the nation in violent crime reduction from 2006 to 2008. In those years, crime dropped by the following percentages: murders 36%, shooting incidents 41%, rapes 30%, and auto thefts 26%.[34] In 2008, Newark had its lowest murder rate since 1959.[34] Despite the success indicated by these statistics, as the global economic recession set in, robberies rose 27% in 2008 and another 10% through late June 2009.[34] As of July 2009, murders were down 42% overall, rapes down 41% overall and robberies down 12% from 2008.[35]
The month of March in 2010 marked Newark’s first murder-free month in over 44 years. As of April 1, 2010, the murder rate in Newark was the second best since 1941 and crime rates for aggravated assaults, robberies, carjacking, and shootings were also down for the first quarter compared to 2009.[36]
In addition to his crime-lowering initiatives, Booker has both doubled the amount of affordable housing under development and quadrupled the amount under predevelopment. Booker has slashed the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million.[citation needed]
Despite criticisms, Booker has also raised the salaries of many city workers.[34] However, the Booker Administration and the City of Newark imposed one-day-a-month furloughs for all non-uniformed employees from July through December 2010, as well as two-percent pay cuts for managers and directors currently earning more than $100,000 a year. Citing the reason for the pay cuts, Booker noted, “In 2006, we took over a city in financial crisis. We have made significant steps to address our financial future and decided that we would not balance the budget on the backs of our residents.” Booker has reduced his own salary twice since taking office, voluntarily reducing his salary by 8% early in his first year as mayor. None of Booker’s senior managers have received pay increases since taking office.[37]
Booker’s leadership has attracted approximately $100 million in private philanthropy to the City of Newark and a variety of nonprofits and public/private partnerships have been created and used to better the lives of Newark residents. In April 2008, the Newark Charter School Fund was established to provide grants in support of Newark’s charter schools to support a successful public school system in Newark.[38] The City of Newark also works with GreenSpaces, which has committed $40 million toward the largest park expansion initiative in over a century with a total of 21 park construction and rehabilitation projects scheduled for completion in every ward by the end of 2010.[39] To support the Newark Police Department, the Newark Police Foundation was established in 2006 and provides funding and other services to the Police Department which has had a significant impact on the NPD’s ability to pay for necessary resources that would otherwise not be readily funded through the department’s budget.[40]
In an effort to make government more accessible, Booker's administration has held regular open office hours during which city residents can meet personally with the Mayor to discuss their concerns.[41]
Booker is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,[42] a bi-partisan group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The Coalition is co-chaired by Boston mayor Thomas Menino and New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg. Booker was honored in October 2009 by the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence with the Sarah Brady Visionary Award for his work in reducing gun violence.[43]
He was among the finalists for the 2010 World Mayor prize, ultimately placing seventh.[44] He is a candidate for the 2012 prize.[45]
2010 re-election[link]
Booker drew three challengers in his bid for re-election in the May 11, 2010 election. He won re-election with 59% of the vote. He defeated former Essex County Prosecutor Clifford Minor (35%), Yvonne Garrett Moore (4%), and Mirna White (1%).[46]
Second term[link]
Booker made news when on December 28, 2010,[47] a constituent used Twitter to ask the mayor to send someone to her father's house to shovel his driveway because her father, who was 65 years old, was going to attempt to do it himself. Booker responded by tweeting; "I will do it myself; where does he live?" Other people volunteered, including one person who offered his help on Twitter, and 20 minutes later Booker and some volunteers showed up and shoveled the man's driveway.[48] In 2010, Samepoint released a study that measured the social media influence of mayors around the country, ranking Booker second Most Social Mayor behind San Francisco's Gavin Newsom.[49]
On April 12, 2012, Booker saved a woman from a house fire, suffering smoke inhalation and second degree burns on his hands in the process. Newark Fire Chief John Centanni said that Booker's actions possibly saved the woman's life.[50]
Other activities[link]
President Obama association[link]
In 2009, after Barack Obama became President of the United States, Booker was offered the chance to head the new White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy; Booker turned the offer down, citing a commitment to Newark.[34]
Booker generated controversy on May 12, 2012 when he appeared on Meet The Press as a surrogate for the re-election campaign of Barack Obama and made remarks which were critical of that campaign.[51]. Booker stated the attacks on Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney's record at Bain Capital were "nauseating to me on both sides. It's nauseating to the American public. Enough is enough. Stop attacking private equity. Stop attacking Jeremiah Wright."[51] Some objected to Booker's remarks because Romney has made those claims about job creation at Bain central to his campaign. Others criticized Booker saying his comments were motivated by his closeness to and dependence on Wall Street donors. Bain Capital and employees at other Wall Street firms have contributed substantial sums of money to Booker's political campaigns and projects in Newark.[52] The comments were subsequently utilized by the Romney campaign against Obama.[53] Booker made followup comments clarifying that he now believed Obama's attacks on Romney's record at Bain were legitimate, but did not retract his point about attacking private equity in general. [54] Two weeks later, Booker's communications director Anne Torres tended her resignation, although she maintained it was unrelated to Meet the Press.[55]
Affiliations and honors[link]
Booker sits on the board of advisers of the political action committee Democrats for Education Reform.[56]
Booker is currently a member of the Board of Trustees at Teachers College, Columbia University, and was formerly a member of the Executive Committee at Yale Law School and the Board of Trustees at Stanford University.
In the third year of his first term (May 2009), Booker received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (honoris causa) degree from the Newark-based New Jersey Institute of Technology for 'his outstanding career in public service as mayor of the City of Newark'.[57] In the same year, Booker also received an honorary doctorate from Brandeis University, and was a commencement speaker that year as well.[58] That summer, Booker spoke at Jersey Boys' State and has been a guest to subsequent Boys' State functions.[59] He also received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (honoris causa) degree in December 2010 from New York-based Yeshiva University for 'his bold vision for Newark and setting a national standard for urban transformation'.[60] Mayor Booker received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree in June 2011 from Williams College in Massachusetts for the urban transformation of New Jersey's largest city, Newark. He was also the 2011 Williams College Commencement speaker.[61] In May 2012, he received the "Doctor of Laws" degree from Bard College and gave the commencement speech at the graduation.
In 2010, Booker delivered the commencement addresses at Pitzer College in Claremont, California on May 15, Columbia University's Teachers College in New York City on May 17, and Suffolk University Law School a week later in Boston on May 23, 2010. He gave the commencement address to New York Law School graduates on May 13, 2011 at Avery Fisher Hall at Lincoln Center.
Films[link]
Booker's 2002 Mayoral campaign, which he lost, was chronicled by filmmaker Marshall Curry in his documentary Street Fight. The film was nominated for the 2005 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
Since 2009, Booker has starred in the documentary series Brick City, which airs on the Sundance Channel. Season 2 of the series is currently airing. The series focuses on Booker and his efforts to reduce crime in Newark and bring economic renewal to a city that has been blighted by drugs, gangs and unemployment for years. Brick City has won a Peabody Award, and has been nominated for a 2010 Primetime Emmy.
Booker also contributes to the 2011 documentary Miss Representation and comments on the representations of women in politics within mass media.
Booker was in Restaurant Impossible.
Mark Zuckerberg donation[link]
Booker attended a dinner at a conference in Sun Valley, Idaho, in July 2010 where he was seated with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg. Zuckerberg, who had no known ties to Newark, announced in September 2010 that he was donating $100 million of his personal fortune to the Newark school system. According to an article in the New York Times, Booker and Zuckerberg had continued their conversation about Booker's plans for Newark. The initial gift was made to start a foundation for education. The gift was formally announced when Booker, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, and Zuckerberg appeared together on The Oprah Winfrey Show. Oprah Winfrey also has been a supporter of Booker and reportedly has given millions to Newark schools and organizations.
The timing of Zuckerberg's donation was questioned by some as a move for damage control to his image, as it was announced on the opening day of the movie The Social Network, a film that painted an unflattering portrait of Zuckerberg. On her show, however, Winfrey told the audience that Zuckerberg and Booker had been in talks for months and had actually planned the announcement for the previous month, and additionally, she and Booker had to force Zuckerberg to put his name to the donation, which he had wanted to do anonymously.[62]
Feud with Conan O'Brien[link]
In the fall of 2009, Tonight Show host Conan O'Brien engaged in a satirical on-air and YouTube feud with Booker, with O'Brien jokingly insulting the city of Newark and Booker responding that he would ban O'Brien from the airport. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called for the feud to end during a prepared comedy bit, telling Booker to chalk it up to O'Brien's head injury suffered less than two weeks earlier.[63] Booker then appeared on O'Brien's show and assured viewers that the feud was over and that he was actually a big fan of O'Brien. O'Brien agreed that every time he made a joke about Newark, he would donate $500 to the City of Newark and also made a $50,000 donation to the Newark Now charity, which was matched by NBC Universal.
Personal life[link]
One of Booker's maternal great-grandfathers was Caucasian, and Booker also has African-American and Native American ancestry.[4][64][65]
He works out, has been a vegetarian (for health and environmental reasons) since his days at Oxford, is uninterested in accumulating "stuff," and "has no known vices or addictions" other than books.[66]
From 1998 to 2006, he lived in Brick Towers, a troubled housing complex in Newark's Central Ward. Booker organized tenants to fight for improved conditions. In November 2006, as one of the last remaining tenants in Brick Towers, Booker left his apartment for the top unit in a three-story rental on Hawthorne Avenue in Newark's South Ward, an area described as "a drug-and gang-plagued neighborhood of boarded-up houses and empty lots."[67] Brick Towers has since been demolished and a new mixed-income development was built there in 2010.[68]
See also[link]
- List of mayors of Newark, New Jersey
- Brick City (TV series) - a documentary series on his term as mayor
References[link]
- ^ a b Dan Gilgoff.Newark Mayor Cory Booker's Course on World Religions , US News August 7, 2009, retrieved May 21, 2012.
- ^ a b Cory Anthony Booker: On a Path That Could Have No Limits The New York Times, May 10, 2006
- ^ "Helping Celebrities Find Their Roots". NPR. March 23, 2012. http://www.npr.org/2012/03/23/149222907/helping-celebrities-find-their-roots. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ a b Stated on Finding Your Roots, PBS, March 25, 2012
- ^ Home Is Where the Heart Is, Education Next, 2006 No. 4, accessed December 6, 2006.
- ^ "Stanford University career football statistics". Sports-Reference.com. http://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/cory-booker-1.html.
- ^ a b {{cite web|last=Moller|first=Alexandra|title=Lyons Award honors service|publisher=Stanford Daily|date=February 28, 2001|url=http://archive.stanforddaily.com/?p=1000223
- ^ Alum Booker elected mayor of Newark, N.J. The Stanford Daily, June 8, 2006
- ^ Pitluk, Adam (March 26, 2011). "Yale's Secret Society That's Hiding in Plain Sight". Time.
- ^ Stevens, Andrew. "Cory Booker, Mayor of Newark, New Jersey". London: City Mayors Foundation. http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/newark-mayor.html. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
- ^ "The madness of Newark’s King James". Salon.com. http://dir.salon.com/story/news/col/huff/2002/04/30/newark/index.html.
- ^ Damien Cave, "In a Debate of Newark Mayoral Candidates, Some Agreement and a Lot of Discord" May 4, 2006 The New York Times
- ^ "About Us". Newark Now. http://www.newarknow.org/about.html. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ Sharpe Drops Out: James cites only his position against holding dual offices NJ.com / Star-Ledger, March 28, 2006
- ^ New York Times Metro Briefing - NEWARK: DEPUTY MAYOR ENTERS THE RACE The New York Times, March 6, 2006
- ^ Damien Cave, "On 2nd Try, Booker Glides In as Newark Mayor" May 10, 2006 The New York Times
- ^ Damien Cave, "Newark Feature: A New Political Era" May 10, 2006 The New York Times (Multimedia)
- ^ Cave, Damien (April 19, 2006). "Booker Says Newark Mayor Is 'Giving Away Our Land'". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/19/nyregion/19newark.htm. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
- ^ Katie Wang, "Booker wins fight on city land sales" June 21, 2006 The Star-Ledger
- ^ Richard G. Jones, "Threat to Newark's Mayor-Elect Leads to 24-Hour Police Guard" June 5, 2006 The New York Times
- ^ Richard G. Jones, "Threat to Newark's Mayor-Elect Leads to 24-Hour Police Guard" June 5, 2006 The New York Times
- ^ Jay Dow, "Newark P.D.: Bloods Threaten To Kill Booker" June 21, 2006 CBS News
- ^ Jay Dow, "Booker Stands Up To Jailhouse Death Threats" June 22, 2006 CBS News
- ^ Newark Elects Cory Booker First New Mayor in Two Decades in Landslide Victory, ABC News, May 9, 2006
- ^ Damien Cave "Pledging to Revive Newark, a New Mayor Goes to Work" July 2, 2006 The New York Times
- ^ David Segal, "Urban Legend How Cory Booker Became Newark's Mayor: By Being Almost Too Good to Be True" July 3, 2006 The Washington Post
- ^ Ronald Smothers, "Booker Has 100-Day Plan for Newark’s Reorganization" July 11, 2006 The New York Times
- ^ Jay Dow, "Booker Unveils '100-Day Plan' To Battle Crime" July 10, 2006 CBS
- ^ "Mayor Booker Unveils Newark Budget" Press Release
- ^ Katie Wang, "City council to review budget with 8% hike" August 23, 2006 The Star-Ledger
- ^ http://www.ci.newark.nj.us/userimages/downloads/Budget_I_Budget_Introduction.pdf
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f Gregory, Sean (2009-07-27). "Cory Booker is (Still) Optimistic That he can Save Newark" (Magazine). New York: Time Inc.. pp. 36–40. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1910983,00.html. Retrieved 2009-07-19. Note:When sourcing this article, the print edition was used. The exact same text from the web version however is used for the URL. The print version has a different title than the web version, Why Cory Booker Likes Being Mayor of Newark Strangely, both versions state that the article was published on the 27th, while the article itself was accessed on the 19th?
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ "Newark marks its first murder-free month in 44 years". USA Today. April 1, 2010. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/04/newark-marks-its-first-murder-free-month-in-44-years/1. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ "Home". Newark Charter School Fund. http://ncsfund.org/. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ Kraat, Betsy (August 20, 2009). "Newly Renovated West End Park Opens Today in Newark". New Jersey & Company. http://www.njand.com/news/green.php/2009/08/20/newly_renovated_west_end_park_opens_toda. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ http://newarkpolicefoundation.org
- ^ Andrew Jacobs, "Access to Mayor Doesn’t Solve All Problems" March 8, 2007 The New York Times
- ^ "Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members". http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml.
- ^ "Brady Center: Stand Up for a Safe America Gala, NYC". http://www.bradycenter.org/donate/events/nyc.
- ^ "World Mayor: The 2010 results". http://www.worldmayor.com/contest_2010/world-mayor-2010-results.html. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
- ^ "World Mayor longlist of candidates for the 2012 Prize". http://www.worldmayor.com/contest_2012/longlist-2012.html. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=625135
- ^ http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2039945,00.html
- ^ "Mayor digs in after Twitter appeal". CNN. Jan 3, 2010. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/01/03/mayor-digs-in-after-twitter-appeal. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
- ^ "Samepoint Ranks America's Most Social Mayors; San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom Tops the List" (Press release). Samepoint, LLC. Feb 18, 2010. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/samepoint-ranks-americas-most-social-mayors-san-francisco-mayor-gavin-newsom-tops-the-list-84687942.html. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
- ^ Newark Mayor Cory Booker taken to hospital after rescuing woman from house fire
- ^ a b Hernandez, Raymond (May 20, 2012). "Surrogate for Obama Denounces Anti-Romney Ad". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/21/us/politics/cory-a-booker-criticizes-obamas-bain-ad.html?_r=1. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
- ^ Bain and Financial Industry Gave Over $565,000 To Newark Mayor Cory Booker For 2002 Campaign. thinkprogress.org. May 21, 2012
- ^ Condon, Stephanie (May 21, 2012). "Cory Booker's criticisms complicate Obama team's anti-Bain message". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57438195-503544/cory-bookers-criticisms-complicate-obama-teams-anti-bain-message/. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
- ^ http://www.salon.com/2012/05/22/booker%E2%80%99s_maddeningly_slippery_interview/
- ^ Giambusso, David (May 29, 2012). "Newark City Hall communications director resigns in wake of Booker's 'Meet the Press' appearance". The Star-Ledger. nj.com. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/05/newark_communications_director.html. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
- ^ "Democrats for Education Reform - About Us". http://www.dfer.org/about/. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
- ^ "2009 Commencement Honoree: Mayor Cory A. Booker". New Jersey Institute of Technology. http://commencement.njit.edu/2009/cory-booker.php. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ "Cory Booker urges graduates to use their love to change the world". BrandeisNOW. May 17, 2009. http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2009/may/bookercommencement.html. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ http://www.aljbs.org/pdf/ALJBS_Press_Release_2009.pdf
- ^ "'Newark Mayor Cory Booker will be the keynote speaker at Yeshiva University’s Hanukkah Dinner and Convocation on Dec. 12'". Yeshiva University. November 8, 2010. http://blogs.yu.edu/news/2010/11/08/86th-annual-hanukkah-dinner-and-convocation/#more-1043. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ "'Cory Booker Williams College Commencement 2011'". Youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/user/WilliamsCollege#p/a/69DE991931B0D47D/0/4vA2dTrqxnk. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ http://gawker.com/#!5647434/zuckerberg-on-oprah-my-100-million-donation-is-about-kids-not-the-social-network
- ^ Tonight Show With Conan O'Brien, October 5th-9th, 2009, NBC
- ^ Ofori-Atta, Akoto (March 23, 2012). "The Surprise in Cory Booker's Family Tree". The Root. http://www.theroot.com/views/surprise-cory-bookers-family-tree. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ Jurgensen, John (March 22, 2012). "Doubling Down on DNA". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304636404577297502843483454.html. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ Kaylin, Lucy (September 2010). "'Is Cory Booker the Greatest Mayor in America?2'". O, The Oprah Magazine. http://www.oprah.com/world/Newark-Mayor-Cory-Booker-Profile/1. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
- ^ Mayor moves to tough Newark area, Janet Frankston Lorin, November 24, 2006, Philadelphia Inquirer
- ^ Mays, Jeffery C. (July 20, 2008). "Razed Brick Towers no longer is a symbol of poverty". The Star-Ledger. http://www.nj.com/newark/index.ssf/2008/07/razed_brick_towers_no_longer_i.html. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
External links[link]
- Cory Booker Official Campaign Site
- Mayor Booker City of Newark Biography
- Newark Now website
- PBS series P.O.V. web site for Street Fight
- City of Newark, NJ - Contact Information
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Sharpe James |
Mayor of Newark July 1, 2006–present |
Incumbent |
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Booker, Cory |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Mayor of Newark, New Jersey |
| Date of birth | April 27, 1969 |
| Place of birth | Washington, D.C. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Cory_Booker
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Cory Booker
http://nl.wn.com/Cory Booker
http://it.wn.com/Cory Booker
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Booker
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the person. For her 1985 eponymous album, see Whitney Houston (album).
| Whitney Houston | |
|---|---|
 Whitney Houston performing at Good Morning America in Central Park on September 1, 2009 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Whitney Elizabeth Houston |
| Born | (1963-08-09)August 9, 1963 Newark, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | February 11, 2012(2012-02-11) (aged 48) Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |
| Genres | R&B, soul, pop, dance, gospel |
| Occupations | Singer, actress, model, film producer, record producer, songwriter |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano |
| Years active | 1977–2012 |
| Labels | Arista, RCA |
| Associated acts | Cissy Houston, Dionne Warwick, Dee Dee Warwick, Aretha Franklin, Jermaine Jackson, Mariah Carey, Enrique Iglesias, Bobby Brown |
| Website |
 Whitney Houston's autograph |
Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 – February 11, 2012) was an American recording artist, actress, producer, and model. In 2009, the Guinness World Records cited her as the most-awarded female act of all-time.[1] Houston was one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 170 million albums, singles and videos worldwide.[2][3] She released seven studio albums and three movie soundtrack albums, all of which have diamond, multi-platinum, platinum or gold certification. Houston's crossover appeal on the popular music charts, as well as her prominence on MTV, starting with her video for "How Will I Know",[4] influenced several African American female artists to follow in her footsteps.[5][6]
Houston is the only artist to chart seven consecutive No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits.[7] She is the second artist behind Elton John and the only female artist to have two number-one Billboard 200 Album awards (formerly "Top Pop Album") on the Billboard magazine year-end charts.[8] Houston's 1985 debut album Whitney Houston became the best-selling debut album by a female act at the time of its release. The album was named Rolling Stone's best album of 1986, and was ranked at number 254 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[9] Her second studio album Whitney (1987) became the first album by a female artist to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart.[9]
Houston's first acting role was as the star of the feature film The Bodyguard (1992). The film's original soundtrack won the 1994 Grammy Award for Album of the Year. Its lead single "I Will Always Love You", became the best-selling single by a female artist in music history. With the album, Houston became the first act (solo or group, male or female) to sell more than a million copies of an album within a single week period under Nielsen SoundScan system.[9] The album makes her the top female act in the top 10 list of the best-selling albums of all time, at number four. Houston continued to star in movies and contribute to their soundtracks, including the films Waiting to Exhale (1995) and The Preacher's Wife (1996). The Preacher's Wife soundtrack became the best-selling gospel album in history.[10]
Contents
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Life and career[link]
1963–1976: Early life[link]
Whitney Houston was born in what was then a middle-income neighborhood in Newark, New Jersey, the second child of Army serviceman and entertainment executive John Russell Houston, Jr. (September 13, 1920 – February 2, 2003), and gospel singer Cissy Houston (née Emily Drinkard).[11] She was of African American, Native American and Dutch descent.[12] Her mother, along with cousins Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick, godmother Darlene Love[13] and honorary aunt Aretha Franklin[14] were all notable figures in the gospel, rhythm and blues, pop, and soul genres.[15] She met her honorary aunt at age 8, or 9, when her mother took her to a recording studio.[16] Houston was raised a Baptist, but was also exposed to the Pentecostal church. After the 1967 Newark riots, the family moved to a middle-class area in East Orange, New Jersey, when she was four.[17]
At the age of 11, Houston began to follow in her mother's footsteps and started performing as a soloist in the junior gospel choir at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, where she also learned to play the piano.[18] Her first solo performance in the church was "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah".[19] When Houston was a teenager, she attended Mount Saint Dominic Academy, a Catholic girls' high school in Caldwell, New Jersey, where she met her best friend Robyn Crawford, whom she described as the "sister she never had".[20] While Houston was still in school, her mother continued to teach her how to sing.[5] In addition to her mother, Franklin, and Warwick, Houston was also exposed to the music of Chaka Khan, Gladys Knight, and Roberta Flack, most of whom would have an impact on her as a singer and performer.[21]
1977–1984: Early career[link]
Houston spent some of her teenage years touring nightclubs where her mother Cissy was performing, and she would occasionally get on stage and perform with her. In 1977, at age 14, she became a backup singer on the Michael Zager Band's single "Life's a Party".[22] In 1978, at age 15, Houston sang background vocals on Chaka Khan's hit single "I'm Every Woman", a song she would later turn into a larger hit for herself on her monster-selling The Bodyguard soundtrack album.[23][24] She also sang back-up on albums by Lou Rawls and Jermaine Jackson.[23]
In the early 1980s, Houston started working as a fashion model after a photographer saw her at Carnegie Hall singing with her mother. She appeared in Seventeen[25] and became one of the first women of color to grace the cover of the magazine.[26] She was also featured in layouts in the pages of Glamour, Cosmopolitan, Young Miss, and appeared in a Canada Dry soft drink TV commercial.[27] Her striking looks and girl-next-door charm made her one of the most sought after teen models of that time.[27] While modeling, she continued her burgeoning recording career by working with producers Michael Beinhorn, Bill Laswell and Martin Bisi on an album they were spearheading called One Down, which was credited to the group Material. For that project, Houston contributed the ballad "Memories", a cover of a song by Hugh Hopper of Soft Machine. Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called her contribution "one of the most gorgeous ballads you've ever heard".[28] She also appeared as a lead vocalist on one track on a Paul Jabara album, entitled Paul Jabara and Friends, released by Columbia Records in 1983.[29]
Houston had previously been offered several recording agencies (Michael Zager in 1980, and Elektra Records in 1981), however her mother declined the offers stating her daughter must first complete high school.[22][30] In 1983, Gerry Griffith, an A&R representative from Arista Records, saw her performing with her mother in a New York City nightclub and was impressed. He convinced Arista's head Clive Davis to make time to see Houston perform. Davis too was impressed and offered a worldwide recording contract which Houston signed. Later that year, she made her national televised debut alongside Davis on The Merv Griffin Show.[31]
Houston signed with Arista in 1983, but did not begin work on her album immediately.[1] The label wanted to make sure no other label signed the singer away. Davis wanted to ensure he had the right material and producers for Houston's debut album. Some producers had to pass on the project due to prior commitments.[32] Houston first recorded a duet with Teddy Pendergrass entitled "Hold Me" which appeared on his album, Love Language.[33] The single was released in 1984 and gave Houston her first taste of success, becoming a Top 5 R&B hit.[34] It would also appear on her debut album in 1985.
1985–1986: Rise to international prominence[link]
With production from Michael Masser, Kashif, Jermaine Jackson, and Narada Michael Walden, Houston's debut album Whitney Houston was released in February 1985. Rolling Stone magazine praised Houston, calling her "one of the most exciting new voices in years" while The New York Times called the album "an impressive, musically conservative showcase for an exceptional vocal talent".[35][36] Arista Records promoted Houston's album with three different singles from the album in the US, UK and other European countries. In the UK, the dance-funk "Someone for Me", which failed to chart in the country, was the first single while "All at Once" was in such European countries as the Netherlands and Belgium, where the song reached the top 5 on the singles charts, respectively.[37]
In the US, the soulful ballad "You Give Good Love" was chosen as the lead single from Houston's debut to establish her in the black marketplace first.[38] Outside the US, the song failed to get enough attention to become a hit, but in the US, it gave the album its first major hit as it peaked at No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and No. 1 on the Hot R&B chart.[32] As a result, the album began to sell strongly, and Houston continued promotion by touring nightclubs in the US. She also began performing on late-night television talk shows, which were not usually accessible to unestablished black acts. The jazzy ballad "Saving All My Love for You" was released next and it would become Houston's first No. 1 single in both the US and the UK. She was then an opening act for singer Jeffrey Osborne on his nationwide tour. "Thinking About You" was released as the promo single only to R&B-oriented radio stations, which peaked at number ten on the US R&B Chart. At the time, MTV had received harsh criticism for not playing enough videos by black, Latino, and other racial minorities while favoring white acts.[39] The third US single, "How Will I Know", peaked at No. 1 and introduced Houston to the MTV audience thanks to its video. Houston's subsequent singles from this, and future albums, would make her the first African-American female artist to receive consistent heavy rotation on MTV.[26]
By 1986, a year after its initial release, Whitney Houston topped the Billboard 200 albums chart and stayed there for 14 non-consecutive weeks.[40] The final single, "Greatest Love of All", became Houston's biggest hit at the time after peaking No. 1 and remaining there for three weeks on the Hot 100 chart, which made her debut the first album by a female artist to yield three No. 1 hits. Houston was No. 1 artist of the year and Whitney Houston was the No. 1 album of the year on the 1986 Billboard year-end charts, making her the first female artist to earn that distinction.[40] At the time, Houston released the best-selling debut album by a solo artist.[41] Houston then embarked on her world tour, Greatest Love Tour. The album had become an international success, and was certified 13× platinum (diamond) in the United States alone, and has sold a total of 25 million copies worldwide.[42]
At the 1986 Grammy Awards, Houston was nominated for three awards including Album of the Year.[43] She was not eligible for the Best New Artist category due to her previous hit R&B duet recording with Teddy Pendergrass in 1984.[44] She won her first Grammy award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female for "Saving All My Love for You".[45] Houston's performance of the song during the Grammy telecast later earned her an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program.[46]
Houston won seven American Music Awards in total in 1986 and 1987, and an MTV Video Music Award.[47][48] The album's popularity would also carry over to the 1987 Grammy Awards when "Greatest Love of All" would receive a Record of the Year nomination. Houston's debut album is listed as one of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and on The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame's Definitive 200 list.[49][50] Houston's grand entrance into the music industry is considered one of the 25 musical milestones of the last 25 years, according to USA Today.[51] Following Houston's breakthrough, doors were opened for other African-American female artists such as Janet Jackson and Anita Baker to find notable success in popular music and on MTV.[52][53]
[edit] 1987–1991: Whitney, I'm Your Baby Tonight and "The Star Spangled Banner"
With many expectations, Houston's second album, Whitney, was released in June 1987. The album again featured production from Masser, Kashif and Walden as well as Jellybean Benitez. Many critics complained that the material was too similar to her previous album. Rolling Stone said, "the narrow channel through which this talent has been directed is frustrating".[54] Still, the album enjoyed commercial success. Houston became the first female artist in music history to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart, and the first artist to enter the albums chart at number one in both the US and UK, while also hitting number one or top ten in dozens of other countries around the world. The album's first single, "I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)", was also a massive hit worldwide, peaking at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and topping the singles chart in many countries such as Australia, Germany and the UK. The next three singles, "Didn't We Almost Have It All", "So Emotional", and "Where Do Broken Hearts Go" all peaked at number one on the US Hot 100 chart, which gave her a total of seven consecutive number one hits, breaking the record of six previously shared by The Beatles and The Bee Gees.[55][56] Houston became the first female artist to generate four number-one singles from one album. Whitney has been certified 9× Platinum in the US for shipments of over 9 million copies, and has sold a total of 20 million copies worldwide.[57]
At the 30th Grammy Awards in 1988, Houston was nominated for three awards, including Album of the Year, winning her second Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)".[58][59] Houston also won two American Music Awards in 1988 and 1989, respectively, and a Soul Train Music Award.[60][61][62] Following the release of the album, Houston embarked on the Moment of Truth World Tour, which was one of the ten highest grossing concert tours of 1987.[63] The success of the tours during 1986–87 and her two studio albums ranked Houston No. 8 for the highest earning entertainers list according to Forbes magazine.[64] She was the highest earning African-American woman overall and the third highest entertainer after Bill Cosby and Eddie Murphy.[64]
Houston was a supporter of Nelson Mandela and the anti-apartheid movement. During her modeling days, the singer refused to work with any agencies who did business with the then-apartheid South Africa.[65][66] On June 11, 1988, during the European leg of her tour, Houston joined other musicians to perform a set at Wembley Stadium in London to celebrate a then-imprisoned Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday.[65] Over 72,000 people attended Wembley Stadium, and over a billion people tuned in worldwide as the rock concert raised over $1 million for charities while bringing awareness to apartheid.[67] Houston then flew back to the US for a concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City in August. The show was a benefit concert that raised a quarter of a million dollars for the United Negro College Fund.[68] In the same year, she recorded a song for NBC's coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics, "One Moment in Time", which became a Top 5 hit in the US, while reaching number one in the UK and Germany.[69][70][71] With her world tour continuing overseas, Houston was still one of the top 20 highest earning entertainers for 1987–88 according to Forbes magazine.[72][73]
In 1989, Houston formed The Whitney Houston Foundation For Children, a non-profit organization that has raised funds for the needs of children around the world. The organization cares for homelessness, children with cancer or AIDS, and other issues of self-empowerment.[74] With the success of her first two albums, Houston was undoubtedly an international crossover superstar, the most prominent since Michael Jackson, appealing to all demographics. However, some black critics believed she was "selling out".[6] They felt her singing on record lacked the soul that was present during her live concerts.[25]
At the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards, when Houston's name was called out for a nomination, a few in the audience jeered.[75][76] Houston defended herself against the criticism, stating, "If you're gonna have a long career, there's a certain way to do it, and I did it that way. I'm not ashamed of it".[25] Houston took a more urban direction with her third studio album, I'm Your Baby Tonight, released in November 1990. She produced and chose producers for this album and as a result, it featured production and collaborations with L.A. Reid and Babyface, Luther Vandross, and Stevie Wonder. The album showed Houston's versatility on a new batch of tough rhythmic grooves, soulful ballads and up-tempo dance tracks. Reviews were mixed. Rolling Stone felt it was her "best and most integrated album".[77] while Entertainment Weekly, at the time thought Houston's shift towards an urban direction was "superficial".[78]
The album contained several hits: the first two singles, "I'm Your Baby Tonight" and "All the Man That I Need" peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart; "Miracle" peaked at number nine; "My Name Is Not Susan" peaked in the top twenty; "I Belong to You" reached the top ten of the US R&B chart and garnered Houston a Grammy nomination; and the sixth single, the Stevie Wonder duet "We Didn't Know", reached the R&B top twenty. The album peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and went on to be certified 4× platinum in the US while selling twelve million total worldwide.
File:W. Houston & G. Bush at White house.jpg
Houston met with President George H. W. Bush in the Oval Office in 1990, while in Washington, D.C., to participate in the Youth Leadership Forum
In 1990, Houston was the spokesperson for a youth leadership conference hosted in Washington, D.C. She had a private audience with President George H. W. Bush in the Oval Office to discuss the associated challenges.
With America entangled in the Persian Gulf War, Houston performed "The Star Spangled Banner" at Super Bowl XXV at Tampa Stadium on January 27, 1991.[79] Due to overwhelming response to her rendition, it was released as a commercial single and video of her performance, and reached the Top 20 on the US Hot 100, making her the only act to turn the national anthem into a pop hit of that magnitude (Jose Feliciano's version reached No. 50 in November 1968).[80][81] Houston donated all her share of the proceeds to the American Red Cross Gulf Crisis Fund. As a result, the singer was named to the Red Cross Board of Governors.[79][82][83]
Her rendition was considered the benchmark for singers and critically acclaimed.[84] Rolling Stone commented that "her singing stirs such strong patriotism. Unforgettable", and the performance ranked No. 1 on the 25 most memorable music moments in NFL history list. VH1 listed the performance as one of the greatest moments that rocked TV.[85][86] Following the attacks on 9/11, it was released again by Arista Records, all profits going towards the firefighters and victims of the attacks. This time it peaked at No. 6 in the Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.[87]
Later in 1991, Houston put together her Welcome Home Heroes concert with HBO for the soldiers fighting in the Persian Gulf War and their families. The free concert took place at Naval Station Norfolk in Norfolk, Virginia in front of 3,500 servicemen and women. HBO descrambled the concert so that it was free for everyone to watch.[88] Houston's concert gave HBO its highest ratings ever.[89] She then embarked on the I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour.
[edit] 1992–1994: Marriage to Bobby Brown and The Bodyguard
Throughout the 1980s, Houston was romantically linked to American football star Randall Cunningham and actor Eddie Murphy, whom she dated.[90] She then met R&B singer Bobby Brown at the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards. After a three-year courtship, the two were married on July 18, 1992.[91] On March 4, 1993, Houston gave birth to their daughter Bobbi Kristina Houston Brown, her only child, and his fourth. Brown would go on to have several run-ins with the law, including some jail time.[91]
With the commercial success of her albums, movie offers poured in, including offers to work with Robert De Niro, Quincy Jones, and Spike Lee; but Houston felt the time wasn't right.[90] Houston's first film role was in The Bodyguard, released in 1992 and co-starring Kevin Costner. Houston played Rachel Marron, a star who is stalked by a crazed fan and hires a bodyguard to protect her. USA Today listed it as one of the 25 most memorable movie moments of the last 25 years in 2007.[92] Houston's mainstream appeal allowed people to look at the movie color-blind.[93]
Still, controversy arose as some felt the film's advertising intentionally hid Houston's face to hide the film's interracial relationship. In an interview with Rolling Stone in 1993, the singer commented that "people know who Whitney Houston is – I'm black. You can't hide that fact."[21] Houston received a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress. The Washington Post said Houston is "doing nothing more than playing Houston, comes out largely unscathed if that is possible in so cockamamie an undertaking",[94] and The New York Times commented that she lacked passion with her co-star.[95] Despite the film's mixed reviews, it was hugely successful at the box office, grossing more than $121 million in the U.S. and $410 million worldwide, making it one of the top 100 grossing films in film history at its time of release, though it is no longer in the top 100 due to rising ticket prices since the time the film was released.[96]
The film's soundtrack also enjoyed big success. Houston executive produced and contributed six songs for the motion picture's adjoining soundtrack album. Rolling Stone said it is "nothing more than pleasant, tasteful and urbane".[97] The soundtrack's lead single was "I Will Always Love You", written and originally recorded by Dolly Parton in 1974. Houston's version of the song was acclaimed by many critics, regarding it as her "signature song" or "iconic performance". Rolling Stone and USA Today called her rendition "the tour-de-force".[98][99] The single peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for a then-record-breaking 14 weeks, number one on the R&B chart for a then-record-breaking 11 weeks, and number one on the Adult Contemporary charts for five weeks, thus becoming the first single to top those three charts simultaneously for five weeks.[100]
The single was certified 4× platinum by the RIAA, making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in the RIAA history and becoming the best-selling single by a female artist in the US.[101][102][103] The song also became a global success, hitting number-one in almost all countries, and one of the best-selling singles of all time with 12 million copies sold.[104] The soundtrack topped the Billboard 200 chart and remained there for 20 non-consecutive weeks, the longest tenure by any album on the chart in the Nielsen SoundScan era, and became one of the fastest selling albums ever.[105] During Christmas week of 1992, the soundtrack sold over a million copies within a week, becoming the first album to achieve that feat under Nielsen SoundScan system.[106][107] With the follow-up singles "I'm Every Woman", a Chaka Khan cover, and "I Have Nothing" both reaching the top five, Houston became the first female artist to ever have three singles in the Top 11 simultaneously.[108][109][110] The album was certified 17× platinum in the US alone,[111] with worldwide sales of 44 million,[112] making The Bodyguard the biggest-selling album by a female act on the list of the world's Top 10 best-selling albums, topping Shania Twain's 40 million sold for Come On Over.[113]
Houston won three Grammys for the album in 1994, including two of the Academy's highest honors, Album of the Year and Record of the Year. In addition, she won a record 8 American Music Awards at that year's ceremony including the Award of Merit,[114] 11 Billboard Music Awards, 3 Soul Train Music Awards in 1993–94 including Sammy Davis, Jr. Award as Entertainer of the Year,[115] 5 NAACP Image Awards including Entertainer of the Year,[116][117][118] a record 5 World Music Awards,[119] and a BRIT award.[120] Following the success of the project, Houston embarked on another expansive global tour, The Bodyguard World Tour, in 1993–94. Her concerts, movie, and recording grosses made her the third highest earning female entertainer of 1993–94, just behind Oprah Winfrey and Barbra Streisand according to Forbes magazine.[121] Houston placed in the top five of Entertainment Weekly's annual "Entertainer of the Year" ranking[122] and was labeled by Premiere magazine as one of the 100 most powerful people in Hollywood.[123]
In October 1994, Houston attended and performed at a state dinner in the White House honoring newly elected South African president Nelson Mandela.[124][125] At the end of her world tour, Houston performed three concerts in South Africa to honor President Mandela, playing to over 200,000 people. This would make the singer the first major musician to visit the newly unified and apartheid free nation following Mandela's winning election.[126] The concert was broadcast live on HBO with funds of the concerts being donated to various charities in South Africa. The event was considered the nation's "biggest media event since the inauguration of Nelson Mandela".[127]
[edit] 1995–1997: Waiting to Exhale, The Preacher's Wife, and Cinderella
In 1995, Houston starred alongside Angela Bassett, Loretta Devine, and Lela Rochon in her second film Waiting to Exhale, a motion picture about four African-American women struggling with relationships. Houston played the lead character Savannah Jackson, a TV producer in love with a married man. She chose the role because she saw the film as "a breakthrough for the image of black women because it presents them both as professionals and as caring mothers".[128] After opening at number one and grossing $67 million in the US at the box office and $81 million worldwide,[129] it proved that a movie primarily targeting a black audience can cross over to success, while paving the way for other all-black movies such as How Stella Got Her Groove Back and the Tyler Perry movies that have become popular in the 2000s.[130][131][132] The film is also notable for its portrayal of black women as strong middle class citizens as opposed to stereotypes.[133] The reviews were mainly positive for the ensemble cast. The New York Times said "Ms. Houston has shed the defensive hauteur that made her portrayal of a pop star in 'The Bodyguard' seem so distant."[134] Houston was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for "Outstanding Actress In A Motion Picture", but lost to her co-star Bassett.
The film's accompanying soundtrack, Waiting to Exhale: Original Soundtrack Album, was produced by Houston and Babyface. Though Babyface originally wanted Houston to record the entire album, she declined. Instead, she "wanted it to be an album of women with vocal distinction", and thus gathered several African-American female artists for the soundtrack, to go along with the film's strong women message.[128] As a result, the album featured a range of contemporary R&B female recording artists along with Houston, such as Mary J Blige, Aretha Franklin, Toni Braxton, Patti Labelle, and Brandy. Houston's "Exhale (Shoop Shoop)" peaked at No. 1, and then spent a record eleven weeks at the No. 2 spot and eight weeks on top of the R&B Charts. "Count On Me", a duet with CeCe Winans, hit the US Top 10; and Houston's third contribution, "Why Does It Hurt So Bad", made the Top 30. The album debuted at No. 1, and was certified 7× Platinum in the United States, denoting shipments of seven million copies.[57] The soundtrack received strong reviews as Entertainment Weekly said "the album goes down easy, just as you'd expect from a package framed by Whitney Houston tracks.... the soundtrack waits to exhale, hovering in sensuous suspense"[135] and has since ranked it as one of the 100 Best Movie Soundtracks.[136] Later that year, Houston's children's charity organization was awarded a VH1 Honor for all the charitable work.[137]
In 1996, Houston starred in the holiday comedy The Preacher's Wife, with Denzel Washington. She plays a gospel-singing wife of a pastor (Courtney B. Vance). It was largely an updated remake of the 1948 film "The Bishop's Wife" which starred Loretta Young, David Niven and Cary Grant. Houston earned $10 million for the role, making her one of the highest-paid actresses in Hollywood at the time and the highest earning African American actress in Hollywood.[138] The movie, with its all African-American cast, was a moderate success, earning approximately $50 million at the U.S. box offices.[139] The movie gave Houston her strongest reviews so far. The San Francisco Chronicle said Houston "is rather angelic herself, displaying a divine talent for being virtuous and flirtatious at the same time" and that she "exudes gentle yet spirited warmth, especially when praising the Lord in her gorgeous singing voice".[140] Houston was again nominated for an NAACP Image Award and won for Outstanding Actress In A Motion Picture.
Houston recorded and co-produced, with Mervyn Warren, the film's accompanying gospel soundtrack. The Preacher's Wife: Original Soundtrack Album included six gospel songs with Georgia Mass Choir that were recorded at the Great Star Rising Baptist Church in Atlanta. Houston also duetted with gospel legend Shirley Caesar. The album sold six million copies worldwide and scored hit singles with "I Believe in You and Me" and "Step by Step", becoming the largest selling gospel album of all time. The album received mainly positive reviews. Some critics, such as that of USA Today, noted the presence of her emotional depth,[141] while The Times said "To hear Houston going at full throttle with the 35 piece Georgia Mass Choir struggling to keep up is to realise what her phenomenal voice was made for".[142]
In 1997, Houston's production company changed its name to BrownHouse Productions and was joined by Debra Martin Chase. Their goal was "to show aspects of the lives of African-Americans that have not been brought to the screen before" while improving how African-Americans are portrayed in film and television.[143] Their first project was a made-for-television remake of Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella. In addition to co-producing, Houston starred in the movie as the Fairy Godmother along with Brandy, Jason Alexander, Whoopi Goldberg, and Bernadette Peters. Houston was initially offered the role of Cinderella in 1993, but other projects intervened.[144] The film is notable for its multi-racial cast and nonstereotypical message.[145] An estimated 60 million viewers tuned into the special giving ABC its highest TV ratings in 16 years.[146] The movie received seven Emmy nominations including Outstanding Variety, Musical or Comedy, while winning Outstanding Art Direction in a Variety, Musical or Comedy Special.[147]
Houston and Chase then obtained the rights to the story of Dorothy Dandridge. Houston was to play Dandridge, who was the first African American actress to be nominated for an Oscar. She wanted the story told with dignity and honor.[143] However, Halle Berry also had rights to the project and she got her version going first.[148] Later that year, Houston paid tribute to her idols such as Aretha Franklin, Diana Ross, and Dionne Warwick by performing their hits during the three-night HBO Concert Classic Whitney, live from Washington, D.C. The special raised over $300,000 for the Children's Defense Fund.[149] Houston received The Quincy Jones Award for outstanding career achievements in the field of entertainment at the 12th Soul Train Music Awards.[150][151]
[edit] 1998–2000: My Love Is Your Love and Whitney: The Greatest Hits
After spending much of the early and mid 1990s working on motion pictures and their soundtrack albums, Houston's first studio album in eight years, the critically acclaimed My Love Is Your Love, was released in November 1998. Though originally slated to be a greatest hits album with a handful of new songs, recording sessions were so fruitful that a new full-length studio album was released. Recorded and mixed in only six weeks, it featured production from Rodney Jerkins, Wyclef Jean and Missy Elliott. The album debuted at number thirteen, its peak position, on the Billboard 200 chart.[152] It had a funkier and edgier sound than past releases and saw Houston handling urban dance, hip hop, mid-tempo R&B, reggae, torch songs, and ballads all with great dexterity.[153]
From late 1998 to early 2000, the album spawned several hit singles: "When You Believe" (US No. 15, UK No. 4), a duet with Mariah Carey for 1998's The Prince of Egypt soundtrack, which also became an international hit as it peaked in the Top 10 in several countries and won an Academy Award for Best Original Song;[154] "Heartbreak Hotel" (US No. 2, UK No. 25) featured Faith Evans and Kelly Price, received a 1999 MTV VMA nomination for Best R&B Video,[155] and number one on the US R&B chart for seven weeks; "It's Not Right But It's Okay" (US No. 4, UK No. 3) won Houston her sixth Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance;[156] "My Love Is Your Love" (US No. 4, UK No. 2) with 3 million copies sold worldwide;[157] and "I Learned from the Best" (US No. 27, UK No. 19).[158][159] These singles became international hits as well, and all the singles, except "When You Believe", became number one hits on the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play chart. The album sold four million copies in America, making it certified 4× platinum, and a total of eleven million copies worldwide.[42]
The album gave Houston some of her strongest reviews ever. Rolling Stone said Houston was singing "with a bite in her voice"[160] and The Village Voice called it "Whitney's sharpest and most satisfying so far".[161] In 1999, Houston participated in VH-1's Divas Live '99, alongside Brandy, Mary J. Blige, Tina Turner, and Cher. The same year, Houston hit the road with her 70 date My Love Is Your Love World Tour. The European leg of the tour was Europe's highest grossing arena tour of the year.[162] In November 1999, Houston was named Top-selling R&B Female Artist of the Century with certified US sales of 51 million copies at the time and The Bodyguard Soundtrack was named the Top-selling Soundtrack Album of the Century by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[163] She also won The Artist of the Decade, Female award for extraordinary artistic contributions during the 1990s at the 14th Soul Train Music Awards, and an MTV Europe Music Award for Best R&B.[164][165][166][167][168]
In May 2000, Whitney: The Greatest Hits was released worldwide. The double disc set peaked at number five in the United States, reaching number one in the United Kingdom.[159][169] In addition, the album reached the Top 10 in many other countries.[170] While ballad songs were left unchanged, the album features house/club remixes of many of Houston's up-tempo hits. Included on the album were four new songs: "Could I Have This Kiss Forever" (a duet with Enrique Iglesias), "Same Script, Different Cast" (a duet with Deborah Cox), "If I Told You That" (a duet with George Michael), and "Fine", and three hits that had never appeared on a Houston album: "One Moment in Time", "The Star Spangled Banner", and "If You Say My Eyes Are Beautiful", a duet with Jermaine Jackson from his 1986 Precious Moments album.[171] Along with the album, an accompanying VHS and DVD was released featuring the music videos to Houston's greatest hits, as well as several hard-to-find live performances including her 1983 debut on The Merv Griffin Show, and interviews.[172] The greatest hits album was certified 3× platinum in the US, with worldwide sales of 10 million.[173][174]
[edit] 2000–2005: Just Whitney, and personal struggles
Though Houston was seen as a "good girl" with a perfect image in the 1980s and early 1990s, by the late 1990s, her behavior changed. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, and canceling concerts and talk-show appearances.[175][176] With the missed performances and weight loss, rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband circulated. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston's and husband Bobby Brown's luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them,[177] but rumors of drug usage between the couple would continue to surface. Two months later, Clive Davis was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Houston had been scheduled to perform at the event, but failed to show up.[178]
Shortly thereafter, Houston was scheduled to perform at the Academy Awards but was fired from the event by musical director and longtime friend Burt Bacharach. Her publicist cited throat problems as the reason for the cancellation. In his book The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards, author Steve Pond revealed that "Houston's voice was shaky, she seemed distracted and jittery, and her attitude was casual, almost defiant", and that while Houston was to sing "Over the Rainbow", she would start singing a different song.[179] Houston later admitted to having been fired.[180] Later that year, Houston's long-time executive assistant and friend, Robyn Crawford, resigned from Houston's management company.[178]
In August 2001, Houston signed the biggest record deal in music history with Arista/BMG. She renewed her contract for $100 million to deliver six new albums, on which she would also earn royalties.[181][182][183] She later made an appearance on Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special. Her extremely thin frame further spurred rumors of drug use. Houston's publicist said, "Whitney has been under stress due to family matters, and when she is under stress she doesn't eat."[184] The singer was scheduled for a second performance the following night but canceled.[185] Within weeks, Houston's rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner" would be re-released after the September 11 attacks, with the proceeds donated to the New York Firefighters 9/11 Disaster Relief Fund and the New York Fraternal Order of Police.[186] The song peaked at No. 6 this time on the US Hot 100, topping its previous position.[158]
In 2002, Houston became involved in a legal dispute with John Houston Enterprise. Although the company was started by her father to manage her career, it was actually run by company president Kevin Skinner. Skinner filed a breach-of-contract lawsuit and sued for $100 million (but lost), stating that Houston owed the company previously unpaid compensation for helping to negotiate her $100 million contract with Arista Records and for sorting out legal matters.[187] Houston stated that her 81-year-old father had nothing to do with the lawsuit. Although Skinner tried to claim otherwise, John Houston never appeared in court.[188] Houston's father later died in February 2003.[189] The lawsuit was dismissed on April 5, 2004, and Skinner was awarded nothing.[190]
Also in 2002, Houston did an interview with Diane Sawyer to promote her then-upcoming album. The interview was the highest-rated television interview in history.[citation needed] During the prime-time special, Houston spoke on topics including rumored drug use and marriage. She was asked about the ongoing drug rumors and replied, "First of all, let's get one thing straight. Crack is cheap. I make too much money to ever smoke crack. Let's get that straight. Okay? We don't do crack. We don't do that. Crack is wack."[180] The line was from Keith Haring's mural which was painted in 1986 on the handball court at 128th Street and 2nd Avenue.[191] Houston did, however, admit to using other substances at times, including cocaine.[180]
In December 2002, Houston released her fifth studio album, Just Whitney.... The album included productions from then-husband Bobby Brown, as well as Missy Elliott and Babyface, and marked the first time that Houston did not produce with Clive Davis as Davis had been released by top management at BMG. Upon its release, Just Whitney... received mixed reviews.[192] The album debuted at number 9 on the Billboard 200 chart and it had the highest first week sales of any album Houston had ever released.[193] The four singles released from the album, didn't fare well on the Billboard Hot 100, but became Hot Dance Club Play hits. Just Whitney... was certified platinum in the United States, and sold approximately three million worldwide.[194]
On a June 2003 trip to Israel, Houston said of her visit, "I've never felt like this in any other country. I feel at home, I feel wonderful."[195]
In late 2003, Houston released her first Christmas album One Wish: The Holiday Album, with a collection of traditional holiday songs. Houston produced the album with Mervyn Warren and Gordon Chambers. A single titled "One Wish (for Christmas)" reached the Top 20 on the Adult Contemporary chart, and the album was certified gold in the US. Having always been a touring artist, Houston spent most of 2004 touring and performing in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Russia. In September 2004, she gave a surprise performance at the World Music Awards in a tribute to long time friend Clive Davis. After the show, Davis and Houston announced plans to go into studio to work on her new album.[196]
In early 2004, husband Bobby Brown starred in his own reality TV program, Being Bobby Brown (on the Bravo network), which provided a view into the domestic goings-on in the Brown household. Though it was Brown's vehicle, Houston was a prominent figure throughout the show, receiving as much screen time as Brown. The series aired in 2005 and featured Houston in, what some would say, not her most flattering moments. The Hollywood Reporter said it was "undoubtedly the most disgusting and execrable series ever to ooze its way onto television."[197] Despite the perceived train-wreck nature of the show, the series gave Bravo its highest ratings in its time slot and continued Houston's successful forays into film and television.[198] The show was not renewed for a second season after Houston stated that she would no longer appear in it, and Brown and Bravo could not come to an agreement for another season.[199]
[edit] 2006–2012: Return to music, I Look to You, tour and film comeback
After years of controversy and turmoil, Houston separated from Bobby Brown in September 2006, filing for divorce the following month.[200] On February 1, 2007, Houston asked the court to fast track their divorce.[201] The divorce was finalized on April 24, 2007, with Houston granted custody of the couple's daughter.[202] On May 4, Houston sold the suburban Atlanta home featured in Being Bobby Brown for $1.19 million.[203] A few days later, Brown sued Houston in Orange County, California court in an attempt to change the terms of their custody agreement. Brown also sought child and spousal support from Houston. In the lawsuit, Brown claimed that financial and emotional problems prevented him from properly responding to Houston's divorce petition.[204] Brown lost at his court hearing as the judge dismissed his appeal to overrule the custody terms, leaving Houston with full custody and Brown with no spousal support.[205] In March 2007, Clive Davis of Arista Records announced that Houston would begin recording a new album.[206] In October 2007, Arista released another compilation The Ultimate Collection outside the United States.[207]
Houston gave her first interview in seven years in September 2009, appearing on Oprah Winfrey's season premiere. The interview was billed as "the most anticipated music interview of the decade".[208] Whitney admitted on the show to using drugs with former husband Bobby Brown, who "laced marijuana with rock cocaine".[209] By 1996, she told Oprah, "[doing drugs] was an everyday thing... I wasn't happy by that point in time. I was losing myself."[210]
Houston released her new album, I Look to You, in August 2009.[211] The album's first two singles are "I Look to You" and "Million Dollar Bill". The album entered the Billboard 200 at No. 1, with Houston's best opening-week sales of 305,000 copies, marking Houston's first number one album since The Bodyguard, and Houston's first studio album to reach number one since 1987's Whitney. Houston also appeared on European television programs to promote the album. She performed the song "I Look to You" on the German television show Wetten, dass..?. Three days later, she performed the worldwide first single from I Look To You, Million Dollar Bill, on the French television show Le Grand Journal. Houston appeared as guest mentor on The X Factor in the United Kingdom. She performed "Million Dollar Bill" on the following day's results show, completing the song even as a strap in the back of her dress popped open two minutes into the performance. She later commented that she "sang [herself] out of [her] clothes".
The performance was poorly received by the British media, and was variously described as "weird" and "ungracious",[212] "shambolic"[213] and a "flop". Despite this reception, "Million Dollar Bill" jumped to its peak from 14 to number 5 (her first UK top 5 for over a decade), and three weeks after release "I Look to You" went gold. Houston appeared on the Italian version of The X Factor, performing the same song "Million Dollar Bill" to excellent reviews.[214] She was awarded the Gold Certificate for achieving over 50,000 CD sales of "I Look To You" in Italy.[215] In November, Houston performed "I Didn't Know My Own Strength" at the 2009 American Music Awards in Los Angeles, California. Two days later, Houston performed both songs on the Dancing With The Stars season 9 finale. As of December 2009, "I Look to You" has been certified platinum by the RIAA for sales of more than one million copies in the United States.[216] On January 26, 2010, her debut album was re-released in a special edition entitled Whitney Houston – The Deluxe Anniversary Edition.[217]
Houston later embarked on a world tour, entitled the Nothing but Love World Tour. It was her first world tour in over ten years and was announced as a triumphant comeback. However, some poor reviews and rescheduled concerts brought some negative media attention.[218][219] Houston canceled some concerts due to illness and received widespread negative reviews from fans who were disappointed in the quality of her voice and performance. Some fans reportedly walked out of her concerts.[220]
In January 2010, Houston was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards, one for Best Female Artist and one for Best Music Video. She won the award for Best Music Video for her single "I Look to You". On January 16, she received The BET Honors Award for Entertainer citing her lifetime achievements spanning over 25 years in the industry. The 2010 BET Honors award was held at the Warner Theatre in Washington, D.C. and aired on February 1, 2010. Jennifer Hudson and Kim Burrell performed in honor of her, garnering positive reviews. Houston also received a nomination from the Echo Awards, Germany's version of the Grammys, for Best International Artist. In April 2010, the UK newspaper The Mirror reported that Houston was thinking about recording her eighth studio album and wanted to collaborate with will.i.am (of The Black Eyed Peas), her first choice for a collaboration.[221]
Houston also performed the song "I Look to You" on the 2011 BET Celebration of Gospel, with gospel–jazz singer Kim Burrell, held at the Staples Center, Los Angeles. The performance aired on January 30, 2011. Early in 2011, she gave an uneven performance in tribute to cousin Dionne Warwick at music mogul Clive Davis' annual pre-Grammy gala. In May 2011, Houston enrolled in a rehabilitation center again, as an out-patient, citing drug and alcohol problems. A representative for Houston said that it was a part of Houston's "longstanding recovery process".[222]
In September 2011, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Houston would produce and star alongside Jordin Sparks and Mike Epps in the remake of the 1976 film Sparkle. In the film, Houston portrays Sparks' "not-so encouraging mother". Houston would have executive producer credits on top of acting credits according to Debra Martin Chase, producer of Sparkle. She stated that Houston deserved the title considering she had been there from the beginning in 2001, when Houston obtained Sparkle production rights. R&B singer Aaliyah – originally tapped to star as Sparkle – died in a 2001 plane crash. Her death derailed production, which would have begun in 2002.[223][224][225] Houston's remake of Sparkle was filmed in the fall of 2011,[226] and is set for release by TriStar Pictures in August 2012.[227]
Death[link]
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Wikinews has related news: American pop star Whitney Houston dies at 48 |
On February 9, 2012, Houston visited singers Brandy and Monica, together with Clive Davis, at their rehearsals for Davis' pre-Grammy Awards party at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills.[228][229] That same day, she made her last public performance, when she joined Kelly Price on stage in Hollywood, California, and sang "Jesus Loves Me".[230][231]
On February 11, 2012, Houston was found dead in suite 434 at the Beverly Hilton Hotel, submerged in the bathtub.[232][233] The cause of death was not immediately known.[234][235] It was later ruled by the coroner to have been an "accidental drowning".[236] Beverly Hills paramedics arrived at approximately 3:30 p.m. and found the singer unresponsive and performed CPR. Houston was pronounced dead at 3:55 p.m. PST.[234][237] Local police said there were "no obvious signs of criminal intent."[238] On March 22, 2012, the Los Angeles County coroner's office reported the cause of Houston's death was drowning and the "effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use".[239] The office stated the amount of cocaine found in Houston's body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death.[240] Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: Benadryl, Xanax, marijuana and Flexiril.[241] The manner of death was listed as an "accident".[242]
Houston had an invitation-only memorial on Saturday, February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted for four hours.[243] Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten version of "Ribbon in the Sky," and "Love's in Need of Love Today"), CeCe Winans ("Don't Cry" and "Jesus Loves Me"), Alicia Keys ("Send Me an Angel"), Kim Burrell (rewritten version of "A Change Is Gonna Come") and R. Kelly ("I Look to You"), interspersed with hymns by the church choir and remarks by Clive Davis, Houston’s record producer; Kevin Costner; Ricky Minor her music director; her cousin Dionne Warwick and Ray Watson, her security guard for the past 11 years. Aretha Franklin was listed on the program and was expected to sing, but was unable to attend the service.[244][245] Bobby Brown, Houston's ex-husband, was also invited to the funeral but he left before the service began.[246] Houston was buried on Sunday, February 19, 2012, in Fairview Cemetery, in Westfield, New Jersey next to her father, John Russell Houston, who died in 2003.[247]
Reaction[link]
The Clive Davis' pre-Grammy party that Houston was expected to attend, and that featured many of the biggest names in music and movies, went on as scheduled although it was quickly turned into a tribute to Houston. Davis spoke about Houston's death at the evening's start: "By now you have all learned of the unspeakably tragic news of our beloved Whitney's passing. I don't have to mask my emotion in front of a room full of so many dear friends. I am personally devastated by the loss of someone who has meant so much to me for so many years. Whitney was so full of life. She was so looking forward to tonight even though she wasn't scheduled to perform. Whitney was a beautiful person and a talent beyond compare. She graced this stage with her regal presence and gave so many memorable performances here over the years. Simply put, Whitney would have wanted the music to go on and her family asked that we carry on."[248]
Tony Bennett spoke of Houston's death before performing at Davis' party. He said, "First, it was Michael Jackson, then Amy Winehouse, now, the magnificent Whitney Houston". Bennett sang "How Do You Keep the Music Playing?" and said of Houston, "When I first heard her, I called Clive Davis and said, 'You finally found the greatest singer I've ever heard in my life.'"[249]
Some celebrities opposed Davis' decision to continue on the party while a police investigation was being conducted in Houston's hotel room and her body was still in the building. Chaka Khan, in an interview with CNN's Piers Morgan on February 13, 2012, shared that she felt the party should have been canceled, saying "I thought that was complete insanity. And knowing Whitney I don't believe that she would have said 'the show must go on.' She's the kind of woman that would've said 'Stop everything! Un-unh. I'm not going to be there.' [...] I don't know what could motivate a person to have a party in a building where the person whose life he had influenced so enormously and whose life had been affected by hers. They were like... I don't understand how that party went on."[250] Sharon Osbourne condemned the Davis party, declaring "I think it was disgraceful that the party went on. I don't want to be in a hotel room when there's someone you admire who's tragically lost their life four floors up. I'm not interested in being in that environment and I think when you grieve someone, you do it privately, you do it with people who understand you. I thought it was so wrong."[251]
Several other celebrities released statements responding to Houston's death. Dolly Parton, whose song "I Will Always Love You" was covered by Houston, said, "I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart, 'Whitney, I will always love you. You will be missed'." Aretha Franklin said, "It's so stunning and unbelievable. I couldn't believe what I was reading coming across the TV screen."[252] Mariah Carey said, "Heartbroken and in tears over the shocking death of my friend ... She will never be forgotten as one of the greatest voices to ever grace the earth."[253] Oprah Winfrey, who did an in-depth interview with Houston in 2009, wrote on Twitter "To me Whitney was THE VOICE. We got to hear a part of God every time she sang. Heart is heavy, spirit grateful for the GIFT of her."[254] Quincy Jones said, "I am absolutely heartbroken at the news of Whitney’s passing. Ashford & Simpson first made me aware of Whitney when she was just sixteen, and I always regretted not having had the opportunity to work with her. She was a true original and a talent beyond compare. I will miss her terribly."[253]
Moments after news of her death emerged, CNN, MSNBC and Fox News all broke from their regularly scheduled programming to dedicate time to non-stop coverage of Houston's death. All three featured live interviews with people who knew Houston including those that have worked with her, interviewed her along with some of her peers in the music industry. Saturday Night Live displayed a photo of a smiling Houston, alongside Molly Shannon, from her 1996 appearance.[255][256] MTV and VH-1 interrupted their regularly scheduled programming on Sunday February 12 to air many of Houston's classic videos with MTV often airing news segments in between and featuring various reactions from fans and celebrities.
Houston's former husband, Bobby Brown, was reported to be "in and out of crying fits" since receiving the news. He did not cancel a scheduled performance and within hours of his ex-wife's sudden death, an audience in Mississippi observed as Brown blew kisses skyward, tearfully saying: "I love you, Whitney".[257]
Ken Ehrlich, executive producer of the 54th Grammy Awards, announced that Jennifer Hudson would perform a tribute to Houston at the February 12, 2012, awards. He said "event organizers believed Hudson – an Academy Award-winning actress and Grammy Award-winning artist – could perform a respectful musical tribute to Houston". Ehrlich went on to say: "It's too fresh in everyone's memory to do more at this time, but we would be remiss if we didn't recognize Whitney's remarkable contribution to music fans in general, and in particular her close ties with the Grammy telecast and her Grammy wins and nominations over the years".[258] At the start of the awards ceremony, a footage of Houston performing "I Will Always Love You" from 1994 Grammys was shown following a prayer read by host, LL Cool J. Later in the program following a montage of photos of musicians who died in 2011 with Houston singing "Saving All My Love for You" at the 1986 Grammys, Hudson paid tribute to Houston and the other artists by performing "I Will Always Love You".[259][260]
Houston was honored in the form of various tributes at the 43rd NAACP Image Awards, held on February 17. A image montage of Houston and important black figures who died in 2011 was followed by video footage from the 1994 ceremony, which depicted her accepting two Image Awards for outstanding female artist and entertainer of the year. Following the video tribute, Yolanda Adams delivered a rendition of "I Love the Lord" from The Preacher's Wife Soundtrack. In the finale of the ceremony, Kirk Franklin and The Family started their performance with "Greatest Love of All."[261] The 2012 BRIT Awards, which took place at London's O2 Arena on February 21, also paid tribute to Houston by playing a 30-second-video montage of her music videos with a snippet of "One Moment in Time" as the background music in the ceremony's first segment.[262] New Jersey Governor Chris Christie said that all New Jersey state flags would be flown at half-staff on Tuesday, February 21 to honor Houston.[263] Accompanied by Esperanza Spalding belting out "What a Wonderful World" along with the Southern California Children's Choir, Houston was featured in the In Memoriam montage alongside other cinema greats at the 84th Academy Awards, held at the Hollywood and Highland Center on February 26, 2012.[264][265]
Artistry and legacy[link]
Voice[link]
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One of Houston's best selling singles worldwide and recognized songs, "I Will Always Love You" prominently uses melismas.
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Houston was a mezzo-soprano,[266][267] and was commonly referred to as "The Voice" in reference to her exceptional vocal talent.[268] Her vocal range extended from G below middle C (G3) to high B-flat (B♭5); she could belt out to treble F (F5).[269] She was third in MTV's list of 22 Greatest Voices,[270] and sixth on Online Magazine COVE's list of the 100 Best Pop Vocalists with a score of 48.5/50.[271] In 2008, Rolling Stone listed Houston as the thirty-fourth of the 100 greatest singers of all time, stating, "Her voice is a mammoth, coruscating cry: Few vocalists could get away with opening a song with 45 unaccompanied seconds of singing, but Houston's powerhouse version of Dolly Parton's 'I Will Always Love You' is a tour de force."[98] Matthew Perpetua from Rolling Stone also eulogized Houston's vocal, enumerating ten performances, including "How Will I Know" from the 1986 MTV VMAs and "The Star Spangled Banner" at the 1991 Super Bowl. "Whitney Houston was blessed with an astonishing vocal range and extraordinary technical skill, but what truly made her a great singer was her ability to connect with a song and drive home its drama and emotion with incredible precision," he stated. "She was a brilliant performer, and her live shows often eclipsed her studio recordings."[272]
Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented, "Her voice was clean and strong, with barely any grit, well suited to the songs of love and aspiration. [...] Hers was a voice of triumph and achievement, and it made for any number of stunning, time-stopping vocal performances."[273] Mariah Carey stated, "She [Whitney] has a really rich, strong mid-belt that very few people have. She sounds really good, really strong."[274] While in her review of I Look to You, music critic Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times writes, "[Houston's voice] stands like monuments upon the landscape of 20th century pop, defining the architecture of their times, sheltering the dreams of millions and inspiring the climbing careers of countless imitators", adding "When she was at her best, nothing could match her huge, clean, cool mezzo-soprano".[267]
Lauren Everitt from BBC News Magazine commented on melisma used in Houston's recording and its influence. "An early 'I' in Whitney Houston's 'I Will Always Love You' takes nearly six seconds to sing. In those seconds the former gospel singer-turned-pop star packs a series of different notes into the single syllable," stated Everitt. "The technique is repeated throughout the song, most pronouncedly on every 'I' and 'you'. The vocal technique is called melisma, and it has inspired a host of imitators. Other artists may have used it before Houston, but it was her rendition of Dolly Parton's love song that pushed the technique into the mainstream in the 90s. [...] But perhaps what Houston nailed best was moderation." Everitt said that "[i]n a climate of reality shows ripe with 'oversinging', it's easy to appreciate Houston's ability to save melisma for just the right moment".[275]
Houston's vocal stylings have had a significant impact on the music industry. She has been called the "Queen of Pop" for her influence during the 1990s, commercially rivaling Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.[276] Stephen Holden from The New York Times, in his review of Houston's Radio City Music Hall concert on July 20, 1993, praised her attitude as a singer, writing, "Whitney Houston is one of the few contemporary pop stars of whom it might be said: the voice suffices. While almost every performer whose albums sell in the millions calls upon an entertainer's bag of tricks, from telling jokes to dancing to circus pyrotechnics, Ms. Houston would rather just stand there and sing." With regard to her singing style, he added: "Her [Houston's] stylistic trademarks – shivery melismas that ripple up in the middle of a song, twirling embellishments at the ends of phrases that suggest an almost breathless exhilaration – infuse her interpretations with flashes of musical and emotional lightning."[277]
Elysa Gardner of the Los Angeles Times in her review for The Preacher's Wife Soundtrack praised Houston's vocal ability highly, commenting, "She is first and foremost a pop diva – at that, the best one we have. No other female pop star – not Mariah Carey, not Celine Dion, not Barbra Streisand – quite rivals Houston in her exquisite vocal fluidity and purity of tone, and her ability to infuse a lyric with mesmerizing melodrama."[278]
Influence[link]
During the 1980s, MTV was coming into its own and received criticism for not playing enough videos by black artists. With Michael Jackson breaking down the color barrier for black male artists, Houston did the same for black female artists. She became the first black female artist to receive heavy rotation on the network following the success of the "How Will I Know" video.[279] Following Houston's breakthrough, other African-American female artists, such as Janet Jackson and Anita Baker, were successful in popular music.[52][53] Baker commented that "Because of what Whitney and Sade did, there was an opening for me... For radio stations, black women singers aren't taboo anymore."[280]
Allmusic noted her contribution to the success of black artists on the pop scene, commenting, "Houston was able to handle big adult contemporary ballads, effervescent, stylish dance-pop, and slick urban contemporary soul with equal dexterity" and that "the result was an across-the-board appeal that was matched by scant few artists of her era, and helped her become one of the first black artists to find success on MTV in Michael Jackson's wake".[281] The New York Times stated that "Houston was a major catalyst for a movement within black music that recognized the continuity of soul, pop, jazz and gospel vocal traditions".[282] Richard Corliss of Time magazine commented on her initial success breaking various barriers:
Of her first album's ten cuts, six were ballads. This chanteuse [Houston] had to fight for air play with hard rockers. The young lady had to stand uncowed in the locker room of macho rock. The soul strutter had to seduce a music audience that anointed few black artists with superstardom. [...] She was a phenomenon waiting to happen, a canny tapping of the listener's yen for a return to the musical middle. And because every new star creates her own genre, her success has helped other blacks, other women, other smooth singers find an avid reception in the pop marketplace.[283]
Stephen Holden of The New York Times said that Houston "revitalized the tradition of strong gospel-oriented pop-soul singing".[284] Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times referred to the singer as a "national treasure".[267] Jon Caramanica, other music critic of The New York Times, called Houston "R&B's great modernizer," adding "slowly but surely reconciling the ambition and praise of the church with the movements and needs of the body and the glow of the mainstream".[273] He also drew comparisons between Houston's influence and other big names' on 1980s pop:
She was, alongside Michael Jackson and Madonna, one of the crucial figures to hybridize pop in the 1980s, though her strategy was far less radical than that of her peers. Jackson and Madonna were by turns lascivious and brutish and, crucially, willing to let their production speak more loudly than their voices, an option Ms. Houston never went for. Also, she was less prolific than either of them, achieving most of her renown on the strength of her first three solo albums and one soundtrack, released from 1985 to 1992. If she was less influential than they were in the years since, it was only because her gift was so rare, so impossible to mimic. Jackson and Madonna built worldviews around their voices; Ms. Houston’s voice was the worldview. She was someone more to be admired, like a museum piece, than to be emulated.[273]
The Independent's music critic Andy Gill also wrote about Houston's influence on modern R&B and singing competitions, comparing it to Michael Jackson's. "Because Whitney, more than any other single artist ― Michael Jackson included ― effectively mapped out the course of modern R&B, setting the bar for standards of soul vocalese, and creating the original template for what we now routinely refer to as the 'soul diva'," stated Gill. "Jackson was a hugely talented icon, certainly, but he will be as well remembered (probably more so) for his presentational skills, his dazzling dance moves, as for his musical innovations. Whitney, on the other hand, just sang, and the ripples from her voice continue to dominate the pop landscape." Gill said that there "are few, if any, Jackson imitators on today's TV talent shows, but every other contestant is a Whitney wannabe, desperately attempting to emulate that wondrous combination of vocal effects – the flowing melisma, the soaring mezzo-soprano confidence, the tremulous fluttering that carried the ends of lines into realms of higher yearning".[285]
Houston was considered by many to be a "singer's singer", who had an influence on countless other vocalists, both female and male.[98][286] Similarly, Steve Huey from Allmusic wrote that the shadow of Houston's prodigious technique still looms large over nearly every pop diva and smooth urban soul singer – male or female – in her wake, and spawned a legion of imitators.[281] Rolling Stone, on her biography, stated that Houston "redefined the image of a female soul icon and inspired singers ranging from Mariah Carey to Rihanna".[287] Essence ranked Houston the fifth on their list of 50 Most Influential R&B Stars of all time, calling her "the diva to end all divas".[288]
A number of artists have acknowledged Houston as an influence, including Celine Dion,[289] Mariah Carey,[98] Toni Braxton,[290] Christina Aguilera,[291] LeAnn Rimes,[292] Jessica Simpson,[293] Nelly Furtado,[294][295] Kelly Clarkson, Britney Spears,[296] Ciara,[297] P!nk,[296] Ashanti,[298] Robin Thicke,[299] Jennifer Hudson, Stacie Orrico, Amerie,[300] and Destiny's Child.[296][301] Mariah Carey, who was often compared to Houston, said, "She [Houston] has been a big influence on me."[302] She later told USA Today that "none of us would sound the same if Aretha Franklin hadn't ever put out a record, or Whitney Houston hadn't."[303] Celine Dion who was the third member of the troika that dominated female pop singing in the 1990s, did a telephone interview with Good Morning America on February 13, 2012, telling "Whitney's been an amazing inspiration for me. I've been singing with her my whole career, actually. I wanted to have a career like hers, sing like her, look beautiful like her."[304] Beyoncé told the Globe and Mail that Houston "inspired [her] to get up there and do what [she] did".[305] She also wrote on her website on the day after Houston's death, "I, like every singer, always wanted to be just like [Houston]. Her voice was perfect. Strong but soothing. Soulful and classic. Her vibrato, her cadence, her control. So many of my life's memories are attached to a Whitney Houston song. She is our queen and she opened doors and provided a blueprint for all of us."[306]
Mary J. Blige said that Houston inviting her onstage during VH1's Divas Live show in 1999 "opened doors for [her] all over the world".[307] Brandy stated, "The first Whitney Houston CD was genius. That CD introduced the world to her angelic yet powerful voice. Without Whitney, half of this generation of singers wouldn't be singing."[308] Kelly Rowland, in an Ebony's feature article celebrating black music in June 2006, recalled that "[I] wanted to be a singer after I saw Whitney Houston on TV singing 'Greatest Love of All'. I wanted to sing like Whitney Houston in that red dress." She added that "And I have never, ever forgotten that song [Greatest Love of All]. I learned it backward, forward, sideways. The video still brings chills to me. When you wish and pray for something as a kid, you never know what blessings God will give you."[309]
Alicia Keys said "Whitney is an artist who inspired me from [the time I was] a little girl".[310] Oscar winner Jennifer Hudson cites Houston as her biggest musical influence. She told Newsday that she learned from Houston the "difference between being able to sing and knowing how to sing".[311] Leona Lewis, who has been called "the new Whitney Houston", also cites her as an influence. Lewis stated that she idolized her as a little girl.[312][313]
Awards and achievements[link]
Further information: List of awards and nominations received by Whitney Houston and Whitney Houston chart records and achievements
Houston was the most awarded female artist of all time, according to Guinness World Records,[1] with two Emmy Awards, six Grammy Awards, 30 Billboard Music Awards, 22 American Music Awards, among a total of 415 career awards as of 2010. She held the all-time record for the most American Music Awards of any female solo artist and shared the record with Michael Jackson for the most AMAs ever won in a single year with eight wins in 1994.[314] Houston won a record 11 Billboard Music Awards at its fourth ceremony in 1993.[315] She also had the record for the most WMAs won in a single year, winning five awards at the 6th World Music Awards in 1994.[316]
In May 2003, Houston placed at number three on VH1's list of "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era", behind Madonna and Janet Jackson.[317] She was also ranked at number 116 on their list of the "200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons of All Time".[318] In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles chart's 50th anniversary, ranking Houston at number nine.[319][320] Similarly, she was ranked as one of the "Top 100 Greatest Artists of All Time" by VH1 in September 2010.[321] In November 2010, Billboard released its "Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years" list and ranked Houston at number three whom not only went on to earn eight number one singles on the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but also landed five number ones on R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.[322]
Houston's debut album is listed as one of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time by Rolling Stone magazine[49] and is on Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's Definitive 200 list.[50] In 2004, Billboard picked the success of her first release on the charts as one of 110 Musical Milestones in its history.[323] Houston's entrance into the music industry is considered one of the 25 musical milestones of the last 25 years, according to USA Today in 2007. It stated that she paved the way for Mariah Carey's chart-topping vocal gymnastics.[51] In 1997, the Franklin School in East Orange, New Jersey was renamed to The Whitney E. Houston Academy School of Creative and Performing Arts. In 2001, Houston was the first artist to be given a BET Lifetime Achievement Award.[324]
Houston was one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 200 million albums and singles worldwide.[2][3] She was ranked as the fourth best-selling female artist in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America, with 55 million certified albums sold in the US.[216][325]
She held an Honorary Doctorate in Humanities from Grambling State University, Louisiana.[326]
Discography[link]
Main articles: Whitney Houston discography and Whitney Houston videography
- Studio Albums
- 1985: Whitney Houston
- 1987: Whitney
- 1990: I'm Your Baby Tonight
- 1998: My Love Is Your Love
- 2002: Just Whitney
- 2009: I Look to You
- Holiday Albums
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes and awards |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | The Bodyguard | Rachel Marron | Feature film
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| 1995 | Waiting to Exhale | Savannah Jackson | Feature film
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| 1996 | The Preacher's Wife | Julia Biggs | Feature film
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| 1997 | Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella | Fairy Godmother | Made-for-television film, part of a revival of the Wonderful World of Disney.[335]
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| 2012 | Sparkle | Emma | Posthumous release |
| Year | Title | Network | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | Gimme a Break! | NBC | Rita | "Katie's College" (Season 3, Episode 20, air date: March 15, 1984)[338] |
| As the World Turns | CBS | Herself | Houston appeared on the soap on August 1–2, 1984, with Jermaine Jackson singing two duets off a new album he was releasing at the time: "Take Good Care of My Heart" and "Nobody Loves Me Like You Do." They taped their appearance on July 25 at CBS Studios in New York City. | |
| 1985 | Silver Spoons | NBC | Herself | "Head Over Heels" (Season 4, Episode 1, air date: September 15, 1985)[338] She performed the edited version of "Saving All My Love for You", changing some of the words. |
| 2002 | Boston Public | Fox | Herself | She performed "Try It On My Own" from the 2002 studio album Just Whitney. |
| Year | Company | Promoting | Country | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1983 | Dr Pepper/Seven Up | Canada Dry (soft drink beverage) |
United States |
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| 1986 | Coca-Cola | Diet Coke (soft drink beverage) |
United States | |
| 1988 | Coca-Cola | Diet Coke (soft drink beverage) |
United States |
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| 1989 | Sanyo | Electronics (the stereo, TV) |
Japan |
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| 1994/ 1995 |
AT&T | Telephone services | United States | |
| 1999 | Nissin | Consumer credit business | Japan |
|
| Year | Title | Director | Notes and awards |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella | Robert Iscove | Executive producer[350]
|
| 2001 | The Princess Diaries | Garry Marshall | Producer[351]
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| 2003 | The Cheetah Girls | Oz Scott | Producer[356] |
| 2004 | The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement | Garry Marshall | Producer[357] |
| 2006 | The Cheetah Girls 2: When in Spain | Kenny Ortega | Co-executive producer[358] |
Tours[link]
Main article: List of Whitney Houston tours and concerts
See also[link]
References[link]
Further reading[link]
External links[link]
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Newark ( /ˈnjuː.ərk/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, and the seat of Essex County. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 277,140. It is the 67th largest city in the United States and one of the nation's major air, shipping, and rail hubs.
Newark is located in the heart of New Jersey's Gateway Region, approximately 8 miles (13 km) west of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Its location near the Atlantic Ocean on Newark Bay has helped make its port facility, Port Newark, the key container shipping facility for the New York metropolitan area, and the largest on the East Coast of the United States. It is the home of Newark Liberty International Airport, the first municipal commercial airport in the United States and one of the nation's busiest.
Newark is headquarters to numerous corporations such as Prudential Financial and PSEG. It is home to several universities including Rutgers University, the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, the Seton Hall University School of Law, and the New Jersey Institute of Technology, along with hosting the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, the Prudential Center (home of the National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils), as well as numerous other cultural and sports venues.
