- published: 09 Sep 2006
- views: 3550872
- author: kevhole1
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- Afro-Brazilian
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Alabama
Alabama (
i/ˌæləˈbæmə/) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 23rd-most populous of the 50 United States. Alabama ranks second in the area of its inland waterways.
From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many Southern states, suffered economic hardship, in part because of continued dependence on agriculture. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature until the 1960s, while urban interests and African Americans were under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama experienced growth as the economy of the state transitioned from agriculture to diversified interests in heavy manufacturing, mineral extraction, education, and technology. In addition, the establishment or expansion of multiple military installations, primarily those of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, added to state jobs.
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Alaska
Alaska (i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
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Alta California
Alta California (English: Upper California) was a province and territory in the Viceroyalty of New Spain and later a territory and department in independent Mexico. The territory was created in 1769 out of the northern part of the former province of Las Californias, and consisted of the modern American states of California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming. The territory passed to American control after the Mexican–American War and ceased to exist with the creation of the State of California in 1850.
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Argentina
Argentinai/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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Arizona
Arizona (i/ɛrɪˈzoʊnə/; /ærɪˈzoʊnə/) (Navajo: Hoozdo Hahoodzo; O'odham: Alĭ ṣonak) is a state of the United States, located in the southwestern region of the country. Arizona is also part of the Western United States and of the Mountain West states. Arizona is the sixth most extensive and the 16th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in population by eight cities of the Phoenix metropolitan area: Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, Scottsdale, Gilbert, Tempe, Peoria, and Surprise.
Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, and it achieved statehood on February 14, 1912. Arizona is noted for its desert climate in its southern half, where there are very hot summers and quite mild winters. The northern half of Arizona also features forests of pine, Douglas fir, and spruce trees, a very large, high plateau (the Colorado Plateau) and some mountain ranges—such as the San Francisco Mountains—as well as large, deep canyons, where there is much more moderate weather for three seasons of the year, plus significant snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff and Alpine.
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Arkansas
Arkansas (i/ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw) is a state located in the Southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquian name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares borders with six states (N: Missouri; E: Tennessee, Mississippi; S: Louisiana; SW: Texas; W: Oklahoma), and its eastern border is largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state.
The name “Arkansas” derives from the same root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains. The word “Arkansas” itself is a French pronunciation (“Arcansas”) of a Quapaw (a related “Kaw” tribe) word, akakaze, meaning “land of downriver people” or the Sioux word akakaze meaning “people of the south wind”. The pronunciation of Arkansas was made official by an act of the state legislature in 1881, after a dispute between two U.S. Senators from Arkansas. One wanted to pronounce the name /ɑrˈkænzəs/ ar-KAN-zəs and the other wanted /ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw.
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Atlanta
Atlanta (
/ətˈlæntə/, stressed /ætˈlæntə/, locally /ætˈlænə/) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia with a 2010 population of 420,003. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, which is home to 5,268,860 people and is the ninth largest in the U.S. It is a major component of a growing southeastern megalopolis known as the Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion. Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County.
Atlanta began as a settlement located at the terminus of a railroad line, and it was incorporated in 1845. Today, the city is a major business city and the primary transportation hub of the Southeastern United States (via highway, railroad, and air), with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world's busiest airport since 1998. The World Cities Study Group at Loughborough University rated Atlanta as an "alpha(-) world city." With a gross domestic product of US$270 billion, Atlanta's economy ranks 15th among world cities and sixth in the nation. The city is a center for services, finance, information technology, government, and higher education. Metro Atlanta contains the country's third largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies, and is the world headquarters of The Coca-Cola Company, Turner Broadcasting, The Home Depot, AT&T Mobility, UPS, and Delta Air Lines. As of 2010, Atlanta is the seventh most visited city in the United States, with over 35 million visitors per year.
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Bolivia
Coordinates: 16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W / 16.712°S 64.666°W / -16.712; -64.666 Bolivia (i/bəˈlɪviə/, Spanish: [boliˈβja]) officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Quechua: Bulivya Mamallaqta, Aymara: Wuliwya Suyu), is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west.
Prior to European colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was a part of the Inca Empire – the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called Upper Peru and was under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of Spain's South American colonies. After declaring independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes.
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Central Florida
Central Florida a region of the U.S. state of Florida. Different sources give different definitions for the region, but as its name implies it is usually said to comprise the central part of the state, including the Orlando area. It is one of Florida's three best known "directional" regions, along with North Florida and South Florida.
Like all vernacular regions, the Central Florida's boundaries are not official or consistent, and are defined differently by different sources. A 2007 study of Florida's regions by geographers Ary Lamme and Raymond K. Oldakowski found that Floridians surveyed identified Central Florida as comprising a large swath of peninsular Florida. This area encompassed the interior, including the Orlando metropolitan area, and coastal stretches from the Big Bend south to the Tampa Bay Area in the west and from Daytona Beach south to Martin County in the east. In addition, North Central Florida has emerged as a vernacular region representing the interior area in the northern part of the state.
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Chicago
Chicago (
i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
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Chicano Park
Chicano Park is a 32,000 square meter (7.9 acre) park located beneath the San Diego-Coronado Bridge in Barrio Logan, a predominantly Mexican American and Mexican-immigrant community in central San Diego, California. The park is home to the country's largest collection of outdoor murals (67), as well as various sculptures, earthworks, and an architectural piece dedicated to the cultural heritage of the community. For the magnitude and historical significance of the murals, the park was designated an official historic site by the San Diego Historical Site Board in 1980, and its murals were officially recognized as public art by the San Diego Public Advisory Board in 1987. There is currently a movement to have the park listed on the National Register of Historic Places due to its association with the Chicano civil rights movement. Chicano Park, like Berkeley's People's Park, was the result of a militant (but nonviolent) people's land takeover. Every year on April 22 (or the nearest Saturday), the community celebrates the anniversary of the park's takeover with a celebration called Chicano Park Day.
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Cleveland
Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The city is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles (97 km) west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location on the lake shore, as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines. Cleveland's economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, and biomedical. Cleveland is home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
As of the 2010 Census, the city proper had a total population of 396,815 and was the 45th largest city in the United States, and the second largest city in Ohio. It is the center of Greater Cleveland, the largest metropolitan area in Ohio. The Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor Metropolitan Statistical Area in 2011 ranked as the 28th largest in the United States with 2,068,283 people. Cleveland is part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area, which in 2011 had a population of 2,871,084, and ranked as the country's 15th largest.
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Coahuila y Tejas
Coahuila y Tejas (Coahuila and Texas) was one of the constituent states of the newly established United Mexican States under its 1824 Constitution.
It had two capitals: first Saltillo, and then Monclova. For administrative purposes, the state was divided into three districts: Béxar, comprising the area covered by Texas, Monclova, comprising northern Coahuila, and Río Grande Saltillo, comprising southern Coahuila.
The state remained in existence until the adoption of the 1835 "Constitutional Bases", whereby the federal republic was converted into a unitary one, and the nation's states, (estados), were turned into departments (departamentos). The State of Coahuila y Texas was split in two and became the Department of Coahuila and the Department of Texas. The latter eventually seceded and became the independent Republic of Texas, which is now the state of Texas within the United States of America.
Both Coahuila and Texas seceded from Mexico because of Santa Anna's attempts to centralize the government, with Texas forming the Republic of Texas and Coahuila joining with Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to form the short-lived Republic of the Rio Grande.
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Colorado
Colorado (i/kɒləˈrædoʊ/ or /kɒləˈrɒdoʊ/) is the US state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, and the Mountain States. Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 22nd most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,116,796 on July 1, 2011, an increase of +1.74% since the 2010 United States Census.
The state was named for the Colorado River, which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado for the red colored (Spanish: colorado) silt the river carried from the mountains. On August 1, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting Colorado as the 38th state. Colorado is nicknamed the "Centennial State" because it was admitted to the Union in 1876, the centennial year of the United States Declaration of Independence.
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Connecticut
Connecticut (i/kəˈnɛtɨkət/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and the state of New York to the west and the south (with which it shares a water boundary in Long Island Sound).
Connecticut is named for the Connecticut River, the major U.S. river that approximately bisects the state. Its capital city is Hartford. Much of southern and western Connecticut (along with the majority of the state's population) is part of the New York metropolitan area; three of Connecticut's eight counties are statistically included in the New York City combined statistical area, the same area is widely referred to as the Tri-State area. Connecticut's center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, which is also located within the Tri-State area.
Connecticut is the 3rd least extensive, the 29th most populous, and 4th most densely populated of the 50 United States. Called the Constitution State, Nutmeg State, and "The Land of Steady Habits", Connecticut was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States.
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Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, (i/ˈkjuːbə/; Spanish: República de Cuba, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkuβa] (
listen)) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city. To the north of Cuba lies the United States (140 km or 90 mi away) and the Bahamas, Mexico is to the west, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica are to the south, and Haiti and the Dominican Republic are to the southeast.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on and claimed the island now occupied by Cuba, for the Kingdom of Spain. Cuba remained a territory of Spain until the Spanish–American War ended in 1898, and gained formal independence from the U.S. in 1902. A fragile democracy, increasingly dominated by radical politics eventually evolved, solidified by the Cuban Constitution of 1940, but was definitely quashed in 1952 by former president Fulgencio Batista, and an authoritarian regime was set up, intensifying and catalyzing already rampant corruption, political repression and crippling economic regulations.Batista was ousted in January 1959 by the July 26 movement, and a new administration under Fidel Castro established, which had by 1965 evolved into a single-party state under the revived Communist Party of Cuba, which holds power to date.
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Delaware
Delaware (i/ˈdɛləwɛər/ DEL-ə-wair) is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, to the northeast by New Jersey, and to the north by Pennsylvania. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor, after whom what is now called Cape Henlopen was originally named.
Delaware is located in the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and is the second least extensive, the sixth least populous, but the sixth most densely populated of the 50 United States. Delaware is divided into three counties. From north to south, these three counties are New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural, New Castle County has been more industrialized.
The history of the state's economic and industrial development is closely tied to the impact of the Du Pont family, founders and scions of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, one of the world’s largest chemical companies.
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Delaware Valley
In general, the Delaware Valley is a term used to refer to the valley where the Delaware River flows.
However, this article discusses the economic region centered on the cities on the tidal part of the Delaware Valley, including the metropolitan areas centered on Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. and Wilmington, Delaware. It is roughly the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Delaware-Maryland (PA-NJ-DE-MD) Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The Delaware Valley as discussed here is composed of several counties in Eastern Pennsylvania and Western New Jersey, one county in northern Delaware and one county in northeastern Maryland. The area has a population of over 6.1 million (as of the 2010 Census Bureau count). Philadelphia, being the region's major commercial, cultural, and industrial center, maintains a rather large sphere of influence that affects the counties that immediately surround it. The majority of the region's populace resides in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.
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Denver
Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/) (Arapaho: Niinéniiniicíihéhe' ) is the largest city and the capital of the U.S. state of Colorado. As Denver County, it is the second most populous county in Colorado after El Paso County, which surpassed Denver County as of the 2010 Census. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile (1.6 km) or 5,280 feet (1,609.344 m) above sea level, which is defined by the elevation of the spot of a benchmark on the steps of the State Capital building. The elevation of the entire city ranges from 5,130 to 5,680 feet. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.
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Florida
Florida (i/ˈflɒrɪdə/) is a state in the southeastern United States, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 4th most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state capital is Tallahassee, its largest city is Jacksonville, and the South Florida metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern U.S.
Much of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Its geography is marked by a coastline, by the omnipresence of water and the threat of hurricanes. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, encompassing approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state to border both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and its terrain is characterized by sedimentary soils. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. Its symbolic animals like the American alligator, Florida panther and the manatee, can be found in the Everglades, one of the most famous national parks in the world.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Guatemala
Guatemala (i/ˌɡwɑːtəˈmɑːlə/ GWAH-tə-MAH-lə), officially the Republic of Guatemala (Spanish: República de Guatemala [reˈpuβlika ðe ɣwateˈmala]), is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast. Its area is 108,890 km2 (42,043 mi2) with an estimated population of 13,276,517.
A representative democracy, its capital is Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City. Guatemala's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contributes to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The former Mayan civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization, which continued throughout the Post-Classic period until the arrival of the Spanish. The Mayas live in Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, the southern part of Mexico and northern parts of El Salvador.
Guatemala became independent from Spain in 1821, joining the Mexican Empire. After it became an independent country in its own right, it was ruled by a series of dictators, assisted by the United Fruit Company. The late 20th century saw Guatemala embroiled in a 36-year-long civil war. Following the war, Guatemala has witnessed both economic growth and successful democratic elections. In the most recent election, held in 2011, Otto Pérez Molina of the Patriotic Party, won the presidency.
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Hampton Roads
Coordinates: 36°58′N 76°22′W / 36.967°N 76.367°W / 36.967; -76.367
Hampton Roads is the name for both a body of water and the Norfolk–Virginia Beach metropolitan area which surrounds it in southeastern Virginia, United States. Hampton Roads is notable for its year-round ice-free harbor, for United States Navy, Coast Guard, Air Force, NASA, Marine Corps, and Army facilities, shipyards, coal piers, and hundreds of miles of waterfront property and beaches, all of which contribute to the diversity and stability of the region's economy.
The water area known as Hampton Roads is one of the world's largest natural harbors (more accurately a roadstead or "roads"), and incorporates the mouths of the Elizabeth River and James River with several smaller rivers and itself empties into the Chesapeake Bay near its mouth leading to the Atlantic Ocean.
The land area (also known as "Tidewater") includes dozens of cities, counties and towns on the Virginia Peninsula and in South Hampton Roads. Some of the more outlying areas from the harbor may or may not be included as part of "Hampton Roads", depending upon the organization or purpose. For a commonly used example, as defined for federal economic purposes, the Hampton Roads metropolitan statistical area (MSA) additionally includes one county in northeastern North Carolina and two counties in Virginia’s Middle Peninsula. Officially, the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA has a population of about 1.7 million, the 36th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
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Hawaii
Coordinates: 21°18′41″N 157°47′47″W / 21.31139°N 157.79639°W / 21.31139; -157.79639
Hawaii (i/həˈwaɪ.iː/ or /həˈwaɪʔiː/; Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi Hawaiian pronunciation: [hɐˈvɐiʔi]) is the most recent of the 50 U.S. states (August 21, 1959), and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean.
Hawaii’s diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches and oceanic surrounding, and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists, and volcanologists alike. Due to its mid-Pacific location, Hawaii has many North American and Asian influences along with its own vibrant native culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.
The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian Island chain, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles (2,400 km). At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight "main islands" are (from the northwest to southeast) Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaiʻi. The last is by far the largest and is often called "The Big Island" to avoid confusion with the state as a whole. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.
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Houston
Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/) (Alibamu: Yosti ) is the largest city in the state of Texas, and the fourth-largest city in the United States. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 2.1 million people within an area of 656.3 square miles (1,700 km2). Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, which is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 6.08 million people as of July 1st, 2011.
Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou. It was incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837, and named after then-President of the Republic of Texas—former General Sam Houston—who had commanded at the Battle of San Jacinto, which took place 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located.
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Idaho
Idaho (i/ˈaɪdəhoʊ/) is a state in the Rocky Mountain area of the United States. Idaho is the 14th most expansive, the 39th most populous, and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called "Idahoans". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state.
Idaho is a mountainous state with an area larger than that of all of New England. It is landlocked, surrounded by the states of Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Montana and the Canadian province of British Columbia. However, the network of dams and locks on the Columbia River and Snake River make the city of Lewiston the farthest inland seaport on the Pacific coast of the contiguous United States.
Idaho's nickname is the Gem State, because nearly every known type of gemstone has been found there. In addition, Idaho is one of only two places in the world where star garnets can be found (the other is the Himalaya Mountains, in India)[citation needed], and is the only place six-pointed star garnets have been found[citation needed]. Additionally Idaho is sometimes called the Potato State owing to its popular crop. The state motto is Esto Perpetua (Latin for "Let it be forever").
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Illinois
Illinois (i/ˌɪlɨˈnɔɪ/ IL-i-NOY) is the 25th most extensive and the 5th most populous of the 50 United States, and is often noted as a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean; as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois River. For decades, O'Hare International Airport has ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics.
Although the state's largest population centers today are in northern Illinois, originally the state's population grew from south to north, with settlers arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s. In 1818, Illinois achieved statehood. Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River, one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan. Railroads and John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois' rich prairie into some of the world's most productive and valuable farmlands, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars. The Great Migration established a large community of African Americans in Chicago that created the city's famous jazz and blues cultures.
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Indiana
Indiana (i/ɪndiˈænə/) is a US state, admitted to the United States as the 19th on December 11, 1816. It is located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 15th most populous of the 50 United States. Indiana is the least extensive state in the continental US west of the Appalachian Mountains. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis, the second largest of any state capital and largest state capital east of the Mississippi River.
Before it became a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Angel Mounds State Historic Site, one of the best preserved ancient earthwork mound sites in the United States, can be found in Southwestern Indiana near Evansville. Residents of Indiana are known as Hoosiers. The etymology of the word is disputed, but the leading theory as advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society has "Hoosier" originating from the upland South region of the U.S. as a derogatory slang term for a rough countryman, a country bumpkin.
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Iowa
Iowa (i/ˈaɪ.əwə/) is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland". It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World".
In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa is the 26th most extensive and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Des Moines. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in.
Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Jersey Shore
The Jersey Shore is a term used to refer to both the Atlantic coast of the U.S. state of New Jersey and the adjacent resort and residential communities. The New Jersey State Department of Tourism considers the Shore Region, Greater Atlantic City, and the Southern Shore to be distinct, each having a different character. The other three tourism marketing areas are the Gateway, the Delaware Valley, and the Skylands.
Geographically, the term encompasses about 217 miles of the New Jersey coastal area from Sandy Hook in the north to Cape May in the south. The Jersey Shore area includes the easternmost portions of Monmouth, Atlantic, Cape May and Ocean counties. While there is no defined border between North Jersey and South Jersey, the Manasquan River or Interstate 195 are often mentioned as the border.
The coast is lined with over 40 communities, including Long Branch, Asbury Park, Ocean Grove, Belmar, Spring Lake, Manasquan, Point Pleasant Beach, Seaside Heights, Long Beach Island, Brigantine, Atlantic City, Ocean City, Sea Isle City, Wildwood, Wildwood Crest, Chadwick Beach Island, Cape May, and Stone Harbor. Long Branch and Cape May both claim to be the country's original seashore resort; Ocean Grove and Cape May are world-renowned for their collections of Victorian residential architecture.
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Kansas
Kansas (i/ˈkænzəs/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name (natively kką:ze) is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south wind," although this was probably not the term's original meaning. Residents of Kansas are called "Kansans."
For thousands of years what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the Eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the Western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. Kansas was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine if Kansas would become a free state or a slave state. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as Bleeding Kansas. The abolitionists eventually prevailed and on January 29, 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state. After the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly, when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. Today, Kansas is one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, sorghum and sunflowers. Kansas is the 15th most extensive and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States.
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Kentucky
Kentucky (i/kɨnˈtʌki/), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the Upper South of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.
Kentucky is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on the fact that bluegrass is present in many of the pastures throughout the state, because of the fertile soil. It made possible the breeding of high-quality livestock, especially thoroughbred racing horses. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park; the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States; and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River. It is also home to the highest per capita number of deer and turkey in the United States, the largest free-ranging elk herd east of Montana, and the nation's most productive coalfield. Kentucky is also known for horse racing, bourbon distilleries, bluegrass music, automobile manufacturing, tobacco and college basketball.
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Long Island
Long Island is an island located in the southeast part of the U.S. state of New York, just east of Manhattan. Stretching northeast into the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island contains four counties, two of which are boroughs of New York City (Queens and Brooklyn), and two of which are mainly suburban (Nassau and Suffolk). The term "Long Island" often refers only to Nassau and Suffolk counties in order to differentiate them from New York City, though all four counties are on the island and part of the New York metropolitan area.
As of the 2010 census, Long Island had a population of 7,568,304, making it the most populated island in any U.S. state or territory. It is also the 17th most populous island in the world, ahead of Ireland, Jamaica and the Japanese island of Hokkaidō. Its population density is 5,402 inhabitants per square mile (2,086 /km2). If it were a state, Long Island would rank 13th in population (after Virginia) and first in population density.
Both the longest and the largest island in the contiguous United States, Long Island extends 118 miles (190 km) eastward from New York Harbor to Montauk Point, and has a maximum north-to-south expanse of 23 miles (37 km) between the northern Long Island Sound coast and the southern Atlantic coast. With a land area of 1,401 square miles (3,629 km2), Long Island is the 11th largest island in the United States and the 148th largest island in the world — larger than the 1,214 square miles (3,140 km2) of the smallest state, Rhode Island.
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Louisiana
Louisiana (i/luːˌiːziˈænə/ or i/ˌluːziˈænə/; French: État de Louisiane, [lwizjan] ( listen); Louisiana Creole: Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, and the largest by land area is Cameron Parish.
Much of the state was formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp. These contain a rich southern biota; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets. There are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a natural process in the landscape, and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas. These support an exceptionally large number of plant species including many species of orchids and carnivorus plants.
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Maine
Maine (i/ˈmeɪn/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, New Hampshire to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast. Maine is both the northernmost and easternmost portion of New England. It is known for its scenery—its jagged, mostly rocky coastline, its low, rolling mountains, its heavily forested interior and picturesque waterways—as well as for its seafood cuisine, especially lobsters and clams.
For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European encounter, several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area. The first European settlement in Maine was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement in Maine, the short-lived Popham Colony, was established by the Plymouth Company in 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate, deprivations, and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years. As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements survived. Patriot and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts. On March 15, 1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the 50 United States.
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Maryland
Maryland (i/ˈmɛrɨlənd/) is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and three nicknames for it (the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State) are occasionally used. Maryland is the 9th smallest state by area, but the 19th most populous and the 5th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's most populated city is Baltimore. Its capital is Annapolis. It was named after Queen Henrietta Maria.
Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles (32,133.2 km2) and is comparable in overall area with the European country of Belgium (11,787 square miles (30,530 km2)). It is the 42nd largest/9th smallest state, and is closest in size to Hawaii (10,930.98 square miles (28,311.1 km2)), the next smallest state. The next largest state, Maryland's neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland (24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km2)).
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Massachusetts
Massachusetts (i/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɨts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Massachusetts is the 7th least extensive, but the 14th most populous and the 3rd most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state features two separate metropolitan areas – the eastern Boston metropolitan area and the western Springfield metropolitan area. Approximately two thirds of the state's population lives in Greater Boston, most of which is either urban or suburban. Western Massachusetts features one urban area – the Knowledge Corridor along the Connecticut River – and a mix of college towns and rural areas. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and has the US's sixth highest GDP per capita.
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Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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Mexico City
Mexico City ( /ˈmɛksɨkoʊ ˈsɪti/; Spanish: Ciudad de México [sjuˈðað ðe ˈmexiko], also known as México D.F., or simply D.F.) is the Federal District (Distrito Federal), capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the country's largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center.
As an "alpha" global city Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in North America. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen boroughs.
The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 8.84 million people, and has a land area of 1,485 square kilometres (573 sq mi). According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the Mexico City metropolitan area population is 21.2 million people, making it the largest metropolitan area in the western hemisphere and the fifth largest agglomeration in the world.
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Michigan
Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating. The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds. A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline. It is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
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Minnesota
Minnesota (i/mɪnɨˈsoʊtə/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
Minnesota is the 12th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states. Nearly 60% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area (known as the "Twin Cities"), the center of transportation, business, industry and education and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now cleared, farmed and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation.
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Mississippi
Mississippi (i/ˌmɪsɨˈsɪpi/) is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi ("Great River"). Mississippi is the 32nd most extensive and the 31st most populous of the 50 United States. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, which was cleared for cotton cultivation in the 19th century. Today, its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree.
Mississippi is bordered on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Alabama, on the south by Louisiana and a narrow coast on the Gulf of Mexico and on the west, across the Mississippi River, by Louisiana and Arkansas.
In addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake and Grenada Lake. The largest lake in Mississippi is Grenada Lake.
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Missouri
Missouri (i/mɨˈzʊəri/) (nickname The Show Me State) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the 21st most extensive and the 18th most populous of the 50 United States. Missouri comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
Missouri generally mirrors the demographic, economic and political makeup of America and has long been considered a political bellwether state. With the exceptions of the Presidential elections of 1956 and 2008, Missouri's results have accurately predicted the next President of the United States in every election since 1904. It has both Midwestern and Southern cultural influences, reflecting its history as a border state. It is also a transition between the Eastern and Western United States, as St. Louis is often called the "western-most Eastern city" and Kansas City the "eastern-most Western city". Missouri's geography is highly varied. The northern part of the state lies in dissected till plains while the southern part lies in the Ozark Mountains (a dissected plateau), with the Missouri River dividing the two. The state lies at the intersection of the three greatest rivers of North America, with the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis, and the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi north of the Bootheel. The starting points of the Pony Express Trail and Oregon Trail were both in Missouri. The mean center of United States population as of the 2010 Census is at the town of Plato in Texas County, Missouri.
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Montana
Montana (i/mɒnˈtænə/) is a state in the Western United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller "island ranges" are found in the central third of the state, for a total of 77 named ranges that are part of the Rocky Mountains. This geographical fact is reflected in the state's name, derived from the Spanish word montaña (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, none official, including: "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "Land of the Shining Mountains" and more recently, "The Last Best Place". Montana is the 4th-most extensive, but the 7th-least populous and the 3rd-least densely populated of the 50 United States. The economy is primarily based on services, with ranching, wheat farming, oil and coal mining in the east, and lumber, tourism, and hard rock mining in the west. Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, and three of the five entrances to Yellowstone National Park.
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Nebraska
Nebraska (i/nəˈbræskə/) is a state on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. Its state capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha, on the Missouri River.
The state is crossed by many historic trails, but it was the California Gold Rush that first brought large numbers here, and it became a state in 1867. Certain landmarks still compete for the notional distinction 'Where the West Begins'.
There are wide variations between winter and summer temperatures, and violent thunderstorms and tornadoes are common. The state is characterized by treeless prairie, ideal for cattle-grazing, and it is a major producer of beef, as well as pork, maize and soybeans. Nebraska is overwhelmingly rural, as the 8th least-densely populated state of the United States.
Ethnically, the largest group are German-Americans, and the state has the biggest Czech-American population per head. During the Great Migration, many African Americans came to Omaha, and they continue to campaign for improved conditions. More recently, Native American activism has increased, with a drive for self-determination in a climate of co-operation with state officials on regional issues. It is traditionally a Republican-voting state.
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Nevada
Nevada (i/nəˈvædə/ or /nəˈvɒdə/) is a state in the western, mountain west, and southwestern regions of the United States. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 35th most populous, and the 9th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Over two-thirds of Nevada's people live in one single county, Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area, where the state's three largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada's capital is Carson City.
Nevada is largely desert and semiarid, with much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe and the Sierra Nevada mountains lie on the western edge. Approximately 86% of the state's land is owned by the US government under various jurisdictions, both civilian and military.
The name Nevada is derived from the nearby Sierra Nevada mountains, which means "snow-capped mountain range" in Spanish. The land comprising the modern state was inhabited by Native Americans of the Paiute, Shoshone, and Washoe tribes prior to European contact. It was subsequently claimed by Spain as a part of Alta California until the Mexican War of Independence brought it under Mexican control. The United States gained the territory in 1848 following its victory in the Mexican-American War and the area was eventually incorporated as part of Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a population boom that was an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861. Nevada became the 36th state on October 31, 1864.
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New Hampshire
New Hampshire (i/njuːˈhæmpʃər/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire is the 5th least extensive and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States.
It became the first post-colonial sovereign nation in the Americas when it broke off from Great Britain in January 1776, and six months later was one of the original thirteen states that founded the United States of America. In June 1788, it became the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution, bringing that document into effect. New Hampshire was the first U.S. state to have its own state constitution.
It is known internationally for the New Hampshire primary, the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle. Concord is the state capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state. It has no general sales tax, nor is personal income (other than interest and dividends) taxed at either the state or local level.
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New Jersey
New Jersey (i/nuː ˈdʒɜrzi/) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the U.S. state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the 4th least extensive, but the 11th most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies mostly within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is also the third wealthiest by 2009–2010 median household income.
The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. The British later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey. It was granted as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. At this time, it was named after the largest of the British Channel Islands, Jersey, Carteret's birthplace. New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War.
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New Mexico
New Mexico (i/nuː ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/) is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is the 5th most extensive, the 36th most populous, and the 6th least densely populated of the 50 United States.
Inhabited by Native American populations for many centuries, New Mexico has also been part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory. Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, including descendants of Spanish colonists and recent immigrants from Latin America. It also has the second-highest percentage of Native Americans, after Alaska, and the fourth-highest total number of Native Americans after California, Oklahoma, and Arizona. The tribes in the state consist of mostly Navajo and Pueblo peoples. As a result, the demographics and culture of the state are unique for their strong Hispanic and Native American influences. The flag of New Mexico is represented by the red and gold colors, which represent Spain, as well as the Zia symbol, an ancient Native American symbol for the sun.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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North Carolina
North Carolina (i/ˌnɔrθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 10th most populous of the 50 United States.
North Carolina is comprised of 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte. In the past five decades, North Carolina's economy has undergone a transition from heavy reliance upon tobacco and furniture making to a more diversified economy with engineering, biotechnology, and finance sectors.
North Carolina has a wide range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet (2,037 m) at Mount Mitchell, the highest point in the Eastern US. The climate of the coastal plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the state falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles (500 km) from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a subtropical highland climate.
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North Dakota
North Dakota (i/ˌnɔrθ dəˈkoʊtə/) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States, along the Canadian border. The state is bordered by Manitoba and Saskatchewan to the north, Minnesota to the east, South Dakota to the south and Montana to the west. North Dakota is the 19th most extensive, but the 3rd least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States. North Dakota was created from the northern portion of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with South Dakota.
The state capital is Bismarck and the largest city is Fargo. The primary public universities are located in Grand Forks and Fargo. The U.S. Air Force operates air bases at Minot AFB and Grand Forks AFB.
For more than a decade, the state has had a strong economy, with unemployment lower than the national average, job and population growth, and low housing vacancies. Much of the growth has been based on development of the Bakken oil shale fields in the western part of the state, but it has also had growth in the technology and service sectors. Flooding in June 2011 has caused extensive damage to Minot and threatened Bismarck, the capital city.
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Oaxaca
Oaxaca (English /wəˈhɑːkə/ wə-HAH-kə, Spanish: [waˈxaka] ( listen), from Nahuatl: Huaxyacac [waːsʃakak]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), is one of the 31 states which, along with the Federal District, comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. It is divided into 571 municipalities; of which 418 (almost three quarters) are governed by the system of Usos y costumbres (customs and traditions) with recognized local forms of self governance. Its capital city is Oaxaca de Juárez.
It is located in Southwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Guerrero to the west, Puebla to the northwest, Veracruz to the north, Chiapas to the east. To the south, Oaxaca has a significant coastline on the Pacific Ocean.
The state is best known for its indigenous peoples and cultures. The most numerous and best known are the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, but there are sixteen that are officially recognized. These cultures have survived better than most others in Mexico due to the state’s rugged and isolating terrain. Most live in the Central Valleys region, which is also an important area for tourism, attracting people for its archeological sites such as Monte Albán, native culture and crafts. Another important tourist area is the coast, which has the major resort of Huatulco. Oaxaca is also one of the most biologically diverse states in Mexico, ranking in the top three, along with Chiapas and Veracruz, for numbers of reptiles, amphibians, mammals and plants.
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Ohio
Ohio (i/oʊˈhaɪ.oʊ/) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Ohio is the 34th most extensive, the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.
The name "Ohio" originated from Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning "great river". The state, originally partitioned from the Northwest Territory, was admitted to the Union as the 17th state (and the first under the Northwest Ordinance) on March 1, 1803. Although there are conflicting narratives regarding the origin of the nickname, Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" (relating to the Ohio buckeye tree) and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".
The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court. Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.
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Oklahoma
Oklahoma (i/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/) (Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa , Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh ) is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning "red people", and it is known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State. Formed by the combination of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory on November 16, 1907, Oklahoma was the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans or, informally "Okies", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
A major producer of natural gas, oil, and agriculture, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. It has one of the fastest growing economies in the nation, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth and gross domestic product growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma's primary economic anchors, with nearly 60 percent of Oklahomans living in their metropolitan statistical areas.
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Oregon
Oregon (i/ˈɔrɨɡən/ ORR-ə-gən) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern boundaries, respectively. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers, and settlers who formed an autonomous government in Oregon Country in 1843. The Oregon Territory was created in 1848, and Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859.
Oregon is the 9th most extensive and the 27th most populous of the 50 United States. Salem is the state's capital and third-most-populous city; Portland is the most populous. Portland is the 29th-largest U.S. city, with a population of 583,776 (2010 US Census) and a metro population of 2,241,841 (2009 estimate), the 23rd-largest U.S. metro area. The valley of the Willamette River in western Oregon is the state's most densely populated area and is home to eight of the ten most populous cities.
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
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Philadelphia
Philadelphia ( /ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə/) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Philadelphia County, with which it is coterminous. The city is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It is the fifth-most-populous city in the United States, with a population of 1,526,006 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. Philadelphia is also the commercial, cultural, and educational center of the Delaware Valley, home to 6 million people and the country's fifth-largest metropolitan area. The Philadelphia metropolitan division consists of five counties in Pennsylvania and has a population of 4,008,994. Popular nicknames for Philadelphia are Philly and The City of Brotherly Love, the latter of which comes from the literal meaning of the city's name in Greek (Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια ([pʰilaˈdelpʰeːa], Modern Greek: [filaˈðelfia]) "brotherly love", compounded from philos (φίλος) "loving", and adelphos (ἀδελφός) "brother").
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Philippines
The Philippinesi/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
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Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbərɡ/, PITS-burg) is the second largest city in the U.S. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. Regionally, it anchors the largest urban area of both Appalachia and the Ohio River Valley. Nationally, it is the 22nd largest urban area in the United States. The population of the city in 2010 was 305,704, while that of the seven-county metropolitan area stood at 2,356,285.Downtown Pittsburgh retains substantial economic influence, ranking at 25th in the nation for jobs within the urban core and 6th in job density. The characteristic shape of Pittsburgh's central business district is a triangular tract carved by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, which form the Ohio River. The city features 151 high-rise buildings, 446 bridges, two inclined railways, and a pre-revolutionary fortification. Pittsburgh is known colloquially as "the City of Bridges" and "the Steel City" for its many bridges and former steel manufacturing base.
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Presidio of Sonoma
El Presidio de Sonoma, or Sonoma Barracks, was a military outpost established in Alta California in 1836. It was built to house troops under General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, the Commandant of the Northern Frontier, as part of Mexico's strategy to subdue the Native Americans of the Sonoma Valley and halt Russian incursions into the area.
The structure still stands at its original location (38°17′37″N 122°27′24″W / 38.2937°N 122.4566°W / 38.2937; -122.4566Coordinates: 38°17′37″N 122°27′24″W / 38.2937°N 122.4566°W / 38.2937; -122.4566) which is now the corner of Spain Street and First Street East, on the Sonoma Plaza in the city of Sonoma, California, United States. The building is located in the watershed of Nathanson Creek, which drains to Schell Creek.
The two-story adobe structure was built in stages between 1834 and 1841. Vallejo maintained a garrison of up to 40 men at the Presidio. During the California Republic of 1846, the Presidio was occupied by Bear Flag rebels, and afterwards it became a United States Army base. The building was remodelled in 1860 for use as a winery. It later served as a residence, a law office, and a store. The state of California purchased the property in 1958 and began restoring it.
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Rhode Island
Rhode Island (i/ˌroʊd ˈaɪlɨnd/ or /rɵˈdaɪlɨnd/), officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the 8th least populous, but the 2nd most densely populated of the 50 United States. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
Rhode Island was the first of the 13 original colonies to declare independence from British rule, declaring itself independent on May 4, 1776, two months before any other state in the whole U.S. and the convention. The state was also the last to ratify the United States Constitution.
Rhode Island's official nickname is "The Ocean State", a reference to the state's geography, since Rhode Island has several large bays and inlets that amount to about 14% of its total area. Its land area is 1,045 square miles (2706 km2), but its total area is significantly larger.
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San Antonio
San Antonio ( /ˌsænænˈtoʊni.oʊ/) is the seventh-largest city in the United States of America and the second-largest within the state of Texas, with a population of 1.3 million. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000-2010, and the second from 1990-2000. Located in the American Southwest and the south–central part of Texas, the city serves as the seat of Bexar County. San Antonio has characteristics of other western urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas and a low density rate outside of the city limits. The city is one of the two principal municipalities of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan area, the other being New Braunfels. Commonly referred to as Greater San Antonio, the metropolitan area has a population of 2.2 million based on the 2011 U.S. Census estimate, making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in the state of Texas.
The city was named for San Antonio de Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, when a Spanish expedition stopped in the area in 1691. Famous for Spanish missions, the Alamo, the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, Marriage Island and host to SeaWorld and Six Flags Fiesta Texas theme parks, the city is visited by approximately 26 million tourists per year according to the San Antonio Convention and Visitors Bureau. The city is home to the four-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest in the country.
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San Diego
San Diego /ˌsæn diːˈeɪɡoʊ/ is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest city in California. The city is located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, immediately adjacent to the Mexican border. The birthplace of California, San Diego is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the U.S. Navy, and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology enclave. The population was 1,301,617 at the 2010 census.
Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission of San Diego, founded in 1769, were the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of newly independent Mexico, and in 1850, became part of the United States following the Mexican-American War and the admission of California to the union.
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San Joaquin Valley
The San Joaquin Valley /ˌsæn hwɑːˈkiːn/ is the area of the Central Valley of California that lies south of the Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta in Stockton. Although most of the valley is rural, it does contain MSAs (urban cities and suburbs) such as Delano, Fresno, Bakersfield, Stockton, Modesto, Visalia, Porterville, Merced, Madera, and Hanford.
The San Joaquin Valley extends from the Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta in the north to the Tehachapi Mountains in the south, and from the various California coastal ranges (from the Diablo Range in the north to the Temblor Range in the south) in the west to the Sierra Nevada in the east. Unlike the Sacramento Valley, the river system for which the San Joaquin Valley is named does not extend very far along the valley. Most of the valley south of Fresno instead drains into Tulare Lake, which no longer exists continuously due to diversion of its sources. The valley's primary river is the San Joaquin, which drains north through about half of the valley into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The Kings, and Kern rivers are in the southern endorheic basin of the valley, all of which have been largely diverted for agricultural uses and are mostly dry in their lower reaches.
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Santa Clara Valley
The Santa Clara Valley (also known as Silicon Valley) is a valley just south of the San Francisco Bay in Northern California in the United States. Much of Santa Clara County and its county seat, San José, are in the Santa Clara Valley. The valley was originally known as the Valley of Heart’s Delight for its high concentration of orchards, flowering trees, and plants. Until the 1960s it was the largest fruit production and packing region in the world, with 39 canneries. Once primarily agricultural because of its highly fertile soil, it is now largely urbanized, although its far southern reaches south of Gilroy remain rural. Silicon Valley is roughly coterminous with the Santa Clara Valley, although since the former is as much a state of mind as an actual location, people often refer to parts of the San Francisco Peninsula as being part of Silicon Valley as well. Locally, the Santa Clara Valley is also referred to as the "South Bay." Few traces of its agricultural past can still be found, but the Santa Clara Valley American Viticultural Area remains a large wine-making region. It is the first commercial wine-producing region in California (and possibly the United States), utilizing high-quality French varietal vines imported from France.
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South Carolina
South Carolina (i/ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina; to the south and west by Georgia, located across the Savannah River; and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by King Charles II of England in honor of his father Charles I (Carolus being Latin for Charles). South Carolina was the 8th state to ratify the US Constitution and become a state which it did on May 23, 1788. South Carolina later became the first state to vote to secede from the Union which it did on December 20, 1860. It was readmitted to the United States on June 25, 1868.
South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 24th most populous of the 50 United States. South Carolina comprises 46 counties. The capital and largest city of the state is Columbia.
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South Dakota
South Dakota (i/ˌsaʊθ dəˈkoʊtə/) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. South Dakota is the 17th most extensive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. The state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as "East River" and "West River". Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state's population, and fertile soil in this area is used to grow a variety of crops. West of the Missouri, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending.
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Southern California
Southern California (SoCal) is a megaregion, or megapolitan area, in the southern area of the U.S. state of California. Large urban areas include Greater Los Angeles and Greater San Diego. The urban area stretches along the coast from Ventura through the Southland and Inland Empire to San Diego. The United States - Mexico border makes up the southern border. Southern California is a major economic center for the state of California and the nation.
Southern California's population encompasses five metropolitan, or MSA, areas: Los Angeles County and Orange County together make up the Los Angeles metropolitan area; the Inland Empire consists of such cities as Riverside, Ontario, and San Bernardino; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura metro area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas; the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over 4 million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Los Angeles metropolitan area; with San Diego as Southern California's other CSA metropolitan area. With over 22 million people, roughly 60% of California's population resides in Southern California.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire (Spanish: Imperio Español) comprised territories and colonies administered by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania. It originated during the Age of Exploration and was one of the first global empires. At the time of Habsburgs, Spain reached the peak of its political and economic power when it became the foremost global power. Its establishment in the 15th century ushered in the modern global era and five centuries of European dominance of global affairs. Spain's territorial reach beyond Europe spanned six centuries, from the first voyages to the Americas in 1492 until the independence of its last African colonies in the 1970s.
After the War of the Castilian Succession (1475–1479), Spain had emerged with a personally unified monarchy, with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs or los Reyes Catolicos between the Queen of Castile and the King of Aragon: the internal and foreign policy was coordinated although the rule was separate. In 1492, the Spanish monarchs completed the Reconquista with the incorporation of Granada to the Kingdom of Castile. That same year Christopher Columbus commanded the first Spanish exploratory voyage west across the Atlantic Ocean, leading to the Discovery of America and Europe's eventual colonial engagement in the New World. The Americas thereby became the focus of Spanish exploration and colonization.
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Tennessee
Tennessee (i/tɛnɨˈsiː/) (Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ) is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th most extensive and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 626,144.Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 670,902.
The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later part of the Southwest Territory. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861, and the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war.
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Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Utah
Utah (/ˈjuːtɔː/ ori/ˈjuːtɑː/) (Arapaho: Wo'tééneihí' ) is a state in the Western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the Union on January 4, 1896. Utah is the 13th-most extensive, the 34th-most populous, and the 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,817,222 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the sixth most urbanized in the U.S. The name "Utah" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe and means "people of the mountains" in the Ute language. Utah is bordered by Arizona on the south, Colorado on the east, Wyoming on the northeast, Idaho on the north and Nevada on the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico.
Utah is the most religiously homogeneous state in the Union. It is home to the Salt Lake Temple, and approximately 60% of Utahns are reported to be members of LDS Church which greatly influences Utah culture and daily life.
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Vermont
Vermonti/vɜrˈmɒnt/ is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Vermont is the 6th least extensive and the 2nd least populous of the 50 United States. It is the only New England state not bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermont's western border, which it shares with the state of New York. The Green Mountains are within the state. Vermont is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north.
Originally inhabited by two major Native American tribes (the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and the Iroquois), much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by France during its early colonial period. France ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years' War (also called the French and Indian War). For many years, the nearby colonies, especially New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area (then called the New Hampshire Grants). Settlers who held land titles granted by these colonies were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, which eventually prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for fourteen years. Vermont is one of seventeen U.S. states (along with Texas, Hawaii, the brief California Republic, and each of the original Thirteen Colonies) to have had a sovereign government in the past. In 1791, Vermont joined the United States as the 14th state, the first outside the original 13 Colonies. It abolished slavery while still independent, and upon joining the Union became the first state to have done so.
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Virginia
Virginia (i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
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West Virginia
West Virginia (i/ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/) is a state in the Appalachian region of the Eastern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the northeast and Maryland to the east. West Virginia is the 41st most extensive and the 37th most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions and broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state. West Virginia was the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state, and was one of two states formed during the American Civil War (the other one being Nevada, which separated from Utah Territory).
The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the South. The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio, with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than 70 miles (110 km) from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered to be a part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. Notably, it is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission; the area is commonly defined as "Appalachia".
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Wisconsin
Wisconsin (i/wɨsˈkɒnsɨn/) is a US state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd most extensive and the 20th most populous of the 50 United States. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. The state is divided into 72 counties.
The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian speaking American Indian groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River and record its name, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing in his journal. This spelling was later corrupted to Ouisconsin by other French explorers, and over time this version became the French name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling to its modern form when they began to arrive in greater numbers during the early 19th century. The current spelling was made official by the legislature of Wisconsin Territory in 1845.
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Wyoming
Wyoming (i/waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/) is a state in the mountain region of the Western United States. Wyoming is the 10th most extensive, but the least populous and the 2nd least densely populated of the 50 States. The western two thirds of the state is covered mostly with the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. Cheyenne is the capital and the most populous city of Wyoming with a population of nearly 60,000 people within its city proper.
As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of Wyoming, Wyoming's borders are lines of latitude, 41°N and 45°N, and longitude, 104°3'W and 111°3'W (27° W and 34° W of the Washington Meridian), making the shape of the state a latitude-longitude quadrangle. Wyoming is one of only three states (along with Colorado and Utah) to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border deviates from the true latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a mile (.8 km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along the 45th parallel. Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the ninth largest state in the United States in total area, containing 97,818 square miles (253,350 km2) and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 miles (444 km); and from the east to the west border is 365 miles (587 km) at its south end and 342 miles (550 km) at the north end.
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Yakima Valley AVA
The Yakima Valley AVA was the first American Viticultural Area established within Washington State, gaining the recognition in 1983. Part of the larger Columbia Valley AVA, Yakima Valley AVA is home to more than 11,000 acres (45 km2) of vineyards, giving the area the largest concentration of wineries and vineyards in the state of Washington. The most widely planted varietals in the area are Chardonnay, Riesling, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Gris, and Syrah. Nearly 40% of Washington state yearly wine production is made from Yakima Valley grapes. In addition to grapes, the Yakima Valley is also home to several fruit orchards growing apples, cherries, nectarines, peaches, pears and plums. Around the town of Zillah, there is the Zillah Fruit Loop driving tour through the area's orchards and vineyards. The area is also home to nearly 80% of the US hop production.
The Yakima Valley's borders include the sub-AVA of the Rattlesnake Hills to the north, the Horse Heaven Hills to the south and Red Mountain forming parts of its eastern boundaries. The Snipes Mountain AVA also lies within its boundaries. To the west, the Cascade Range forms a natural border and creates a rain shadow over the area which requires the use of irrigation in viticulture. The appellation covers 600,000 acres (2,400 km2) of land that is mostly contained within Yakima County, Washington with the eastern edge extending into Benton County. The cities of Yakima and Prosser are the main commercial centers with many wineries located in or around them. To the west, Mount Adams dominates the landscape along with the Yakima River on its eastward flow to the Columbia River.
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Zacatecas
Zacatecas (Spanish pronunciation: [sakaˈtekas]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Zacatecas), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 58 municipalities and its capital city is Zacatecas.
It is located in North-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Durango to the northwest, Coahuila to the north, Nayarit to the west, San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León to the east, and Jalisco, Guanajuato and Aguascalientes to the south.
The state of Zacatecas is best known for its rich deposits of silver and other minerals, its colonial architecture and its importance during the Mexican revolution. Its main economic activities are mining, agriculture and tourism.
"Zacatecas" is the Nahuatl-derived name for one of the indigenous peoples who inhabited the region before the arrival of the Spanish. The name ultimately derives from the Nahuatl word for a type of grass common in the region, zacatl. The region where this grass grew was originally called Zacatlan, and its inhabitants, Zacateca, pluralized in Mexican Spanish to Zacatecas.
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States that have ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States. However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations, or their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.
African-American history starts in the 16th century with African slaves who quickly rose up against the Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón and progresses to the present day, with Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there have been events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, including slavery, racism, Reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.
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Alan Greenspan
Alan Greenspan (/ˈælɨn ˈɡriːnspæn/; born March 6, 1926) is an American economist who served as Chairman of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006. He currently works as a private adviser and provides consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. First appointed Federal Reserve chairman by President Ronald Reagan in August 1987, he was reappointed at successive four-year intervals until retiring on January 31, 2006 after the second-longest tenure in the position.
Greenspan came to the Federal Reserve Board from a successful consulting career, holding political views influenced by Ayn Rand. Although he was subdued in his public appearances, favorable media coverage raised his profile to a point that several observers likened him to a "rock star". Democratic leaders of Congress criticized him for politicizing his office because of his support for Social Security privatization and tax cuts that they felt would increase the deficit. The easy-money policies of the Fed during Greenspan's tenure has been suggested to be a leading cause of the subprime mortgage crisis, which occurred within months of his departure from the Fed, and has, said the Wall Street Journal, "tarnished his image".
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Alaska Natives
Alaska Natives are indigenous peoples of Alaska: Inupiaq, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures.
Ancestors of the Alaska Natives are known to have migrated into the area thousands of years ago, and established varying indigenous, complex cultures that have succeeded each other over time. That developed sophisticated ways to deal with the challenging climate and environment. Europeans and Americans began to trade with Alaska Natives in the nineteenth century. New settlements around trading posts were started by Russians, British and Americans.
In the 1800s and In 1971 Congress passed the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, which settled land and financial claims for lands and resources which they had lost to European Americans. It provided for the establishment of 13 Alaska Native Regional Corporations to administer those claims. Similar to the separately defined status of the Canadian Inuit and First Nations, which are recognized as distinct peoples, Alaska Natives are in some respects treated separately from Native Americans in the United States. An example of this separate treatment is that Alaska Natives are allowed the harvesting of whales and other marine mammals under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.
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Americans
Americans, or American people, are the citizens of the United States of America. The country is home to people of different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship. Aside from the Native American population, nearly all Americans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries.
Despite its multi-ethnic composition, the culture held in common by most Americans is referred to as mainstream American culture, a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Western European immigrants. It also includes influences of African American culture. Westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.
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Arab American
An Arab American (Arabic: عرب أمريكا) is a United States citizen or resident of Arab ethnic, cultural and linguistic heritage or identity, who identifies themselves as Arab. Arab Americans trace ancestry to any of the various waves of immigrants of the countries comprising the Arab World. Americans descended from immigrants of the Arab world via other countries are also included.
Countries of origin for Arab Americans include Lebanon, Syria, Palestine (mostly pre-1948 Palestine Christians as well as what since corresponds to the Gaza Strip and West Bank, plus Arab citizens of Israel), Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait in West Asia and Libya, Sudan, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Mauritania and Morocco (plus also Sahrawis from the disputed Western Sahara) in North Africa.
According to the 2008 ACS, there are 1,573,530 Arab Americans, accounting for 0.5% of the American population. The largest subgroup is by far the Lebanese Americans, with 501,907, nearly a third of the Arab American population. Over 1/4 of all Arab Americans claimed two ancestries, having not only Arab ancestry but also non-Arab. Some groups from the Arab World are non Arabs; Assyrians were listed in the US census under Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac. Arab Americans, and Arabs in general, comprise a highly diverse amalgam of groups with differing ancestral origins, religious backgrounds and historic identities. Instead, the ties that bind are a shared heritage by virtue of common linguistic, cultural, and political traditions.
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Argentine American
Argentine Americans are citizens and residents of the United States whose origins are in the South American nation of Argentina.
The profile of the Argentine American population is generally similar to the overall U.S. population's. Among the key differences, however, is educational attainment. Argentine Americans exhibit a rate of 39.5% of holders of bachelor's, graduate, or professional degrees, contrasted with the 27.5% of the overall U.S. population. The difference is more marked among women: 40.2% for Argentine American females, and 26.7% for all U.S. females.
Another major difference is the fact that 69.1% of Argentine Americans are immigrants, which contrasts sharply with the 12.6% of the overall U.S. population.
Argentine Americans had a median household income of $55,044. Again, this is higher than the national figure, which was $50,740.
Some idea of their ancestral origins is supplied by the demographics of Argentina, which portray a nation that is as much of Italian as Spanish ancestry, but with significant German, British, French, Amerindian, Slavic, and Semitic components.
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Australian American
An Australian American is a citizen of the United States who identifies with an Australian national background. This can include people of European, Asian, African or Pacific Islander backgrounds.
The history of the Australian American population almost follows the story of both British Americans and Irish Americans, as Australia was a British political territory at the time when they first emigrated and most of the settlers were Irish. The first wave of emigration from Australia to the United States came in the 1850s California Gold Rush when mostly Irish migrants who had escaped the Great Irish Famine had previously worked on the Australian goldfields. In San Francisco, the "Sydney Ducks" as they were known, were in violent conflict with nativist locals. Transpacific immigration then dried up while the American Civil War waged. It picked up during the period of Reconstruction, but faltered again when Australia was hit by a depression in the late 1890s. Immigration to the United States peaked in the years following World War II, due to America's increased economic activity, and the exodus of 15,000 Australian war brides who married U.S. servicemen. From 1971 to 1990, more than 86,400 Australians and New Zealanders immigrated to the United States.
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Belizean American
Belizeans are people originating in the Central American nation of Belize whether they live there or in the Belizean diaspora.
About 1 out of every 3 Belizeans now live overseas and outside of Belize; the majority have migrated to Anglophone countries, especially the United States, where there are some 175,000 Belizeans, and the United Kingdom, with around 3,000 Belizeans. Smaller numbers now live in Canada.
Kriols and other ethnic groups are emigrating mostly to the United States, but also to the United Kingdom and other developed nations for better opportunities. Based on the latest U.S. Census, the number of Belizeans in the United States is approximately 175,000 (including 70,000 legal residents and naturalised citizens), consisting mainly of Kriols and Garinagu.
Demographics of Belize
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Bill Richardson
William Blaine "Bill" Richardson III (born November 15, 1947) is an American politician, who served as the 30th Governor of New Mexico from 2003 to 2011. Before being elected governor, Richardson served in the Clinton administration as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and Energy Secretary. Richardson has also served as a U.S. Congressman, chairman of the 2004 Democratic National Convention, and chairman of the Democratic Governors Association. On December 3, 2008, then-President-elect Barack Obama designated Richardson for appointment to the cabinet-level position of Commerce Secretary. On January 4, 2009, Richardson announced his decision to withdraw his nomination because of an investigation into possibly improper business dealings in New Mexico. In August 2009, federal prosecutors dropped the pending investigation against the governor, and there was speculation in the media regarding Richardson's career, as his second and final term as New Mexico governor concluded.
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Bolivian American
Bolivian American is a compound term that applies to American citizens of Bolivian origin. Racially, Bolivian Americans are identified as Indigenous, European (mostly Spanish, German, or Croatian), Afro Bolivian, or a combination of any or all three races in varying degrees of admixture. Furthermore, there are Bolivian Americans of Japanese descent, albeit, in small numbers.
Bolivian immigration into the United States occurred in two significant phases. The first phase occurred during and subsequent to the 1952 National Revolution (between 1952 and the latter 1960s). Most of these immigrants consisted of middle- to upper-middle income occupational professionals or political dissidents, and identify with Bolivia's White or Criollo (mixed White) society.
The second notable phase of Bolivian immigration (between 1980 and 1988) was a result of Bolivia's fiscal policies in the 1970s which gave way to the hyperinflation throughout most of the 1980s. Most of these immigrants consisted of lower-income Mestizo and Indigenous Bolivians obtaining work posts as service and manual laborers.
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Brazilian American
Brazilian Americans are Americans of Brazilian origin. There were an estimated 351,914 Brazilian Americans as of 2008, according to the United States Census Bureau. Another source gives an estimate of some 800,000 Brazilians living in the U.S. in 2000, while still another estimates that as of 2008[update] some 1,100,000 Brazilians live in the United States, 300,000 of them in Florida.
The official United States Census category of Hispanic or Latino is limited explicitly to people of "Spanish culture or origin", and therefore does not include Brazilian Americans.
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Cain Velasquez
Cain Velasquez Ramirez (born July 28, 1982) is a Mexican American mixed martial artist fighting in the Ultimate Fighting Championship where he is a former UFC Heavyweight Champion. He is a two-time All-American collegiate wrestler from Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona, and a Junior College National Champ at Iowa Central Community College. He is a two-time 5A state champion in Arizona, compiling a record of 110–10 for Kofa High School in Yuma, Arizona. Cain Velasquez is ranked #2 in the heavyweight division.
Velasquez, a Mexican American, was born on July 28, 1982 in Salinas, California to Efrain and Isabel Velasquez. Velasquez's father, Efrain, came from Mexico to the United States illegally. Efrain met his wife Isabel, married her, and gained US citizenship. Velasquez has two siblings, Efrain, Jr., and Adela. He was raised in Yuma, Arizona. He graduated from Kofa High School, where he compiled a record of 110–10 in four years of wrestling, including winning the 5A Arizona Wrestling Championship twice. Velasquez also played football for three years. As a senior, he served as Captain of both his wrestling and football teams.
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Californio
Californio (historic and regional Spanish for "Californian") is a term used to identify a Spanish-speaking, mostly Roman Catholic people, or of Latin American descent, regardless of race, born in California before 1848. The much larger population of indigenous peoples of California were not Californios because they did not speak Spanish and/or were not Catholic. Neither were the significant numbers of non-Spanish speaking California-born children of resident foreigners (primarily U.S. and British).
The military, religious and civil components of pre-1848 California society were embodied in the thinly populated presidios, missions, pueblos and ranchos. Until they were secularized in the 1830s, the twenty-one Spanish Missions of California, with their thousands of more or less captive native converts, controlled the most (about 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km2) per Mission) and best land, had large numbers of workers, grew the most crops and had the most sheep, cattle and horses. After secularization, most of the Mission lands were divided up into new ranchos and granted to Mexican citizens (including many Californios) resident in California.
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Canadian American
A Canadian American is someone who was born or someone who grew up in Canada then moved to the United States. The term is particularly apt when applied or self-applied to people with strong ties to Canada, such as those who have lived a significant portion of their lives in, or were educated in, Canada, and then relocated to the United States. To others, especially for those living in New England or the Mid-Western States, a Canadian American is one whose ancestors came from Canada.
The term Canadian refers to some as nationality, and to others as ethnicity. English-speaking Canadian immigrants easily integrate and assimilate into American culture and society as a result of the cultural similarities and in the vocabulary and accent in spoken English. French-speaking Canadians, because of language, culture, and religion, tend to take longer to assimilate. However, by the 3rd generation, the assimilation is complete, and the Canadian identity is more or less folklore. This took place, even though half of the population of the Quebec province immigrated to the US between 1840 and 1930. Many New England cities formed Little Canadas, but much of this has gradually disappeared. A revival of the Canadian identity has taken place in the mid-western states, where Canadian Americans are older than 7–8 generations. These states had been part of Canada up until 1783. A return to their roots seems to be taking place, with a greater interest in all things that are Canadian.
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Carlos Santana
Carlos Augusto Alves Santana (born July 20, 1947) is a Mexican and American rock guitarist. Santana became famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s with his band, Santana, which pioneered rock, Latin music and jazz fusion. The band's sound featured his melodic, blues-based guitar lines set against Latin and African rhythms featuring percussion instruments such as timbales and congas not generally heard in rock music. Santana continued to work in these forms over the following decades. He experienced a resurgence of popularity and critical acclaim in the late 1990s. In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine listed Santana at number 15 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. He has won 10 Grammy Awards and 3 Latin Grammy Awards.
Santana was born in Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico. Carlos learned to play the violin at age five and the guitar at age eight. His younger brother, Jorge Santana, would also become a professional guitarist. Young Carlos was heavily influenced by Ritchie Valens at a time when there were very few Latinos in American rock and pop music. The family moved from Autlán de Navarro to Tijuana In La Colonia Libertad, the city on Mexico's border with California, and then San Francisco. Carlos stayed in Tijuana but joined his family in San Francisco later and graduated from James Lick Middle School and Mission High School there. He graduated from Mission High in 1965. Carlos was accepted into the California State University, Northridge and Humboldt State University, but turned down both of the offers. Javier Bátiz, a famous guitarist from Tijuana, was said to have been Carlos's guitar teacher who taught him to play a different style of guitar soloing. After learning Javier Batiz's techniques, Santana would make them his own as well.
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Casta
Casta (Spanish: [ˈkasta], Portuguese: [ˈkaʃtɐ, ˈkastɐ]) is a Spanish and Portuguese term used in 17th and 18th centuries mainly in Spanish America to describe as a whole the mixed-race people which appeared in the post-Conquest period. A parallel system of categorization based on the degree of acculturation to Hispanic culture, which distinguished between gente de razón (Hispanics) and gente sin razón (non-acculturated natives), concurrently existed and worked together with the idea of casta.
The system of castas, or genizaros was inspired by the assumption that the character and quality of people varied according to their birth, color, race and origin of ethnic types. The system of castas was more than socio-racial classification. It impacted every aspect of life, including economics and taxation. Both the Spanish colonial state and the Church expected more tax and tribute payments from those of lower socio-racial categories.
Casta is an Iberian word (existing in Spanish, Portuguese and other Iberian languages since the Middle Ages), meaning "lineage", "breed" or "race." It is derived from the older Latin word castus, "chaste," implying that the lineage has been kept pure. Casta gave rise to the English word caste during the Early Modern Period.
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Catalan American
Catalan Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who acknowledge ethnic Catalan ancestry and self-identify with it. The group is formed by Catalan-born naturalized citizens or residents, their descendants and, to a lesser extent, citizens or residents of Catalan descent who still acknowledge Catalan ancestry.
The Catalan or Catalonian ancestry is identified with the code 204 in the 2000 U.S. Census, with the name Catalonian, which is in the group 200-299 HISPANIC CATEGORIES (INCLUDING SPAIN). A total of 1,738 individuals who received the long-form Census questionnaire (which is given to 1 in 6 households) self-identified as Catalan Americans. In the same survey 1,660 people aged 5 or older indicated being able to speak the Catalan language, also with the name Catalonian. Because the long-form is a 1-in-6 sample of the population, that figure puts the estimate of Catalan speakers in the U.S. for the year 2000 at around 10,000 people. However 8.067 people born in the autonomous community of Catalonia live nowadays in the USA.
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Chamorro people
The Chamorro people, or Chamoru people, are the indigenous peoples of the Mariana Islands, which include the United States territory of Guam and the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Micronesia. Today, significant Chamoru populations also exist in several U.S. states including Hawaii, California, Washington, Texas and Nevada. According to the 2000 Census, approximately 65,000 people of Chamoru ancestry live on Guam and another 19,000 live in the Northern Marianas. Another 93,000 live outside the Marianas in Hawaii and the West/Pacific coast of the United States. The Chamoru are primarily of Austronesian stock.
Most Chamorros are Roman Catholic and few in the Marianas still maintain some customs and beliefs from the time before the first European conquests; some residents of the Marianas will still ask permission from ancestral spirits before entering parts of jungles. Traditional healers called suruhanas are still greatly respected for their knowledge of herbal treatments and spirits. Before Spanish colonization, Chamoru life centered on one's clan. Chamorro culture is strongly influenced by Spanish, Filipino, Japanese, and American customs; in addition, Chamorro food is also influenced by the various groups mentioned previously. Today, large extended families remain central to life in the Marianas.
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Chicano
The terms Chicano/Chicana (also spelled Xicano/Xicana) are used as reference to U.S. citizens of Mexican descent. However, those terms have a wide range of meanings in various parts of the world. The term began to be widely used during the Chicano Movement, mainly among Mexican Americans, especially in the movement's peak in the late 1960s and early 1970s. For Mexicans, "Chicano" meant "poorest of the poor" but during the Civil Rights movement, they used the word to unite themselves.
The origin of the word "chicano" is disputed. Some critics claim it is a shorterned form of "Mexicano" ("Mexican" in Spanish). The word "Mexico" as spoken in its original Nahuatl, and by the Spaniards at the time of the conquest, was pronounced originally with a "sh" sound ("Mesh-ee-co"), as opposed to current pronunciation, and was transcribed with an "x" as was the usage in Spanish at the time. The difference between the pronunciation and spelling of "chicano" and "mexicano" stems from the fact that the modern-day Spanish language experienced a change in pronunciation regarding a majority of words containing the "x" (for example: México, Ximenez, Xavier, Xarabe). The "sh" sound was dropped[clarification needed] and in most, but not all, cases accompanied by a change of spelling ("x" to "j"). The word "Chicano" in the US was evidently not affected by this change.
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Chilean American
Chilean Americans are United States citizens or residents of Chilean origin. They numbered 126,810 in 2010.
In 2000, close to 14,000 lived in the states of Florida and California, while around 16,330 lived in the states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and other New England states combined.
Most Chilean immigration to the U.S. has occurred largely within the last 25 years. For the most part, Chileans left as either political asylees and refugees during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, or for economic reasons. Also, there have been others that have emigrated to seek higher education and career development opportunities.
There are two major reasons why many Chileans have come to the United States during the last 25 years. The first group, small in number, emigrated because of the political repression of the Pinochet regime. Many of these immigrants are of middle or upper class origin. A significant proportion of them arrived with advanced educations and well-developed skills. They had contacts with other Chilean exiles and a sense of identity from their shared commitment to a democratic Chile. After a period of adjustment, many of them were able to pursue skilled jobs or professions. Unfortunately, others, who lacked skills or whose professional certifications were not recognized in the United States, were forced to take low-level jobs in which they were unable to use their skills. Some had been politically active students or union leaders in Chile who did not enter the United States with easily transferable skills.
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Chinese American
Chinese Americans (Chinese: trad. 華裔美國人, simp. 华裔美国人, pin. Huáyì Měiguórén; t 美籍華人, s 美籍华人, p Měijí Huárén) are Americans of Chinese – particularly Han Chinese – descent. Chinese Americans constitute one group of overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans, which is further a subgroup of Asian Americans. Many Chinese Americans are immigrants along with their descendants from Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, as well as Malaysia, Singapore, and other countries in Southeast Asia and South America that include large populations of Chinese diaspora. Overall demographic research tends to include immigrants from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan as well as overseas Chinese who have immigrated from South East Asia into the broadly defined Chinese American category as both the governments of the Republic of China and the United States refer Taiwanese Americans as a separate subgroup of Chinese Americans.
The Chinese American community is the largest overseas Chinese community in North America, closely followed by the Chinese communities in Canada and Mexico. It is also the fourth largest in the Chinese diaspora, behind the Chinese communities in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The Chinese American community is the largest ethnic group of Asian Americans, comprising 25.9% of the Asian American population as of 2010. They constitute 1.2% of the United States, including those with partial Chinese ancestry. According to the 2010 census, the Chinese American population numbered approximately 3.8 million.
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Cholo
Cholo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtʃolo]) is an ethnic slur created by Hispanic criollos in the 16th century, and it has been applied to individuals of mixed or pure American Indian ancestry, or other racially mixed origin. The precise usage of "cholo" has varied widely in different times and places. In modern American usage, it most often applies to a low-income Mexican-American sub-culture and manner of dress.
The term's use is first recorded in a Peruvian book published in 1609 and 1616, the Comentarios Reales de los Incas by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. He writes (in Spanish) "The child of a Black male and an Indian female, or of an Indian male and Black female, they call mulato and mulata. The children of these they call cholo. Cholo is a word from the Windward Islands; it means dog, not of the purebred variety, but of very disreputable origin; and the Spaniards use it for insult and vituperation".
In Colonial Mexico, the terms cholo and coyote co-existed, indicating mixed Mestizo and Amerindian ancestry. Under the casta system of colonial Latin America, cholo originally applied to the children resulting from the union of a Mestizo and an Amerindian; that is, someone of three quarters Amerindian and one quarter Spanish ancestry. Other terms (mestizo, castizo, etc.) were used to denote other ratios of smaller or greater Spanish-to-Amerindian ancestry.
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Colombian American
Colombian Americans are citizens of the United States who trace their nationality or heritage from the South American nation of Colombia. They are the largest South American ethnic group in the United States.
The first Colombians inmigrants that settled in the United States arrived, probably, in the nineteenth century. However, the Colombian presence in United States would not be known with certainty since the federal census did not specify the country of origin for South Americans until 1960. These immigrants did not maintain any relation with their native countries, just until a few generations after, they identify themselves only as Americans.
The first Colombian community formed after World War I, through the arrival of several hundred professionals (nurses, accountants, laboratory technicians, pharmacists, and bilingual secretaries) that established to New York City; more late, were added to community the students who decided stay on after earning their degrees. Most immigrants settled in Jackson Heights, a middle-class neighborhood in Queens, that have good houses, school and churches. The growth of neighborhood was slow until 1940, when increase the Colombian immigration to New York.
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Costa Rican American
A Costa Rican American is an inhabitant of the United States who is of Costa Rican descent or birth.
The American Community Survey estimated the population of Costa Rican Americans to be 117,563 in 2007.
There have never been waves of migration from Costa Rica to the United States, and the Immigration and Naturalization Service records indicate that very few Costa Ricans have tried to enter the country so illegally. This is because, unlike other Hispanic groups, they have not been forced to emigrate to the U.S. for political oppression or extreme economic circumstances. Most Costa Ricans living in the United States have moved here following marriage to an American, or following work opportunities in the United States.
Since 1931 only 57,661 Costa Ricans have immigrated to the United States. Hence, the number of Costa Rican emigrants has been increasing very slowly. This is very different from the pattern of emigration from most other Central American countries. In fact, the other two countries in this region that have a continuously slow rate of emigration are Belize and Panama.
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Cuban American
A Cuban American (Spanish: Cubano estadounidense) is a United States citizen who traces his or her "national origin" to Cuba. Cuban Americans are also considered native born Americans with Cuban ancestry or Cuban-born persons who were raised and educated in US. Cuban Americans form the third-largest Hispanic group in the United States and also the largest group of Hispanics of European ancestry (predominantly Spanish) as a percentage but not in numbers.
Many communities throughout the United States have significant Cuban American populations. However Miami, Florida, with a Cuban American population of 856,007 in its environs, stands out as the most prominent Cuban American community, in part because of its proximity to Cuba. It is followed by the Tampa Bay Area and North Hudson, New Jersey, particularly Union City and West New York. With a population of 141,250, the New York metropolitan area's Cuban community is the largest Cuban-American community outside of Florida.
Prior to the Louisiana Purchase and the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, all of Florida and Louisiana were provinces of the Captaincy General of Cuba (Captain General being the Spanish title equivalent to the British colonial Governor). Consequently, Cuban immigration to the U.S. has a long history, beginning in the Spanish colonial period in 1565 when St. Augustine, Florida was established by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, and hundreds of Spanish-Cuban soldiers and their families moved from Cuba to St. Augustine to establish a new life. Thousands of Cuban settlers also immigrated to Louisiana between 1778 and 1802 and Texas during the period of Spanish rule.[citation needed]
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Cubans
Cubans or Cuban people (Spanish: Cubanos) are the inhabitants or citizens of Cuba. Cuba is a multi-ethnic nation, home to people of different ethnic and national backgrounds. As a result, some Americans do not treat their nationality as an ethnicity but as a citizenship with various ethnicities comprising the "Cuban people." Nearly all Cubans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries.
Despite its multi-ethnic composition, the culture held in common by most Cubans is referred to as mainstream Cuban culture, a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Western European migrants, beginning with the early Spanish settlers, along with other Europeans arriving later such as the Portuguese and French with African culture which has also been very influential.
The population of Cuba (2010) was 11,241,161 people. The largest urban populations of Cubans in Cuba (2010) are to be found in Havana ( 2,135,498), Santiago de Cuba ( 425,851), Camagüey (305,845), Holguín (277,050), Guantanamo ( 207,857), and Santa Clara ( 205,812). According to Cuba's Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas ONE 2002 Census, the population was 11,177,743, including:
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Demi Lovato
Demetria Devonne "Demi" Lovato (born August 20, 1992) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and actress. Her earliest roles included Angela on Barney & Friends, before she became better known for her starring roles in the Camp Rock movies, as Sonny Munroe in the Disney sitcom Sonny with a Chance, and as the star of the 2009 movie Princess Protection Program. She is also involved in philanthropic activities through charity work and various social and environmental causes.
As a solo musical artist, Lovato released her debut album Don't Forget on September 23, 2008. The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 selling 89,000 copies in the first week. It has since shipped over 500,000 copies, earning a gold certification in the United States. Lovato released her second album, Here We Go Again, on July 21, 2009. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 108,000 copies in the first week. Her third studio album, Unbroken, was released on September 20, 2011 and peaked at number four on the Billboard 200. She is working on her fourth studio album.
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Dolores Huerta
Dolores Clara Fernandez Huerta (born April 10, 1930) is a labor leader and civil rights activist who, along with César Chávez, co-founded the National Farmworkers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers (UFW). Huerta has received numerous awards for her community service and advocacy for workers', immigrants', and womens' rights, including the Eugene V. Debs Foundation Outstanding American Award, the United States Presidential Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. As a role model to many in the Latin community, Huerta is the subject of many corridos (ballads) and murals.
Born on April 10, 1930, in the mining town of Dawson, New Mexico, Huerta was the daughter of Juan Fernandez—a miner, field/farm worker, union activist and state assemblyman—and Alicia Chavez. Huerta was the couple's second child and only daughter; the couple divorced when Huerta was three years old. Chavez raised Huerta and her two brothers, in the central California farm worker community of Stockton, California. Huerta's mother was known for her kindness and compassion towards others and was active in community affairs, numerous civic organizations, and the church. She encouraged the cultural diversity that was a natural part of Dolores' upbringing in Stockton. Chavez was a businesswoman who owned a restaurant and a 70-room hotel where she welcomed low-wage workers and farm worker families for affordable prices and sometimes even for free.
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Dominican American
A Dominican American is any American who has origins in the Dominican Republic.. Although their emigration began in the nineteenth century, waves of migration of Dominicans in the United States emerged in the 60's especially, after the fall of the Trujillo regime. In 2010, there were approximately 1.71 million people of Dominican descent in the US, inclusive both native and foreign-born.
Immigration records of Dominicans in the United States date from the late 19th century, and New York City has had a Dominican community since the 1930s. From the 1960s onward, after the fall of the Rafael Trujillo military regime, large waves of migration have thoroughly transnationalized the Dominican Republic, metaphorically blurring its frontier with the United States. Thus, be created Dominican communities in New Jersey, the Miami area, Philadelphia, Providence, Rhode Island, and Boston, Massachusetts. Smaller waves of Dominicans have gone to the metropolitan areas of Chicago, Illinois; Washington, D.C.; Houston, Texas; Los Angeles, California; Portland, Oregon; Kansas City, Missouri; Orlando, Florida; Buffalo, New York; and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Dominican population has similar settlement patterns to that of the Puerto Rican population.
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Dominican people
Dominicans (Spanish: Dominicanos) are people inhabiting or originating from Dominican Republic. Most Dominicans live in Dominican Republic, although there is also a large Dominican diaspora, especially in the United States, Puerto Rico and Spain. The population of the Dominican Republic in 2007 was estimated by the United Nations at 9,760,000.
The ethnic composition of the Dominican population is 73% multiracial, 16% white, and 11% black.The population is primarily a mixture of European and African with a notable amount of Taíno ancestry ( each with varying degrees). There is also a large Haitian minority. Other groups in the country include the descendants of Southwest Asians—mostly Lebanese, Syrians and Palestinians. A smaller, yet significant presence of East Asians (primarily ethnic Chinese and Japanese) can also be found throughout the population.
In the twentieth century, many Chinese, Arabs (primarily from Lebanon and Syria), Japanese and to a lesser degree Koreans settled in the country, working as agricultural laborers and merchants. Waves of Chinese immigrants, the latter ones fleeing the Chinese Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA), arrived and worked in mines and building railroads. The current Chinese Dominican population totals 15,000. The Arab community is also rising at an increasing rate. Estimates are at 3,400.[citation needed] Japanese immigrants, who mostly work in the business districts and markets, are at an estimate of 1,900 living in the country.[citation needed] The Korean presence is minor but evident at a population of 500.[citation needed]
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Ecuadorian American
An Ecuadorian American is any person in the United States who is of Ecuadorian ancestry. Ecuadorian Americans can be Mestizo, White, Afro-Ecuadorian, Indigenous, Mulato, or Zambo. Many Ecuadorians are of Lebanese descent. There are also sizable populations of Ecuadorians of Italian, German, Chinese, and Japanese descent.
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Edward James Olmos
Edward James Olmos (born February 24, 1947) is an American (with Mexican citizenship) actor and director. Among his most memorable roles are William Adama in the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica, Lt. Martin Castillo in Miami Vice, teacher Jaime Escalante in Stand and Deliver, patriarch Abraham Quintanilla in the film Selena, Detective Gaff in Blade Runner, and narrator El Pachuco in both the stage and film versions of Zoot Suit.
In 1988, Olmos was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for the film Stand and Deliver.
He has also been a longtime pioneer for more diversified roles and images of Latinos in the U.S. media besides from his most notable roles/work by him starring, directing and producing films, Made for TV Movies and TV shows such as American Me, The Burning Season, My Family/Mi Familia, 12 Angry Men, The Disappearance of Garcia Lorca, Walkout, The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit and American Family: Journey of Dreams.
Olmos was born Edward Olmos in Los Angeles, California, where he was raised, the son of Eleanor (nee Huizar) and Pedro Olmos, who was a welder and mail carrier. His father was a Mexican immigrant and his mother was Mexican American. He grew up wanting to be a professional baseball player, and became the Golden State batting champion. In his teen years, he turned to rock and roll, and became the lead singer for a band he named Pacific Ocean, so-called because it was to be "the biggest thing on the West Coast." He graduated from Montebello High School in 1964. While at Montebello High School, he lost a race for Student Body President to future California Democratic Party Chair Art Torres. For several years, Olmos performed at various clubs in and around Los Angeles, and released a record in 1968. At the same time, he attended classes at East Los Angeles College, including courses in acting.
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English American
English Americans (occasionally known as Anglo-Americans, although this may have a wider linguistic meaning) are citizens of the United States whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in England.
According to American Community Survey in 2010 data, Americans reporting English ancestry made up an estimated 9.0% of the total U.S. population, and form the third largest European ancestry group after German Americans and Irish Americans. However, demographers regard this as an undercount, as the index of inconsistency is high, and many, if not most, people from English stock have a tendency to identify simply as Americans or, if of mixed European ancestry, nominate a more recent and differentiated ethnic group. Throughout the nineteenth century, England was the largest investor in American land development, railroads, mining, cattle ranching, and heavy industry. Perhaps because English settlers gained easy acceptance, they founded few organizations dedicated to preserving the traditions of their homeland.
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European American
A European American (also known as a Euro-American) is a citizen or resident of the United States who has origins in any of the original peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations which have a large European diaspora.
The Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States.Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida, was the first known person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare, born in 1587 on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents.
In 2009, German Americans (16.5%), Irish Americans (11.9%), English Americans (9.0%) and Italian Americans (6.4%) were the four largest self-reported ancestry groups in the United States forming 43.8% of the total population.British Americans (English, Welsh, Northern Irish and Scottish) are estimated to be up to (20%) or (60,000,000) of the United States population.
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Eva Longoria
Eva Jacqueline Longoria (born March 15, 1975) is an American actress, best known for portraying Gabrielle Solis on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. Longoria received a nomination for the 2006 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series for her performance on Desperate Housewives.
Longoria first rose to fame on television for portraying Isabella Braña on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless from 2001 to 2003. She became nationally recognized in the 2000s after appearing in several high-profile advertising campaigns and numerous men's magazines, reaching #14 in the FHM "Sexiest Women 2008" poll, and having appeared on the cover of various international women's magazines including Vogue, Marie Claire and Harper's Bazaar. Longoria has also starred in films such as Harsh Times (2005), The Sentinel (2006) and Over Her Dead Body (2008).
Eva Jacqueline Longoria was born in Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas, the youngest of four daughters born to Mexican-Americans Enrique Longoria, Jr. and Ella Eva Mireles. She was raised Roman Catholic. The Longoria family originated in Spain and has resided in Texas since before the creation of the United States, predating the English-speaking settlers.
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Filipino American
Filipino Americans are Americans of Filipino ancestry, including those who migrated from the Philippines. There are over 3.4 million people of Filipino descent residing in the United States, according to the 2010 United States Census. Filipino Americans make up about 1.1% of the country's population and making them the second largest Asian American subgroup. The Philippines is also one of the major sources of immigration into the United States.
The term Filipino American is sometimes shortened to "Fil-Ams", or "Pinoy". Some Filipinos believe that the term Pinoy was coined by the early Filipinos who came to the United States to distinguish themselves from Filipinos living in the Philippines.
Filipinos in what is now the United States were first documented in the 16th century, with small settlements beginning in the 18th century. Mass migration did not begin until the early 20th Century when the Philippines was ceded by Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. The Philippines' independence recognized by the United States on July 4, 1946. Immigration was reduced significantly during the 1930s, except for those who served in the United States Navy, and increased following immigration reform in the 1960s.
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Garifuna people
The Garifuna (/ɡəˈrɪfʉnə/gə-RIF-uu-nə; pl. Garinagu in Garifuna) are descendants of Carib, Arawak and West African people. The British colonial administration used the term Black Carib and Garifuna to distinguish them from Yellow and Red Carib, the Amerindian population that did not intermarry with Africans. The Amerindians who had not intermarried with Africans are still living in the Lesser Antilles; Dominica, St. Vincent and The Grenadines, etc.
Today the Garifuna live primarily in Central America. They live along the Caribbean Coast in Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Honduras including the mainland, and on the island of Roatán. There are also diaspora communities of Garifuna in the United States, particularly in Los Angeles, Miami, New York and other major cities.
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German American
German Americans are citizens of the United States of German ancestry and comprise about 50 million people, or 17% of the U.S. population, the country's largest self-reported ancestral group.California, Texas and Pennsylvania have the largest numbers of German origin, although upper Midwestern states, including Ohio, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and the Dakotas, have the highest proportion of German Americans at over one-third.
None of the historical German states had overseas colonies, so not until the 1680s did the first significant groups of German immigrants arrive in the British colonies, settling primarily in New York and Pennsylvania. Immigration continued in very large numbers during the 19th century, with some eight million arrivals from Germany. They were pulled by the attractions of land and religious freedom, and pushed out of Europe by shortages of land and religious or political oppression. Many arrived seeking religious or political freedom, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, and others simply for the chance to start fresh in the New World. The arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their intensive farming techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where "Germania"—German-speaking districts—soon emerged.
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Guatemalan American
A Guatemalan American is an American of Guatemalan descent.
The Guatemalan American population in the USA in 2009 was estimated by the US Census Bureau at 1,081,858 (+/-36,453). Guatemalans are the 2nd largest national subgroup of Central Americans in the USA (after Salvadorans).
Guatemalan-Americans tend to concentrate mainly in Greater Los Angeles, followed by the New York metropolitan area, Baltimore-Washington area, Greater Boston, and San Francisco Bay Area. Also Texas and Pennsylvania have very rapidly growing Guatemalan populations.
As of 2009, the largest Guatemalan communities were in the following metropolitan areas:
The states with the highest number of Guatemalans are as follows:
Guatemalans have emigrated to the USA since the 1930s and 1940s.[citation needed] Along with other Central Americans such as Costa Ricans, they first arrived by way of Mexico and settled in urban areas like Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Houston, New York City and San Francisco.
The intensification of the Guatemalan Civil War during the 1970s and 1980s led to an influx of tens of thousands of Guatemalan refugees into the United States via Mexico, via both legal and illegal means. Guatemalan refugees became an important political and economic influence on seeking an end to the civil war, which finally came about in 1996. They also organized to change policies of the Mexican government in dealing with Guatemalan immigrants' legal status, their experience in Mexico, and difficulties of Guatemalans in Mexico immigrating to the US.
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Guyanese American
Guyanese Americans are citizens and residents of the United States who can trace their ancestry back to the South American nation of Guyana, or a Guyanese who emigrated to the United States but has American citizenship.
After the independence of Guyana from Great Britain, in 1966, Guyanese immigration to the United States increased dramatically. Political and economic uncertainty, and the internal strife two years earlier prompted many Guyanese who could make the move to seek opportunities abroad.
Many of the first Guyanese emigrants to the United States were of African descent. They were women who were recruited as domestic workers or nursing assistants. Prior to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Guyanese of Asian descent faced immigration restrictions because of US Immigration policy that was more pro-European. However, many Guyanese who had studied in the US in the mid 20th century or earlier stayed on the US; some, like Cheddi Jagan returned to Guyana. Shirley Chisholm's father represents one of the earliest of Guyanese immigrants to the US during the 20th century; emigration from Guyana at that time was mostly to Caribbean or Commonwealth countries.
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Haitian American
Haitian Americans are Americans of Haitian heritage, or Haitian-born people who are naturalized citizens or permanent residents of the United States. The largest proportion of Haitians live in South Florida counties and cities such as New York, Washington, D. C., Philadelphia, Chicago and Boston.
In 2009 the US Census estimated that there are 830,000 Haitian Americans living in the U.S. but many consider this number inaccurate due to the presence of illegal Haitian immigrants. During the early 1960s and the 1970s, many Haitians emigrated to the U.S. legally as well as illegally during the family dictatorships of François "Papa Doc" and Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier.
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Hilda Solis
Hilda Lucia Solis (pronounced /sɵˈliːs/; born October 20, 1957) is the 25th United States Secretary of Labor, serving in the Obama administration. She is a member of the Democratic Party and served in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2009, representing the 31st and 32nd congressional districts of California that include East Los Angeles and the San Gabriel Valley.
Solis was raised in La Puente, California by immigrant parents from Nicaragua and Mexico. She gained degrees from the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona) and the University of Southern California (USC) and worked for two federal agencies in Washington, D.C. Returning to her native state, she was elected to the Rio Hondo Community College Board of Trustees in 1985, the California State Assembly in 1992, and the California State Senate in 1994. She was the first Hispanic woman to serve in the State Senate, and was reelected there in 1998. She became known for her work toward environmental justice and was the first female recipient of the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award in 2000.
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Honduran American
A Honduran American is an American of Honduran descent. The number of Hondurans in the U.S. in 2005 was estimated at 459,653 .
The first Hondurans came to United States in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, in the 1820´s, while the continent part of Centroamerica be independence from Spain and be founded of the republic of Honduras. Since then, all periods of conflict has led to a Honduran emigration to the United States (as was the case with the 1956 succession dilemma) which, however, has been increasingly less numerous (until the 1980´s), migrating only several thousand persons from Honduras to the United States. Despite of that many Honduran Americans are migrant farm laborers, the most of the them, first be established in the largest cities, in which they had support networks by part of Honduran American communities. In the 1990´s the most of the Honduran American lived in New York City (with had 33,000 Honduran American), Los Angeles (with 24,000), and Miami (with 18,000).
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Indian American
Indian Americans are Americans whose ancestral roots lie in India. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with the indigenous peoples of the Americas commonly referred to as American Indians.
In North America, the term Indian has an ambiguous meaning. In the western hemisphere, historically and currently, Indian has been commonly used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Qualifying terms such as American Indian and East Indian were and are commonly used to avoid ambiguity.
While East Indian remains in use, South Asian is often chosen instead. The U.S. government coined Native American to refer to the indigenous peoples of the United States, but American Indian remains popular among the indigenous and general populations.
People of Indian origin often prefer the term Desi to refer to the diasporic subculture of South Asians. Indian Americans are categorized as Asian Indian (and more broadly, Asian American) by the United States Census Bureau.
It was after the Luce–Celler Act of 1946, that Indian Americans were restored naturalization rights in the United States. A number of Indian Americans came to the U.S. via Indian communities in other countries such as the United Kingdom and Canada, in both of which 2% of the population is currently of Indian origin,Mauritius, nations of Southeast Asia such as Malaysia and Singapore, South Africa, Suriname, Guyana, Fiji, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Trinidad & Tobago, and Jamaica.
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Irish American
Irish Americans are citizens of the United States who can trace their ancestry to Ireland. A total of 36,278,332 Americans—estimated at 11.9% of the total population—reported Irish ancestry in the 2008 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. Roughly another 3.5 million (or about another 1.2% of Americans) identified more specifically with Scotch-Irish ancestry. The Irish diaspora population in the United States is roughly 6 times the modern population of Ireland.
The only self-reported ancestral group larger than Irish Americans is German Americans. The Irish are widely dispersed in terms of geography, and demographics. Irish American political leaders have played a major role in local and national politics since before the American Revolutionary War: eight Irish Americans signed the United States Declaration of Independence, and 22 American Presidents, from Andrew Jackson to Barack Obama, have been at least partly of Irish ancestry. (See "American Presidents with Irish ancestry" below.)
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Isleño American
The term Isleño American applied to a set of peoples from the southern United States that descended from Spanish settlers originating from the Canary Islands. They arrived there in the XVIII century and have preserved the culture of their ancestors. Although colloquially the term can also be used to refer to any Canarian person having the American citizenship and his descendants in the U.S. This term is different from the term "Isleños", which refers to people of Canarian descent in the set of American countries without distinction.
Some people in Isleño American communities still speak the Spanish language of their ancestors. In particular members of the Isleño community of Saint Bernard Parish, being geographically isolated, have managed to preserve his culture and, until recently, their Canarian dialect (currently spoken by only a few Isleños in that community and in the Isleño communities of the United States in general).
Isleño culture consists of combination of a Canarian folk tradition and material created by the themselves Isleño Americans, and includes songs, proverbs, riddles and stories. They fought in the American Revolution, defending the Alamo, the Civil War and both World Wars.
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Italian American
An Italian American (Italian: Italoamericano singular, Italian: Italoamericani plural), is an American of Italian ancestry. The designation may also refer to someone possessing Italian and American dual citizenship. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States (not including American ethnicity, an ethnonym used by many in the United States; overall, Italian Americans rank seventh, behind German, Irish, African American, English, American and Mexican).
About 5.5 million Italians immigrated to the U.S. from 1820 to 2004. The greatest surge of immigration, which occurred in the period between 1880 and 1920, alone brought more than 4 million Italians to America. About 80% of the Italian immigrants came from Southern Italy, especially from Sicily, Campania, Abruzzo and Calabria. This was a largely agricultural and overpopulated region, where much of the populace had been impoverished by centuries of foreign misrule, and the economic measures imposed on the South after Italian unification in 1861 . After unification the Italian government initially encouraged emigration of landless peasants to relieve economic pressures in the South. In the U.S., most Italians began their new lives as unskilled, manual workers in Eastern cities, mining camps and in agriculture. Italian Americans gradually moved from the lower rungs of the economic scale in 1890-1910 to a level comparable to the national average by 1970. By 1990, more than 65% of Italian Americans were managerial, professional, or white-collar workers. The Italian-American communities have often been characterized by strong ties with family, the Catholic Church, fraternal organizations and political parties. Today, over 17.8 million Americans claim Italian ancestry.
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Japanese American
Japanese Americans (日系米国人, Nikkei Beikokujin?) are American people of Japanese heritage. Japanese Americans have historically been among the three largest Asian American communities, but in recent decades, it have become the sixth largest group at roughly 1,304,286, including those of mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity. In the 2000 census, the largest Japanese American communities were found in California with 394,896, Hawaii with 296,674, Washington with 56,210, New York with 45,237, and Illinois with 27,702.
People from Japan began migrating to the U.S. in significant numbers following the political, cultural, and social changes stemming from the 1868 Meiji Restoration. Particularly after the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, Japanese immigrants were sought by industrialists to replace the Chinese immigrants. In 1907, the "Gentlemen's Agreement" between the governments of Japan and the U.S. ended immigration of Japanese workers (i.e., men), but permitted the immigration of spouses of Japanese immigrants already in the U.S. The Immigration Act of 1924 banned the immigration of all but a token few Japanese.
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Jessica Alba
Jessica Marie Alba (born April 28, 1981) is an American television and film actress. She began her television and movie appearances at age 13 in Camp Nowhere and The Secret World of Alex Mack (1994). Alba rose to prominence as the lead actress in the television series Dark Angel (2000–2002). Alba later appeared in various films including Honey (2003), Sin City (2005), Fantastic Four (2005), Into the Blue (2005), Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer and Good Luck Chuck both in 2007.
Alba has been called a sex symbol. She appears on the "Hot 100" section of Maxim and was voted number one on AskMen.com's list of "99 Most Desirable Women" in 2006, as well as "Sexiest Woman in the World" by FHM in 2007. The use of her image on the cover of the March 2006 Playboy sparked a lawsuit by her, which was later dropped. She has also won various awards for her acting, including the Choice Actress Teen Choice Award and Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television, and a Golden Globe nomination for her lead role in the television series Dark Angel.
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Juan Seguín
Juan Nepomuceno Seguín (October 27, 1806 – August 27, 1890) was a 19th-century Texas Senator, Mayor, Judge, and Justice of the Peace and a prominent participant in the Texas Revolution.
Juan Seguín was born in San Antonio de Bexar on October 27, 1806. He was the older of two sons of Erasmo Seguín and María Josefa Becerra. As the son of a postmaster, he would assist his mother in the business, while his father was off writing the 1824 Constitution of Mexico. In 1825, he married María Gertrudis Flores de Abrego. They had ten children. He was elected an alderman in December, 1828 and served on numerous electoral boards before becoming the San Antonio alcalde (mayor) in December 1833. He then served as political chief of Bexar in 1834, when the previous chief became ill. In 1835, he led a relief force to Monclova, when Federalist Governor Agustín Viesca appealed for help.
As a teenager in Mexico, he had a strong interest in politics. When, Antonio López de Santa Anna repealed the Mexican Constitution of 1824, he was very critical of his contemporary Mexican leader and gladly joined the Texas Revolution to rid Texas of Santa Anna's rule. In 1835-1836, Seguin recruited and commanded troops for the Texian Army. He was commissioned a captain by Stephen F. Austin in October 1835 and would be tasked with the burden of supplying the Texan troops with food and provisions. Juan sent out scouting parties to the Missions of San Antonio in search of a suitable base camp for the Texans and participated in the early successful Battle of Concepcion and the 2 month long, Siege of Bexar, that drove the troops of Santa Anna out of Texas.
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Mexican American
Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican descent. As of July 2009, Mexican Americans make up 10.3% of the United States' population with over 31,689,000 Americans listed as of Mexican ancestry. Mexican Americans comprise 66% of all Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. The United States is home to the second largest Mexican community in the world second only to Mexico itself comprising nearly 22% of the entire Mexican origin population of the world. Canada is a distant third with a Mexican origin population of 37,000 as of 2001 although increasing to 61,505 as of 2006. In addition, as of 2008 there were approximately 7,000,000 undocumented Mexicans living in the United States which if included in the count would increase the US share to over 28% of the world's Mexican origin population (Note that some of the undocumented would be captured in the US Census count depending on their willingness to provide information). Over 60% of all Mexican Americans reside in the states of California and Texas. Most Mexican Americans are the descendants of the Indigenous peoples of Mexico and/or Europeans, especially Spaniards.
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Mexican Canadian
Mexican Canadians (French: Canadiens mexicains; Spanish: Mexicano Canadienses) are Canadians of Mexican ancestry. Per the latest Statistics Canada population estimate (2006), 61,505 Canadians (0.2% of the country's population) indicated that they were of full or partial Mexican ancestry. The Mexican ancestry population in Canada is quite small despite Canada's proximity to Mexico and especially when compared to the United States where there are nearly 32,000,000 Mexican Americans comprising over 10% of the population (see Mexican American)
Mexican Canadians trace their ancestry to Mexico, a country located in North America, bounded on the north by the United States; and many different European countries, especially Spain, which was its colonial ruler for over three centuries.
Most Mexican Canadian settlement concentrations are found in metropolitan areas across Canada, with the highest concentrations in Greater Toronto and Quebec and are also present in other provinces of Canada such as British Columbia, Alberta and Manitoba.
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Mexican people
Mexican people (Spanish: Pueblo mexicano (collective), Mexicanos (individuals)) refers to all persons from Mexico, a multiethnic country in North America, and/or who identify with the Mexican cultural and/or national identity.
Mexico became a nation in 1821 when Mexico achieved independence from the Spanish Empire; this began the process of forging a Mexican national identity that fused the cultural traits of indigenous pre-Columbian origin with those of European, particularly Iberian, ancestry. This led to what has been termed "a peculiar form of multi-ethnic nationalism"
The most spoken language by Mexicans is Mexican Spanish, but many also speak languages from 62 different indigenous linguistic groups and other languages brought to Mexico by recent immigration or learned by Mexican immigrants residing in other nations. Over 78% of the Mexican people live in Mexico but there is a sizable diaspora with nearly 22% living in the United States.
The Mexican people have varied origins and an identity that has evolved with the succession of conquests among Amerindian groups and by Europeans. The area that is now modern-day Mexico has cradled many predecessor civilizations, going back as far as the Olmec which influenced the latter civilizations of Teotihuacan (200 B.C. to 700 A.D.) and the much debated Toltec people who flourished around the 10th and 12th centuries A.D., and ending with the last great indigenous civilization before the Spanish Conquest, the Aztecs (March 13, 1325 to August 13, 1521). The Nahuatl language was a common tongue in the region of modern Central Mexico during the Aztec Empire, but after the arrival of Europeans the common language of the region became Spanish.
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Mexicans in Spain
The Mexicans in Spain comprise people who emigrated from Mexico to Spain and their descendants. Mexico, bordered on the north by the United States, was ruled by Spain as a colony for more than three centuries.
Composed primarily of students, professionals, qualified spouses of Spanish nationals, as well as Mexican citizens, in December 2008, the national statistical institute in Spain recorded 14,399 Mexicans within its territory, 7,210 of who were part of the community scheme and had other European Union nationalities or were family members of European citizens. In addition, there are those with dual nationality who are not Spanish and possess foreign identification documents. Spanish and Mexican law both allow dual citizenship, and many Mexicans who have applied are both residents of Spain and grandchildren or the children of Mexican migrants to Spain.
The main destinations of the Mexican community, according to INE data, are the regions of Madrid (4.138 per cent), Catalonia (4.482 per cent) and Andalusia (2.822 per cent). Of the Mexican migrants living in Spain, 61 per cent are women mainly from the Mexican states of Jalisco, Nuevo León, Veracruz, Baja California, Hidalgo, Puebla, Querétaro, Sinaloa, Yucatán, Chihuahua and Chiapas. The typical profile of the Mexican immigrant is a middle-aged individual from the upper-middle class, concentrated in Madrid, Barcelona and Seville. There are many examples of graduate students who have built working relationships and emotional ties that lead to them remaining in Spain.
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Native Hawaiians
Native Hawaiians (in Hawaiian, kānaka ʻōiwi, kānaka maoli or Hawaiʻi maoli) refers to the indigenous Polynesian people of the Hawaiian Islands or their descendants. Native Hawaiians trace their ancestry back to the original Polynesian settlers of Hawaii.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau report for 2000, there are 401,162 people who identified themselves as being "native Hawaiian" alone or in any combination. 140,652 people identified themselves as being "native Hawaiian" alone. The majority of native Hawaiians reside in State of Hawaiʻi, California, Nevada and Washington. Two-thirds live in the State of Hawaiʻi while the other one-third is scattered among other states with a high concentration in California.
The history of native Hawaiians, and of Hawaiʻi in general, is classified into four major periods: antiquity (Ancient Hawaiʻi), monarchy (Kingdom of Hawaiʻi), territorial (Territory of Hawaiʻi), and statehood (State of Hawaiʻi).
The early settlement history of Hawaiʻi is still not completely resolved. Some believe that the first Polynesians arrived in Hawaiʻi in the 3rd century from the Marquesas and were followed by Tahitian settlers in AD 1300 who conquered the original inhabitants. Others believe that there was only a single, extended period of settlement. Patrick Kirch, in his 2001 Hawaiki, argues for an extended period of contact but not necessarily for a Tahitian invasion:
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Nicaraguan American
Nicaraguan American (Spanish: Nicaragüense Estadounidense) are Americans of Nicaraguan ancestry who were born in or have immigrated to the United States. In 2010 the U.S. Census’ American Community Survey counted an estimated 247,593 people in the United States that were born in Nicaragua and the 2010 Decennial Census counted 348,202 who identified as Hispanics of Nicaraguan origin (which would include both U.S.- and foreign-born Nicaraguans). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, there were 177,684 Americans who identified as Hispanics of Nicaraguan origin living in the U.S. in 2000 and an estimated 281,167 in 2005.
Nicaraguans have immigrated to the United States in small groups since the early 1900s, but their presence was especially felt over the last three decades of the 20th century. The Nicaraguan community has concentrated in three major urban areas: Miami, Los Angeles, and New York City. And also in the state of Texas. More specifically Houston. According to the U.S. Census 1997 yearbook, more than 50 percent of Nicaraguans lived in Florida, 35 percent reported living in California, mostly around Los Angeles; and only 7 percent were registered in the New York-New Jersey area. In general, the Nicaraguan-American community is financially better off than most Central American groups. Nevertheless, there are major differences amongst the Nicaraguan American community: the most affluent community is located in the New York-New Jersey area, and the poorest are found in the Miami area. Nicaraguan Americans are Spanish-speaking and predominately Catholic. They celebrate the patron saints of the Roman Catholic Church with festivals and processions, which also provide a context for artistic and cultural expressions of the local identity. The most important patronal festivals for communities in Florida include Santa Ana, San Sebastian, La Purisima, San Jeronimo and La Griteria.
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Nuevomexicano
The Nuevomexicanos are settlers and descendants of colonists from the state of New Mexico. Since the XVI century to 1848, most Europeans who settled in New Mexico in order to repopulate areas of it were Spanish and Mexican, already that New Mexico belonged to Spain (XVI century - 1821) and to Mexico (1821 - 1848). The original name of the state (province at that time) was that of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico. The descendants of the settlers still have a community of thousands of people in this state, yet their numbers remain unknown. Also, there a community of people that descend of Nuevomexicanos in the South of Colorado.
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Oscar De La Hoya
Oscar De La Hoya (born February 4, 1973 in East Los Angeles, California) is a retired American professional boxer of Mexican descent. Nicknamed "The Golden Boy," De La Hoya won a gold medal at the Barcelona Olympic Games shortly after graduating from James A. Garfield High School. De La Hoya comes from a boxing family. His grandfather Vicente, father Joel Sr. and brother Joel Jr. were all boxers. De La Hoya was The Ring's "Fighter of the Year" in 1995 and Ring Magazine's top-rated Pound for Pound fighter in the world in 1997 & 1998. De La Hoya officially announced his retirement from the sport at a press conference held in Los Angeles on April 14, 2009.
De La Hoya has defeated 17 world champions and has won ten world titles in six different weight classes. He has also generated more money than any other boxer in the history of the sport, an estimated $696 million pay-per-view income.
De La Hoya founded Golden Boy Promotions, a combat sport promotional firm. He is the first American of Hispanic descent to own a national boxing promotional firm and one of the few boxers to take on promotional responsibilities while still active.
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Pakistani American
A Pakistani American is any citizen or resident of the United States who has Pakistani heritage.
Muslim immigrants from areas that are now part of Pakistan have been migrating to America and first entered the United States as early as the eighteenth century, working in agriculture, logging, and mining in the western states of California, Oregon, and Washington. The passage of the Luce-Celler Act of 1946 allowed these immigrants to acquire U.S. citizenship through naturalization. Between 1947 and 1965, only 2,500 Pakistani immigrants entered the United States; most of them were students who chose to settle in the United States after graduating from American universities, according to reports from the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. This marked the beginning of a distinct 'Pakistani' community in America. However after President Lyndon Johnson signed the INS Act of 1965 into law, eliminating per-country immigration quotas and introducing immigration on the basis of professional experience and education, the number of Pakistanis immigrating to USA increased dramatically. By 1990, the U.S. Census bureau indicated that there were about 100,000 Pakistani Americans in the United States and by 2005 their population had grown to 210,000.
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Panamanian American
A Panamanian American is any United States citizen or resident who traces his or her ancestry to the Central American nation of Panama.
In the 2006 American Community Survey, Panamanian Americans were estimated at 123,631.
Since 1820, more than one million immigrants from Central and South America migrated to the United States. Until 1960, the U.S. Census Bureau did not produce statistics that separated the Panamanian immigrants, the South Americans and Central Americans. The Panamanian Americans increased slowly in the United States. Since the 1830's, only 44 arrivals were recorded in this country, by the early twentieth century more than 1,000 came annually. After World War II the flow of immigrants from Panama remained small even though there were no immigration restrictions on the people from the Western Hemisphere. However, the Panamanian immigration increased dramatically after the 1965 Immigration Act, which imposed a ceiling of 120,000 admissions from the hemisphere. Its increase immigration was such that by 1970, Panamanians were able to be one of the largest of the Central American groups in the United States. Most Panamanians that came were nonwhites and most were women. It could register that the number of immigrant males per 100 females was very low in the 1960s, falling to 51 for Panama. Many the female immigrants worked of in service, domestic, or low-paid, white-collar workers who immigrated to earn money to, in return, send home. Since 1962 the percentage of employed newcomers who are domestic servants has remained high, ranging from 15 to 28 percent. The entry of homemakers and children after 1968 was eased by the immigration preference system favoring family reunions. They had already approximated 86,000 people of Panamanian ancestry living in the United States.
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Paraguayan American
A Paraguayan American is an American of Paraguayan birth or descent.
The Paraguayan American population in 2008 was an estimated 19,254, per the American Community Survey.
It is estimated that the first Paraguayans arrived to the United States between the years of 1841 and 1850. At that time, Paraguayans were not coming directly to the United States from Paraguay, but through others countries such as Brazil, Argentina, and Peru. The Paraguayan residents in the U.S. were included in the early records in the group of "other" South Americans. During those years, 3,579 "other" immigrants arrived. Still, in the 1960s, one-fourth of all Paraguayans were registered as living in countries outside Paraguay, with a majority in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. In 1979, close to 11,000 Paraguayans immigrated to the United States, but the numbers declined rapidly. In 1982, 4000 Paraguayans immigrated to the United States. The reasons of migration were varied, but many immigrants were young people that wanted educational opportunities to get professional knowledge, skills and to have better jobs. Additionally, some of the immigrants arrived for political reasons or to escape civil riots. The women exceeded in number to the male immigrants slightly, and more than half of its immigrants lacked occupation. Many Paraguayan immigrants were also infants adopted by American families. More than a thousand Paraguayan infants were adopted in this country. Of these, 254 were adopted in 1989, 405 in 1993 and 351 in 1995.
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Peruvian American
A Peruvian American (Spanish: Inmigración peruana en Estados Unidos) is an immigrant or descendant of immigrants from Peru that arrived in the United States. Among Peruvian Americans there are those of White (mostly Spanish), mestizo, Amerindian, and Afro-Peruvian descent, as well as others, including Italian, French, and German or a mix of any of these. A significant number are of pure or mixed Chinese or/and Japanese heritage.
Peruvians emigrate mainly because of political turmoil and economic hardships. Peruvian Americans are a relatively recent ethnic group as most of them moved to the United States after 1990. According to the U.S. Census Bureau it is estimated that 435,368 U.S. residents identify themselves as being of Peruvian origin.
Small but significant waves of immigration occurred in San Francisco during the gold rush (along with Chilean miners beginning in 1848) and the Metro Detroit area in the 1950s. However, the majority of Peruvians that emigrated to the United States have arrived since the 90s. Peruvians typically emigrate due to economic reasons, to escape poverty and pursue a better quality of life. Significant demographics of Peruvians are found in New Jersey, New York, Miami and Los Angeles.
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Polish American
A Polish American (Polish: Amerykanin polskiego pochodzenia), is a citizen of the United States of Polish descent. There are an estimated 10 million Polish Americans, representing about 3.2% of the population of the United States. No distinction is made in the American census between ethnically Polish Americans and descendants of non-ethnic Poles, such as Jews or Ukrainians, who were born in the territory of Poland and considered themselves Polish nationals. Therefore, some say, of the 10 million Polish Americans, only a certain portion are of Polish ethnic descent. On the other hand, many ethnic Poles when entering the US from 1795–1917, when Poland did not exist, did not identify themselves as ethnic Poles and instead identified themselves as either German, Austrian or Russian (this pertained to the nations occupying Poland from 1795–1917). Therefore, the actual amount of Americans of at least partial Polish ancestry, could be well over 10 million. Polish Americans are the largest European ethnic group in the United States of Slavic origin.
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Puerto Rican people
A Puerto Rican (Spanish: puertorriqueño) (Taíno term: boricua) is a person who was born in Puerto Rico.
People born and raised in other parts of the world, most notably in the continental United States, of Puerto Rican parents are also sometimes referred to as Puerto Ricans, even though they were not born in Puerto Rico themselves. Since 2007, the government of Puerto Rico has been granting Certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship to any person born on the island as well as to those born outside of the island that have at least one parent who was born on the island.
Puerto Ricans, who also commonly refer to themselves as "boricuas", are largely the descendants of Europeans, Taíno, Africans or a blend of these groups which has produced a very diversified population. The population of Puerto Ricans and descendants is estimated to be between 8 to 10 million worldwide, with most living within the islands of Puerto Rico, Central Florida, Chicago Metropolitan Area and in New York City, where there is a large Nuyorican community.
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Robert Rodriguez
Robert Anthony Rodríguez (born June 20, 1968) is an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, editor and musician. He shoots and produces many of his films in his native Texas and Mexico. He has directed such films as Desperado, From Dusk Till Dawn, The Faculty, Spy Kids, Sin City, Planet Terror, and Machete. He is a friend and frequent collaborator of filmmaker Quentin Tarantino.
Rodríguez was born in San Antonio, Texas, the son of Mexican-American parents Rebecca (née Villegas), a nurse, and Cecilio G. Rodríguez, a salesman. He began his interest in film at age 11 when his father bought one of the first VCRs, which came with a camera.
While attending St. Anthony High School, he was commissioned to videotape the school's football games. According to his sister he was fired soon after for shooting them with a cinematic style, getting shots of parents' reactions and the ball traveling through the air instead of shooting the whole play. There he met Carlos Gallardo; they both shot films on video throughout high school and college. After graduating Rodriguez went to the College of Communication at the University of Texas where he also developed a love of cartooning. His grades were not high enough to get into the school's film program, so he invented a daily comic strip entitled Los Hooligans with many of the characters based on his siblings – in particular, one of his sisters, Maricarmen. The comic proved to be quite successful, running for three years in the student newspaper The Daily Texan while Rodríguez continued to make short films.[citation needed]
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Rosa Gumataotao Rios
Rosa "Rosie" Gumataotao Rios (born July 17, 1965) is the 43rd and current Treasurer of the United States. She is the sixth Latina to occupy the office as well as the third consecutive Californian.
As U.S. Treasurer, Rios' duties include oversight of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the United States Mint, and the United States Savings Bonds Division (now the Savings Bond Marketing Office within the Bureau of the Public Debt). Additionally, she advises the Director of the Mint, the Director of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the Deputy Secretary and the Secretary of the Treasury on matters relating to coinage, currency and the production of other instruments by the United States.
Rios, a first generation Mexican American, was born to Guadalupe Rios. Her parents divorced about 1974 and she and her eight siblings were raised in Hayward, California solely by their mother. In order to help out, Rios obtained a job processing books at an Alameda County library warehouse. She worked long hours, often coming home late at night and working on her homework into the early morning hours.
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Roy Benavidez
Raul (Roy) Perez Benavidez (August 5, 1935 – November 29, 1998) was a member of the Studies and Observations Group of the United States Army. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions in combat near Lộc Ninh, South Vietnam on May 2, 1968.
A descendant to the founders of Benavides, TX, Roy P. Benavidez(s) was born in Lindenau near Cuero, Texas in DeWitt County. His parents were of Mexican and Yaqui Indian ancestry. When he was two years old, his father died of tuberculosis and his mother remarried. Five years later, his mother died from tuberculosis too. Benavidez and his younger brother, Roger and half sister María Guadalupe moved to El Campo, where their grandfather, uncle and aunt raised them along with eight cousins.
Benavidez shined shoes at the local bus station, labored on farms in Texas and Colorado, and worked at a tire shop in El Campo.[citation needed] He attended school sporadically, and at the age 15 he dropped out to work full-time to help support the family.
In 1952, during the Korean War, Benavidez enlisted in the Texas Army National Guard. In June 1955, he enlisted in the regular United States Army. He married Hilaria Coy in 1959, the year he completed his airborne training and was assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg. In 1965 he was sent to South Vietnam as an advisor to an ARVN infantry regiment. He stepped on a land mine during a patrol and was evacuated to the United States, where doctors at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC) thought he would never walk again. Despite serious injury to his spine, Benavidez walked out of the hospital in July 1966, his wife at his side.[citation needed]
wn.com/Roy_Benavidez -
Rubén Salazar
Rubén Salazar (March 3, 1928 – August 29, 1970) was a Mexican-American journalist killed by a Los Angeles County Sheriff's deputy during the National Chicano Moratorium March against the Vietnam War on August 29, 1970 in East Los Angeles, California. During the 1970s, his killing was often cited as a symbol of unjust treatment of Chicanos by law enforcement. Salazar was the first Mexican-American journalist to cover the Chicano community from the mainstream media.
Salazar was born in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico in 1928. He later moved across the river to El Paso, Texas. After high school, he served in the U.S. Army for two years. Salazar attended the Texas Western College, graduating in 1954 with a degree in journalism. He then obtained a job as an investigative journalist at the now-defunct El Paso Herald-Post; at one point he posed as a vagrant to get arrested while he investigated the poor treatment of prisoners in the El Paso jail. After his tenure at the Herald-Post he worked at several California newspapers including the Santa Rosa Press Democrat.
wn.com/Rubén_Salazar -
Salma Hayek
Salma Valgarma Hayek Jiménez de Pinault (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsalma ˈxaʝek]; born September 2, 1966) is a Mexican and American film actress, director and producer. She received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for her role as Frida Kahlo in the film Frida.
Hayek was born in Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico, the daughter of Diana Jiménez Medina, an opera singer and talent scout, and Sami Hayek Dominguez, an oil company executive who once ran for mayor of Coatzacoalcos. Hayek's father is of Lebanese ancestry, while her mother's ancestry is Spanish. Her first given name, Salma, is Arabic for "safe". Raised in a wealthy, devoutly Roman Catholic family, she was sent to the Academy of the Sacred Heart in Grand Coteau, Louisiana, at the age of twelve. While there, she was diagnosed with dyslexia. She attended college in Mexico City, where she studied International Relations at the Universidad Iberoamericana.
At the age of 23, Hayek landed the title role in Teresa (1989), a successful Mexican telenovela that made her a star in Mexico. In 1994, Hayek starred in the film El Callejón de los Milagros (Miracle Alley), which has won more awards than any other movie in the history of Mexican cinema.[citation needed] For her performance, Hayek was nominated for an Ariel Award.
wn.com/Salma_Hayek -
Salvadoran American
Salvadoran Americans are citizens or residents of the United States of Salvadoran descent. As of 2010 there are 1.6 million Salvadoran Americans in the United States, the fourth-largest Hispanic community by nation of ancestry.
One of the largest populations of Salvadoran Americans resides in the Greater Los Angeles area, including Orange County, California, the Inland Empire, as well as in San Diego. Other metropolitan areas with a major Salvadoran American presence include other California regions outside of Los Angeles such as the San Francisco Bay Area; the Washington Metropolitan Area, with most concentrated in the suburbs in Northern Virginia and Maryland; Central Florida and South Florida; Texas, especially in Houston, Austin, Dallas and Fort Worth; the New York City area such as Northern New Jersey, Flushing, Queens and Long Island; Atlanta; northern Georgia; New Orleans; and the Chicago metro area.
Salvadoran immigration to the United States is a fairly recent phenomenon historically, with the movement small in comparison to some of the great immigration waves of the past, but it has had a profound significance for both El Salvador and the United States.
wn.com/Salvadoran_American -
Samoan American
Samoan Americans are American citizens of Samoan origin, including those who migrated from the Independent State of Samoa and America Samoa to the United States. Samoan Americans are considered Pacific Islanders in the United States Census, and are the second largest Pacific Islander group in the U.S., after Native Hawaiians.
America Samoa has been an unincorporated territory of the United States since 1900, and Samoa, officially known as the Independent State of Samoa, is an independent nation that gained its independence from New Zealand in 1962. America Samoa and Samoa are both what make up the Samoan Islands, an archipelago that covers 1,170 sq mi (3,030 km2). Like Hawaiian Americans, the Samoans arrived in the mainland in the 20th century as agricultural laborers and factory workers.
There are more than 180,000 people of Samoan descent living stateside, which is roughly the population of the Independent State of Samoa, which had an estimated population of 179,000 in 2009. Honolulu, Hawaii has the largest Samoan population, while Long Beach, California has the largest Samoan population in the mainland United States, where people of Samoan ancestry make up one percent of the city's population, or 4,513 people, as of 2010. There are also significant Samoan communities throughout the state of California, and in Washington, Utah, and Alaska.
wn.com/Samoan_American -
Selena
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez (April 16, 1971 – March 31, 1995), known simply as Selena, was an American singer-songwriter. She was named the "top Latin artist of the '90s" and "Best selling Latin artist of the decade" by Billboard for her fourteen top-ten singles in the Top Latin Songs chart, including seven number-one hits. The singer had the most successful singles of 1994 and 1995, "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Más". She was called "The Queen of Tejano music" and the Mexican equivalent of Madonna. Selena released her first album, Selena y Los Dinos, at the age of twelve. She won Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1987 Tejano Music Awards and landed a recording contract with EMI a few years later. Her fame grew throughout the early 1990s, especially in Spanish-speaking countries.
Selena was murdered at the age of 23 by Yolanda Saldívar, the president of her fan club. On April 12, 1995, two weeks after her death, George W. Bush, governor of Texas at the time, declared her birthday "Selena Day" in Texas.Warner Bros. produced Selena, a film based on her life starring Jennifer Lopez, in 1997. Selena's life was also the basis of the musical Selena Forever starring Veronica Vazquez as Selena. In June 2006 Selena was commemorated with a life-sized bronze statue (Mirador de la Flor in Corpus Christi, Texas) and a Selena museum opened there. She has sold over 60 million albums worldwide.
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Selena Gomez
Selena Marie Gomez (born July 22, 1992) is an American actress and singer best known for portraying Alex Russo in the Emmy Award-winning Disney Channel television series Wizards of Waverly Place. She subsequently ventured into feature films and has starred in the television movies Another Cinderella Story, Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie, and Princess Protection Program. She made her starring theatrical film debut in Ramona and Beezus.
Her career has expanded into the music industry; Gomez is the lead singer and founder of the pop band Selena Gomez & the Scene, which has released three RIAA Gold certified studio albums, Kiss & Tell, A Year Without Rain, and When the Sun Goes Down, spawned three RIAA Platinum certified singles, "Naturally", "Who Says" and "Love You Like a Love Song" and charted four No. 1 Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs. Gomez has also contributed to the soundtracks of Tinker Bell, Another Cinderella Story, Wizards of Waverly Place, and Shake It Up after signing a record deal with Hollywood Records.
wn.com/Selena_Gomez -
Spanish American
A Spanish American is a citizen or resident of the United States whose ancestors originate from the southwestern European nation of Spain. Spanish Americans are the earliest European American group, with a continuous presence since 1565.
In colonial times there were a number of Spanish populations in the present–day U.S. with governments answerable to Madrid. The first settlement was in St. Augustine, Florida, followed by others in New Mexico, California, Arizona, Texas, and Louisiana. In 1598, San Juan de los Caballeros was established, near present day Santa Fe, New Mexico, by Juan de Oñate and about 1,000 other Spaniards. After the establishment of the American colonies, an additional 250,000 immigrants arrived either directly from Spain, the Canary Islands or, after a relatively short sojourn, from present-day central Mexico. The Canary Islanders settled San Antonio de Bejar, San Antonio, Texas, in 1731.[citation needed] Most of the Spanish settlers in present-day Texas, California, New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona were of ethnically-mixed ancestry, or mestizo. Most self-identified Spanish-Americans in the Southwest differentiate themselves nominally from the population of Mexican-Americans who came after the Mexican Revolution.
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Spanish people
The term Spanish people (or Spaniards) has two distinct meanings: Traditionally, it applies to people native to any part of Spain. More recently, it has also come to have a legal meaning, referring to people who hold Spanish citizenship.
Within Spain there are a number of nationalisms and regionalisms, reflecting the country's complex history. The official language of Spain is Spanish (also known as Castilian), a standard language based on the mediaeval dialect of the Castilians of north-central Spain. There are several commonly spoken regional languages. With the exception of Basque, the languages native to Spain are Romance languages.
There are substantial populations outside Spain with ancestors who emigrated from Spain; most notably in Latin America.
The earliest modern humans inhabiting Spain are believed to have been Neolithic peoples who may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000–40,000 years ago. In more recent times the Iberians are believed to have arrived or developed in the region between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium BC, initially settling along the Mediterranean coast. Celts settled in Spain during the Iron Age. Some of those tribes in North-central Spain, which had cultural contact with the Iberians, are called Celtiberians. In addition, a group known as the Tartessians and later Turdetanians inhabited southwestern Spain and who are believed to have developed a separate civilization of Phoenician influence. The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians successively founded trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast over a period of several centuries. The Second Punic War between the Carthaginians and Romans was fought mainly in what is now Spain and Portugal.
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Tejano
Tejano or Texano (Spanish for "Texan") is a term used to identify a Texan of criollo spanish or Mexican heritage.
Historically, the Spanish term Tejano has been used to identify different groups of people. During the Spanish Colonial times and pre-Anglo colonization, the term primarily applied to Spanish settlers of the region now known as Texas (first as part of the New Spain and then in 1821 as part of Mexico). During the times of independent south Texas, the term also applied to Spanish-speaking Texans and Hispanicized Germans and other Europeans. In modern times, the term is more broadly used to identify a Texan of Mexican descent.
Already in 1519, Alonso Alvarez de Pineda claimed Texas for Spain. However, Spain paid little attention to the province until 1685. In this year, Spain received news of the existence of a French colony in Texas that could endanger Spanish mines and shipping routes, so that the king of Spain sent 10 expeditions to the province to look for a French colony, that never came to see. Between 1690 and 1693 several Spanish expeditions took place in Texas, who helped obtain a better understanding of the place for the provincial government and the settlers who come later to Texas.
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Tongan American
Tongan Americans are citizens of the United States who can trace their ancestry to Tonga, either through descent or emigration. There are approximately 57,000 Tongans and Tongan Americans living in the United States, as of 2012.
San Mateo County, California, which is located south of San Francisco, has one of the largest Tongan populations outside of the country, encompassing a community of an estimated 13,000 people. Other American cities with significant Tongan American populations include Seattle, Washington; Portland, Oregon; Anchorage, Alaska; Inland Empire, California; East Palo Alto, California; San Bruno, California; Oakland, California; San Jose, California; Inglewood, California; Los Angeles, California; Salt Lake City, Utah; Kona, Hawaii; Lahaina, Hawaii; Reno, Nevada; St. Petersburg, Florida; and Euless, Texas
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Uruguayan American
A Uruguayan American is any person of Uruguayan ancestry or birth who is a citizen or resident of the United States. Similar to neighboring country Argentina, Uruguay took in many immigrants from Europe beginning in the late 19th century and lasting until the mid 20th century. As it stands, approximately 93% of Uruguay's population is of European descent with Italians, Spaniards, French, and Germans being among the most populous groups to have settled in the country. Because of this, many Uruguayan Americans identify both with their nationality and their family's country of origin.
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Venezuelan American
Venezuelan Americans are U.S. citizens who trace their heritage, or part of their heritage, to the nation of Venezuela.
Venezuelan Americans are one of 20 Latin American groups in the U.S. While other U.S. citizens or residents with national origins in any of the Hispanic American countries may be closely related to Spaniards in language and culture, Venezuelan Americans also reflect their diversified culture, which includes influences from Italians, Spanish, Portuguese, Germans, and the French, along with influences from African and indigenous Amerindian elements. Venezuelan Spanish is the group's spoken form of the Spanish language.
Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to United States. If known, however, that between the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, there were many European immigrants in Venezuela, who came to this country, only to then migrate from there to the United States, considering European Immigrants from South America. While it is also known that there were migrations. From 1910 to 1930, emigrate to United States entering the United States over 4,000 South Americans each year. However, there are not many specific figures that indicate the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to this country. In this moments, many Venezuelans settled in the United States for get a better schooling, remaining in the country also after of graduation. They are frequently joined by his relatives. However, since the early 1980s the reasons of the Venezuelan emigration have a change: The most of the Venezuelans emigrate for earn higher salaries. In addition, the economic fluctuations in Venezuela also promoted an important migration of Venezuelan professionals to the United States. In recent years, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez are migrating to the U.S. (mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations).
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Vietnamese American
A Vietnamese American (Vietnamese: Người Mỹ gốc Việt) is an American of Vietnamese descent. They make up about half of all overseas Vietnamese (Người Việt Hải Ngoại) and are the fourth-largest Asian American group.
Mass Vietnamese immigration to the United States started after 1975, after the end of the Vietnam War. Early immigrants were refugee boat people fleeing persecution or poverty. Forced to flee from their homeland and often thrust into poor urban neighborhoods, these newcomers have nevertheless managed to establish strong communities in a short amount of time. More than sixty percent of Vietnamese Americans reside in the states of California, Texas, Washington, Florida, and Virginia.
As a relatively recent immigrant group, most Vietnamese Americans are either first- or second-generation Americans. They have the lowest distribution of people with more than one race among the major Asian American groups. As many as one million people who are five years and older speak Vietnamese at home—making it the seventh-most spoken language in the United States. As refugees, Vietnamese Americans have some of the highest rates of naturalization. In the 2006 American Community Survey, 72% of foreign-born Vietnamese are naturalized US citizens; this combined with the 36% who are born in the United States makes 82% of them United States citizen in total. Of those born outside the United States, 46.5% entered before 1990, 38.8% between 1990 and 2000, and 14.6% entered after 2000.
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Cheech & Chong mexican americans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Cheech & Chong song mexiacan americans
http://wn.com/Cheech_Chong_mexican_americans
CHEECH AND CHONG mexican americans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/CHEECH_AND_CHONG_mexican_americans
The Start Of Mexican American Gangs In Los Angeles,Ca.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:00
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
From The Documentary American Gangs. The History of the So-Called Zoot Suit Riots, and the begaining of the Mexican American Gangs in California. I posted this video to give the viewer a brief history of the Mexican American experience in 1940's Los Angeles. During this period in history, Blacks and Mexican Americans were Allies with eachother in the struggle against discrimination and racism. If you read history books that mention the Zoot Suit Riots; they tell stories of Blacks helping and protecting the Mexican Americans along Central Avenue during the Zoot Suit Riot. History has always shown that rivalries between former allies, usually are the result of outside factors, eg Co-Intel-Pro. ect.
http://wn.com/The_Start_Of_Mexican_American_Gangs_In_Los_Angeles,Ca
From The Documentary American Gangs. The History of the So-Called Zoot Suit Riots, and the begaining of the Mexican American Gangs in California. I posted this video to give the viewer a brief history of the Mexican American experience in 1940's Los Angeles. During this period in history, Blacks and Mexican Americans were Allies with eachother in the struggle against discrimination and racism. If you read history books that mention the Zoot Suit Riots; they tell stories of Blacks helping and protecting the Mexican Americans along Central Avenue during the Zoot Suit Riot. History has always shown that rivalries between former allies, usually are the result of outside factors, eg Co-Intel-Pro. ect.
- published: 23 Dec 2011
- views: 60079
- author: 1TwinKen
Mexican Gangster
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 87:08
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Johnny Sun grows up with his little brother, who are both mexican-american gangsters. When Johnny sees his brother's life in danger, he decides to take a turn.
http://wn.com/Mexican_Gangster
Johnny Sun grows up with his little brother, who are both mexican-american gangsters. When Johnny sees his brother's life in danger, he decides to take a turn.
- published: 09 Oct 2012
- author: godigital
Mexican-American Musician Lila Downs's Musical Journey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Lila discusses her upbringing having a Mexican mother and white father and growing up in Minnesota. Ana Lila Downs Sánchez best known as Lila Downs is a Mexican singer-songwriter. She performs her own compositions as well as tapping into Mexican traditional and popular music.
http://wn.com/Mexican-American_Musician_Lila_Downs's_Musical_Journey
Lila discusses her upbringing having a Mexican mother and white father and growing up in Minnesota. Ana Lila Downs Sánchez best known as Lila Downs is a Mexican singer-songwriter. She performs her own compositions as well as tapping into Mexican traditional and popular music.
- published: 30 Aug 2011
- views: 16610
- author: inspirationandspirit
Witness - Family Torn Apart
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:02
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
A Mexican-American family is forced to split up along a fault line of US politics.
http://wn.com/Witness_Family_Torn_Apart
A Mexican-American family is forced to split up along a fault line of US politics.
- published: 27 Mar 2012
- views: 3698
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
CHEECH AND CHONG- MEXICAN AMERICANS *HQ*
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 01 Feb 2013
Cheech and Chong Mexican Americans
http://wn.com/CHEECH_AND_CHONG_MEXICAN_AMERICANS_*HQ*
Mexican vs White racist AMERICAN TRASH . May Day 2012 . Santa Ana , California
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Mexican vs white supremacist
http://wn.com/Mexican_vs_White_racist_AMERICAN_TRASH_May_Day_2012_Santa_Ana_,_California
FILM--American Me (mexican mafia movie).avi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 120:05
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/FILM--American_Me_mexican_mafia_movieavi
Talking about Indigenous Identity, Feb. 2, 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:59
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
Antonio Diaz, Ronald Roacha and Pedro Ruiz discuss Indigenous Identity on the Anniversary of the Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially called Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is the peace treaty between the US and Mexico that ended the Mexican--American War (1846--48). With the defeat of its army and the fall of the capital, Mexico entered into negotiations to end the war. The treaty called for the United States to pay $15 million to Mexico and pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico up to $3.25 million. It gave the United States the Rio Grande boundary for Texas, and gave the US ownership of California, and a large area comprising New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado. California is never organized by congress as a territory, but passes the requirements directly for statehood in 1850. Some even today claim this treaty did not include Texas, over the annexation of which the quarrel began. On May 19, 1848, the Treaty was ratified by the Mexican government. August 17, 1848, The Independent Republic of Yucatán joins Mexico in exchange for Mexican help in suppressing a revolt by the indigenous Maya population. August 19, 1848, The New York Herald breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States that there is a gold rush in California (although the rush started in January).
http://wn.com/Talking_about_Indigenous_Identity,_Feb_2,_2013
Antonio Diaz, Ronald Roacha and Pedro Ruiz discuss Indigenous Identity on the Anniversary of the Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially called Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is the peace treaty between the US and Mexico that ended the Mexican--American War (1846--48). With the defeat of its army and the fall of the capital, Mexico entered into negotiations to end the war. The treaty called for the United States to pay $15 million to Mexico and pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico up to $3.25 million. It gave the United States the Rio Grande boundary for Texas, and gave the US ownership of California, and a large area comprising New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado. California is never organized by congress as a territory, but passes the requirements directly for statehood in 1850. Some even today claim this treaty did not include Texas, over the annexation of which the quarrel began. On May 19, 1848, the Treaty was ratified by the Mexican government. August 17, 1848, The Independent Republic of Yucatán joins Mexico in exchange for Mexican help in suppressing a revolt by the indigenous Maya population. August 19, 1848, The New York Herald breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States that there is a gold rush in California (although the rush started in January).
- published: 04 Feb 2013
- author: MexicansAreNatives
Facundo the Great
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
Funding provided by: The Corporation for Public Broadcasting National Endowment for the Arts In partnership with POV Ramon "Chunky" Sanchez was raised in a small farming community in southern California in the 1950s. As was common practice at that time, teachers at his local elementary school Anglicized the Mexican American students' names. Here, Chunky remembers a new classmate who proved to be the exception to the rule.
http://wn.com/Facundo_the_Great
Funding provided by: The Corporation for Public Broadcasting National Endowment for the Arts In partnership with POV Ramon "Chunky" Sanchez was raised in a small farming community in southern California in the 1950s. As was common practice at that time, teachers at his local elementary school Anglicized the Mexican American students' names. Here, Chunky remembers a new classmate who proved to be the exception to the rule.
- published: 06 Sep 2012
- views: 67481
- author: storycorps
Ancient Aliens In Mexico and the American Southwest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:40
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
From UFOTV®, accept no imitations. In this installment of the Ancient Technology series, join David Hatcher Childress in northern Mexico and the American Southwest as he searches for evidence of high technology in the ancient past. Going to ancient cities, pyramids and megalithic sites, David and his investigative team examine evidence of mind-blowing ancient technology! David and his team check out the ancient cities around the Grand Canyon and the alleged Egyptian catacombs, investigate the ancient concrete canals in central Arizona and continue to the megaliths of the ancient Toltec capital, Tula, and the pyramids at Teotihuacan and end up inside the Great Pyramid of Cholula. Coming Soon to DVD from UFOTV: Ancient Technology In Central America - Go to www.UFOTV.com.
http://wn.com/Ancient_Aliens_In_Mexico_and_the_American_Southwest
From UFOTV®, accept no imitations. In this installment of the Ancient Technology series, join David Hatcher Childress in northern Mexico and the American Southwest as he searches for evidence of high technology in the ancient past. Going to ancient cities, pyramids and megalithic sites, David and his investigative team examine evidence of mind-blowing ancient technology! David and his team check out the ancient cities around the Grand Canyon and the alleged Egyptian catacombs, investigate the ancient concrete canals in central Arizona and continue to the megaliths of the ancient Toltec capital, Tula, and the pyramids at Teotihuacan and end up inside the Great Pyramid of Cholula. Coming Soon to DVD from UFOTV: Ancient Technology In Central America - Go to www.UFOTV.com.
- published: 07 Jan 2012
- views: 139215
- author: UFOTVstudios
Selena - Mexican American Music of Today - Mi Musica with Selena Quintanilla - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:58
- Updated: 01 Feb 2013
Selena Quintanilla educates on the history of Mexican American music. Selena was killed abruptly in 1995, she was on the verge of crossing over to American pop. To date Selena has sold over 60 million albums. Her biggest selling album ironically is her English crossover album "Dreaming Of You". she did not get to see its success.
http://wn.com/Selena_Mexican_American_Music_of_Today_Mi_Musica_with_Selena_Quintanilla_Part_1
Selena Quintanilla educates on the history of Mexican American music. Selena was killed abruptly in 1995, she was on the verge of crossing over to American pop. To date Selena has sold over 60 million albums. Her biggest selling album ironically is her English crossover album "Dreaming Of You". she did not get to see its success.
- published: 19 Feb 2010
- views: 56410
- author: diamondluv05
Lighters - (Eminem Ft Bruno Mars) @iambeckyg (mixtape)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:51
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
Bad Meets Evil - Lighters ft. Bruno Mars Becky G ( mixtape ) Directed By RJ Collins www.rjcollinsfilms.com Cinematography By Arjun Prakash http www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Lighters_Eminem_Ft_Bruno_Mars_@iambeckyg_mixtape
Bad Meets Evil - Lighters ft. Bruno Mars Becky G ( mixtape ) Directed By RJ Collins www.rjcollinsfilms.com Cinematography By Arjun Prakash http www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
- published: 14 Oct 2011
- views: 586902
- author: Becky G
Featured Documentaries - Risking it all - Across Mexico: Chasing an impossible dream
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:00
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
Latin American migrants risk life and limb to reach the US border in search of the American dream.
http://wn.com/Featured_Documentaries_Risking_it_all_Across_Mexico_Chasing_an_impossible_dream
Latin American migrants risk life and limb to reach the US border in search of the American dream.
- published: 07 Jun 2011
- views: 187537
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Mexican American Singer Dies in Plane Crash The Clarion Ledger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:51
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/Mexican_American_Singer_Dies_in_Plane_Crash_The_Clarion_Ledger
Diego Reyes FC PORTO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
Diego Antonio Reyes born 19 September 1992 in Mexico DF is a Mexican footballer, Currently playing as a defender for Club América and for the Mexico national football team. Diego Reyes rose from the youth academy of Club América and is currently one of the young promises. He has been selected to the Mexico U17 team and participated in the 2011 U-20 World Cup with the U-20 team who ended in 3rd place at the tournament. He has also been participating with the Mexico U23 who played in the Pan American Games 2011, COPA AMERICA 2011 and the Toulon Tournament which they won. He was a part of the Olympic Gold medal winning squad at London, 2012.
http://wn.com/Diego_Reyes_FC_PORTO
Diego Antonio Reyes born 19 September 1992 in Mexico DF is a Mexican footballer, Currently playing as a defender for Club América and for the Mexico national football team. Diego Reyes rose from the youth academy of Club América and is currently one of the young promises. He has been selected to the Mexico U17 team and participated in the 2011 U-20 World Cup with the U-20 team who ended in 3rd place at the tournament. He has also been participating with the Mexico U23 who played in the Pan American Games 2011, COPA AMERICA 2011 and the Toulon Tournament which they won. He was a part of the Olympic Gold medal winning squad at London, 2012.
- published: 30 Sep 2012
- views: 70987
- author: TheMexboxing
Mexican restaurant in America
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:29
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
I went to a Mexican restaurant the other day, and I decided to vlog it for you guys. Hope you will like the video. Please leave me a comment below and please subscribe to my channel Marina Ross. Thank you so much
http://wn.com/Mexican_restaurant_in_America
I went to a Mexican restaurant the other day, and I decided to vlog it for you guys. Hope you will like the video. Please leave me a comment below and please subscribe to my channel Marina Ross. Thank you so much
- published: 03 Feb 2013
- views: 12
- author: Marina Ross
Anjelah Johnson - black guys don't like me
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
that's how we do it. Anjelah Nicole Johnson (born May 14, 1982) is an American actress, comedienne, and former NFL cheerleader. Johnson is most notable for her membership in the recurring cast of comedians on sketch comedy series MADtv during its 13th Season. Her characters include a rude fast food employee named Bon Qui Qui and a Vietnamese nail salon employee. Early years Johnson was born and raised in San Jose, California in a devout Christian family. She is of Mexican-American and Native American descent. After three years of college, Johnson moved to Los Angeles to pursue an entertainment career. She subsequently became a cheerleader for the Oakland Raiders. As a member of the Oakland Raiderettes she was named Rookie of the year and performed in Super Bowl XXXVII. www.justin.tv www.facebook.com twitter.com
http://wn.com/Anjelah_Johnson_black_guys_don't_like_me
that's how we do it. Anjelah Nicole Johnson (born May 14, 1982) is an American actress, comedienne, and former NFL cheerleader. Johnson is most notable for her membership in the recurring cast of comedians on sketch comedy series MADtv during its 13th Season. Her characters include a rude fast food employee named Bon Qui Qui and a Vietnamese nail salon employee. Early years Johnson was born and raised in San Jose, California in a devout Christian family. She is of Mexican-American and Native American descent. After three years of college, Johnson moved to Los Angeles to pursue an entertainment career. She subsequently became a cheerleader for the Oakland Raiders. As a member of the Oakland Raiderettes she was named Rookie of the year and performed in Super Bowl XXXVII. www.justin.tv www.facebook.com twitter.com
- published: 24 Apr 2012
- views: 112005
- author: dalan0201
SECRET VIDEO: Mitt Romney on 47% of Americans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:53
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
www.motherjones.com "During a private fundraiser earlier this year, Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney told a small group of wealthy contributors what he truly thinks of all the voters who support President Barack Obama. He dismissed these Americans as freeloaders who pay no taxes, who don't assume responsibility for their lives, and who think government should take care of them." Watch all the secret tapes here: www.youtube.com Cenk Uygur discusses the tape and breaks down Mitt Romney's comments. Support The Young Turks by Subscribing bit.ly Like Us on Facebook: www.fb.com Follow Us on Twitter: bit.ly Buy TYT Merch: theyoungturks.spreadshirt.com Find out how to watch The Young Turks on Current by clicking here: www.current.com
http://wn.com/SECRET_VIDEO_Mitt_Romney_on_47_of_Americans
www.motherjones.com "During a private fundraiser earlier this year, Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney told a small group of wealthy contributors what he truly thinks of all the voters who support President Barack Obama. He dismissed these Americans as freeloaders who pay no taxes, who don't assume responsibility for their lives, and who think government should take care of them." Watch all the secret tapes here: www.youtube.com Cenk Uygur discusses the tape and breaks down Mitt Romney's comments. Support The Young Turks by Subscribing bit.ly Like Us on Facebook: www.fb.com Follow Us on Twitter: bit.ly Buy TYT Merch: theyoungturks.spreadshirt.com Find out how to watch The Young Turks on Current by clicking here: www.current.com
- published: 18 Sep 2012
- views: 218784
- author: TheYoungTurks
Jessica Sanchez Performs "You're All I Need To Get By" At Democratic National Convention
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
Singer Jessica Sanchez performs the Marvin Gaye classic at the 2012 Democratic National Convention. Jessica Sanchez: en.wikipedia.org For complete coverage of the 2012 Democratic National Convention: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Jessica_Sanchez_Performs_You're_All_I_Need_To_Get_By_At_Democratic_National_Convention
Singer Jessica Sanchez performs the Marvin Gaye classic at the 2012 Democratic National Convention. Jessica Sanchez: en.wikipedia.org For complete coverage of the 2012 Democratic National Convention: www.youtube.com
- published: 06 Sep 2012
- views: 114774
- author: WhiteHouseWatch
George Lopez America's Mexican Part 2/6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:40
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
part 2
http://wn.com/George_Lopez_America's_Mexican_Part_2_6
Manuel Donley Valmon Record Collection - Ben Moncivais
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
Valmon Records was founded by Ben Moncivais in Austin,Texas and helped launch the music careers of many Mexican American musicians and music entertainers from Austin and around Texas You can find this Manuel Donley collection and other recordings, artifacts and manuscripts in the Guerrero Music Archives Soundtrack for this video "Cuentas Cortas" Composed by Lonnie Guerrero "El Compositor" of East Austin Performed by relative Manuel "Cowboy" Donley Y Las Estrellas de Austin Texas Music Museum of Austin TexasMusicMuseum.org
http://wn.com/Manuel_Donley_Valmon_Record_Collection_Ben_Moncivais
Valmon Records was founded by Ben Moncivais in Austin,Texas and helped launch the music careers of many Mexican American musicians and music entertainers from Austin and around Texas You can find this Manuel Donley collection and other recordings, artifacts and manuscripts in the Guerrero Music Archives Soundtrack for this video "Cuentas Cortas" Composed by Lonnie Guerrero "El Compositor" of East Austin Performed by relative Manuel "Cowboy" Donley Y Las Estrellas de Austin Texas Music Museum of Austin TexasMusicMuseum.org
- published: 29 Jan 2013
- views: 58
- author: guerreroguitars
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Lopez Tonight - Cheech and Chong Interview & Sing " Mexican Americans " - Part 1 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
Cheech and Chong Lopez Tonight George Lopez The George Lopez Show "Up in Smoke" "Cheech and Chong's Next Movie."
http://wn.com/Lopez_Tonight_Cheech_and_Chong_Interview_Sing_Mexican_Americans_Part_1_of_2
Cheech and Chong Lopez Tonight George Lopez The George Lopez Show "Up in Smoke" "Cheech and Chong's Next Movie."
- published: 26 Jan 2010
- views: 154106
- author: LatinasEn4
Interview With Chris Perez To Selena With Love Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:40
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Visit us at redalertlive.com for New Music, Videos, News, SMH, & More! Follow us on www.facebook.com & www.Twitter.com Part 1 of the 2 part video of the interview with Chris Perez's Selena's widower and author of his tribute book 'To Selena With Love' catch the complete article and interview on LINK: goo.gl
http://wn.com/Interview_With_Chris_Perez_To_Selena_With_Love_Part_1
Visit us at redalertlive.com for New Music, Videos, News, SMH, & More! Follow us on www.facebook.com & www.Twitter.com Part 1 of the 2 part video of the interview with Chris Perez's Selena's widower and author of his tribute book 'To Selena With Love' catch the complete article and interview on LINK: goo.gl
- published: 11 May 2012
- views: 30894
- author: RedAlertLiveTV
Mexican-American Musician Lila Downs's Musical Journey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Lila discusses her upbringing having a Mexican mother and white father and growing up in Minnesota. Ana Lila Downs Sánchez best known as Lila Downs is a Mexican singer-songwriter. She performs her own compositions as well as tapping into Mexican traditional and popular music.
http://wn.com/Mexican-American_Musician_Lila_Downs's_Musical_Journey
Lila discusses her upbringing having a Mexican mother and white father and growing up in Minnesota. Ana Lila Downs Sánchez best known as Lila Downs is a Mexican singer-songwriter. She performs her own compositions as well as tapping into Mexican traditional and popular music.
- published: 30 Aug 2011
- views: 16022
- author: inspirationandspirit
(NEW!) Miguel LIVE sings & interview ADORN oct 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:09
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
www.remedysung.com Miguel Jontel Pimentel (Mexican American)
http://wn.com/NEW!_Miguel_LIVE_sings_interview_ADORN_oct_2012
www.remedysung.com Miguel Jontel Pimentel (Mexican American)
- published: 03 Oct 2012
- views: 97957
- author: ReMEDYmusicTV
Pres Calderon interview w Wolf Blitzer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Wolf Blitzer questions President Calderon about Mexico's own immigration laws regarding illegal aliens. Calderon contradicted himself in his answers about immigration enforcement in Mexico. Yet he has the nerve to come to the US and criticize Arizona's immigration law. Hey Calderon, keep your nose out of our country.
http://wn.com/Pres_Calderon_interview_w_Wolf_Blitzer
Wolf Blitzer questions President Calderon about Mexico's own immigration laws regarding illegal aliens. Calderon contradicted himself in his answers about immigration enforcement in Mexico. Yet he has the nerve to come to the US and criticize Arizona's immigration law. Hey Calderon, keep your nose out of our country.
- published: 21 May 2010
- views: 21483
- author: M Zajac
Cheech & Chong mexican americans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Cheech & Chong song mexiacan americans
http://wn.com/Cheech_Chong_mexican_americans
Taboo interview for Terra Mexico
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:48
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
portalbep.com Taboo of The Black Eyed Peas interview for Terra Mexico - 12
http://wn.com/Taboo_interview_for_Terra_Mexico
portalbep.com Taboo of The Black Eyed Peas interview for Terra Mexico - 12
- published: 06 Dec 2009
- views: 25656
- author: portalbep1
Sacred Mushroom of Mexico - Dr. Brian Akers interview (excerpt)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:47
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Todays guest is Dr. Brian Akers the author of The Sacred Mushrooms of Mexico. What were the mushroom traditions of ancient Mexico? Was there just one "mushroom cult"? Or were there diverse practices spread across many cultures? What were some of Gordon Wasson's most important contributions to ethnomycology? What is the importance of the mystic, or transpersonal experience? From mycology to anthropology to mystical experiences, this conversation is an intellectual feast. Dr. Brian Akers earned his Ph.D. in Mycology from Southern Illinois University, specializing in mushrooms, especially the Lepiota group (parasol mushroom and allies), and also possesses a Masters in anthropology and a Bachelors in comparative religion from Western Michigan University. He is the author of "The Sacred Mushrooms of Mexico: Assorted Texts" (2007, Univ. Press of America), and a series of journal publications on fungi and ethnomycology. He served a ten year term as biology professor at several colleges and universities including University of Minnesota-Morris. He was born and raised in Detroit and currently resides in the Tampa Bay area. Order The Sacred Mushrooms of Mexico: astore.amazon.com Hear the full interview at: www.gnosticmedia.com
http://wn.com/Sacred_Mushroom_of_Mexico_Dr_Brian_Akers_interview_excerpt
Todays guest is Dr. Brian Akers the author of The Sacred Mushrooms of Mexico. What were the mushroom traditions of ancient Mexico? Was there just one "mushroom cult"? Or were there diverse practices spread across many cultures? What were some of Gordon Wasson's most important contributions to ethnomycology? What is the importance of the mystic, or transpersonal experience? From mycology to anthropology to mystical experiences, this conversation is an intellectual feast. Dr. Brian Akers earned his Ph.D. in Mycology from Southern Illinois University, specializing in mushrooms, especially the Lepiota group (parasol mushroom and allies), and also possesses a Masters in anthropology and a Bachelors in comparative religion from Western Michigan University. He is the author of "The Sacred Mushrooms of Mexico: Assorted Texts" (2007, Univ. Press of America), and a series of journal publications on fungi and ethnomycology. He served a ten year term as biology professor at several colleges and universities including University of Minnesota-Morris. He was born and raised in Detroit and currently resides in the Tampa Bay area. Order The Sacred Mushrooms of Mexico: astore.amazon.com Hear the full interview at: www.gnosticmedia.com
- published: 19 Sep 2009
- views: 3484
- author: GnosticMedia
Rob and Kristen Interview - MEXICO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:45
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
A mexican nterview that Rob and Kristen did. The interview is in english with mexican subtitles.
http://wn.com/Rob_and_Kristen_Interview_MEXICO
A mexican nterview that Rob and Kristen did. The interview is in english with mexican subtitles.
- published: 18 Jan 2009
- views: 113816
- author: WillenShelleFan
Lady Gaga Interview in Mexico ( Full ) 2008 Singing Love Game & Paparazzi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:39
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Lady Gaga in Monterrey, Mexico in 2008 by opening the concerts of The New Kids On The Block. Lady Gaga In this year was not yet known.
http://wn.com/Lady_Gaga_Interview_in_Mexico_Full_2008_Singing_Love_Game_Paparazzi
Lady Gaga in Monterrey, Mexico in 2008 by opening the concerts of The New Kids On The Block. Lady Gaga In this year was not yet known.
- published: 01 Jun 2010
- views: 27094
- author: TheWerOo1
The best Interview about drugs : Terence McKenna in Mexico 1996
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:25
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Probably the most open minded, informative talk on different substances which grow naturally in nature and how there connection with humans have shaped many people's ways of thinking. If you are interested in Terence Mckenna's speeches, a great link with all his full-length videos can be found here www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/The_best_Interview_about_drugs_Terence_McKenna_in_Mexico_1996
Probably the most open minded, informative talk on different substances which grow naturally in nature and how there connection with humans have shaped many people's ways of thinking. If you are interested in Terence Mckenna's speeches, a great link with all his full-length videos can be found here www.youtube.com
- published: 16 Apr 2011
- views: 119319
- author: tonytg909
euronews interview - Carlos Slim: 'I am not a monopoliser'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:37
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
www.euronews.net Meet Carlos Slim, the Mexican telecom tycoon who has nudged Bill Gates into second position for the third year running, cementing his place as the richest man in the world. Slim's big break came in 1990, when he snapped up Telmex, Mexico's privatised telephone company which now runs Latin America's biggest mobile network. So sprawling is his empire, they say Mexicans simply cannot avoid putting money in his pockets on a daily basis. Euronews met the business magnate to discuss monopolies and the financial crisis.
http://wn.com/euronews_interview_Carlos_Slim_'I_am_not_a_monopoliser'
www.euronews.net Meet Carlos Slim, the Mexican telecom tycoon who has nudged Bill Gates into second position for the third year running, cementing his place as the richest man in the world. Slim's big break came in 1990, when he snapped up Telmex, Mexico's privatised telephone company which now runs Latin America's biggest mobile network. So sprawling is his empire, they say Mexicans simply cannot avoid putting money in his pockets on a daily basis. Euronews met the business magnate to discuss monopolies and the financial crisis.
- published: 31 Oct 2011
- views: 9510
- author: Euronews
USA Fiancee Visa Interview at US Embassy, Consulate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:12
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Detailed description of the interview process for an alien fiancee's applying for K1 or K-1 Fiancee visas to travel to the USA to marry her American Citizen sponsor (fiance). For more information, and/or Personal support by Fred Wahl, Certified Immigration consultant call 1-800-806-3210 x 702, or visit fianceevisaservices.com Fred Wahl's DIY ebook Fiancee Visa Secrets is available at fianceevisasecrets.com
http://wn.com/USA_Fiancee_Visa_Interview_at_US_Embassy,_Consulate
Detailed description of the interview process for an alien fiancee's applying for K1 or K-1 Fiancee visas to travel to the USA to marry her American Citizen sponsor (fiance). For more information, and/or Personal support by Fred Wahl, Certified Immigration consultant call 1-800-806-3210 x 702, or visit fianceevisaservices.com Fred Wahl's DIY ebook Fiancee Visa Secrets is available at fianceevisasecrets.com
- published: 13 Nov 2010
- views: 26158
- author: FianceeVisaServices
Selena - Mexican American Music of Today - Mi Musica with Selena Quintanilla - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:58
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Selena Quintanilla educates on the history of Mexican American music. Selena was killed abruptly in 1995, she was on the verge of crossing over to American pop. To date Selena has sold over 60 million albums. Her biggest selling album ironically is her English crossover album "Dreaming Of You". she did not get to see its success.
http://wn.com/Selena_Mexican_American_Music_of_Today_Mi_Musica_with_Selena_Quintanilla_Part_1
Selena Quintanilla educates on the history of Mexican American music. Selena was killed abruptly in 1995, she was on the verge of crossing over to American pop. To date Selena has sold over 60 million albums. Her biggest selling album ironically is her English crossover album "Dreaming Of You". she did not get to see its success.
- published: 19 Feb 2010
- views: 55298
- author: diamondluv05
Savages - Behind the Scenes and Cast Interviews
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:47
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Savages is a 2012 American film directed by Oliver Stone. It is based on the novel of the same name by Don Winslow. The screenplay was written by Shane Salerno & Don Winslow & Oliver Stone. The film is set for release July 6, 2012, and features an ensemble cast including Taylor Kitsch, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Blake Lively, Salma Hayek, Benicio del Toro and John Travolta. Under the leadership of Elena Sanchez, aka Elena La Reina, (Salma Hayek) and Miguel, aka Lado, (Benicio del Toro), a Mexican drug cartel, formally called the Baja Cartel, kidnap Ophelia (Blake Lively), the girlfriend of marijuana growers Ben (Aaron Johnson), a University of California, Berkeley graduate, and Chon (Taylor Kitsch), a former US Navy SEAL. Ben and Chon must now confront the group formerly known as the Baja Cartel in order to rescue her. John Travolta plays a corrupt DEA agent. Join shifted2u as we take you behind the scenes of what John Travolta is calling the "modern day Pulp Fiction" movie. Accompanied with Cast interviews.
http://wn.com/Savages_Behind_the_Scenes_and_Cast_Interviews
Savages is a 2012 American film directed by Oliver Stone. It is based on the novel of the same name by Don Winslow. The screenplay was written by Shane Salerno & Don Winslow & Oliver Stone. The film is set for release July 6, 2012, and features an ensemble cast including Taylor Kitsch, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Blake Lively, Salma Hayek, Benicio del Toro and John Travolta. Under the leadership of Elena Sanchez, aka Elena La Reina, (Salma Hayek) and Miguel, aka Lado, (Benicio del Toro), a Mexican drug cartel, formally called the Baja Cartel, kidnap Ophelia (Blake Lively), the girlfriend of marijuana growers Ben (Aaron Johnson), a University of California, Berkeley graduate, and Chon (Taylor Kitsch), a former US Navy SEAL. Ben and Chon must now confront the group formerly known as the Baja Cartel in order to rescue her. John Travolta plays a corrupt DEA agent. Join shifted2u as we take you behind the scenes of what John Travolta is calling the "modern day Pulp Fiction" movie. Accompanied with Cast interviews.
- published: 06 Jul 2012
- views: 18058
- author: Shifted2u
Black and Latino
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Visit mun2.tv for more interviews and to join the conversation! What does it mean to be black and Latino in the US? Featuring interviews with Latino actors Laz Alonso ("Avatar", "Jumping the Broom"), Tatyana Ali ("Fresh Prince of Bel Air"), Gina Torres ("Suits, Hercules: The Legendary Journeys") and Judy Reyes ("Scrubs"), musicians Christina Milian ("Dip it Low") and Kat DeLuna ("Whine Up"), and journalist Soledad O'Brien (CNN), among many others.
http://wn.com/Black_and_Latino
Visit mun2.tv for more interviews and to join the conversation! What does it mean to be black and Latino in the US? Featuring interviews with Latino actors Laz Alonso ("Avatar", "Jumping the Broom"), Tatyana Ali ("Fresh Prince of Bel Air"), Gina Torres ("Suits, Hercules: The Legendary Journeys") and Judy Reyes ("Scrubs"), musicians Christina Milian ("Dip it Low") and Kat DeLuna ("Whine Up"), and journalist Soledad O'Brien (CNN), among many others.
- published: 10 Jan 2012
- views: 332938
- author: mun2tv
SPM Interview In Jail "This Is Just The Beginning" (October 2008)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
SPM (South Park Mexican) Aka Carlos Coy Does An Interview In Jail And Talks About The Last Chair Violinist Album About The Son Of Norma And A Book He's Writing in Prison And He's Current Status In Prison..
http://wn.com/SPM_Interview_In_Jail_This_Is_Just_The_Beginning_October_2008
SPM (South Park Mexican) Aka Carlos Coy Does An Interview In Jail And Talks About The Last Chair Violinist Album About The Son Of Norma And A Book He's Writing in Prison And He's Current Status In Prison..
- published: 05 Apr 2009
- views: 103616
- author: LocsRap
Jenni Rivera dies at 43 in plane crash - Mexican-American Singer Tragic End
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
MEXICO -- The wreckage of a small plane believed to be carrying Mexican-American music superstar Jenni Rivera was found in northern Mexico on Sunday and there are no apparent survivors, authorities said. Related Content Photos: Images from the career of Jenni Rivera OTRC: Jenni Rivera's plane confirmed missing More: Discuss this story on our Facebook page Transportation and Communications Minister Gerardo Ruiz Esparza said "everything points toward" it being the US-registered Learjet 25 carrying Rivera and six other people to Toluca, outside Mexico City, from Monterrey. The plane had gone missing shortly after takeoff early Sunday. "There is nothing recognizable, neither material nor human" in the wreckage found in the state of Nuevo Leon, Ruiz Esparza told the Televisa network. The impact was so powerful that the remains of the plane "are scattered over an area of 250 to 300 meters. It is almost unrecognizable." The wreckage was found near the town of Iturbide in Mexico's Sierra Madre Oriental amid very rough terrain. Authorities have not said why the plane crashed. Local media in Mexico sent condolences to family of Rivera, who has sold more than 15 million records, but authorities still had not confirmed that Rivera was aboard the plane and said there will be an investigation to identify the remains found. "My friend! Why? There is no consolation. God help me!" said Mexican songstress Paulina Rubio on her official Twitter account. Singer star Lucero wrote on her ...
http://wn.com/Jenni_Rivera_dies_at_43_in_plane_crash_Mexican-American_Singer_Tragic_End
MEXICO -- The wreckage of a small plane believed to be carrying Mexican-American music superstar Jenni Rivera was found in northern Mexico on Sunday and there are no apparent survivors, authorities said. Related Content Photos: Images from the career of Jenni Rivera OTRC: Jenni Rivera's plane confirmed missing More: Discuss this story on our Facebook page Transportation and Communications Minister Gerardo Ruiz Esparza said "everything points toward" it being the US-registered Learjet 25 carrying Rivera and six other people to Toluca, outside Mexico City, from Monterrey. The plane had gone missing shortly after takeoff early Sunday. "There is nothing recognizable, neither material nor human" in the wreckage found in the state of Nuevo Leon, Ruiz Esparza told the Televisa network. The impact was so powerful that the remains of the plane "are scattered over an area of 250 to 300 meters. It is almost unrecognizable." The wreckage was found near the town of Iturbide in Mexico's Sierra Madre Oriental amid very rough terrain. Authorities have not said why the plane crashed. Local media in Mexico sent condolences to family of Rivera, who has sold more than 15 million records, but authorities still had not confirmed that Rivera was aboard the plane and said there will be an investigation to identify the remains found. "My friend! Why? There is no consolation. God help me!" said Mexican songstress Paulina Rubio on her official Twitter account. Singer star Lucero wrote on her ...
- published: 10 Dec 2012
- views: 6071625
- author: Newsforthenation1
"The Icing on the Cake" from StoryCorps
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Blanca Alvarez and her husband risked crossing the border to immigrate into the US and then struggled to make ends meet. They hoped to shelter their children from these harsh realities, but Blanca's daughter Connie reveals how much children can really see of their parents' lives—and the inspiration they draw from their struggles. Credits: Directed by: The Rauch Brothers Backgrounds: Bill Wray Producers: Mike Rauch & Lizzie Jacobs Art Direction: The Rauch Brothers & Bill Wray Animation: Tim Rauch Audio Produced by: Katie Simon & Nadia Reiman Music: Fredrik Label: The Kora Records Publisher: House of Hassle Alejandro Flores Label: Alejandro Flores Publisher: Alejandro Flores Major funding provided by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
http://wn.com/The_Icing_on_the_Cake_from_StoryCorps
Blanca Alvarez and her husband risked crossing the border to immigrate into the US and then struggled to make ends meet. They hoped to shelter their children from these harsh realities, but Blanca's daughter Connie reveals how much children can really see of their parents' lives—and the inspiration they draw from their struggles. Credits: Directed by: The Rauch Brothers Backgrounds: Bill Wray Producers: Mike Rauch & Lizzie Jacobs Art Direction: The Rauch Brothers & Bill Wray Animation: Tim Rauch Audio Produced by: Katie Simon & Nadia Reiman Music: Fredrik Label: The Kora Records Publisher: House of Hassle Alejandro Flores Label: Alejandro Flores Publisher: Alejandro Flores Major funding provided by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
- published: 13 Aug 2010
- views: 799328
- author: storycorps
Shakira Speaks Out Against Arizona's Immigration Law | Interview | On Air With Ryan Seacrest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
"SUBSCRIBE: full.sc The morning before she set out to visit Phoenix over concerns that Arizona's new state law cracking down on illegal immigration will lead to racial profiling, Columbian singer Shakira visited ""On Air with Ryan Seacrest"" to talk about her plan of action. On Air with Ryan Seacrest on YouTube The official home for video from On Air with Ryan Seacrest and RyanSeacrest.com. Subscribe now for exclusive celebrity interviews, music performances, and entertainment news from American Idol and American Top 40 host Ryan Seacrest. Connect with On Air with Ryan Seacrest: Follow us on Twitter: full.sc Like us on Facebook: full.sc Follow us on Instagram: full.sc Follow us on Tumblr: full.sc Connect with Ryan: Follow Ryan on Twitter: full.sc Subscribe to Ryan on Facebook: full.sc Follow Ryan on Instagram: full.sc Follow Ryan on Pinterest: full.sc Visit Ryan's Website: full.sc Check out the Ryan Seacrest Foundation: full.sc Shakira Speaks Out Against Arizona's Immigration Law | Interview | On Air With Ryan Seacrest www.youtube.com "
http://wn.com/Shakira_Speaks_Out_Against_Arizona's_Immigration_Law_|_Interview_|_On_Air_With_Ryan_Seacrest
"SUBSCRIBE: full.sc The morning before she set out to visit Phoenix over concerns that Arizona's new state law cracking down on illegal immigration will lead to racial profiling, Columbian singer Shakira visited ""On Air with Ryan Seacrest"" to talk about her plan of action. On Air with Ryan Seacrest on YouTube The official home for video from On Air with Ryan Seacrest and RyanSeacrest.com. Subscribe now for exclusive celebrity interviews, music performances, and entertainment news from American Idol and American Top 40 host Ryan Seacrest. Connect with On Air with Ryan Seacrest: Follow us on Twitter: full.sc Like us on Facebook: full.sc Follow us on Instagram: full.sc Follow us on Tumblr: full.sc Connect with Ryan: Follow Ryan on Twitter: full.sc Subscribe to Ryan on Facebook: full.sc Follow Ryan on Instagram: full.sc Follow Ryan on Pinterest: full.sc Visit Ryan's Website: full.sc Check out the Ryan Seacrest Foundation: full.sc Shakira Speaks Out Against Arizona's Immigration Law | Interview | On Air With Ryan Seacrest www.youtube.com "
- published: 29 Apr 2010
- views: 217021
- author: ryanseacrest
One Direction interview "HOY" (Mexico)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Este video no me pertenece. Reportaje del programa de television mexicano "HOY". Creditos a Televisa. Louis, Liam and Zayn talking in spanish. (1.59) I'm literally dead hahaa, adorableness everywhere ♥ .
http://wn.com/One_Direction_interview_HOY_Mexico
Este video no me pertenece. Reportaje del programa de television mexicano "HOY". Creditos a Televisa. Louis, Liam and Zayn talking in spanish. (1.59) I'm literally dead hahaa, adorableness everywhere ♥ .
- published: 07 Jun 2012
- views: 332424
- author: babinapworld15xoxo
Katy Perry Interview GMA Good Morning America
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:38
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Katy Perry appeared on GMA to talk about her successful life,the Smurfs movie 2011 ,her husband and the react on Amy Winehouse's death. This video responses to GMA No copyright intended
http://wn.com/Katy_Perry_Interview_GMA_Good_Morning_America
Katy Perry appeared on GMA to talk about her successful life,the Smurfs movie 2011 ,her husband and the react on Amy Winehouse's death. This video responses to GMA No copyright intended
- published: 26 Jul 2011
- views: 76909
- author: KPFuturisticLover
IL VOLO interview (translated)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:48
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
EL VIDEO NO ES MIO. NOT MY VIDEO Solamente traduje la entrevista aqui abajo y en los comentarios. I just made the translation. My Twitter account: @Leila0908 Gianluca:Whats going on? Adela:Whats going on?Sing G:Where's the song? A:Put the song. A:I love you guys Ignazio:Thank u A:Really, i love u guys Piero:We love u too A:U guys dont even know me I:No, we know u P:are they recording?A:We're live P:Oh! Hi! Hi Mexico! A:say hello to mexico G: ...ah who? A: the fans P: Hi, we are here in Mexico. hi to all our fans in Mexico, the girls, the grandmas, mothers, fathers, everybody A:Second time in Mexico P&I;:yes, second time P: yeah we did- A; How do u say it? volta P&I;: volta second time G:the first time we did the promotion for our album, sabado gigante, el gordo y la flaca, a Televisa special as host and Pequenos Gigantes. P; Do u know Premios juventud? A;No. should I know about it? G:it's a show I:its one of the biggest shows around P:we did it with many latinoamerican celebrities G:pitbull P:Ricky martin, pitbull A: them I know G: of course A: and I know u guys too. How are your names? (they all say their names) A: So, how do u end up together? Because each one of u entered the competition by yourselves(alone). Whats the name of the show? P,I&G;: Tilascio una canzone I:I leave ua song A: and each of u started (singing) alone I: Yes, the producer of this show put us together and our first song was O sole mio. We sang it together G&I;: 3 years ago I: And after this show we ...
http://wn.com/IL_VOLO_interview_translated
EL VIDEO NO ES MIO. NOT MY VIDEO Solamente traduje la entrevista aqui abajo y en los comentarios. I just made the translation. My Twitter account: @Leila0908 Gianluca:Whats going on? Adela:Whats going on?Sing G:Where's the song? A:Put the song. A:I love you guys Ignazio:Thank u A:Really, i love u guys Piero:We love u too A:U guys dont even know me I:No, we know u P:are they recording?A:We're live P:Oh! Hi! Hi Mexico! A:say hello to mexico G: ...ah who? A: the fans P: Hi, we are here in Mexico. hi to all our fans in Mexico, the girls, the grandmas, mothers, fathers, everybody A:Second time in Mexico P&I;:yes, second time P: yeah we did- A; How do u say it? volta P&I;: volta second time G:the first time we did the promotion for our album, sabado gigante, el gordo y la flaca, a Televisa special as host and Pequenos Gigantes. P; Do u know Premios juventud? A;No. should I know about it? G:it's a show I:its one of the biggest shows around P:we did it with many latinoamerican celebrities G:pitbull P:Ricky martin, pitbull A: them I know G: of course A: and I know u guys too. How are your names? (they all say their names) A: So, how do u end up together? Because each one of u entered the competition by yourselves(alone). Whats the name of the show? P,I&G;: Tilascio una canzone I:I leave ua song A: and each of u started (singing) alone I: Yes, the producer of this show put us together and our first song was O sole mio. We sang it together G&I;: 3 years ago I: And after this show we ...
- published: 26 May 2012
- views: 17422
- author: leila0908
4:42
Lopez Tonight - Cheech and Chong Interview & Sing " Mexican Americans " - Part 1 of 2
Cheech and Chong Lopez Tonight George Lopez The George Lopez Show "Up in Smoke" "Cheech an...
published: 26 Jan 2010
author: LatinasEn4
Lopez Tonight - Cheech and Chong Interview & Sing " Mexican Americans " - Part 1 of 2
Cheech and Chong Lopez Tonight George Lopez The George Lopez Show "Up in Smoke" "Cheech and Chong's Next Movie."
- published: 26 Jan 2010
- views: 154106
- author: LatinasEn4
10:40
Interview With Chris Perez To Selena With Love Part 1
Visit us at redalertlive.com for New Music, Videos, News, SMH, & More! Follow us on www.fa...
published: 11 May 2012
author: RedAlertLiveTV
Interview With Chris Perez To Selena With Love Part 1
Visit us at redalertlive.com for New Music, Videos, News, SMH, & More! Follow us on www.facebook.com & www.Twitter.com Part 1 of the 2 part video of the interview with Chris Perez's Selena's widower and author of his tribute book 'To Selena With Love' catch the complete article and interview on LINK: goo.gl
- published: 11 May 2012
- views: 30894
- author: RedAlertLiveTV
4:06
Mexican-American Musician Lila Downs's Musical Journey
Lila discusses her upbringing having a Mexican mother and white father and growing up in M...
published: 30 Aug 2011
author: inspirationandspirit
Mexican-American Musician Lila Downs's Musical Journey
Lila discusses her upbringing having a Mexican mother and white father and growing up in Minnesota. Ana Lila Downs Sánchez best known as Lila Downs is a Mexican singer-songwriter. She performs her own compositions as well as tapping into Mexican traditional and popular music.
- published: 30 Aug 2011
- views: 16022
- author: inspirationandspirit
8:09
(NEW!) Miguel LIVE sings & interview ADORN oct 2012
www.remedysung.com Miguel Jontel Pimentel (Mexican American)...
published: 03 Oct 2012
author: ReMEDYmusicTV
(NEW!) Miguel LIVE sings & interview ADORN oct 2012
www.remedysung.com Miguel Jontel Pimentel (Mexican American)
- published: 03 Oct 2012
- views: 97957
- author: ReMEDYmusicTV
2:10
Pres Calderon interview w Wolf Blitzer
Wolf Blitzer questions President Calderon about Mexico's own immigration laws regarding il...
published: 21 May 2010
author: M Zajac
Pres Calderon interview w Wolf Blitzer
Wolf Blitzer questions President Calderon about Mexico's own immigration laws regarding illegal aliens. Calderon contradicted himself in his answers about immigration enforcement in Mexico. Yet he has the nerve to come to the US and criticize Arizona's immigration law. Hey Calderon, keep your nose out of our country.
- published: 21 May 2010
- views: 21483
- author: M Zajac
8:48
Taboo interview for Terra Mexico
portalbep.com Taboo of The Black Eyed Peas interview for Terra Mexico - 12...
published: 06 Dec 2009
author: portalbep1
Taboo interview for Terra Mexico
portalbep.com Taboo of The Black Eyed Peas interview for Terra Mexico - 12
- published: 06 Dec 2009
- views: 25656
- author: portalbep1
9:47
Sacred Mushroom of Mexico - Dr. Brian Akers interview (excerpt)
Todays guest is Dr. Brian Akers the author of The Sacred Mushrooms of Mexico. What were th...
published: 19 Sep 2009
author: GnosticMedia
Sacred Mushroom of Mexico - Dr. Brian Akers interview (excerpt)
Todays guest is Dr. Brian Akers the author of The Sacred Mushrooms of Mexico. What were the mushroom traditions of ancient Mexico? Was there just one "mushroom cult"? Or were there diverse practices spread across many cultures? What were some of Gordon Wasson's most important contributions to ethnomycology? What is the importance of the mystic, or transpersonal experience? From mycology to anthropology to mystical experiences, this conversation is an intellectual feast. Dr. Brian Akers earned his Ph.D. in Mycology from Southern Illinois University, specializing in mushrooms, especially the Lepiota group (parasol mushroom and allies), and also possesses a Masters in anthropology and a Bachelors in comparative religion from Western Michigan University. He is the author of "The Sacred Mushrooms of Mexico: Assorted Texts" (2007, Univ. Press of America), and a series of journal publications on fungi and ethnomycology. He served a ten year term as biology professor at several colleges and universities including University of Minnesota-Morris. He was born and raised in Detroit and currently resides in the Tampa Bay area. Order The Sacred Mushrooms of Mexico: astore.amazon.com Hear the full interview at: www.gnosticmedia.com
- published: 19 Sep 2009
- views: 3484
- author: GnosticMedia
6:45
Rob and Kristen Interview - MEXICO
A mexican nterview that Rob and Kristen did. The interview is in english with mexican subt...
published: 18 Jan 2009
author: WillenShelleFan
Rob and Kristen Interview - MEXICO
A mexican nterview that Rob and Kristen did. The interview is in english with mexican subtitles.
- published: 18 Jan 2009
- views: 113816
- author: WillenShelleFan
9:39
Lady Gaga Interview in Mexico ( Full ) 2008 Singing Love Game & Paparazzi
Lady Gaga in Monterrey, Mexico in 2008 by opening the concerts of The New Kids On The Bloc...
published: 01 Jun 2010
author: TheWerOo1
Lady Gaga Interview in Mexico ( Full ) 2008 Singing Love Game & Paparazzi
Lady Gaga in Monterrey, Mexico in 2008 by opening the concerts of The New Kids On The Block. Lady Gaga In this year was not yet known.
- published: 01 Jun 2010
- views: 27094
- author: TheWerOo1
10:25
The best Interview about drugs : Terence McKenna in Mexico 1996
Probably the most open minded, informative talk on different substances which grow natural...
published: 16 Apr 2011
author: tonytg909
The best Interview about drugs : Terence McKenna in Mexico 1996
Probably the most open minded, informative talk on different substances which grow naturally in nature and how there connection with humans have shaped many people's ways of thinking. If you are interested in Terence Mckenna's speeches, a great link with all his full-length videos can be found here www.youtube.com
- published: 16 Apr 2011
- views: 119319
- author: tonytg909
6:37
euronews interview - Carlos Slim: 'I am not a monopoliser'
www.euronews.net Meet Carlos Slim, the Mexican telecom tycoon who has nudged Bill Gates in...
published: 31 Oct 2011
author: Euronews
euronews interview - Carlos Slim: 'I am not a monopoliser'
www.euronews.net Meet Carlos Slim, the Mexican telecom tycoon who has nudged Bill Gates into second position for the third year running, cementing his place as the richest man in the world. Slim's big break came in 1990, when he snapped up Telmex, Mexico's privatised telephone company which now runs Latin America's biggest mobile network. So sprawling is his empire, they say Mexicans simply cannot avoid putting money in his pockets on a daily basis. Euronews met the business magnate to discuss monopolies and the financial crisis.
- published: 31 Oct 2011
- views: 9510
- author: Euronews
14:12
USA Fiancee Visa Interview at US Embassy, Consulate
Detailed description of the interview process for an alien fiancee's applying for K1 or K-...
published: 13 Nov 2010
author: FianceeVisaServices
USA Fiancee Visa Interview at US Embassy, Consulate
Detailed description of the interview process for an alien fiancee's applying for K1 or K-1 Fiancee visas to travel to the USA to marry her American Citizen sponsor (fiance). For more information, and/or Personal support by Fred Wahl, Certified Immigration consultant call 1-800-806-3210 x 702, or visit fianceevisaservices.com Fred Wahl's DIY ebook Fiancee Visa Secrets is available at fianceevisasecrets.com
- published: 13 Nov 2010
- views: 26158
- author: FianceeVisaServices
10:58
Selena - Mexican American Music of Today - Mi Musica with Selena Quintanilla - Part 1
Selena Quintanilla educates on the history of Mexican American music. Selena was killed ab...
published: 19 Feb 2010
author: diamondluv05
Selena - Mexican American Music of Today - Mi Musica with Selena Quintanilla - Part 1
Selena Quintanilla educates on the history of Mexican American music. Selena was killed abruptly in 1995, she was on the verge of crossing over to American pop. To date Selena has sold over 60 million albums. Her biggest selling album ironically is her English crossover album "Dreaming Of You". she did not get to see its success.
- published: 19 Feb 2010
- views: 55298
- author: diamondluv05
Vimeo results:
3:02
To RP Salazar, with Love
In January 2007, Rachel P. Salazar and Ruben P. Salazar were living 9,000 miles apart and ...
published: 25 Jan 2012
author: StoryCorps
To RP Salazar, with Love
In January 2007, Rachel P. Salazar and Ruben P. Salazar were living 9,000 miles apart and completely unaware of each other's existence. But when an email meant for Rachel accidentally went to Ruben, it wasn't long before an ordinary mistake began to look like an extraordinary stroke of luck.
Funding provided by:
The Corporation for Public Broadcasting
National Endowment for the Arts
In partnership with POV.
Directed by: The Rauch Brothers
Art Direction: Bill Wray
Producers: Lizzie Jacobs & Mike Rauch
Animation: Tim Rauch
Audio Produced by: Jasmyn Belcher & Michael Garofalo
Music: Fredrik
Label: The Kora Records
Publisher: House of Hassle
3:58
"Clap Your Brains Off" Mexican Droste Videoclip
This video uses a mathematical formula based upon an image Escher did (The Print Gallery),...
published: 08 Sep 2008
author: Frank Beltrán
"Clap Your Brains Off" Mexican Droste Videoclip
This video uses a mathematical formula based upon an image Escher did (The Print Gallery), known in these days as the "Droste Effect".
This is my first videoclip as a Director, and it was made entirely using a Digital Reflex Camera, Canon's Mark III which captures up to 115 continuous pictures, at 10 fps.
As this was really low budget video, it was made possible thanks to the help of lots and lots of friends.
This video was "inspired" by the amazing pictures of Sebastian Perez Duarte (I mean that as an euphemism). I just wanted to add movement to those kind of images.
All of the image process was made in my home computer, thank's to Pisco Bandito/Josh Sommers' tutorials, and Bill Hornes code. A friend of mine, Chema "The Mecatronic", helped me automate all of the process.
This is the result of almost 6 months of work.
Soon I'll post the making off, hope you enjoy it.
This is the video of a band called "No Somos Machos Pero Somos Muchos" (NSM PSM) and they're about to release their first album. This is their first single "Clap your brains off"
CHECK OUT THE MAKING OF at http://www.vimeo.com/1762877
We got published at the American Cinematographer Magazine for this video!!! (Issue March 09)
10:33
Common Practice
A young Mexican-American boy’s unique gift brings his working class Latino neighborhood to...
published: 22 Oct 2010
author: Marcos Efron
Common Practice
A young Mexican-American boy’s unique gift brings his working class Latino neighborhood together in ways he never thought possible. Common Practice was conceived as a moving tribute to music’s power to cross cultural boundaries and touch the hearts of everyone.
1:52
Facundo the Great
Funding provided by:
The Corporation for Public Broadcasting
National Endowment for the Ar...
published: 06 Sep 2012
author: StoryCorps
Facundo the Great
Funding provided by:
The Corporation for Public Broadcasting
National Endowment for the Arts
In partnership with POV
Ramon "Chunky" Sanchez was raised in a small farming community in southern California in the 1950s. As was common practice at that time, teachers at his local elementary school Anglicized the Mexican American students' names. Here, Chunky remembers a new classmate who proved to be the exception to the rule.
Youtube results:
13:47
Savages - Behind the Scenes and Cast Interviews
Savages is a 2012 American film directed by Oliver Stone. It is based on the novel of the ...
published: 06 Jul 2012
author: Shifted2u
Savages - Behind the Scenes and Cast Interviews
Savages is a 2012 American film directed by Oliver Stone. It is based on the novel of the same name by Don Winslow. The screenplay was written by Shane Salerno & Don Winslow & Oliver Stone. The film is set for release July 6, 2012, and features an ensemble cast including Taylor Kitsch, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Blake Lively, Salma Hayek, Benicio del Toro and John Travolta. Under the leadership of Elena Sanchez, aka Elena La Reina, (Salma Hayek) and Miguel, aka Lado, (Benicio del Toro), a Mexican drug cartel, formally called the Baja Cartel, kidnap Ophelia (Blake Lively), the girlfriend of marijuana growers Ben (Aaron Johnson), a University of California, Berkeley graduate, and Chon (Taylor Kitsch), a former US Navy SEAL. Ben and Chon must now confront the group formerly known as the Baja Cartel in order to rescue her. John Travolta plays a corrupt DEA agent. Join shifted2u as we take you behind the scenes of what John Travolta is calling the "modern day Pulp Fiction" movie. Accompanied with Cast interviews.
- published: 06 Jul 2012
- views: 18058
- author: Shifted2u
10:02
Black and Latino
Visit mun2.tv for more interviews and to join the conversation! What does it mean to be bl...
published: 10 Jan 2012
author: mun2tv
Black and Latino
Visit mun2.tv for more interviews and to join the conversation! What does it mean to be black and Latino in the US? Featuring interviews with Latino actors Laz Alonso ("Avatar", "Jumping the Broom"), Tatyana Ali ("Fresh Prince of Bel Air"), Gina Torres ("Suits, Hercules: The Legendary Journeys") and Judy Reyes ("Scrubs"), musicians Christina Milian ("Dip it Low") and Kat DeLuna ("Whine Up"), and journalist Soledad O'Brien (CNN), among many others.
- published: 10 Jan 2012
- views: 332938
- author: mun2tv
2:40
SPM Interview In Jail "This Is Just The Beginning" (October 2008)
SPM (South Park Mexican) Aka Carlos Coy Does An Interview In Jail And Talks About The Last...
published: 05 Apr 2009
author: LocsRap
SPM Interview In Jail "This Is Just The Beginning" (October 2008)
SPM (South Park Mexican) Aka Carlos Coy Does An Interview In Jail And Talks About The Last Chair Violinist Album About The Son Of Norma And A Book He's Writing in Prison And He's Current Status In Prison..
- published: 05 Apr 2009
- views: 103616
- author: LocsRap
2:35
Jenni Rivera dies at 43 in plane crash - Mexican-American Singer Tragic End
MEXICO -- The wreckage of a small plane believed to be carrying Mexican-American music sup...
published: 10 Dec 2012
author: Newsforthenation1
Jenni Rivera dies at 43 in plane crash - Mexican-American Singer Tragic End
MEXICO -- The wreckage of a small plane believed to be carrying Mexican-American music superstar Jenni Rivera was found in northern Mexico on Sunday and there are no apparent survivors, authorities said. Related Content Photos: Images from the career of Jenni Rivera OTRC: Jenni Rivera's plane confirmed missing More: Discuss this story on our Facebook page Transportation and Communications Minister Gerardo Ruiz Esparza said "everything points toward" it being the US-registered Learjet 25 carrying Rivera and six other people to Toluca, outside Mexico City, from Monterrey. The plane had gone missing shortly after takeoff early Sunday. "There is nothing recognizable, neither material nor human" in the wreckage found in the state of Nuevo Leon, Ruiz Esparza told the Televisa network. The impact was so powerful that the remains of the plane "are scattered over an area of 250 to 300 meters. It is almost unrecognizable." The wreckage was found near the town of Iturbide in Mexico's Sierra Madre Oriental amid very rough terrain. Authorities have not said why the plane crashed. Local media in Mexico sent condolences to family of Rivera, who has sold more than 15 million records, but authorities still had not confirmed that Rivera was aboard the plane and said there will be an investigation to identify the remains found. "My friend! Why? There is no consolation. God help me!" said Mexican songstress Paulina Rubio on her official Twitter account. Singer star Lucero wrote on her ...
- published: 10 Dec 2012
- views: 6071625
- author: Newsforthenation1
photo: AP / Manish
02 Feb 2013
NEW DELHI — A crowd of Tibetans came here to India’s capital last week, bearing flags and political banners and a bittersweet admixture of hope and despair. A grim countdown was under way. The number of Tibetans who have set themselves on fire to protest Chinese rule in Tibet had reached 99, one short of an anguished milestone. Enlarge This Image. Freetibet.org, via Associated Press ... Related ... Connect With Us on Twitter ... (Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 10.7Kb)
photo: AP / SANA
04 Feb 2013
Tweet. London, Feb. 4 (ANI). Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has accused Israel of trying to 'destabilise' his country. Assad's comments came as he claimed that last week's airstrike showed the Jewish state was behind the revolution seeking to overthrow his regime ... Assad insisted however, that his country could still meet 'current threats and aggression' ... (ANI) ... Israel ... ... ) .. ). ... . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 3.0Kb)
photo: UN / John Isaac
04 Feb 2013
About 800,000 people died during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. ....(size: 0.5Kb)
photo: US Navy / MCS2 Matthew D. Leistikow
03 Feb 2013
At least 33 people were killed on Sunday after a suicide bomber and two gunmen attacked a police headquarters in Kirkuk, northern Iraq, official sources said, the third major attack in the region in several weeks. By News Wires (text). . A suicide bomber driving a car and gunmen disguised in police uniforms killed at least 33 people in the Iraqi city Kirkuk on Sunday when they tried to storm the police headquarters ... (REUTERS). IRAQ....(size: 8.5Kb)
photo: AP / Elise Amendola
02 Feb 2013
BOSTON. Harvard University said Friday it issued academic sanctions against about 60 students who were forced to withdraw from school for a period of time in a cheating scandal that involved the final exam in a class on Congress, drawing criticism from a high-profile alumnus. The school implicated as many as 125 students in the scandal when officials first addressed the issue last year. . ... . ... . ... ....(size: 5.1Kb)
my SA
04 Feb 2013
In spite of criticism, that label stuck ... Artist Roland Mazuca agreed. “It is absurd ... Dr. Fernando A ... While the latter is an easier question (except perhaps for those who are, say, half-Mexican American and half-Puerto Rican), Chapa said the race question has confused some respondents ... “That's their genetic heritage,” Chapa said, speaking specifically of Mexican Americans. “They're European white as well as Native American or Indian....(size: 5.9Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
04 Feb 2013
4, 2013 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Americans from a remarkably diverse array of religious backgrounds will join together on Monday, February 4 at faithscalling.org to call on Congress to act to prevent gun violence ... American Baptist Home Mission Societies ... Central Conference of American Rabbis. Center for American Progress Faith & Progressive Policy Initiative ... Hindu American Foundation ... Mexican American Catholic College....(size: 7.2Kb)
Bloomberg
04 Feb 2013
Lawmakers in 2011 cut $5.4 billion from Texas’s education budget for the 2012-2013 budget year, just as new academic achievement standards were implemented ... Property-poor districts are forced to tax at a much higher rate than wealthy districts and still can’t raise the same level of funding per student, according to David Hinojosa, an attorney for the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund, or MALDEF ... ....(size: 5.9Kb)
Ohio
03 Feb 2013
Groups such as the League of United Latin American Citizens, the National Council de la Raza and the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund — all of which endorsed same-sex unions last year — reiterated last week that married gays should be part of a reform plan that provides a pathway to citizenship for the 11 million illegal immigrants in the United States....(size: 2.8Kb)
Denver Post
03 Feb 2013
Groups such as the League of United Latin American Citizens, the National Council de la Raza and the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund — all of which endorsed same-sex unions last year — reiterated last week that married same-sex couples should be part of a reform plan that provides a pathway to citizenship for 11 million illegal immigrants in the U.S....(size: 2.8Kb)
Sacramento Bee
03 Feb 2013
Tucked away among the streets of Sacramento's Arden Park neighborhood sits a modest ranchette – with a curiosity in its backyard. Next to a pool overrun with algae and thousands of minnows is a large shed. Inside sits a World War II-era airplane ... "That would be a sword from the Mexican American War, from around 1842," said Schiff. "It was a presentation sword to honor a soldier that had boarded a Mexican vessel and captured it."....(size: 4.2Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
02 Feb 2013
WASHINGTON, Feb. 2, 2013 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Following is the daily "Profile America" feature from the U.S. Census Bureau.. (Logo ... ... — Saturday, February 2nd ... Some 80,000 Mexicans were thereby included in the subsequent 1850 Census. In 2010, the number of Mexican-Americans reached nearly 32-million ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
The Washington Post
02 Feb 2013
Groups such as the League of United Latin American Citizens, the National Council de la Raza and the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund — all of which endorsed same-sex unions last year — reiterated this week that married gays should be part of a reform plan that provides a pathway to citizenship for the 11 million illegal immigrants in the U.S....(size: 3.9Kb)
Houston Chronicle
02 Feb 2013
Maybe they'd turn up a scrap of wagon wheel or some other debris left by the "Runaway Scrape" - the flight of thousands of Anglo Texian refugees who feared for their lives after the Mexican victories at the Alamo and Goliad, and followed Sam Houston's troops ... In San Antonio, Mexican-American activists have for decades complained that Alamo exhibits demean Hispanics....(size: 20.6Kb)
Seattle Post
02 Feb 2013
Groups such as the League of United Latin American Citizens, the National Council de la Raza and the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund — all of which endorsed same-sex unions last year — reiterated this week that married gays should be part of a reform plan that provides a pathway to citizenship for the 11 million illegal immigrants in the U.S....(size: 5.3Kb)
U~T San Diego
02 Feb 2013
More specifically, the law puts “sexual orientation” alongside women, African Americans, Mexican Americans and other classifications as groups that must be included in lessons about their members’ social contributions ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s website notes that among American males 13 and older, almost 80 percent of new HIV ......(size: 3.1Kb)
my SA
02 Feb 2013
Jesuit to be honored Feb. 8. Father Martin “Marty” Elsner, pastor emeritus of Our Lady of Guadalupe Church, will receive the Benitia Humanitarian Award Feb. 8 at the Omni Hotel. Given by the Missionary Catechists of Divine Providence, an order of Mexican American nuns on the city's West Side, the award is named for its foundress Sister Benitia Vermeersch ... Call (210) 432-0113. St ... St ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
Newsday
02 Feb 2013
Today is Saturday, Feb. 2, the 33rd day of 2013. There are 332 days left in the year. This is Groundhog Day. Today's Highlight in History.. On Feb. 2, 1913, New York City's rebuilt Grand Central Terminal officially opened to the public at one minute past midnight ... In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ending the Mexican-American War, was signed ... The American Conference won the Pro Bowl, defeating the National Football Conference 45-20 ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
 |
This article uses bare URLs for citations. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (April 2012) |
| 300px 1st row: Bill Richardson • Salma Hayek • Roy Benavidez • Hilda Solis 2nd row: Rosa Gumataotao Rios• Carlos Santana Jessica Alba • César Chávez |
| Total population |
|---|
| Mexican Americans 31,689,000 10.3% of the U.S. population.[1] |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Southwest, West Coast, Upper Midwest. There are also emerging populations in the South and Northeast. |
| Languages |
|
Spanish, American English, Spanglish, and a minority of Indigenous Mexican languages. |
| Religion |
|
Predominantly Roman Catholic; large minority of Protestants and small percentage Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormon |
Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican descent. As of July 2009, Mexican Americans make up 10.3% of the United States' population with over 31,689,000 Americans listed as of Mexican ancestry. Mexican Americans comprise 66% of all Hispanics and Latinos in the United States.[2] The United States is home to the second largest Mexican community in the world second only to Mexico itself comprising nearly 22% of the entire Mexican origin population of the world. Canada is a distant third with a Mexican origin population of 37,000 as of 2001 although increasing to 61,505 as of 2006.[3][4] In addition, as of 2008 there were approximately 7,000,000 undocumented Mexicans living in the United States which if included in the count would increase the US share to over 28% of the world's Mexican origin population (Note that some of the undocumented would be captured in the US Census count depending on their willingness to provide information).[5] Over 60% of all Mexican Americans reside in the states of California and Texas.[6] Most Mexican Americans are the descendants of the Indigenous peoples of Mexico and/or Europeans, especially Spaniards.[7][8]
History of Mexican Americans[link]
Main article: History of Mexican Americans
Mexican American history is wide-ranging, spanning more than 400 years and varying from region to region within the United States. In 1900, there were slightly more than 500,000 Hispanics living in New Mexico, California and Texas.[9] Most were Mexican Americans of indigenous Mexican, Spanish, and other hispanicized European settlers who arrived in the Southwest during Spanish colonial times. Approximately ten percent of the current Mexican American population can trace their lineage back to these early colonial settlers.[10]
As early as 1813 some of the Tejanos who colonized Texas in the Spanish Colonial Period established a government in Texas that looked forward to independence from Mexico. In those days, there was no concept of what a Mexican was. Many Mexicans were more loyal to their states/provinces than to their country as a whole. This was particularly true in frontier regions such as Zacatecas, Texas, Yucatan, Oaxaca, New Mexico, etc.[11] As revealed by the writings of colonial Tejano Texians such as Antonio Menchaca, the Texas Revolution was initially a colonial Tejano cause. By 1831, Anglo settlers outnumbered Tejanos ten to one in Texas.[12] The Mexican government became concerned by their increasing numbers and restricted the number of new Anglo-American settlers allowed to enter Texas. The Mexican government also banned slavery within the state, which angered slave owners.[13] The American settlers along with many of the Tejanos rebelled against the centralized authority of Mexico City and the Santa Anna regime, while others remained loyal to Mexico, and still others were neutral.[14][15]
Author John P. Schmal wrote of the effect Texas independence had on the Tejano community:[16]
"A native of San Antonio, Juan Seguín is probably the most famous Tejano to be involved in the War of Texas Independence. His story is complex because he joined the Anglo rebels and helped defeat the Mexican forces of Santa Anna. But later on, as Mayor of San Antonio, he and other Tejanos felt the hostile encroachments of the growing Anglo power against them. After receiving a series of death threats, Seguín relocated his family in Mexico, where he was coerced into military service and fought against the US in 1846–1848 Mexican-American War. Although the events of 1836 led to independence for the people of Texas, the Hispanic population of the state was very quickly disenfranchised to the extent that their political representation in the Texas State Legislature disappeared entirely for several decades."
Californios were Spanish speaking residents of modern day California who were the original Hispanics (Mexicans (regardless of race) and local Hispanicized Indians) in the region (Alta California) before the United States acquired it as a territory. Relations between Californios and Anglo settlers were relatively good until military officer John C. Fremont arrived in Alta California with a force of 60 men on an exploratory expedition in 1846. Fremont made an agreement with Comandante Castro that he would only stay in the San Joaquin Valley for the winter, then move north to Oregon. However, Fremont remained in the Santa Clara Valley then headed towards Monterey. When Castro demanded that Fremont leave Alta California, Fremont rode to Gavilan Peak, raised a US flag and vowed to fight to the last man to defend it. After three days of tension, Fremont retreated to Oregon without a shot being fired. With relations between Californios and Anglos quickly souring, Fremont rode back into Alta California and encouraged a group of American settlers to seize a group of Castro's soldiers and their horses. Another group, seized the Presidio of Sonoma and captured Mariano Vallejo. William B. Ide was chosen Commander in Chief and on July 5, he proclaimed the creation of the Bear Flag Republic. On July 9, US forces reached Sonoma and lowered the Bear Flag Republic's flag then replaced it with a US flag. Californios organized an army to defend themselves from invading American forces after the Mexican army retreated from Alta California to defend other parts of the country. The Californios defeated an American force in Los Angeles on September 30, 1846, but were defeated after the Americans reinforced their forces in what is now southern California. The arrival of tens of thousands of people during the California Gold Rush meant the end of the Californio's ranching lifestyle. Many Anglo 49ers turned to farming and moved, often illegally, onto the land granted to Californios by the old Mexican government.[17]
The United States first came into conflict with Mexico in the 1830s, as the westward spread of Anglo settlements and of slavery brought significant numbers of new settlers into the region known as Tejas (modern-day Texas), then part of Mexico. The Mexican-American War, followed by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848 and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853, extended U.S. control over a wide range of territory once held by Mexico, including the present day borders of Texas and the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and California.
Although the treaty promised that the landowners in this newly acquired territory would enjoy full enjoyment and protection of their property as if they were citizens of the United States, many former citizens of Mexico lost their land in lawsuits before state and federal courts or as a result of legislation passed after the treaty.[18] Even those statutes intended to protect the owners of property at the time of the extension of the United States' borders, such as the 1851 California Land Act, had the effect of dispossessing Californio owners ruined by the cost of maintaining litigation over land titles for years.
While Mexican Americans were once concentrated in the Southwest – California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Texas – they began creating communities in St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and other steel producing regions when they obtained employment during World War I. More recently, Mexican illegal immigrants have increasingly become a large part of the workforce in industries such as meat packing throughout the Midwest, in agriculture in the southeastern United States, and in the construction, landscaping, restaurant, hotel and other service industries throughout the country.
Mexican-American workers formed unions of their own and joined integrated unions. The most significant union struggle involving Mexican-Americans was the United Farm Workers' long strike and boycott aimed at grape growers in the San Joaquin and Coachella Valleys in the late 1960s. Its struggle propelled César Chávez and Dolores Huerta into national prominence changing from a workers' rights organization that helped workers get unemployment insurance to that of a union of farmworkers almost overnight.
Mexican American identity has also changed markedly throughout these years. Over the past hundred years Mexican Americans have campaigned for voting rights, stood against educational and employment discrimination and stood for economic and social advancement. At the same time many Mexican Americans have struggled with defining and maintaining their community's identity. In the 1960s and 1970s, some Latino/Hispanic student groups flirted with nationalism and differences over the proper name for members of the community—Chicano/Chicana, Latino/Latina, Mexican Americans, or Hispanics became tied up with deeper disagreements over whether to integrate into or remain separate from mainstream American society, as well as divisions between those Mexican Americans whose families had lived in the United States for two or more generations and more recent immigrants. During this time rights groups such as the National Mexican-American Anti-Defamation Committee were founded. The states with the largest percentages and populations of Mexican-Americans are California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah. There has also been very high increasing populations in Oklahoma. Pennsylvania and Illinois.[19]
Race and ethnicity[link]
Main article: Mexicans
The Mexican population is mainly conformed by Mestizos, individuals with a genetic background consisting of Amerindian, European and African contributions. Genetic heterogeneity in Mexicans results from a complex demographic history that started with the peopling of North and Central America about 15,000 yrs ago, including the settlement of at least 60 different indigenous groups in Mexico. Source
File:Admixturehispanicswest.jpg
Admixture graphic of the Hispanic population.
Per the 2000 U.S. Census, a plurality of 47.3% of Mexican Americans self identify as being of White race, closely followed by Mexican Americans who self identify as "Some other race", usually Mestizo (Native American/European) with 45.5%.<.[20] Respondents who claim two or more races accounted for 5.1%, Blacks for 0.7%, and all other races for 1.4%. Mexican Americans are predominantly of Native American and European descent. Mexicans are the product of the mixture of 35 ethnic groups. According to the Mexican Genome Project, the overall gene pool of the Mexican population was calculated to be 65 percent indigenous and 35 percent non-indigenous (European, African, Asian). According to the last Mexican census to record race (which was in 1921), 10 percent of the Mexican populace identified itself as white, 59 percent as Mestizo (Native American-European mixture), 29 percent as Native American, and 2 percent as "other", foreigner (regardless of race), or did not specify a race.[21] Before the United States' borders expanded westward in the 19th century, New World regions colonized by the Spanish Empire since the 16th century held to a complex caste system (casta) that classified persons by their fractional racial makeup and geographic origin.[22][23]
As the United States' borders expanded, the United States Census Bureau changed its racial classification methods for Mexican Americans under United States jurisdiction. The Bureau's classification system has evolved significantly from its inception:
- From 1790 to 1850, there was no distinct racial classification of Mexican Americans in the U.S. census. The only racial categories recognized by the Census Bureau were White and Black. The Census Bureau estimates that during this period the number of persons that could not be categorized as white or black did not exceed 0.25% of the total population based on 1860 census data.[24]
- From 1850 through 1920 the Census Bureau expanded its racial categories to include all different races including Mestizos, Mulattos, Amerindians and Asians, and classified Mexicans and Mexican Americans as "White"[24] All Mexicans were legally (though not normally socially, ecomically or politically) considered "White" either because they were considered to be of full Spanish heritage, or because of treaty obligations to Spaniards and Mexicans that conferred citizenship status at a time when whiteness was a prerequisite for U.S. citizenship.
- The 1930 U.S. census revoked generic "white" status for Mexican Americans due to protests from Anglo Americans nativists. The new form asked for "color or race" and census workers were instructed to "write ‘W’ for White; ’Mex’ for Mexican."[25]
- In the 1940 census, Mexican Americans were re-classified as White, due to widespread protests by the Mexican American community. Instructions for enumerators were "Mexicans – Report 'White' (W) for Mexicans unless they are definitely of indigenous or other non-white race." During the same census, however, the bureau began to track the White population of Spanish mother tongue. This practice continued through the 1960 census.[24] The 1960 census also used the title "Spanish-surnamed American" in their reporting data of Mexican Americans, which included Cuban Americans, Puerto Ricans and others under the same category.
- From 1970 to 1980, there was a dramatic population increase of Other Race in the census, reflecting the addition of a question on Hispanic origin to the 100-percent questionnaire, an increased propensity for Hispanics to NOT identify themselves as White, and a change in editing procedures to accept reports of "Other race" for respondents who wrote in Hispanic entries such as Mexican, Cuban, or Puerto Rican. In 1970, such responses in the Other race category were reclassified and tabulated as White. During this census, the bureau attempted to identify all Hispanics by use of the following criteria in sampled sets:[24]
-
- Spanish speakers and persons belonging to a household where the head of household was a Spanish speaker
- Persons with Spanish heritage by birth location or surname
- Persons who self-identified Spanish origin or descent
- From 1980 on, the Census Bureau has collected data on Hispanic origin on a 100-percent basis. The bureau has noted an increasing number of respondents who mark themselves as Hispanic origin but not of the White race.[24]
For certain purposes, respondents who wrote in "Chicano" or "Mexican" (or indeed, almost all Hispanic origin groups) in the "Some other race" category were automatically re-classified into the "White race" group.[26]
Politics and debate of racial classification[link]
Since the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which granted citizenship rights to Mexican people in the newly conquered US territory of the South West, Mexican Americans have been legally considered "White." Since legal citizenship in the United States required "white" racial status, new Mexican "Americans" had to be classified as White, whether or not they were considered white in "reality". Thus Mexican Americans were white by law, but not usually classified as such socially (depending on class and whether an individual had any degree of perceived indigenous ancestry). According to legal scholars, "Anglos rarely distinguished between Mexicans and Mexican Americans and painted a picture of 'Mexicans' as an economic and cultural threat to America. In [the early 1900s], Mexican Americans increasingly were denied many of the rights of citizens. Like the African American population, many were placed in segregated schools with inferior educational resources, barred from restaurants, movie theaters, bathrooms, and public swimming pools, and denied the possibility of living in white neighborhoods," in addition to being barred from serving on juries in most of the Southwest; yet none of this segregation was formally encoded in law. Thus while for legal purposes, Mexican Americans were counted as White, in everyday reality most Mexican Americans were not considered "white," did not enjoy "white" status or privileges, and were in fact typically subjected to systematic discrimination and "Jim Crow" style racial segregation. The legal designation of white racial status actually worked against Mexican American civil rights in law suits claiming racial discrimination. Such suits were typically denied on the basis that Mexican Americans were not subject to racial discrimination, despite all evidence to the contrary, because they were legally white.[27]
In times and places where Mexicans were allotted white status, they were permitted to intermarry with what today are termed "non-Hispanic whites", though social customs typically only approved of such marriages if the Mexican partner was not of any discernable indigenous heritage.[28] Legally, Mexican Americans could vote and hold elected office, though they were also constrained from voting in most places by literacy tests and poll taxes. While Mexicans of Spanish descent ran the state politics and constituted most of the elite of New Mexico since colonial times, property requirements and English literacy requirements were imposed in Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas in order to prevent Mexican Americans from voting. Some eligible voters were intimidated with the threat of violence if they attempted to exercise their right to vote.[29]
Mexicans were also allowed to serve in all-white units during World War II. However, many Mexican American war veterans were discriminated against and even denied medical services by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs when they arrived home.[30]
In the past, Mexicans were legally considered "White" because either they were considered to be of full Spanish heritage, or because of early treaty obligations to Spaniards and Mexicans that conferred citizenship status to Mexican peoples at a time when whiteness was a prerequisite for U.S. citizenship.[31][32] Although Mexican Americans were legally classified as "White" in terms of official federal policy, many organizations, businesses, and homeowners associations and local legal systems had official policies to exclude Mexican Americans. Throughout the southwest discrimination in wages were institutionalized in "white wages" versus lower "Mexican wages" for the same job classifications.[30][33][34][35]
Mexican Americans legally classified as "White", following anti-miscegenation laws in most western states until the 1960s, could not legally marry African or Asian Americans (See Perez v. Sharp). However, most were not socially considered white, and therefore, accoding to Historian Neil Foley in the book The White Scourge Mexicans and Mexican Americans did marry non-whites typically without reprisal.
Economic and social issues[link]
Immigration issues[link]
See also: 2006 United States immigration reform protests and Illegal immigration to the United States
Since the 1960s, Mexican immigrants have met a significant portion of the demand for cheap labor in the United States.[36] Fear of deportation makes them highly vulnerable to exploitation by employers. Many employers, however, have developed a "don't ask, don't tell" attitude toward hiring undocumented Mexican nationals. In May 2006, hundreds of thousands of undocumented immigrants, Mexicans and other nationalities, walked out of their jobs across the country in protest to support immigration reform (many in hopes of a path to citizenship similar to the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, which granted citizenship to Mexican nationals living and working without documentation in the US).
In the United States, in states where Mexican Americans make up a large percentage of the population, such as California and Texas, undocumented as well as legal immigrants from Mexico and Central America in addition to Mexican Americans combined often make up a large majority of workers in many blue-collar occupations: the majority of the employed men are restaurant workers, janitors, truck drivers, gardeners, construction laborers, material moving workers, or perform other types of manual or other blue collar labor (Source, U.S. Census Bureau, American community survey data.). Many women also work in low wage service and retail occupations. In many of these places with large Latino populations, many types of blue-collar workers are often assumed to be Mexican American or Mexican or other Latino immigrants (Although a large minority are actually not. -Source, U.S. Census Bureau, American community survey data.) because of their frequent dominance in those occupations and stereotyping. Occasionally, tensions have risen between Mexican immigrants and other ethnic groups because of increasing concerns over the availability of working-class jobs to Americans and immigrants from other ethnic groups. However, tensions have also risen among Hispanic American laborers who have been displaced because of both cheap Mexican labor and ethnic profiling. African American workers in lower-wage jobs have been displaced by undocumented Mexican laborers and their neighborhoods have been transformed from majority black to majority Latino, which has caused some racial tensions between African Americans and Mexicans in the Southwest US. Even legal immigrants to the United States, both from Mexico and elsewhere, have spoken out against illegal immigration. However, according to a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in June 2007, 63% of Americans would support an immigration policy that would put illegal immigrants on a path to citizenship if they "pass background checks, pay fines and have jobs, learn English", while 30% would oppose such a plan. The survey also found that if this program was instead labeled "amnesty", 54% would support it, while 39% would oppose.[37]
Alan Greenspan, former Chairman of the Federal Reserve, has said that the growth of the working-age population is a large factor in keeping the economy growing and that immigration can be used to grow that population. According to Greenspan, by 2030, the growth of the US workforce will slow from 1 percent to 1/2 percent, while the percentage of the population over 65 years will rise from 13 percent to perhaps 20 percent.[38] Greenspan has also stated that the current immigration problem could be solved with a "stroke of the pen", referring to the 2007 immigration reform bill which would have strengthened border security, created a guest worker program, and put illegal immigrants currently residing in the US on a path to citizenship if they met certain conditions.[39]
Discrimination and stereotypes[link]
Main articles: Anti-Mexican sentiment and Hispanophobia
Throughout U.S. history, Mexican Americans have and continue to endure various types of negative stereotypes which have long circulated in media and popular culture.[40][41] Mexican Americans have also faced discrimination based on ethnicity, race, culture, poverty, and use of the Spanish language.[42]
Since the majority of illegal immigrants in the U.S. have traditionally been from Latin America, the Mexican American community has been the subject of widespread immigration raids. During The Great Depression, the United States government sponsored a Mexican Repatriation program which was intended to encourage people to voluntarily move to Mexico, but thousands were deported against their will. More than 500,000 individuals were deported, approximately 60 percent of which were actually United States citizens.[43][44] In the post-war McCarthy era, the Justice Department launched Operation Wetback.[44]
During World War II, more than 300,000 Mexican Americans served in the US armed forces.[18] Mexican Americans were generally integrated into regular military units, however, many Mexican American war veterans were discriminated against and even denied medical services by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs when they arrived home.[30] In 1948, war veteran Dr Hector P. Garcia founded the American GI Forum to address the concerns of Mexican American veterans who were being discriminated against. The AGIF's first campaign was on the behalf of Felix Longoria, a Mexican American private who was killed in the Philippines while in the line of duty. Upon the return of his body to his hometown of Three Rivers, Texas, he was denied funeral services because of his race.
In the 1948 case of Perez v. Sharp, Andrea Perez—a Mexican-American woman listed as White—and Sylvester Davis—an African American man—the Supreme Court of California recognized that interracial bans on marriage violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution.
In 2006, Time magazine reported that the number of hate groups in the United States increased by 33% since 2000, primarily due to anti-illegal immigrant and anti-Mexican sentiment.[45] According to the annual Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Hate Crimes Statistics Report,[46] in 2007, Hispanics comprised 61.7 percent of victims of crimes motivated by a bias toward the victims’ ethnicity or national origin. Since 2003 the number of both victims of anti-Hispanic crimes and incidents increased by nearly 40 percent. In 2004, the comparable figure was 51.5 percent. In California, the state with the largest Mexican American population, the number of hate crimes committed against Latinos has almost doubled.[47][48]
Social status and assimilation[link]
Barrow (2005) finds increases in average personal and household incomes for Mexican Americans in the 21st century. U.S. born Mexican Americans earn more and are represented more in the middle and upper-class segments more than most recently arriving Mexican immigrants.
Most immigrants from Mexico, as elsewhere, come from the lower classes and from families generationally employed in lower skilled jobs. They also are most likely from rural areas. Thus, many new Mexican immigrants are not skilled in white collar professions. Recently, some professionals from Mexico have been migrating, but to make the transition from one country to another involves re-training and re-adjusting to conform to US laws —i.e. professional licensing is required.[citation needed]
According to James P. Smith of the Research and Development Corporation, the children and grandchildren of Latino immigrants tend to lessen educational and income gaps with native whites. Immigrant Latino men make about half of what native whites do, while second generation US-born Latinos make about 78 percent of the salaries of their native white counterparts and by the third generation US-born Latinos make on average identical wages to their US-born white counterparts.[50]
Huntington (2005) argues that the sheer number, concentration, linguistic homogeneity, and other characteristics of Latin American immigrants will erode the dominance of English as a nationally unifying language, weaken the country's dominant cultural values, and promote ethnic allegiances over a primary identification as an American. Testing these hypotheses with data from the U.S. Census and national and Los Angeles opinion surveys, Citrin et al. (2007) show that Hispanics generally acquire English and lose Spanish rapidly beginning with the second generation, and appear to be no more or less religious or committed to the work ethic than native-born non-Mexican American whites. However, the children and grandchildren of Mexican immigrants were able to make close ties with their extended families in Mexico, since United States shares a 2,000 mile border with Mexico. Many had the opportunity to visit Mexico on a relatively frequent basis. As a result, many Mexicans were able to maintain a strong Mexican culture, language, and relationship with others.[51]
South et al. (2005) examine Hispanic spatial assimilation and inter-neighborhood geographic mobility. Their longitudinal analysis of seven hundred Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban immigrants followed from 1990 to 1995 finds broad support for hypotheses derived from the classical account of assimilation into American society. High income, English-language use, and embeddedness in American social contexts increased Latin American immigrants' geographic mobility into multi-ethnic neighborhoods. US citizenship and years spent in the United States were positively associated with geographic mobility into different neighborhoods, and coethnic contact was inversely associated with this form of mobility, but these associations operated largely through other predictors. Prior experiences of ethnic discrimination increased and therefore decreased the likelihood that Latino immigrants would move from their original neighborhoods, while residing in metropolitan areas with large Latino populations led to geographic moves into "less Anglo" census tracts.[52]
Segregation issues[link]
In 2000, over nine million Mexicans Americans lived in areas considered highly segregated socially.[53]
Segregated neighborhoods[link]
Neighborhoods with a high percentage of individuals who claim Latino ancestry are commonly referred to as "barrios" or "colonias." When translated from Spanish to English, barrio signifies "district" or "quarter" while colonia is the corresponding Mexican Spanish word.
A barrio has been defined as "a place where Latino immigrants can express communal culture and language within the larger American culture."[53] In other words, the barrio is a sort of sanctuary for Spanish-speaking immigrants who may not yet be fully adjusted to the United States. In the barrio, they can converse in their native language, allowing one to communicate, find a job, and seek help with less pressure of speaking a second language. It is a place where Latino culture thrives and a source of comfort to a recent immigrant, as it would offer him or her a place to work and live while perfecting fluency of the English language.
However, some argue that the barrio also represents the inequality faced by many Mexican Americans in the United States.[53] Barrios usually offer a lower quality of education, provide poorer jobs than other neighborhoods, and generally receive less government attention than wealthier more integrated Hispanic neighborhoods.
Housing market practices[link]
Studies have shown that the segregation among Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants seems to be declining. One study found that Mexican American applicants were offered the same housing terms and conditions as Anglo Americans. They were asked to provide the same information (regarding employment, income, credit checks, etc.) and asked to meet the same general qualifications of their Anglo peers.[54]
However, in this same study, it was found that Mexican Americans were more likely than Anglo Americans to be asked to pay a security deposit or application fee.[54] Another interesting aspect of this study is that the Mexican American applicants were more likely to be placed onto a waiting list than the Anglo Americans applicants.[54]
Latino segregation versus Black segregation[link]
Historically, African Americans have faced much harsher treatment concerning segregation than any other racial, ethnic, or ancestral group. However, throughout the Southwest during the first fifty years of the 20th century, Mexican Americans faced segregation, despite being legally classified as "white" (The legal classification of all mexicans as white was a convention orginially enacted to enforce the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican American war in 1848. According to the Treaty Mexicans remaining in the new US territory would have the right of citizens, which at that time was only granted to "white" people.) According to legal scholar Claire Sheridan, referring to the legal, social and political status of Mexican Americans in the early 20th century: "Anglos rarely distinguished between Mexicans and Mexican Americans and painted a picture of "Mexicans" as an economic and cultural threat to America. In this period, Mexican Americans increasingly were denied many of the rights of citizens. Like the African American population, many were placed in segregated schools with inferior educational resources, barred from restaurants, movie theaters, bathrooms, and public swimming pools, and denied the possibility of living in white neighborhoods. Yet none of this segregation was formally encoded in law. For legal purposes, Mexican Americans were white. They were counted as white in the census and, unlike non-whites (other than those from Africa), were able to naturalize.7 However, law clashed with perceptions of racial "reality," creating a citizenship status for Mexican Americans that many considered to be legal fiction. This gap between their legal and social standing was reflected in local interpretations of the law and in the regulation of their political participation through mechanisms such as poll taxes, literacy tests, and blue ribbon jury commissions. This unequal treatment continued through the war years and into the 1950s. Mexican Americans' unequal status was especially evident in their representation on juries. While not prohibited by law from serving, they were almost universally excluded on the grounds that they were not qualified to serve."
When comparing the contemporary segregation of Mexican Americans to that of Black Americans, some scholars claim that "Latino segregation is less severe and fundamentally different than Black residential segregation."[53] Some studies suggest that contemporary segregation of Latinos is more likely to be due to factors such as lower socioeconomic status and immigration while the segregation of African Americans is more likely to be due to larger issues of the history of racism in the US.
Segregated schools[link]
During certain periods, Mexican American children sometimes were forced to register at "Mexican schools", where classroom conditions were poor, the school year was shorter, and the quality of education was substandard.[55]
Various reasons for the inferiority of the education given to Mexican American students have been listed by James A. Ferg-Cadima including: inadequate resources, poor equipment, unfit building construction, shortened school year (see below), failure to prevent drop out, limited access to high school, a watered down curriculum, poor instruction, disproportionate suspension, expulsion, harassment and non-enforced attendance rules.
In 1923, the Texas Education Survey Commission found that the school year for some non-white groups was 1.6 months shorter than the average school year.[55] This may be connected to the fact that minority labor was needed during this time. As the agricultural field required the cheap labor provided by exploited minorities, it has been suggested that the minority school year was shortened to allow for these students to work instead of receive the extra 1.6 months of education.
Some have interpreted the shortened school year as a "means of social control"[55] implementing policies to ensure that Mexican Americans would maintain the unskilled labor force required for a strong economy. A lesser education would serve to confine Mexican Americans to the bottom rung of the social ladder. By limiting the number of days that Mexican Americans could attend school and allotting time for these same students to work, in mainly agricultural and seasonal jobs, the prospects for higher education and upward mobility were slim.
Immigration and segregation[link]
Immigration hubs are popular destinations for Latino immigrants. They are increasing in size and continue to be highly segregated. The largest immigration hubs include Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago. The highly segregated areas of these cities have historically served the purpose of allowing immigrants to become comfortable in the United States, accumulate wealth, and eventually leave.[56] The historical view of immigration hubs sees these cities as temporary starting points for immigrants. They are not expected to live their entire lives within the United States inside segregated areas. Rather, they are expected to accumulate enough wealth to start a life within the larger society.
This model of immigration and residential segregation, explained above, is the model which has historically been accurate in describing the experiences of Latino immigrants. However, the patterns of immigration seen today no longer follows this model. This old model is termed the standard spatial assimilation model. More contemporary models are the polarization model and the diffusion model[clarification needed].
The spatial assimilation model posits that as immigrants would live within this country's borders, they would simultaneously become more comfortable in their new surroundings, their socioeconomic status would rise, and their ability to speak English would increase. The combination of these changes would allow for the immigrant to move out of the barrio and into the dominant society. This type of assimilation reflects the experiences of immigrants of the early twentieth century.[53] Recent, more contemporary, models of residential segregation are the polarization model and the diffusion model are described below.
Polarization model suggests that the immigration of non-Black minorities into the United States further separates Blacks and Whites, as though the new immigrants are a buffer between them. This creates a hierarchy in which Blacks are at the bottom, Whites are at the top, and other groups fill the middle.[56] In other words, the polarization model posits that Asians and Amerindians are less segregated than their African American peers because White American society would rather live closer to Asians or Amerindians than Blacks.
The diffusion model has also been suggested as a way of describing the immigrant's experience within the United States. This model is rooted in the belief that as time passes, more and more immigrants enter the country. This model suggests that as the United States becomes more populated with a more diverse set of peoples, stereotypes and discriminatory practices will decrease, as awareness and acceptness increase. The diffusion model predicts that new immigrants will break down old patterns of discrimination and prejudice, as one becomes more and more comfortable with the more diverse neighborhoods that are created through the influx of immigrants.[56] Applying this model to the experiences of Mexican Americans forces one to see Mexican American immigrants as positive additions to the "American melting pot," in which as more additions are made to the pot, the more equal and accepting society will become.
Overcrowding[link]
The issue of overcrowding is closely related to the issue of segregation and immigration.[citation needed] As immigrants enter the country, they are likely to settle in areas where their friends, family, or simply other who share their culture, have settled. It is not uncommon for many members of families, extended families, or friends, to live in what is considered "overcrowded" conditions.
A large aspect of the segregation of Latinos within the United States is overcrowding. Rates of overcrowding among Latinos, especially in American suburbs, are high. The U.S. Census Bureau considers a residence to be overcrowded if there is more than one person per room[57]
There are various explanations for overcrowding. One widely held belief about overcrowding is based on a stereotype of living in close proximity simply to cultural preference. To expand on that point, it is widely believed that immigrant Hispanic families live in dense households because of their desire to remain in close proximity with extended family. However, this view does not paint the entire picture. Some families may live under one roof by choice and it is possible that Hispanic people may have different cultural standards than other population groups, thus allowing them to be more comfortable living with extended family underneath the same roof. However, one cannot reduce all problems of Hispanic overcrowding to cultural preference, as this offers an incomplete understanding of the issue at hand.[57]
Hispanic people may live in overcrowded conditions out of economic necessity and simply because they choose to live differently than others. Lack of affordable housing and a poor selection of well-paying occupations may combine to create the necessity of many living close together.[57] Because one certain family may find very few opportunities for sufficient housing or find themselves without adequate funds for a house of their own, they may be forced to live in crowded conditions.
The Chicano movement and the Chicano Moratorium[link]
In the heady days of the late 1960s, when the student movement was active around the globe, the Chicano movement conducted actions such as the mass walkouts by high school students in Denver and East Los Angeles in 1968 and the Chicano Moratorium in Los Angeles in 1970. The movement was particularly strong at the college level, where activists formed MEChA, an organization that seeks to promote Chicano unity and empowerment through education and political action, but also espouses revanchist ideals centered around "taking back" the American southwest for Mexicans. The Chicano Moratorium, formally known as the National Chicano Moratorium Committee, was a movement of Chicano anti-war activists that built a broad-based but fragile coalition of Mexican-American groups to organize opposition to the Vietnam War. The committee was led by activists from local colleges and members of the "Brown Berets", a group with roots in the high school student movement that staged walkouts in 1968, known as the East L.A. walkouts, also called "blowouts". The best known historical fact of the Moratorium was the death of Rubén Salazar, known for his reporting on civil rights and police brutality. The official story is that Salazar was killed by a tear gas canister fired by a member of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department into the Silver Dollar Café at the conclusion of the August 29 rally.
Mexican-American communities[link]
Main article: List of Mexican-American communities
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There are large Mexican American populations, by size or percentage, in the cities of:
- Los Angeles, California – the city proper home to over 1 million of Mexican ancestry, another 2 million throughout Los Angeles County, and a total of six million in the five-county Greater Los Angeles Area. Largest Mexican ancestry populated city in the United States.
(according to the 2010 census, L.A. is now under 20% are of Mexican descent now with equally numerous Central American national groups and the rest-10% other Latino).
-
- East Los Angeles, California – Unincorporated community totally (99%) Latino, about 66% are foreign-born with Mexican immigrants in the lead and 33% of Mexican descent.
- Culver City, California – Also the site of the infamous Zoot Suit Riots in 1943.
- Long Beach, California – Third largest city in Southern California, One of many cities in the region with a large Mexican/Hispanic population.
- Pomona, California[[2]] – over 70% of the city population is Mexican or Mexican American.
- La Puente, California – about two-thirds are of Mexican ancestry or Hispanic, one of the largest Hispanic (in percentage, the most Mexican-American community) populations in California. [58]
- Inland Empire, California (Riverside/ San Bernardino Counties- and the cities of that namesake) – About a third of the population are of Mexican descent.
- Riverside, California [59] and San Bernardino, California [60]
- Indio, California [61] and Coachella, California (primarily Mexican-American). [62]
- Southern California is the highest densely populated Mexican-American region, but by areas of percentage it is South Texas.
- Las Vegas, Nevada – 31% of the population of the city is Hispanic in which 25% of that is of Mexican descent.
- Chicago, Illinois – 1.4 million of Mexican ancestry in the Chicago metropolitan area[63] and the third largest Mexican community in the USA.[citation needed]
- Houston, Texas – second largest Mexican ancestry community in the United States.
- Phoenix, Arizona – fourth largest Mexican-American population.
- Tucson, Arizona – 30% of the almost 1 million people in the metro area.[64]
- Dallas/Fort Worth Area – fifth largest Mexican-American population and over 1.5 million Mexicans in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex (3rd largest foreign born Mexican population in the US per MSA).
- San Antonio, Texas – over half of the population in the city proper (52%, 685,000)[65]
- San Diego, California – slightly more than one-fourth of the city's population is Hispanic, primarily Mexican American; however, this percentage is the lowest of any significant border city.
- El Paso, Texas – largest Mexican-American community bordering a state of Mexico.
- South Texas – Heavily populated by Mexican-Americans, who are the ethnic majority, in a region spanning from Laredo to Corpus Christi to Brownsville.
- San Francisco Bay Area – also with over one million Hispanics, many of whom are Mexican Americans, both U.S. born and foreign-born (see also Oakland about 10–20% Hispanic and San Francisco – the Mission District section- the city is 10–20% Latino).
- Oakland – California's third largest Mexican-American city by percentage (over 25%) after Long Beach (about 30%).
- San Jose, California – Nearly one-third of the city's population is Mexican-American or of Hispanic origin; San Jose has the largest Mexican-American population within the Bay Area.
- Central Valley of California both the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys have majority Mexican American communities.
- Denver, Colorado – Colorado has the eighth largest population of Hispanics, seventh high percentage of Hispanics, fourth largest population of Mexican-Americans, and sixth highest percentage of Mexican-Americans in the United States. According to the 2010 census, there are over 1 million Mexican-Americans in Colorado.[66] Over one-third of the city's population is Mexican-American or Hispanic/Latino, as well as approximately one-fourth of the entire Denver Metropolitan area. About 17% of the cities population is foreign born, mostly from Latin America.[67]
- Greeley, Colorado – Over one-third of the cities population is Latino, mostly Mexican-American.[68]
- Garden City is Latino majority, and Evans has a very large Latino population as well.[69][70]
- Southern Colorado is home to many communities of Hispanics descended from Mexican settlers who arrived during Spanish colonial times. Roughly half of Pueblo's population is Latino, mostly Mexican-American.[71] Many other towns in southern Colorado have high proportions of Mexican-Americans. La Junta, Rocky Ford, Las Animas, Lamar, Walsenburg, and Trinidad all have large Mexican American communities.
- San Luis Valley – The San Luis Valley has many towns with large Mexican-American populations. Antonito, Blanca, Center, Del Norte, Fort Garland, Monte Vista, and Romeo are all Latino majority.[72]
- The Yakima Valley and Tri-Cities, Washington – This region of Washington contains many communities of Mexican-American majority thanks to high demand for agricultural labor.
A dynamic community[link]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009) |
In the 1990s and 2000s, the Midwestern United States became a major destination for Mexican immigrants. But Mexican-Americans were already present in the Midwest's industrial cities and urban areas. Esp. Mexicans/Latinos came into states like Illinois (mostly in Chicagoland), Indiana esp. the Northern section, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan (i.e. the Detroit metropolitan area), Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska and Wisconsin due to needs of the region's industrial manufacturing base.
Another destination of Mexican and Latin American immigration was the Northeastern United States, in places such as the Monongahela Valley, Pennsylvania; Mahoning Valley, Ohio; throughout Massachusetts and the state of Rhode Island; New Haven, Connecticut along with other Latin American nationalities; Washington, D.C. with Maryland and Northern Virginia included; the Hudson Valley and Long Island of New York state; the Jersey Shore region and the Delaware Valley, New Jersey.
Communities that consist mostly of recent-arrived immigrants from Mexico, are also present in other parts of the rural Southeastern United States, in states such as Georgia, Maryland, Tennessee, Alabama, Arkansas and Oklahoma. A growing Mexican-American population is also present in urban areas such as Orlando, Florida with the Central Florida region included; the Atlanta metro area; Charlotte, North Carolina- with a majority Hispanic enclave of Eastland; New Orleans which increased after Hurricane Katrina in Sep. 2005; the Hampton Roads, Virginia area; the states of Maine, New Hampshire and Delaware; and Pennsylvania esp. in the Philadelphia metropolitan area – the area's largest Mexican community.
List of states by Mexican-American population[link]
| State/Territory | Mexican-Americans Population (2010 Census)[73] |
Percentage | |
|---|---|---|---|
 Alabama |
122,911 | 2.6 | |
 Alaska |
122,911 | 3.0 | |
 Arizona |
1,657,668 | 25.9 | |
 Arkansas |
138,194 | 4.7 | |
 California |
11,423,146 | 30.7 | |
 Colorado |
757,181 | 15.1 | |
 Connecticut |
50,658 | 1.4 | |
 Delaware |
30,283 | 3.0 | |
 District of Columbia |
8,507 | 1.4 | |
 Florida |
629,718 | 3.3 | |
 Georgia |
519,502 | 5.4 | |
 Hawaii |
35,415 | 2.6 | |
 Idaho |
148,923 | 9.5 | |
 Illinois |
1,602,403 | 12.5 | |
 Indiana |
295,373 | 4.6 | |
 Iowa |
117,090 | 3.8 | |
 Kansas |
247,297 | 8.7 | |
 Kentucky |
82,110 | 1.9 | |
 Louisiana |
78,643 | 1.7 | |
 Maine |
5,134 | 0.4 | |
 Maryland |
88,004 | 1.5 | |
 Massachusetts |
38,379 | 0.6 | |
 Michigan |
317,903 | 3.2 | |
 Minnesota |
176,007 | 3.3 | |
 Mississippi |
52,459 | 1.8 | |
 Missouri |
147,254 | 2.5 | |
 Montana |
20,048 | 2.0 | |
 Nebraska |
128,060 | 7.0 | |
 Nevada |
540,978 | 20.0 | |
 New Hampshire |
7,822 | 0.6 | |
 New Jersey |
217,715 | 2.5 | |
 New Mexico |
590,890 | 28.7 | |
 New York |
457,288 | 2.4 | |
 North Carolina |
486,960 | 5.1 | |
 North Dakota |
9,223 | 1.4 | |
 Ohio |
172,029 | 1.5 | |
 Oklahoma |
267,016 | 7.1 | |
 Oregon |
369,817 | 9.7 | |
 Pennsylvania |
129,568 | 1.0 | |
 Rhode Island |
9,090 | 0.9 | |
 South Carolina |
138,35 | 3.0 | |
 South Dakota |
13,839 | 1.7 | |
 Tennessee |
186,615 | 2.9 | |
 Texas |
7,951,193 | 31.6 | |
 Utah |
258,905 | 9.4 | |
 Vermont |
2,534 | 0.4 | |
 Virginia |
155,067 | 1.9 | |
 Washington |
601,768 | 8.9 | |
 West Virginia |
9,704 | 0.5 | |
 Wisconsin |
244,248 | 4.3 | |
 Wyoming |
37,719 | 6.7 | |
| USA | 31,798,258 | 10.3 |
US communities with high percentages of Mexican ancestry[link]
The top 25 US communities with various Mexican American populations are:[74]
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U.S. communities with the highest proportion of residents born in Mexico[link]
Top 25 U.S. communities with the highest proportion of residents born in Mexico are:[75]
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See also[link]
- Mexican people
- Chicanismo
- Chicano
- Chicano literature
- Chicano poetry
- Hyphenated American
- List of Mexican American writers
- List of Mexican Americans
- Mexicans abroad
- List of Mexican people
Notes[link]
- ^ US Census Bureau: Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010 retrieved January 22, 2012
- ^ US Census Bureau 2009 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN
- ^ Statistics Canada: 2001 Census: Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada
- ^ Statistics Canada 2006: "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories"
- ^ Pew Hispanic Center: "A Portrait of Unauthorized Immigrants to the United States" April 11, 2009
- ^ "Table 4. Top Five States for Detailed Hispanic or Latino Origin Groups With a Population Size of One Million or More in the United States: 2010". The Hispanic Population 2010. U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- ^ "Mexico – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Mexico%20--%20Britannica%20Online20Encyclopedia.
- ^ http://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/pdf/13/art_13_1938_16335.pdf
- ^ Latinos and the Changing Face of America – Population Reference Bureau
- ^ "Mexican Americans – MSN Encarta". Mexican Americans – MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5kx7M1c1J.
- ^ [1]
- ^ American Experience | Remember the Alamo | Timeline | PBS
- ^ (DV) Felux: Remember the Alamo?
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=ENPUSvf4Z3EC&pg=PA41&dq=%22tejano+community%27s%22+%22texas+independence%22&sig=sgeYJ9hGcg2Fg2WPZc4AoeTREZE#PPA21,M1
- ^ http://bexargenealogy.com/Tejanos.html[dead link]
- ^ The Hispanic Experience – Tejanos in the Texas Revolution
- ^ American Experience | The Gold Rush | People & Events | PBS
- ^ a b World Book Encyclopedia | Atlas | Homework Help
- ^ Census Bureau Home Page
- ^ Tafoya, Sonya (December 6, 2004). "Shades of Belonging" (PDF). Pew Hispanic Center. http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/35.pdf. Retrieved June 3, 2008.
- ^ Bertoni et al., Admixture in Hispanics: Distribution of Ancestral Population Contributions in the United States, Human Biology – Volume 75, Number 1, February 2003, pp. 1–11
- ^ "Racial Classifications in Latin America". http://www.zonalatina.com/Zldata55.htm. Retrieved December 25, 2006.
- ^ "A History of Mexican Americans in California: Introduction". http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/5views/5views5.htm.
- ^ a b c d e Gibson, Campbell; Jung, Kay (September 2002). "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Working Paper Series No. 56. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056.html. Retrieved December 7, 2006.
- ^ "US Population in the 1930 Census by Race". 2002. http://www.genealogybranches.com/1930census.html. Retrieved December 7, 2006.
- ^ Surveillance Epidemology and End Results. Race and Nationality Descriptions from the 2000 US Census and Bureau of Vital Statistics. 2007. May 21, 2007.
- ^ Sheridan, Clare. "Another White Race:" Mexican Americans and the Paradox of Whiteness in Jury Selection. Law and History Review. http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/21.1/forum_sheridan.html.
- ^ De Genova, Nicholas (2006). Racial Transformations: Latinos And Asians. Duke University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8223-3716-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=EypC4KRNR9oC&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=anti+miscegenation+mexican&source=web&ots=WSGVELWSM0&sig=JrAVv7bWJotQboswzLKUAgWp-JA#PPP1,M1.
- ^ History of Voting Rights in America » Cobb-LaMarche 2004 – Ballot Recount
- ^ a b c press3b
- ^ Haney-Lopez, Ian F. (1996). "3 Prerequisite cases". White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race. New York University. p. 61.
- ^ Haney-Lopez, Ian F. (1996). "Appendix "A"". White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race. New York University.
- ^ RACE – History – Post-War Economic Boom and Racial Discrimination
- ^ JS Online: Filmmaker explores practice of redlining in documentary[dead link]
- ^ Pulido, Laura. Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles. University of California Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-520-24520-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=CzarnBhJiZUC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=history+residential+discrimination+%22mexican+americans%22&source=web&ots=E5sWzrye-1&sig=ASrRu7iGdrLIFEc6cNirTozixiU#PPA53,M1.
- ^ Scruggs, O. (1984). Operation Wetback: The Mass Deportation of Mexican Undocumented Workers in 1954. Labor History, 25(1), 135–137. Retrieved from America: History & Life database.
- ^ Summary of Findings: Mixed Views on Immigration Bill
- ^ FRB: Testimony, Greenspan-Aging population-February 27, 2003
- ^ "Immigration curbs hurting U.S., Greenspan says". USA Today. May 17, 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-05-17-greenspan-immigration_N.htm. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- ^ Flores Niemann Yolanda, et al. ‘’Black-Brown Relations and Stereotypes’’ (2003); Charles Ramírez Berg, ’’Latino Images in Film: Stereotypes, Subversion, & Resistance’’ (2002); Chad Richardson, ‘’Batos, Bolillos, Pochos, and Pelados: Class & Culture on the South Texas Border’’ (1999)
- ^ Life on the Texas-Mexico Border: Myth and reality as represented in Mainstream and Independent Western Cinema
- ^ Steven H. Wilson | Brown over "Other White": Mexican Americans' Legal Arguments and Litigation Strategy in School Desegregation Lawsuits | Law and History Review, 21.1 | The History Cooperative
- ^ 1930s Mexican Deportation: Educator brings attention to historic period and its effect on her family
- ^ a b Counseling Kevin: The Economy[dead link]
- ^ Ressner, Jeffrey (May 29, 2006). "How Immigration is Rousing the Zealots". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198895,00.html. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- ^ Hate Crime Statistics, 2007
- ^ Democracy Now! | FBI Statistics Show Anti-Latino Hate Crimes on the Rise
- ^ http://ccsre.stanford.edu/reports/exec_summary5.pdf
- ^ Southern California Quarterly "Cinco de Mayo's First Seventy-Five Years in Alta California: From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory, 1862 to 1937" Spring 2007 (see American observation of Cinco de Mayo started in California) accessed Oct 30, 2007
- ^ Cowen, Tyler (June 18, 2006). "Assimilation of immigrants is not a problem in the U.S". Deseret News (Salt Lake City). http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20060618/ai_n16490113.
- ^ LeeAnne, Gelletly. Mexican Immigration. Philadelphia: Mason Crest.
- ^ South, Scott J.; Crowder, Kyle; and Chavez, Erick. "Geographic Mobility and Spatial Assimilation among U.S. Latino Immigrants." International Migration Review 2005 39(3): 577–607. Issn: 0197-9183
- ^ a b c d e Martin, Michael E. Residential Segregation Patterns of Latinos in the United States, 1991–2000. New York: Routledge, 2007.
- ^ a b c James, Franklin J., and Eileen A. Tynan. Minorities in the Sunbelt. New Jersey: The State University of New Jersey, 1984.
- ^ a b c Ferg-Cadima, James A. Black, White and Brown:. Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Apr. 28, 2008 <http://www.maldef.org/publications/pdf/LatinoDesegregationPaper2004.pdf>
- ^ a b c White, Michael J., Catherine Bueker, and Jennifer E. Glick. The Impact of Immigration on Residential Segregation Revisited. <http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sociology/faculty/mwhite/documents/impact_of_immigration_on_residential_segregation_revisited.pdf>
- ^ a b c Roth, Benjamin J. The Latino Community in Suburban Chicago: an Analysis of Overcrowding. Latinos United. <http://www.latinopolicyforum.org/drupal55/files/Overcrowding_Report.pdf>
- ^ http://www.city-data.com/city/La-Puente-California.html
- ^ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table
- ^ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table
- ^ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table
- ^ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP6&prodType=table
- ^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2009_5YR_G00_DP5YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2009_5YR_G00_&-tree_id=5309&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=31000US16980&-format=&-_lang=en
- ^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2009_5YR_G00_DP5YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2009_5YR_G00_&-tree_id=5309&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=31000US46060&-format=&-_lang=en
- ^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2009_5YR_G00_DP5YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2009_5YR_G00_&-tree_id=5309&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=16000US4865000&-format=&-_lang=en
- ^ http://dola.colorado.gov/dlg/demog/2010data/race%20and%20hispanic%20origin%20muni.pdf
- ^ http://www.city-data.com/city/Denver-Colorado.html
- ^ http://www.city-data.com/city/Greeley-Colorado.html
- ^ http://www.city-data.com/city/Garden-City-Colorado.html
- ^ http://www.city-data.com/city/Evans-Colorado.html
- ^ http://www.city-data.com/city/Pueblo-Colorado.html
- ^ http://scseed.org/wb/media/SLV%20Statistical%20Profile%2012-03-07.pdf
- ^ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table US Census Bureau: Table QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010] retrieved January 22, 2012 - select state from drop-down menu
- ^ "Ancestry Map of Mexican Communities". Epodunk.com. http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Mexican.html. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
- ^ "Top 101 cities with the most residents born in Mexico (population 500+)". city-data.com. http://www.city-data.com/top2/h141.html. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
References[link]
- Barrow, Lisa and Rouse, Cecilia Elena. "Do Returns to Schooling Differ by Race and Ethnicity?" American Economic Review 2005 95(2): 83–87. Issn: 0002-8282 Fulltext: in Ingenta and Ebsco
- Jack Citrin, Amy Lerman, Michael Murakami and Kathryn Pearson, "Testing Huntington: Is Hispanic Immigration a Threat to American Identity?" Perspectives on Politics, Volume 5, Issue 01, February 2007, pp 31–48
- De La Garza, Rodolfo O., Martha Menchaca, Louis DeSipio. Barrio Ballots: Latino Politics in the 1990 Elections (1994)
- De la Garza, Rodolfo O. Awash in the Mainstream: Latino Politics in the 1996 Elections (1999) * De la Garza, Rodolfo O., and Louis Desipio. Ethnic Ironies: Latino Politics in the 1992 Elections (1996)
- De la Garza, Rodolfo O. Et al. Latino Voices: Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Perspectives on American Politics (1992)
- Arnoldo De León, Mexican Americans in Texas: A Brief History, 2nd ed. (1999)
- Erlinda Gonzales-Berry, David R. Maciel, editors, The Contested Homeland: A Chicano History of New Mexico 2000, ISBN 0-8263-2199-
- Nancie L. González; The Spanish-Americans of New Mexico: A Heritage of Pride (1969)
- Hero, Rodney E. Latinos and the U.S. Political System: Two-Tiered Pluralism. (1992)
- Garcia, F. Chris. Latinos and the Political System. (1988)
- Samuel P. Huntington. Who Are We: The Challenges to America's National Identity (2005)
- Kenski, Kate and Tisinger, Russell. "Hispanic Voters in the 2000 and 2004 Presidential General Elections." Presidential Studies Quarterly 2006 36(2): 189–202. Issn: 0360-4918 Fulltext: in Swetswise and Ingenta
- David Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986 (1987)
- Pachon, Harry and Louis Desipio. New Americans by Choice: Political Perspectives of Latino Immigrants. (1994)
- Rosales, Francisco A., Chicano!: The history of the Mexican American civil rights movement. (1997). ISBN 978-1-55885-201-3
- Smith, Robert Courtney. Mexican New York: Transnational Lives of New Immigrants (2005), links with old village, based on interviews
- South, Scott J.; Crowder, Kyle; and Chavez, Erick. "Geographic Mobility and Spatial Assimilation among U.S. Latino Immigrants." International Migration Review 2005 39(3): 577–607. Issn: 0197-9183
- Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M. And Mariela M. Páez. Latinos: Remaking America. (2002)
- Villarreal, Roberto E., and Norma G. Hernandez. Latinos and Political Coalitions: Political Empowerment for the 1990s (1991)
Further reading[link]
- Martha Menchaca (2002). Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans. University of Texas Press. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-0-292-75254-2.
- William A. Nericcio (2007). "Tex(t)-Mex: Seductive Hallucination of the 'Mexican' in America"; utpress book; book galleryblog
- John R. Chavez (1984). "The Lost Land: A Chicano Image of the American Southwest", New Mexico University Publications[clarification needed].
External links[link]
- California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives – In the Chicano/Latino Collections
- California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives – Digital Chicano Art
- Calisphere > California Cultures > Hispanic Americans
- ImaginArte – Interpreting and Re-imaging Chican@Art
- Manifest Destinies: The Making of the Mexican American Race (book)
- Mexican-American.org – Network of the Mexican American Community
- Mexican Americans MSN Encarta (Archived 2009-11-01)
- Think Mexican – News, Culture, and Information on the Mexican Community
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| Cheech & Chong | |
|---|---|
| Medium | Stand-up, television, film, books, radio |
| Nationality | American, Canadian |
| Years active | 1971–1985; 2002–present |
| Genres | Latino comedy, Stoner comedy/culture |
| Subject(s) | Recreational drug use, drug culture |
| Influences | Lenny Bruce, George Carlin, Mort Sahl, Bill Cosby, Jonathan Winters |
| Influenced | Chris Rock, Adam Sandler George Lopez, Russell Peters, Mitch Hedberg, Ron White, Jackie Martling |
| Notable works and roles | Up in Smoke (1978) That '70s Show Nash Bridges |
Cheech & Chong are a Grammy Award-winning comedy duo consisting of Richard "Cheech" Marin and Tommy Chong, who found a wide audience in the 1970s and 1980s for their films and stand-up routines, which were based on the hippie and free love era, and especially drug culture movements, most notably their love for cannabis.
Contents |
Career[link]
The duo released many successful comedy record albums, and starred in a series of low-budget films, becoming a successful comedy team. Some of their best-known comedy routines and songs include "Earache My Eye", "Basketball Jones", "Santa Claus and His Old Lady", and "Sister Mary Elephant". Perhaps their all-time most famous line is "Dave's not here", from their self-titled debut album.
Their early success culminated with the release of their first feature-length movie, Up in Smoke, in 1978. Relatively successful, it became something of a cult classic and was successful enough to warrant a sequel, Cheech & Chong's Next Movie, in 1980, and Nice Dreams in 1981. These were followed by Things Are Tough All Over (1982) and Still Smokin' (1983). The pair attempted to shy away from stoner comedy with 1984's Cheech & Chong's The Corsican Brothers but the film was universally panned by critics and fans alike.
Tommy Chong directed four of their films, while co-writing and starring in all seven with Cheech Marin.
They also appeared in smaller supporting roles in Graham Chapman's Yellowbeard and Martin Scorsese's After Hours.
In 1985 the duo released their album Get Out of My Room, which included the novelty hit song, "Born in East L.A." (based on Bruce Springsteen's "Born in the U.S.A."). This song would later serve as the basis for the 1987 film of the same name, in which Cheech Marin played the starring role. Immediately following the release of the album, Cheech Marin separated himself from the pair's drug-inspired act by working on a solo career.
Chong also appeared in the hit sitcom That '70s Show as Leo, the owner of the Foto Hut.
Reunion[link]
After their contentious parting in the 1980s, the duo had a less-than-stellar friendship. Chong recalled going to Cheech's birthday party in 1994 and seeing Cheech "on the couch with his arm around his wife like we had just met. It wasn't comfortable."[citation needed]
They somewhat reunited in 2000 to voice characters in the animated television series South Park for the episode "Cherokee Hair Tampons", though their voices were recorded separately. In 1997, Chong also made an appearance on the show Nash Bridges, which Cheech co-starred alongside Don Johnson. He appeared on an episode entitled "Wild Card", which also featured Philip Michael Thomas, who was Don Johnson's co-star on the popular '80s show Miami Vice. The episode contained a reference to their iconic "Dave" skit from their 1972 debut album. Both Cheech and Chong indicated in an 2003 episode of Biography that they were willing to reunite.
The duo had plans to reunite for another film when Tommy Chong's California-based company, Chong's Glass, was raided by federal officials on February 25, 2003, as part of a federal crackdown on "drug-related paraphernalia". Tommy Chong pleaded guilty to charges of conspiring to distribute drug paraphernalia in May and on September 11, 2003, was sentenced to nine months in federal prison, fined US$20,000, and forced to forfeit US$120,000 in assets. He served the time between October 8, 2003 and July 7, 2004. Chong agreed to a plea bargain which allowed his son and wife to remain out of jail.
With Chong released, the duo planned to resume production on their latest opus. A variety of titles were rumored, including Grumpy Old Stoners. Cheech and Chong announced on September 8, 2005 that the reunion film had been canceled. In a 2007 interview, Chong hinted that the reunion may be back on.[1]
Beginning September 5, 2008, Cheech and Chong reunited for a comedy tour.[2] which opened in Ottawa. On September 19, 2008, they appeared on The Bob & Tom Show. On March 14, 2009, Cheech and Chong recorded two shows at the Majestic Theatre in San Antonio for a DVD release of the reunion tour.
Additional notable media appearances[link]
On November 5, 2008, Cheech and Chong reunited for a timely message in a video on Funny or Die to encourage people to get out and vote on Wednesday, November 5, the day after the election. The video was titled "Cheech and Chong Get Out the Vote!"[3]
On November 30, 2008, Cheech & Chong were honored during a roast special on TBS hosted by Brad Garrett which included other guests, among them Chong's wife. The event was filmed at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas during The Comedy Festival.[4][5]
On April 17, 2009, while on the Sydney leg of their "Cheech and Chong Light Up Australia" Tour, they had to delay the start of their show as it became the target of a drug operation by the New South Wales Police. About 25 police and four drug dogs were involved, searching around 50 people, with six people caught in possession of small amounts of cannabis.[6] On October 24, 2009, Cheech & Chong hosted the main stage at the Smoke Out festival in San Bernardino, California.
On January 25, 2010, Cheech & Chong appeared on Lopez Tonight. During a singing segment they started to sing Mexican Americans,[clarification needed] but it turned into "Get It Legal", in reference to their current U.S. tour. On March 1, 2010, Cheech & Chong were the guest hosts of WWE Raw in Oklahoma City.[7][8][9] On April 20, 2010 (420) Cheech and Chong's Hey, Watch This, the DVD filmed in San Antonio on March 14, 2009 was released.
On March 13, 2011, Cheech & Chong were guest stars on The Simpsons episode "A Midsummer's Nice Dream", where, during a reunion tour, Homer briefly replaced Chong before the pair reconciled.
In September 2011, Cheech & Chong appeared in a viral video posted on YouTube which at first appeared to be a trailer for a (non-existent) upcoming movie titled Cheech & Chong's Magic Brownie Adventure, but which at the end revealed itself to be a commercial for Fiber One 100-calorie snack brownies.[10]
Future projects[link]
On March 19, 2011, during their last show of the "Get It Legal" tour (Adler Theater, Davenport, Iowa) Cheech and Chong confirmed a new movie in production to be released in 2012.[citation needed]
An animated film based on their comedy albums is currently in development. In 2011, the makers of the animated film released the Facebook game Cheech & Chong's Animated Game. Gameplay derives from statistic games like Mafia Wars and asset management games like FarmVille.[11]
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
- Cheech and Chong -- Ode 77010 (1971)
- Big Bambu -- Ode 77014 (1972)
- Los Cochinos -- Ode 77019 (1973)
- Wedding Album -- Ode 77025 (1974)
- Sleeping Beauty -- Ode 77040 (1976)
- Up in Smoke -- Warner Bros. 3249 (1979)
- Let's Make a New Dope Deal -- Warner Bros. 3391 (1980)
- Greatest Hit -- Warner Bros. 3614 (1981)
- Get Out of My Room -- MCA 5640 (1985)
- Where There's Smoke There's Cheech & Chong -- Rhino / WEA 74265 (2002)
Singles[link]
- Santa Claus and His Old Lady / Dave—Ode 66021 (12/71)
- Basketball Jones featuring Tyrone Shoelaces / Don't Bug Me—Ode 66038 (8/20/73)
- Sister Mary Elephant (SHUDD-UP!) / Wink Dinkerson—Ode 66041 (1973)
- Earache My Eye featuring Alice Bowie / Turn That Thing Down—Ode 66102 (8/10/74)
- Black Lassie featuring Johnny Stash / Coming Attractions—Ode 66104 (1974)
- (How I Spent My Summer Vacation) or A Day At The Beach with Pedro & Man, Parts I & II—Ode 66115 (9/75)
- Framed / Pedro's Request—Ode 66124 (1976)
- Bloat On featuring The Bloaters / The Bloaters' Creed (Just Say "Right On!") -- Ode 50471 (1977)
- Up In Smoke / Rock Fight—Warner Bros. 8666 (8/78)
- Born in East L.A. / I'm a (Modern) Man—MCA 52655 (1985)
- I'm Not Home Right Now / Hot Saki—MCA 52732 (1985)
Filmography[link]
- Up in Smoke (1978)
- Cheech & Chong's Next Movie (1980)
- Nice Dreams (1981)
- It Came from Hollywood (compilation, 1982)
- Things Are Tough All Over (1982)
- Still Smokin (1983)
- Yellowbeard (1983)
- Cheech & Chong's The Corsican Brothers (1984)
- Get Out of My Room (1985)
- After Hours (1985)
- Born in East L.A. (1987)
- Far Out Man (1990)
- Cheech & Chong's Hey Watch This (documentary film about their 2008–09 reunion tour) (2010)
- Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil (2011) They are the two Hispanic donkeys that are eating green leaves that seems to be believed they are eating marijuana.
- Cheech & Chong's Animated Movie(2012)
- Up in Smoke 2 (TBA)
References[link]
- ^ "cheechandchong.com". cheechandchong.com. 2010. http://www.cheechandchong.com/news/. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ AOL News "What's That Smell? A Cheech, Chong Tour", 2008-07-30. Retrieved on 2008-07-30.
- ^ ""Cheech and Chong Get Out the Vote!"". Funnyordie.com. March 22, 2011. http://www.funnyordie.com/videos/0602e5e7f7/cheech-and-chong-get-out-the-vote-from-cheechandchong. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ Gallagher, Brian (November 18, 2008). "Cheech and Chong Set to Be Roasted". Movie Web. http://www.movieweb.com/news/NE4s1b68WqDw74. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ "Cheech & Chong: Roasted". The Comedy Festival. http://www.thecomedyfestival.com/thecomedyfestival/display/0,,156624,00.html. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ "Cheech and Chong fans busted for marijuana possession". Herald Sun. April 17, 2009. http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25346005-5005961,00.html. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ November 29, 2010 (2010-11-29). "www.wwe.com". www.wwe.com. http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/special/allspecialguesthosts/upcomingguesthosts. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ McNichol, Rob (2010-03-02). "Raw, what is it good for?". The Sun. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/wrestling/2835956/Its-a-long-and-winding-road-to-WrestleMania-after-WWE-Raw.html. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ Adkins, Greg (2009-03-01). "A long, strange trip to WrestleMania". World Wrestling Entertainment. http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/03012010/. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ On May 6, 2012, "Saturday Night Live" did a sketch with Fred Armisen playing Cheech and Bill Hader playing Chong, where a mysterious third partner, played by Eli Manning was performed. "Magic Brownie Adventure Movie". Youtube. September 12, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vK7hZ9CxCfU.
- ^ "Cheech & Chong's Animated Game". F84 Games. April 26, 2011. http://www.f84games.com/news.php?text=114&year=2011. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
External links[link]
- Cheech and Chong Dot Com
- Official Live Nation Tour website
- HoboTrashcan's One on One with Tommy Chong An in-depth interview about politics, Cheech and Chong and Tommy's wife and kids
- L.A. Weekly photographs of Cheech and Chong's "Light Up America" reunion show at the Roxy Theater, September 18 2008
- Cheech and Chong Interview over reunion, "Light Up America" tour. December 10, 2008 The Riverfront Times
- Submerge magazine interview with Cheech Marin and Tommy Chong, Jan. 2009
- First to confirm "Up in Smoke 2" Chronicles of The Nerds Interview with Cheech Marin and Tommy Chong, Feb. 2010
- review, Cheech & Chong's Hey Watch This by UnRated magazine
- Cheech and Chong Movies
- Cheech and Chong appear on cover of The 420 Times
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Cheech And Chong |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Cheech_&_Chong
Related pages:
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheech_&_Chong
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Lila Downs | |
|---|---|
 June 2007. Luminato - Masters of World Music |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Ana Lila Downs Sánchez |
| Born | (1968-09-19) September 19, 1968 (age 43) |
| Origin |  Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, Mexico |
| Genres | World music |
| Instruments | Voice, guitar |
| Years active | 1992–present |
| Website | liladowns.com |
Ana Lila Downs Sánchez best known as Lila Downs (born in September 19, 1968) is a Mexican singer-songwriter. She performs her own compositions as well as tapping into Mexican traditional and popular music. She also incorporates indigenous mexican influences and has recorded songs in indigenous languages such as mixtec, zapotec, maya, nahuatl and p'urhépecha.
Her debut album, La Sandunga, was released in 1999 and she achieved international success in 2001 with the album Border who emerged in the music scene of Mexico and Latin America in the early 2000s (decade) decade. Lila began performing in school, demonstrating her vocal ability with traditional music, Latin and American influences with her own original twist on dancing. Downs is a native spanish speaker and also speaks fluent english and mixtec.[1][2]
Contents
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Biography[link]
Lila Downs was born September 19, 1968 in Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, Mexico, the daughter of Anita Sanchez, a Mixtec cabaret singer and Allen Downs, a British-American professor of art and cinematographer from Minnesota. From an early age Lila showed interest in music; at the age of eight she began singing rancheras and other traditional Mexican songs.[3] She began her professional career singing with mariachis. At fourteen she moved to the United States with her parents. She studied voice in Los Angeles and learned the English language, which her father helped her to perfect. When she was 16, her father died and afterward she decided to return to her native Tlaxiaco with her mother.
One day while she was working in a store in the Mixtec mountains a man came in to ask her to translate his son's death certificate. She read that he had drowned trying to cross the border into the United States. This deeply affected her and has continued to influence her work. She talked about this in an NPR interview about her 2001 release entitled Border.[4]
Although today Downs is proud of her origins there was a time when she felt shame regarding her Native American roots. "I was embarrassed to have Indian blood. I was embarrassed that my mother spoke her language in public." This lead her on a path to find herself, which included dropping out of college, dying her hair blonde and following the band, The Grateful Dead. After some time Downs found herself back in Oaxaca working at her mother's auto parts store where she met her future husband and musical collaborator, Paul Cohen.[5]
Downs studied Anthropology at the University of Minnesota and voice in New York. Later she attended the Institute of Science and Arts of Oaxaca to complete her studies.
At 25 after completing academic and music studies Lila decided to return to Tlaxiaco. Paul Cohen always encouraged her musical venture and joined a group percussion called Yodoyuxi's Cadets. Because Paul Cohen had business in the United States she began to live in both Minnesota and Oaxaca.[6]
During her stay in Minnesota, Downs formed a group called La Trova Serrana which achieved great popularity among the Latin public within the United States, singing songs about the Zapotec and values and culture. Upon her return to Mexico she started singing in bars, restaurants and clubs in the City of Oaxaca, Philadelphia and California in United States, always with the support of saxophonist U.S. Paul Cohen getting much positive critical review, and led to her decision to undertake an extensive tour of Mexico.[7]
Career[link]
1994-1996: First albums[link]
In 1994 Lila Downs made her first album recorded independently entitled Ofrenda the songs included in this material is a collection of items traditionals by Oaxaca and mexicans. This album also contains songs written by singer from the beginning with lyrics sung in Spanish mixtec and zapotec are languages native of Oaxaca, the material was carried out independently and with the support of the Oaxacan Cultures Institute.[8] Because this album was not only promoted commercial success in LP and cassette, never released a version in CD.
In 1996 Downs recorded at the album sound in a live session of a renowned cafe-bar of the City of Oaxaca, on this record Lila was accompanied by a set of well-known musicians who supported and helped in its interpretation of traditional themes as well as country music and parts of jazz.[9] Lila Downs With this work became known in different parts of the Republic of Mexico and was their first album was released in CD but had a big impact and was directly promoted in presentations, published only a small number of copies so that this material is now discontinued and although not physically part of the official discography of Lila Downs is available at digital format.
1997-1999: La Sandunga[link]
In 1997 Lila Downs made her second label material of study prior to his international career, the performance of this material as a model before items to be included in later albums such as La Sandunga, Tree of Life and Border.[10] It made an extensive compilation of items of repertoire traditional but like Mexicanwith its albums previous boom had no commercial or spread massively so this disc is currently out of print.
It was not until 1999 Downs sign with the label Narada Productions have achieved commercial success and made known to internationally with the album La Sandunga (recorded at year earlier), this material came to the fore within the Mexican music and this drive was one of the first traditional music that merged sounds and modern rhythms as jazz, blues and bolero. The album is played in Spanish and mixtec and was produced by Lila Downs and Paul Cohen with the support of Xquenda Cultural Association.[11] Because of this work Lila participated in the sound track of the mexican film Green Stones and achieved great popularity in countries such as Mexico United States, Spain, France, England and Germany selling over 500,000 units worldwide.
1999-2000: Tree of Life/Yutu Tata[link]
Lila's preparing next album, Tree of Life, was released in 2000, with this album the fame of Downs continue to spread to other markets and countries such as England, Switzerland, Canada and especially the United States. This work found Downs turning to her indigenous past and the album features pre-Hispanic sounds and instruments. Several of the songs on the album are sung in native mexican languages such as Mixtec, Zapotec and Nahuatl. In October 2000 she began a two month tour called the Tree of Life/Árbol de la vida which included concerts in Latin America, Europe and the USA. The tour began in Mexico and ended in Spain.
2001-2003: Border/La Linea[link]
Border, released by EMI music in 2001, was the first album by Downs to feature songs sung in english language. The album was released simultaneously in the United States and Mexico. With this album Downs merged sounds from different genres such as traditional folk music, hip hop, rock and chilena. It included fifteen songs, eleven of which are in Spanish, three in english and one in Mayan. The album received generally good reviews and placed seventh in "Top charts" of world music.[12] It also stirred up controversy due to its frank discussion of immigration, Native American marginalization and the Acteal massacre.[13] Downs was criticized by various organizations, especially politicians and the church.[14]
The album's first single was released in Mexico, "Mi corazón me recuerda" a poem by Chiapas poet Jaime Sabines set to music achieved moderate success on the Mexican music charts. In Spain the song "La Llorona" was released and in France the song "Corazoncito Tirano" was released as a single. In the United States the song "Medley: Pastures of Plenty/This Land Is Your Land/Land" was released.[15] The latter incorporates two Woody Guthrie songs, "Pastures of Plenty" and "This Land is Your Land" as well as original lyrics by Downs, "Land".
2004-2006: Una Sangre/One Blood[link]
One Blood, one of Lila Downs' most successful albums, was released in April 2004 simultaneously in the United States, Spain, and Mexico. The lyrics on this album are about migration, discrimination and the case of Mexican human rights defender Digna Ochoa.[16] In addition to traditional songs such as "La Bamba," "Viborita," and "La Cucaracha," the album includes genres such as son jarocho, jazz, rock and folk. This album contains thirteen tracks of which three are in English, one in Triqui, one in Purepecha and eight in Spanish. Lyrics were authored by Lila Downs, Paul Cohen, Celso Duarte and Jose Martí. Lila Downs received in 2005 the Grammy Latino in the category of "Best Album of World Music" for this album[17] and reached the top of the charts in United States, Mexico, Spain, United Kingdom, Germany and France.[18]
2006-2008: La Cantina, entre copa y copa…[link]
Lila Downs took approximately one and a half to prepare this project came to light on April 2006. This CD draws on Mexican ranchero songs and runs merging sounds as pop, rock, northern, cumbia and hip-hop. This CD contains fifteen tracks of which twelve are the three traditional Mexican repertoire are authored by Lila Downs and includes a version in English of "La cumbia del mole" song that gave fame to Downs and to date is the letter of the artist.[19]
The most successful theme of this album was "La cumbia del mole", this song refers to the preparation of this mexican dish and tradition by Oaxaca, this simple managed to position itself among the top of the charts in Mexico, United States, Canada and United Kingdom.[20]
Downs in 2007 published a CD with more success in Spanish to date, containing songs from their previous album La Sandunga, Tree of Life, Border/The Line, One Blood and La Cantina It was entitled simply The Very Best of Lila Downs; was accompanied with a DVD containing thirteen tracks recorded live at a concert in Madrid, Spain.[21]
2008-2009: Shake Away/Ojo de Culebra[link]
Two years after the release of La Cantina, Lila launched Ojo de Culebra during the month of September 2008 in Europe, North America, Australia and Latin America. The album reached sixth place in sales in Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Spain and several Latin American countries. The first single is titled "Ojo de Culebra" that was attended by singer spanish singer La Mari by group of flamenco Chambao. The song is a merger of rock cumbia and flamenco with some influences of reggae.[22] This song was the first places in the charts of world music in several countries[23] The second single was "Perro Negro" a merger of rock with ska that was not so international presence as its predecessor, this song with the participation of Rubén Albarrán singer of the mexican rock band Café Tacuba.[24] "Little man" (released in the U.S. alone) and "Justice" would become the next two singles, the latter with the participation of the spanish singer Enrique Bunbury also participated in this album Raul Midon, Gilberto Gutierrez and Mercedes Sosa.
The single "Black magic woman" achieved moderate success in Europe, United States and Canada, later pitched for the British market the single "Silent Thunder" which was well accepted by the public. In October 2009 placed the imprint of Lila Downs on the outskirts of the birthplace in his hometown Tlaxiaco, Mexico, also was awarded the keys the city for its work of media of Mixtec and as one of the greatest personalities who were born there.[25]
2010-present: Lila Downs y la Misteriosa, Pecados y Milagros[link]
"Lila Downs y la Misteriosa en Paris - Live à FIP" is the second live album by Downs, released on April 13, 2010 in Spain and France, the album was recorded in 2009 in Radio Francia estudio 105 in Paris, France. The album was released in May 2010 in the United States and in July in most other countries. It received positive feedback from critics. Lila Downs y la Misteriosa en Paris was released in Mexico with an edited version of the live concert on DVD and was number one in sales of Gender World Music for the music chain Mixup for three consecutive weeks.[26] Although receiving little promotion the album has received moderate success on the Mexican charts. In a survey of the best albums of 2010 conducted by the Mexican television network Channel 22, this album was ranked number one.[27]
Pecados y Milagros (Sins and Miracles) is the seventh studio album by mexican singer-songwriter Lila Downs, released on October 18, 2011.[28] The album cover was released on september 14, 2011.[29]
The album debuted at number fifty two on the Billboard 200 becoming her fourth-highest peak on the chart. It also debuted at number one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums Chart and stayed there for over 3 consecutive weeks. This album has sold over 60.000 copies in the US and over 290.000 copies worldwide.[30][31] The album was recorded in the Mexico City, and New York. Downs describes the album musically as having "a strong rock side" along with "traditional" and "Latino" songs. Celso Duarte is one of several collaborators to appear on the album, featuring on the first single "Palomo del comalito".
Other collaborations are said to include songs with rappers Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas, Celso Piña and Totó la Momposina. Downs also announced that she is preparing an international tour, the Sins and Miracles Tour, which is expected to start in Mexico.[32]
Audience members at a February 18, 2012 concert at New York City El Museo del Barrio[33] were informed that the concert was being recorded by HBO.[34]
Musical tours[link]
2005-2006: One Blood Tour[link]
Due to the success of One Blood and Border, between 2001 and 2004 was the One Blood Tour with Lila performed 30 international presentations.[35] This tour was presented on three continents in countries having an impact in Europe and Asia as Philippines, Japan, China, Egypt and Afghanistan[36] where Downs caused a sensation because it was the first time I ran these countries taking his music, which was well received by the public. In May 2007, Downs published a DVD collection as a document of that tour in a concert in Oaxaca and Mexico City; this DVD contained thirteen live tracks and a documentary as well as special features like interviews, short films by Allen Downs (Lila’s father) and videos.
2008-2009: Shake Away Tour[link]
In September 2008 started Ojo de Culebra World Tour, that took her to visit different countries on four continents, this being the most successful Mexican, who with his One Blood Tour visited 30 locations.[37] In Latin America, Mexico was the country with the highest number of submissions (21 in total), the tour officially ended on October 30, 2009 giving a free concert in the Zocalo of Mexico City,[38] followed by Colombia and Costa Rica, with three each.
Although not part of the tour, Lila Downs appeared in the Live Earth in Germany, where she played three songs, and in late 2008 had a share in the Harmony Festival that is held in the California in United States.[39]
2010: Black Magic Woman Tour[link]
In March 2010, Lila Downs announced a world tour Black Magic Woman Tour which began in Buenos Aires, Argentina with three sold out shows.[40] This tour was introduced in several countries in America Asia and Europe in several of which broke attendance records. The tour officially ended on November 17, 2010 in Square Dance by Oaxaca City where she had an audience of approximately seven thousand people, that within the framework of book fair in Oaxaca.[41]
Acting[link]
Downs has had small parts in such films as Frida,Fados and Hasta el último trago corazón; the latter is a documentary on Mexican music involving various exponents of the genre. Currently, Downs is working on the composition and arrangements for the musical Como agua para chocolate, based on the book by Laura Esquivel, which will premiere at the Public Theater of New York and Broadway in late 2011 or early 2012. She will participate in the filming of the U.S. film "Mariachi Gringo" directed by Tom Gustafson , where she will work alongside Mexican actresses Adriana Barraza, Martha Higareda and canadian actor Shawn Ashmore, the film is expected to be released in early 2012.
Soundtracks[link]
In 2001, Downs was invited to participate in the soundtrack of the Mexican film Piedras Verdes where she performed "Cancion mixteca", in 2002 she participated in the soundtrack for the film Frida singing the song Burn It Blue which was nominated in the 75th edition of the Academy Awards in the category of Best original music which was the winner.[42] Downs has also participated in other soundtracks for films such as Real Women Have Curves and Tortilla Soup. In the film by Carlos Saura, Fados (2007), she sings an unforgettable version of Foi na Travessa da Palha in Portuguese.[43]
Personal life[link]
Since the beginning of her career she has been involved with Paul Cohen who is as a partner and her artistic director. There has been much speculation in the media about the couple's personal life and that the couple could not have children. She talked about some of these aspects of her life in NPR Interviews: Lila Downs Woos Fans with 'Shake Away'[44] and Lila Downs' Cross-Border Musical Influences.[45]
In June 2010, Downs announced on their web site that, after several years of trying to be parents, they had adopted a child, Benito Dxuladi.[46] They currently reside in Coyoacán in Mexico City and Oaxaca although most of the time they spend traveling.
Social activism[link]
Downs has been a Social Activist throughout her entire career because she works to maintain a cultural identity in the eye of social distress. For example, she sings with passion, and admiration for her home in Oaxaca, Mexico. Her music draws out many socially significant issues, such as the mistreatment and misunderstanding of indigenous peoples of Oaxaca, by celebrating their Mixtec heritage through song.[47] Her albums are socially significant, especially her album, One Blood, or Una Sangre, which includes songs such as La Digificada, which is a song about Dina Ochoa's assassination. She was a social activist, and Lila featured her story on her album One Blood.[48] When asked if she is a politician, Lila expresses that she does not want to be a politician because she is not interested in power, instead she wants to support and change society through music.[49] On Friday, October 9, 2009 Downs, along with actress Salma Hayek represented to Mexico in a broadcast worldwide campaign for the foundation One Drop, to preserve water, where they performed the founder of Cirque du Soleil, Shakira U2 Vice President Al Gore and other world-class personalities.
Contributions[link]
- In 2003 she was invited by the Twelve Girls Band concert in Shanghai, China where she sang in English and French.
- In 2005 collaborated with the galician band Luar Na Lubre on the album Saudade in the song "Domingo Ferreiro" performed in galician.
- In 2008 on the album No Tiene Fin of Los Cojolites in the song "La Herlinda" and has an interest in the topic "El Pescador" of the disk Sin Fecha de Caducidad by the Mexican singer Celso Piña.
- In 2009 participated in the basque singer's album Kepa Junkera performs "Haurtxo Polita" in euskera. Also for the album Cantora, Vol. 2 of the singer Mercedes Sosa, with the theme of "Razon de Vivir" That same year also works with the theme "El Llorar" for Mexican musician Ernesto Anaya for his album Huapangueando.
- In 2010 in the musical production of the Mexican singer-songwriter Benny Ibarra called The March of the Living has involvement with him singing a duet song "Calaveras", second single of this production.
Awards and recognition[link]
Throughout her career Downs has received several awards; they include the Latin Grammy, Academy Awards, Lunas del Auditorio, among others. She has recently unveiled her mark on the Walk of Fame located in the outskirts of Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City for her career. Some of her most successful songs include: "Tengo miedo de quererte", "Estrella oscura", "La línea", "La llorona", "La cumbia del mole" y "Ojo de culebra".
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
- Ofrenda (1994)
- Azulao: En vivo con Lila Downs (1996)
- La Sandunga (Narada 1999)
- Tree of Life (Yutu tata) (Narada 2000)
- Border (La Línea) (Narada 2001)
- One Blood(Una sangre) (Narada 2004)
- La Cantina (Narada 2006)
- The Very Best Of/El Alma de Lila Downs [CD] (EMI 2008)
- Shake Away (Ojo de Culebra) (Manhattan Records 2008)
- Lila Downs y La Misteriosa en Paris – Live a FIP [CD (Harmonia Mundi-Global Village Europe/USA; various labels worldwide), (CD + DVD EMI Mexico) (2010)]
- Pecados y Milagros (2011)
DVD[link]
- Lotería Cantada (2006)
- The Very Best Of/El Alma de Lila Downs [CD+DVD] (EMI 2008)
References[link]
- ^ Bernard, Lori (2004-03-18). "Lila Downs". All Music. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/lila-downs-p442006. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
- ^ Collette, Mark (2008-04-18). "Lila Downs". NPR. http://www.npr.org/artists/15397611/lila-downs. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
- ^ Terra: Lila Downs
- ^ NPR Interview Lila Downs: 'Border'
- ^ http://www.thedigitalfolklife.org/lila.html
- ^ The Three Worlds of Lila Downs
- ^ Helene Combes Lila Downs, singing of indigenous Mexico.
- ^ Lila Downs-Biography. Biography by Lila Downs in Big Stars.
- ^ The Ocarina prensents: Lila Downs Azulão.
- ^ On their album "Traces" Lila Downs did a compilation of issues that subsequently usher in "La Sandunga" and "Border"
- ^ Xquenda Productions "La Sandunga" by Lila Downs.
- ^ 1G1-82012485.html
- ^ Lila Downs speaks in "The Line" about the killing of Acteal
- ^ Castellanos, 2001; 74: "The interpretation migration and marginalization in (La Linea) Lila Downs of Oaxaca cost her several censorship."
- ^ Lila Downs-Border at liladowns.com
- ^ In "Dignify" Downs talks about the lawyer Digna Ochoa.
- ^ Latin Grammy winner- Lila Downs
- ^ BBC News. Lila Downs -One Blood music.
- ^ Jacintario: La Cantina Lila Downs
- ^ BBC Lila Downs Awards for world music.
- ^ Newspaper "La Jornada" Reunited, the best concerts and themes in the Lila Downs soul
- ^ Ojo de Culebra- Lila Downs and Lamari (Chambao) on YouTube
- ^ BBC Music: Lila Downs.
- ^ Lila Downs and Café Tacuba, "Perro negro"
- ^ Lila Downs receives Tlaxiaco
- ^ Lila Downs y La Misteriosa en Paris. Mixup Music Store.
- ^ The universal Lila Downs sweeps poll Channel 22
- ^ "> News > Single and album announcement!". Lila Downs.com. http://www.liladowns.com/news/pecados-y-milagros. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
- ^ "#new album cover Pecados y Milagros/ The Sun Comes Out !!". Lila Downs.com. http://liladowns.com. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
- ^ "Lila downs recibe certificaciones por sus altas ventas.". Twitter. http://twitter.com/liladowns/status/134517066551136256. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
- ^ Poceso Journal: illustrate Toledo and Flores Lila Downs' new album titled Pecados y Milagros
- ^ http://liladowns.com/tour/
- ^ http://www.elmuseo.org/en/event/lila-downs
- ^ http://www.carnegiehall.org/Calendar/2012/2/18/0400/PM/Neighborhood-Concert-Lila-Downs/
- ^ Stubhub tikets One Blood Tour
- ^ گفتگوی تانيا با ليلا داونز on YouTube
- ^ SION: Lila Downs Presntaciones.
- ^ Lila Downs in the Zocalo. DFinitivo.
- ^ Lila Downs "Ojo de Culebra at Harmony Festival" in 2008
- ^ Lila Downs arrasó en Argentina
- ^ Cerrará Lila Downs en México su gira ´´Black magic woman´´ 2009
- ^ Lila Downs, Oscar-nominated for his score in “Frida”.
- ^ Lila Downs "Foi na Travessa da Palha" on YouTube
- ^ Lila Downs Woos Fans with 'Shake Away'
- ^ Lila Downs' Cross-Border Musical Influences
- ^ La Nacion: Ese torbellino llamado Lila, Lila Downs
- ^ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3107000
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUTeZRAq_eg
- ^ http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/entertainment/2011/10/07/lila-downs-offers-music-to-mexicans-as-refuge-from-violence/
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lila Downs |
- Official website
- Lila Downs at Allmusic
- Lila Downs Music Videos on CompulsiveTraveler.tv
- Lila Downs: beyond the border by Mary Armstrong, Sing Out! vol 45#4 – Winter 2002
- "Wise Latina", an interview with Guernica Magazine's Joel Whitney
- Lila Downs biography and discography at World Music Central
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Downs, Lila |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Mexican/American singer-songwriter |
| Date of birth | September 19, 1968 |
| Place of birth | Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, Mexico |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Related pages:
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lila_Downs
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Bruno Mars | |
|---|---|
 Bruno Mars performing in Las Vegas, Nevada on September 19, 2010 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Peter Gene Hernandez |
| Born | (1985-10-08) October 8, 1985 (age 26)[1] Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. |
| Genres | Reggae fusion, pop, soul, R&B |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, record producer, model, dancer |
| Instruments | Vocals, drums, guitar, keyboard, bass, piano, harmonica |
| Years active | 2005–present |
| Labels | Atlantic, Elektra |
| Associated acts | The Smeezingtons |
| Website | www.brunomars.com |
Peter Gene Hernandez (born October 8, 1985), better known by his stage name Bruno Mars, is an American singer-songwriter and record producer. Raised in Honolulu, Hawaii by a family of musicians, Mars began making music at a young age. He performed in various musical venues in his hometown throughout his childhood. He graduated from high school and then moved to Los Angeles, California to pursue a musical career. Mars produced songs for other artists, joining production team The Smeezingtons.
Mars had an unsuccessful stint with Motown Records, but then signed with Atlantic Records in 2009. He became recognized as a solo artist after lending his vocals and co-writing the hooks for the songs "Nothin' on You" by B.o.B, and "Billionaire" by Travie McCoy. He also co-wrote the hits "Right Round" by Flo Rida featuring Ke$ha, and "Wavin' Flag" by K'naan. In October 2010, he released his debut album, Doo-Wops & Hooligans. Anchored by the worldwide number-one singles "Just the Way You Are" and "Grenade", the album peaked at number three on the Billboard 200.[2] Mars was nominated for seven Grammys at the 53rd Grammy Awards, winning Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Just the Way You Are".
Mars' music is noted for displaying a wide variety of styles and influences, and contains elements of many musical genres. He has worked with an assortment of artists from various genres. Mars acknowledges the influences that his collaborations have had on his own music. As a child, he was highly influenced by artists such as Little Richard,[3] Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson and would often impersonate these artists from a young age. Mars also incorporates reggae and Motown inspired sounds into his work. Jon Caramanica of The New York Times referred to Mars as "one of the most versatile and accessible singers in pop."[4] Worldwide, Mars became the best-selling digital artist in 2011. He had three singles in the top ten, including first place with "Just The Way You Are," which sold 12.5 million copies.[5] Mars won Best International Male Solo Artist at the BRIT Awards in 2012.[6] Bruno Mars has sold 5 million albums and 36 million singles worldwide.[7]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Bruno Mars was born Peter Gene Hernandez on October 8th, 1985, and raised in the Waikiki neighborhood of Honolulu, Hawaii, by parents Pete Hernandez, of Puerto Rican descent, and Bernadette "Bernie," a Filipina.[8][9][10][11] His mother emigrated to Hawaii from the Philippines as a child and his father moved to the island from Brooklyn, New York.[12] Mars' parents met while performing in a show, where his mother was a hula dancer and his father played percussion.[12] At the age of two, he was nicknamed "Bruno" by his father, because of his resemblance to legendary professional wrestler Bruno Sammartino.[13]
Mars was one of six children and came from a musical family who exposed him to a diverse mix of reggae, rock, hip hop, and R&B.[14][15] In addition to being a dancer, his mother was a singer and his father used his musical ability to perform Little Richard rock n roll music.[3] Mars' uncle was an Elvis impersonator. By the age of three his uncle had Mars up on the stage performing. He also performed songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, The Isley Brothers, and The Temptations.[10] At age four, Mars began performing five days a week with his family's band, The Love Notes, in which he became known on the island for his impersonation of Presley.[16]
In 1990, Mars was featured in MidWeek as "Little Elvis", going on to have a cameo in the film Honeymoon in Vegas in 1992.[10][17] He later reflected on the influence Presley had on his music: "I watch the best. I'm a big fan of Elvis. I'm a big fan of 1950s Elvis when he would go on stage and scare people because he was a force and girls would go nuts! You can say the same thing for Prince or The Police. It's just guys who know that people are here to see a show, so I watch those guys and I love studying them because I'm a fan."[18] In 2010, he also acknowledged his Hawaiian roots and musical family as an influence, explaining, "Growing up in Hawaii made me the man I am. I used to do a lot of shows in Hawaii with my father's band. Everybody in my family sings, everyone plays instruments...I've just been surrounded by it."[19] In 2003, shortly after graduating from President Theodore Roosevelt High School at the age of seventeen, Mars moved to Los Angeles, California, to pursue a musical career.[10][17] He adopted his stage name from the nickname his father gave him, adding "Mars" at the end because "I felt like I didn't have [any] pizzazz, and a lot of girls say I’m out of this world, so I was like I guess I'm from Mars."[20]
Career[link]
[edit] 2004–10: Career beginnings and It's Better If You Don't Understand
Shortly after moving to Los Angeles, Mars signed to Motown Records in 2004, in a deal that "went nowhere".[21] However, Mars' experience with Motown proved to be beneficial to his career when he met songwriter and producer Philip Lawrence, who was also signed to the label. Mars, Lawrence, and engineer Ari Levine began writing songs together, and formed the production team The Smeezingtons.[21] In 2006, Lawrence introduced Mars to his future manager at Atlantic Records, Aaron Bay-Schuck.[22] After hearing him play a couple of songs on the guitar, Bay-Schuck wanted to sign him immediately, but it took about three years for Atlantic records to finally sign Mars to the label.[22] In the meantime, Bay-Schuck hired Mars and the Smeezingtons to write and produce songs for the label's artists.[22] According to Bay-Schuck in an interview with HitQuarters, Mars had stated that although his ultimate goal was to be a solo artist, he was willing to write and produce for other artists, both to help improve his songwriting and help him discover the type of artist he ultimately wanted to be.[22] Bay-Schuck credits this as a period of "self-discovery" that contributed significantly to Mars' later success.[22]
Before becoming a successful solo artist, Hernandez was an acknowledged music producer, writing songs for Alexandra Burke, Travie McCoy, Adam Levine, Brandy, Sean Kingston, and Flo Rida.[14][23] He also co-wrote the Sugababes' hit song "Get Sexy" and provided backing vocals on their album Sweet 7.[24][25] His first musical appearance as a singer was in Far East Movement's second studio album Animal, featured on the track "3D".[26] He was also featured on pastor and hip hop artist Jaeson Ma's debut single "Love" in August 2009.[27][28] He reached prominence as a solo artist after being featured on and co-writing B.o.B's "Nothin' on You" and Travie McCoy's "Billionaire"; both songs peaked within the top ten of many charts worldwide.[29][30][31][32] He said of them, "I think those songs weren't meant to be full-sung songs. If I'd sung all of "Nothin' on You", it might've sounded like some '90s R&B." Following this success, Mars released his debut extended play (EP), titled It's Better If You Don't Understand, on May 11, 2010.[33] The EP peaked at the 99th position on the Billboard 200 and produced one single, "The Other Side", featuring singers Cee Lo Green and B.o.B.[34][35] Mars collaborated with Green once more in August 2010 by co-writing his single "Fuck You!". He performed a medley of "Nothin' on You" and "Airplanes" with B.o.B and Hayley Williams at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010.[36]
[edit] 2010–present: Doo-Wops & Hooligans
Bruno Mars' debut album, Doo-Wops & Hooligans, was released digitally on October 4, and saw its physical release on October 5, 2010.[37][38] The lead single, "Just the Way You Are", was released on July 19, 2010,[39] and has reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 as well as several other charts worldwide.[40][41] The music video was released on September 8, 2010.[42] The second single, "Grenade", was released September 28, 2010, and has also seen successful international chart performance.[43][44] In the United States, Doo-Wops & Hooligans debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 for the week of October 13, 2010, selling 55,000 copies.[2] The album also received generally positive reviews from critics. Entertainment Weekly's Leah Greenblatt praised Mars for his "instant-access melodies" and "sly snatches of dance-floor swagger", but noted weaknesses in songs deviant from his conventional pop and soul genres.[45] He opened for Maroon 5 on the fall leg of the Hands All Over Tour starting October 6, 2010 and co-headlined with McCoy on a European tour starting October 18, 2010.[38]
On September 19, 2010, Mars was arrested in Las Vegas for possession of cocaine.[46] When talking to a police officer, Mars reportedly stated that what he did was "foolish" and that "he has never used drugs before".[47][48] Mars pled guilty to felony drug possession, and in return for his plea, he was told that the charges would be erased from his criminal record as long as he stayed out of trouble for a year, paid a $2,000 fine, did 200 hours of community service and completed a drug counseling course.[49]
On February 13, 2011, Mars won his first Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, having received six nominations; Best Rap Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Nothin' on You", Record of the Year for "Nothin' on You" and "Fuck You", Song of the Year for "Fuck You", and Producer of the Year, Non-Classical at the 53rd Grammy Awards.
On September 16, 2011, Bad Meets Evil released their single, "Lighters", which featured Mars in the song. The song was met with mixed reviews from critics and many criticized Mars for doing this type of song.[50] On September 22, 2011, it was announced on Mars' website that his new song "It Will Rain" will appear on The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack which was released on November 8.[51] On October 30, 2011, Mars gave an exclusive performance of "Runaway Baby" on the results show of The X Factor UK, the same day that Mars received six nominations for a Grammy Award; Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album for Doo-Wops & Hooligans, Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance for "Grenade", and Producer of the Year, Non-Classical at the 54th Grammy Awards. During the ceremony, Mars performed "Runaway Baby" but he did not win any awards as Adele won in all the categories he was nominated in and also lost to Paul Epworth for Producer of the Year.
Mars has confirmed on Twitter that his work on his second album has begun.[52] On March 22, 2012, it was announced that Mars had signed a worldwide publishing deal with BMG Chrysalis US.[53]
Musical style[link]
Mars' music has been noted for displaying a wide variety of styles and influences, including pop,[55] rock,[55] reggae,[55] R&B,[56] soul,[45] and hip hop.[57] His co-producer Philip Lawrence says, "What people don't know is there's a darker underbelly to Bruno Mars." Mars himself says, "I blame that on me singing to girls back in high school."[58] Jon Caramanica of The New York Times called him "one of the most versatile and accessible singers in pop, with a light, soul-influenced voice that’s an easy fit in a range of styles, a universal donor."[4] Mars was initially influenced by R&B artists such as Keith Sweat, Jodeci and R. Kelly, as well as 1950s rock 'n' roll and Motown.[59] In high school, he began listening to classic rock groups such as The Police, Led Zeppelin, and the Beatles.[59] All of these genres of music have influenced Mars' musical style; he observed that "It’s not easy to [create] songs with that mixture of rock and soul and hip-hop, and there’s only a handful of them."[59] Mars also stated that he is a fan of Alicia Keys, Jessie J, Jack White and The Saturdays.[60]
In addition, Mars claims that his work with other artists influenced his musical style, saying that "'Nothin' on You' had a Motown vibe, 'Billionaire' was a reggae acoustic guitar-driven song, though one of my favorites is the Cee-Lo [Green] song ['Fuck You']. I don't think anyone else could've sung that song. And there's 'Just the Way You Are.' If you know my story, you know I love all different genres of music."[61] He cites doo-wop as a major influence on his music, referring to the genre as "just straightforward love songs – so charming and simple and romantic."[61] In addition, Mars states that growing up in Hawaii influenced his music, giving the songs a reggae sound. He explains that "In Hawaii some of the biggest radio stations are reggae. The local bands are heavily influenced by Bob Marley. That music brings people together. It's not urban music or pop music. It's just songs. That's what makes it cross over so well. The song comes first."[12] Lyrically, many of Mars' songs have been described as "feel-good", carefree, and optimistic,[62] however, darker subjects are addressed in songs such as "Grenade", "Liquor Store Blues", and "Talking to the Moon", which detail failed relationships and self-destructive behavior.[45][63]
Discography[link]
Main article: Bruno Mars discography
- Doo-Wops & Hooligans (2010)
- TBA (2012)
Tours[link]
- Doo-Wops & Hooligans tour (2010–2011)
Awards and nominations[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Bruno Mars
References[link]
- ^ De Castro, Cynthia (January 5, 2011). "Bruno Mars: The Fil-Am Artist with Universal Appeal". Asian Journal. AJ Press Los Angeles. http://www.asianjournal.com/aj-magazine/midweek-mgzn/8386-bruno-mars-the-fil-am-artist-with-universal-appeal.html. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
- ^ a b Caulfield, Keith (October 13, 2010). "Toby Keith's 'Gun' Fires at No. 1 on Billboard 200". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/toby-keith-s-gun-fires-at-no-1-on-billboard-1004120559.story. Retrieved October 13, 2010.
- ^ a b "Bruno Mars Interview – JustBrunoMars.com Exclusive". http://justbrunomars.com/bruno-mars/interviews/bruno-mars-interview-justbrunomars-com-exclusive/. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ a b Caramanica, Jon (October 5, 2010). "Bruno Mars in Ascension". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/06/arts/music/06mars.html. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
- ^ "Digital music report 2012". January 23, 2012. http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2012.pdf.
- ^ http://www.brunomars.com/forums/a2058a-brit-awards-2012-bruno-mars-wins-international-male-solo-artist/
- ^ http://www.billboard.com/features/bruno-mars-the-billboard-cover-story-1005277432.story#/features/bruno-mars-the-billboard-cover-story-1005277432.story
- ^ web|url=http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=1687696&search_in=c&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=10&start=1%7Ctitle=ACE Title Search: Hernandez Peter Gene|publisher=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|accessdate=September 15, 2010}}
- ^ Jeffries, David. "Bruno Mars > Biography". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1107691/biography. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
- ^ a b c d Moniz, Melissa (April 14, 2010). "Starring Bruno Mars". MidWeek. Honolulu: Black Press. http://www.midweek.com/content/story/midweek_coverstory/Bruno_Mars_Nothin_On_You/. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
- ^ Yi, David (October 12, 2010). "Bruno Mars, Far East Movement lead Asian-American pop music wave taking over the Billboard charts". Daily News. New York City. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/2010/10/12/2010-10-12_bruno_mars_far_east_movement_lead_asianamerican_pop_music_wave_taking_over_the_b.html. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
- ^ a b c Farber, Jim (October 3, 2010). "Bruno Mars follows his summer of hits with a big debut album 'Doo-Wops & Hooligans'". Daily News. New York City. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/2010/10/03/2010-10-03_bruno_mars_follows_his_summer_of_hits_with_a_big_debut_album_doowops__hooligans.html. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
- ^ Lewis, Pete. "Bruno Mars: Out of this World!". Blues & Soul. http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/593/bruno_mars_out_of_this_world/. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
- ^ a b Lester, Paul (September 13, 2010). "New band of the day: Bruno Mars (No 865)". The Guardian. UK. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/sep/13/new-band-bruno-mars. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
- ^ "Bruno Mars and Phillip Lawrence". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. March 18, 2010. http://www.ascap.com/playback/2010/03/ACTION/Mars_Lawrence.aspx. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
- ^ "Bruno Mars on Songwriting, Singing as a Tot, Working with Ne-Yo". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. October 4, 2010. http://www.vibe.com/content/bruno-mars-songwriting-singing-tot-working-neyo. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ^ a b "Bruno Mars gravitates toward a stellar solo career". USA Today. September 15, 2010. http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2010-09-16-brunomars16_ST_N.htm. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
- ^ Gentry, Colin (September 22, 2010). "4Music.com meets Bruno Mars". 4Music. Box Television. http://www.4music.com/artist/bruno-mars/just-the-way-you-are-interview.html. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
- ^ "Greetings From Bruno Mars (YouTube video)". Elektra Records. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yWMJyNSIpM.
- ^ Cline, Georgette. "10 Questions for Bruno Mars". Rap-Up. Devin Lazerine. http://www.rap-up.com/2010/05/11/10-questions-for-bruno-mars/. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
- ^ a b Jones, Steve (January 25, 2011). "Bruno Mars' musical orbit seems inescapable". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2011-01-25-brunomars25_ST_N.htm. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Interview with Aaron Bay-Schuck". HitQuarters. December 13, 2010. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_AaronBaySchuck_int.html. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
- ^ Wete, Brad (April 13, 2010). "So who is Bruno Mars? A Q&A with the guy behind B.O.B's smash hit 'Nothin' On You'". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. http://music-mix.ew.com/2010/04/13/bruno-mars-qa/. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
- ^ "Get Sexy". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=372437211&search_in=i&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=10&start=1. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
- ^ Sweet 7 (CD booklet). Sugababes. Island Records. 2010.
- ^ "Animal by Far East Movement FM". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. http://itunes.apple.com/album/animal/id303539971. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
- ^ "Jaeson Ma Releases New Single Glory" (Press release). PR Newswire. November 11, 2010. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jaeson-ma-releases-new-single-glory-107258648.html. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
- ^ "Love – Single". iTMS. http://itunes.apple.com/album/love-single/id328941719. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
- ^ "B.o.B feat. Bruno Mars – Nothin' on You (song)". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=B.o.B+feat.+Bruno+Mars&titel=Nothin'+On+You&cat=s. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
- ^ "Travie McCoy feat. Bruno Mars – Billionaire (song)". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Travie+McCoy+feat.+Bruno+Mars&titel=Billionaire&cat=s. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
- ^ "Bruno Mars: Top 75 Releases". The Official Charts Company. http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/BRUNO%20MARS/. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
- ^ Trust, Gary (December 2, 2010). "Weekly Chart Notes: P!nk, Bruno Mars, Band Perry". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/column/chartbeat/weekly-chart-notes-p-nk-bruno-mars-band-1004133464.story. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
- ^ "Bruno Mars Blasts Off Into the Top Ten Albums Chart on iTunes With New Digital EP; Acclaimed Singer/Songwriter/Producer Follows B.o.B's No. 1 Blockbuster, "Nothin' On You" With Much-Anticipated Solo Debut; Four-Song EP Features Guest Appearances From B.o.B and the Legendary Cee Lo Green; Major TV Performances Slated Throughout May; "IT'S BETTER IF YOU DON'T UNDERSTAND" Arrives at All Digital Retailers Today" (Press release). Marketwire. May 11, 2010. http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Bruno-Mars-Blasts-Off-Into-Top-Ten-Albums-Chart-on-iTunes-With-New-Digital-EP-Acclaimed-1258360.htm. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
- ^ "Bruno Mars Album & Song Chart History". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/bruno-mars/chart-history/1054629?f=305&g=Albums. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
- ^ Rodriguez, Jayson (July 15, 2010). "Bruno Mars Shows His 'Darker' Self On 'The Other Side' Video". MTV News. MTV Networks. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1643751/20100715/bruno_mars.jhtml. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
- ^ Dinh, James (September 13, 2010). "B.o.B, Hayley Williams Perform Rousing 'Airplanes' At VMAs". MTV News. MTV Networks. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1647679/20100913/bob_7_.jhtml. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
- ^ "Doo-Wops & Hooligans". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/Doo-Wops-Hooligans/dp/B0043ZDFEQ/. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
- ^ a b "Bruno Mars Unveils Eagerly Awaited Debut Album "DOO-WOPS & HOOLIGANS" Slated to Arrive October 5th; New Single "Just The Way You Are" Shaping Up as Massive Hit, With Top 3 Success on iTunes "Top Singles"; Sold-Out New York City Live Debut Set for Tonight, Followed by US Tour Alongside Maroon 5 in October" (Press release). Marketwire. August 25, 2010. http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Bruno-Mars-Unveils-Eagerly-Awaited-Debut-Album-DOO-WOPS-HOOLIGANS-Slated-Arrive-October-1309664.htm. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ^ "Bruno Mars Ready With New Solo Single; "Just The Way You Are" Drops July 20th, Heralding Hugely Anticipated Debut Album; Elektra Recording Artist and Acclaimed Singer/Songwriter/Producer to Join Maroon 5 and One Republic on Tour" (Press release). Marketwire. July 19, 2010. http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Bruno-Mars-Ready-With-New-Solo-Single-Just-The-Way-You-Are-Drops-July-20th-Heralding-1292460.htm. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
- ^ Pietroluongo, Silvio (September 22, 2010). "Bruno Mars Lands Atop Hot 100, Rihanna Roars Into Top 10". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/bruno-mars-lands-atop-hot-100-rihanna-roars-1004115901.story. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
- ^ "Bruno Mars – Just the Way You Are (song)". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bruno+Mars&titel=Just+The+Way+You+Are&cat=s. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
- ^ Wete, Brad (September 8, 2010). "Bruno Mars wows his lady with cassette tape drawings in 'Just the Way You Are' video: Watch here". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. http://music-mix.ew.com/2010/09/08/bruno-mars-just-the-way-you-are-video/. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
- ^ "Grenade – Single". iTunes Store Australia. Apple Inc. http://itunes.apple.com/au/album/grenade-single/id394582499. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
- ^ "Bruno Mars – Grenade (song)". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bruno+Mars&titel=Grenade&cat=s. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
- ^ a b c Greenblatt, Leah (September 29, 2010). "Doo-Wops & Hooligans (2010)". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20430431,00.html. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
- ^ "Bruno Mars Arrested". TMZ.com. September 20, 2010. http://www.tmz.com/2010/09/20/bruno-mars-arrested-cocaine-mug-shot-las-vegas-singer-coke-possession/. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
- ^ "Bruno Mars – Sniffed Out by Bathroom Attendant". TMZ.com. September 20, 2010. http://www.tmz.com/2010/09/20/bruno-mars-arrested-cocaine-bathroom-attendant-hard-rock-hotel/. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
- ^ Black, Caroline (September 21, 2010}). "Bruno Mars Mug Shot: Singer Arrested in Las Vegas on Cocaine Charge". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-20017098-504083.html. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
- ^ "Bruno Mars Escapes Cocaine Charge". MTV News UK. February 5, 2011. http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/bruno/news/256871-bruno-mars-escapes-cocaine-charge. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
- ^ Steven J. Horowitz (June 14, 2011). "Royce Da 5'9 Responds To "Lighters" Criticism". http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.15534/title.royce-da-59-responds-to-lighters-criticism.
- ^ "EXCLUSIVE ANNOUNCEMENT: New Bruno Mars single “It Will Rain”". BrunoMars.com. September 27, 2011. http://www.brunomars.com/news/7a50a7-exclusive-announcement-new-bruno-mars-single-it-will-rain/. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
- ^ https://twitter.com/#!/brunomars
- ^ Williams, Paul (March 22, 2012). "BMG Chrysalis captures Bruno Mars". Music Week. Music Week. http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=1048916&c=1. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
- ^ "Bruno Mars Steps Out Sobruary 4, 2011". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/bruno-mars-steps-out-solo-after-hitting-1004089204.story.
- ^ a b c Cohen, Sandy (October 4, 2010). "Music Review: Singer-songwriter-producer Bruno Mars shows range and pop flair on debut CD". The News. The Canadian Press. http://www.ngnews.ca/section/2010-10-04/article-1820062/Music-Review:-Singer-songwriter-producer-Bruno-Mars-shows-range-and-pop-flair-on-debut-CD/1. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
- ^ Mervis, Scott (October 7, 2010). "For the Record: Bruno Mars". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Block Communications. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10280/1093033-388.stm. Retrieved October 16, 2010.
- ^ Caramanica, Jon (October 5, 2010). "Bruno Mars in Ascension". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/06/arts/music/06mars.html. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
- ^ Wood, Mikael (August 18, 2010). "Bruno Mars Is Not Soft". The Village Voice. Village Voice Media. http://www.villagevoice.com/2010-08-18/music/bruno-mars-is-not-soft/. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Bruno Mars On Damian Marley Track, Hip-Hop Influences, B.o.B.". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. October 4, 2010. http://www.vibe.com/content/bruno-mars-damian-marley-track-hiphop-influences-bob. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
- ^ Copsey, Robert (January 20, 2011). "Bruno Mars "in awe" of Alicia Keys". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a299096/bruno-mars-in-awe-of-alicia-keys.html. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ a b Johnson, Kevin C. (November 24, 2010). "Bruno Mars learned music biz by collaborating with big acts". STL Daily. STL Media Group. http://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/music/article_b1db2769-06cc-5739-8104-03f294758410.html. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
- ^ Vick, Megan (August 6, 2010). "Bruno Mars, "Just the Way You Are"". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/new-releases/bruno-mars-just-the-way-you-are-1004108079.story. Retrieved October 16, 2010.
- ^ Toor, Amar (October 5, 2010). "Bruno Mars, 'Grenade' – New Song". AOL Radio Blog. AOL. http://www.aolradioblog.com/2010/10/05/bruno-mars-grenade/. Retrieved October 16, 2010.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bruno Mars |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hernandez, Peter Gene |
| Alternative names | Bruno Mars |
| Short description | Pop singer |
| Date of birth | October 8, 1985 |
| Place of birth | Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Anjelah Johnson | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1982-05-14) May 14, 1982 (age 30) San Jose, California, United States |
| Medium | Television, stand-up, film |
| Nationality | American |
| Years active | 2005–present |
| Genres | Observational comedy |
| Influences | Ellen Degeneres, George Lopez, Brian Regan[1] |
| Website | http://www.anjelahnicolejohnson.com |
Anjelah Nicole Johnson (born May 14, 1982) is an American actress, comedienne, and former NFL cheerleader. Johnson is most notable for her membership in the recurring cast of comedians on sketch comedy series MADtv during its 13th Season. Her characters include a rude fast food employee named Bon Qui Qui and a Vietnamese nail salon employee.
Contents |
Career[link]
After three years of college, Johnson moved to Los Angeles to pursue an entertainment career. She decided to become a comedian in 2005 and began doing stand-up comedy after a friend suggested that she join a joke writing class.[2] Prior to that she had been working as an actress in Los Angeles and was taking improv classes in church.[2][3] She quickly began to headline her own shows after being a featured comedian in just three shows.[2] As a featured comedian, the comedy clubs that hired her gave her preferential treatment over even the headliners after noticing that her routines were popular with the audiences.[2] Her stand-up routine comprising her impression of a Vietnamese nail salon employee received much attention on YouTube, and a year after beginning her stand-up career,[2] in 2007, Johnson joined the cast of sketch comedy show MADtv, as a featured performer. Because of the impending writers strike, Johnson was often given only a few lines in the scripts during her tenure on the show, as the writers had to produce more scripts at a faster pace and thus opted to write more for the already established performers.[2] However, her character Bon Qui Qui, a fast food employee who treats customers rudely, which she wrote herself was received well.[2] The clip made its way to YouTube where it gained a large following, quickly outstripping her already popular nail salon routine in views.[2] In 2008, Johnson was nominated for an ALMA Award for Outstanding Female Performance in a Comedy Television Series for her work on MADtv.[4]
Johnson was given her own 1 hour Comedy Central special, "Anjelah Johnson: That's How We Do It" in 2009.[1] She filmed a role in Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel in 2009. She also appeared as America Ferrera's sister in the comedy, Our Family Wedding alongside Forest Whitaker and Carlos Mencia in 2010.[4] She provided her voice for the live-action adaptation of Marmaduke, which starred Owen Wilson and Emma Stone.[4] She was also featured on the late night talk show Lopez Tonight, hosted by one of her comedic influences, George Lopez, performing her stand-up routine to the audience. Johnson became the "TC Girl", a spokesperson for Mexican restaurant Taco Cabana in 2011 and appeared in television advertisements for the chain.[5]
Personal life[link]
Johnson was born and raised in San Jose, California in a devout Christian family.[3] She is of Mexican-American and Native American descent.[6] She was a Pop Warner cheerleader from the age of 8 and was active in sports including soccer, softball and track.[7] She also practiced various dancing style, such as hip hop to break dancing.[7] She began acting as a senior in high school and was especially interested in affecting different accents.[7] She later studied speech communications in college.[7] She subsequently became a cheerleader for the Oakland Raiders after being inducted in 2002.[7] As a member of the Oakland Raiderettes she was named Rookie of the year and performed in Super Bowl XXXVII.
Johnson married Group 1 Crew member Manwell Reyes in 2011.
Filmography[link]
Movie appearances[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Box Office Performance | Director | Other notes |
| 2007 | The Box | Dianne | A.J. Kparr | ||
| 2009 | Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel | Julie | $442,859,798 | Betty Thomas | |
| 2010 | Our Family Wedding | Isabel | $16,938,562 | Rick Famuyiwa |
Television appearances[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Total Episodes | Other notes |
| 2006 | Love, Inc. | Female Client | 1 | |
| 2007 | On the Up | Herself | Host of show | |
| 2007 - 2008 | MADtv | Various Characters | 4 | Sketch Comedy |
| 2008 | Untitled Dave Caplan Pilot | Maria | ||
| 2008 | The Movie Preview Awards | Herself | ||
| 2009 | Ugly Betty | Wendy | BLOB Interviewer/Bettyhead | |
| 2009 | Comedy Central | Herself | Anjelah Johnson: That's how we do it | |
| 2010 | Lopez Tonight | Comedian |
Awards and nominations[link]
| Year | Association | Award Category | Result |
| 2002 | Oakland Raiderettes | Rookie of the year | Won |
| 2008 | ALMA Award | Outstanding Female Performance | Nominated |
References[link]
- ^ a b http://ccinsider.comedycentral.com/2010/02/08/the-comedy-central-insider-boilerplate-interview-anjelah-johnson
- ^ a b c d e f g h http://www.comedyandmagicclub.com/info/interviews/cmcinfo_interviews_johnson_anjelah.html
- ^ a b http://thecomicscomic.typepad.com/thecomicscomic/2010/05/interview-anjelah-johnson-is-a-good-christian-girl-who-got-big-in-comedy-by-going-viral-now-what.html
- ^ a b c http://www.laughfactory.com/comedians/206/Anjelah%20Johnson
- ^ "The TC Girl". http://www.tcgirl.com/TheTCGirl.aspx. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
- ^ Biography from Anjelah.com
- ^ a b c d e http://www.raiderdrive.com/accent_on_personality.htm
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Johnson, Anjelah |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American actor |
| Date of birth | May 14, 1982 |
| Place of birth | San Jose, California, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
 |
This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Anjelah_Johnson
Related pages:
http://es.wn.com/Anjelah Johnson
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjelah_Johnson
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
