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Time 100 is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, as assembled by Time. First published in 1999 as a result of a debate among several academics, the list has become an annual event.

History and format[link]

The list was started with a debate at a symposium in Washington, D.C., on February 1, 1998, with panel participants CBS news anchor Dan Rather, historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, former New York governor Mario Cuomo, then–political science professor Condoleezza Rice, neoconservative publisher Irving Kristol and Time managing editor Walter Isaacson.

The list was first published in 1999, when Time magazine named the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Based on the popularity of the installment, in 2004 Time magazine decided to make it an annual issue, listing the 100 people most influencing the world. Making the list is frequently mistaken as an honor; however, Time makes it very clear that people are recognized for changing the world, for better or for worse. Those recognized fall in one of five categories: Leaders & Revolutionaries, Builders & Titans, Artists & Entertainers, Scientists & Thinkers, and Heroes & Icons. Within each category, the 20 most influential people (sometimes pairs or small groups) are selected, for a grand total of 100 each year.

Multiple appearances[link]

Although each category is given equal weight during any given year, people from some categories are more likely to make repeat appearances on the list from year to year. Repeat appearances on the Time 100 are rare. Only the following individuals have appeared more than twice.

Note: The order of the following list is based on the number of times each person has appeared on the Time 100. Those who are tied are listed alphabetically. Those listed in bold are the select few whose repeat appearances include Time's ranking of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.the most

Listed nine times[link]

• 

  Oprah Winfrey
  2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, & the 20th century.

Listed seven times[link]

• 

  Barack Obama
  2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007 & 2005

• 

  Hillary Rodham Clinton
  2012, 2011, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006 & 2004
  (Finalist in 2010)

Listed five times[link]

• 

  Steve Jobs
  2010, 2008, 2007, 2005 & 2004
  (Finalist in 2009)

• 

  Angela Merkel
  2012, 2011, 2009, 2007 & 2006
  (Finalist in 2010, 2008)

Listed four times[link]

• 

  George W. Bush
  2008, 2006, 2005 & 2004
  (Finalist in 2009)

• 

  Bill Clinton
  2010, 2006, 2005, & 2004

• 

  Bill Gates
  2006, 2005, 2004 & the 20th century
  (Finalist in 2010, 2008)

• 

  Hu Jintao
  2008, 2007, 2005 & 2004
  (Finalist in 2009)

• 

  Condoleezza Rice
  2007, 2006, 2005, & 2004
  (Finalist in 2008)

• 

  George Clooney
  2009, 2008, 2007 & 2006
  (Finalist in 2010)

• 

  Jamie Dimon
  2011, 2009, 2008 & 2006

Listed three times[link]

• 

  Nelson Mandela
  2005, 2004 & the 20th century
  (Finalist in 2008, 2007)

• 

  Tenzin Gyatso
  (14th Dalai Lama)
  2008, 2005 & 2004
  (Finalist in 2009)

• 

  Rupert Murdoch
  2008, 2005 & 2004
  (Finalist in 2010, 2009)

• 

  Larry Page
  2011, 2005 & 2004
  

• 

  Mark Zuckerberg
  2011, 2010 & 2009
  

• 

  Aung San Suu Kyi
  2011, 2008 & 2004

Selection criteria[link]

In 2004 Time's editors "identified three rather distinct qualities", when choosing the Time 100 explained Time's editor-at-large Michael Elliott:

First, there were those who came to their status by means of a very public possession of power; President George W. Bush is the pre-eminent example. Others, though they are rarely heard from in public, nonetheless have a real influence on the great events of our time. Think of Ali Husaini Sistani, the Grand Ayatullah of Iraq's Shi'ites. Still others affect our lives through their moral example. Consider Nelson Mandela's forgiveness of his captors and his willingness to walk away from the South African presidency after a single term.^[1]

In the 2007 Time 100 list managing editor Richard Strengel explained that the Time 100 was not a list of the hottest, most popular or most powerful people, but rather the most influential, stating:

Influence is hard to measure, and what we look for is people whose ideas, whose example, whose talent, whose discoveries transform the world we live in. Influence is less about the hard power of force than the soft power of ideas and example. Yes there are Presidents and dictators who can change the world through fiat, but we're more interested in innovators like Monty Jones, the Sierra Leone scientist who has developed a strain of rice that can save African agriculture. Or heroes like the great chessmaster Garry Kasparov, who is leading the lonely fight for greater democracy in Russia. Or Academy Award winning actor George Clooney who has leveraged his celebrity to bring attention to the tragedy in Darfur.

Controversies[link]

The fact that the then British Prime Minister Tony Blair was excluded from the 2004 list caused mild controversy. Time magazine editor-at-large Michael Elliott defended the decision to consistently exclude Blair:

Gerhard Schröder and Jacques Chirac are not there either. This is a worldwide list. There are no Western European political leaders on it because they are not that powerful or influential at this time.^[2]

Although George W. Bush has appeared on the list several times, controversy emerged when he was dropped from the list in 2007 in part because of the Democratic victory in the 2006 congressional election.^[3] Former Senator Rick Santorum (R-PA) of Fox News said:

The fact of the matter is, the president of the United States, I don't care who's in that office, is the most powerful man on the face of the Earth and has more influence over various aspects of lives, not just in this country, but around the world. And for Time magazine to dismiss that just shows you how biased and, I would argue, hateful they are.^[4]

"Any U.S. president has a certain built-in influence," explained Adi Ignatius, deputy managing editor at Time, who oversaw the list. "Bush had actually squandered some of that built-in influence. His position on Iraq has cost him support in his own party...To a certain point, he sort of reached a lame-duck status,"^[5]

The list has generated controversy over who was included in other years as well. In 2005 conservative commentator Ann Coulter was listed causing Salon.com to observe:

When Time magazine named Ann Coulter among its 100 "most influential people" last week, alongside such heavyweights as Ariel Sharon, Bill Clinton, Nelson Mandela, Kim Jong Il and the Dalai Lama, the choice produced guffaws online. Plugging the issue on Fox News last week, Time executive editor Priscilla Painton insisted it was Coulter's use of "humor" that made her so influential, stopping just short of suggesting that Coulter is the conservative Jon Stewart. But even Fox's Bill O'Reilly wasn't buying it. He pressed Painton: "Do you think people, Americans, listen to Ann Coulter? Do you think she has influence in public opinion?"^[6]

While Time magazine defended Coulter on the grounds that she is a best-selling author whose controversial commentary has impacted the discourse of the world's most powerful nation, she was not considered influential enough to make a repeat appearance on the list.

Hacking[link]

In 2009, the winner of the annual Time 100 online poll was moot, the founder of the 4chan website, who received 16,794,368 votes. Time magazine claimed that their technical team "did detect and extinguish several attempts to hack the vote".^[7] However, it was shown weeks before the poll ended that the results had been heavily edited by hackers.^[8] The first letters of the top 21 names spell out "marblecake also the game". Marblecake is the name of the IRC channel (which would appear on IRC as #marblecake) used for communication by some of the participants in rigging the poll.^[8]

Academic research[link]

The Time 100 has been cited in an academic analysis by Craig Garthwaite and Tim Moore, economists at the University of Maryland, College Park. In light of Oprah Winfrey holding the record for most appearances on the Time 100, the economists decided to measure if Winfrey was influential enough to decide a U.S. presidential election by examining the impact of her endorsement of Barack Obama for president. The economists wrote the following:

Oprah Winfrey is a celebrity of nearly unparalleled influence. She has been named to Time magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people six times—more than any other individual, including the Dalai Lama, Nelson Mandela, Bill Gates, George Clooney and Rupert Murdoch. She was named one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th Century, an honor shared with Albert Einstein, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. She was only one of four people who were included on these lists in both the 20th and 21st Century. The others included Mandela, Gates, and Pope John Paul II... The scope of Winfrey’s influence creates a unique opportunity to examine the effect of endorsements on political outcomes.

The economists found a statistically significant correlation between the number of Winfrey fans in a geographic region (as estimated by the sales of her magazine and book club selections) and the number of votes Obama received in that region during the race for the 2008 Democratic nomination for president. They found that the correlation even held up when they controlled for all kinds of confounding variables like race, gender, income, education, and sales of other magazines. They further found that the correlation only emerged after Winfrey had endorsed Obama, suggesting that it was the influence of her endorsement that caused the correlation. When they statistically removed the correlation to see how Obama would have performed without Winfrey's endorsement, they found that over one million votes vanished from Obama’s total in the Democratic primary and Clinton receives far more votes than Obama does.^[9]

References[link]

External links[link]

• TIME 100 - The People of the Century

Guru Dutt
Born	Vasanth Kumar Shivashankar Padukone 9 July 1925 Mangalore, British India
Died	October 10, 1964(1964-10-10) (aged 39) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Occupation	Actor, Producer, Director, Choreographer
Years active	1944–1964
Spouse	Geeta Dutt (1953–1964) (His Death)

Vasanth Kumar Shivashankar Padukone (9 July 1925 – 10 October 1964), popularly known as Guru Dutt (Konkani:गुरु दत्त), was an Indian film director, producer and actor. He is often credited with ushering in the golden era of Hindi cinema.^{[citation needed]} He made quintessential 1950s and 1960s classics such as Pyaasa (Thirsty), Kaagaz Ke Phool (Paper Flowers), Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (The King, the Queen and the Jack) and Chaudhvin Ka Chand (The Fourteenth Day Moon in Muslim calender but actually means full moon, a metaphor for beauty). In particular, Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool are now included among the greatest films of all time, both by Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best movies ^[1] and by the Sight & Sound critics' and directors' poll,^[2] where Dutt himself is included among the greatest film directors of all time.^[3] He is sometimes referred to as "India's Orson Welles".^[4] In 2010, he was included among CNN's "top 25 Asian actors of all time".^[5][6]

He is most famous for making lyrical and artistic films within the context of popular Hindi cinema of the 1950s, and expanding its commercial conventions, starting with his 1957 film, Pyaasa. Several of his later works have a cult following. His movies go full house when re-released; especially in Germany, France and Japan.^[7] The latest book on him is Ten Years with Guru Dutt: Abrar Alvi's Journey by Sathya Saran based on the recollections of his chief scriptwriter and friend.^[8]

Early life and background[link]

Guru Dutt was born on 9th July 1925, at Bangalore to Shivashanker Rao Padukone and Vasanthi Padukone in a Konkani Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin family.^[9] His father was initially a headmaster, and then a bank employee. His mother Vasanthi, while initially a housewife, later taught in a school, gave private tuition and also wrote short stories and translated Bengali novels into Kannada. Vasanthi was only 16 when Guru Dutt was born.

Guru Dutt had a tough childhood with financial difficulties, and a strained relationship between his parents. As a child he had some bad experiences; the hostility from his maternal uncle's family, a frightening encounter with his insane maternal adopted uncle, and the death of his seven-month old brother (Shashidhar).^{[citation needed]}

Guru Dutt was initially named Vasanth Kumar at birth at the suggestion of his mother's elder brother, but after a childhood accident, he was renamed Guru Dutt, which was felt to be a more auspicious name. He was joined by three younger brothers, Atmaram, Devidas and Vijay and a younger sister, Lalitha. The Indian film director, Kalpana Lajmi, is his sister's daughter.

He spent a great deal of time with his mother's cousin, Balakrishna B. Benegal (known to the family as Bakutmama) who was a painter of cinema posters. The Indian film director, Shyam Benegal, is the son of Sridhar B. Benegal, Balakrishna's younger brother.

Early Inspirations[link]

His sister recalls that at age 14 Guru Dutt would use his fingers to shape images on a wall lit up by the flickering light of their grandmother’s diya (candle) as she performed the evening arathi (prayer). Though untrained, he could produce inspired movements as he did when he persuaded his uncle, Benegal, to photograph him performing a snake dance, based on a painting by the latter. The snake dance was later performed at a gathering of Saraswat Brahmins at Calcutta for which Guru Dutt was even given a cash prize of 5 Rupees.

He was a good student, but never went to college, partly because of financial troubles at home. Instead, he joined the performing arts troupe of Uday Shankar, the older brother of the better-known Ravi Shankar.

The Uday Shankar India Culture Center at Almora taught dance, drama, and music. It aimed at combining the best of the Gurukula system with a modern Arts University, and tried to turn out well-rounded students, at home in many disciplines. A young Guru Dutt joined the center at age 16 in 1941 on a five-year scholarship of Rs. 75 annually (a lot of money then), and studied at Almora until 1944, when the advancing World War II forced the closing of the center.

Career[link]

Early career[link]

Guru Dutt wired home to say he had got the job of a telephone operator at a Lever Brothers factory in Kolkata. But soon he disengaged himself from the job, and joined his parents in Mumbai in 1944.

However, his uncle found him a job under a three-year contract with the Prabhat Film Company in Pune (then called Poona) in 1944. This once premier film producing centre had already seen the departure of its best talent, V. Shantaram, who had by then launched his own Kala Mandir. It is here that Guru Dutt met two people who would remain his good friends - actors Rehman and Dev Anand.

Guru Dutt acted in a small role as Sri Krishna in Chand in 1944. In 1945, he acted as well as assisted director Vishram Bedekar in Lakhrani, and in 1946 he worked as an assistant director and choreographed dances for P. L. Santoshi’s film, Hum Ek Hain.

This contract ended in 1947, but his mother got him a job as a freelance assistant with Baburao Pai, the CEO of the Prabhat Film Company and Studio. However, after that, for almost ten months, Guru Dutt was unemployed and stayed with his family at Matunga, Mumbai. During this time, Guru Dutt developed a flair for writing in English, and wrote short stories for The Illustrated Weekly of India, a local weekly English magazine.

It is during this time that he is supposed to have written the script for the almost autobiographical Pyaasa (Hindi: the thirsty one). Its original name was Kashmakash (Hindi: struggle), which was changed later to Pyaasa and was written at his home in Matunga.^{[citation needed]}

It is in this phase of his life that Guru Dutt was married twice! The first time he eloped with a girl called Vijaya from Pune, and later his parents had him married to his maternal niece, Suvarna, from Hyderabad.

As choreographer, actor, assistant director[link]

While Guru Dutt was hired by Prabhat Film Company as a choreographer, he was soon pressed into service as an actor, and even as an assistant director. At Prabhat, he met Dev Anand and Rehman, who both became stars. These early friendships helped ease his way into the film world.

After Prabhat failed in 1947, Dutt moved to Mumbai, where he worked with two leading directors of the time, with Amiya Chakravarty in Girl's School, and with Gyan Mukherjee in the Bombay Talkies film Sangram. Then, Dev Anand offered him a job as a director in his new company, Navketan, after the first movie had flopped.

Thus, Guru Dutt's first film, Navketan's Baazi, was released in 1951 . It was a tribute to the Forties' Film Noir Hollywood with the morally ambiguous hero, the transgressing siren, and shadow lighting.

Dev Anand and Guru Dutt's promise[link]

There exists a very interesting anecdote behind this new job. Guru Dutt and Dev Anand used the services of the same laundry man when they were at Prabhat in Pune in 1945. One day Anand found that one of his shirts had been replaced with a different one. On arriving at work as the hero of Hum Ek Hain, he found the film's young choreographer (Guru Dutt) wearing his shirt. On being questioned, Guru Dutt admitted that it was not his shirt, but since he had no other, he was wearing the replacement. This developed into a great friendship, since they were of the same age. They promised each other that, if Guru Dutt were to turn filmmaker, he would hire Anand as his hero, and if Dev were to produce a film then he would use Guru Dutt as its director.

Dev Anand fulfilled his end of the bargain with Baazi, but regretted that his friend Guru Dutt did not. Guru Dutt indirectly did fulfill his promise. His studio, Guru Dutt Movies Pvt. Ltd., produced "C.I.D." which starred Dev, but the film was directed by Raj Khosla (an assistant director to Guru Dutt). Thus, technically, Guru Dutt never directed Dev Anand under his production company.

Guru Dutt and Dev Anand would make two super-hit films together, Baazi, and Jaal. Creative differences between Guru Dutt, and Chetan Anand (Anand's elder brother), who was also a director, made future collaborations difficult.

Remembering his old friend Guru Dutt, Anand quotes, “He was a young man he should not have made depressing pictures…”^[10]

Recently, Anand quotes, "my only true friend in the film industry. We got close to each other while working for Prabhat, one of the big banners of those days. I gave him his big break in Baazi and he cast me in some of his movies like C.I.D."^[11]

Baazi's other contributions[link]

Baazi also highlights two early key technical developments in Indian movie-making that are attributed to Guru Dutt. The use of close-up shots with a 100 mm lens - there are over 14 in the movie - which became known in Indian movie-making as the "Guru Dutt shot", and the use of songs to further the narrative in the movie. Guru Dutt also introduced Zohra Sehgal (whom he met at Almora) as the choreographer in the movie, and he also met his future wife, Geeta Dutt during the making of the movie.

As director[link]

Baazi was an immediate success. Guru Dutt followed it with Jaal and Baaz. Neither film did well at the box office, but they bring together the Guru Dutt team that performed so brilliantly in subsequent films. He discovered, and mentored, Johnny Walker (comedian), V.K. Murthy (cinematography), and Abrar Alvi (writing and directing), among others. He is also credited for introducing Waheeda Rehman to the Hindi cinema. Baaz was notable in that Guru Dutt both directed and starred, not having found a suitable actor for the principal character.

Fortune smiled on Dutt's next film, the 1954 Aar Paar. This was followed by the 1955 hit, Mr. and Mrs. 55, then C.I.D., Sailaab, and in 1957, Pyaasa - the story of a poet, rejected by an uncaring world, who achieves success only after his apparent death. Guru Dutt played the lead role in three of these five films.

His 1959 Kaagaz Ke Phool was an intense disappointment. He had invested a great deal of love, money, and energy in this film, which was a self-absorbed tale of a famous director (played by Guru Dutt) who falls in love with an actress (played by Waheeda Rehman, Dutt's real-life love interest). Kaagaz Ke Phool failed at the box office and Dutt was devastated. All subsequent films from his studio were, thereafter, officially helmed by other directors since Guru Dutt felt that his name was anathema to box office.

Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam, a critically and commercially successful film, was directed by his protege, writer Abrar Alvi, which won him the Filmfare Best Director's award. The film's star Waheeda Rehman denied rumors that the film was ghost-directed by Guru Dutt himself.^[12] Guru Dutt also has his influence on his last box office smash hit Chaudhvin Ka Chand.^[13]

His legacy to direction of Hindi cinema is unmistakable and accepted by many leading Hindi directors of the day, including another of his protege, Raj Khosla.

Guru Dutt's last productions[link]

In 1964 he acted in his last film Sanjh Aur Saveradirected by Hrishikesh Mukherjee opposite Meena Kumari.(Classic Legends aired on Zee Classic TV Channel on May 27 2012)

Death[link]

On 10 October 1964, Guru Dutt was found dead in his bed in his rented apartment at Pedder Road in Mumbai. He is said to have been mixing alcohol and sleeping pills. His death may have been suicide, or just an accidental overdose. It would have been his third suicide attempt [1].

Guru Dutt's son, Arun Dutt, said that he views this as an accident in an interview with India Abroad in October 2004 on the 40th anniversary of his father's death. Guru Dutt had scheduled appointments the next day with actress Mala Sinha for his movie Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi, and Raj Kapoor to discuss making colour films. According to him, "my father had sleeping disorders and popped sleeping pills like any other person. That day he was drunk and had taken an overdose of pills, which culminated in his death. It was a lethal combination of excessive liquor and sleeping pills."^[14]

At the time of his death, Guru Dutt was involved in two other projects - Picnic starring actress Sadhana, and director K. Asif's epic, Love and God. Picnic remained incomplete and Love and God was released two decades later with Sanjeev Kumar replacing Dutt in the leading role.

The extra-feature on DVD of Kaagaz Ke Phool has a 3 part Channel 4 produced documentary on the life and works of Guru Dutt titled In Search of Guru Dutt.

Most people, especially Abrar Alvi, figured it was a suicide. Abrar and dutt had many-a-times discussed ways of commiting suicide and both had tried at least once but had failed. Abrar and Guru Dutt sat late that night discussing a movie, and according to Alvi, during their conversation, Guru Dutt was very morbid in his thinking and conversation.
He was, according to many, distressed by his personal situation - his wife, Geeta Dutt, had distanced herself from him. He had a sleeping disorder that made him take sleeping pills, and he had been drinking since 5:00 pm that evening.

According to Asha Bhonsle, Guru Dutt called her at midnight before his death to ask whether Geeta, his wife was with her to which she replied in negative. She was the last person who spoke with Guru Dutt.( Doordarshan Documentary on Guru Dutt aired on Oct 10 2011)

Personal life[link]

In 1953, Dutt married Geeta Dutt, a well-known playback singer. They had been engaged for three years and had to overcome a great deal of family opposition to marry. They had three children, Tarun, Arun, and Nina.

Dutt had an unhappy marital life. According to his brother Atmaram, Guru Dutt was "a strict disciplinarian as far as work was concerned, but totally undisciplined in his personal life" (Kabir, 1997, p. 124). He smoked heavily, drank heavily, and kept odd hours. Guru Dutt's relationship with actress Waheeda Rehman also worked against their marriage. At the time of his death, he had separated from Geeta and was living alone. Geeta Dutt herself died in 1972 at age 41, after excessive drinking which resulted in liver damage. According to an interview with Abrar Alvi, one of Dutt's close friends and his assistant director in films, Dutt did not "open up" to discuss his thoughts and problems, even though they were spending many hours together.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy[link]

Guru Dutt was at first mourned as a matinee idol but as the years passed, it became ever clearer that it was as a director that he would be remembered. Starting in 1973, his films were shown at film festivals throughout India and the rest of the world. Despite being a commercial director, he appealed to the same intelligentsia who made Satyajit Ray an international favorite. He also has a place in the hearts of many ordinary Indians for his song picturisations and the many vivid characters sketched in his films.

Contrary to a general belief about the viability of his film projects, Guru Dutt more or less produced commercially successful films.^[15] Over the years the commercial nature of his projects saw a trade-off with his creative aspirations. Movies like C.I.D., Baazi, Pyaasa, Kaagaz Ke Phool, Chaudhvin Ka Chand and Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam were rightfully the first of their kind in Hindi cinema. The only movie produced by Guru Dutt and termed a box-office disaster was Kaagaz Ke Phool, now a cult classic. He lost over 17 Lacs producing that movie, a large amount by the standards of the time, which was more than recovered by his next project, Chaudhvin Ka Chand. He never lost faith in his team or in the distributors of his films. Once a project was over, he would begin anew - with little concern about the commercial success of the previous project. He was part of an exclusive school of Indian film directors, including the likes of Raj Kapoor, Mehboob Khan and Bimal Roy, who were able to achieve a healthy blend of artistic and commercial success between the mid-1950s and mid-1960s.

Pyaasa was rated as one of the best 100 films of all time by Time Magazine.^[1] In the 2002 Sight & Sound critics' and directors' poll, two of his films, Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool, were among the top 160 greatest films of all time.^[2] The same 2002 Sight & Sound poll ranked Dutt at #73 in its list of all-time greatest directors, thus making him the eighth highest-ranking Asian filmmaker in the poll.^[3]

Memorable quotes[link]

• On failure of Kaagaz Ke Phool and success of Chaudhvin Ka Chand : "Life mein, yaar, kya hai? Do hi toh cheezen hai – kamyaabi aur failure. There is nothing in between."^[16] ("What is there in life, friend? There are only two things - success and failure. There is nothing in between.")
• While scouting for locations in Baroda for Chaudhvin Ka Chand : "Dekho na, mujhe director banna tha, director ban gaya; actor bana tha, actor ban gaya; picture achche banane thay, achche banay. Paisa hai, sab kuch hai, par kuch bhi nahi raha."^[17] ("See, I wanted to be a director, I became one. Wanted to be an actor, I became one. Wanted to make good pictures, I have done that too. Have money, have everything. But I have nothing left.")

Selected filmography[link]

Actor[link]

• Sanjh Aur Savera (1964)
• Suhagan (1964)
• Bahurani (1963)
• Bharosa (1963)
• Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962)
• Sautela Bhai (1962)
• Chaudhvin Ka Chand (1960)
• Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959)
• 12 O'Clock (1958)
• Pyaasa (1957)
• Mr. & Mrs. '55 (1955)
• Aar Paar (1954)
• Baaz (1953)
• Hum Ek Hain (1946)
• Lakha Rani (1945)
• Chand (1944)

Director[link]

• Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959)
• Pyaasa (1957)
• Sailaab (1956)
• Mr. & Mrs. '55 (1955)
• Aar Paar (1954)
• Baaz (1953)
• Jaal (1952)
• Baazi (1951)

Producer[link]

• Aar Paar (1955)
• C.I.D. (1956)
• Pyaasa (1957)
• Gauri (1957) Incomplete
• Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959)
• Chaudhvin Ka Chand (1960)
• Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962)
• Baharein Phir Bhi Aayengi (1966)

Further reading[link]

See also[link]

• Guru Dutt team
• Films directed by Guru Dutt

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Kabir, Nasreen Munni, Guru Dutt: A Life in Cinema, Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-564274-0
• Micciollo, Henri, Guru Dutt, un grand cinéaste encore pratiquement inconnu hors de l’Inde, Films sans Frontières, 1984

External links[link]

The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History is a 1978 book by Michael H. Hart, reprinted in 1992 with revisions. It is a ranking of the 100 people who, according to Hart, most influenced human history.^[1]

The first person on Hart's list is the Prophet of Islam Muhammad.^[2] Hart asserted that Muhammad was "supremely successful" in both the religious and secular realms. He also believed that Muhammad's role in the development of Islam was far more influential than Jesus' collaboration in the development of Christianity. He attributes the development of Christianity to St. Paul, who played a pivotal role in its dissemination."^[3]

The 1992 revisions included the demotion of figures associated with Communism, such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong, and the introduction of Mikhail Gorbachev. Hart took sides in the Shakespearean authorship issue and substituted Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford for William Shakespeare. Hart also substituted Niels Bohr and Henri Becquerel with Ernest Rutherford, thus correcting an error in the first edition. Henry Ford was also promoted from the "Honorary Mentions" list, replacing Pablo Picasso. Finally, some of the rankings were re-ordered, although no one listed in the top ten changed position.

Hart wrote another book in 1999, entitled A View from the Year 3000,^[4] voiced in the perspective of a person from that future year and ranking the most influential people in history. Roughly half of those entries are fictional people from 2000–3000, but the remainder are actual people. These were taken mostly from the 1992 edition, with some re-ranking of order.

Hart's Top 10 (from the 1992 edition)[link]

Rank	Name	Time Frame	Image	Occupation	Influence
1	Muhammad	c. 570–632		Secular and religious leader	The central human figure of Islam, regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God and the last messenger. Active as a social reformer, diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, military leader, humanitarian, philanthropist.
2	Isaac Newton	1643–1727		Scientist	English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. His law of universal gravitation and three laws of motion laid the groundwork for classical mechanics.
3	Jesus Christ	7–2 BC – 26–36 AD		Spiritual leader	The central figure of Christianity, revered by Christians as the Son of God and the incarnation of God.
4	Buddha	563–483 BC		Spiritual leader	Spiritual teacher and philosopher from ancient India. Founder of Buddhism and is also considered an Gautama Buddha in Hinduism.
5	Confucius	551–479 BC		Philosopher	Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese and Indonesian thought and life. Founded Confucianism, and influenced Neo-Confucianism and New Confucianism.
6	St. Paul	5–67 AD		Christian apostle	One of the most notable of early Christian missionaries, credited with proselytizing and spreading Christianity outside of Palestine (mainly to the Romans) and author of numerous letters of the New Testament of the Bible.
7	Cài Lún	50–121 AD		Political official in imperial China	Widely regarded as the inventor of paper and the papermaking process.
8	Johannes Gutenberg	1398–1468		Inventor	German printer who invented the mechanical printing press.
9	Christopher Columbus	1451–1506	70px	Explorer	Italian navigator, colonizer and explorer whose voyages led to general European awareness of the American continents.
10	Albert Einstein	1879–1955		Scientist	German theoretical physicist, best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass–energy equivalence, expressed by the equation E = mc2.

See also[link]

• Time 100

References[link]

1. ^ Michael H. Hart The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. first published in 1978, reprinted with minor revisions 1992. ISBN 978-0-8065-1068-2
2. ^ The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History^{[dead link]}
3. ^ Michael H. Hart, "The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History", Citadel Publishing, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8065-1350-8
4. ^ Michael H. Hart. A view from the year 3000: a ranking of the 100 most influential persons of all time; first published in 1999

External links[link]

• Religious Affiliation of History's 100 Most Influential People

After starting as an associate of Guru of Gang Starr (he made a rare rapping appearance on Guru's Jazzmatazz, Vol. 2 project and his only released solo track ever, "Who's The Truest" appeared on a Guru sampler CD which also included "Hi-Energy", a song he produced for Fabidden), True Master joined up with the Wu-Tang and was mentored by RZA before gradually increasing his profile with standout tracks on Wu-Tang albums ("Brooklyn Zoo", "Heaterz", "Fish"). He was to become extremely prolific and a crucial member of the Wu-Tang production crew during its busy 1997–2000 period. He has generally adhered to the traditional Wu-Tang sound, while the group's original main producer RZA ventured into cleaner, "Digital" territory with a limited use of samples and the inclusion of synthesizers and live instrumentation. True Master briefly tried his hand at more compositional keyboard-based productions in lieu of his signature sample-based style on the Gravediggaz album Nightmare in A Minor. He is current working on his debut album "Master Craftsman" that will feature Wu Tang members and Killa Beez & recently released a collaboration album with veteran MC KRS-One called Meta-Historical.

On September 14, 2011, True Master was arrested at his Harlem apartment for escaping from a New York courthouse after being arraigned on charges of sexual assault.^[1]

Production credits[link]

1993[link]

• Guru presents Ill Kid Records (1993)

07. True Master - "Who's the Truest"

09. Fabidden - "Hi Energy"

1995[link]

• Ol' Dirty Bastard - Return to the 36 Chambers: The Dirty Version (March 28, 1995)

04. "Brooklyn Zoo" (Co-produced with Ol' Dirty Bastard)

• Guru - Jazzmatazz, Vol. 2: The New Reality (July 18, 1995)

04. Looking Through Darkness (featuring Mica Paris) (Produced by True Master and co-produced by Guru)

05. Medicine (featuring True Master and Ini Kamoze)

1996[link]

• Ghostface Killah - Ironman (October 29, 1996)

09. "Fish" (featuring Cappadonna and Raekwon)

• Various artists - NFL Jams (Import) (November 26, 1996)

04. Method Man and Ricky Watters - "It's In The Game"

1997[link]

• Various artists - Rhyme & Reason (soundtrack) (January 14, 1997)

07. The RZA - "Tragedy" (Produced by True Master and co-produced by RZA)

• Wu-Tang Clan - Wu-Tang Forever (June 3, 1997)

2-09. "The M.G.M."

2-13. "Heaterz" (featuring Cappadonna)

• Gravediggaz - The Pick, the Sickle and the Shovel (October 14, 1997)

03. "Da Bomb"

08. "Pit of Snakes" (Produced by True Master and co-produced by RZA)

12. "Hidden Emotions" (featuring True Master)

1998[link]

• Cappadonna - The Pillage (March 24, 1998)

01. "Slang Editorial"

05. "Supa Ninjaz" (featuring U-God and Method Man)

07. "Splish Splash"

09. "Milk the Cow" (featuring Method Man)

12. "Dart Throwing" (featuring Raekwon and Method Man)

• Killah Priest - Heavy Mental (May 10, 1998)

02. "One Step" (featuring Tekitha)

05. "Cross My Heart" (featuring Inspectah Deck and GZA)

11. "If You Don't Know" (featuring Ol' Dirty Bastard)

• Sunz of Man - The Last Shall Be First (July 21, 1998)

04. "Flaming Swords"

11. "Collaboration '98" (featuring True Master and Method Man)

14. "For The Lust of Money/The Grandz"

17. "Next Up" (featuring Method Man)

18. "Intellectuals" (featuring Raekwon and U-God)

• Method Man - Tical 2000: Judgement Day (November 17, 1998)

04. "Dangerous Grounds" (featuring Street Life)

06. "Sweet Love" (featuring Cappadonna and Street Life)

08. "Torture"

16. "Party Crasher"

The version of this song that appears on the album is actually a remix by RZA. True Master provided the original beat, but it was later replaced. In an interview, Method Man expressed his wish to have the album released with the original True Master beat once all the copies of the first retail pressings were sold. The full instrumental of the original version of "Party Crasher" is available on a white label release of instrumentals from Tical 2000: Judgement Day.

17. "Grid Iron Rap" (featuring Street Life)

23. "Killin' Fields" (featuring Cho-Flo)

1999[link]

• Ol' Dirty Bastard - Nigga Please (September 14, 1999)

12. "All In Together Now"

• Inspectah Deck - Uncontrolled Substance (October 5, 1999)

08. "Longevity" (featuring U-God)

11. "Lovin' You" (featuring La the Darkman)

13. "R.E.C. Room"

• U-God - Golden Arms Redemption (October 5, 1999)

02. "Turbulence"

04. "Dat's Gangsta"

07. "Rumble" (featuring Leatha Face, Inspectah Deck and Method Man)

2000[link]

• Tony Touch - The Piece Maker (April 18, 2000)

05. Wu-Tang Clan - "The Abduction"

• Afu-Ra - Body of the Life Force (October 10, 2000)

04. "Big Acts, Little Acts" (featuring GZA)

2001[link]

• Various artists - Oz (soundtrack) (January 9, 2001)

03. Wu-Tang Clan - "What You In Fo'"

• Cappadonna - The Yin and the Yang (April 3, 2001)

02. "Super Model" (featuring Ghostface Killah)

• Gravediggaz - Nightmare in A-Minor (April 9, 2002)

03. "Burn Baby Burn"

14. "Man Only Fears" (featuring ShoGun Assasson)

19. "Nightmare In A-Minor" (featuring 4th Disciple and Beretta 9)

• Various artists - Wu-Chronicles, Chapter 2

08. Inspectah Deck, Leatha Face and U-God - "Rumble"

10. Leatha Face and U-God - "To The Rescue"

• RZA - Digital Bullet (August 28, 2001)

09. "La Rhumba" (featuring Method Man, Killa Sin and Beretta 9)

• Wu-Tang Clan - Iron Flag (December 18, 2001)

07. "Ya'll Been Warned"

2002[link]

• Afu-Ra - Life Force Radio (May 21, 2002)

16. "Dangerous Language" (featuring RZA)

• Busta Rhymes - It Ain't Safe No More (November 26, 2002)

18. "Till It's Gone"

2003[link]

• 9th Prince - Granddaddy Flow (May 28, 2003)

11. "Slang Killaz" (featuring Killarmy)

• RZA - Birth of a Prince (October 7, 2003)

05. "Fast Cars" (featuring Ghostface Killah)

2004[link]

• Ghostface Killah - The Pretty Toney Album (January 25, 2004)

02. "Biscuits" (featuring Trife)

• Masta Killa - No Said Date (June 6, 2004)

09. "Secret Rivals" (featuring Killah Priest and Method Man)

13. "Queen"

15. "Silverbacks" (featuring Inspectah Deck and GZA)

2005[link]

• Black Rob - The Black Rob Report (October 18, 2005)

12. "You Know What" (featuring Louis Farrakhan)

2007[link]

• Cilvaringz - I

12. "Damascus"

2008[link]

• GZA - Pro Tools

3. "Alphabets"

9. "Paper Plates"

This track was wrongfully credited to The RZA but was confirmed being produced by True Master.^[2]

2009[link]

• Raekwon - Only Built 4 Cuban Linx… Pt. II

17. "Fat Lady Sings"

This track was wrongfully credited to The RZA but was confirmed being produced by True Master.^[3]

2010[link]

• KRS-One - Meta-Historical

entire album

• 9th Prince - One Man Army

13. "Prince Of The Empire State"

Appearances as a rapper[link]

1993[link]

• Guru presents Ill Kid Records (1993)

07. True Master - "Who's the Truest"

1995[link]

• Guru - Jazzmatazz, Vol. 2: The New Reality (July 18, 1995)