Borges

Sunday, 28 October 2012

Borges

Alberto Manguel - Borges and the Impossibility of Writing

A short edit of Idle Motion's Borges and I

VIUDAS PELICULA CON GRACIELA BORGES, MARTIN BOSSI Y VALERIA BERTUCELLI

Êdoctum: Encuentro. Jorge Luis Borges II.

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Alexandria
http://wn.com/Alexandria
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
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Balvanera
Balvanera is a neighborhood ("barrio") of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Barcelona
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Buenos Aires
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Cimetière des Rois
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Collège de Genève
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Coronel Suárez
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Justicialist
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L'Hôtel
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Madrid
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Pampas
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Paraguay
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Petrópolis
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ("River of January", ; ), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, 6th largest in the Americas and 26th in the world.
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Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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Seville
Seville ( ; see also ) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and of the province of Seville. It is situated on the plain of the River Guadalquivir, with an average elevation of above sea level. The inhabitants of the city are known as sevillanos (feminine form: sevillanas) or hispalenses, following the Roman name of the city, Hispalis. The population of the city of Seville was 703,206 as of 2009 (INE), ranking as the fourth largest city of Spain. The population of the metropolitan area (urban area plus satellite towns) was 1,493,416 as of 2009 (INE estimate).
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Soviet Union
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Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Uruguay
Uruguay (, ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (sometimes rendered as the Eastern Republic of Uruguay in the English language; , ), is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.4 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European descent.
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Adolf Hitler
http://wn.com/Adolf_Hitler
Adolfo Bioy Casares
http://wn.com/Adolfo_Bioy_Casares
Alberto Manguel
Alberto Manguel (born 1948 in Buenos Aires) is a Canadian Argentine-born writer, translator, and editor. He is the author of numerous non-fiction books such as The Dictionary of Imaginary Places (co-written with Gianni Guadalupi in 1980) and A History of Reading (1996) The Library at Night (2007) and ''Homer's Iliad and Odyssey: A Biography (2008), and novels such as News From a Foreign Country Came'' (1991). Though almost all of Manguel's books were written in English, two of his novels (El regreso and Todos los hombres son mentirosos) were written in Spanish and have not yet been published in English. Manguel has also written film criticism such as Bride of Frankenstein (1997) and collections of essays such as Into the Looking Glass Wood (1998).
http://wn.com/Alberto_Manguel
Alejo Carpentier
http://wn.com/Alejo_Carpentier
Alfonso Reyes
:For the professional basketball player, see Alfonso Reyes (basketball)
http://wn.com/Alfonso_Reyes
Ambrose Bierce
Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce (June 24, 1842 – after 1913) was an American editorialist, journalist, short story writer, fabulist and satirist. Today, he is best known for his short story, "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" and his satirical lexicon, ''The Devil's Dictionary''.
http://wn.com/Ambrose_Bierce
Andre Norton
http://wn.com/Andre_Norton
André Gide
http://wn.com/André_Gide
Anthony Boucher
http://wn.com/Anthony_Boucher
Arthur Schopenhauer
http://wn.com/Arthur_Schopenhauer
Augusto Pinochet
http://wn.com/Augusto_Pinochet
Avram Davidson
http://wn.com/Avram_Davidson
Betty Ballantine
Betty Ballantine (born September 25, 1919) is a publisher who, with her husband Ian Ballantine, formed Bantam Books in 1945 and Ballantine Books in 1952. They became freelance publishers in the 1970s. Their son Richard is an author and journalist specialising in cycling topics.
http://wn.com/Betty_Ballantine
Brian Lumley
Brian Lumley (born 2 December 1937) is an English horror fiction writer.
http://wn.com/Brian_Lumley
C. L. Moore
http://wn.com/C_L_Moore
Carlos Fuentes
http://wn.com/Carlos_Fuentes
Carol Emshwiller
Carol Emshwiller (born 1921) is a writer of avant garde short stories and science fiction who has won prizes ranging from the Nebula Award to the Philip K. Dick Award. Ursula K. Le Guin has called her "a major fabulist, a marvelous magical realist, one of the strongest, most complex, most consistently feminist voices in fiction." Among her novels are Carmen Dog and The Mount. She has also written two cowboy novels called Ledoyt and Leaping Man Hill. Her most recent novel, The Secret City, was published in April 2007.
http://wn.com/Carol_Emshwiller
César Aira
http://wn.com/César_Aira
Danilo Kis
http://wn.com/Danilo_Kis
David Foster Wallace
http://wn.com/David_Foster_Wallace
Diana Wynne Jones
Diana Wynne Jones (born London 16 August 1934) is a British writer, principally of fantasy novels for children and adults, as well as a small amount of non-fiction. Some of her better-known works include the Chrestomanci series and the novels ''Howl's Moving Castle and Dark Lord of Derkholm''.
http://wn.com/Diana_Wynne_Jones
Don Quixote
(; , see spelling and pronunciation below), fully titled The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha (), is a novel written by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes. Cervantes created a fictional origin for the story by inventing a Moorish chronicler for Don Quixote named Cide Hamete Benengeli. Published in two volumes a decade apart (in 1605 and 1615), Don Quixote is the most influential work of literature from the Spanish Golden Age in the Spanish literary canon. As a founding work of modern Western literature, it regularly appears high on lists of the greatest works of fiction ever published.
http://wn.com/Don_Quixote
Donald M. Grant
Donald Metcalf Grant (April 3, 1927-August 19, 2009) was an American publisher. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island in 1927 and graduated from the University of Rhode Island in 1949. Grant's interest in fantasy and science fiction started when he began reading the stories of Edgar Rice Burroughs at age 10. He married in 1956 and has two children. Grant was involved in the founding of several science fiction and fantasy small press publishers. He co-founded Grant-Hadley Enterprises in 1945, The Buffalo Book Company in 1946 and Centaur Press in 1970. He also founded Grandon, Publishers in 1949 and Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. in 1964.
http://wn.com/Donald_M_Grant
Donald Wandrei
Donald Albert Wandrei (April 20, 1908–October 15, 1987) was an American science fiction, fantasy and weird fiction writer, poet and editor. He wrote as Donald Wandrei. He was the older brother of science fiction writer and artist Howard Wandrei. He had fourteen stories in Weird Tales, another sixteen in Astounding Stories, plus a few in other magazines including Esquire.
http://wn.com/Donald_Wandrei
E. F. Bleiler
http://wn.com/E_F_Bleiler
E. Hoffmann Price
http://wn.com/E_Hoffmann_Price
Edd Cartier
http://wn.com/Edd_Cartier
Edgar Allan Poe
http://wn.com/Edgar_Allan_Poe
Eduardo Mallea
http://wn.com/Eduardo_Mallea
Edward L. Ferman
Edward Lewis Ferman (born March 6, 1937) was an American science fiction and fantasy fiction editor and magazine publisher.
http://wn.com/Edward_L_Ferman
Ellen Asher
Ellen Asher is an American science fiction editor. She was the editor in chief of the Science Fiction Book Club for thirty-four years, from February 8, 1973 through June 1, 2007.
http://wn.com/Ellen_Asher
Emanuel Swedenborg
(born Emanuel Swedberg; January 29, 1688 – March 29, 1772) was a Swedish scientist, philosopher, Christian mystic and theologian. Swedenborg had a prolific career as an inventor and scientist. In 1741 at the age of fifty-three he entered into a spiritual phase [http://www.swedenborg.com/page.asp?page_name=aboutswedenborgexpanded] in which he eventually began to experience dreams and visions beginning on Easter weekend April 6, 1744. This culminated in a spiritual awakening, where he claimed he was appointed by the Lord to write a heavenly doctrine to reform Christianity. He claimed that the Lord had opened his eyes, so that from then on he could freely visit heaven and hell, and talk with angels, demons and other spirits. For the remaining 28 years of his life, he wrote and published 18 theological works, of which the best known was Heaven and Hell (1758), and several unpublished theological works.
http://wn.com/Emanuel_Swedenborg
Enrique Vila-Matas
Enrique Vila-Matas (born March 31, 1948, in Barcelona) is a Spanish novelist who has had a long and outstanding literary career and is one of the most prestigious and original writers in contemporary Spanish fiction. He is the author of several award-winning books that mix different genres and have been translated into thirty languages.
http://wn.com/Enrique_Vila-Matas
Erigena
http://wn.com/Erigena
Estela Canto
http://wn.com/Estela_Canto
Euclides da Cunha
http://wn.com/Euclides_da_Cunha
Eva Perón
http://wn.com/Eva_Perón
Evangeline Walton
http://wn.com/Evangeline_Walton
Forrest J Ackerman
Forrest J Ackerman (November 24, 1916 – December 4, 2008) was an American collector of science fiction books and movie memorabilia and a science fiction fan. He was, for over seven decades, one of science fiction's staunchest spokesmen and promoters.
http://wn.com/Forrest_J_Ackerman
Francisco de Quevedo
http://wn.com/Francisco_de_Quevedo
Frank Belknap Long
Frank Belknap Long (April 27, 1901 - January 3, 1994) was a prolific American writer of horror fiction, fantasy, science fiction, poetry, gothic romance, comic books, and non-fiction. Though his writing career spanned seven decades, he is best known for his horror and science fiction short stories, including early contributions to the Cthulhu Mythos. During his life, Long received the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement (at the 1978 World Fantasy Convention), the Bram Stoker Award for Lifetime Achievement (in 1987, from the Horror Writers Association), and the First Fandom Hall of Fame Award (1977).
http://wn.com/Frank_Belknap_Long
Frank Frazetta
http://wn.com/Frank_Frazetta
Franz Kafka
http://wn.com/Franz_Kafka
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; in English , ) (October 15, 1844 August 25, 1900) was a 19th-century German philosopher and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.
http://wn.com/Friedrich_Nietzsche
Fritz Leiber
http://wn.com/Fritz_Leiber
Funes the Memorious
http://wn.com/Funes_the_Memorious
Funes, the Memorious
http://wn.com/Funes_the_Memorious
G. K. Chesterton
http://wn.com/G_K_Chesterton
Gahan Wilson
Gahan Wilson (born February 18, 1930 in Evanston, Illinois) is an American author, cartoonist and illustrator known for his cartoons depicting horror-fantasy situations.
http://wn.com/Gahan_Wilson
Gene Wolfe
Gene Wolfe (born May 7, 1931) is an American science fiction and fantasy writer. He is noted for his dense, allusive prose as well as the strong influence of his Catholic faith, to which he converted after marrying a Catholic. He is a prolific short story writer and a novelist, and has won many awards in the field.
http://wn.com/Gene_Wolfe
George H. Scithers
George H. Scithers (May 14, 1929-April 19, 2010) was a science fiction fan, author, and Hugo Award winning editor.
http://wn.com/George_H_Scithers
Georges Perec
Georges Perec (7 March 1936, Paris – 3 March 1982) was a French novelist, filmmaker and essayist. He was a member of the Oulipo group.
http://wn.com/Georges_Perec
Gilles Deleuze
http://wn.com/Gilles_Deleuze
Guillermo Martínez
http://wn.com/Guillermo_Martínez
H. G. Wells
http://wn.com/H_G_Wells
H. P. Lovecraft
http://wn.com/H_P_Lovecraft
Harlan Ellison
Harlan Jay Ellison (born May 27, 1934) is an American writer. His principal genre is speculative fiction.
http://wn.com/Harlan_Ellison
Harold Bloom
Harold Bloom (born July 11, 1930) is an American writer and literary critic, currently Sterling Professor of the Humanities at Yale University. He is known for his defense of 19th-century Romantic poets, his construction of unique but controversial theories of poetic influence, and for advocating an aesthetic approach to literature against feminist, Marxist, New Historicist, poststructuralist (deconstructive and semiotic) literary criticism. Bloom is a 1985 recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship.
http://wn.com/Harold_Bloom
Heidegger
http://wn.com/Heidegger
Henry James
http://wn.com/Henry_James
Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
http://wn.com/Heraclitus
Herbert Spencer
http://wn.com/Herbert_Spencer
Herman Melville
Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet, whose work is often classified as part of the genre of dark romanticism. He is best known for his novel Moby-Dick and the posthumous novella Billy Budd.
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Hermann Hesse
http://wn.com/Hermann_Hesse
Hugh B. Cave
http://wn.com/Hugh_B_Cave
Italo Calvino
http://wn.com/Italo_Calvino
J. M. Coetzee
John Maxwell Coetzee () (born 9 February 1940) is an author and academic from South Africa. He is now an Australian citizen and lives in Adelaide, South Australia. A novelist and literary critic as well as a translator, Coetzee has won the Booker Prize twice and was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature.
http://wn.com/J_M_Coetzee
Jack Finney
http://wn.com/Jack_Finney
Jack Vance
John Holbrook Vance (born
http://wn.com/Jack_Vance
Jack Williamson
http://wn.com/Jack_Williamson
Jacques Derrida
Jacques Derrida () (15 July 1930 – 8 October 2004) was a French philosopher born in Algeria. He developed the critical technique known as deconstruction, and his work has been associated both with post-structuralism and postmodern philosophy. His prolific output of more than 40 published books, together with essays and public speaking, has had a significant impact upon the humanities, particularly on literary theory and continental philosophy. His best known assertion with regard to his methodology is that "there is no outside-the-text."
http://wn.com/Jacques_Derrida
James Joyce
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century. Joyce is best known for Ulysses (1922), a landmark novel which perfected his stream of conciousness technique and combined nearly every literary device available in a modern re-telling of The Odyssey. Other major works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939), and his complete oeuvre includes three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism, and his published letters.
http://wn.com/James_Joyce
Jane Yolen
Jane Hyatt Yolen (born February 11, 1939) is an American author and editor of almost 300 books. These include folklore, fantasy, science fiction, and children's books. She wrote the Nebula Award-winning ''Sister Emily's Lightship (short story) and Lost Girls (novelette), as well as Owl Moon and The Emperor and the Kite, Caldecott Medal winners, the Commander Toad series and How Do Dinosaurs Say Goodnight''.
http://wn.com/Jane_Yolen
Jean Baudrillard
http://wn.com/Jean_Baudrillard
Jean Racine
http://wn.com/Jean_Racine
Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the leading figures in 20th century French philosophy, existentialism, and Marxism, and his work continues to influence fields such as Marxist philosophy, sociology, and literary studies. Sartre was also noted for his long relationship with the author and social theorist, Simone de Beauvoir. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature but refused the honour.
http://wn.com/Jean-Paul_Sartre
Jeff VanderMeer
Jeffrey Scott VanderMeer (born July 7, 1968 in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania) is an American writer, editor and publisher.
http://wn.com/Jeff_VanderMeer
John Barth
John Simmons Barth (born May 27, 1930) is an American novelist and short-story writer, known for the postmodernist and metafictive quality of his work.
http://wn.com/John_Barth
John Crowley
John Crowley (born December 1, 1942) is an American author of fantasy, science fiction and mainstream fiction. He studied at Indiana University and has a second career as a documentary film writer. He is best known as the author of Little, Big (1981), which received the World Fantasy Award for Best Novel and has been called "a neglected masterpiece" by Harold Bloom.
http://wn.com/John_Crowley
Jonathan Swift
http://wn.com/Jonathan_Swift
Jorge Luis Borges
http://wn.com/Jorge_Luis_Borges
José Saramago
writer
http://wn.com/José_Saramago
Juan Domingo Perón
http://wn.com/Juan_Domingo_Perón
Juan José Arreola
http://wn.com/Juan_José_Arreola
Juan Perón
http://wn.com/Juan_Perón
Juan Rulfo
http://wn.com/Juan_Rulfo
Julio Cortázar
http://wn.com/Julio_Cortázar
Julián Marías
http://wn.com/Julián_Marías
L. Sprague de Camp
http://wn.com/L_Sprague_de_Camp
Leo and Diane Dillon
Leo and Diane Dillon are an American husband and wife team of illustrators. Among their awards are two consecutive Caldecott Medals for the children's books ''Why Mosquitoes Buzz In People's Ears and ''.
http://wn.com/Leo_and_Diane_Dillon
Lloyd Alexander
http://wn.com/Lloyd_Alexander
Luís de Camões
http://wn.com/Luís_de_Camões
Macedonio Fernández
http://wn.com/Macedonio_Fernández
Madeleine L'Engle
http://wn.com/Madeleine_L'Engle
Manly Wade Wellman
http://wn.com/Manly_Wade_Wellman
Marinetti
http://wn.com/Marinetti
Mark Z. Danielewski
Mark Z. Danielewski (born March 5, 1966) is an American author.
http://wn.com/Mark_Z_Danielewski
Martín Fierro
http://wn.com/Martín_Fierro
María Kodama
http://wn.com/María_Kodama
Michael Moorcock
Michael John Moorcock (born 18 December 1939, in London) is an English writer, primarily of science fiction and fantasy, who has also published a number of literary novels.
http://wn.com/Michael_Moorcock
Michel Foucault
http://wn.com/Michel_Foucault
Miguel de Cervantes
http://wn.com/Miguel_de_Cervantes
Nathaniel Hawthorne
http://wn.com/Nathaniel_Hawthorne
Nick Montfort
Nick Montfort is an associate professor of digital media at MIT in the Program in Writing and Humanistic Studies. He is also a poet, computer scientist, and author of interactive fiction. Montfort has collaborated on the blog Grand Text Auto, the sticker novel Implementation, and the contemporary fiction novel 2002: A Palindrome Story. He writes poems, text generators, and interactive fiction such as Book and Volume and Ad Verbum. Most recently, he and Ian Bogost wrote (MIT Press, 2009). Montfort also wrote Twisty Little Passages: An Approach to Interactive Fiction (MIT Press, 2003) and co-edited The Electronic Literature Collection: Volume 1 (ELO, 2006) and The New Media Reader (MIT Press, 2003).
http://wn.com/Nick_Montfort
Noah Wardrip-Fruin
Noah Wardrip-Fruin is Assistant Professor in the Computer Science Department of the University of California, Santa Cruz, and is an advisor for the Expressive Intelligence Studio. He is an alumnus of the Literary Arts MFA program and Special Graduate Study PhD program at Brown University. In addition to his research in digital media, computer games, and software studies, he is a member of the Board of Directors of the Electronic Literature Organization.
http://wn.com/Noah_Wardrip-Fruin
Norah Borges
Norah Borges (b. Palermo, Buenos Aires, 4 March 1901 - 20 July 1998) was an artist and the sister of the writer Jorge Luis Borges. Her original name was Leonor Fanny Borges, but her brother changed her name to "Norah." She made illustrations for her brother's books, also for Victoria Ocampo and Adolfo Bioy Casares.
http://wn.com/Norah_Borges
Noé Jitrik
http://wn.com/Noé_Jitrik
Orhan Pamuk
Ferit Orhan Pamuk (born 7 June 1952), generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk, is a Turkish novelist. He is also the Robert Yik-Fong Tam Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University, where he teaches comparative literature and writing.
http://wn.com/Orhan_Pamuk
Oscar Wilde
http://wn.com/Oscar_Wilde
Pablo Neruda
http://wn.com/Pablo_Neruda
Patricia A. McKillip
Patricia Anne McKillip (born February 29, 1948) is an American author of fantasy and science fiction novels. Her novels have been winners of the World Fantasy Award, Locus Award, and Mythopoeic Award, and have received numerous nominations for a variety of awards; in 2008, she was a recipient of the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement.She lives in Oregon and is married to David Lunde, a poet.
http://wn.com/Patricia_A_McKillip
Paul Auster
Paul Benjamin Auster (born February 3, 1947) is an American author known for works blending absurdism, existentialism, crime fiction and the search for identity and personal meaning in works such as The New York Trilogy (1987), Moon Palace (1989), The Music of Chance (1990), The Book of Illusions (2002) and The Brooklyn Follies (2005).
http://wn.com/Paul_Auster
Paul de Man
Paul de Man (December 6, 1919 – December 21, 1983) was a Belgian-born deconstructionist literary critic and theorist.
http://wn.com/Paul_de_Man
Paul Valéry
http://wn.com/Paul_Valéry
Peter LaSalle
Peter LaSalle is an American short story writer.
http://wn.com/Peter_LaSalle
Peter Straub
:This article is about the novelist. For the German statesman, see Peter Straub (politician).
http://wn.com/Peter_Straub
Philip José Farmer
http://wn.com/Philip_José_Farmer
Philip K. Dick
http://wn.com/Philip_K_Dick
Pierre Assouline
Pierre Assouline (born 1953) is a writer and journalist. He was born in Casablanca, French Morocco. He has published several novels and biographies, and also contributes articles for the print media and broadcasts for radio.
http://wn.com/Pierre_Assouline
Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Plato
R. A. Lafferty
Raphael Aloysius Lafferty (November 7, 1914 - March 18, 2002) was an American science fiction and fantasy writer known for his original use of language, metaphor, and narrative structure, as well as for his etymological wit. He also wrote a set of four autobiographical novels, In a Green Tree; a history book, The Fall of Rome; and a number of novels that could be more or less loosely called historical fiction.
http://wn.com/R_A_Lafferty
Ray Bradbury
Raymond Douglas "Ray" Bradbury (born August 22, 1920) is an American fantasy, horror, science fiction, and mystery writer. Best known for his dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953) and for the science fiction stories gathered together as The Martian Chronicles (1950) and The Illustrated Man (1951), Bradbury is one of the most celebrated among 20th and 21st century American writers of speculative fiction. Many of Bradbury's works have been adapted into television shows or films.
http://wn.com/Ray_Bradbury
Ray Russell
http://wn.com/Ray_Russell
Ricardo Piglia
http://wn.com/Ricardo_Piglia
Richard Matheson
Richard Burton Matheson (born February 20, 1926) is an American author and screenwriter, primarily in the fantasy, horror, and science fiction genres. He is perhaps best known as the author of What Dreams May Come, Bid Time Return, Duel, and I Am Legend, all four of which have been adapted as major motion pictures. Matheson has also written for several The Twilight Zone television show episodes such as Nightmare at 20,000 feet.
http://wn.com/Richard_Matheson
Roald Dahl
http://wn.com/Roald_Dahl
Robert Bloch
http://wn.com/Robert_Bloch
Roberto Bolaño
http://wn.com/Roberto_Bolaño
Rudyard Kipling
http://wn.com/Rudyard_Kipling
Samuel Beckett
Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish avant-garde writer, dramatist and poet, writing in English and French. Beckett's work offers a bleak outlook on human culture and both formally and philosophically became increasingly minimalist in his later career.
http://wn.com/Samuel_Beckett
Samuel Johnson
Samuel Johnson (18 September 1709 13 December 1784), often referred to as Dr Johnson, was a British author who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Johnson was a devout Anglican and committed Tory, and has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history". He is also the subject of "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature": James Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson.
http://wn.com/Samuel_Johnson
Shakespeare
http://wn.com/Shakespeare
Snorri Sturluson
http://wn.com/Snorri_Sturluson
Spinoza
http://wn.com/Spinoza
Stanisław Lem
http://wn.com/Stanisław_Lem
Stephen Fabian
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Tom Doherty
Tom Doherty (born April 23, 1936) is an American publisher, and the founder of Tor Books. After working as a book salesman in the 1950s and 1960s, Doherty became publisher of Tempo Books in 1972; in 1975, he became, in addition, publisher of another company also owned by Grosset & Dunlap, the science fiction imprint Ace Books. In 1980 he left Ace to found his own company, Tor Books.
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Umberto Eco (born 5 January 1932) is an Italian medievalist, semiotician, philosopher, literary critic and novelist, best known for his novel The Name of the Rose (Il nome della rosa, 1980), an intellectual mystery combining semiotics in fiction, biblical analysis, medieval studies and literary theory. He has also written academic texts, children's books and many essays.
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Ursula Kroeber Le Guin (; born October 21, 1929) is an American author. She has written novels, poetry, children's books, essays, and short stories, most notably in the genres of fantasy and science fiction. First published in the 1960s, her works explore Taoist, anarchist, ethnographic, feminist, psychological and sociological themes.
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William Cuthbert Faulkner (September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was a Nobel Prize-winning American novelist and short story writer. One of the most influential writers of the 20th century, his reputation is based mostly on his novels, novellas, and short stories. He was also a published poet and an occasional screenwriter.
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William Ford Gibson (born March 17, 1948) is an American-Canadian writer who has been called the "noir prophet" of the cyberpunk subgenre of science fiction. Gibson coined the term "cyberspace" in his short story "Burning Chrome" and later popularized the concept in his debut novel, Neuromancer (1984). In envisaging cyberspace, Gibson created an iconography for the information age before the ubiquity of the Internet in the 1990s. He is also credited with predicting the rise of reality television and with establishing the conceptual foundations for the rapid growth of virtual environments such as video games and the Web.
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World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
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Jorge Luis Borges: The Mirror Man - 1/6

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published: 15 Oct 2008

Borges Interview - English subtitles

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published: 03 Nov 2008

Alberto Manguel - Borges and the Impossibility of Writing

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published: 23 Mar 2010

Profile of a Writer: Jorge Luis Borges

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published: 26 May 2012

Borges: Spinoza's Sonnet

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published: 10 Oct 2008

Jorge Luis Borges 1

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published: 29 Jul 2008

Jorge Luis Borges - La Ceguera (1/6)

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published: 31 Mar 2008

A short edit of Idle Motion's Borges and I

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published: 03 Nov 2009

Borges, un destino sudamericano

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published: 26 Mar 2007

VIUDAS PELICULA CON GRACIELA BORGES, MARTIN BOSSI Y VALERIA BERTUCELLI

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published: 05 May 2012

Êdoctum: Encuentro. Jorge Luis Borges II.

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published: 06 Jul 2012

Jorge Luis Borges: The Mirror Man - 4/6

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published: 15 Oct 2008

Borges. 1976.avi

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published: 25 Dec 2011

Borges Y Yo A Go Go

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published: 06 Aug 2006

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"Borges" redirects here. For other uses, see Borges (disambiguation).

Jorge Luis Borges
Borges in 1951, by Grete Stern
Born	Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo (1899-08-24)24 August 1899 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Died	14 June 1986(1986-06-14) (aged 86) Geneva, Switzerland
Occupation	Writer, poet, critic, librarian
Language	Spanish
Nationality	Argentine
Influences Spinoza, Schopenhauer, G. K. Chesterton, Stevenson, De Quincey, Kipling, Cervantes, Camões, Quevedo, Gustav Meyrink, Swift, Kafka, H. P. Lovecraft, Herman Melville, Oscar Wilde, Walt Whitman, William Wordsworth, Hugo, Paul Valéry, Poe, Swedenborg, Plato, Virgil, Shakespeare, Nietzsche, Heraclitus, H. G. Wells, Euclides da Cunha, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Macedonio Fernández, One Thousand and One Nights, Casares, Rafael Cansinos-Assens, William Blake, Ambrose Bierce
Influenced César Aira, Paul Auster, Ricardo Piglia, Jean Baudrillard, Adolfo Bioy Casares, Roberto Bolaño, Gabriel García Márquez, Giannina Braschi, Italo Calvino, Julio Cortázar, Philip K. Dick, Umberto Eco, Michel Foucault, Carlos Fuentes, Danilo Kis, Gilles Deleuze, Jacques Derrida, Stanisław Lem, Orhan Pamuk, Georges Perec, Thomas Pynchon, José Saramago,^[1] W. G. Sebald, Enrique Vila-Matas, Gene Wolfe, William Gibson, David Foster Wallace, Mark Z. Danielewski, Harlan Ellison, Kyle Muntz, John Barth, Jeff VanderMeer, Peter LaSalle

Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo (24 August 1899 – 14 June 1986), known as Jorge Luis Borges (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxorxe ˈlwis ˈβorxes]), was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator born in Buenos Aires. His work embraces the "character of unreality in all literature".^[2] His most famous books, Ficciones (1944) and The Aleph (1949), are compilations of short stories interconnected by common themes such as dreams, labyrinths, libraries, mirrors, animals, fictional writers, religion and God. His works have contributed to the genre of science fiction as well as the genre of magic realism, a genre that reacted against the realism/naturalism of the nineteenth century.^[3]^[4]^[5] In fact, critic Angel Flores, the first to use the term, set the beginning of this movement with Borges's Historia universal de la infamia (A Universal History of Infamy) (1935).^[6] Scholars have also suggested that Borges's progressive blindness helped him to create innovative literary symbols through imagination.^[7] His late poems dialogue with such cultural figures as Spinoza, Camões, and Virgil.

In 1914 his family moved to Switzerland where he attended school, receiving his baccalauréat from the Collège de Genève in 1918. The family travelled widely in Europe, including stays in Spain. On his return to Argentina in 1921, Borges began publishing his poems and essays in surrealist literary journals. He also worked as a librarian and public lecturer. In 1955 he was appointed director of the National Public Library (Biblioteca Nacional) and professor of Literature at the University of Buenos Aires. In 1961 he came to international attention when he received the first ever Prix International, sharing the award with Samuel Beckett. In 1971 he won the Jerusalem Prize. His work was translated and published widely in the United States and in Europe. Borges himself was fluent in several languages. Borges had dedicated his final work, Los Conjurados (The Conspirators), to the city of Geneva, Switzerland, and it was there, in 1986, that he chose to die.^[8]

His international fame was consolidated in the 1960s, aided by the "Latin American Boom" and the success of Gabriel García Márquez's Cien Años de Soledad (One Hundred Years of Solitude).^[3] Writer and essayist J. M. Coetzee said of him: "He, more than anyone, renovated the language of fiction and thus opened the way to a remarkable generation of Spanish American novelists."^[9]

Life and career [link]

Early life and education [link]

Jorge Luis Borges was born in an educated middle-class family in August 1899. They were in comfortable circumstances but not wealthy enough to live in downtown Buenos Aires. They resided in Palermo, then a poorer suburb of the city. Borges's mother, Leonor Acevedo Suárez, came from a traditional Uruguayan family of "pure" criollo (Spanish) descent. Her family had been much involved in the European settling of South America, and she spoke often of their heroic actions.^[10] Borges's 1929 book Cuaderno San Martín includes the poem "Isidoro Acevedo," commemorating his grandfather, Isidoro de Acevedo Laprida, a soldier of the Buenos Aires Army. A descendant of the Argentine lawyer and politician Francisco Narciso de Laprida, Acevedo fought in the battles of Cepeda in 1859, Pavón in 1861, and Los Corrales in 1880. Isidoro de Acevedo Laprida died of pulmonary congestion in the house where his grandson Jorge Luis Borges was born. Borges grew up hearing about the faded family glory. On the other side, Borges's father, Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam, was part Spanish, part Portuguese, and half English, also the son of a colonel. Borges Haslam, whose mother was English, grew up speaking English at home and took his own family frequently to Europe. England and English pervaded the family home.^[10]

At nine, Jorge Luis Borges translated The Happy Prince by Oscar Wilde into Spanish. It was published in a local journal, but his friends thought the real author was his father.^[11] Borges Haslam was a lawyer and psychology teacher who harboured literary aspirations. Borges said his father "tried to become a writer and failed in the attempt." He wrote, "as most of my people had been soldiers and I knew I would never be, I felt ashamed, quite early, to be a bookish kind of person and not a man of action."^[10]

Borges was taught at home until the age of 11, bilingual, reading Shakespeare in English at the age of twelve.^[10] The family lived in a large house with an English library of over one thousand volumes; Borges would later remark that "if I were asked to name the chief event in my life, I should say my father's library."^[12] His father gave up practicing law due to the failing eyesight that would eventually afflict his son. In 1914, the family moved to Geneva, Switzerland, and spent the next decade in Europe.^[10] Borges Haslam was treated by a Geneva eye specialist, while his son and daughter Norah attended school, where Borges junior learned French. He read Carlyle in English, and began to read philosophy in German. In 1917, when he was 18, he met Maurice Abramowicz and began a literary friendship that would last the rest of his life.^[10] He received his baccalauréat from the Collège de Genève in 1918. The Borges family decided that, due to political unrest in Argentina, they would remain in Switzerland during the war, staying until 1921. After World War I, the family spent three years living in various cities: Lugano, Barcelona, Majorca, Seville, and Madrid.^[10]

At that time, Borges discovered the writing of Arthur Schopenhauer and Gustav Meyrink's The Golem (1915) which became influential to his work. In Spain, Borges fell in with and became a member of the avant-garde, anti-Modernist Ultraist literary movement, inspired by Apollinaire and Marinetti, close to the Imagists. His first poem, "Hymn to the Sea," written in the style of Walt Whitman, was published in the magazine Grecia.^[13] While in Spain, he met noted Spanish writers, including Rafael Cansinos Assens and Ramón Gómez de la Serna.

Early writing career [link]

Jorge Luis Borges in the 1940s, photograph taken from "Historia de la Literatura Argentina Vol II" (1968).

In 1921, Borges returned with his family to Buenos Aires. He had little formal education, no qualifications and few friends. He wrote to a friend that Buenos Aires was now "overrun by arrivistes, by correct youths lacking any mental equipment, and decorative young ladies".^[10] He brought with him the doctrine of Ultraism and launched his career, publishing surreal poems and essays in literary journals. In 1930, Nestor Ibarra called Borges the "Great Apostle of Criollismo," celebrating Latin American regionalism.^[14] Borges published his first published collection of poetry, Fervor de Buenos Aires, in 1923 and contributed to the avant-garde review Martín Fierro. Borges co-founded the journals Prisma, a broadsheet distributed largely by pasting copies to walls in Buenos Aires, and Proa. Later in life, Borges regretted some of these early publications, and attempted to purchase all known copies to ensure their destruction.^[15]

By the mid-1930s, he began to explore existential questions and fiction. He worked in a style that Ana María Barrenechea has called "Irreality." Many other Latin American writers, such as Juan Rulfo, Juan José Arreola, and Alejo Carpentier, were also investigating these themes, influenced by the phenomenology of Husserl and Heidegger and the existentialism of Jean-Paul Sartre. In this vein, his biographer Williamson underlines how careful readers must be not to infer a biographical basis for Borges's work as books, philosophy and imagination were as much a source of real inspiration to him as personal experience, if not more so.^[10] From the first issue, Borges was a regular contributor to Sur (South), founded in 1931 by Victoria Ocampo. It was then Argentina's most important literary journal and helped Borges find his fame.^[16] Ocampo introduced Borges to Adolfo Bioy Casares, another well-known figure of Argentine literature, who was to become a frequent collaborator and close friend. Together they wrote a number of works, some under the nom de plume H. Bustos Domecq, including a parody detective series and fantasy stories. During these years, a family friend Macedonio Fernández became a major influence on Borges. The two would preside over discussions in cafés, country retreats, or Fernández' tiny apartment in the Balvanera district. He appears explicitly in Borges's "Dialogue about a Dialogue,"^[17] in which the two discuss the immortality of the soul.

In 1933, Borges gained an editorial appointment at the literary supplement of the newspaper Crítica, where he first published the pieces later collected as the Historia universal de la infamia (A Universal History of Infamy, 1936).^[10] The book included two types of writing. The first lay somewhere between non-fictional essays and short stories, using fictional techniques to tell essentially true stories. The second consisted of literary forgeries, which Borges initially passed off as translations of passages from famous but seldom-read works. In the following years, he served as a literary adviser for the publishing house Emecé Editores and wrote weekly columns for El Hogar, which appeared from 1936 to 1939. In 1938, Borges found work as first assistant at the Buenos Aires Municipal Library in Miguel Cané, a working class area. There were so few books that cataloguing more than one hundred books per day, he was told, would leave little to do for the other staff and so look bad. The task took him about an hour each day and the rest of his time he spent in the basement of the library, writing articles, short stories and translations.^[10]

Later career [link]

Borges in 1976.

Borges's father died in 1938. This was a tragedy for the writer as the two were very close. On Christmas Eve that year, Borges suffered a severe head injury; during treatment, he nearly died of septicemia. While recovering from the accident, Borges began playing with a new style of writing for which he would become famous. His first story written after his accident, "Pierre Menard, Author of The Quixote" came out in May 1939, examining the father-son relationship and the nature of authorship. His first collection of short stories, El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan (The Garden of Forking Paths), appeared in 1941, composed mostly of works previously published in Sur.^[10] The title story concerns a Chinese professor in England, Dr. Yu Tsun, who spies for Germany during World War I, in an attempt to prove to the authorities that an Asian person is able to obtain the information that they seek. A combination of book and maze, it can be read in many ways. Through it, Borges arguably invented the hypertext novel and went on to describe a theory of the universe based upon the structure of such a novel.^[18]^[19] Eight stories taking up over sixty pages, the book was generally well received, but El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan failed to garner for him the literary prizes many in his circle expected.^[20]^[21] Victoria Ocampo dedicated a large portion of the July 1941 issue of Sur to a "Reparation for Borges." Numerous leading writers and critics from Argentina and throughout the Spanish-speaking world contributed writings to the "reparation" project.

With his vision beginning to fade in his early thirties and unable to support himself as a writer, Borges began a new career as a public lecturer.^{[Notes 1]}^[22]^[23] He became an increasingly public figure, obtaining appointments as President of the Argentine Society of Writers and as Professor of English and American Literature at the Argentine Association of English Culture. His short story "Emma Zunz" was made into a film (under the name of Días de odio, Days of Hate, directed in 1954 by the Argentine director Leopoldo Torre Nilsson).^[24] Around this time, Borges also began writing screenplays.

By the late 1950s, he had become completely blind. In 1955, he was nominated to the directorship of the National Library. Neither the coincidence nor the irony of his blindness as a writer escaped Borges:^[10]

Nadie rebaje a lágrima o reproche

esta declaración de la maestría

de Dios, que con magnífica ironía

me dio a la vez los libros y la noche.

No one should read self-pity or reproach

Into this statement of the majesty

Of God; who with such splendid irony,

Granted me books and blindness at one touch.^[25]

The following year, Borges was awarded the National Prize for Literature from the University of Cuyo, and the first of many honorary doctorates. From 1956 to 1970, Borges also held a position as a professor of literature at the University of Buenos Aires, while frequently holding temporary appointments at other universities. As his eyesight deteriorated, Borges relied increasingly on his mother's help. When he was not able to read and write anymore (he never learned to read Braille), his mother, to whom he had always been close, became his personal secretary. When Perón returned from exile and was re-elected president in 1973, Borges immediately resigned as director of the National Library.

International renown [link]

Borges with a group of fans, 1976.

Eight of Borges's poems appear in the 1943 anthology of Spanish American Poets by H. R. Hays.^[26]^{[Notes 2]} "The Garden of Forking Paths", one of the first Borges stories to be translated into English, appeared in the August 1948 issue of Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, translated by Anthony Boucher.^[27]^{[dead link]} Though several other Borges translations appeared in literary magazines and anthologies during the 1950s, his international fame dates from the early 1960s.^[28] In 1961, he received the first Prix International, which he shared with Samuel Beckett. While Beckett had garnered a distinguished reputation in Europe and America, Borges had been largely unknown and untranslated in the English-speaking world and the prize stirred great interest in his work. The Italian government named Borges Commendatore and the University of Texas at Austin appointed him for one year to the Tinker Chair. This led to his first lecture tour in the United States. In 1962, two major anthologies of Borges's writings were published in English by New York presses: Ficciones and Labyrinths. In that year, Borges began lecture tours of Europe. In 1980, he was awarded the Balzan Prize (for Philology, Linguistics and literary Criticism) and the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca; numerous other honors were to accumulate over the years, such as the French Legion of Honour in 1983, the Cervantes Prize, and a Special Edgar Allan Poe Award from the Mystery Writers of America, "for distinguished contribution to the mystery genre".^[29]^{[dead link]}

In 1967, Borges began a five-year period of collaboration with the American translator Norman Thomas di Giovanni, through whom he became better known in the English-speaking world. He also continued to publish books, among them El libro de los seres imaginarios (Book of Imaginary Beings, (1967, co-written with Margarita Guerrero), El informe de Brodie (Dr. Brodie's Report, 1970), and El libro de arena (The Book of Sand, 1975). He also lectured prolifically. Many of these lectures were anthologized in volumes such as Siete noches (Seven Nights) and Nueve ensayos dantescos (Nine Dantesque Essays). His presence, also in 1967, on campus at the University of Virginia (Charlottesville, VA) influenced a group of students amongst which was Jared Loewenstein who would later become founder and curator of the Jorge Luis Borges Collection at UVA^[30], one of the largest repositories of documents and manuscripts pertaining to the early works of JLB.^[31]

Later personal life [link]

Quotation by Borges at Buenos Aires Metro station in Madrid: "To me it's like fiction, that Buenos Aires was ever founded. I judge her to be as eternal as the sea and the wind."

In 1967, Borges married the recently widowed Elsa Astete Millán. Friends believed that his mother, who was 90 and anticipating her own death, wanted to find someone to care for her blind son. The marriage lasted less than three years. After a legal separation, Borges moved back in with his mother, with whom he lived until her death at age 99.^[32] Thereafter, he lived alone in the small flat he had shared with her, cared for by Fanny, their housekeeper of many decades.^[33] From 1975 until the time of his death, Borges traveled internationally. He was often accompanied in these travels by his personal assistant María Kodama, an Argentine woman of Japanese and German ancestry. In April 1986, a few months before his death, he married her via an attorney in Paraguay, in what was then a common practice among Argentines wishing to circumvent the Argentine laws of the time regarding divorce.

Jorge Luis Borges died of liver cancer in 1986 in Geneva and was buried there in the Cimetière des Rois. Kodama, his widow and heir on the basis of the marriage and two wills, gained control over his works. Her assertive administration of his estate resulted in a bitter dispute with the French publisher Gallimard regarding the republication of the complete works of Borges in French, with Pierre Assouline in Le Nouvel Observateur (August 2006) calling her "an obstacle to the dissemination of the works of Borges." Kodama took legal action against Assouline, considering the remark unjustified and defamatory, asking for a symbolic compensation of one euro.^[34]^[35]^[36] Kodama also rescinded all publishing rights for existing collections of his work in English, including the translations by Norman Thomas di Giovanni, in which Borges himself collaborated, and from which di Giovanni would have received an unusually high fifty percent of the royalties. Kodama commissioned new translations by Andrew Hurley which have become the standard translations in English.^[37]

Political opinions [link]

Anti-Communism [link]

In an interview with Richard Burgin during the late 1960s, Borges described himself as an adherent of Classical Liberalism. He further recalled that his opposition to Marxism and Communism was absorbed in his childhood. "Well, I have been brought up to think that the individual should be strong and the State should be weak. I couldn't be enthusiastic about theories where the State is more important than the individual."^[38] After the overthrow via coup d'etat of President Juan Domingo Perón in 1955, Borges supported efforts to purge Argentina's Government of Peronists and dismantle the former President's welfare state. He was enraged that the Communist Party of Argentina opposed these measures and sharply criticized them in lectures and in print. Borges' opposition to the Party in this matter ultimately led to a permanent rift with his longtime lover, Argentine Communist Estela Canto.^[39] In later years, Borges frequently expressed contempt for Marxists and Communists within the Latin American intelligentsia. In an interview with Burgin, Borges referred to Chilean Pablo Neruda as "a very fine poet," but a "very mean man" for unconditionally supporting the Soviet Union and demonizing the United States.^[40] During the 1970s, Borges at first expressed support for Argentina's military junta, but was scandalized by the junta's actions during the Dirty War. In protest against their support of the regime, Borges ceased publishing in the newspaper La Nación.^[41]

Anti-Fascism [link]

In 1934, Argentine ultra-nationalists, sympathetic to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, asserted Borges was secretly Jewish, and by implication, not a "true" Argentine. Borges responded with the essay "Yo, Judío" ("I, a Jew"), a reference to the old "Yo, Argentino" ("I, an Argentine"), a defensive phrase used during pogroms of Argentine Jews to make it clear to attackers that an intended victim was not Jewish.^[42] In the essay he notes, that he would be proud to be a Jew, with a backhanded reminder that any "pure" Castilian might be likely to have Jewish ancestry from a millennium ago.^[42]

Both before and during the Second World War, Borges regularly published essays attacking the Nazi police state and its racist ideology. His outrage was fueled by his deep love for German literature. In an essay published in 1937, Borges attacked the Nazi Party's use of children's books in order to inflame antisemitism. He wrote, "I don't know if the world can do without German civilization, but I do know that its corruption by the teachings of hatred is a crime."^[43]

In a 1938 essay, Borges reviewed an anthology which rewrote German authors of the past to fit the Nazi party line. He was disgusted by what he describes as Germany's "chaotic descent into darkness" and the attendant re-writing of history. He argues that such books sacrifice culture, history and honesty in the name of defending German honour. Such practices, he writes, "perfect the criminal arts of barbarians."^[44] In a 1944 essay, Borges postulated,

"Nazism suffers from unreality, like Erigena's hell. It is uninhabitable; men can only die for it, lie for it, wound and kill for it. No one, in the intimate depths of his being, can wish it to triumph. I shall risk this conjecture: Hitler wants to be defeated. Hitler is blindly collaborating with the inevitable armies that will annihilate him, as the metal vultures and the dragon, (which must have known that they were monsters), collaborated, mysteriously, with Hercules."^[45]

In 1946, Borges published the short story, "Deutsches Requiem," which masquerades as the last testament of Otto Dietrich zur Linde, a condemned Nazi war criminal. In a 1967 interview with Burgin, Borges recalled how his interactions with Argentina's Nazi sympathisers led him to create the story.

And then I realized that those people that were on the side of Germany, that they never thought of German victories or the German glory. What they really liked was the idea of the Blitzkrieg, of London being on fire, of the country being destroyed. As to the German fighters, they took no stock in them. Then I thought, well now Germany has lost, now America has saved us from this nightmare, but since nobody can doubt on which side I stood, I'll see what can be done from a literary point of view in favor of the Nazis. And then I created the ideal Nazi.^[46]

Opposition to Peronism [link]

In 1946, President Juan Domingo Perón began transforming Argentina into a Justicialist regime with the assistance of his wife Evita. Almost immediately, the spoils system was the rule of the day, as ideological critics of the new order were dismissed from government jobs. During this period, Borges was informed that he was being "promoted" from his position at the Miguel Cané Library to a post as inspector of poultry and rabbits at the Buenos Aires municipal market. Upon demanding to know the reason, Borges was told, "Well, you were on the side of the Allies, what do you expect?"^[47] The following day, Borges resigned from Government service in response to an insult he would never forget, or forgive.

Peron's treatment of Borges became a cause célèbre for the Argentine intelligentsia. The Argentine Society of Writers (SADE) held a formal dinner in his honour. At the dinner, a speech was read which Borges had written for the occasion. It said,

"Dictatorships breed oppression, dictatorships breed servility, dictatorships breed cruelty; more loathsome still is the fact that they breed idiocy. Bellboys babbling orders, portraits of caudillos, prearranged cheers or insults, walls covered with names, unanimous ceremonies, mere discipline usurping the place of clear thinking... Fighting these sad monotonies is one of the duties of a writer. Need I remind readers of Martín Fierro or Don Segundo that individualism is an old Argentine virtue."^[48]

In the aftermath, Borges found himself much in demand as a lecturer and one of the intellectual leaders of the Argentine opposition. In 1951 he was asked by anti-Peronist friends to run for president of SADE. Borges, then suffering from depression caused by a failed romance, reluctantly accepted. He later recalled that he would awake every morning and remember that Peron was President and feel deeply depressed and ashamed.^[49] Peron's government had seized control of the Argentine mass media and regarded SADE with indifference. Borges later recalled, however, "Many distinguished men of letters did not dare set foot inside its doors."^[50] Meanwhile, SADE became an increasing refuge for critics of the regime. SADE official Luisa Mercedes Levinson noted, "We would gather every week to tell the latest jokes about the ruling couple and even dared to sing the songs of the French Resistance, as well as 'La Marseillaise'."^[50]

After Evita's death on July 26, 1952, Borges received a visit from two policemen, who ordered him to put up two portraits of the ruling couple on the premises of SADE. Borges indignantly refused, calling it a ridiculous demand. The policemen icily retorted that he would soon face the consequences.^[51] The regime placed Borges under 24-hour surveillance and sent policemen to sit in on his lectures; in September it ordered SADE to be permanently closed down. Like much of the Argentine opposition to Peron, SADE had become marginalized due to persecution by the State, and very few active members remained.

According to Edwin Williamson,

Borges had agreed to stand for the presidency of the SADE in order [to] fight for intellectual freedom, but he also wanted to avenge the humiliation he believed he had suffered in 1946, when the Peronists had proposed to make him an inspector of chickens. In his letter of 1950 to Attilio Rossi, he claimed that his infamous promotion had been a clever way the Peronists had found of damaging him and diminishing his reputation. The closure of the SADE meant that the Peronists had damaged him a second time, as was borne out by the visit of the Spanish writer Julián Marías, who arrived in Buenos Aires shortly after the closure of SADE. It was impossible for Borges, as president, to hold the usual reception for the distinguished visitor; instead, one of Borges' friends brought a lamb from his ranch, and they had it roasted at a tavern across the road from the SADE building on Calle Mexico. After dinner, a friendly janitor let them into the premises, and they showed Marías around by candlelight. That tiny group of writers leading a foreign guest through a dark building by the light of guttering candles was vivid proof of the extent to which the SADE had been diminished under the rule of Juan Peron.^[52]

On September 16, 1955, General Pedro Eugenio Aramburu's "Revolución Libertadora" forced Peron to flee into exile. Borges was overjoyed and joined demonstrators marching through the streets of Buenos Aires. According to Williamson, Borges shouted, "Viva la Patria," until his voice grew hoarse. At his mother's prompting, the Aramburu regime appointed Borges as the Director of the National Library.^[53]^{[dead link]}

In his subsequent essay l'Illusion Comique, Borges denounced the conspiracy theories which the Peronist State had spread through the press and speeches. In conclusion, he wrote,

...one can only denounce the duplicity of the fictions of the former regime, which can't be believed and were believed. It will be said that the public's lack of sophistication is enough to explain the contradiction; I believe that the cause is more profound. Coleridge spoke of the "willing suspension of disbelief," that is, poetic faith; Samuel Johnson said, in defense of Shakespeare, that the spectators at a tragedy do not believe they are in Alexandria in the first act and Rome in the second, but submit to the pleasure of a fiction. Similarly, the lies of a dictatorship are neither believed nor disbelieved; they pertain to an intermediate plane, and their purpose is to conceal or justify sordid or atrocious realities.^[54]

In a 1967 interview, Borges said, "Peron was a humbug, and he knew it, and everybody knew it. But Peron could be very cruel. I mean, he had people tortured, killed. And his wife was a common prostitute."^[55]

When Peron returned from exile in 1973 and regained the Presidency, Borges was enraged. In a 1975 interview for National Geographic, he said "Damn, the snobs are back in the saddle. If their posters and slogans again defile the city, I'll be glad I've lost my sight. Well, they can't humiliate me as they did before my books sold well."^[56] After being accused of being unforgiving, Borges quipped, "I resented Peron's making Argentina look ridiculous to the world... as in 1951, when he announced control over thermonuclear fusion, which still hasn't happened anywhere but in the sun and the stars. For a time, Argentinians hesitated to wear band aids for fear friends would ask, 'Did the Atomic Bomb go off in your hand?' A shame, because Argentina really has world class scientists."^[56]

After Borges' death in 1986, the Peronist Partido Justicialista declined to send a delegate to the writer's memorial service in Buenos Aires. A spokesman for the Party stated that this was in reaction to "certain declarations he had made about the country."^[57] One Peronist declared that Borges had made statements about Evita Peron which were "unacceptable." Later, at the City Council of Buenos Aires, a storm raged when Peronist politicians decided to give only conditional support for a condolence on the writer's death.^[57]

Works [link]

Main article: Jorge Luis Borges bibliography

Borges in L'Hôtel, Paris in 1969.

Wardrip-Fruin and Montfort argue that Borges "may have been the most important figure in Spanish-language literature since Cervantes. But whatever his particular literary rank, he was clearly of tremendous influence, writing intricate poems, short stories, and essays that instantiated concepts of dizzying power."^[58]

In addition to short stories for which he is most noted, Borges also wrote poetry, essays, screenplays, literary criticism, and edited numerous anthologies. His longest work of fiction was a 14-page story, "The Congress", first published in 1971.^[10] His late-onset blindness strongly influenced his later writing. Borges wrote: "When I think of what I've lost, I ask, 'Who know themselves better than the blind?' – for every thought becomes a tool."^[59] Paramount among his intellectual interests are elements of mythology, mathematics, theology, integrating these through literature, sometimes playfully, sometimes with great seriousness.^{[citation needed]}

Borges composed poetry throughout his life. As his eyesight waned (it came and went, with a struggle between advancing age and advances in eye surgery), he increasingly focused on writing poetry, since he could memorize an entire work in progress. His poems embrace the same wide range of interests as his fiction, along with issues that emerge in his critical works and translations, and from more personal musings. For example, his interest idealism is reflected in the fictional world of Tlön in "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius", in his essay "A New Refutation of Time", "On Exactitude in Science", and in his poem "Things". Similarly, a common thread runs through his story "The Circular Ruins" and his poem "El Golem" ("The Golem").^{[citation needed]}

Borges was a notable translator. He translated works of literature in English, French, German, Old English, and Old Norse into Spanish. His first publication, for a Buenos Aires newspaper, was a translation of Oscar Wilde's story The Happy Prince into Spanish when he was nine.^[60] At the end of his life he produced a Spanish-language version of a part of Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda. He also translated (while simultaneously subtly transforming) the works of, among others, Edgar Allan Poe, Kafka, Hesse, Kipling, Faulkner, Gide, Whitman and Woolf.^{[Notes 3]} Borges wrote and lectured extensively on the art of translation, holding that a translation may improve upon the original, may even be unfaithful to it, and that alternative and potentially contradictory renderings of the same work can be equally valid.^[61] Borges also employed the devices of literary forgery and the review of an imaginary work, both forms of modern pseudo-epigrapha.

Hoaxes and forgeries [link]

Borges's best-known set of literary forgeries date from his early work as a translator and literary critic with a regular column in the Argentine magazine El Hogar. Along with publishing numerous legitimate translations, he also published original works, for example, in the style of Emanuel Swedenborg^{[Notes 4]} or One Thousand and One Nights, originally claiming them to be translations of works he had chanced upon. In another case, he added three short, falsely attributed pieces into his otherwise legitimate and carefully researched anthology El matrero.^{[Notes 4]} Several of these are gathered in the A Universal History of Infamy.

At times he wrote reviews of nonexistent writings by some other person. The key example of this is "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote", which imagines a twentieth-century Frenchman who tries to write Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote verbatim, not by having memorized Cervantes' work, but as an "original" narrative of his own invention. Initially the Frenchman tries to immerse himself in sixteenth-century Spain, but dismisses the method as too easy, instead trying to reach Don Quixote through his own experiences. He finally manages to (re)create "the ninth and thirty-eighth chapters of the first part of Don Quixote and a fragment of chapter twenty-two." Borges's "review" of the work of the fictional Menard uses tongue-in-cheek comparisons to explore the resonances which Don Quixote has picked up over the centuries since it was written. He discusses how much "richer" Menard's work is than that of Cervantes, even though the actual text is exactly the same.

While Borges was the great popularizer of the review of an imaginary work, he had developed the idea from Thomas Carlyle's Sartor Resartus, a book-length review of a non-existent German transcendentalist work, and the biography of its equally non-existent author. In This Craft of Verse, Borges says that in 1916 in Geneva "[I] discovered, and was overwhelmed by, Thomas Carlyle. I read Sartor Resartus, and I can recall many of its pages; I know them by heart."^[62] In the introduction to his first published volume of fiction, The Garden of Forking Paths, Borges remarks, "It is a laborious madness and an impoverishing one, the madness of composing vast books, setting out in five hundred pages an idea that can be perfectly related orally in five minutes. The better way to go about it is to pretend that those books already exist, and offer a summary, a commentary on them." He then cites both Sartor Resartus and Samuel Butler's The Fair Haven, remarking, however, that "those works suffer under the imperfection that they themselves are books, and not a whit less tautological than the others. A more reasonable, more inept, and more lazy man, I have chosen to write notes on imaginary books."^[63]

On the other hand, Borges was wrongly attributed some works, like the poem Instantes.^[64]^[65]

Criticism of Borges' work [link]

Borges's change in style from regionalist criollismo to a more cosmopolitan style brought him much criticism from journals such as Contorno, a left-of-centre, Sartre-influenced Argentine publication founded by the Viñas brothers, Noé Jitrik, Adolfo Prieto, and other intellectuals. In the post-Peronist Argentina of the early 1960s, Contorno met with wide approval from the youth who challenged the authenticity of older writers such as Borges and questioned their legacy of experimentation. Magic realism and exploration of universal truths, they argued, had come at the cost of responsibility and seriousness in the face of society's problems.^[66] The Contorno writers acknowledged Borges and Eduardo Mallea for being "doctors of technique" but argued that their work lacked substance due to their lack of interaction with the reality that they inhabited, an existentialist critique of their refusal to embrace existence and reality in their artwork.^[66]

Sexuality [link]

With a few notable exceptions, women are almost entirely absent from the majority of Borges's fictional output.^[67] There are, however, some instances in Borges's writings of romantic love, for example the story "Ulrikke" from The Book of Sand. The protagonist of the story "El muerto" also lusts after the "splendid, contemptuous, red-haired woman" of Azevedo Bandeira^[68] and later "sleeps with the woman with shining hair".^[69] Although they do not appear in the stories, women are significantly discussed as objects of unrequited love in his short stories The Zahir and The Aleph. ^[70] The plot of La Intrusa was based on a true story of two friends. Borges turned their fictional counterparts into brothers, excluding the possibility of a homosexual relationship.^[71]

Nobel Prize omission [link]

Borges was never awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, something which continually distressed the writer.^[10] He was one of several distinguished authors who never received the honour.^[72] Borges commented "Not granting me the Nobel Prize has become a Scandinavian tradition; since I was born they have not been granting it to me."^[73] Some observers speculated that Borges did not receive the award because of his conservative political views; or more specifically, because he had accepted an honour from dictator Augusto Pinochet.^[74]^[75]

Fact, fantasy and non-linearity [link]

Many of Borges's most popular stories concern the nature of time ("The Secret Miracle"), infinity ("The Aleph"), mirrors ("Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius") and Labyrinths ("The Two Kings and the Two Labyrinths", "The House of Asterion", "The Immortal", "The Garden of Forking Paths"). Williamson writes, "His basic contention was that fiction did not depend on the illusion of reality; what mattered ultimately was an author’s ability to generate 'poetic faith' in his reader."^[10] His stories often have fantastical themes, such as a library containing every possible 410-page text ("The Library of Babel"), a man who forgets nothing he experiences ("Funes, the Memorious"), an artifact through which the user can see everything in the universe ("The Aleph"), and a year of still time given to a man standing before a firing squad ("The Secret Miracle"). Borges also told realistic stories of South American life, of folk heroes, streetfighters, soldiers, gauchos, detectives, historical figures. He mixed the real and the fantastic: fact with fiction. His interest in compounding fantasy, philosophy, and the art of translation are evident in articles such as "The Translators of The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". In the Book of Imaginary Beings, a thoroughly (and obscurely) researched bestiary of mythical creatures, Borges wrote, "There is a kind of lazy pleasure in useless and out-of-the-way erudition."^[76] Borges's interest in fantasy was shared by Adolfo Bioy Casares, with whom he coauthored several collections of tales between 1942 and 1967, often under different pseudonyms including H. Bustos Domecq. Often, especially early in his career, the mixture of fact and fantasy crossed the line into the realm of hoax or literary forgery.^{[Notes 4]}

"The Garden of Forking Paths" (1941) presents the idea of forking paths through networks of time, none of which is the same, all of which are equal. Borges uses the recurring image of "a labyrinth that folds back upon itself in infinite regression" so we "become aware of all the possible choices we might make."^[77] The forking paths have branches to represent these choices that ultimately lead to different endings. Borges saw man's search for meaning in a seemingly infinite universe as fruitless and instead uses the maze as a riddle for time, not space.^[77] Borges also examined the themes of universal randomness and madness ("The Lottery in Babylon") and ("The Zahir"). Due to the success of the "Forking Paths" story, the term "Borgesian" came to reflect a quality of narrative non-linearity.^{[Notes 5]}

Culture and Argentine literature [link]

[edit] Martín Fierro and Argentine tradition

Main article: Borges on Martín Fierro

Along with other young Argentine writers of his generation, Borges initially rallied around the fictional character of Martín Fierro. Martín Fierro, a poem by José Hernández, was a dominant work of 19th century Argentine literature. Its eponymous hero became a symbol of Argentine sensibility, untied from European values – a gaucho, free, poor, pampas-dwelling.^[78] The character Fierro is illegally drafted to serve at a border fort to defend against the Indians but ultimately deserts to become a gaucho matrero, the Argentine equivalent of a North American western outlaw. Borges contributed keenly to the avant garde Martín Fierro magazine in the early 1920s.

As Borges matured, he came to a more nuanced attitude toward the Hernández poem. In his book of essays on the poem, Borges separates his admiration for the aesthetic virtues of the work from his mixed opinion of the moral virtues of its protagonist.^[79] In his essay "The Argentine Writer and Tradition" (1951), Borges celebrates how Hernández expresses the Argentine character. In a key scene in the poem, Martín Fierro and El Moreno compete by improvising songs on universal themes such as time, night, and the sea, reflecting the real-world gaucho tradition of payadas, improvised musical dialogues on philosophical themes.^[78]^[80] Borges points out that Hernández evidently knew the difference between actual gaucho tradition of composing poetry, versus the "gauchesque" fashion among Buenos Aires literati.

In his works he refutes the arch-nationalist interpreters of the poem, and disdains others as critic Eleuterio Tiscornia, for their Europeanising approach. Borges denies that Argentine literature should distinguish itself by limiting itself to "local colour", which he equates with cultural nationalism.^[80] Racine and Shakespeare's work, he says, looked beyond their countries' borders. Neither, he argues, need the literature be bound to the heritage of old world Spanish or European tradition. Nor should it define itself by the conscious rejection of its colonial past. He asserts that Argentine writers need to be free to define Argentine literature anew, writing about Argentina and the world from the point of view of those who have inherited the whole of world literature.^[80] Williamson says "Borges's main argument is that the very fact of writing from the margins provides Argentine writers with a special opportunity to innovate without being bound to the canons of the centre, [...] at once a part of and apart from the centre which gives them much potential freedom".^[78]

Argentine culture [link]

Borges focused on universal themes, but also composed a substantial body of literature on themes from Argentine folklore and history. His first book, the poetry collection Fervor de Buenos Aires (Passion for Buenos Aires), appeared in 1923. Borges's writings on things Argentine, include Argentine culture ("History of the Tango"; "Inscriptions on Horse Wagons"), folklore ("Juan Muraña", "Night of the Gifts"), literature ("The Argentine Writer and Tradition", "Almafuerte"; "Evaristo Carriego") and national concerns ("Celebration of The Monster", "Hurry, Hurry", "The Mountebank", "Pedro Salvadores"). Ultranationalists, however, continued to question his Argentine identity.^[81]

Borges's interest in Argentine themes reflects, in part, the inspiration of his family tree. Borges had an English paternal grandmother who, around 1870, married the criollo Francisco Borges, a man with a military command and a historic role in the civil wars in what is now Argentina and Uruguay. Spurred by pride in his family's heritage, Borges often used those civil wars as settings in fiction and quasi-fiction (for example, "The Life of Tadeo Isidoro Cruz," "The Dead Man," "Avelino Arredondo") as well as poetry ("General Quiroga Rides to His Death in a Carriage"). Borges's maternal great-grandfather, Manuel Isidoro Suárez, was another military hero, whom Borges immortalized in the poem "A Page to Commemorate Colonel Suárez, Victor at Junín." The city of Coronel Suárez in the south of Buenos Aires Province is named after him.

His non-fiction explores many of the themes found in his fiction. Essays such as "The History of the Tango" or his writings on the epic poem Martín Fierro explore Argentine themes, such as the identity of the Argentine people and of various Argentine subcultures. The varying genealogies of characters, settings, and themes in his stories, such as "La muerte y la brújula", used Argentine models without pandering to his readers or framing Argentine culture as 'exotic'.^[81] In his essay "El escritor argentino y la tradición", Borges notes that the very absence of camels in the Qur'an was proof enough that it was an Arabian work. He suggested that only someone trying to write an "Arab" work would purposefully include a camel.^[81] He uses this example to illustrate how his dialogue with universal existential concerns was just as Argentine as writing about gauchos and tangos.

Multicultural Influences [link]

At the time of Argentine independence in 1816, the population was predominantly criollo (of Spanish ancestry). The Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816 led to waves of immigration from Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, and in the following decades and the Argentine national identity diversified.^[82]^[10] Borges therefore was writing in a strongly European literary context, and worked immersed in Spanish, English, French, German, Italian, Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse literature. He also read translations of Near Eastern and Far Eastern works. Borges's writing is also informed by scholarship of Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, and Judaism, including prominent religious figures, heretics, and mystics. ^[83] Religion and heresy are explored in such stories as "Averroes's Search", "The Writing of the God", "The Theologians" and "Three Versions of Judas". The curious inversion of mainstream Christian concepts of redemption in the latter story is characteristic of Borges's approach to theology in his literature.

In describing himself, he said, "I am not sure that I exist, actually. I am all the writers that I have read, all the people that I have met, all the women that I have loved; all the cities that I have visited, all my ancestors."^[73] As a young man, he visited the frontier pampas which extend beyond Argentina into Uruguay and Brazil. Borges said that his father wished him "to become a citizen of the world, a great cosmopolitan," in the way of Henry and William James.^[84] Borges lived and studied in Switzerland and Spain as a young student. As Borges matured, he traveled through Argentina as a lecturer and, internationally, as a visiting professor; he continued to tour the world as he grew older, finally settling in Geneva where he had spent some of his youth. Drawing on the influence of many times and places, Borges's work belittled nationalism and racism.^[81] Portraits of diverse coexisting cultures characteristic of Argentina are especially pronounced in the book Six Problems for don Isidoro Parodi (co-authored with Adolfo Bioy Casares) and the story "Death and the Compass", which may or may not be set in Buenos Aires. Borges wrote that he considered Mexican essayist Alfonso Reyes "the best prose-writer in the Spanish language of any time."^[85]

Borges was also an admirer of some Oriental culture, e.g. the ancient Chinese board game of Go, about which he penned some verses. ^[86]

Influences [link]

Modernism [link]

Borges lived through most of the 20th century, and was rooted in the Modernism predominant in its early years. He was especially influenced by Symbolism.^[87] Like contemporary novelist Vladimir Nabokov and the older James Joyce, he combined an interest in his native culture with broader perspectives. He also shared their multilingualism and their inventiveness with language. However, while Nabokov and Joyce tended toward progressively larger works as they grew older, Borges remained a miniaturist. Borges's work progressed away from what he referred to as "the baroque", while Joyce's and Nabokov's moved towards it: his later style is far more transparent and naturalistic than his earlier works. Borges represented the humanist view of media that stressed the social aspect of art driven by emotion. If art represented the tool, then Borges was more interested in how the tool could be used to relate to people.^[58]

Existentialism saw its apogee during the years of Borges's greatest artistic production. It has been argued that his choice of topics largely ignored existentialism's central tenets. Critic Paul de Man notes, "Whatever Borges's existential anxieties may be, they have little in common with Sartre's robustly prosaic view of literature, with the earnestness of Camus' moralism, or with the weighty profundity of German existential thought. Rather, they are the consistent expansion of a purely poetic consciousness to its furthest limits."^[88]

Political influences [link]

As a political conservative, Borges "was repulsed by Marxism in theory and practice. Abhorring sentimentality, he rejected the politics and poetics of cultural identity that held sway in Latin America for so long."^[89] As a universalist, his interest in world literature reflected an attitude that was also incongruent with the Perónist Populist nationalism. That government's confiscation of Borges's job at the Miguel Cané Library fueled his skepticism of government. He labeled himself a Spencerian anarchist, following his father.^[90]^[91]

Mathematics [link]

Main article: Borges and mathematics

The essay collection Borges y la Matemática (Borges and Mathematics, 2003) by Argentine mathematician and writer Guillermo Martínez, outlines how Borges used concepts from mathematics in his work. Martínez states that Borges had, for example, at least a superficial knowledge of set theory, which he handles with elegance in stories such as "The Book of Sand".^[92] Other books such as The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges' Library of Babel by William Goldbloom Bloch (2008) and Unthinking Thinking: Jorge Luis Borges, Mathematics, and the New Physics by Floyd Merrell (1991) also explore this relationship.

Notes [link]

^ "His was a particular kind of blindness, grown on him gradually since the age of thirty and settled in for good after his fifty-eighth birthday." From , Alberto Manguel (2006) With Borges, London:Telegram Books pp. 15–16.
^ The Borges poems in H. R. Hays, ed. (1943) 12 Spanish American Poets are "A Patio," "Butcher Shop," "Benares," "The Recoleta," "A Day's Run," "General Quiroga Rides to Death in a Carriage," "July Avenue," and "Natural Flow of Memory."
^ Notable translations also include work by Melville, Faulkner, Sir Thomas Browne, and G. K. Chesterton.
^ ^a ^b ^c His imitations of Swedenborg and others were originally passed off as translations, in his literary column in Crítica. "El Teólogo" was originally published with the note "Lo anterior... es obra de Manuel Swedenborg, eminente ingeniero y hombre de ciencia, que durante 27 años estuvo en comercio lúcido y familiar con el otro mundo." ("The preceding [...] is the work of Emanuel Swedenborg, eminent engineer and man of science, who during 27 years was in lucid and familiar commerce with the other world.") See "Borges y Revista multicolor de los sábados: confabulados en una escritura de la infamia" by Raquel Atena Green in Wor(l)ds of Change: Latin American and Iberian Literature Volume 32 2010 Peter Lang publishers, ISBN 978-0-8204-3467-4
^ Non-linearity was key to the development of digital media. See Murray, Janet H. "Inventing the Medium" The New Media Reader. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003

References [link]

^ FT.com "Small Talk: José Saramago". "Everything I’ve read has influenced me in some way. Having said that, Kafka, Borges, Gogol, Montaigne, Cervantes are constant companions."
^ Jozef, Bella. "Borges: linguagem e metalinguagem". In: O espaço reconquistado. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 1974, p.43.
^ ^a ^b (Portuguese) Masina, Lea. (2001) "Murilo Rubião, o mágico do conto". In: O pirotécnico Zacarias e outros contos escolhidos. Porto Alegre: L & PM, p5.
^ (Portuguese)__, "O maravilhoso no Novo Mundo: ecologia e discurso", (1992) Ecologia e discurso. Rio de Janeiro, Tempo Brasileiro pp. 115–129.
^ Theo L. D’Haen (1995) "Magical Realism and Postmodernism: Decentering Privileged Centers", in: Louis P. Zamora and Wendy B. Faris, Magical Realism: Theory, History and Community. Duhan and London, Duke University Press pp. 191–208.
^ On his conference "Magical Realism in Spanish American" (Nova York, MLA, 1954), published later in Hispania, 38 (2), 1955. However, some critics would consider Borges to be a predecessor and not actually a magical realist.
^ In short, Borges's blindness led him to favour poetry and shorter narratives over novels. Ferriera, Eliane Fernanda C. "O (In) visível imaginado em Borges". In: Pedro Pires Bessa (ed.). Riqueza Cultural Ibero-Americana. Campus de Divinópolis-UEMG, 1996, pp. 313–314.
^ Borges on Life and Death Interview by Amelia Barili
^ Coetzee, J.M. "Borges's Dark Mirror", New York Review of Books, Volume 45, Number 16. October 22, 1998
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q "Don’t abandon me" Tóibín, Colm London Review of Books 2006-05-11. Retrieved 2009-04-19
^ Harold Bloom (2004) Jorge Luis Borges (Bloom's biocritiques) Infobase Publishing ISBN 0-7910-7872-8
^ Borges, Jorge Luis, "Autobiographical Notes", The New Yorker, 19 September 1970.
^ Wilson, Jason (2006). Jorge Luis Borges. Reaktion Books. p. 37. ISBN 1-86189-286-1.
^ Borges Center, University of Pittsburgh. Accessed 2010-08-16
^ Borges: Other Inquisitions 1937–1952. Full introduction by James Irby. University of Texas ISBN 978-0-292-76002-8 Accessed 2010-08-16
^ "Ivonne Bordelois, "The Sur Magazine" Villa Ocampo Website". Villaocampo.org. http://www.villaocampo.org/ing/historico/cultura_1.htm. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
^ Borges, Jorge Luis. Trans. Mildred Boyer and Harold Morland. Dreamtigers. University of Texas Press, 1985, p. 25.
^ Bolter, Jay David; Joyce, Michael (1987). "Hypertext and Creative Writing". Hypertext '87 Papers. ACM. pp. 41–50. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=317431.
^ Moulthrop, Stuart (1991). "Reading From the Map: Metonymy and Metaphor in the Fiction of 'Forking Paths'". In Delany, Paul; Landow, George P.. Hypermedia and Literary Studies. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The MIT Press.
^ "Borges, Jorge Luis (Vol.32)". enotes. http://www.enotes.com/poetry-criticism/borges-jorge-luis. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
^ Wardrip-Fruin, Noah & Montfort, Nick (2003). The New Media Reader. MIT Press.
^ , Alberto Manguel (2006) With Borges, London:Telegram Books pp. 15–16.
^ Woodall, J: The Man in Mirror of the Book, A Life of Luis Borges, (1996) Hodder and Stoughton pxxx.
^ "Days of Hate". Imdb. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046947/. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
^ Jorge Luis Borges (1984) Seven Nights, A New Directions Book pp 109-110.
^ H. R. Hays, ed. (1943) 12 Spanish American Poets. New Haven: Yale University Press p118-139.
^ Index to Science Fiction Anthologies and Collections.
^ Borges, Jorge Luis (1998) Collected Fictions Viking Penguin. Translation and notes by Andrew Hurley. Editorial note p 517.
^ Mystery Writers of America. Edgar Award Database. Retrieved 24 September 2007.
^ UVA, Special Collections Library. http://www2.lib.virginia.edu/small/collections/borges/
^ Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cada pieza es de un valor incalculable" Cover Article. Revista Ñ, Diario Clarin. Buenos Aires, September 5th, 2011.
^ Norman Thomas Di Giovanni, The Lessons of the Master
^ "Fanny", El Señor Borges
^ http://edant.revistaenie.clarin.com/notas/2008/05/14/01671869.html
^ http://edant.revistaenie.clarin.com/notas/2008/05/15/01672570.html
^ (Spanish) Octavi Martí, Kodama frente a Borges, El País (Madrid), Edición Impresa, 16 August 2006. Abstract online; full text accessible online by subscription only.
^ Richard Flanagan, "Writing with Borges", The Age (Australia), 12 July 2003. Accessed 2010-08-16
^ Burgin (1968). P104.
^ Edwin Williamson, Borges: A Life, pages 332–333.
^ Burgin (1968) pp. 95–6
^ Willis Barnstone, With Borges on an Ordinary Evening in Buenos Aires, University of Illinois Press, 1993. Pages 30-31.
^ ^a ^b De Costa, René (2000) Humor in Borges (Humor in Life & Letters). Wayne State University Press p49 ISBN 0-8143-2888-1
^ Jorge Luis Borges, Selected Nonfictions, p 200.
^ Selected Nonfictions, page 201.
^ Borges, Selected Nonfictions, page 211.
^ Burgin (1968), pp 31-332.
^ Williamson (2004) p292
^ Williamson (2004) p295
^ Williamson (2004) p312
^ ^a ^b Williamson (2004) p313
^ Williamson (2004) p320.
^ Williamson (2004) pp320-321.
^ (Spanish) Jorge Luis Borges. Galería de Directores, Biblioteca Nacional (Argentina)., Retrieved 23 December 2006.
^ Jorge Luis Borges, Selected Nonfictions, page 410.
^ Burgin (1969) p121
^ ^a ^b National Geographic, March 1975. p303.
^ ^a ^b Williamson (2004) p491
^ ^a ^b Wardrip-Fruin, Noah, and Nick Montfort, ed. (2003). The New Media Reader. Cambridge: The MIT Press, p29. ISBN 0-262-23227-8
^ Borges, Jorge Luis. (1994) Siete Noches. Obras Completas, vol. III. Buenos Aires: Emecé
^ Kristal, Efraín (2002). Invisible Work. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-8265-1408-1.
^ Jorge Luis Borges, This Craft of Verse, Harvard University Press, 2000. pp. 57–76. Word Music and Translation, Lecture, Delivered February 28, 1968.
^ Borges This Craft of Verse (p104)
^ Borges Collected Fictions, p67
^ University of Pittsburgh, Borges Center Jorge Luis Borges, autor del poema "Instantes", by Iván Almeida. Retrieved January 10, 2011
^ Internetaleph, Martin Hadis' site on The Life & Works of Jorge Luis Borges. Retrieved January 10, 2011
^ ^a ^b Katra, William H. (1988) Contorno: Literary Engagement in Post-Perónist Argentina. Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, pp. 56–57
^ The Queer Use of Communal Women in Borges's "El muerto" and "La intrusa", paper presented at XIX Latin American Studies Association (LASA) Congress held in Washington DC in September 1995.
^ Hurley, Andrew (1988) Jorge Luis Borges: Collected Fictions. New York: Penguin p197.
^ Hurley, Andrew (1988) Jorge Luis Borges: Collected Fictions. New York: Penguin p200
^ Hurley, Andrew 1988) Jorge Luis Borges: Collected Fictions. New York: Penguin
^ Keller, Gary; Karen S. Van Hooft (1976). "Jorge Luis Borges's `La intrusa:' The Awakening of Love and Consciousness/The Sacrifice of Love and Consciousness.". In Eds. Lisa E. Davis and Isabel C. Tarán. The Analysis of Hispanic Texts: Current Trends in Methodology. Bilingual P. pp. 300–319.
^ Feldman, Burton (2000) The Nobel Prize: a History of Genius, Controversy and Prestige, Arcade Publishing p57
^ ^a ^b Guardian profile. "Jorge Luis Borges" 22 July 2008. Accessed 2010-08-15
^ "Briton Wins the Nobel Literature Prize." James M. Markham. The New York Times 7 October 1983. Accessed 2010-08-15
^ Feldman, Burton (2000) The Nobel Prize: a History of Genius, Controversy and Prestige, Arcade Publishing p81
^ Borges, Luis Borges (1979) Book of Imaginary Beings Penguin Books Australia p.11 ISBN 0-525-47538-9
^ ^a ^b Murray, Janet H. "Inventing the Medium" The New Media Reader. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gabriel Waisman, Sergio (2005) Borges and Translation: The Irreverence of the Periphery Bucknell University Press pp. 126–9 ISBN 0-8387-5592-5
^ Borges and Guerrero (1953) El "Martín Fierro ISBN 84-206-1933-7
^ ^a ^b ^c Borges, Jorge Luis and Lanuza, Eduardo González (1961) "The Argentine writer and tradition" Latin American and European Literary Society
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Takolander, Maria (2007) Catching butterflies: bringing magical realism to ground Peter Lang Pub Inc pp. 55–60 ISBN 3-03911-193-0
^ "Velez, Wanda (1990) ''South American Immigration: Argentina''. Yale University, New Haven Teachers Institute". Yale.edu. http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1990/1/90.01.06.x.html. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
^ Bell-Villada, Gene Borges and His Fiction: A Guide to His Mind and Art University of Texas Press ISBN 978-0-292-70878-5
^ Williamson, Edwin (2004). Borges: a life. Viking. p. 53. ISBN 0-670-88579-7.
^ Borges Siete Noches, p156
^ "El Go". GoBase. http://gobase.org/reading/stories/?id=12. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
^ Britton, R (July 1979). "History, Myth, and Archetype in Borges's View of Argentina". The Modern Language Review (Modern Humanities Research Association) 74 (3): 607–616. DOI:10.2307/3726707. JSTOR 3726707.
^ de Man, Paul. "A Modern Master", Jorge Luis Borges, Ed. Harold Bloom, New York: Chelsea House Pub., 1986. p.22.
^ New york Times Article. Paid Subscription only
^ Yudin, Florence (1997). Nightglow: Borges' Poetics of Blindness. City: Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca. p. 31. ISBN 84-7299-385-X.
^ Bell-Villada, Gene (1981). Borges and His Fiction. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 13. ISBN 0-8078-1458-X.
^ Martinez, Guillermo (2003) Borges y la Matemática (Spanish Edition) Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires. ISBN 950-23-1296-1

External links [link]

	Argentina portal
	Biography portal
	Writing portal

Find more about Jorge Luis Borges on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Quotations from Wikiquote

Ronald Christ (Winter-Spring 1967). "Jorge Luis Borges, The Art of Fiction No. 39". Paris Review. http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4331/the-art-of-fiction-no-39-jorge-luis-borges.
BBC Radio 4 discussion programme from In our time. (Audio 45 mins)
The Norton Lectures, delivered at Harvard University in the fall of 1967, by Borges
Jorge Luis Borges at The Modern Word
Borges Center, University of Pittsburgh.
The Friends of Jorge Luis Borges Worldwide Society & Associates

Jorge Luis Borges

Bibliography

Original
collections

A Universal History of Infamy: "On Exactitude in Science"

Ficciones: "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" · "The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim" · "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote" · "The Circular Ruins" · "The Lottery in Babylon" · "An Examination of the Work of Herbert Quain" · "The Library of Babel" · "The Garden of Forking Paths" · "Funes the Memorious" · "The Form of the Sword" · "Theme of the Traitor and the Hero" · "Death and the Compass" · "The Secret Miracle" · "Three Versions of Judas" · "The End" · "The Sect of the Phoenix" · "The South"

The Aleph: "The Immortal" · "The Dead Man" · "The Theologians" · "Emma Zunz" · "The House of Asterion" · "Deutsches Requiem" · "Averroes's Search" · "The Zahir" · "The Writing of the God" · "The Two Kings and the Two Labyrinths" · "The Wait" · "The Aleph"

Dreamtigers: "Borges and I"

Dr. Brodie's Report: "The Encounter" · "The Gospel According to Mark"

The Book of Sand: "The Other" · "Ulrikke" · "The Congress" · "There Are More Things" · "The Disk" · "The Book of Sand"

Shakespeare's Memory: "Blue Tigers" · "Shakespeare's Memory"

Jorge Luis Borges 1951, by Grete Stern.jpg

Other works

A New Refutation of Time · Borges on Martín Fierro · "El Golem" · Book of Imaginary Beings · Labyrinths

Fictional works,
characters etc.

Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge's Taxonomy · The Conversation with the Man Called Al-Mu'tasim · H. Bustos Domecq · Pedro Mata · Uqbar

v t e World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement

1975–1979	Robert Bloch (1975) Fritz Leiber (1976) Ray Bradbury (1977) Frank Belknap Long (1978) Jorge Luis Borges (1979)

1980–1989	Manly Wade Wellman (1980) C. L. Moore (1981) Italo Calvino (1982) Roald Dahl (1983) L. Sprague de Camp Richard Matheson E. Hoffmann Price Jack Vance Donald Wandrei (1984) Theodore Sturgeon (1985) Avram Davidson (1986) Jack Finney (1987) Everett F. Bleiler (1988) Evangeline Walton (1989)

1990–1999	R. A. Lafferty (1990) Ray Russell (1991) Edd Cartier (1992) Harlan Ellison (1993) Jack Williamson (1994) Ursula K. Le Guin (1995) Gene Wolfe (1996) Madeleine L'Engle (1997) Edward L. Ferman Andre Norton (1998) Hugh B. Cave (1999)

2000–2009	Marion Zimmer Bradley Michael Moorcock (2000) Frank Frazetta Philip José Farmer (2001) Forrest J Ackerman George H. Scithers (2002) Lloyd Alexander Donald M. Grant (2003) Stephen King Gahan Wilson (2004) Tom Doherty Carol Emshwiller (2005) John Crowley Stephen Fabian (2006) Betty Ballantine Diana Wynne Jones (2007) Leo and Diane Dillon Patricia A. McKillip (2008) Ellen Asher Jane Yolen (2009)

2010–present	Brian Lumley Terry Pratchett Peter Straub (2010)

Authority control: LCCN: n79007035 | WorldCat

Persondata
Name	Borges, Jorge Luis
Alternative names	JLB (initials)
Short description	Argentine writer
Date of birth	(1899-08-24)24 August 1899
Place of birth	Buenos Aires, Argentina
Date of death	14 June 1986(1986-06-14)
Place of death	Geneva, Switzerland

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Alberto Manguel

Alberto Manguel (born 1948 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine-born writer, translator, and editor. He is the author of numerous non-fiction books such as The Dictionary of Imaginary Places (co-written with Gianni Guadalupi in 1980), A History of Reading (1996), The Library at Night (2007) and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey: A Biography (2008); and novels such as News From a Foreign Country Came (1991). Though almost all of Manguel's books were written in English, two of his novels (El regreso and Todos los hombres son mentirosos) were written in Spanish and have not yet been published in English. Manguel has also written film criticism such as Bride of Frankenstein (1997) and collections of essays such as Into the Looking Glass Wood (1998).

For over twenty years, Manguel has edited a number of literary anthologies on a variety of themes or genres ranging from erotica and gay stories to fantastic literature and mysteries.

1 Career
2 Works
3 Awards
4 Reviews
5 References
6 External links

Career [link]

Manguel grew up in Israel, where his father was the Argentine ambassador. Later, in Buenos Aires, when Manguel was still a teenager, he met the writer Jorge Luis Borges, a customer of the Pygmalion Anglo-German bookshop in Buenos Aires where Manguel worked after school. As Borges was almost blind, he would ask others to read out loud for him, and Manguel became one of Borges' readers, several times a week from 1964 to 1968.

In Buenos Aires, Manguel attended the Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires from 1961 to 1966; among his teachers were notable Argentinian intellectuals such as the historian Alberto Salas, the Cervantes scholar Isaias Lerner and the literary critic Enrique Pezzoni. Manguel did one year (1967) at the Universidad de Buenos Aires, Filosofía y Letras, but he abandoned his studies and started working at the recently founded Editorial Galerna of Guillermo Schavelzon (who thirty-five years later, now established in Barcelona, was to become Manguel's literary agent). In 1969 Manguel travelled to Europe and worked as a reader for various publishing companies: Denoél, Gallimard and Les Lettres Nouvelles in Paris, and Calder & Boyars in London.

1970s [link]

In 1971, Manguel, living then in Paris and London, was awarded the Premio La Nación (Buenos Aires) for a collection of short stories. The prize was shared with the writer Bernardo Schiavetta. In 1972 Manguel returned to Buenos Aires and worked for a year as a reporter for the newspaper La Nación. In 1974, he was offered employment as foreign editor at the Franco Maria Ricci publishing company in Milan. Here he met Gianni Guadalupi and later, at Guadalupi's suggestion, wrote with him The Dictionary of Imaginary Places. The book is a travel guide to fantasy lands, islands, cities, and other locations from world literature, including Ruritania, Shangri-La, Xanadu, Atlantis, L. Frank Baum's Oz, Lewis Carroll's Wonderland, Thomas More's Utopia, Edwin Abbott's Flatland, C. S. Lewis' Narnia, and the realms of Jonathan Swift and J.R.R. Tolkien. In 1976, Manguel moved to Tahiti, where he worked as editor for Les Editions du Pacifique until 1977. He then worked for the same company in Paris for one year. In 1978 Manguel settled in Milford, Surrey (England) and set up the short-lived Ram Publishing Company. In 1979, Manguel returned to Tahiti to work again for Les Editions du Pacifique, this time until 1982.

1980s-1990s [link]

In 1982 Manguel moved to Toronto, Canada and lived there (with a brief European period) until 2000. He has been a Canadian citizen ever since. Here Manguel contributed regularly to The Globe and Mail (Toronto), The Times Literary Supplement (London), The Village Voice (New York), The Washington Post, The Sydney Morning Herald, The Australian Review of Books, The New York Times and the Svenska Dagbladet (Stockholm), and reviewed books and plays for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Manguel's early impression of Canada was that it was "...like one of those places whose existence we assume because of a name on a sign above a platform, glimpsed at as our train stops and then rushes on." (from Passages: Welcome Home to Canada (2002), with preface by Rudyard Griffiths).^[1] As well, though, Manguel noted that "When I arrived in Canada, for the first time I felt I was living in a place where I could participate actively as a writer in the running of the state."^[2]

In 1983, he selected the stories for what is perhaps his best-known anthology Black Water: The Book of Fantastic Literature. His first novel, "News From a Foreign Country Came", won the McKitterick Prize in 1992.

He was appointed as the Distinguished Visiting Writer in the Markin-Flanagan Distinguished Writers Program at the University of Calgary from 1997 to 1999. Manguel was the Opening Lecturer at the "Exile & Migration" Congress, Boston University, in June 1999, and the Times Literary Supplement lecturer in 1997.

2000s [link]

In 2000, Manguel moved to the Poitou-Charentes region of France, where he and his partner have purchased and renovated a medieval presbytery. Among the renovations is an oak-panelled library to house Manguel's 30,000 books.

Manguel held the Cátedra Cortázar at the Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico, in 2007 and the S. Fischer Chair at the Freie Universität Berlin, in 2003. In 2007, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Liège.

Manguel delivered the 2007 Massey Lectures which were later published as The City of Words and in the same year delivered the Northrop Frye-Antonine Maillet Lecture in Moncton, New Brunswick. He was the Pratt Lecturer at Memorial University of Newfoundland, in 2003.

In 2008, the Pompidou Center in Paris honoured Alberto Manguel as part of its 30th Anniversary Celebrations, by inviting him to set up a 3-month long program of lectures, film and round tables.

He writes a regular column for Geist magazine.

Works [link]

The Dictionary of Imaginary Places (1980) ISBN 0-02-546400-0
Black Water: The Book of Fantastic Literature (1983, anthology) ISBN 0-517-55269-8
- Black Water 2: More Tales of the Fantastic (1990, anthology) ISBN 0-88619-124-6
Dark Arrows: Chronicles of Revenge (1985, anthology) ISBN 0-14-007712-X
Other Fires: Short Fiction by Latin American Women (1986, anthology) ISBN 0-88619-065-7
Evening Games: Chronicles of Parents and Children (1986, anthology) ISBN 0-14-007713-8
Chronicles of Marriage (1988, anthology) ISBN 0-14-009928-X
The Oxford Book of Canadian Ghost Stories (1990, anthology) ISBN 0-19-540761-X
Soho Square III (1990, anthology) ISBN 0-7475-0716-3
Seasons (1990, anthology) ISBN 978-0-385-25265-2
White Fire - further fantastic literature (1990, anthology) ISBN 0-330-31380-0
News From a Foreign Country Came (1991, novel) ISBN 0-517-58343-7
Canadian Mystery Stories (1991, anthology) ISBN 0-19-540820-9
The Gates of Paradise: The Anthology of Erotic Short Literature (1993, anthology) ISBN 0-921912-47-1
- The Second Gates of Paradise: The Anthology of Erotic Short Literature (1994, anthology) ISBN 0-921912-77-3
Meanwhile, In Another Part of the Forest: Gay Stories from Alice Munro to Yukio Mishima (1994, anthology) ISBN 0-394-28012-1
A History of Reading (1996, non-fiction) ISBN 0-394-28032-6
Lost Words (1996, anthology), ISBN 978-0-904286-56-4
Bride of Frankenstein (1997, film criticism) ISBN 0-85170-608-8
Into the Looking Glass Wood (1998, essays) ISBN 0-676-97135-0
By the Light of the Glow-worm Lamp: Three Centuries of Reflections on Nature (1998, anthology) ISBN 0-306-45991-4
Mothers & Daughters (1998, anthology) ISBN 1-55192-127-8
Fathers & Sons (1998, anthology) ISBN 1-55192-129-4
The Ark in the Garden: Fables for Our Times (1998, anthology) ISBN 1-55199-030-X
A Visit to the Dream Bookseller / Ein Besuch beim Traumbuchhändler (1998, non-fiction)
God's Spies: Stories in Defiance of Oppression (1999, anthology) ISBN 1-55199-040-7
Reading Pictures: A History of Love and Hate (2000, art criticism) ISBN 0-676-97132-6
Kipling: A Brief Biography for Young Adults (2000), ISBN 1-896209-48-3
Comment Pinocchio apprit à lire (How Pinocchio Learned to Read, 2000, non-fiction) ISBN 2-88888-102-0
Stevenson under the Palm Trees (2003, novel) ISBN 0-88762-138-4
A Reading Diary (2004, non-fiction) ISBN 0-676-97590-9
With Borges (2004, biography), ISBN 0-88762-146-5
El regreso (A Return, 2005, novel) ISBN 950-04-2653-6
The Penguin Book of Christmas Stories (2005, anthology) ISBN 0-670-06449-1
Un amant très vétilleux (The Overdiscriminating Lover, 2005, novel) ISBN 978-2-7427-5438-0
The Library at Night (2006, non-fiction) ISBN 0-676-97588-7
Nuevo elogio de la locura (At the Mad Hatter’s Table, 2006, non-fiction) ISBN 978-950-04-2762-3
Magic Land of Toys (2006, non-fiction) ISBN 978-0-86565-176-0
The Penguin Book of Summer Stories (2007, anthology) ISBN 978-0-14-305629-4
The City of Words (CBC Massey Lecture) (2007, non-fiction) ISBN 0-88784-763-3
Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey: A Biography (2007, history and criticism) ISBN 978-0-8021-4382-2
Todos los hombres son mentirosos (All Men Are Liars, 2008, novel) ISBN 978-84-9867-340-1
A Reader on Reading Yale University Press, 2010 ISBN 978-0-300-15982-0

Awards [link]

Medalla al Mérito (Buenos Aires, 2007)
Milovan Vidakovic Literary Award (Novi Sad, Serbia, 2007)
Premio Grinzane Cavour, essay for Diario di un lettore (Italy, 2007)
Prix Roger Caillois (France, 2004)
Fellow of the S. Fischer Stiftung (Germany, 2004–2005)
Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France, 2004)
Fellow of the Simon Guggenheim Foundation (USA, 2004)
Prix Poitou-Charentes for Chez Borges (France, 2004)
Premio Germán Sánchez Ruipérez for best literary criticism (Spain, 2002)
Prix France Culture (Etranger), for Dans la forêt du miroir (France, 2001)
Prix Médicis Essai, for Une Histoire de la lecture (France, 1998)
Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France, 1996)
Harbourfront Award for Contribution to the Arts (Canada, 1992)
Canadian Writers' Association Award, fiction (Canada, 1992)
McKitterick First Novel Award (UK, 1992)
Lewis Gallantière Translation Prize (honourable mention), American Translators Association (USA, 1986)
German Critics Award for Von Atlantis bis Utopia, German translation of The Dictionary of Imaginary Places (Germany, 1981)
Literary Award La Nación for short stories (Buenos Aires, 1971)

Reviews [link]

Boyd Tonkin, The Spirit of the Shelves (The Independent, London, April 25, 2008)
Italo Calvino, The Book of Sand (Article on The Dictionary of Imaginary Places)
Georges Steiner, reviews of History of Reading and Into the Looking-Glass Wood (New Yorker Magazine)
P.D. James, review of History of Reading (Sunday Times)
Jeanette Winterson, review of Reading Pictures (Times Literary Supplement)
Peter Conrad, review of The Library at Night
Peter Ackroyd, review of The Library at Night
Hector Bianciotti, Une Passion en toutes lettres (Gallimard, 2001) (Essay on Manguel)
Peter Kemp, The Oxford Book of Literary Quotations (Oxford University Press, 1997)

References [link]

External links [link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alberto Manguel

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Manguel's "A History of Reading"

www.alberto.manguel.com: Official Website
[1]:NYTIMES article by Alberto Manguel on his personal library
Alberto Manguel at Geist.com
Alberto Manguel interviewed about his new book "A Reader on Reading".
Alberto Manguel Papers, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library

Persondata
Name	Manguel, Alberto
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1948
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Manguel

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Mariano Frumboli
Born	Mariano Chicho Frúmboli Argentine
Occupation	Dancer

Mariano Chicho Frúmboli is an Argentine Tango dancer. He is regarded as one of the founders of Tango nuevo, and he is best known for his improvisation skills.

Biography [link]

In 1984 he started his study of music. From 1992 until 1998 he studied theater in Buenos Aires.

He started performing with Lucía Mazer in 1999. From 2003 until 2006, he partnered with Eugenia Parrilla, and he currently tours and performs with Juana Sepúlveda.

He performed live with numerous tango orchestras and even neotango groups such as Gotan Project, Tanghetto and Narcotango.

Persondata
Name	Frumboli, Mariano
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth
Place of birth	Argentine
Date of death
Place of death

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Frumboli

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Branches of Mathematics

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Applied mathematics

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Borges Filmography

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Contents

[edit] Martín Fierro and Argentine tradition

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