A nickname is "a usually familiar or humorous but sometimes pointed or cruel name given to a person or place, as a supposedly appropriate replacement for or addition to the proper name.", or a name similar in origin and pronunciation from the original name.

It is not interchangeable with a term called "short-for". It can also be the familiar or truncated form of the proper name, which may sometimes be used simply for convenience (e.g. "Bobby", "Bob", "Rob", or "Bert" for the name Robert).

The term hypocoristic is used to refer to a nickname of affection between those in love or with a close emotional bond, compared with a term of endearment. The term diminutive name refers to nicknames that convey smallness, hence something regarded with affection or familiarity (e.g., referring to children), or contempt.

The distinction between the two is often blurred. It is a form of endearment and amusement. As a concept, it is distinct from both pseudonym and stage name, and also from a title (for example, City of Fountains), although there may be overlap in these concepts.

A nickname is sometimes considered desirable, symbolising a form of acceptance, but can often be a form of ridicule.

Etymology

The compound word ''ekename'', literally meaning "additional name", was attested as early as 1303. This word was derived from the Old English phrase ''eaca'' "an increase", related to ''eacian'' "to increase". By the fifteenth century, the misdivision of the syllables of the phrase "an ekename" led to its reanalysis as "a nekename". Though the spelling has changed, the pronunciation and meaning of the word have remained relatively stable ever since.

Conventions in various languages

To inform an audience or readership of a person's nickname without actually calling them by their nickname, English nicknames are generally represented in quotes between the bearer's first and last names (e.g., ''Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower'', ''Daniel Lamont "Bubba" Franks'', etc.), however it is also common for the nickname to be identified after a comma following the full real name or later in the body of the text such as in an obituary. The middle name is generally eliminated (if there is one), especially in speech. Like English, German uses (German-style) quotation marks between the first and last names (e.g., ''Andreas Nikolaus „Niki“ Lauda''). Other languages may use other conventions; for example, Italian writes the nickname after the full name followed by ''detto'' 'called' (e.g., ''Salvatore Schillaci detto Totò''), in Spanish the nickname is written at the end in quotes following ''alias'' (e.g. ''Alfonso Tostado, alias «el Abulense»''), and Slovenian represents nicknames after a dash or hyphen (e.g., ''Franc Rozman – Stane''). The latter may cause confusion because it resembles an English convention sometimes used for married and maiden names.

Uses in various societies

In Viking societies, many people had nicknames ''heiti'', ''viðrnefni'', or ''uppnefni'' which were used in addition to, or instead of their family names. In some circumstances the giving of a nickname had a special status in Viking society in that it created a relationship between the name maker and the recipient of the nickname, to the extent that the creation of a nickname also often entailed a formal ceremony and an exchange of gifts.

Slaves have often used nicknames, so that the master who heard about someone doing something could not identify the slave. In capoeira, a Brazilian martial art, the slaves had nicknames to protect them from being caught, as practicing capoeira was illegal for decades.

In Anglo-American culture, a nickname is often based on a shortening of a person's proper name, a ''diminutive''. However, in other societies, this may not necessarily the case.

In Indian society, for example, generally people have at least one nickname (''call name'' or ''affection name'') and these affection names are generally not related to the person's proper name. Indian nicknames very often are a trivial word or a ''diminutive'' (such as ''Bablu'', ''Dabbu'', ''Banti'', ''Babli'', ''Gudiya'', ''Golu'', ''Sonu'', ''Chhotu'', ''Raju'', ''Adi'', ''Ritu'', etc.).

In Indonesia, nicknames are often considered more polite and affectionate, especially when the real name exceeds two syllables. Former Indonesian presidents Abdurrahman Wahid and Achmed Sukarno were usually called 'Gus Dur' and 'Bung Karno', respectively.

In Australian society, Australian men will often give ironic nicknames. For example, a man with red hair will get the nickname 'Bluey'.

Performing arts

Many writers, performing artists, and actors have nicknames, which may develop into a stage name or pseudonym. A bardic name may also result from a nickname. Many writers have pen names which they use instead of their real names. Famous writers with a pen name include Voltaire, Molière, George Sand, Lewis Carroll, Mark Twain, George Orwell, Dr. Seuss, and Lemony Snicket.

Computing

In the context of information technology, a nickname (or technically a ''nick'') is a common synonym for the ''screenname'' or ''handle'' of a user.

Nickname is a name to shorten a name. Nick is a term originally used to identify a person in a system for synchronous conferencing. In computer networks it has become a common practice for every person to also have one or more nicknames for the purposes of anonymity, to avoid ambiguity or simply because the natural name or technical address would be too long to type or take too much space on the screen.

Nicknames for people

Nicknames are usually awarded to, not chosen by the recipient. Nicknames may be based on a person's name or various attributes. Attributes upon which a nickname may be based include:

Title

They may refer to a person's occupation, social standing, or title. They may also refer to characterists of a person.

"Bones" for a forensic scientist, surgeon, or mortician

"Sawbones" for a surgeon.

"Doc" for a doctor.

"Sparky" for an electrician

"Sarge" for a military Sergeant as in the comic strip Beetle Bailey

"Lou" for a Lieutenant (for example, a police lieutenant)

Similarly, "Chief" for a police or fire chief

Moneybags for a wealthy person.

Genius or brains for some one at school who is believed to be a clever person, although it should be said that "genius" in this colloquial sense is not the same as the technical use of the term "genius" in psychology.

Gerald Short for Jared.

Physical characteristics, personality, or lifestyle

Physical characteristics

Nicknames can be a descriptor of a physical characteristic, or the opposite of a physical characteristic. It should be noted that in English, such nicknames are often considered offensive or derogatory, unless the nickname is based on a trait that is viewed positively. Some examples of nicknames related to physical characteristics include:

Weight: "Fatso" or "Slim" for a person who is overweight or thin.

Height: "Beanpole" or "Short Fry" for a person who is tall or short.

Hair colour: "Red", "Ginger", "Ranga", or "Bluey" for a person with red hair. "Blondie" a girl with blonde hair.

Type of hair: "Curley" or "Cue Ball" for a person without hair as in "Curley" from "The Three Stooges"

Skin Colour: "Pinky" for a person with Rosacea

Sometimes nicknames are based on things that alter a person's physical appearance. Such nicknames can be temporary.

"Four-eyes" for a person with glasses

"Train tracks", "tin teeth", or "braceface" for a person with braces, such as Sharon Spitz on the animated series ''Braceface''

"Zit" can be a name for someone with pimples.

All of the above examples would be offensive in most contexts.

Personality

Nicknames can be a descriptor of a personality characteristic, or the opposite of a personality characteristic. These types of nicknames were often used in fairy tales such as "Snow White". Sometimes such nicknames may be indicative of a physical disorder.

Talkative:"Motormouth","Chatterbox","Ratchet-Jaw"

Cautious: "Nervous Nellie"

Tired Demeanor: "Sleepy" as in a dwarf from Snow White

Pessimistic: "Sad Sack"

Mental characteristics

A nickname may allude to a person's apparent intelligence (though often used sarcastically):

Encyclopedia, as in Donald Sobol's fictional child detective Leroy "Encyclopedia" Brown

Einstein, referring to the famous physicist.

Sherlock, in reference to A. C. Doyle's Sherlock Holmes.

Brainiac, as in the fictional DC Comics character.

Dopey, as in the dwarf from Snow White

Lifestyle

Promiscuity: "Hot Lips" as in the character "Margaret Houlihan" from the novel MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors.

Social group

Sometimes an adjective can become a nickname for a member of a social group that shares a given name with another member of the same group. For example, to differentiate two tennis partners with the same name from each other, the more junior tennis buddy may be given a differentiated name or "nickname". This is, and never will be able to be chosen or even debated by the recipient. It simply is.....allocated. Paul number two in a team may be designated a name starting with the first letter of his surname. E.G.: Paul Haworth may be designated "Harry" and so on. It is a differentiator and not a statement.

"Gay Anthony" or "Little Jake"

In a department with two professors with the initial and last name Liu, they may be referred to as "Important Liu" and "Adjunct Liu".

Abbreviation or modification

A nickname can be a shortened or modified variation on a person's real name.

Contractions of longer names: Margaret to Greta.

Initials using the first letters of a person's first and last name.

Dropping a Letter: With many nicknames a letter, usually R, is dropped: Fanny from Francis, Walt from Walter.

Phonetic Spelling : Sometimes a nickname is created through the phonetic spelling of a name Len from Leonard.

Letter Swapping: During the middle ages, the letter R would often be swapped for either L or D: Hal from Harry, Molly from Mary, Sadie from Sarah, Robert: Hob, Dob, Rob, Bob and Nob, from Richard: Rick, Dick, and Hick; Bill from Will (which in turn comes from William), and Peg from Meg (which is derived from Margaret).

In the 19th century, frontier America, Mary and Molly were often given the nickname Polly.

Name portions

Front of name:Sometimes a nickname can come from the front: Chris from Christopher/Christina, Ed from Edward/Edmond/Edgar/Edwin, Iz or Izzy from Isaac/Isaiah/Isidore/Izale/Isabel/Isabella, Joe or Jo from Joseph/Josephine/Joanna, Abby from Abigail, Nick or Nico from Nicholas, Peg from Peggy, Sam from Samuel/Samantha/Samson

End of Name: Drew from Andrew, Xander from Alexander, Eth from Kenneth, Topher from Christopher, Beth from Elizabeth

Middle of Name: Liz from Elizabeth or Del/Della from Adelaide

Addition of Diminutives to Names:Before the 17th century, most nicknames had the diminutive ending "in" or "Kin", where the ending is attached to the first syllable: Watkin/Walter/Wat-kin Hobkin/Robert/Hob-kin or Thompkin/Thomas/Thom-Kin. While most of these have died away, a few remain such as Robin (Rob-in, from Robert), Hank (Hen-Kin from Henry), Jack (Jan-kin from John), and Colin (Col-in from Nicolas).

Many nicknames usually drop the final one or two letters and add ether ie/ee/y as an ending: Davy from David, Charlie from Charles, Danny/Dani/Danie from Daniel/Danielle and Jimmy from James

In some cases, another name may be used as a nickname.

Initialization, which forms a nickname from a person's initials: A.C. Slater from Albert Clifford Slater

Nicknames are sometimes based on a person's last name ("Tommo" for Bill Thompson) or a combination of first and last name ("Droopy" for Andrew Peterson, or "A-Rod" for Alex Rodriguez)

Loose ties to a person's name with an attached suffix: Gazza for English footballer Paul Gascoigne (though used more widely in Australia for Gary) and similar "zza" forms (Hezza, Prezza, etc.) for other prominent personalities whose activities are frequently reported in the British press. (See also Oxford "-er" for a similar but wider phenomenon.)

Combination of first and middle name, or variations of a person's first and middle name. For example, a person may have the name Mary Elizabeth but has the nickname "Maz" or "Miz" by combining Mary and Liz.

Relationship

They may refer to the relationship with the person. This is a term of endearment.

In Japanese culture, Japanese honorifics are designed so that a term of endearment conveys the exact status of the relationship between two people. However, the recipient of the honorific is allowed to restrict the use when used by a certain person.

Surname

To avoid confusion between peer groups with the same given names, surnames may be used.

Family

A nickname can be used to distinguish members of the same family sharing the same name from one another. This has several common patterns among sons named for fathers:

The first bearer of the name can be referred to as Senior, Daddy or have "Big", or "Older" placed in front of his given name, as in "Big Pete", or "Older Pete".

A son named after his father (but not after his grandfather) is often referred to as Junior, Chip (also a diminutive of Charles, but in this case in reference to "a chip off the old block"), Skip, Sonny, Bud, Buddy, or Deuce. Skip can also refer to a man named after his paternal grandfather, implying that the name "skipped" a generation. Another common, but much less popular nickname for a son named after his father is having "Little" placed in front of his name, as in "Little Pete", though this tends to be avoided if possible (especially if the son happens to become physically bigger than the father he's named after, and/or when the son becomes a full grown adult, regardless of if he does, or doesn't physically outgrow the father he shares a name with), due to its unpopularity with most sons who share the same name with their fathers. Likewise, a similar, and more acceptable form of this kind of nickname is to have "Younger" placed in front of the son's name instead, as in "Younger Pete".

The third generation carrying a name (usually with III after his name) is often referred to as Trey, Tripp, or Trip (from Triple). Skip also is a frequently used nickname for "thirds" because they "skipped" being a "Junior".

The fourth generation carrying a name (usually with IV after his name) may be referred to as Ivy, (as in IV) Quad, Quadry, or Dru (from Quadruple).

The fifth generation carrying a name (usually with V after his name) may be referred to as Quint, Quince, Quincy, or Quinton (from Quintuple).

Action/incident

It may relate to a specific incident or action.

Capability Brown was so called because he used the word "capability" instead of "possibility".

Chemical Ali and Comical Ali.

Thirteen for Dr. Remy Hadley from TV's ''House MD'', because she was assigned the number 13 in her job interview process and continued to be called by her number even after she was hired.

"Opa" for the Dutch lifesaving KNRM-hero Dorus Rijkers. Dorus became a Grandpa (Dutch:''Opa''), at the age of 23 (by marriage to a widow with eight children), and soon everybody called him ''Opa''.

"The Falling Man" for one of the jumpers during the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center terrorrist attacks.

Famous/fictional character

It may compare the person with a famous or fictional character.

Napoleon or Hitler for someone with a dictatorial manner.

Pollyanna for someone with a very optimistic view of things.

Hawkeye as in Hawkeye Pierce for someone who can make light of a most devastating situation, from the TV series ''M*A*S*H''

Place of origin/residence

It may be related to their place of origin or residence.

Gloucester, Paul from Gloucester or PFG for someone named Paul who comes from Gloucester.

Newf or Newfie a person from Newfoundland,Canada

Reputation

It may be derived from or related to what the person is well known for.

The Duke for John Wayne

The Angel of Death for Josef Mengele

The Hangman, The Blonde Beast for Reinhard Heydrich

Affiliation

It may refer to a person's political affiliation.

Dipper for a member of Canada's New Democratic Party.

Tory for a person affiliated with the United Kingdom's or Canada's Conservative Party.

Unique

A famous person's nickname may be unique to them:

Tippecanoe for William Henry Harrison

Dubya for George W. Bush, a Texan pronunciation of the name of the letter 'W', President Bush's middle initial.

Nicknames of geographical places

Many geographic places adopt nicknames because they can help in establishing a civic identity, help outsiders recognize a community or attract people to a community because of its nickname, promote civic pride, and build community unity. Nicknames and slogans that successfully create a new community "ideology or myth" are also believed to have economic value. Their economic value is difficult to measure, but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by "branding" themselves by adopting new slogans.

Collective nicknames of inhabitants of a geographical place

Besides or replacing the demonym, some cities and villages have collective nicknames for their inhabitants. This tradition is still strong nowadays in Wallonia (Belgium), where this sort of nickname is referred to in French as "Blason populaire".

See also

Athletic nickname

Australian national sports team nicknames

Calling name

:Category:Nicknames

Epithet

Honorific nicknames in popular music

Hypocoristic

Legal name

List of basketball nicknames

List of city nicknames in Colorado

List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity

List of monarchs by nickname

List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility

List of nicknames of jazz musicians

List of nicknames of United States presidents

List of North American football nicknames

List of sportspeople by nickname

Lists of nicknames in football (soccer)

Moniker

Pseudonym

Regimental nicknames of the Canadian Forces

Sobriquet

Terms of endearment

Victory titles

References

External links

Sports Nicknames: 20,000 Professionals Worldwide by Terry W. Pruyne

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name	Chris Isaak
background	solo_singer
birth name	Christopher Joseph Isaak
birth date	June 26, 1956
Birth place	Stockton, California
instrument	Vocals, guitar
genre	Rock n' roll, roots rock, rockabilly, surf rock
occupation	Singer-songwriter, musician, actor, talk show host
years active	1984–present
label	Warner Bros. Records
website	www.chrisisaak.com
notable instruments	}}

Christopher Joseph "Chris" Isaak (born June 26, 1956) is an American rock musician and occasional actor.

Early life

Isaak was born in Stockton, California, at St. Joseph's Medical Center, the son of Dorothy (née Vignolo), a potato chip factory worker, and Joe Isaak (1929-2012), a forklift driver. Isaak's mother is Italian American, originating from Genoa. His father is German American.

Career

Music

Isaak signed a contract to Warner Bros. Records in 1984 for his first album ''Silvertone''. The tracks "Gone Ridin'" and "Livin' for Your Lover", from this album, were featured in David Lynch's cult classic ''Blue Velvet''. Isaak's second self-titled album ''Chris Isaak'' was photographed by fashion photographer Bruce Weber. Isaak's contract was renewed in 1988 when Warner Bros. moved him to their Reprise Records label. His best-known song is "Wicked Game." Though released on the 1989 album ''Heart Shaped World,'' an instrumental version of the song was later featured in the 1990 David Lynch film ''Wild at Heart''. Lee Chesnut, an Atlanta radio station music director who was obsessed with Lynch films, began playing the vocal version and it quickly became the station's most-requested song. Chesnut spread the word to other radio stations around the country and the single became a national Top 10 hit in February 1991. The music video for the song was directed by Herb Ritts and was a big MTV and VH1 hit; shot in black and white, it starred Isaak and Danish supermodel Helena Christensen rolling on the beach, embracing and whispering in each other's ears. Another less-seen version of the "Wicked Game" is directed by David Lynch and comprises scenes from the film ''Wild at Heart''. "Wicked Game" also featured as the backing music in the 2001 TV advert for the Jaguar X-Type range of cars in the UK. In 1995 Isaak split with long time guitarist James Calvin Wilsey, and that year's ''Forever Blue'' and the accompanying tour featured Hershel Yatovitz on guitar.

In 1999, Isaak's "Baby Did a Bad, Bad Thing" was featured in Stanley Kubrick's final film, ''Eyes Wide Shut,'' starring Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman. The song is on his 1995 album ''Forever Blue''. The music video for the song is directed by Herb Ritts, it was shot in color, it starred Isaak and French supermodel Laetitia Casta in a motel room. This was Isaak's second collaboration with Ritts.

Isaak also composed a theme song for U.S. late-night television variety/talk show, ''The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn.'' In 2001, Isaak starred in his own television show, ''The Chris Isaak Show.'' It aired from March 2001 to March 2004 in the United States on the cable television network Showtime. This adult comedy show featured Chris Isaak and his band playing themselves and the episode plots were based on fictional accounts of the backstage world of Chris Isaak—the rock star next door. In 2004, his track "Life Will Go On" was featured on ''Chasing Liberty'''s soundtrack, which starred Mandy Moore and Matthew Goode. His track "Two Hearts" was featured in the closing credits of the 1993 film ''True Romance'', directed by Tony Scott, written by Quentin Tarantino, and starring Christian Slater and Patricia Arquette.

Isaak's longtime producer, Erik Jacobsen, was instrumental in his sound for 15 years. Jacobsen is known for his production work with The Lovin' Spoonful, and solo albums from Spoonful's John Sebastian and Jerry Yester. Isaak ceased working with Jacobsen on his 2002 album, ''Always Got Tonight''. In 2007 Isaak opened for Stevie Nicks on her Crystal Visions Tour during the first leg of the tour.

Isaak was ranked #68 on VH1's 100 Sexiest Artists.

In 2006, he was guested by Johnny Hallyday to cover Fats Domino's hit Blueberry Hill. The duet was recorded and issued on Johnny Hallyday's live album La Cigale (2007, Warner Music). At the end of this record you can hear Chris Isaak thanking the French Rock'n'Roll star as "The King".

Isaak collaborated with John Shanks for his 2009 album ''Mr. Lucky''.

He contributed a cover of Buddy Holly's "Crying, Waiting, Hoping" for the tribute album, ''Listen to Me: Buddy Holly'', released September 6, 2011.

Isaak recently released an album called ''Beyond the Sun'', which was recorded in Memphis, Tennessee at the Sun Records studio.

Guitars

Isaak revealed in a 2002 interview with ''Acoustic Guitar'' that he uses a one-of-a-kind Gibson: ''}}'' Isaak also plays a Gibson J-200 acoustic guitar, which he uses for songwriting.

Acting and other work

Isaak has also appeared in numerous films, mostly playing minor cameo roles, though he starred with Keanu Reeves and Bridget Fonda in the 1993 Bernardo Bertolucci-directed ''Little Buddha,'' and also played a major role in David Lynch's ''Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me'' (1992). Other motion pictures include ''Married to the Mob'' (1988), ''The Silence of the Lambs'' (1991), ''That Thing You Do!'' (1996), and ''A Dirty Shame'' (2004).

Isaak starred in ''The Chris Isaak Show'' (2001–2004) playing himself and featuring actual members of his band along with numerous celebrity guests. He also guest-starred on the "The One After the Superbowl, Part One", the Super Bowl XXX edition of the television sitcom ''Friends''; and on the HBO miniseries, ''From the Earth to the Moon'', as astronaut Ed White, the first American astronaut to leave the confines of his spacecraft who later died in the Apollo 1 fire.

The Biography Channel aired ''The Chris Isaak Hour'', a one-hour music interview and performance show in 2009. The series premiere featured Trisha Yearwood, and included the first ever performance of "Breaking Apart", a duet from Isaak's new album, ''Mr. Lucky''. Additional guests included Stevie Nicks, Smashing Pumpkins, Chicago, Glen Campbell, Michael Bublé, Yusuf Islam (formerly Cat Stevens), and Jewel.

In April, 2010, Isaak was the special guest during Conan O'Brien's The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour performance at the Nob Hill Masonic Center in San Francisco, California.

Discography

''Silvertone'' (1985)

''Chris Isaak'' (1986)

''Heart Shaped World'' (1989)

''Wicked Game'' (1991)

''San Francisco Days'' (1993)

''Forever Blue'' (1995)

''Baja Sessions'' (1996)

''Speak of the Devil'' (1998)

''Always Got Tonight'' (2002)

''Christmas'' (2004)

''Best of Chris Isaak'' (2006)

''Live in Australia'' (2008)

''Mr. Lucky'' (2009)

''Live at the Fillmore'' (2010)

''Beyond the Sun'' (2011)

Filmography

''Married to the Mob''...The Clown (1988)

''The Silence of the Lambs''...SWAT Commander (1991)

''Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me''...Special Agent Chester Desmond (1992)

''Little Buddha''...Dean Conrad (1993)

''Grace of My Heart''...Matthew Lewis (1996)

''That Thing You Do!''...Uncle Bob (1996)

''Blue Ridge Fall''...Emerson Cotswold (1999)

''A Dirty Shame''...Vaughn Stickles (2004)

''The Informers''...Les Price (2009)

Television

''Wiseguy''...Berated lounge singer (Season ?, Episode ?, 1987)

''Friends''...Rob Donnen (Season 2, Episode 12, 1996) The One After the Superbowl

''From the Earth to the Moon''...Astronaut Edward White II (1998)

''The Greatest''...Himself (50 Sexiest Video Moments, 2003)

''Ed''...Jamie Decker (Season 3, Episode 20, 2003) Second Chances

''The Greatest''...Himself/Host (100 Greatest Videos, 2003)

''The Chris Isaak Show''...Himself (2001–2004)

''American Dreams''...Roy Orbison (Season 2, Episode 14, 2004) Old Enough to Fight

''The Footy Show (rugby league)''...Himself (Grand Final, 2004)

''The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson''...Michael Caine in Space (Season 2, Episode 177, 2006)

''Great Performances Jerry Lee Lewis: Last Man Standing Live''...Himself (2007)

''Australian Idol''...Himself (Season 6, 9–10 November 2008)

''The Chris Isaak Hour''...Himself/Host (2009–Present)

''Conan'' ...Himself (Episode 192, 4 January 2012)

References

External links

Chris Isaak.com, official site of Chris Isaak

Chris Isaak at Recordnet.com: Page with stories, multimedia and more about Chris Isaak from The Record in Stockon, CA, Isaak's hometown.

Chris Isaak Concert History

Category:1956 births Category:American actors Category:American male singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:Actors from California Category:Musicians from California Category:American people of Italian descent Category:American people of German descent Category:Living people Category:People from Stockton, California Category:University of the Pacific (United States) alumni Category:Warner Bros. Records artists

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