published: 09 Nov 2012
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Abbottabad
Abbottabad () is a city located in Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa province of Pakistan . The city is situated in the Orash Valley, 150 km north of Islamabad and 200 km east of Peshawar at an altitude of . The city is well-known throughout Pakistan for its pleasant weather, high standard educational institutions and military establishments. It remains a major hub for tourism of the Northern Areas in the summer.
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Battle of Tarawa
{{Infobox military conflict
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Tarawa -
Cambodia
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Camp Doha
Camp Doha was the main US Army base in Kuwait, and played a pivotal role in the US military presence in the Middle East since the 1991 Gulf War and in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The complex is located on a small peninsula on Kuwait Bay, west of Kuwait City. It was initially a large industrial warehouse complex and was taken in hand by the US Army for conversion to its current role in 1998 during Operation Desert Thunder. It has been continuously manned since.
http://wn.com/Camp_Doha -
Camp Rhino
Forward operating base (FOB) Rhino, also known as Camp Rhino, was the first US land base established in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom. It was located in the Registan Desert, southwest of Kandahar.
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Coronado, California
Coronado, also known as Coronado Island, is an affluent city located in San Diego County, California, 5.2 miles from downtown San Diego. Its population was 24,100 at the 2000 census. U.S. News and World Report lists Coronado as one of the most expensive places to reside in the United States. Coronado lies on a peninsula connected to the mainland by a 10-mile isthmus called the Silver Strand (locally, The Strand.) Locals sometimes call Coronado The Island or Coronado Island, and they denote the core living and business area as The Village.
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Da Nang
http://wn.com/Da_Nang -
Delta Force
http://wn.com/Delta_Force -
Dien Bien Phu
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Fort Pierce, Florida
Fort Pierce, also spelled Ft. Pierce, is a city in St. Lucie County, Florida, USA. It is known as the Sunrise City. The population was 37,959 at the 2004 census. As of 2008, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau is 41,000.[http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2004-04-12.xls] It is the county seat of St. Lucie County.
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Islamabad
http://wn.com/Islamabad -
Kandahar
http://wn.com/Kandahar -
Mogadishu
Mogadishu (; , popularly Xamar; ; , literally "The Seat of the Shah") is the largest city in Somalia and the nation's capital.
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Naval base
A naval base (military port) is a military base, where warships and naval ships are deployed when they have no mission at sea or want to restock. Usually ships may also perform some minor repairs.
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Navy School of Music
http://wn.com/Navy_School_of_Music -
Operation Chromite
http://wn.com/Operation_Chromite -
Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf, in Southwest Asia, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is also controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf (by the Arab nations on the Arab side of the gulf) or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, and Gulf of Basra by Turkey, although none of the latter three terms is recognized internationally.
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Phoenix Program
The Phoenix Program (, a word related to fenghuang, the Chinese phoenix) was a counterinsurgency program designed, coordinated, and executed by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), United States special operations forces, and the Republic of Vietnam's (South Vietnam) security apparatus during the Vietnam War.
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Somalia
Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Somalia (, ) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.
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Tarawa Atoll
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Task Force Ranger
http://wn.com/Task_Force_Ranger -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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USS Constitution
{|
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Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
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Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia () is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" because it is the birthplace of eight U.S. presidents. The geography and climate of the state are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The state population is nearly eight million.
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Virginia Beach
Virginia Beach is an independent city located in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area of Virginia, on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Although Fairfax County is the most populous jurisdiction, Virginia Beach is the most populous city in Virginia and the 41st largest city in the United States, with an estimated population of 440,415 in 2008.
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Waimānalo, Hawai'i
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Albert Calland
Vice Admiral Albert M. Calland, III (born 1952), United States Navy (Ret.) was the Deputy Director for Strategic Operational Planning at the National Counterterrorism Center. He also previously served as Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from July 2005 to July 2006. Calland graduated from the United States Naval Academy with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1974 and later went on to receive a Master of Science degree in national resource strategy from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces in 1996. He retired from the navy on July 1, 2007 after 33 years of service.
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Arleigh Burke
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
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John F. Kennedy
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Korean War
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Manuel Noriega
Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (; born February 11, 1934) is a Panamanian politician and soldier. He was military dictator of Panama from 1983 to 1989.
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Michael P. Murphy
Michael Patrick Murphy (May 7, 1976 – June 28, 2005) was a United States Navy SEAL posthumously awarded the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in 2005 during the War in Afghanistan. He was the first person to be awarded the medal for actions in Afghanistan; and the first member of the U.S. Navy to receive the award since the Vietnam War.
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Osama bin Laden
http://wn.com/Osama_bin_Laden -
Paul Scoon
Sir Paul Scoon, GCMG, GCVO, OBE (born 4 July 1935) was Governor General of Grenada for 14 years, from 1978 to 1992.
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Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974, having formerly been the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. A member of the Republican Party, he was the only President to resign the office as well as the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency.
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Richmond K. Turner
Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner (May 27, 1885 – February 12, 1961) served in the United States Navy during World War II.
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Robert Harward
Vice Admiral Robert S. Harward is a Navy SEAL, former National Security Council official and Commander of Joint Task Force 435.
http://wn.com/Robert_Harward -
Stephen Bass
Stephen Bass was a Senior Chief Boatswain's Mate in the United States Navy SEALs Team 1, and was attached to the British Special Boat Service. He was awarded the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism in action on November 25-26, 2001 during the Battle of Qala-i-Jangi.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Bass -
Vietnam War
http://wn.com/Vietnam_War
McHale's Navy
These are the adventures of the misfit crew of PT-73 during World War II. They're one of the best fighting crews in the Navy, but break regulations when it suits them. Their commander, LCDR McHale, is at times as roguish as his crew, but he puts his foot down when things go too far. They are assigned an XO, Ensign Parker, who is by-the-book, but too much of a klutz to command too much respect. They have a house-boy Fuji, who deserted the Japanese Navy, who wears a POW outfit just in case he's caught so he won't be shot at. Their nemesis is CAPT Binghamton and his aide LT Carpenter. They're initially stationed in the South Pacific, but move to Italy in the last season.
Cast
- Carl Ballantine
- Ernest Borgnine
- Tim Conway
- Joe Flynn
- John Wright
- Yoshio Yoda
- Gary Vinson
- Billy Sands
- Edson Stroll
- Gavin MacLeod
- Bob Hastings
- Roy Roberts
- Henry Beckman
- Jane Dulo
- Syl Lamont
- Jay Novello
- Season 1
-
Episode 1: An Ensign for McHale
Although Joe Flynn's character is listed as "Captain Wallace B. Binghamton", his character's name in...
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Episode 2: A Purple Heart for Gruber
Revue Studios, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 3: McHale and His Seven Cupids
Ensign Parker's middle name was Malcolm. His hometown was Schenectady, New York....
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Episode 4: PT 73 Where Are You?
The title is from the TV series _"Car 54, Where Are You?" (1961)_ (qv)....
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Episode 5: Movies Are Your Best Diversion
Revue Studios, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 6: Operation Wedding Party
Revue Studios, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 7: Who Do the Voodoo
Captain Wallace B. Binghamton: Be quiet, nobody likes a smart ensign!...
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Episode 8: Three Girls on an Island
The opening title reads, "Somewhere in the South Pacific 1943". This establishes a time reference fo...
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Episode 9: McHale's Paradise Hotel
Lester Gruber: We'll be rich!::Harrison Bell: We'll be famous!::Ensign Charles Parker: We'll be arre...
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Episode 10: The Battle of McHale's Island
Revue Studios, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 11: The Day They Captured Santa
[the crew of P.T. 73 is rescued from the Japanese due to the timely arrival of an American cruiser]:...
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Episode 12: Beauty and the Beast
The title is from the fairytale of 'Beauty and the Beast', which has been made into several movies a...
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Episode 13: The Captain's Mission
Binghamton hits an enemy truck on the beach with a torpedo....
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Episode 14: Send Us a Hero
USA...
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Episode 15: The Captain Steals a Cook
Revue Studios, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 16: The Ensign Gets a Zero
[last lines]::Ensign Charles Parker: Say, Fuji, you don't have any relatives in the air force, do yo...
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Episode 17: The Big Raffle
USA...
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Episode 18: One of Our Engines Is Missing
Revue Studios, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 19: The Natives Get Restless
Revue Studios, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 20: The Confidence Game
Lt. Commander Quinton McHale: With a bunch of mavericks like we've got, you've got to let 'em know w...
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Episode 21: Six Pounds from Paradise
Revue Studios, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 22: Washing Machine Charlie
Mike Farrell's TV debut....
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Episode 23: Nippon Nancy Calling
The title refers to Tokyo Rose, a generic name given by Allied forces in the South Pacific to any En...
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Episode 24: One Enchanted Weekend
Yvette Gerard: [romantically with a French accent] Scharles?::Ensign Charles Parker: [nervously] Wel...
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Episode 25: The Mothers of PT-73
Ensign Charles Parker: Mothers Day sure won't seem the same without Mom.::Lester Gruber: Ahh, let's ...
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Episode 26: HMS 73
Per the title, the H.M.S. stands for His or Her Majesty's Ship referring to the British theme of thi...
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Episode 27: A Wreath for McHale
Capt. Wallace B. Binghamton: Carpenter, with your loose lips, I'm surprised you haven't sunk a fleet...
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Episode 28: Portrait of a Peerless Leader
Thinking that a visiting Personnel Officer has come to appraise Binghamton for a possible promotion ...
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Episode 29: Instant Democracy
Binghamton needs help from Chief Urulu and his Tribe, to modify the Taratupa airstrip. Urulu - Angry...
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Episode 30: Camera, Action, Panic
The title refers to the instructions from a movie director, "Lights! Camera! Action!"...
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Episode 31: Alias Captain Binghamton
McHale and The Boys scheme to get rid of a troublesome new member of the 73 Crew, and, in the proces...
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Episode 32: Parents Anonymous
McHale and The Crew take in a young orphan girl, and go out of their way to make a happy home for he...
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Episode 33: McHale's Millions
During a mission to investigate the crash site of a Japanese transport plane, McHale and The Crew re...
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Episode 34: The Hillbillies of PT-73
Willy is deeply saddened, when he receives a letter from his Tennessee girlfriend, telling him that ...
-
Episode 35: The Monster of McHale's Island
McHale and The Crew are stuck with a spoiled-brat Admiral's Son, who causes quite a bit of trouble f...
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Episode 36: Uncle Admiral
Capt. Wallace B. Binghamton: Did he give you his ETA?::Ensign Charles Parker: Ooh, no, uh, he gave m...
- Season 2
-
Episode 1: The Day the War Stood Still
Capt. Wallace B. Binghamton: My beautiful sparkling champagne is gone, gone, gone!::Lt. Elroy Carpen...
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Episode 2: The Binghamton Murder Plot
USA...
-
Episode 3: McHale and His Schweinhunds
Binghamton accuses Parker of cowardice, after Parker loses his cool, during the pursuit of a Japanes...
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Episode 4: Is There a Doctor in the Hut?
McHale and The Crew devise a plan - Potentially beneficial to both them, and Captain Binghamton - To...
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Episode 5: To Binghamton with Love
The title refers to the movie _From Russia with Love (1963)_ (qv)....
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Episode 6: Have Kimono, Will Travel
The title comes from the TV series _"Have Gun - Will Travel" (1957)_ (qv)....
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Episode 7: Today I Am a Man
Ensign Charles Parker: All right now, men. Ah, girls. Ah, as you know, we are in a combat zone. Now ...
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Episode 8: Jolly Wally
The title is derived from the Jolly Roger, a name given to any flag flown to identify a pirate ship'...
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Episode 9: Scuttlebutt
The closeup of the map in the Japanese Imperial Navy Headquarters shows the fictional island of Tara...
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Episode 10: The August Teahouse of Quint McHale
The movie _The Teahouse of the August Moon (1956)_ (qv) is the source of the title....
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Episode 11: French Leave for McHale
The title refers to one leaving a party or other activity without bidding farewell to the host....
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Episode 12: The Happy Sleepwalker
When Happy begins sleep-walking, due to his insecurity with women, Binghamton orders him to be psych...
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Episode 13: A Letter for Fuji
Capt. Wallace B. Binghamton: [Grabs leaflet dropped from enemy plane] Let's see that. 'Lay down your...
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Episode 14: My Ensign, the Lawyer
During Tinker's court-martial, it is disclosed that the middle initial of Captain Wallace B. Bingham...
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Episode 15: Orange Blossoms for McHale
A new Navy directive - Ordering all married Officers to be shipped home - Prompts Binghamton to sche...
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Episode 16: The Creature from McHale's Lagoon
The title comes from the movie _Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954)_ (qv)....
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Episode 17: A Medal for Parker
Lt. Commander Quinton McHale: [surprised to find Ensign Parker wearing insect extermination gear] He...
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Episode 18: The Balloon Goes Up
Binghamton is offered a promotion and transfer up to Fleet HQ, but must first reconcile a shortage i...
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Episode 19: Who'll Buy My Sarongs?
A business venture - Involving the manufacture and sale of sarongs to the Base personnel - Has the g...
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Episode 20: Evil-Eye Parker
When Binghamton refuses permission for McHale and The Crew to put on a big show, to raise funds for ...
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Episode 21: The Great Impersonation
Parker - A dead-ringer for an important British General - Agrees to put his life on the line, by pos...
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Episode 22: Urulu's Paradise West
Binghamton is ordered to purchase one of Chief Urulu's islands, for the construction of a radar stat...
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Episode 23: Dear Diary
Binghamton gets hold of Parker's diary, which includes details of the Crew's shady activities. After...
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Episode 24: Babette, Go Home
Lt. Elroy Carpenter: Oh, you are brilliant, Sir. In fact, I would say you are one of the most brilli...
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Episode 25: The Novocain Mutiny
Per the title, "The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial" opened at the Plymouth Theater on January 20, 1954 a...
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Episode 26: Stars Over Taratupa
Five-time Oscar-winning Director John Burton comes to Taratupa, to shoot a documentary on PT boats, ...
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Episode 27: Comrades of PT 73
A Russian Naval Officer reports to McHale for PT Boat training, and, soon disgusted with the 73 Crew...
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Episode 28: The Return of Big Frenchy
USA...
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Episode 29: Alias PT 73
After being restricted to base by Binghamton, McHale and the guys mock up a damaged PT boat, to look...
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Episode 30: The Rage of Taratupa
While temporarily assigned to the 73 Crew, a lazy, pampered, rock and roll star is captured by a Jap...
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Episode 31: Ensign Parker, E.S.P.
Per the title, E.S.P. or extra sensory perception is the ability for human to read minds or sense th...
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Episode 32: The McHale Mob
Impressed by a gangster movie he's recently seen, Chief Urulu plays mob chieftain and refuses to sig...
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Episode 33: Carpenter in Command
In temporary command of the base, while Binghamton recovers from a broken leg, and drunk with power,...
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Episode 34: Marryin' Chuck
Gruber and the guys pick up a few souvenirs, during a mission, unknowing that they're valuable items...
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Episode 35: The Dart Gun Wedding
The title comes from the expression, "shotgun wedding."...
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Episode 36: A Da-Da for Christy
Christy has a chance to hear his little girl's first words, courtesy of a Ham Radio Operator, in The...
- Season 3
-
Episode 1: The Ghosts of 73
When Binghamton discovers how superstitious McHale and The Crew are, he devises a plan to scare them...
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Episode 2: Lester, the Skipper
With his letters home, Gruber has led his girlfriend to believe that he's a Lieutenant Commander, an...
-
Episode 3: It's a Mad, Mad, Mad War
The title refers to the movie _It's a Mad Mad Mad Mad World (1963)_ (qv)....
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Episode 4: McHale, the Desk Commando
Binghamton fakes an illness, and checks into the base hospital, appointing McHale as temporary Base ...
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Episode 5: McHale's Floating Harem
For unknown reasons, this was the only episode 'Gavin MacLeod' (qv) appeared in for season three....
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Episode 6: Laugh, Captain, Laugh
After Parker nearly drowns Binghamton, during an accident on the 73, The Captain calls for a Fitness...
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Episode 7: Will the Alligator Take the Stand?
After Binghamton devises a scheme to frame McHale and The Crew for the theft of his wallet, Parker i...
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Episode 8: The British Also Have Ensigns
Binghamton has an ulterior motive, when he temporarily assigns a clumsy, bumbling British Sub-Lieute...
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Episode 9: Senator Parker, Suh!
Captain Wallace B. Binghamton: Somebody up there hates me!::Ensign Charles Parker: You're not doin' ...
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Episode 10: The Fountain of Youth
In an attempt to impress a 'Gung-ho' Admiral, Binghamton accompanies McHale and the Crew on a missio...
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Episode 11: The Great Eclipse
Binghamton orders McHale to negotiate a treaty with the head-hunting natives of a nearby island, for...
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Episode 12: McHale and His Jet Set
The title refers to "The Jet Set" who were the rich or celebrities who hopped around the world using...
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Episode 13: Christy Goes Traveling
Christy risks being AWOL, when - In a desperate attempt to be with his little Daughter, on her 2nd b...
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Episode 14: The Missing Link
The title describes the popular term for the fossil evidence of the link between early apes and preh...
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Episode 15: Fuji's Big Romance
Binghamton must put on a show of good will toward the local natives, in order to please a visiting V...
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Episode 16: The Stool Parrot
Per the title, a stool pigeon (not a parrot) is an informant, informer or snitch who provides detail...
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Episode 17: The PT 73 Follies
Marooned on a supposedly deserted island, for their mandatory survival test, Parker and Binghamton a...
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Episode 18: The Truth Hurts
The character played by 'Jane Dulo' (qv) is Nurse Molly Turner. For unknown reasons, the character's...
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Episode 19: The Late Captain Binghamton
After The Captain has his annual physical exam, the guys see an opportunity to get him out of the wa...
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Episode 20: McHale's Floating Laundromat
In an effort to gather evidence of any shady activities, Binghamton appoints Carpenter as the 73's n...
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Episode 21: All Chiefs and No Indians
The title refers to the situation in business, clubs or activities when everyone want to be in charg...
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Episode 22: Pumpkin Takes Over
Stage 6, Universal Studios - 100 Universal City Plaza, Universal City, California, USA...
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Episode 23: The Seven Faces of Ensign Parker
After the guys swipe Binghamton's dictation machine, Parker is nailed for the crime, while in the pr...
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Episode 24: The Return of Maggie
McHale's gambling, conniving, saloon-keeping old friend - Maggie Monohan - Is back in business, in N...
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Episode 25: Send This Ensign to Camp
the title is derived from the city charity plead to get children out into the countryside: Send a bo...
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Episode 26: By the Numbers, Paint
The title refers to the paint by numbers sets that can be used by amateur artists....
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Episode 27: Chuckie Cottontail
The title is based on the character Peter Cottontail who is found in the works of Thornton Burgess a...
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Episode 28: The Great Necklace Caper
Binghamton panics, when he learns that Naval Intelligence is on it's way to investigate the disappea...
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Episode 29: Will the Real Admiral Please Stand Up?
The title is based on the request by the host at the climatic point of the game show _"To Tell the T...
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Episode 30: Hello, McHale? Colonna!
The title refers to their guest star the zany Professor Jerry Colona who was also Bob Hope's sidekic...
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Episode 31: Rumble on Taratupa
Binghamton tries to frame the 73 Crew for the manufacture and sale of illegal liquor, and has them a...
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Episode 32: All Ahead, Empty
The title is the reverse of the standard command to a ship's engine room: All ahead, full....
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Episode 33: The Vampire of Taratupa
For unknown reasons, the opening credits identifying the producer, the director and the writers of t...
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Episode 34: Birth of a Salesman
The title is based on the Arthur Miller play 'Death of a Salesman' that opened on Broadway in 1949 a...
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Episode 35: A Star Falls on Taratupa
Stage 6, Universal Studios - 100 Universal City Plaza, Universal City, California, USA...
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Episode 36: Make Room for Orvie
Title comes from the television series _"Make Room for Daddy" (1953)_ (qv)....
- Season 4
-
Episode 1: War, Italian Style
Fuji's last name is revealed to be Kobiaji....
-
Episode 2: The Bathtub Thief
Stage 6, Universal Studios - 100 Universal City Plaza, Universal City, California, USA...
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Episode 3: Marriage, McHale Style
Binghamton angers the local Italians, after forbidding their fraternization with Naval personnel, bu...
-
Episode 4: Giuseppe McHale
In addition to his usual character, 'Ernest Borgnine' (qv) portrays Quinton McHale's non-English spe...
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Episode 5: A Nip in Time
The title is from the old proverb: A stitch in time saves nine....
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Episode 6: Piazza Binghamtoni
After Binghamton throws Parker into the brig, under several unfair charges, McHale and Mayor Lugatto...
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Episode 7: The Bald-Headed Contessa
After both Binghamton and Harrigan catch McHale and the guys having some unauthorized R&R; in the hom...
-
Episode 8: Voltafiore Fish-Fry
After General Bronson cracks down on wartime profiteering, Mayor Lugatto tricks McHale into going in...
-
Episode 9: A Wine Cellar Is Not a Home
Fed up with their less-than-pleasant accommodations, McHale and the guys move to an abandoned wine c...
-
Episode 10: Vino, Vino, Who's Got the Vino?
Binghamton is determined to get hold of a stash of stolen rare wine, for a gift to the General; Mayo...
-
Episode 11: The McHale Opera Company
Mayor Lugatto wants the town's opera house back in business, and McHale wants his Crew out of jail. ...
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Episode 12: The Good Luck Fountain
Binghamton throws Mayor Lugatto into jail, pending impeachment proceedings for running a racket, in ...
-
Episode 13: Blitzkrieg at McHale's Beach
Per the title, Blitzkrieg or "lightning war" refers to the German military doctrine of an all-mechan...
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Episode 14: Reunion for PT-73
While helping McHale and the crew make Captain Binghampton believe that he's in New York in 1950, Gr...
-
Episode 15: The Return of Giuseppe
After McHale defies Binghamton's orders, and travels to a nearby town, to attend his little cousin's...
-
Episode 16: The Boy Scouts of 73
Parker tries, unsuccessfully, to set 3 young Italian thieves on the straight and narrow, with some g...
-
Episode 17: Fire in the Liquor Locker
Gruber and the guys find a way to both make and deliver their homemade liquor when they build a mobi...
-
Episode 18: The Fugitive Ensign
Parker takes it on the lam, after an accident with a machine gun has him thinking that he's killed T...
-
Episode 19: The Wacky WAC
The title references the The Women's Army Corps that was established in 1942 to provide needed manpo...
-
Episode 20: La Dolce 73
The title translates from Italian as "The Sweet 73"....
-
Episode 21: McHale's Country Club Caper
When Binghamton loses $1000 of Navy money to an Italian con man, for the construction of a new golf ...
-
Episode 22: Secret Chimp 007
Gen. Bronson's name was revealed to be Hubert H. Bronson....
-
Episode 23: 36-24-73
Stage 6, Universal Studios - 100 Universal City Plaza, Universal City, California, USA...
-
Episode 24: My Son, the Skipper
Thinking that McHale has been shipped out, and fed up with the power-drunk Parker, Gruber, Virgil, T...
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Episode 25: Little Red Riding Doctor
The title refers to the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood....
-
Episode 26: Who Was That German I Saw You With?
During an attempt to impress a famous War Correspondent, Binghamton is taken prisoner by a German pa...
-
Episode 27: The McHale Grand Prix
The title refers to the Formula One race car competition that began in France in 1894....
-
Episode 28: An Ensign's Best Friend
USA...
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Episode 29: Binghamton at 20 Paces
The title refers to a duel possibly with pistons fired once the two duelists have walked twenty pace...
-
Episode 30: Wally for Congress
Last show of the series....
Navy Log
Cast
- Robert Carson
- Paul Richards
- Joel Smith
- Rodney Bell
- Kenneth MacDonald
- Stuart Randall
- Holly Bane
- Walter Sande
- James Seay
- Stuart Whitman
- Wright King
- Richard Webb
- Harry Landers
- Ed Kemmer
- Robert Rockwell
- Toni Gerry
- James Flavin
- Gregory Walcott
- Joe Turkel
- Robert Shayne
- Ben Johnson
- Dorothy Green
- Robert Christopher
- Abel Fernandez
- Season 1
-
Episode 1: The Frogmen
USA:20 September 1955...
-
Episode 2: Hiya Pam
USA:27 September 1955...
-
Episode 3: The Leave
USA:4 October 1955...
-
Episode 4: Home Is a Sailor
USA:11 October 1955...
-
Episode 5: The Phantom of the Blue Angels
USA:18 October 1955...
-
Episode 6: Sky Pilot
USA:25 October 1955...
-
Episode 7: Operation Three-In-One
'Paul Smith (I)' (qv)'s TV debut....
-
Episode 8: Family Special
USA:8 November 1955...
-
Episode 9: The Captain's Choice
USA:15 November 1955...
-
Episode 10: The Transfer
USA:22 November 1955...
-
Episode 11: Navy Corpsman
USA:29 November 1955...
-
Episode 12: The Pentagon Story
USA:6 December 1955...
-
Episode 13: The Pollywog of Yosu
USA...
-
Episode 14: The Bishop of Bayfield
USA:20 December 1955...
-
Episode 15: Of Caution and Courage
USA:27 December 1955...
-
Episode 16: The Bomb
USA:3 January 1956...
-
Episode 17: Dr. Van
USA:10 January 1956...
-
Episode 18: Operation Typewriter
USA:17 January 1956...
-
Episode 19: The Gimmick
USA:24 January 1956...
-
Episode 20: Demos the Grik
USA:31 January 1956...
-
Episode 21: Little More Than a Brother
USA:7 February 1956...
-
Episode 22: Lunger at Kunsan
USA:14 February 1956...
-
Episode 23: Web Feet
USA:21 February 1956...
-
Episode 24: The Helium Umbrella
USA:28 February 1956...
-
Episode 25: Ninety Day Wonder
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 26: The Fatal Crest
USA:13 March 1956...
-
Episode 27: Not a Leg to Stand On
USA:27 March 1956...
-
Episode 28: Men from Mars
USA:3 April 1956...
-
Episode 29: The First Shot
USA:10 April 1956...
-
Episode 30: The Beachcomber
USA:17 April 1956...
-
Episode 31: Get Back Somehow
USA:24 April 1956...
-
Episode 32: Rock Breaks Scissors
USA:1 May 1956...
-
Episode 33: The Don Frost
USA:8 May 1956...
-
Episode 34: Bucket of Sand
USA:15 May 1956...
-
Episode 35: Sacrifice
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 36: Night Landing
USA:29 May 1956...
-
Episode 37: The Plebe
USA:5 June 1956...
-
Episode 38: The Long Weekend
USA:12 June 1956...
-
Episode 39: LST-999
USA:19 June 1956...
- Season 2
-
Episode 1: The Death of Dillinger-San
USA:17 October 1956...
-
Episode 2: The Big A
USA:24 October 1956...
-
Episode 3: A Day for a Stingray
USA:31 October 1956...
-
Episode 4: Scratch One Hearse
USA:7 November 1956...
-
Episode 5: In the Labonza
USA:14 November 1956...
-
Episode 6: Man Alone
USA:21 November 1956...
-
Episode 7: The Pilot
USA:28 November 1956...
-
Episode 8: Incident at Formosa
USA:5 December 1956...
-
Episode 9: Peril on the Sea
USA:12 December 1956...
-
Episode 10: Destination--1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
USA:19 December 1956...
-
Episode 11: A Guy Called Mickey
USA...
-
Episode 12: Buzz Boy
USA:2 January 1957...
-
Episode 13: Operation Golden Rule
USA:9 January 1957...
-
Episode 14: The Countess and the Convicts
USA:16 January 1957...
-
Episode 15: Thach Weaves a Trap
USA:23 January 1957...
-
Episode 16: Survive
USA:30 January 1957...
-
Episode 17: Ping Happy Spit Kit
USA:6 February 1957...
-
Episode 18: Operation Lend Lease Adti: Amscray
USA:13 February 1957...
-
Episode 19: Operation Hideout
USA:20 February 1957...
-
Episode 20: Cigar-Box John
USA:27 February 1957...
-
Episode 21: The Star
USA:6 March 1957...
-
Episode 22: War of the Whale Boats
USA:13 March 1957...
-
Episode 23: After You, Ludwig
USA:20 March 1957...
-
Episode 24: USS Enrico Tazzoli
USA:27 March 1957...
-
Episode 25: Ito of Attu
USA:3 April 1957...
-
Episode 26: SSN-571
USA:10 April 1957...
-
Episode 27: Assignment... BRT
USA:17 April 1957...
-
Episode 28: The Decoy
OFM:35 mm...
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Episode 29: Nightmare Off Brooklyn
USA:1 May 1957...
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Episode 30: Goal... Mach Two
USA:8 May 1957...
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Episode 31: The Saga of Irving Cohen
USA:15 May 1957...
-
Episode 32: Mission to Murmansk
USA:22 May 1957...
-
Episode 33: The Lady and the Atom
USA:29 May 1957...
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Episode 34: The Fighting Fig
USA:5 June 1957...
-
Episode 35: The Marines Have Landed
USA:12 June 1957...
- Season 3
-
Episode 1: The Ballad of Big E
USA:18 September 1957...
-
Episode 2: Call Conrad
USA:25 September 1957...
-
Episode 3: Phantom Commandor
USA:2 October 1957...
-
Episode 4: Capture of the U-505
USA:9 October 1957...
-
Episode 5: Human Bomb
USA:16 October 1957...
-
Episode 6: PT 109
USA:23 October 1957...
-
Episode 7: The Commander and the Kid
USA:31 October 1957...
-
Episode 8: Fire at Sea
USA:7 November 1957...
-
Episode 9: Storm Within
USA:14 November 1957...
-
Episode 10: P.O.W. at Forty Fathoms
USA:21 November 1957...
-
Episode 11: One If by Sea
USA...
-
Episode 12: The Amateurs
USA:5 December 1957...
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Episode 13: Joe Foss, Devilbird
USA:12 December 1957...
-
Episode 14: The Beach Pounders
USA:19 December 1957...
-
Episode 15: The Big White Albatross
USA:26 December 1957...
-
Episode 16: The Butchers of Kapsan
USA:2 January 1958...
-
Episode 17: The Lonely Watch
USA:9 January 1958...
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Episode 18: The Blood Line
USA:16 January 1958...
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Episode 19: American U-Boat III
USA:23 January 1958...
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Episode 20: The Way of the Wrangell
USA:30 January 1958...
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Episode 21: And Then There Were None
USA:6 February 1958...
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Episode 22: Blood Alley
USA:13 February 1958...
-
Episode 23: The Draft Dodger
USA:20 February 1958...
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Episode 24: The Soapbox Kid
USA:27 February 1958...
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Episode 25: Helldivers Over Greece
USA:6 March 1958...
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Episode 26: One Grand Marine
USA:20 March 1958...
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Episode 27: The Field
USA:30 March 1958...
-
Episode 28: Florida Weekend
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 29: Mama Germaine
This episode was to have been filmed in Villefranche, but filming took place just after Gen. Charles...
-
Episode 30: The Goodwill Ambassador
USA:11 September 1958...
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Navy SEALs Punished for Videogame Consultation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Seven members of the secretive Navy SEAL Team 6, including one involved in the mission to get Osama bin Laden, have been punished for disclosing classified information, to video game developers. (Nov. 9)
http://wn.com/Navy_SEALs_Punished_for_Videogame_Consultation
Navy SEALs Expose Obama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
In this shocking video, United States Navy SEALs reveal that the SEAL community is not voting for President Obama because of his conduct as Commander in Chief.
http://wn.com/Navy_SEALs_Expose_Obama
Navy SEALs BUD/S Class 234 - Part 1 - Welcome To BUD/S
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:59
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
this is the first part of the Navy SealS BUD/S training. there are 6 parts. every part lasts about 45 to 50 minutes Just enjoy watching! the second part will come soon!
http://wn.com/Navy_SEALs_BUD_S_Class_234_Part_1_Welcome_To_BUD_S
US Navy Seal Training, start to end. Can you do it?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:10
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
These are some of America's finest fighting warriors. Watch their training from the time they arrive at Coronado naval base, to when they qualify on the ranges, and fight through "Hell Week". This video gives you a good overview of the entire process of becoming a Navy SEAL. Do you have what it takes?
http://wn.com/US_Navy_Seal_Training,_start_to_end_Can_you_do_it?
Northwestern Football Holds Promotional Activity with Navy SEALs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:27
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Head coach Pat Fitzgerald welcomed to Camp Kenosha three members of the elite Navy SEALs unit that serves to protect America in many of the most difficult wartime settings our nation encounters oversees. The trio of SEALs began their day with the Wildcats by speaking to the team about specific methods of improving one's mental toughness, thriving under intense pressure and sacrificing personal comfort for the greater good. After that, the 'Cats were instructed to hustle to their team buses, which were destined for a workout session that had never appeared on the camp schedule the Wildcats were issued at camp's outset.
http://wn.com/Northwestern_Football_Holds_Promotional_Activity_with_Navy_SEALs
Silent Rage (Navy SEAL training)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
About this video: Clips of Navy SEALs, training, simulated combat, etc. The song is "See what I've become" by Zack Hemsey. Footage is from the "Military- Technology of Modern Combat" series. Great facebook page for the troops called Troop Tribute... www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Silent_Rage_Navy_SEAL_training
Navy Seals Charlie Sheen FULL-Thumbs Up!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 108:44
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Full Navy Seals, if your going to watch it please thumbs up, it'll make me happy! ALSO COMMMMMMEENNTT!!!!!
http://wn.com/Navy_Seals_Charlie_Sheen_FULL-Thumbs_Up!
Don Shipley's Phony Navy SEAL of the WEEK Phillip S. Parker. Fake Fraud Phony Military Impostor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:47
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Retired Navy SEAL Don Shipley exposes Phony Navy SEAL of the Week PHILLIP S. PARKER 240 East 175th Street, Apt. 408 Bronx, New York 10457 Home Phone: (718) 294-4422 Cell Phone: (917) 600-7361 Email: pparke1@hotmail.com MILITARY EXPERIENCE US Navy, United States Navy Special Warfare Center, Coronado, California 91755 Naval Officer (Lieutenant Commander) - SEAL Team Leader July 1990 -- July 2003 While enlisted in the United States Army, and upon graduation from the University of North Carolina, I volunteered for special training as a Basic Underwater Diver/SEAL Training (BUD/S). Upon successful completion of the United States Navy's 6-month BUD/S program, I was discharged and re-enlisted into the United States Navy as a Naval Officer and a member of a Combined Reconnaissance Team with the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (SEAL Team Six), stationed at the Naval Special Warfare Center, Coronado, California and Norfolk, Virginia. In March 2008, while still a member of the Naval Reserve, I was recalled into active duty for extended service in the Middle East (Iraq and Afghanistan) and Africa (Somalia) with the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group — (SEAL Team Six). I completed my extended 20-month military commitment on November 30, 2009.
http://wn.com/Don_Shipley's_Phony_Navy_SEAL_of_the_WEEK_Phillip_S_Parker_Fake_Fraud_Phony_Military_Impostor
Mitt Romney Introduces Himself to Same Navy Seal 4 Times
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
--Friends of deceased Navy Seal Glenn Doherty recount the bizarre sociopathic nature of Mitt Romney's behavior when he actually met the man in question. --On the Bonus Show: STD superbug near incurability, prison beer leads to botulism, girl suspended for breast cancer awareness hair dye, more. How do you get the Bonus Show? Become a member: www.davidpakman.com If you liked this clip of The David Pakman Show, please do us a big favor and share it with your friends... and hit that "like" button! www.davidpakman.com Become a Member www.davidpakman.com Like Us on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow Us on Twitter: www.twitter.com Get TDPS Gear: www.davidpakman.com 24/7 Voicemail Line: (219)-2DAVIDP Subscribe to The David Pakman Show for more: www.youtube.com Broadcast on October 11, 2012
http://wn.com/Mitt_Romney_Introduces_Himself_to_Same_Navy_Seal_4_Times
US Navy SEAL Honored with Destroyer Bearing His Name
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
LT Michael Murphy sacrificed his life trying to save his fellow Navy SEALS in a firefight with the Taliban. The Navy christens a destroyer named for him this weekend. This is the LARGEST military videos channel on YouTube! Over 1.25 Million views a month. Check out our military items store. We have items for families of our military heros. Use the channel search bar or look through the playlist, or just browse to see more of the types of videos you like. More video posted almost every day. Don't forget to Friend us on Facebook at "Military Videos"! and get the latest photos also!
http://wn.com/US_Navy_SEAL_Honored_with_Destroyer_Bearing_His_Name
Navy SEALS Offer Some Insight Into Elite Group
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Some fellow and former Navy SEALS talk about their training and what it takes to become part of the group that brought down Osama bin Laden. (May 4)
http://wn.com/Navy_SEALS_Offer_Some_Insight_Into_Elite_Group
Former US Navy SEAL Ben Smith addresses the crowd about the threats we face.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:45
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Benjamin Smith, former US Navy SEAL added a first-hand perspective about the threats we face in this country and how each citizen must do their duty to preserve our republic.
http://wn.com/Former_US_Navy_SEAL_Ben_Smith_addresses_the_crowd_about_the_threats_we_face
Don Shipley's Phony Navy SEAL of the WEEK. Fake Fraud Phony Military Impostor.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:16
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Retired Navy SEAL Don Shipley BLASTS Phony Navy SEAL of the Week, Man-Killer Joseph B. Cryer. He was NEVER a Navy SEAL. He is a Fake, Fraud, Phony, Impostor.
http://wn.com/Don_Shipley's_Phony_Navy_SEAL_of_the_WEEK_Fake_Fraud_Phony_Military_Impostor
US Navy SEAL Physical Workout - since you asked!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:26
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
Some of you asked for a workout set-up by the SEALS. Well since you asked, here it is. A workout set by and demonstrated by the US NAVY SEALS. Can you keep up and stay on top of this? Its not easy, but "the only easy day was yesterday". This is the LARGEST military videos channel on YouTube! Over 1 Million views a month. Check out our military items store. We have items for families of our military heros. Use the channel search bar or look through the playlist, or just browse to see more of the types of videos you like. More video posted almost every day.
http://wn.com/US_Navy_SEAL_Physical_Workout_since_you_asked!
Navy Seals to Obama: You Didn't Kill Osama Bin Laden, America Did
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Navy_Seals_to_Obama_You_Didn't_Kill_Osama_Bin_Laden,_America_Did
US Navy SEALS - Start to Finish, what, how and who..
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:56
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
This is a collection of videos from the US Navy on the SWCC and SEALs training and who they are, what they do and some of the training they go through. It's hard training for hard men who do the jobs most can't or wouldn't. Some of the worlds best fighting men are forged in this process and they do the job and do it well! Also if your thinking of joining this elite group of fighting men, this video gives you a direct message from the instructors on what you need to do to get ready for this training. Not everyone makes it, but if you do, you will have earned it! Also for information purposes one of the songs used on this video compilation is "Cash Machine Destroyer" by the artist ZTS on the album "Rage-o-Matic". Please respect the artist music and if you like it, maybe check it out! This is the LARGEST military videos channel on YouTube! Over 1.25 Million views a month. Check out our military items store. We have items for families of our military heros. Use the channel search bar or look through the playlist, or just browse to see more of the types of videos you like. More video posted almost every day. Don't forget to Friend us on Facebook at "Military Videos"! and get the latest photos also!
http://wn.com/US_Navy_SEALS_Start_to_Finish,_what,_how_and_who
SEAL's father Charles Woods on Hannity: WH officials "murdered" my son
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:00
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
The father of a former Navy SEAL killed in the Libya terror attack last month said Friday that US officials who denied a request for help while the diplomatic compound in Benghazi was under attack "are murderers of my son." Charles Woods was reacting to accounts by Fox News sources that a request from the CIA annex for backup was denied by US officials. His son, Tyrone Woods, was killed in the Sept. 11 assault. "They refused to pull the trigger," Woods said. "Those people who made the decision and who knew about the decision and lied about it are murderers of my son." Woods said he forgives whoever denied the apparent request, but he urged them to "stand up." Sources also said Tyrone Woods and others, who were at the CIA annex about a mile from the US consulate, ignored orders by their superiors to stand down and not go to the consulate to help. Woods went to the consulate, and hours later he was killed back at the annex. Charles Woods said his son's action "does not surprise me." "I wish that the leadership in the White House had the same level of moral courage and heroism that my son displayed," he said.
http://wn.com/SEAL's_father_Charles_Woods_on_Hannity_WH_officials_murdered_my_son
Navy Seal Mom Angry w/ Romney: Stop Mentioning My Dead Son
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
--The mother of deceased Navy Seal Glenn Doherty tells Mitt Romney to stop telling the story for political gain and to make President Obama look bad. www.huffingtonpost.com --On the Bonus Show: STD superbug near incurability, prison beer leads to botulism, girl suspended for breast cancer awareness hair dye, more. How do you get the Bonus Show? Become a member: www.davidpakman.com If you liked this clip of The David Pakman Show, please do us a big favor and share it with your friends... and hit that "like" button! www.davidpakman.com Become a Member www.davidpakman.com Like Us on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow Us on Twitter: www.twitter.com Get TDPS Gear: www.davidpakman.com 24/7 Voicemail Line: (219)-2DAVIDP Subscribe to The David Pakman Show for more: www.youtube.com Broadcast on October 11, 2012
http://wn.com/Navy_Seal_Mom_Angry_w_Romney_Stop_Mentioning_My_Dead_Son
Navy Seal Sharpshooter Chris Kyle Punched Jesse Ventura
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
www.opieradio.com Twitter - @OpieRadio *** Navy Seal Sharpshooter Chris Kyle talks to Opie and Anthony about the time he punched Jesse Ventura in the face.
http://wn.com/Navy_Seal_Sharpshooter_Chris_Kyle_Punched_Jesse_Ventura
GS News - Navy SEALs disciplined for Medal of Honor involvment
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
CBS reports seven members of SEAL Team Six are under investigation for revealing secrets while serving as paid consultants on EA's shooter. Read the full story here: www.gamespot.com Stay up to date by subscribing to GameSpot news! www.youtube.com Follow Medal of Honor: Warfighter at GameSpot.com! www.gamespot.com Official Site - www.medalofhonor.com Check out our review! Watch - www.youtube.com Read - www.gamespot.com Visit our other channels: Gameplay & Guides - www.youtube.com Trailers - www.youtube.com MLG, NASL & eSports - www.youtube.com Mobile Gaming - www.youtube.com Like - www.facebook.com Follow - www.twitter.com www.gamespot.com
http://wn.com/GS_News_Navy_SEALs_disciplined_for_Medal_of_Honor_involvment
Maryland Basketball: Training with Navy SEALs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
The Maryland men's basketball team carried out a two day training session with members from The Program, a team building and leadership development company. Led by a former Navy SEAL, the Terps were put through rigorous physical and mental exercises intended to facilitate teamwork and communication.
http://wn.com/Maryland_Basketball_Training_with_Navy_SEALs
Woman v. Workout - Can a Model Handle Navy SEAL Training?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:13
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Watch the first episode now! www.youtube.com Lauren prepares to take on her toughest challenge yet - training with former Navy SEALs at Extreme SEAL Experience in Chesapeake, VA. No woman has ever completed this training - will Lauren be the first? Find out in this three-part episode, launching on October 31. Subscribe to Woman v. Workout: goo.gl More Shows from 3V: www.youtube.com All Episodes of Woman v. Workout: goo.gl Thanks to Extreme SEAL Experience: www.extremesealexperience.com Join fitness model Lauren Berlingeri as she takes on a crazy new challenge each week. Whether training with the FDNY, tossing axes with STIHL Timbersports legends, or bounding through parkour routines, our fearless host manages to land on her feet with a smile (well, most of the time!). Subscribe to see a new episode of Woman v. Workout every Wednesday!
http://wn.com/Woman_v_Workout_Can_a_Model_Handle_Navy_SEAL_Training?
US Navy Seals Helmet Cam Awesome 4-min Skydiving HD Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
US Navy Seals Helmet Cam POV Parachute Jump! Incredible Footage! In tribute of 50 years with the Navy Seals. Watch the full CNN story here: ireport.cnn.com The Leapfrog Team POV parachutes over the Naval Air Station in Coronado. HD POV Helmet Cam Hero. www.SurfsUpStudios.com
http://wn.com/US_Navy_Seals_Helmet_Cam_Awesome_4-min_Skydiving_HD_Video
Photo: AP / Andres Kudacki
07 Nov 2012
Barack Obama claimed a second presidential term last night as a progressive coalition of women, minorities and young people came together to return America’s first black president to the White...
Photo: AP / Moises Castillo
08 Nov 2012
By Sonia Perez-Diaz and Romina Ruiz-Goiriena Associated Press Comments People chat with a police officer while standing in the rubble caused after a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck Wednesday in San...
Photo: AP / Natacha Pisarenko
09 Nov 2012
Tens of thousands of Argentinians vented their anger towards President Cristina Kirchner and her government on Thursday, taking to the streets to protest in city's across the country. Protesters...
Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win
09 Nov 2012
In recent months, communal violence in Burma's Rakhine state has left about 140 people dead and forced more than 100,000 from their homes. With Buddhist and Muslim communities effectively...
Photo: AP / SANA
07 Nov 2012
AMMAN (Reuters) - Multiple bomb explosions on Wednesday hit a hilltop area in Damascus populated by members of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's Alawite sect, marking escalation of sectarian attacks...
Celtic: Lennon's Lions run on spirit of '67
10 Nov 2012
Belfast Telegraph
The chants of delirious supporters were sporadically floating through the air around Celtic Park on Wednesday night when a man who must have been in his late forties walked towards the statue of Jimmy Johnstone that is erected outside the main entrance to the stadium, and very tenderly tapped the...(size: 5.7Kb)
Final 'little jobs' to finish Manawatu gorge
10 Nov 2012
Stuff
A layer of asphalt and a lick of paint are all that is needed to complete work on the Manawatu Gorge road. Almost 15 months after the first in a series of slips the NZ Transport Agency announced yesterday afternoon contractors would finish work on the troubled section of State Highway 3 next week....(size: 2.2Kb)
BBC News
A Royal Navy reservist from Sheffield has been named Yorkshire Awards Woman of the Year for an act of bravery under enemy fire in Afghanistan. Air Engineer Michelle Ping was on patrol as a paramedic in Helmand in July 2011 when she saved a colleague who had been shot in the head. Head of the Olympic...(size: 3.1Kb)
The Times of India
KANPUR: The lofty government slogan, 'Sab Padhe, Sab Badhe', seems to have lost its meaning so far as basic, primary and junior high schools of Kanpur Dehat are concerned. The Kanpur Dehat's basic education department has received flak from the director, Basic Education, following allegations of...(size: 6.4Kb)
Illegal mining rampant in Western Ghats
10 Nov 2012
The Times of India
KARWAR: Illegal quarrying and mining are rampant in the Western Ghats. This despite the government's claims that steps have been taken to check mining. Berde village in Ankola taluk is one such place where illegal quarrying is rampant just 50 meters away from the bunkers and...(size: 1.8Kb)
Doing it for Dad
10 Nov 2012
The Guardian
Taking charge of my father's life now that he has dementia Rebecca Ley and her father: 'For me, Dad will always be the figure striding ahead of me on the cliff path, Jack Russell at his heels.'...(size: 4.3Kb)
The Washington Post
Joseph D. Early, who served nine terms in the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat from Massachusetts and who lost his seat amid a House banking scandal in 1992, died Nov. 9 at his home in Worcester, Mass. He was 79. A spokesman for his son, Worcester County District Attorney Joseph Early...(size: 4.6Kb)
This Minster veteran serves a winning ‘sandwich’
10 Nov 2012
Dayton Daily News
Some people count sheep when they can’t sleep. But the other night, instead of mutton, Don Seyfried, thought about puttin’. “I couldn’t fall asleep and then I thought, ‘Hey, how many golf courses have I played in my life?’ ” he said. “I got up to 175...(size: 7.3Kb)
Apple pie
10 Nov 2012
The Independent
A simple apple pie is very hard to beat. I was surprised to discover I’ve never made one in all the 10 years I’ve been doing this column – so here you go. For the pastry 110g soft butter 135g caster sugar 225g strong flour ½tsp baking powder A pinch of salt 125ml double cream 1 egg, beaten to glaze...(size: 2.2Kb)
The Independent
As head of the Allies' atomic bomb programme during the Second World War, Robert Oppenheimer is one of the few scientists to have directly influenced the main trajectory of history. The Oppenheimer story also encapsulates other profound 20th-century themes: the Jewish Diaspora; the 1930s crisis of...(size: 6.2Kb)
The Independent
On the plane, something odd but also vaguely magical-seeming happened: namely, nobody knew what time it was. Right before we landed, the flight attendant made an announcement, in English and Spanish, that although daylight saving time recently went into effect in the States, the island didn't...(size: 38.4Kb)
Core values: Mark Hix cooks with apples
10 Nov 2012
The Independent
It’s been a shocking year for apple farmers and cider-makers. My friend Dominic has just informed me that he’s not had one single quince this year – and given that quince is such a robust fruit, that demonstrates that the weather must have been highly erratic and unusual. The mid-summer storms and...(size: 7.6Kb)
Thundershirt Earns ‘Petfinder Seal of Approval’
10 Nov 2012
San Francisco Chronicle
Brand among first to receive pet-friendly designation. Durham, NC (PRWEB) November 09, 2012 Thundershirt Founder Phil Blizzard is thrilled to announce today that the company has been recognized with the first-ever, official “Petfinder Seal of Approval.” The Petfinder Seal of Approval extends the...(size: 4.3Kb)
"SEAL" redirects here. For other uses, see SEAL (disambiguation). For the animal, see Pinniped.
"Navy SEALs" redirects here. For the 1990 film, see Navy SEALs (film).
"Navy seals" redirects here. For military uses of seals and sea lions (the marine animals), see U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program.
The United States Navy's Sea, Air, and Land Teams, commonly known as Navy SEALs, are the U.S. Navy's principal special operations force and a part of the Naval Special Warfare Command (NSWC) and SOCOM.[4]
"SEAL" is always capitalized in reference to members of the Naval Special Warfare community. The acronym is derived from their capacity to operate at sea, in the air, and on land. In the War on Terror, SEALs have been utilized almost exclusively for land-based operations, including Direct Action, Hostage Rescue, Counter Terrorism, Special Reconnaissance, unconventional warfare and foreign internal defense operations. Without exception, all SEALs are male members of the United States Navy. An exchange program with the Coast Guard, which graduated three Coast Guardsmen as SEALs, was suspended in 2011.[5][6][7]
The CIA's highly secretive Special Activities Division (SAD) and more specifically its elite Special Operations Group (SOG) recruits operators from the SEAL Teams.[8] Joint Navy SEALs and CIA operations go back to the famed MACV-SOG during the Vietnam War.[9] This cooperation still exists today and is seen in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan,[10][11] and in the finding and killing of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan.
History[link]
Origins[link]
Navy SEALs can trace their roots to the Second World War. The United States Navy recognized the need for the covert reconnaissance of landing beaches and coastal defenses. As a result, the Amphibious Scout and Raider School was established in 1942 at Fort Pierce, Florida. The Scouts and Raiders were formed in September of that year, just nine months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, from the Observer Group, a joint Army-USMC-Navy unit.
Scouts & Raiders[link]
The first group included Phil H. Bucklew, the "Father of Naval Special Warfare," after whom the Naval Special Warfare Center building is named. Commissioned in October 1942, this group saw combat in November 1942 during Operation Torch, the first allied landings in Europe, on the North African coast. Scouts and Raiders also supported landings in Sicily, Salerno, Anzio, Normandy, and southern France.
A second group of Scouts and Raiders, code-named Special Service Unit No. 1, was established on 7 July 1943, as a joint and combined operations force. The first mission, in September 1943, was at Finschafen on New Guinea. Later operations were at Gasmata, Arawe, Cape Gloucester, and the East and South coast of New Britain, all without any loss of personnel. Conflicts arose over operational matters, and all non-Navy personnel were reassigned. The unit, renamed 7th Amphibious Scouts, received a new mission, to go ashore with the assault boats, buoy channels, erect markers for the incoming craft, handle casualties, take offshore soundings, blow up beach obstacles and maintain voice communications linking the troops ashore, incoming boats and nearby ships. The 7th Amphibious Scouts conducted operations in the Pacific for the duration of the conflict, participating in more than 40 landings.
The third Scout and Raiders organization operated in China. Scouts and Raiders were deployed to fight with the Sino-American Cooperative Organization, or SACO. To help bolster the work of SACO, Admiral Ernest J. King ordered that 120 officers and 900 men be trained for "Amphibious Raider" at the Scout and Raider school at Fort Pierce, Florida. They formed the core of what was envisioned as a "guerrilla amphibious organization of Americans and Chinese operating from coastal waters, lakes and rivers employing small steamboats and sampans." While most Amphibious Raider forces remained at Camp Knox in Calcutta, three of the groups saw active service. They conducted a survey of the upper Yangtze River in the spring of 1945 and, disguised as coolies, conducted a detailed three-month survey of the Chinese coast from Shanghai to Kitchioh Wan, near Hong Kong.
Naval Combat Demolition Units[link]
Along with the Scouts and Raiders were the Naval Combat Demolition Units. They specialized in demolitions, explosive cable cutting, and commando raiding techniques. On 7 May 1943, Lieutenant Commander Draper L. Kauffman, "The Father of Naval Combat Demolition," was directed to set up a school and train people to eliminate obstacles on an enemy-held beach prior to an invasion. On 6 June 1943, LCDR Kaufmann established Naval Combat Demolition Unit training at Fort Pierce. By April 1944, a total of 34 NCDUs were deployed to England in preparation for Operation OVERLORD, the amphibious landing at Normandy. On 6 June 1944, in the face of great adversity, the NCDUs at Omaha Beach managed to blow eight complete gaps and two partial gaps in the German defenses. The NCDUs suffered 31 killed and 60 wounded, a casualty rate of 52%. Meanwhile, the NCDUs at Utah Beach met less intense enemy fire. They cleared 700 yards (640 metres) of beach in two hours, another 900 yards (820 metres) by the afternoon. Casualties at Utah Beach were significantly lighter with six killed and eleven wounded. During Operation OVERLORD, not a single demolitioneer was lost to improper handling of explosives. In August 1944, NCDUs from Utah Beach participated in the landings in southern France, the last amphibious operation in the European Theater of Operations. NCDUs also operated in the Pacific theater. NCDU 2, under LTjg Frank Kaine, after whom the Naval Special Warfare Command building is named, and NCDU 3 under LTjg Lloyd Anderson, formed the nucleus of six NCDUs that served with the Seventh Amphibious Force tasked with clearing boat channels after the landings from Biak to Borneo.
OSS Operational Swimmers[link]
Some of the earliest World War II predecessors of the SEALs were the Operational Swimmers of the Office of Strategic Services, or OSS.[9] Many current SEAL missions were first assigned to them. OSS specialized in special operations, dropping operatives behind enemy lines to engage in organized guerrilla warfare as well as to gather information on such things as enemy resources and troop movements. [10] British Combined Operations veteran LCDR Wooley, of the Royal Navy, was placed in charge of the OSS Maritime Unit in June 1943. Their training started in November 1943 at Camp Pendleton, California, moved to Santa Catalina Island, California in January 1944, and finally moved to the warmer waters of The Bahamas in March 1944. Within the U.S. military, they pioneered flexible swimfins and diving masks, closed-circuit diving equipment (under the direction of Dr. Christian J. Lambertsen)[12][13], the use of Swimmer Delivery Vehicles (a type of submersible), and combat swimming and limpet mine attacks.[9] In May 1944, General Donovan, the head of the OSS, divided the unit into groups. He loaned Group 1, under Lieutenant Choate, to Admiral Nimitz, as a way to introduce the OSS into the Pacific theater. They became part of UDT-10 in July 1944. Five OSS men participated in the very first UDT submarine operation with the USS Burrfish in the Caroline Islands in August 1944.
Underwater Demolition Teams[link]
On 23 November 1943, the U.S. Marine landing on Tarawa Atoll emphasized the need for hydrographic reconnaissance and underwater demolition of obstacles prior to any amphibious landing. Offshore coral reefs and other obstacles in the surf had resulted in many of the Marines drowning or being hit by enemy fire because their landing craft could not reach the beach. After the Tarawa, Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner directed the formation of nine Underwater Demolition Teams. 30 officers and 150 enlisted men were moved to the Waimānalo Amphibious Training Base to form the nucleus of a demolition training program. This group became Underwater Demolition Teams (UDT) ONE and TWO.
The UDTs saw their first combat on 31 January 1944, during Operation Flintlock in the Marshall Islands. FLINTLOCK became the real catalyst for the UDT training program in the Pacific Theater. In February 1944, the Naval Combat Demolition Training and Experimental Base was established at Kīhei, Maui, next to the Amphibious Base at Kamaole. Eventually, 34 UDT teams were established. Wearing swim suits, fins, and dive masks on combat operations, these "Naked Warriors" saw action across the Pacific in every major amphibious landing including: Eniwetok, Saipan, Guam, Tinian, Angaur, Ulithi, Peleliu, Leyte, Lingayen Gulf, Zambales, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Labuan, Brunei Bay, and on 4 July 1945 at Balikpapan on Borneo, which was the last UDT demolition operation of the war. The rapid demobilization at the conclusion of the war reduced the number of active duty UDTs to two on each coast with a complement of seven officers and 45 enlisted men each.
Korean War[link]
The Korean War began on 25 June 1950, when the North Korean army invaded South Korea. Beginning with a detachment of 11 personnel from UDT 3, UDT participation expanded to three teams with a combined strength of 300 men. As part of the Special Operations Group, or SOG, UDTs successfully conducted demolition raids on railroad tunnels and bridges along the Korean coast. On 15 September 1950, UDTs supported Operation Chromite, the amphibious landing at Incheon. UDT 1 and 3 provided personnel who went in ahead of the landing craft, scouting mud flats, marking low points in the channel, clearing fouled propellers, and searching for mines. Four UDT personnel acted as wave-guides for the Marine landing. In October 1950, UDTs supported mine-clearing operations in Wonsan Harbor where frogmen would locate and mark mines for minesweepers. On 12 October 1950, two U.S. minesweepers hit mines and sank. UDTs rescued 25 sailors. The next day, William Giannotti conducted the first U.S. combat operation using an "aqualung" when he dove on the USS Pledge (AM-277). For the remainder of the war, UDTs conducted beach and river reconnaissance, infiltrated guerrillas behind the lines from sea, continued mine sweeping operations, and participated in Operation Fishnet, which devastated the North Korean's fishing capability.
Birth of Navy SEALs & Vietnam[link]
Main article: Vietnam War
President John F. Kennedy, aware of the situations in Southeast Asia, recognized the need for unconventional warfare and special operations as a measure against guerrilla warfare. In a speech to Congress on 25 May 1961, Kennedy spoke of his deep respect for the United States Army Special Forces. While his announcement of the government's plan to put a man on the moon drew all of the attention, in the same speech he announced his intention to spend over $100 million to strengthen U.S. special operations forces and expand American capabilities in unconventional warfare.
The Navy needed to determine its role within the special operations arena. In March 1961, Arleigh Burke, Chief of Naval Operations, recommended the establishment of guerrilla and counter-guerrilla units. These units would be able to operate from sea, air or land. This was the beginning of the Navy SEALs. Most SEALs came from the Navy's Underwater Demolition Teams, who had already gained extensive experience in commando warfare in Korea; however, the Underwater Demolition Teams were still necessary to the Navy's amphibious force.
_huddle_together_inside_a_flooded_Dry_Deck_Shelter_mounted_on_the_back_of_the_Los_Angeles-class_attack_submarine_USS_Philadelphia_(SSN_690).jpg)
The first two teams were on both US coasts: Team One at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado, in San Diego, California and Team Two at Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek, in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Men of the newly formed SEAL Teams were trained in such unconventional areas as hand-to-hand combat, high-altitude parachuting, demolitions, and foreign languages. The SEALs attended Underwater Demolition Team replacement training and they spent some time training in UDTs. Upon making it to a SEAL team, they would undergo a SEAL Basic Indoctrination (SBI) training class at Camp Kerry in the Cuyamaca Mountains. After SBI training class, they would enter a platoon and conduct platoon training.
According to founding SEAL team member Roy Boehm the SEAL's first missions were directed against communist Cuba. These consisted of deploying from submarines and carrying out beach reconnaissance in prelude to a proposed US amphibious invasion of the island. On at least one occasion Boehm and another SEAL smuggled a CIA agent ashore to take pictures of Soviet nuclear missiles being unloaded on the dockside.[14]
The Pacific Command recognized Vietnam as a potential hot spot for unconventional forces. At the beginning of 1962, the UDTs started hydrographic surveys and along with other branches of the US Military, the Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) was formed. In March 1962, SEALs were deployed to South Vietnam as advisors for the purpose of training Army of the Republic of Vietnam commandos in the same methods they were trained themselves.
The Central Intelligence Agency began using SEALs in covert operations in early 1963. The SEALs were involved in the CIA sponsored Phoenix Program where it targeted key North Vietnamese Army personnel and Vietcong sympathizers for capture and assassination.
The SEALs were initially deployed in and around Da Nang, training the South Vietnamese in combat diving, demolitions, and guerrilla/anti-guerrilla tactics. As the war continued, the SEALs found themselves positioned in the Rung Sat Special Zone where they were to disrupt the enemy supply and troop movements and in the Mekong Delta to fulfill riverine operations, fighting on the inland waterways.
Combat with the Viet Cong was direct. Unlike the conventional warfare methods of firing artillery into a coordinate location, the SEALs operated within inches of their targets. Into the late 1960s, the SEALs were successful in a new style of warfare, effective in anti-guerrilla and guerrilla actions. SEALs brought a personal war to the enemy in a previously safe area. The Viet Cong referred to them as "the men with green faces," due to the camouflage face paint the SEALs wore during combat missions.[15]
SEALs continued to make forays into North Vietnam and Laos, and covertly into Cambodia, controlled by the Studies and Observations Group. The SEALs from Team Two started a unique deployment of SEAL team members working alone with South Vietnamese Commandos (ARVN). In 1967, a SEAL unit named Detachment Bravo (Det Bravo) was formed to operate these mixed US and ARVN units, which were called South Vietnamese Provincial Reconnaissance Units (PRUs).
At the beginning of 1968, the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong orchestrated a major offensive against South Vietnam: the "Tet Offensive". The North hoped it would prove to be America's Dien Bien Phu, attempting to break the American public's desire to continue the war. As propaganda, the Tet Offensive was successful in adding to the American protest of the Vietnam war. However, North Vietnam suffered tremendous casualties, and from a purely military standpoint, the Tet Offensive was a major disaster for the Communists.[16]
By 1970, President Richard Nixon initiated a Plan of Vietnamization, which would remove the US from the Vietnam War and return the responsibility of defense back to the South Vietnamese. Conventional forces were being withdrawn; the last SEAL advisor left Vietnam in March 1973 and Vietnam fell to the communists in 1975. The SEALs were among the highest decorated units for their size in the war. SEALs were awarded 2 Navy Crosses, 42 Silver stars, 402 Bronze Stars, 2 Legions of Merit, 352 Commendation Medals, 3 Presidential Unit Citations[17][18] and 3 Medals of Honor.[citation needed]
Grenada[link]
Main articles: Invasion of Grenada and Operation Urgent Fury
Both SEAL Team 4 and SEAL Team 6, the predecessor to DEVGRU, participated in the US invasion of Grenada. The SEALs' two primary missions were the extraction of Grenada's Governor-General and the capture of Grenada's only radio tower. Neither mission was well briefed or sufficiently supported with timely intelligence and the SEALs ran into trouble from the very beginning. One of their two transport planes missed its drop zone, and four SEALs drowned in a rain squall while making an airborne insertion with their boats off the island's coast. Their bodies were never recovered.
After regrouping from their initial insertion the SEALs split into two teams and proceeded to their objectives. After digging in at the Governor's mansion, the SEALs realized they had forgotten their SATCOM gear on the helicopter. As Grenadian and Cuban troops surrounded the team, the SEALs' only radio ran out of battery power, and they used the mansion's land line telephone to call in AC-130 fire support. The SEALs were pinned down in the mansion overnight and were relieved and extracted by a group of Force Recon Marines the following morning.
The team sent to the radio station also ran into communication problems. As soon as the SEALs reached the radio facility they found themselves unable to raise their command post. After beating back several waves of Grenadian and Cuban troops supported by BTR-60s, the SEALs decided that their position at the radio tower was untenable. They destroyed the station and fought their way to the water where they hid from patrolling enemy forces. After the enemy had given up their search the SEALs, some wounded, swam into the open sea where they were extracted several hours later after being spotted by a reconnaissance plane.
Iran-Iraq War[link]
Main article: Operation Prime Chance
During the closing stages of the Iran-Iraq War the United States Navy began conducting operations in the Persian Gulf to protect US flagged ships from attack by Iranian naval forces. A secret plan was put in place and dubbed Operation Prime Chance. Navy SEAL Teams 1 and 2 along with several Special Boat Units and Navy EOD teams were deployed on mobile command barges and transported by helicopters from the Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. Over the course of the operation SEALs conducted VBSS (Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure) missions to counter Iranian mine laying boats. The only loss of life occurred during the take down of the Iran Ajr. Evidence gathered on the Iran Ajr by SEALs and EOD techs later allowed the US Navy to trace the mines that struck the USS Samuel B. Roberts. This chain of events lead to Operation Praying Mantis, the largest US Naval surface engagement since the Second World War. During Operation Desert Shield and Storm, Navy SEALs trained Kuwaiti Special Forces. They set up naval special operations groups in Kuwait, working with the Kuwaiti Navy in exile. Using these new diving, swimming, and combat skills, these foreign SEALs took part in combat operations such as the liberation of the capital city.
Panama[link]
Main article: United States invasion of Panama
The United States Navy contributed extensive special operations assets to the invasion of Panama, code named Operation Just Cause. This included SEAL Teams 2 and 4, Naval Special Warfare Unit 8, and Special Boat Unit 26, all falling under Naval Special Warfare Group 2; and the separate Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DevGru). DevGru fell under Task Force Blue, while Naval Special Warfare Group 2 composed the entirety of Task Force White. Task Force White was tasked with three principal objectives: the destruction of Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) naval assets in Balboa Harbor and the destruction of Manuel Noriega's private jet at Paitilla Airport (collectively known as Operation Nifty Package), as well as isolating PDF forces on Flamenco Island.
The strike on Balboa Harbor by Task Unit Whiskey is notably marked in SEAL history as the first publicly acknowledged combat swimmer mission since the Second World War. Prior to the commencement of the invasion four Navy SEALs, Lt Edward S. Coughlin, EN-3 Timothy K. Eppley, ET-1 Randy L. Beausoleil, and PH-2 Chris Dye, swam underwater into the harbor on Draeger LAR-V rebreathers and attached C4 explosives to and destroyed Noriega's personal gunboat the Presidente Porras.
Task Unit Papa was tasked with the seizure of Paitilla airfield and the destruction of Noriega's plane there. Several SEALs were concerned about the nature of the mission assigned to them being that airfield seizure was usually the domain of the Army Rangers. Despite these misgivings and a loss of operational surprise, the SEALs of TU Papa proceeded with their mission. Almost immediately upon landing, the 48 SEALs came under withering fire from the PDF stationed at the airfield. Although Noriega's plane was eventually destroyed, the SEALs suffered four dead and thirteen wounded. Killed were Lt. John Connors, Chief Petty Officer Donald McFaul, Torpedoman's Mate 2nd Class Issac Rodriguez, and Boatswain's Mate 1st Class Chris Tilghman.
Somali Intervention[link]
In August 1993 a four man SEAL sniper team was deployed to Mogadishu to work alongside the Delta Force as part of Task Force Ranger in the search for Somali warlord Mohammed Farrah Aidid. They took part in several operations in support of the CIA and Army culminating in the 3 October 'Battle of Mogadishu' where they were part of the ground convoy raiding the Olympic Hotel. All four SEAL's would be later awarded the Silver Star in recognition of their bravery whilst Navy SEAL Howard E. Wasdin would be awarded a Purple Heart after continuing to fight despite being wounded three times during the battle. [19]
Afghanistan[link]
Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Invasion[link]
In the immediate aftermath of the 11 September attacks, Navy SEALs quickly dispatched to Camp Doha, and those already aboard US Naval vessels in the Persian Gulf and surrounding waters began conducting VBSS operations against ships suspected of having ties to or even carrying al Qaeda operatives. SEAL Teams 3 and 8 also began rotating into Oman from the United States and staging on the island of Masirah for operations in Afghanistan. One of the SEALs' immediate concerns was their lack of suitable vehicles to conduct special reconnaissance (SR) missions in the rough, landlocked terrain of Afghanistan. After borrowing and retrofitting Humvees from the Army Rangers also staging on Masirah, the SEALs inserted into Afghanistan to conduct the SR of what would become Camp Rhino, as part of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). These early stages of OEF were commanded by a fellow SEAL, Rear Admiral Albert Calland.
The SR mission in the region of Camp Rhino lasted for four days, after which two United States Air Force Combat Control Teams made a nighttime HALO jump to assist the SEALs in guiding in Marines from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit who seized control of the area and established a Forward operating base. While at Camp Rhino, the CIA passed on intelligence from a predator drone operating in the Paktia province that Taliban Mullah Khirullah Said Wali Khairkhwa was spotted leaving a building by vehicle convoy. SEALs and Danish Jægerkorpset commandos boarded Air Force Pave Low helicopters and seized Khairkhwa on the road less than two hours later. The SEALs continued to perform reconnaissance operations for the Marines until leaving after having spent 45 days on the ground.
Subsequent SEAL operations during the invasion of Afghanistan were conducted within Task Force K-Bar, a joint special operations unit of Army Special Forces, United States Air Force Special Tactics Teams, and special operations forces from Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Denmark, Norway, and Turkey, under the command of Navy SEAL Captain Robert Harward. Task Force K-Bar conducted combat operations in the massive cave complexes at Zhawar Kili, the city of Kandahar and surrounding territory, the town of Prata Ghar and hundreds of miles of rough terrain in southern and eastern Afghanistan. Over the course of six months Task Force K-Bar killed or captured over 200 Taliban and al Qaeda fighters, and destroyed tens of thousands of pounds of weapons and ordnance.
Navy SEALs participated extensively in Operation Anaconda. During insertion, AB1 Neil Roberts was thrown from his helicopter when it took fire from entrenched al Qaeda fighters. Roberts was eventually killed after engaging and fighting dozens of enemies for almost an hour. Several SEALs were wounded in a rescue attempt and their Air Force Combat Controller, Technical Sergeant John Chapman, was killed. Attempts to rescue the stranded SEAL also led to the deaths of several US Army Rangers and an Air Force Pararescueman acting as a Quick Reaction Force.
SEALs were present at the Battle of Qala-i-Jangi alongside their counterparts from the British Special Boat Service. Chief Petty Officer Stephen Bass was awarded the Navy Cross for his actions during the battle.
Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor after his four-man counterinsurgency team was almost wiped out during Operation Red Wing in June 2005.
Iraq War[link]
Main article: Iraq War
Al Faw and Iraqi oil infrastructure[link]
Several days before the beginning of the invasion of Iraq two SDV teams were launched from Mark V Special Operations Craft in the Persian Gulf. Their objectives were the hydrographic reconnaissance of the Al Basrah (MABOT) and Khawr Al Amaya (KAAOT) Oil Terminals. After swimming under the terminals and securing their Mark 8 mod 1s the SDV SEALs spent several hours taking pictures and surveying Iraqi activity on both platforms before returning to their boats.
On 20 March 2003 the Navy SEALs launched what is the largest single SEAL operation in history from US Naval vessels, Ras al-Qulayah Naval Base and Ali Al Salem Air Base in Kuwait as part of a mixed force of US Navy SEALs, Polish GROM and British Royal Marines. Their targets were not only the ABOT and KAAOT platforms but their respective onshore petroleum pumping locks and the Al Faw port and refinery. Each force was to be inserted via helicopter or boat on the perimeter of the targets and then assault the main facilities. The first attacks occurred at the pumping locks for each offshore terminal. At MABOT's pumping lock the team's landing zone was covered in concertina wire that was unreported by their intelligence and so the SEALs and Royal Marines were forced to hover several feet off the ground. The Royal Marines, led by a Provost Sergeant, were the first off the helicopter followed by the SEALs and all immediately became entangled in the obstacles. In this exposed position the SEALs and Marines began taking fire from the platform's garrison. The landing at the KAAOT pumping lock ran into similar problems with their landing zone but both teams at both locations regrouped and successfully assaulted the pumping locks taking the main buildings and several occupied bunkers. After securing the facility an Iraqi armored vehicle approached the SEALs' position. Their embedded Air Force Combat Controller coordinated with an Air Force A-10 and destroyed the vehicle. In total five Iraqis were killed and sixteen captured.
The assault on the offshore platforms were carried out by SWCC's manned rigid-hulled inflatable boats (RHIBs) as well as SWCC manned Mk Vs carrying the GROM. The SEALs were assigned MABOT and GROM the KAAOT. Two days before the launch of the operation the Iraqis replaced the MABOT garrison with elite Republican Guard troops. With this last minute change in opposition in mind, and the added fear of the Republican Guard blowing up the platforms upon attack, the SEALs decided to change their plan to quickly take out all opposition before physically securing MABOT. Once the SEALs assaulted MABOT via RHIB the Republican Guard forces immediately began to surrender. The GROM on KAAOT encountered the same unwillingness by the Iraqis to fight allowing both platforms to be taken with no deaths. Subsequent inspection on MABOT showed that the Iraqi forces had not primed their explosives having been unwilling to destroy the facility. The assault on the Iraqi positions on the Al Faw peninsula consisted of a DPV mounted SEAL force at the refinery and port with a larger force of US Marines from the 5th Regimental Combat Team of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force attacking Iraqi positions farther north in the Rumaila oil fields. Before the operation the SEALs raised objections that the ground looked unsuitable for DPV use but the faulty intelligence was assured by their attached intelligence liaison that the land on Al Faw would be hardpack. The teams went ahead and landed with their DPVs straight off the helicopters but their fears were confirmed when the oil soaked and muddy ground on the peninsula rendered their underpowered, rear wheel drive vehicles useless. Now on foot and surrounded by approximately 300 entrenched Iraqi soldiers and armored vehicles the SEALs relied on their Combat Controller to call in air strikes. In coordination with close air support the SEALs swept the entire facility on foot fighting through enemy positions until day break when they were relieved by the 42 Commando of the British Royal Marines. In total several hundred Iraqis were killed, 100 captured and all the armored vehicles destroyed.
Mukarayin Dam[link]
Coalition military planners were concerned that retreating Iraqi forces would destroy the Mukatayin hydroelectric dam northeast of Baghdad in an attempt to slow advancing US troops. In addition to restricting the maneuver of Coalition forces, the destruction of the dam would deny critical power needs to the surrounding area as well as cause massive flooding and loss of Iraqi civilian life. A mixed SEAL / GROM force was called in to seize the dam. This force was flown several hours by US Air Force MH-53 Pave Lows to the dam. The SEALs employed DPVs into blocking positions to defend against counter-attack and roving bands of Iranian bandits that had been crossing the border and raiding Iraqi towns. As in Al Faw the SEALs found their DPVs to be ineffective and this marked the last time they would employ them in Iraq.
The SEALs and GROM on foot fast-roped out of their helicopters and immediately stormed the dam. The minimal Iraqi security forces on site surrendered, and with the exception of a GROM soldier who broke an ankle during the insertion, the operation went off with no casualties. After several hours of searching the dam for remaining hostile forces or any explosives, the SEALs fully secured the dam and were later relieved by advancing elements of the US Army.
Maersk Alabama hijacking[link]
Main article: Maersk Alabama hijacking
On 12 April 2009, in response to a hostage-taking incident off of the coast of Somalia by Somalian pirates, three Navy SEALs from DEVGRU simultaneously engaged and killed the three pirates who were closely holding the hostage, Captain Richard Phillips, of the freighter ship, the Maersk Alabama. The pirates and their hostage were being towed in a lifeboat approximately 100 yards behind the USS Bainbridge (DDG-96), when the three pirates were killed by three DEVGRU snipers with single shots to each of their heads.[20]
Death of Osama bin Laden[link]
Main article: Death of Osama bin Laden
In the early morning of 2 May 2011 local time, a team of 40 CIA-led Navy SEALs from DEVGRU, with 24 on the ground; successfully completed an operation to kill Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad, Pakistan about 35 miles (56 km) from Islamabad.[21] The Navy SEALs were part of the Naval Special Warfare Development Group, previously called "Team 6".[22] President Barack Obama later confirmed the death of bin Laden, but did not directly mention the involvement of DEVGRU, saying only that a "small team" of Americans undertook the operation to bring down bin Laden.[21] The unprecedented media coverage raised the public profile of the SEAL community, particularly the counter-terrorism specialists commonly known as SEAL Team 6. The Walt Disney Company tried unsuccessfully to trademark the name "SEAL Team 6" the day after the raid.[23]
Wardak Province Helicopter Crash[link]
Main article: 2011 Chinook shootdown in Afghanistan
On 6 August 2011, 17 Navy SEALs were killed when their CH-47 Chinook helicopter was shot down by an RPG fired by Taliban militants. The SEALs were en route to support U.S. Army Rangers who were taking fire while attempting to capture a senior Taliban leader in the Tangi Valley. Fifteen were SEALs belonging to the Naval Special Warfare Development Group. Two others were SEALs assigned to a regular naval special warfare unit.[24] Eight other Americans and eight Afghans were also killed in the crash, including the pilot of the helicopter, Army Chief Warrant Officer Bryan Nichols.
Selection & training[link]
Main article: United States Navy SEAL selection and training
SEAL training is extremely rigorous, having a reputation as some of the toughest anywhere in the world. The drop out rate for BUDs classes are sometimes over 90 percent.[25] The average Navy SEAL spends over a year in a series of formal training environments before being awarded the Special Warfare Operator Naval Rating and the Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) 5326 Combatant Swimmer (SEAL) or, in the case of commissioned naval officers, the designation Naval Special Warfare (SEAL) Officer.
All Navy SEALs must attend and graduate from their rating's 24-week "A" United States Navy SEAL selection and training course known as Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) school and then the 28-week SEAL Qualification Training (SQT) program. SQT qualifies all BUD/S graduates in basic SEAL skillsets in MAROPS, Combat Swimmer, Communications, TCCC, Close Quarters Combat, Land Warfare, Staticline/Freefall Parachute Operations, SERE and Combatives. All sailors entering the SEAL training pipeline with the Navy Hospital Corpsman rating or those chosen by Naval Special Warfare Command must also attend the 26 week Special Operations Combat Medic course and subsequently earn the NEC SO-5392 Naval Special Warfare Medic before joining an operational Team. Once outside the formal schooling environment SEALs entering a new Team at the beginning of an operational rotation can expect 18 months of Professional Development/Schools (PRODEV) and Troop unit level training (ULT) before each 6-month deployment. In total, from the time a prospective SEAL enters military service to the time he finishes his first predeployment training cycle, it can take over 30 months to completely train a Navy SEAL for his first deployment.[26]
Navy SEAL teams and structures[link]
_2.jpg)
_perform_a_fast-roping_exercise_from_a_MH-60S_Seahawk_helicopter_to_the_topside_of_Los_Angeles-class_fast_attack_submarine_USS_Toledo_(SSN_769).jpg)
Naval Special Warfare Groups[link]
Naval Special Warfare Command is organized into the following configuration:
- Naval Special Warfare Group 1: SEAL Teams 1, 3, 5, 7
- Naval Special Warfare Group 2: SEAL Teams 2, 4, 8, 10
- Naval Special Warfare Group 3: SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1
- Naval Special Warfare Group 4: Special Boat Teams 12, 20, 22
- Naval Special Warfare Group 11: SEAL Teams 17, 18 (formerly Operational Support Teams 1, 2)[27]
The total number of Navy SEALs assigned to Naval Special Warfare Command is approximately 2,000 out of a total staffing of 6,500. About half of the SEAL contingent are based at Little Creek Naval Amphibious Base and Dam Neck Annex in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Most of the remainder are headquartered at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado, California or with SDVT-1 in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.[28]
SEAL Teams[link]
SEAL Teams are organized into two groups: Naval Special Warfare Group One (West Coast), and Naval Special Warfare Group Two (East Coast), which come under the command of Naval Special Warfare Command, stationed at NAB Coronado, California. As of 2006, there are eight confirmed Navy SEAL Teams. The original SEAL Teams in the Vietnam War were separated between West Coast (Team ONE) and East Coast (Team TWO) SEALs. The current SEAL Team deployments include Teams 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10.
The Teams deploy as Naval Special Warfare Squadrons or Special Operations Task Forces and can deploy anywhere in the world. Squadrons will normally be deployed and fall under a Joint Task Force (JTF) or a Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force (CJSOTF) as a Special Operations Task Force (SOTF).
Each SEAL Team is commanded by a Navy Commander (O-5), and has a number of operational SEAL platoons and a headquarters element.
A SEAL Team has a Staff Headquarters element and three 40-man Troops. Each Troop consist of a Headquarters element consisting of a Troop Commander, typically a Lieutenant Commander (O-4), a Troop Senior Enlisted (E-8), a Targeting/Operations Officer (O-2/3) and a Targeting/Operations Leading/Chief Petty Officer (E-6/7). Under the HQ element are two SEAL platoons of 16–20 men (two officers, 14–16 enlisted SEALs, and sometimes two enlisted EOD Operators); a company-sized Combat Service Support (CSS) and/or Combat Support (CS) consisting of staff N-codes (the Army and Marine Corps use S-codes); N1 Administrative support, N2 Intelligence, N3 Operations, N4 Logistics, N5 Plans and Targeting, N6 Communications, N7 Training, and N8 Air/Medical.
Each Troop can be easily task organized into four squads of eight 4–5 man fire teams for operational purposes. The size of each SEAL “Team” with Troops and support staff is approximately 300 personnel. The typical SEAL platoon has an OIC (Officer in Charge, usually a Lieutenant (O-3), an AOIC (Assistant Officer in Charge, usually a Lieutenant (junior grade), O-2), a platoon chief (E-7), an Operations NCO/LPO (Leading Petty Officer, E-6) and other operators E-4 to E-6. The core leadership in the Troop and Platoon are the Commander/OIC and the Senior Enlisted NCO (Senior Chief/Chief).
Troop core skills consist of: Sniper, Breacher, Communicator, Maritime/Engineering, Close Air Support, Corpsman, Point-man/Navigator, Primary Driver/Navigator (Rural/Urban/Protective Security), Heavy Weapons Operator, Sensitive Site Exploitation, Air Operations Master, Lead Climber, Lead Diver/Navigator, Interrogator, Explosive Ordnance Disposal, Technical Surveillance, and Advanced Special Operations.
Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek, a naval base in Virginia Beach, Virginia, is home to SEAL Teams 2, 4, 8, and 10. Naval Amphibious Base Coronado, a naval base in Coronado, California, is home to SEAL Teams 1, 3, 5, and 7. There is also a SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) unit, SDVT-1, located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. SDVT-2 was based in Virginia; it was disestablished and merged into SDVT-1. SDV Teams are SEAL teams with an added underwater delivery capability. An SDV platoon consists of 12–15 SEALs.
| Insignia | Team | Deployment | Number of Platoons | HQ | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
SEAL Team 1 | Southeast Asia | 6 Platoons | Coronado, California | |
 |
SEAL Team 2 | Northern Europe | 6 Platoons | Little Creek, Virginia | SEAL Team 2 is the only SEAL Team that has full-fledged arctic warfare capabilities |
 |
SEAL Team 3 | Middle East | 6 Platoons | Coronado, California | |
 |
SEAL Team 4 | South America | 6 Platoons | Little Creek, Virginia | SEAL Team 4 is the only SEAL Team with a viable standing language capability, which is Spanish |
< |
SEAL Team 5 | Korea | 6 Platoons | Coronado, California | |
 |
United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group | Worldwide | Classified | Dam Neck, Virginia | SEAL Team 6 was dissolved in 1987. The Navy then established the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group, also known as DEVGRU. While DEVGRU is administratively supported by Naval Special Warfare Command, they are operationally under the command of the Joint Special Operations Command. |
 |
SEAL Team 7 | Worldwide | 6 Platoons | Coronado, California | |
 |
SEAL Team 8 | Africa | 6 Platoons | Little Creek, Virginia | |
 |
SEAL Team 10 | Worldwide | 6 Platoons | Little Creek, Virginia | |
 |
SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team One | Worldwide | 4 Platoons | Pearl Harbor, Hawai'i Dets in: Little Creek, Virginia San Diego, California |
|
 |
SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Two | Worldwide | 4 Platoons | Little Creek, Virginia | Merged with SDVT-1 |
United States Navy Parachute Team "Leap Frogs"[link]
The primary mission of the Navy Parachute Team (NPT) is to support Naval Special Warfare recruiting by gaining access and exposure to appropriate candidates through aerial parachuting demonstrations.[29]
The U.S. Navy Parachute Team is a fifteen-man team composed entirely of U.S. Navy SEAL and SWCC commandos. Each member comes to the team for a three-year tour from one of the two Naval Special Warfare Groups located on the east and west coasts. On completion of the tour, members return to operational units.[30] The parachute team began in 1969 when Navy SEALs and Frogmen volunteered to perform at weekend air shows. The team was officially commissioned as the U.S. Navy Parachute Team in 1974 by the Chief of Naval Operations and assigned the mission of demonstrating Navy excellence throughout the United States.
A typical Leap Frogs performance consists of fourteen jumpers leaping out of an aircraft at an altitude of 12,500 feet. After freefalling sometimes using smoke or streamers, the Leap Frogs fly their canopies together to build canopy-relative work formations. After performances, the Leap Frogs make themselves available to the public to answer questions about the Navy and the Naval Special Warfare community, as well as to sign autographs
National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum and memorial[link]
Main article: National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum
The National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum, in Fort Pierce, Florida, was recognized as a National Museum by an act of Congress[31] and is dedicated to preserving the history of the Navy SEALs and their predecessors. The SEAL Museum stands on the training site of the first Navy frogmen. There through World War II, thousands of service members were trained as members of Naval Combat Demolition Units and Underwater Demolition Teams. The Museum houses rare historic artifacts from the founding of the UDT to present day, including weapons, vehicles, equipment, and most recently added, the Alabama Maersk lifeboat aboard which Somali pirates held Captain Richard Phillips hostage.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Navy Steps Up Search for New SEALs-Changes to special-warfare recruiting, training practices show promise for growing unit". The Navy Times. http://www.navyseals.com/navy-steps-search-new-seals-changes-special-warfare-recruiting-training-practices-show-promise-growi. Retrieved 27 July 201.
- ^ Wentz, Gene; B. Abell Jurus (1993). Men In Green Faces. St. Martin's Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-312-95052-1.
- ^ Four operators from DevGru were a part of the assault convoy during Battle of Mogadishu
- ^ Perry, Anthony (27 July 1990). "SEALs Surface to Blow Holes in Navy Nerd Image". The Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1990-07-27/local/me-625_1_navy-seals. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ "Coast Guard Graduates First Two SEALs « Coast Guard Compass". Coastguard.dodlive.mil. http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/index.php/2010/05/coast-guard-graduates-first-two-seals/. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- ^ US Navy. SEAL requirements "SEAL Requirements". navyseals.com. http://www.navyseals.com/seal-challenge-requirements SEAL requirements. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
- ^ Jill Laster. "Program letting Coasties train as SEALs on hold". Navy Times. http://www.navytimes.com/news/2011/07/coast-guard-seal-exchange-program-on-hold-070911/.
- ^ Waller, Douglas (3 February 2003). "The CIA Secret Army". TIME (Time Inc). http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101030203/
- ^ SOG: The Secret Wars of America's Commandos in Vietnam by John L. Plaster
- ^ Haney, Eric L. (2002). Inside Delta Force. New York: Delacorte Press
- ^ Efran, Shawn (producer), "Army Officer Recalls Hunt For Bin Laden", 60 Minutes, CBS News, 5 October 2008.
- ^ Vann RD (2004). "Lambertsen and O2: beginnings of operational physiology". Undersea Hyperb Med 31 (1): 21–31. PMID 15233157. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3987. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ^ Butler FK (2004). "Closed-circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy". Undersea Hyperb Med 31 (1): 3–20. PMID 15233156. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3986. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ^ http://www.amazon.co.uk/First-SEAL-Ray-Boehm/dp/0671536265/ref=cm_cr_pr_pb_t
- ^ Point Man by Chief James Watson & Kevin Dockery, 1993, ISBN 0-380-71986-X
- ^ Edwin E. Moïse. "The Vietnam Wars, Section 8: The Tet Offensive and its Aftermath". Clemson University. http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/viet8.html. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
- ^ "President Cites Seal Team" (ProQuest), The New York Times: 21, 12 November 1968
- ^ "Washington For the Record" (ProQuest), The New York Times: 4, 19 June 1970
- ^ http://www.amazon.co.uk/Seal-Team-Six-incredible-operations/dp/1847445497/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1334597844&sr=1-1
- ^ "U.S. warship near boat carrying pirates — CNN.com". CNN. 9 April 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/04/08/ship.hijacked/index.html. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
- ^ a b "The raid on Osama bin Laden's compound". CBS News. 2 May 2011. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20058792-503543.html.
- ^ Flock, Elizabeth (2 May 2011). "Navy SEALs who killed Osama bin Laden are from the elite ‘Team 6’". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/navy-seals-who-killed-osama-bin-laden-are-from-the-elite-team-6/2011/05/02/AFCC93YF_blog.html. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
- ^ Winter, Jana (25 May 2011). "Mickey Mouse Surrenders to Navy SEALs in Trademark Battle". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/05/25/mickey-mouse-surrenders-navy-seals-trademark-battle/. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
- ^ Pentagon releases names of Chinook crash victims [1], CNN News blog, 12 August 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ Military Advantage (15 February 2007). "Content". Military.com. http://www.military.com/Content/MoreContent1?file=AS_specops. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- ^ Ann, Lee (27 November 2006). "HowStuffWorks "Navy SEAL Training"". Science.howstuffworks.com. http://science.howstuffworks.com/navy-seal3.htm. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- ^ Communication, Mass. "Naval Special Warfare Reserve Command Renamed". Navy.mil. http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=38975. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- ^ Hansen, Louis, "SEAL's Death At Training Facility Raises Safety Concerns", Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, 28 February 2009.
- ^ Navy Parachute Team handbook PDF
- ^ "Official U.S. Navy Parachute Team Web Site – Leap Frogs". Leapfrogs.navy.mil. http://www.leapfrogs.navy.mil/default.asp. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- ^ "Ft. Pierce Museum Now the Official National Museum of Navy SEALs and Their Predecessors". NavySEALs.com. http://www.navyseals.com/ft-pierce-museum-now-official-national-museum-navy-seals-and-their-predecessors. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
Further reading[link]
- Bosiljevac, T.L. SEALs: UDT/SEAL Operations in Vietnam. Ballantine Books, 1990. (ISBN 0-8041-0722-X)
- Bosiljevac, T.L. SEAL Team Roll-Back. Avon Books, 1999. (ISBN 0-380-78714-8)
- Bahmanyar, Mir. US Navy SEALs. Osprey Publishing, 2005. (ISBN 1-84176-807-3)
- Bahmanyar, Mir with Chris Osman. SEALs The US Navy's Elite Fighting Force. Osprey Publishing, 2008. (ISBN 1-84603-226-1)
- Couch, Dick. The Sheriff of Ramadi: Navy SEALs and the Winning of al-Anba. U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2008. (ISBN 1591141389)
- Couch, Dick. The Warrior Elite. The Forging of SEAL Class 228. Three Rivers Press, 2003. (ISBN 1400046955)
- Couch, Dick. The Finishing School. Earning the Navy SEAL Trident. Three Rivers Press, 2004. (ISBN 0-609-81046-4)
- Couch, Dick. Down Range. Navy SEALs in the War on Terrorism. Three Rivers Press, 2005. (ISBN 1-4000-8101-7)
- Jansing, Chris (29 January 2010). "A typical SEAL? Think 007, not Rambo". NBC Field Notes (NBC News). http://fieldnotes.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2010/01/29/2188823.aspx. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
- Luttrell, Marcus. Lone Survivor: The Eyewitness Account of Operation Redwing and the Lost Heroes of SEAL Team 10. Little, Brown and Company, 2009. (ISBN 0316044695)
- Sasser, Charles W. Encyclopedia of The Navy SEALs, Facts on File, 2002. (ISBN 0-8160-4569-0)
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: United States Navy SEALs |
- US Navy SEAL & SWCC official website
- United States Navy Parachute Team official website
- "Navy Fact File: Navy SEALs". San Diego: Naval Special Warfare Command – Public Affairs Office, United States Navy. 3 March 2005. Archived from the original on 3 March 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050303001021/http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/factfile/personnel/seals/seals.html. Retrieved 25 June 2006.
- Peterson, Lt. Cmdr Erick (June 2009). "The Strategic Utility of U.S. Navy SEALs". Master thesis (dtic.mil). NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOO. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA501950. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- McCoy, Shane T. (August 2004). "Testing Newton's Law", All Hands Magazine, p. 33.
- Obringer, Lee Ann. "How the Navy SEALs Work". How Stuff Works. http://science.howstuffworks.com/navy-seal.htm. Retrieved 14 June 2006.
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| Charlie Sheen | |
|---|---|
 Sheen on March 11, 2009 |
|
| Born | Carlos Irwin Estevez (1965-09-03) September 3, 1965 (age 46)[1] New York City, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1974–present |
| Spouse | Donna Peele (1995–1996) Denise Richards (2002–2006) Brooke Mueller (2008–2011)[2] |
| Children | 5 |
| Parents | Martin Sheen (father) Janet Templeton (mother) |
| Relatives | Emilio Estevez (brother) Ramon Estevez (brother) Renée Estevez (sister) |
| Website | |
| www.charliesheen.com | |
Carlos Irwin Estevez (born September 3, 1965), better known by his stage name Charlie Sheen, is an American film and television actor. He is the youngest son of actor Martin Sheen.
His character roles in films have included Chris Taylor in the 1986 Vietnam War drama Platoon, Jake Kesey in the 1986 film The Wraith, and Bud Fox in the 1987 film Wall Street. His career has also included more comedic films such as Major League, the Hot Shots! films, and Scary Movie 3 and Scary Movie 4. On television, Sheen is known for his roles on two sitcoms: as Charlie Crawford on Spin City and as Charlie Harper on Two and a Half Men. In 2010, Sheen was the highest paid actor on television, earning US$1.8 million per episode of Two and a Half Men.[3]
Sheen's personal life has also made headlines, including reports about alcohol and drug abuse and marital problems as well as allegations of domestic violence. He was fired from his role on Two and a Half Men by CBS and Warner Bros. on March 7, 2011. Sheen subsequently announced a nationwide tour.[4]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Sheen was born Carlos Irwin Estevez in New York City, the youngest son and third of four children of actor Martin Sheen and artist Janet Templeton.[5] His paternal grandparents were immigrants from Galicia (northwestern Spain) and Ireland.[6] Sheen has two older brothers, Emilio Estevez and Ramon Estevez, and a younger sister, Renée Estevez, all actors. His parents moved to Malibu, California, after Martin's Broadway turn in The Subject Was Roses. Sheen's first movie appearance was at age nine in his father’s 1974 film The Execution of Private Slovik. Sheen attended Santa Monica High School in Santa Monica, California, where he was a star pitcher and shortstop for the baseball team.[5][7]
At Santa Monica High School, he showed an early interest in acting, making amateur Super 8 films with his brother Emilio and school friends Rob Lowe and Sean Penn under his birth name. A few weeks before graduation, Sheen was expelled from school for poor grades and attendance. Deciding to become an actor, he took the stage name Charlie Sheen. His father had adopted it in honor of the Catholic archbishop and theologian Fulton J. Sheen.[8][9]
Acting career[link]
Film[link]
Sheen's film career began in 1984 with a role in the Cold War teen drama Red Dawn with Patrick Swayze, C. Thomas Howell, Lea Thompson, and Jennifer Grey. Sheen and Grey reunited in a small scene in Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986). He also appeared in an episode of the anthology series Amazing Stories. Sheen had his first major role in the Vietnam War drama Platoon (1986). In 1987, he starred with his father in Wall Street. Both Wall Street and Platoon were directed by Oliver Stone. In 1988, Stone asked Sheen to star in his new film Born on the Fourth of July (1989), but later cast Tom Cruise instead. Sheen was never notified by Stone, and only found out when he heard the news from his brother Emilio. Sheen did not take a lead role in Stone's subsequent films,[10] although he did have a cameo role in Money Never Sleeps.
In 1987, Sheen was cast to portray Ron in the unreleased Grizzly II: The Predator, the sequel to the 1976 low budget horror movie Grizzly. In 1988, he starred in the baseball film Eight Men Out as outfielder Happy Felsch. Also in 1988, he appeared opposite his brother Emilio in Young Guns and again in 1990 in Men at Work. In 1989, Sheen, John Fusco, Christopher Cain, Lou Diamond Phillips, Emilio Estévez and Kiefer Sutherland were honored with a Bronze Wrangler for their work on the film Young Guns.[11]
In 1990, he starred alongside his father in Cadence as a rebellious inmate in a military stockade and with Clint Eastwood in the buddy cop action film The Rookie.[5] The films were directed by Martin Sheen and Eastwood, respectively. In 1992, he starred in Beyond the Law with Linda Fiorentino and Michael Madsen. In 1994, Sheen was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[11] In 1997, Sheen wrote his first movie, Discovery Mars, a direct-to-video documentary revolving around the question, "Is There Life on Mars?". The next year, Sheen wrote, produced and starred in the action movie No Code of Conduct.[12]
Sheen appeared in several comedy roles, including the Major League films, Money Talks, and the spoof Hot Shots! films. In 1999, Sheen appeared in a pilot for A&E Network, called Sugar Hill, which was not picked up. In 1999, Sheen played himself in Being John Malkovich. He also appeared in the spoof series Scary Movie 3 and follow up Scary Movie 4.
Sheen appears as Dex Dogtective in the unreleased Lionsgate animated comedy Foodfight.[12]
Sheen has been cast to star alongside Jason Schwartzman in Roman Coppola's upcoming film A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charlie Swan III.[13]
Television[link]
In 2000, Sheen debuted on the small screen when he replaced Michael J. Fox for the last two seasons of the sitcom Spin City. For his work on Spin City, Sheen was nominated for two ALMA Awards and won his first Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy.[14][15] The series ended in 2002.
In 2003, Sheen was cast as Charlie Harper in the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men, which followed the popular Monday night time slot of Everybody Loves Raymond. Sheen's role on Two and a Half Men was loosely based on Sheen's bad boy image.[16] The role garnered him an ALMA Award and he gained three Emmy Award nominations and two Golden Globe award nominations.[14] During his eighth and final season on the show, Sheen earned a record $1.8 million per episode.[3]
Warner Bros. dismissal[link]
In January 2011, production of Two and a Half Men went on hiatus while Sheen underwent a substance rehabilitation program in his home, his third attempt at rehab in twelve months.[17][18][19] The following month, however, CBS canceled the season's four remaining episodes after Sheen publicly made derogatory comments about the series' creator, Chuck Lorre,[20] and Warner Bros. officially banned Sheen from entering its production lot.[21] Sheen, already the highest-paid actor on television,[3] responded by publicly demanding a 50 percent raise,[22] claiming that in comparison to the amount that the series was making, he was "underpaid."[22]
CBS and Warner Bros. fired Sheen from Two and a Half Men on March 7, 2011.[23] He was replaced by Ashton Kutcher.[24][25] In the aftermath of his dismissal, Sheen remained vocally critical of Chuck Lorre,[26] and filed a wrongful termination lawsuit against Lorre and Warner Bros., which was settled the following September 26.[27] That same month, Sheen, while presenting an award at the Primetime Emmy Awards, addressed "everybody here from Two and a Half Men" and stated, "From the bottom of my heart, I wish you nothing but the best for this upcoming season. We spent eight wonderful years together and I know you will continue to make great television."[28]
Meltdown[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121110003810/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
In the wake of the dismissal, Sheen had a highly publicized "meltdown" which was broadcast on television and the internet. He made bizarre statements in television interviews, suggesting that he was a "warlock" with "tiger blood" and "Adonis DNA".[29] He also posted videos to YouTube showing himself smoking cigarettes through his nose, and cursing out his former employers. [30] He told one TV interviewer, "‘I’m tired of pretending I’m not special. I’m tired of pretending I’m not a total bitchin’ rock star from Mars."[31]
Other[link]
On September 19, 2011, Sheen was roasted on Comedy Central. It was watched by 6.4 million people, making it the highest rated roast on Comedy Central to date.[32]
Other ventures[link]
In 2006, Sheen launched a clothing line for kids, called Sheen Kidz.[33]
In 2011, Sheen set a new Guinness World Record for Twitter as the "Fastest Time to Reach 1 Million Followers" (adding an average of 129,000 new followers per day[34]) as well as the Guinness record for "Highest Paid TV Actor Per Episode – Current" at $1.25 million while he was a part of the cast of Two and a Half Men sitcom.[35] On March 3, 2011, Charlie Sheen signed with Ad.ly marketing agency specializing in Twitter and Facebook promotions.[36][37]
On March 10, 2011, Sheen announced a nationwide tour, "My Violent Torpedo of Truth/Defeat is Not An Option", which began in Detroit on April 2.[38] The tour sold out in 18 minutes, a Ticketmaster record.[39] However, on April 1, 2011 the Detroit Free Press featured an article that stated as of March 30 that there were over 1000 tickets available from a third-party reseller, some at 15% less than the cheapest seats sold at the Fox Theater.[40] The Huffington Post reported that it was expected Sheen would earn $1 million in 2011 from Twitter endorsements and $7 million from the North American tour.[41] Many of those attending the April 2 performance in Detroit found it disappointing;[42] the subsequent performance in Chicago, which featured some adjustments, received a more positive reception.[43]
Sheen has taken up a new business venture as a partner in a line of electronic cigarettes. The "NicoSheen" product will feature the actor's signature smirk on packages of disposable E-cigarettes and related products.[44]
On August 13, 2011, Sheen appeared as a host at the 12th annual Gathering of the Juggalos. He received a mixed reaction from the audience. Some cheered him, and some booed and threw things at him.[45]
Personal life[link]
Family and relationships[link]
Sheen has been married three times and has five children. His first daughter, Cassandra Jade Estevez, was born on December 12, 1984, to his former high school girlfriend, Paula Profit.[46][47]
In January 1990, Sheen accidentally shot his fiancee, Kelly Preston, in the arm.[48] She broke off the engagement soon after.[49][50][51]
In the 1990s, Sheen dated a number of adult film actresses, including Ginger Lynn[48][52][53] and Heather Hunter.[48]
On September 3, 1995,[54] Sheen married Donna Peele.[55] That same year, Sheen was named as one of the clients of an escort agency operated by Heidi Fleiss.[56] Sheen and Peele divorced in 1996.[5]
On June 15, 2002, Sheen married actress Denise Richards. They have two daughters, Sam[57] and Lola Sheen.[58] In March 2005, Richards filed for divorce, accusing Sheen of alcohol and drug abuse and threats of violence.[59] The divorce was finalized in November 2006 and preceded a custody dispute over their two daughters.[60][61][62]
On May 30, 2008, Sheen married Brooke Mueller, who later gave birth to their twin sons, Bob and Max.[63][64][65] In November 2010, Sheen filed for divorce. On March 1, 2011, police removed Bob and Max from Sheen's home. Sheen told NBC's Today, "I stayed very calm and focused."[66] According to People, social services took the children after Mueller obtained a restraining order against Sheen. The document said, "I am very concerned that [Sheen] is currently insane."[67] Asked if he would fight for the children, Sheen texted People, "Born ready. Winning."[67] Sheen and Mueller's divorce became final on May 2, 2011.[2][68][69]
On March 1, 2011, Sheen was concurrently living with pornographic actress Rachel Oberlin and model and graphic designer Natalie Kenly, whom he collectively nicknamed his "goddesses".[70][71][72][73][74] Oberlin left Sheen in April 2011, and Kenly left in June 2011.[75][76]
Substance abuse and legal issues[link]
On May 20, 1998, Sheen overdosed while using cocaine and was hospitalized. On August 11, 1998, Sheen, already on probation for a previous drug offense, had his probation extended for an extra year and entered a rehab clinic.[77][78] In a 2004 interview, Sheen admitted that the overdose was caused by his experimentation with injecting cocaine.[79]
On December 25, 2009, Sheen was arrested for assaulting his wife, Brooke Mueller. He was released the same day from jail after posting an $8,500 bond.[80][81] Sheen was charged with felony menacing, as well as third-degree assault and criminal mischief.[82] On August 2, 2010, Sheen pleaded guilty to misdemeanor assault as part of a plea bargain that included dismissal of the other charges against him. Sheen was sentenced to 30 days in a drug rehab center, 30 days of probation, and 36 hours of anger management.[83]
On October 26, 2010, the police removed Sheen from his suite at the Plaza Hotel after he reportedly caused $7,000 in damage.[84] According to the NYPD, Sheen admitted to drinking and using cocaine the night of the incident.[84] He was released after entering a hospital for observation.[85]
Political views and activities[link]
Charitable activities[link]
Sheen was the 2004 spokesperson for the Lee National Denim Day breast cancer fundraiser that raised millions of dollars for research and education regarding the disease. Sheen stated that a friend of his died from breast cancer, and he wanted to try to help find a cure for the disease.
A major donor and supporter of Aid For AIDS since 2006, Sheen was honored with an AFA Angel Award, one of only a few ever given, at the nonprofit's 25th Silver Anniversary Reception in 2009.[86] In addition to his financial support, he has volunteered to act as a celebrity judge for several years for their annual fundraiser, Best In Drag Show,[87] which raises around a quarter of a million dollars[86] each year in Los Angeles for AIDS assistance.[88][89] He has brought other celebrities to support the event, including his father, actor Martin Sheen.[90] Sheen's interest in AIDS was first reported in 1987 with his support of Ryan White, an Indiana teenager who became a national spokesperson for AIDS awareness after being infected with AIDS through a blood transfusion for his hemophilia.[91][92]
On March 27, 2008, Sheen and Jenna Elfman co-hosted a New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project charity event.[93]
Sheen is donating one dollar from each ticket sold from his “My Violent Torpedo of Truth/Defeat is Not An Option Show” 2011 tour to the Red Cross Japanese Earthquake Relief Fund.[39]
In 2011, Sheen took on a Twitter challenge by a grieving mother to help critically ill babies born with Congenital diaphragmatic hernia by supporting CHERUBS – The Association of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Research, Awareness and Support.[94]
September 11 attacks[link]
On March 20, 2006, Sheen stated that he questions the U.S. Government's account of the September 11 attacks.[95] He said during the interview that the collapse of the World Trade Center towers looked like a controlled demolition.[96][97]
Sheen has since become a prominent advocate of the 9/11 Truth movement.[98] On September 8, 2009, he appealed to President Barack Obama to set up a new investigation into the attacks. Presenting his views as a transcript of a fictional encounter with Obama, he was characterized by the press as believing the 9/11 Commission was a whitewash and that the administration of former President George W. Bush may have been responsible for the attacks.[99][100]
Filmography[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Charlie Sheen
Films[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1974 | The Execution of Private Slovik | Kid at Wedding | NBC TV-movie; uncredited part. |
| 1979 | Apocalypse Now | Extra[101] | |
| 1984 | Red Dawn | Matt Eckert | |
| Silence of the Heart | Ken Cruze | CBS TV-movie | |
| 1985 | The Fourth Wise Man | Captain (Herod's Soldiers) | TV-movie |
| Out of the Darkness | Man Shaving | CBS TV-movie | |
| The Boys Next Door | Bo Richards | ||
| 1986 | Lucas | Cappie | |
| Ferris Bueller's Day Off | Garth Volbeck-Boy in Police Station | Cameo | |
| Platoon | Private Chris Taylor | ||
| The Wraith | Jake Kesey | ||
| Wisdom | Hamburger Restaurant Manager | Cameo | |
| 1987 | Wall Street | Bud Fox | |
| No Man's Land | Ted Varrick | ||
| Three for the Road | Paul | ||
| Grizzly II: The Predator Concert | Ron | Unreleased filmed in 1983 |
|
| 1988 | Never on Tuesday | Thief | Uncredited Cameo |
| Eight Men Out | Oscar 'Happy' Felsch | ||
| Young Guns | Richard "Dick" Brewer | Bronze Wrangler Award | |
| 1989 | Tale of Two Sisters | Narrator | Also writer (poems) |
| Major League | Ricky 'Wild Thing' Vaughn | ||
| Catchfire | Bob | Cameo | |
| 1990 | Cadence | Pfc. Franklin Fairchild Bean | |
| Courage Mountain | Peter | ||
| Men at Work | Carl Taylor | ||
| Navy SEALs | Lt. (j.g.) Dale Hawkins | ||
| The Rookie | David Ackerman | ||
| 1991 | Hot Shots! | Lt. Sean Topper Harley | |
| 1992 | Beyond the Law | William Patrick Steaner/Daniel "Dan" Saxon/Sid | |
| Oliver Stone: Inside Out | Himself | Documentary | |
| 1993 | National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1 | Gern, Parking Valet | |
| Deadfall | Morgan "Fats" Gripp | ||
| Hot Shots! Part Deux | Lt. Sean Topper Harley | ||
| The Three Musketeers | Aramis | ||
| 1994 | Charlie Sheen's Stunt Spectacular | Himself | TV-movie |
| Terminal Velocity | Richard 'Ditch' Brodie | ||
| The Chase | Jackson Davis "Jack" Hammond | Also executive producer | |
| Major League II | Ricky 'Wild Thing' Vaughn | ||
| 1996 | Loose Women | Barbie Loving Bartender | Cameo appearance |
| Frame by Frame | |||
| All Dogs Go to Heaven 2 | Charles B. "Charlie" Barkin | Voice only | |
| The Arrival | Zane Zaminsky | ||
| 1997 | Money Talks | James Russell | |
| Shadow Conspiracy | Bobby Bishop | ||
| Bad Day on the Block | Lyle Wilder | Also known as Under Pressure | |
| 1998 | Postmortem | James McGregor | |
| A Letter from Death Row | Cop No. 1 | Cameo | |
| No Code of Conduct | Jacob "Jake" Peterson | Also executive producer and writer | |
| Free Money | Bud Dyerson | ||
| Junket Whore | Himself | Documentary | |
| 1999 | Lisa Picard is Famous | Himself | |
| Five Aces | Chris Martin | ||
| Being John Malkovich | Himself | Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated – Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast |
|
| 2000 | Rated X | Artie Jay "Art" Mitchell | Showtime TV-movie |
| 2001 | Good Advice | Ryan Edward Turner | |
| Last Party 2000 | Himself | Documentary, uncredited | |
| 2002 | The Making of Bret Michaels | Himself | Documentary |
| 2003 | Scary Movie 3 | Tom Logan | |
| 2004 | The Big Bounce | Bob Rogers Jr. | |
| Pauly Shore Is Dead | Himself | Cameo | |
| 2005 | Guilty Hearts | Charlie Sheen | Segment "Spelling Bee" |
| 2006 | Scary Movie 4 | Tom Logan | Uncredited Cameo |
| 2010 | Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps | Bud Fox | Uncredited Cameo |
| Due Date | Himself/Charlie Harper | Cameo |
Short films[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 | A Life in the Day | ||
| 1989 | Comicits | Himself | Also producer |
| 2003 | Deeper Than Deep | Charles "Chuck" E. Traynor | |
| 2004 | Spelling Bee | Himself | From Guilty Hearts |
Television[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 | Amazing Stories: Book Three | Casey | Episode: "No Day at the Beach" |
| 1996 | Friends | Ryan | Episode: "The One with the Chicken Pox" |
| 1999 | Sugar Hill | Matt | Unsold pilot |
| 2000–2002 | Spin City | Charlie Crawford | Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy (2002) Nominated – ALMA Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Series (2001) Nominated – ALMA Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Series (2002) |
| 2003–2011 | Two and a Half Men | Charlie Harper | ALMA Award for Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Television Series (2008) Nominated – Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Television Actor (2002) Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series (2005) Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy (2005) Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (2006) Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy (2006) Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor: Comedy (2008) Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (2008) Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series (2009) |
| 2006 | Overhaulin' | Himself | Episode: "LeMama's Boy" |
| 2008 | The Big Bang Theory | Himself | Episode: "The Griffin Equivalency", cameo appearance |
| 2009 | The Tonight Show with Jay Leno | Himself | |
| 2009 | Lopez Tonight | Himself | |
| 2010 | Family Guy | Himself | Episode: "Brian Griffin's House of Payne" |
| 2011 | Drew Carey's Improv-A-Ganza | Himself | Episode 2 (in improv game "Fairy Tale") |
| 2011 | Comedy Central Roast | Himself (Roastee) | |
| 2012 | Anger Management | Charlie |
References[link]
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- ^ a b c CBS adds six new shows, hangs on to Charlie Sheen USA TODAY, May 20, 2010 By Gary Levin
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- ^ a b c d Stated in interview on Inside the Actors Studio, 2007
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- ^ "Two and a Half Men axed after rant leaves Sheen looking a proper Charlie", The Guardian, February 25, 2011
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- ^ AOL news
- ^ Reuters
- ^ UK Daily Mail
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- ^ "Charlie Sheen is goddess-less". CBS News. June 27, 2011. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20074713-10391698.html. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
- ^ "Charlie Sheen's Probation Extended". Daily News. August 12, 1998. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L45TAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L4YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2823,5598507&dq=charlie+sheen+probation&hl=en. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
- ^ "Charlie Sheen in hospital for drugs, alcohol". CNN. May 22, 1998. http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Movies/9805/22/charlie.sheen/index.html. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
- ^ Higginbotham, Adam (January 19, 2004). "How Charlie Sheen saw the light". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4730330/How-Charlie-Sheen-saw-the-light.html. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
- ^ "Bond Posted". USA Today. December 25, 2009. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-12-25-sheen-arrest_N.htm?csp=34. Retrieved December 25, 2009.
- ^ "Charlie Sheen 'threatened to kill wife'". BBC News. December 29, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8433407.stm. Retrieved December 29, 2009.
- ^ "Charlie Sheen charged with felony in alleged assault on wife in Aspen [Updated"]. The Los Angeles Times. February 8, 2010. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2010/02/charlie-sheen-charged-with-3-felonies-in-alleged-assault-on-wife-in-aspen.html. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
- ^ Banda, Solomon (August 2, 2010). "Charlie Sheen Pleads Guilty to Aspen Assault". Associated Press. The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/02/charlie-sheen-pleads-guil_n_668120.html. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
- ^ a b Widdicombe, Ben (October 29, 2010). "In Praise of Celebrity Excuses". The New York Times Style Magazine. http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/poparazzi-in-praise-of-celebrity-excuses/?scp=2&sq=charlie%20sheen&st=cse. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
- ^ Celona, Larry; Doyle, John; Schram, Jamie (October 26, 2010). "Charlie Sheen trashes room at Plaza Hotel in coke-fueled rampage". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/police_called_to_charlie_sheen_room_zKbwIvShUm8vhbeDUEowRK. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
- ^ a b "Aid For AIDS 25th Silver Anniversary Reception and Awards Presentation". http://www.aidforaids.net/events.html. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
- ^ "Charlie Sheen supports Aid For AIDS". October 2006. http://www.tmz.com/2006/10/23/charlie-sheen-does-drag-sort-of/. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ "Access Hollywood video interview". November 2008. http://www.accesshollywood.com/access-extended-maria-menounos-judges-best-in-drag-show_video_775419?__source=omg. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ Saunders, Tim (October 16, 2008). "Check Out the Best in Drag This Weekend". Look to the Stars; The World of Celebrity. http://www.looktothestars.org/news/1398-check-out-the-best-in-drag-this-weekend. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ "Martin Sheen Beats Perez Hilton in Popularity Competition with the Gays". The Insider. October 15, 2007. http://www.theinsider.com/news/411727_Martin_Sheen_Beats_Perez_Hilton_in_Popularity_Competition_with_the_Gays. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ Friedman, Jack; and Shaw, Bill (May 30, 1988). "Amazing Grace". People Magazine. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20099075,00.html. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ Citron, Alan (November 2, 1988). "Charity Reaches for Stars – Critics Say It Falls Short". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-02/news/mn-3707_1_hollywood-charity?pg=5. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ Jenna hosts NY Rescue Workers Detoxification Project Charity Event. March 27, 2008.
- ^ "Charlie Sheen Takes On Twitter Challenge By Grieving Mom To Help Sick Babies". CNBC. July 13, 2011. http://www.cnbc.com/id/43748175/. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "Charlie Sheen on The Alex Jones Show". InfoWars. March 20, 2006. http://www.infowars.com/video/clips/news/september_11/032006_charlie_sheen_911_wm.htm. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ Brynaert, Ron (March 23, 2006). "Controversial Charlie Sheen 9/11 interview begins to attract media attention". Raw Story. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080530044634/http://www.rawstory.com/news/2006/Sheen_interview_on_911_garners_media_0323.html. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
- ^ "Showbiz Tonight March 22 transcript". CNN. March 22, 2008. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0603/22/sbt.01.html. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
- ^ Keating, Joshua; Downie, James (September 10, 2009). "The World's Most Persistent Conspiracy Theories". Foreign Policy. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/09/10/the_worlds_most_popular_conspiracy_theories. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ Thompson, Paul (September 10, 2009). "'Call me crazy, Mr President': Actor Charlie Sheen provokes outrage over claims of 9/11 'cover-up'". Daily Mail (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1212543/Charlie-Sheen-demands-speak-Barack-Obama-9-11-government-cover-up.html. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
- ^ Banerjee, Subhajit (September 12, 2009). "Charlie Sheen urges Barack Obama to reopen 9/11 investigation in video message". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/6177194/Charlie-Sheen-urges-Barack-Obama-to-reopen-911-investigation-in-video-message.html. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ "Overview for Charlie Sheen". Tcm.com. http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=175644&apid=0. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Charlie Sheen |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Charlie Sheen |
- Official website
- Charlie Sheen at the Internet Movie Database
- Charlie Sheen: Life and Times – slideshow by Life magazine
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sheen, Charlie |
| Alternative names | Estevez, Carlos Irwin |
| Short description | Actor |
| Date of birth | September 3, 1965 |
| Place of birth | New York City, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Don Shipley | |
|---|---|
| Born | Canada |
Don Shipley is a prominent Canadian stage director. He has led many theatre companies in Canada and Europe since the mid-1970s.
Positions Shipley has held include:
- Artistic Director at Victoria's Belfry Theatre from 1976 to 1979[1]
- Artistic Director of the Grand Theatre in London Ontario from 1984 to 1986[2]
- Manager of Performing Arts at Harbourfront Centre, Toronto from 1988 to 2001[3]
- Artistic Director of the Dublin Theatre Festival from 2005 to 2007[4][5]
- Artistic Director of the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in 2008.[6]
References[link]
- ^ Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia
- ^ Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia
- ^ Shipley tapped for Dublin fest - Entertainment News, Web Exclusive, Media - Variety
- ^ Shipley shaped: ThePost.ie
- ^ RTÉ.ie Entertainment: Don Shipley - Artistic Director of the Dublin Theatre Festival
- ^ http://www.stratfordfestival.ca/about/pdf/NR28A2006.pdf
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Shipley, Don |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
 |
This article about a performing arts director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Shipley
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"Romney" redirects here. For other uses, see Romney (disambiguation).
| Mitt Romney | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 70th Governor of Massachusetts | |
| In office January 2, 2003 – January 4, 2007 |
|
| Lieutenant | Kerry Healey |
| Preceded by | Jane Swift (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Deval Patrick |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Willard Mitt Romney (1947-03-12) March 12, 1947 (age 65) Detroit, Michigan, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Ann Romney (m. 1969) «start: (1969)»"Marriage: Ann Romney to Mitt Romney" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Mitt_Romney) |
| Children | Taggart (b. 1970) Matthew (b. 1971) Joshua (b. 1975) Benjamin (b. 1978) Craig (b. 1981) |
| Residence | Belmont, Massachusetts Wolfeboro, New Hampshire San Diego, California |
| Alma mater | Brigham Young University (BA) Harvard University (MBA, JD) |
| Religion | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) |
| Positions | Co-founder, Bain Capital (1984–1999) CEO, Bain & Company (1991–1992) CEO, 2002 Winter Olympics Organizing Committee (1999–2002) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | MittRomney.com |
|
This article is part of a series about Mitt Romney |
Mitt Romney
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|---|---|---|
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2012 Presidential campaign |
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Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American businessman and the presumptive nominee of the Republican Party for President of the United States in the 2012 election. He was the 70th Governor of Massachusetts (2003–07).
The son of Lenore and George W. Romney (Governor of Michigan, 1963–69), he was raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. In 1966, after one year at Stanford University, he left the United States to spend thirty months in France as a Mormon missionary. In 1969, he married Ann Davies, and the couple had five children together. In 1971, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Brigham Young University and, in 1975, a joint Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration from Harvard University as a Baker Scholar. He entered the management consulting industry, which in 1977, led to a position at Bain & Company. Later serving as Chief Executive Officer, he helped bring the company out of financial crisis. In 1984, he co-founded the spin-off Bain Capital, a private equity investment firm that became highly profitable and one of the largest such firms in the nation. His net worth is estimated at $190–250 million, wealth that has helped fund his political campaigns. Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he served as Ward Bishop and later Stake President in his area near Boston. He ran as the Republican candidate in the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, losing to long-time incumbent Ted Kennedy. In 1999, he was hired as President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics; and he helped turn the fiscally troubled games into a success.
He was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 2002 but did not seek re-election in 2006. During his term he presided over a series of spending cuts and increases in fees that eliminated a projected $1.5 billion deficit. He also signed into law the Massachusetts health care reform legislation, the first of its kind in the nation, which provided near-universal health insurance access via state-level subsidies and individual mandates.
Romney ran for the Republican nomination in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, winning several primaries and caucuses but losing the nomination to John McCain. In the following years, he gave speeches and raised campaign funds on behalf of his fellow Republicans. In June 2011, he announced that he would seek the 2012 Republican presidential nomination; as of May 2012, he has won enough caucuses and primaries to become the party's presumptive nominee.
Contents
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Early life and education[link]
See also: Romney family
Heritage and youth[link]
Willard Mitt Romney[1] was born at Harper Hospital in Detroit, Michigan,[2] the youngest child of George W. Romney, a self-made man who by 1948 had become an automobile executive, and Lenore Romney (née LaFount), an aspiring actress turned homemaker.[3][4][5] His mother was a native of Logan, Utah, and his father was born in a Mormon colony in Chihuahua, Mexico, to American parents.[6][7] He is of primarily English descent, and also has more distant Scottish and German ancestry.[8][9][10] He is a fifth-generation member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).[11][12] A great-great-grandfather, Miles Romney, converted to the faith in its first decade, and another great-great-grandfather, Parley P. Pratt, was an early leader in the church during the same time.[13]
He was preceded in birth by three siblings: Margo Lynn, Jane LaFount, and G. Scott. Mitt followed after a gap of nearly six years. He was named after family friend, hotel magnate J. Willard Marriott, and his father's cousin Milton "Mitt" Romney, a former quarterback for the Chicago Bears.[14][nb 1] In 1953, the family moved from Detroit to the affluent suburb of Bloomfield Hills.[16] In 1954, his father became the chairmen and CEO of American Motors, a company he helped avoid bankruptcy, and return to profitability.[16] By the time Mitt was twelve, his father had become a nationally known figure in print and on television,[17] and Mitt idolized him.[18]
He attended public elementary schools[15] until the seventh grade, when he began commuting to Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills, a traditional private boys' preparatory school where he was one of only a few Mormons and where many students came from backgrounds even more privileged than he.[19][20] He was not particularly athletic and at first did not excel academically.[18] During his sophomore year he participated in the 1962 campaign in which his father was elected Governor of Michigan.[nb 2] When his parents moved to the state capitol as part of George Romney taking office, Mitt took up residence at Cranbrook's Stevens Hall.[19] George Romney was re-elected twice; Mitt worked for him as an intern in the governor's office, and was present at the 1964 Republican National Convention when his moderate father battled conservative party nominee Barry Goldwater over issues of civil rights and ideological extremism.[18][22] During these years, Romney had a steady set of chores and summer jobs, including working as a security guard at a Chrysler plant.[23]
At Cranbrook he was a manager for the ice hockey team and a member of the pep squad,[19] and during his final year joined the cross country running team.[15] He belonged to eleven school organizations and school clubs, and started the Blue Key Club boosters group.[19] During his final year at Cranbook, Romney improved academically, but was still not a star pupil.[18][20] He won an award for those "whose contributions to school life are often not fully recognized through already existing channels".[20] Romney was involved in many pranks.[nb 3]
In March of his senior year, he began dating Ann Davies, two years his younger, whom he had first met in elementary school; she attended the private Kingswood School, the sister school to Cranbrook.[27][20] The two informally agreed to marriage around the time of his June 1965 graduation.[18]
University, France mission, marriage and children: 1965–1975[link]
Romney attended Stanford University for a year,[18][nb 4] where he worked as a night security guard in order to pay for trips home to see Ann.[28] Although the campus was becoming radicalized with the beginnings of 1960s social and political movements, he kept a well-groomed appearance and participated in pre-Big Game actions designed to protect the Stanford Axe.[18] In May 1966, he was part of a counter-protest against a group staging a sit-in in the university administration building in opposition to draft status tests.[18][29]
"As you can imagine, it's quite an experience to go to Bordeaux and say, 'Give up your wine! I've got a great religion for you!'"
—Mitt Romney in 2002 reflecting upon his missionary experience.[30]
In July 1966, he left for a thirty-month stay in France as a Mormon missionary,[18][31] a traditional rite of passage that his father and many other relatives had volunteered for.[nb 5] He arrived in Le Havre with ideas about how to change and promote the French Mission, while facing physical and economic deprivation in their cramped quarters.[33][13] Rules against drinking, smoking, and dating were strictly enforced.[13] Most individual Mormon missionaries do not gain many converts,[35] and Romney was no exception:[33] he later estimated ten to twenty for his entire mission.[36] The nominally Catholic but secular, wine-loving French people were especially resistant to a religion that prohibits alcohol.[18][13][30] He became demoralized, and later recalled it as the only time when "most of what I was trying to do was rejected."[33] In Nantes, he suffered a bruised jaw while defending two female missionaries who were being bothered by a group of local rugby players.[13] He continued to work hard; having grown up in Michigan rather than the more insular Utah world, Romney was better able to interact with the French than other missionaries.[37][13] He was promoted to zone leader in Bordeaux in early 1968, then in the spring of that year became assistant to the mission president in Paris, the highest position for a missionary.[33][13][38] In the Mission Home in Paris he enjoyed palace-like accommodations.[38] Romney's support for the U.S. role in the Vietnam War was only reinforced when the French greeted him with hostility over the matter and he debated them in return.[13][33] He witnessed the May 1968 general strike and student uprisings and was upset by the breakdown in social order.[39]
In June 1968, an automobile he was driving in southern France was hit by another vehicle, seriously injuring him and killing one of his passengers, the wife of the mission president.[nb 6] Romney, who was not at fault in the accident,[nb 6] became co-acting president of a mission demoralized and disorganized by the May civil disturbances and by the car accident.[37] He rallied and motivated the others and they met an ambitious goal of 200 baptisms for the year, the most for the mission in a decade.[37] By the end of his stint in December 1968, he was overseeing the work of 175 fellow members.[33][40] Romney developed a lifelong affection for France and its people, and speaks French.[42] The experience in the country instilled in him a belief that life is fragile and that he needed seriousness of purpose.[18][37][13] It also represented a crucible, after having been an indifferent Mormon growing up: "On a mission, your faith in Jesus Christ either evaporates or it becomes much deeper ... For me it became much deeper."[33]
While he was away, Ann Davies had converted to the Mormon faith, guided by George Romney, and had begun attending Brigham Young University (BYU).[18] Mitt was nervous that she had been wooed by others while he was away, and she had indeed started dating popular campus figure Kim S. Cameron and had sent Romney in France a "Dear John letter", greatly upsetting him; he wrote to her to in an attempt to win her back.[43][15] At their first meeting following Romney's return they reconnected, and decided to get married immediately but agreed to wait three months to appease their parents.[44] At Ann's request, Romney began attending Brigham Young too, in February 1969.[43][nb 4] The couple were married on March 21, 1969, in a civil ceremony at Ann's family's home in Bloomfield Hills that was presided over by a church elder.[46][47][48] The following day, the couple flew to Utah for a wedding ceremony at the Salt Lake Temple.[46][47]
Romney had missed much of the tumultuous American anti-Vietnam War movement while away, and was surprised to learn that his father had turned against the effort during his unsuccessful 1968 presidential campaign.[33] Regarding the military draft, Romney had initially received a student deferment, then, like most Mormon missionaries, a ministerial deferment while in France, and then a student deferment.[33][49] When those ran out, his high number in the December 1969 draft lottery (300) ensured he would not be selected.[33][49][50]
At culturally conservative BYU, he remained isolated from much of the upheaval of the era, and did not join in protests against the war, or the LDS Church's policy at the time of denying full membership to blacks.[24][33][43] He became president of, and an innovative fundraiser for, the all-male Cougar Club booster organization and showed a new-found discipline in his studies.[33][43] In his senior year, he took leave to work as driver and advance man for his mother Lenore Romney's eventually unsuccessful 1970 campaign for U.S. Senator from Michigan.[24][46] He earned a Bachelor of Arts in English with highest honors in 1971,[43] and gave commencement addresses to both the College of Humanities and to the whole of BYU.[nb 7]
The Romneys' first son, Taggart, was born in 1970[46] while they were undergraduates at Brigham Young[52] and living in a basement apartment.[33][43] Ann subsequently gave birth to Matt (1971), Josh (1975), Ben (1978), and Craig (1981).[46] Her work as a homemaker would enable her husband to pursue his career.[53]
Romney still wanted to pursue a business path, but his father, by now serving in President Richard Nixon's cabinet as U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, advised him that a law degree would be valuable to his career.[54][55] Thus he became one of only fifteen students to enroll at the recently created joint Juris Doctor/Master of Business Administration four-year program coordinated between Harvard Law School and Harvard Business School.[56] Fellow students considered him guilelessly optimistic, noting his solid work ethic and buttoned-down demeanor and appearance.[56][57] He readily adapted to the business school's pragmatic, data-driven case study method of teaching, participated in class well, and led a study group whom he pushed to get all A's.[55] He had a different social experience from most of his classmates, since he lived in a Belmont, Massachusetts, house with Ann and two children.[46][55] He was non-ideological and did not involve himself in the political or social issues of the day.[46][55] He graduated in 1975 cum laude from the law school, in the top third of that class, and was named a Baker Scholar for graduating in the top five percent of his business school class.[51][56]
Business career[link]
Management consulting[link]
Romney was recruited by several firms and chose to remain in Massachusetts to work for Boston Consulting Group (BCG), reasoning that working as a management consultant to a variety of companies would better prepare him for a future position as a chief executive.[54][58][nb 8] He was part of a 1970s wave of top graduates who chose to go into consulting rather than join a major company directly.[60] His legal and business education proved useful in his job[54] while he applied BCG principles such as the growth-share matrix.[61] He was viewed as having a bright future there.[54][62]
In 1977, he was hired away by Bain & Company, a management consulting firm in Boston that had been formed a few years earlier by Bill Bain and other former BCG employees.[61][54][63] Bain would later say of the thirty-year-old Romney, "He had the appearance of confidence of a guy who was maybe ten years older."[64] With Bain & Company, Romney learned what writers and business analysts have dubbed the "Bain way",[54][63][65] which consisted of immersing the firm in each client's business,[54][64] and not just issuing recommendations but staying with the company until changes were put into place.[61][63][66] Romney became a vice president of the firm in 1978,[15] and worked with clients such as the Monsanto Company, Outboard Marine Corporation, Burlington Industries, and Corning Incorporated.[58] Within a few years, he was one of Bain & Company's best consultants and was sought after by clients over more senior partners.[54][67]
Private equity[link]
File:Bain Capital.png
Logo of Bain Capital, the private equity firm Romney co-founded in 1984
Romney was restless for a company of his own to run, and in 1983, Bill Bain offered him the chance to head a new venture that would buy into companies, have them benefit from Bain techniques, and then reap higher rewards than consulting fees.[54][61] He initially refrained from accepting the offer, and Bain re-arranged the terms in a complicated partnership structure so that there was no financial or professional risk to Romney.[54][64][68] Thus, in 1984, Romney left Bain & Company to co-found the spin-off private equity investment firm, Bain Capital.[66] In the face of skepticism from potential investors, Bain and Romney spent a year raising the $37 million in funds needed to start the new operation, which had fewer than ten employees.[58][64][69] As general partner of the new firm, Romney spent little money on costs such as office appearance, and saw weak spots in so many potential deals that by 1986, few had been done.[54] At first, Bain Capital focused on venture capital opportunities.[54] Their first big success was a 1986 investment to help start Staples Inc., after founder Thomas G. Stemberg convinced Romney of the market size for office supplies and Romney convinced others; Bain Capital eventually reaped a nearly sevenfold return on its investment, and Romney sat on the Staples board of directors for over a decade.[54][69][70]
Romney soon switched Bain Capital's focus from startups to the relatively new business of leveraged buyouts: buying existing firms with money mostly borrowed against their assets, partnering with existing management to apply the "Bain way" to their operations (rather than the hostile takeovers practiced in other leverage buyout scenarios), and selling them off in a few years.[54][64] Existing CEOs were offered large equity stakes in the process, owing to Bain Capital's belief in the emerging agency theory that CEOs should be bound to maximizing shareholder value rather than other goals.[70] Bain Capital lost most of its money in many of its early leveraged buyouts, but then started finding deals that made large returns.[54] The firm invested in or acquired Accuride, Brookstone, Domino's Pizza, Sealy Corporation, Sports Authority, and Artisan Entertainment, as well as lesser-known companies in the industrial and medical sectors.[54][64][71] He ran Bain Capital for fourteen years, during which time the firm's average annual internal rate of return on realized investments was 113 percent.[58] Much of this profit was earned from a relatively small number of deals; Bain Capital's overall success–to–failure ratio was about even.[nb 9]
Less an entrepreneur than an executive running an investment operation,[67][72] Romney was skilled at presenting and selling the deals the company made.[68] The firm initially gave a cut of its profits to Bain & Company, but Romney persuaded Bain to give that up.[68] Within Bain Capital, Romney spread profits from deals widely within the firm to keep people motivated, often keeping less than ten percent for himself.[73] Viewed as a fair manager, he received considerable loyalty from the firm's members.[70] Romney's wary instincts were still in force at times, and he was generally data-driven and averse to risk.[54][70] He wanted to drop a Bain Capital hedge fund that initially lost money, but other partners prevailed and it eventually gained billions.[54] He also personally opted out of the Artisan Entertainment deal, not wanting to profit from a studio that produced R-rated films.[54] Romney was on the board of directors of Damon Corporation, a medical testing company later found guilty of defrauding the government; Bain Capital tripled its investment before selling off the company, and the fraud was discovered by the new owners (Romney was never implicated).[54] In some cases, Romney had little involvement with a company once acquired.[69]
"Sometimes the medicine is a little bitter but it is necessary to save the life of the patient. My job was to try and make the enterprise successful, and in my view the best security a family can have is that the business they work for is strong."
—Mitt Romney in 2007, commenting on job losses at companies that Bain Capital executed leveraged buyouts of.[68]
Bain Capital's leveraged buyouts sometimes led to layoffs, either soon after acquisition or later after the firm had left.[61][68][69] How jobs added compared to those lost due to these investments and buyouts is unknown, due to a lack of records and Bain Capital's penchant for privacy on behalf of itself and its investors.[74][75][76] In any case, maximizing the value of acquired companies and the return to Bain's investors, not job creation, was the firm's fundamental goal, as it was for most private equity operations.[69][77] Bain Capital's acquisition of Ampad exemplified a deal where it profited handsomely from early payments and management fees, even though the subject company itself ended up going into bankruptcy.[54][70][77] Dade Behring was another case where Bain Capital received an eightfold return on its investment, but the company itself was saddled with debt and laid off over a thousand employees before Bain Capital exited (the company subsequently went into bankruptcy, with more layoffs, before recovering and prospering).[74] Bain was among the private equity firms that took the most fees in such cases.[64][70]
In 1990, Romney was asked to return to Bain & Company, which was facing financial collapse.[66] He was announced as its new CEO in January 1991[78][79] but drew only a symbolic salary of one dollar.[66] He managed an effort to restructure the firm's employee stock-ownership plan, real-estate deals and bank loans, while rallying the firm's thousand employees, imposing a new governing structure that included Bain and the other founding partners giving up control, and increasing fiscal transparency.[54][58][66] Within about a year, he had led Bain & Company through a turnaround and returned the firm to profitability without further layoffs or partner defections.[58] He turned Bain & Company over to new leadership and returned to Bain Capital in December 1992.[54][79][80]
Romney took a leave of absence from Bain Capital in February 1999 to serve as the President and CEO of the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympic Games Organizing Committee.[54][81] By that time, Bain Capital was on its way to being one of the top private equity firms in the nation,[68] having increased its number of partners from 5 to 18, with 115 employees overall, and $4 billion under its management.[64][69] Bain Capital's approach of applying consulting expertise to the companies it invested in became widely copied within the private equity industry.[25][69] Economist Steven Kaplan would later say, "[Romney] came up with a model that was very successful and very innovative and that now everybody uses."[70]
Personal wealth[link]
In August 2001, Romney announced that he would not return to Bain Capital.[81] He transferred his ownership to other partners and negotiated an agreement that allowed him to receive a passive profit share as a retired partner in some Bain Capital entities, including buyout and investment funds.[73][82] Because the private equity business continued to thrive, this deal brought him millions of dollars in annual income.[73] As a result of his business career, by 2007, Romney and his wife had a net worth of between $190 and $250 million, most of it held in blind trusts since 2003.[82] In 2012, it was estimated that he had amassed twice the net worth of the last eight presidents combined,[83] and would rank among the four richest in American history if elected.[83][84]
An additional blind trust existed in the name of the Romneys' children and grandchildren that was valued at between $70 and $100 million as of 2007.[85] The couple's net worth remained in the same range as of 2011, and was still held in blind trusts.[86] In 2010, Romney and his wife received $21.7 million in income, almost all of it from investments, of which about $3 million went to federal income taxes (a rate of 13.9 percent, based upon the beneficial rate accorded investment income by the U.S. tax code) and almost $3 million to charity, including $1.5 million to the LDS Church.[87] Romney has always tithed to the church, including stock from Bain Capital holdings.[13][88][89] In 2010, the Romney family's Tyler Charitable Foundation gave out about $650,000, with some of it going to organizations that fight specific diseases such as cystic fibrosis and multiple sclerosis.[90]
Local LDS Church leadership[link]
During his years in business, Romney also served in the local lay clergy (consisting of all Mormon men over the age of 12).[13] Around 1977, he became a counselor to the president of the Boston Stake.[91] He later served as bishop of the ward (leader of the congregation) at Belmont, Massachusetts, from 1981 to 1986, acting as the ecclesiastical and administrative head of his congregation.[92][93] As such, in addition to home teaching, he also formulated Sunday services and classes using LDS scriptures to guide the congregation.[94] He forged bonds with other religious institutions in the area when the Belmont meetinghouse was destroyed by a fire of suspicious origins in 1984; the congregation rotated its meetings to other houses of worship while it was rebuilt.[88][93]
From 1986 to 1994, he presided over the Boston Stake, which included more than a dozen wards in eastern Massachusetts with about 4,000 church members altogether.[67][94][95] He organized a team to handle financial and management issues, sought to counter anti-Mormon sentiments, and tried to solve social problems among poor Southeast Asian converts.[88][93] An unpaid position, his local church leadership often took 30 or more hours a week of his time,[94] and he became known for his tireless energy in the role.[67] He generally refrained from overnight business travel owing to his church responsibilities.[94]
He took a hands-on role in general matters, helping in maintenance efforts in- and outside homes, visiting the sick, and counseling troubled or burdened church members.[92][93][94] A number of local church members later credited him with turning their lives around or helping them through difficult times.[88][93][94] Some others were rankled by his leadership style and desired a more consensus-based approach.[93] Romney tried to balance the conservative dogma insisted upon by the church leadership in Utah with the desire of some Massachusetts members to have a more flexible application of doctrine.[67] He agreed with some modest requests from the liberal women's group Exponent II for changes in the way the church dealt with women, but clashed with women whom he felt were departing too much from doctrine.[67] In particular, he counseled women not to have abortions except in the rare cases allowed by LDS doctrine, and also in accordance with doctrine, encouraged prospective mothers who were not in successful marriages to give up children for adoption.[67] Romney later said that the years spent as an LDS minister gave him direct exposure to people struggling in economically difficult circumstances, and empathy for those going through problematic family situations.[96]
1994 U.S. senatorial campaign[link]
Main article: United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1994
By 1993, Romney had been thinking about entering politics, partly based upon Ann's urging and partly to follow in his father's footsteps.[46] He decided to challenge incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy, who was seeking re-election for the sixth time. Kennedy was potentially vulnerable that year – in part because of the unpopularity of the Democratic Congress as a whole, and in part because this was Kennedy's first election since the William Kennedy Smith trial in Florida, in which Kennedy had suffered some negative public relations regarding his character.[97][98][99] Romney changed his affiliation from Independent to Republican in October 1993 and formally announced his candidacy in February 1994.[46] He took a leave of absence from Bain Capital in November 1993, and stepped down from his church leadership role during 1994, due to the campaign.[100][94]
Radio personality Janet Jeghelian took an early lead in polls among candidates for the Republican nomination for the Senate seat, but Romney proved the most effective fundraiser.[101][102] He won 68 percent of the vote at the May 1994 Massachusetts Republican Party convention; businessman John Lakian finished a distant second and Jeghelian was eliminated.[103] Romney defeated Lakian in the September 1994 primary with over 80 percent of the vote.[15][104]
In the general election, Kennedy faced the first serious re-election challenger of his career in the young, telegenic, and well-funded Romney.[97] Romney ran as a fresh face, as a businessperson who stated he had created ten thousand jobs, and as a Washington outsider with a solid family image and moderate stances on social issues.[97][105] When Kennedy tried to tie Romney's policies to those of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, Romney responded, "Look, I was an independent during the time of Reagan-Bush. I'm not trying to take us back to Reagan-Bush."[106] Romney stated: "Ultimately, this is a campaign about change."[107] After two decades out of public view, his father George re-emerged during the campaign.[108][109]
Romney's campaign was effective in portraying Kennedy as soft on crime, but had trouble establishing its own positions in a consistent manner.[110] By mid-September 1994, polls showed the race to be approximately even.[97][111][112] Kennedy responded with a series of attack ads, which focused on Romney's seemingly shifting political views on issues such as abortion and on the treatment of workers at the Ampad plant owned by Romney's Bain Capital.[97][113][114] The latter was effective in blunting Romney's momentum.[70] Kennedy and Romney held a widely watched late October debate without a clear winner, but by then, Kennedy had pulled ahead in polls and stayed ahead afterward.[115] Romney spent $3 million of his own money in the race and more than $7 million overall.[116][nb 10] In the November general election, despite a disastrous showing for Democrats overall, Kennedy won the election with 58 percent of the vote to Romney's 41 percent,[54] the smallest margin in Kennedy's eight re-election campaigns for the Senate.[119]
2002 Winter Olympics[link]
Romney returned to Bain Capital the day after the election, but the loss had a lasting effect; he told his brother, "I never want to run for something again unless I can win."[46][120] When his father died in 1995, Mitt donated his inheritance to BYU's George W. Romney Institute of Public Management and joined the board and was vice-chair of the Points of Light Foundation (which had incorporated his father's National Volunteer Center).[45][81] His mother died in 1998. Romney felt restless as the decade neared a close; the goal of simply making more money was losing its appeal to him.[46][120] He no longer had a church leadership position, although he still taught Sunday School.[92] During the long and controversial approval and construction process for the $30 million Mormon temple in Belmont, he feared that as a political figure who had opposed Kennedy, he would become a focal point for opposition to the structure.[93] He thus kept to a limited, behind-the-scenes role in attempts to ease tensions between the church and local residents, but locals nonetheless sometimes referred to it as "Mitt's Temple".[88][92][93]
Ann Romney was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1998; Mitt described watching her fail a series of neurological tests as the worst day of his life.[46] After two years of severe difficulties with the disease, she found while living in Park City, Utah (where the couple had built a vacation home) a mixture of mainstream, alternative, and equestrian therapies that gave her a lifestyle mostly without limitations.[53] When the offer came for him to take over the troubled 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics, to be held in Salt Lake City in Utah, she urged him to take it, and eager for a new challenge, he did.[120][121] On February 11, 1999, Romney was hired as the president and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002.[122]
Before Romney came on, the event was running $379 million short of its revenue benchmarks.[122] Plans were being made to scale back the Games to compensate for the fiscal crisis, and there were fears the Games might be moved away entirely.[123] The Games had also been damaged by allegations of bribery involving top officials, including prior Salt Lake Olympic Committee president and CEO Frank Joklik. Joklik and committee vice president Dave Johnson were forced to resign.[124] Romney was chosen by Utah figures looking for someone with expertise in business and law and with connections to the state and the LDS Church.[125] The appointment faced some initial criticism from non-Mormons, and fears from Mormons, that it represented cronyism or gave the Games too Mormon an image.[30]
Romney ran the planning for the Games like a business.[126] He revamped the organization's leadership and policies, reduced budgets, and boosted fundraising, alleviated the concerns corporate sponsors and recruited many new ones.[120][125] He appealed to Utah's citizenry with a message of optimism that helped restore confidence in the effort.[120][126] He worked to ensure the safety of the Games following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks by coordinating a $300 million security budget.[121] Overall, he oversaw a $1.32 billion budget, 700 employees, and 26,000 volunteers.[122] The federal government provided between approximately $400 million[125][127][128] and $600 million[126][129] of that budget, much of it a result of Romney's having aggressively lobbied Congress and federal agencies.[129][130][131] It would prove to be a record level of federal funding for the staging of a U.S. Olympics, a fact Romney would cite as a selling point during his campaign for the Massachusetts governorship.[128][130] An additional federal $1.1 billion was spent on indirect support in the form of highway and transit projects.[132]
Romney emerged as the public face of the Olympic effort, appearing in photographs, news stories and Olympics pins.[120] Robert H. Garff, the chair of the organizing committee, later said that "It was obvious that he had an agenda larger than just the Olympics,"[120] and that Romney wanted to use the Olympics to propel himself into the national spotlight and a political career.[125][133] Garff believed the initial budget shortfall was not as bad as Romney portrayed, given there were still three years to reorganize.[125] Utah Senator Bob Bennett said that much of the needed federal money was already in place and an analysis by The Boston Globe stated that the committee already had nearly $1 billion in committed revenues.[125] Olympics critic Steve Pace, who led Utahns for Responsible Public Spending, thought Romney exaggerated the initial fiscal state in order to lay the groundwork for a well-publicized rescue.[133] Kenneth Bullock, another board member of the organizing committee and also head of the Utah League of Cities and Towns, often clashed with Romney at the time, and later said that Romney deserved some credit for the turnaround but not as much as he claimed:[120] Bullock said: "He tried very hard to build an image of himself as a savior, the great white hope. He was very good at characterizing and castigating people and putting himself on a pedestal."[125]
Despite the initial fiscal shortfall, the Games ended up clearing a profit of $100 million.[134] His performance as Olympics head was rated positively by 87 percent of Utahns.[135] Romney and his wife contributed $1 million to the Olympics, and he donated to charity the $1.4 million in salary and severance payments he received for his three years as president and CEO.[136]
Romney was widely praised for his efforts with the 2002 Winter Olympics[121] including by President George W. Bush,[25] and it solidified his reputation as a turnaround artist.[125] Harvard Business School taught a case study based around his actions.[61] He wrote a book about his experience titled Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games, published in 2004. The role gave Romney experience in dealing with federal, state, and local entities, a public persona he had previously lacked, and the chance to re-launch his political aspirations.[120] He was mentioned as a possible candidate for statewide office in both Massachusetts and Utah, and also as possibly joining the Bush administration.[121][137][138]
Governor of Massachusetts[link]
2002 gubernatorial campaign[link]
Main article: Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2002
In 2002, Republican Acting Governor Jane Swift's administration was plagued by political missteps and personal scandals.[135] Many Republicans viewed her as a liability and considered her unable to win a general election.[139] Prominent party figures – as well as the White House – wanted Romney to run for governor,[137][140] and the opportunity appealed to him for its national visibility.[141] One poll taken at that time showed Republicans favoring Romney over Swift by more than 50 percentage points.[142] On March 19, 2002, Swift announced she would not seek her party's nomination, and hours later Romney declared his candidacy,[142] for which would face no opposition in the primary.[143] In June 2002, Massachusetts Democratic Party officials contested Romney's eligibility to run for governor, citing residency issues involving his time in Utah for the Olympics.[144] That same month, the bipartisan Massachusetts State Ballot Law Commission unanimously ruled that he was an eligible candidate.[145]
He again ran as a political outsider,[135] saying he was "not a partisan Republican" but rather a "moderate" with "progressive" views.[146] Supporters of Romney hailed his business success, especially with the Olympics, as the record of someone who would be able to bring a new era of efficiency into Massachusetts politics.[143] The campaign was the first to use microtargeting techniques, in which fine-grained groups of voters were reached with narrowly tailored messaging.[147] Nevertheless, Romney initially had difficulty connecting with voters and fell behind his Democratic opponent, Massachusetts State Treasurer Shannon O'Brien, in polls before rebounding.[148] During the election he contributed over $6 million – a state record at the time – to the nearly $10 million raised for his campaign overall.[149][150] Romney was elected governor on November 5, 2002, with 50 percent of the vote to O'Brien's 45 percent.[151]
Tenure, 2003–2007[link]
Main article: Governorship of Mitt Romney
When Romney was sworn in as the 70th governor of Massachusetts on January 2, 2003, [152] both houses of the Massachusetts state legislature held large Democratic majorities.[153] He picked his cabinet and advisors more on managerial abilities than partisan affiliation.[23] Upon entering office in the middle of a fiscal year, he faced an immediate $650 million shortfall and a projected $3 billion deficit for the next year.[138] Unexpected revenue of $1.0–1.3 billion from a previously enacted capital gains tax increase and $500 million in unanticipated federal grants decreased the deficit to $1.2–1.5 billion.[154][155] Through a combination of spending cuts, increased fees, and removal of corporate tax loopholes,[154] the state ran surpluses of around $600–700 million for the last two full fiscal years Romney was in office, although it began running deficits again after that.[nb 11]
Romney supported raising various fees by more than $300 million, including those for driver's licenses, marriage licenses, and gun licenses.[138][154] He increased a special gasoline retailer fee by two cents per gallon, generating about $60 million per year in additional revenue.[138][154] (Opponents said the reliance on fees sometimes imposed a hardship on those who could least afford them.)[154] Romney also closed tax loopholes that brought in another $181 million from businesses over the next two years and over $300 million for his term.[138][160] Romney did so in the face of conservative and corporate critics that considered them tax increases.[160]
The state legislature, with Romney's support, also cut spending by $1.6 billion, including $700 million in reductions in state aid to cities and towns.[161] The cuts also included a $140 million reduction in state funding for higher education, which led state-run colleges and universities to increase tuition by 63 percent over four years.[138][154] Romney sought additional cuts in his last year as governor by vetoing nearly 250 items in the state budget, but all were overridden by the heavily Democratic legislature.[162]
The cuts in state spending put added pressure on localities to reduce services or raise property taxes, and the share of town and city revenues coming from property taxes rose from 49 to 53 percent.[138][154] The combined state and local tax burden in Massachusetts increased during Romney's governorship but remained below the national average.[138]
Romney sought to bring near-universal health insurance coverage to the state. This came after Staples founder Stemberg told him at the start of his term that doing so would be the best way he could help people,[163][164][165] and after the federal government, owing to the rules of Medicaid funding, threatened to cut $385 million in those payments to Massachusetts if the state did not reduce the number of uninsured recipients of health care services.[23][163][166] Although he had not campaigned on the idea of universal health insurance,[165] Romney decided that because people without insurance still received expensive health care, the money spent by the state for such care could be better used to subsidize insurance for the poor.[164][165]
After positing that any measure adopted not raise taxes and not resemble the previous decade's failed "Hillarycare" proposal, Romney formed a team of consultants from diverse political backgrounds.[23][163][166] Beginning in late 2004, they came up with a set of proposals more ambitious than an incremental one from the Massachusetts Senate and more acceptable to him than one from the Massachusetts House of Representatives that incorporated a new payroll tax.[23][163][166] In particular, Romney pushed for incorporating an individual mandate at the state level.[21] Past rival Ted Kennedy, who had made universal heath coverage his life's work and who, over time, had developed a warm relationship with Romney,[167] gave the plan a positive reception, which encouraged Democratic legislators to cooperate.[163][166] The effort eventually gained the support of all major stakeholders within the state, and Romney helped break a logjam between rival Democratic leaders in the legislature.[163][166]
"There really wasn't Republican or Democrat in this. People ask me if this is conservative or liberal, and my answer is yes. It's liberal in the sense that we're getting our citizens health insurance. It's conservative in that we're not getting a government takeover."
—Mitt Romney upon passage of the Massachusetts health reform law in 2006.[163]
On April 12, 2006, Romney signed the resulting Massachusetts health reform law, commonly called "Romneycare", which requires nearly all Massachusetts residents to buy health insurance coverage or face escalating tax penalties, such as the loss of their personal income tax exemption.[168] The bill also establishes means-tested state subsidies for people who do not have adequate employer insurance and whose income is below a threshold, with funds that were previously used to compensate for the health costs of the uninsured.[169][170][171] He vetoed eight sections of the health care legislation, including a controversial $295-per-employee assessment on businesses that do not offer health insurance and provisions guaranteeing dental benefits to Medicaid recipients.[168][172] The legislature overrode all eight vetoes, but the governor's office said the differences were not essential.[172] The law was the first of its kind in the nation and became the signature achievement of Romney's term in office.[166][nb 12]
At the beginning of his governorship, Romney opposed same-sex marriage and civil unions, but advocated tolerance and supported some domestic partnership benefits.[166][174][175] Faced with the dilemma of choosing between same-sex marriage or civil unions after the November 2003 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision legalizing same-sex marriages (Goodridge v. Department of Public Health), Romney reluctantly backed a state constitutional amendment in February 2004 that would have banned same-sex marriage but still allow civil unions, viewing it as the only feasible way to ban same-sex marriage in Massachusetts.[176] In May 2004, Romney instructed town clerks to begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, but citing a 1913 law that barred out-of-state residents from getting married in Massachusetts if their union would be illegal in their home state, no marriage licenses were to be issued to out-of-state same-sex couples not planning to move to Massachusetts.[174][177] In June 2005, Romney abandoned his support for the compromise amendment, stating that the amendment confused voters who oppose both same-sex marriage and civil unions.[174] Instead, Romney endorsed a petition effort led by the Coalition for Marriage & Family that would have banned same-sex marriage and made no provisions for civil unions.[174] In 2004 and 2006, he urged the U.S. Senate to vote in favor of the Federal Marriage Amendment.[178][179]
In 2005, Romney revealed a change of view regarding abortion, moving from the "unequivocal" pro-choice position expressed during his 2002 campaign to a pro-life one in opposition to Roe v. Wade.[166] He subsequently vetoed a bill on pro-life grounds that would expand access to emergency contraception in hospitals and pharmacies[180] (the veto was overridden by the legislature).[181]
Romney generally used the bully pulpit approach towards promoting his agenda, staging well-organized media events to appeal directly to the public rather than pushing his proposals in behind-doors sessions with the state legislature.[166] Romney dealt with a public crisis of confidence in Boston's Big Dig project – that followed a fatal ceiling collapse in 2006 – by wresting control of the project from the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority.[166]
During 2004, Romney spent considerable effort trying to bolster the state Republican Party, but it failed to gain any seats in the state legislative elections that year.[138][182] He was given a prime-time appearance at the 2004 Republican National Convention, and was already being discussed as a potential 2008 presidential candidate.[183] Midway through his term, Romney decided that he wanted to stage a full-time run for president,[184] and on December 14, 2005, announced that he would not seek re-election for a second term.[185][186] As chair of the Republican Governors Association, Romney traveled around the country, meeting prominent Republicans and building a national political network;[184] he spent part or all of more than 200 days out of state during 2006, preparing for his run.[187]
He had a 61 percent job approval rating in public polls after his initial fiscal actions in 2003, but it began to sink after that.[188] His frequent out-of-state travel contributed to a decline in his approval rating towards the end of his term;[189][188] at 34 percent in November 2006, his rating level ranked 48th of the 50 U.S. governors.[190] Dissatisfaction with Romney's administration and the weak condition of the Republican state party were among several factors that led to Democrat Deval Patrick's lopsided win over Republican Kerry Healey, Romney's Lieutenant Governor, in the 2006 Massachusetts gubernatorial election.[191][189]
Romney filed to register a presidential campaign committee with the Federal Election Commission on his penultimate day in office as governor.[192] His term ended January 4, 2007.
2008 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2008
Romney formally announced his candidacy for the 2008 Republican nomination for president on February 13, 2007, at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.[193] In his speech, he frequently invoked his father and his own family and stressed experiences in the private, public, and voluntary sectors that had brought him to this point.[193][194] He said, "Throughout my life, I have pursued innovation and transformation,"[194] and casting himself as a political outsider, said, "I do not believe Washington can be transformed from within by a lifelong politician."[195]
Romney's campaign initially emphasized his résumé of a highly profitable career in the business world and his stewardship of the Olympics.[184][196][nb 13] He also had political experience as governor, together with a political pedigree courtesy of his father, and had a reputation for a strong work ethic and energy level.[184][196][65] Ann Romney, who had become an outspoken advocate for those with multiple sclerosis,[199] was in remission and would be an active participant in his campaign,[200] helping to soften his political personality.[65] Moreover, a number of commentators noted that with his square jaw and ample hair graying at the temples, the 6-foot-2-inch (1.88 m)[201] Romney – referred to as handsome in scores of media stories[202] – physically matched one of the common images of what some believed a president should look like.[66][203][204][205] Romney's liabilities included having run for senator and served as governor in one of the nation's most liberal states, having taken some positions there that were opposed by the party's conservative base, and subsequently shifting those positions.[184][196][200] His religion was also viewed with suspicion and skepticism by some in the Evangelical portion of the party.[206]
Romney assembled for his campaign a veteran group of Republican staffers, consultants, and pollsters.[196][207] He was little-known nationally, though, and stayed around the 10 percent range in Republican preference polls for the first half of 2007.[184] He proved the most effective fundraiser of any of the Republican candidates;[208] his Olympics ties helped him with fundraising from Utahns and from sponsors and trustees of the games.[136] He also partly financed his campaign with his own personal fortune.[196] These resources, combined with the mid-year near-collapse of nominal front-runner John McCain's campaign, made Romney a threat to win the nomination and the focus of the other candidates' attacks.[209] Romney's staff suffered from internal strife and the candidate himself was indecisive at times, constantly asking for more data before making a decision.[196][210]
During all of his political campaigns, Romney has generally avoided speaking publicly about specific Mormon doctrines, referring to the U.S. Constitution prohibition of religious tests for public office.[211] But persistent questions about the role of religion in Romney's life in this race, as well as Southern Baptist minister and former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee's rise in the polls based upon an explicitly Christian-themed campaign, led to the December 6, 2007, "Faith in America" speech.[212] He said should neither be elected nor rejected based upon his religion,[213] and echoed Senator John F. Kennedy's famous speech during his 1960 presidential campaign in saying, "I will put no doctrine of any church above the plain duties of the office and the sovereign authority of the law."[212] Instead of discussing the specific tenets of his faith, he said that he would be informed by it and that, "Freedom requires religion just as religion requires freedom. Freedom and religion endure together, or perish alone."[212][213] Academics would later study the role religion had played in the campaign.[nb 14]
In the January 3, 2008, Iowa Republican caucuses, the first contest of the primary season, Romney received 25 percent of the vote and placed second to the vastly outspent Huckabee, who received 34 percent.[216][217] Of the 60 percent of caucus-goers who were evangelical Christians, Huckabee was supported by about half of them while Romney by only a fifth.[216] Two days later, Romney won the lightly contested Wyoming Republican caucuses.[218]
At a Saint Anselm College debate, Huckabee and McCain pounded away at Romney's image as a flip flopper.[216] Indeed, this label would stick to Romney through the campaign[196] (but was one that Romney rejected as unfair and inaccurate, except for his acknowledged change of mind on abortion).[65][219] Romney seemed to approach the campaign as a management consulting exercise, and showed a lack of personal warmth and political feel; journalist Evan Thomas wrote that Romney "came off as a phony, even when he was perfectly sincere."[65][220] Romney's staff would conclude that competing as a candidate of social conservatism and ideological purity rather than of pragmatic competence had been a mistake.[65]
Romney finished in second place by 5 percentage points to the resurgent McCain in the next-door-to-his-home-state New Hampshire primary on January 8.[216] Romney rebounded to win the January 15 Michigan primary over McCain by a solid margin, capitalizing on his childhood ties to the state and his vow to bring back lost automotive industry jobs which was seen by several commentators as unrealistic.[nb 15] On January 19, Romney won the lightly contested Nevada caucuses, but placed fourth in the intense South Carolina primary, where he had effectively ceded the contest to his rivals.[225] McCain gained further momentum with his win in South Carolina, leading to a showdown between him and Romney in the Florida primary.[226][227]
For ten days, Romney campaigned intensively on economic issues and the burgeoning subprime mortgage crisis, while McCain repeatedly, and inaccurately, asserted that Romney favored a premature withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq.[nb 16] McCain won key last-minute endorsements from Florida Senator Mel Martinez and Governor Charlie Crist, which helped push him to a 5 percentage point victory on January 29.[226][227] Although many Republican officials were now lining up behind McCain,[227] Romney persisted through the nationwide Super Tuesday contests on February 5. There he won primaries or caucuses in several states, including Massachusetts, Alaska, Minnesota, Colorado, and Utah, but McCain won more, including large states such as California and New York.[229] Trailing McCain in delegates by a more than two-to-one margin, Romney announced the end of his campaign on February 7 during a speech before the Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington.[229]
Altogether, Romney had won 11 primaries and caucuses,[230] received about 4.7 million total votes,[231] and garnered about 280 delegates.[232] He spent $110 million during the campaign, including $45 million of his own money.[233]
Romney endorsed McCain for president a week later.[232] He became one of the McCain campaign's most visible surrogates, appearing on behalf of the GOP nominee at fundraisers, state Republican party conventions, and on cable news programs.[234] His efforts earned McCain's respect and the two developed a warmer relationship; he was on the nominee's short list for the vice presidential running mate slot, where his economic expertise would have balanced one of McCain's weaknesses.[235] McCain, behind in the polls, opted instead for a high-risk, high-reward "game changer", and selected Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.[236] McCain lost the election to Democratic Senator Barack Obama.
Activity between presidential campaigns[link]
Following the election, Romney paved the way for a possible 2012 presidential campaign by using his Free and Strong America political action committee (PAC) to raise money for other Republican candidates and to pay his existing political staff's salaries and consulting fees.[237][238] An informal network of former staff and supporters around the nation were eager for him to run again.[239] He continued to give speeches and raise funds for Republicans,[240] but turned down many potential media appearances, fearing overexposure.[219] He also spoke before business, educational, and motivational groups.[241] He served on the board of directors of Marriott International from 2009 to 2011 (having earlier served on it from 1993 to 2002).[242]
In 2009, the Romneys sold their primary residence in Belmont and their ski chalet in Utah, leaving them an estate along Lake Winnipesaukee in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, and an oceanfront home in the La Jolla district of San Diego, California, which they had bought the year before.[219][243][244] The San Diego home was beneficial in location and climate for Ann Romney's multiple sclerosis therapies and for recovering from her late 2008 diagnosis and lumpectomy for mammary ductal carcinoma in situ.[243][245][246] Both it and the New Hampshire location were near some of their grandchildren,[243] who by 2011 numbered sixteen.[247] Romney maintained his voting registration in Massachusetts, however, and bought a smaller condominium in Belmont during 2010.[245][248][nb 17] In February 2010, Romney had a minor altercation with LMFAO member Skyler Gordy, known as Sky Blu, on an airplane flight.[nb 18]
Romney's book, No Apology: The Case for American Greatness, was released in March 2010; an 18-state book tour was undertaken.[255] The book, which debuted atop The New York Times Best Seller list,[256] avoided anecdotes about his personal or political life in favor of a presentation of his economic and geopolitical views.[257][258] Earnings from the book were donated to charity.[86]
In nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Presidential primaries, Romney led or placed in the top three with Palin and Huckabee. A January 2010 National Journal survey of political insiders found that a majority of Republican insiders, and a plurality of Democratic insiders, predicted Romney would be the party's 2012 nominee.[259] Romney campaigned heavily for Republican candidates in the 2010 midterm elections,[260] raising more money than the other prospective 2012 Republican presidential candidates.[261] Beginning in early 2011, Romney presented a more relaxed visual image, including rarely wearing a necktie.[262][263]
2012 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2012
See also: Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012 , Results of the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries, and Republican Party vice presidential candidates, 2012
On April 11, 2011, Romney announced in a video taped outdoors at the University of New Hampshire that he had formed an exploratory committee for a run for the Republican presidential nomination.[264][265] A Quinnipiac University political science professor stated, "We all knew that he was going to run. He's really been running for president ever since the day after the 2008 election."[265]
Romney stood to gain from the Republican electorate's tendency to nominate candidates who had previously run for president and appeared to be "next in line" to be chosen.[239][266][267] The early stages of the race found him as the apparent front-runner in a weak field, especially in terms of fundraising prowess and organization.[268][269][270] Perhaps his greatest hurdle in gaining the Republican nomination was party opposition to the Massachusetts health care reform law that he had shepherded five years earlier.[263][265][267] As many potential Republican candidates decided not to run (including Mike Pence, John Thune, Haley Barbour, Mike Huckabee, and Mitch Daniels), Republican party figures searched for plausible alternatives to Romney.[268][270]
On June 2, 2011, he formally announced the start of his campaign. Speaking on a farm in Stratham, New Hampshire, he focused on the economy and criticized President Obama's handling of it.[271] He said, "In the campaign to come, the American ideals of economic freedom and opportunity need a clear and unapologetic defense, and I intend to make it – because I have lived it."[267]
Romney raised $56 million during 2011, far more than any of his Republican opponents,[272] and refrained from spending any of his own money on his campaign.[273] He initially ran a low-key, low-profile campaign.[274] Michele Bachmann staged a brief surge in polls, then by September 2011, Romney's chief rival in polls was a recent entrant, Texas Governor Rick Perry.[275] Perry and Romney exchanged sharp criticisms of each other during a series of debates among the Republican candidates.[276] The October 2011 decisions of Chris Christie and Sarah Palin not to run finally settled the field.[277][278] Perry faded after poor performances in those debates, while Herman Cain's long-shot bid gained popularity until allegations of sexual misconduct derailed him.[279][280]
Romney continued to seek support from a wary Republican electorate; at this point in the race, his poll numbers were relatively flat and at a historically low level for a Republican frontrunner.[277][281][282] After the charges of flip-flopping that marked his 2008 campaign began to accumulate again, Romney declared in November 2011 that "I've been as consistent as human beings can be."[283][284][285] In the final month before voting began, Newt Gingrich enjoyed a major surge, taking a solid lead in national polls and in most of the early caucus and primary states,[286] before settling back into parity or worse with Romney following a barrage of negative ads from Restore Our Future, a pro-Romney Super PAC.[287]
In the initial 2012 Iowa caucuses of January 3, Romney was announced as the victor on election night with 25 percent of the vote, edging out a late-gaining Rick Santorum by eight votes (with an also-strong Ron Paul finishing third),[288] but sixteen days later, Santorum was certified as the winner by a 34-vote margin.[289] Romney decidedly won the New Hampshire primary the following week with a total of 39 percent; Paul finished second and Jon Huntsman third.[290]
In the run-up to the South Carolina Republican primary, Gingrich launched attack ads criticizing Romney for causing job losses while at Bain Capital, Perry referred to Romney's role there as "vulture capitalism", and Sarah Palin questioned whether Romney could prove his claim that 100,000 jobs were created during that time.[291][292] Many conservatives rallied in defense of Romney, rejecting what they inferred as criticism of free-market capitalism.[291] However, during two debates, Romney fumbled questions about releasing his income tax returns, while Gingrich gained support with audience-rousing attacks on the debate moderators.[293][294] Romney's double-digit lead in state polls evaporated and he lost to Gingrich by 13 points in the January 21 primary.[293] Combined with the delayed loss in Iowa, Romney's admitted bad week represented a lost chance to end the race early, and he decided to release his tax returns quickly.[293][295] The race turned to the Florida Republican primary, where in debates, appearances, and advertisements, Romney unleashed a concerted, unrelenting attack on Gingrich's past record and associations and current electability.[296][297] Romney enjoyed a big spending advantage from both his campaign and his aligned Super PAC, and after a record-breaking rate of negative ads from both sides, Romney won Florida on January 31, gaining 46 percent of the vote to Gingrich's 32 percent.[298]
There were several caucuses and primaries during February, and Santorum won three in a single night early in the month, propelling him into the lead in national and some state polls and positioning him as Romney's main rival.[299] Romney won the other five, including a closely fought contest in his home state of Michigan at the end of the month.[300][301] In the Super Tuesday primaries and caucuses of March 6, Romney won six of ten contests, including a narrow victory in Ohio over a greatly outspent Santorum, and although he failed to win decisively enough to end the race, still held a more than two-to-one edge over Santorum in delegates.[302] Romney maintained his delegate margin through subsequent contests,[303] and Santorum stopped his campaign on April 10.[304] Following a sweep of five more contests on April 24, the Republican National Committee put its resources behind Romney as the party's presumptive nominee.[305] Romney clinched a majority of the delegates with a win in the Texas primary on May 29.
Political positions and public perceptions[link]
For more details on specific Romney positions on many issues, see Political positions of Mitt Romney.
For much of his business career, Romney did not take public political positions.[306][307] While he had kept abreast of national politics during college,[33] and the circumstances of his father's presidential campaign loss would irk him for decades,[24] his early philosophical influences were often non-political, as during his missionary days when he read Napoleon Hill's pioneering self-help tome Think and Grow Rich, and encouraged his colleagues to do the same.[13][61] Until his 1994 U.S. Senate campaign, he was registered as an Independent.[46] In the 1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he voted for the Democratic former senator from Massachusetts, Paul Tsongas.[306][308]
In the 1994 Senate race, Romney aligned himself with Republican Massachusetts Governor William Weld, saying "I think Bill Weld's fiscal conservatism, his focus on creating jobs and employment and his efforts to fight discrimination and assure civil rights for all is a model that I identify with and aspire to."[309] As a gubernatorial candidate in 2002, and then initially as Governor of Massachusetts, he generally operated in the mold established by Weld and followed by Weld's two other Republican successors, Paul Cellucci and Jane Swift: restrain spending and taxing, be tolerant or permissive on social issues, protect the environment, be tough on crime, try to appear post-partisan.[308][310]
Later during his time as governor, Romney's position on abortion changed in conjunction with a similar change of position on stem cell research.[166][nb 19] Also during that time, his position or choice of emphasis on some aspects of gay rights,[nb 20] and some aspects of abstinence-only sex education,[nb 21] moved in a more conservative direction. The change in 2005 on abortion was the result of what he described as an epiphany experienced while investigating stem cell research issues.[166] He later said, "Changing my position was in line with an ongoing struggle that anyone has that is opposed to abortion personally, vehemently opposed to it, and yet says, 'Well, I'll let other people make that decision.' And you say to yourself, but if you believe that you're taking innocent life, it's hard to justify letting other people make that decision."[166]
This increased alignment with traditional conservatives on social issues coincided with Romney's becoming a candidate for the 2008 Republican nomination for President.[317][318] He joined the National Rifle Association and portrayed himself as a lifelong hunter.[nb 22] He downplayed the Massachusetts health care law,[21][308][318] became a convert on signing an anti-tax pledge,[61][21] and backed away from further closings of corporate tax loopholes.[160] There was a display of aggressiveness on foreign policy matters, such as wanting to double the number of detainees at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.[318] Skeptics, including some Republicans, charged Romney with opportunism and having a lack of core principles.[166][196][308] The fervor with which Romney adopted his new stances and attitudes contributed to the perception of inauthenticity which hampered that campaign.[61][262]
While there have been many biographical parallels between the lives of George and Mitt Romney,[nb 23] one particular difference is that while George was willing to defy political trends, Mitt has been much more willing to adapt to them.[21][23] Mitt Romney has said that learning from experience and changing views accordingly is a virtue, and that, "If you're looking for someone who's never changed any positions on any policies, then I'm not your guy."[324] Romney responded to criticisms of ideological pandering with the explanation that "The older I get, the smarter Ronald Reagan gets."[200]
Journalist Daniel Gross sees Romney as approaching politics in the same terms as a business competing in markets, in that successful executives do not hold firm to public stances over long periods of time, but rather constantly devise new strategies and plans to deal with new geographical regions and ever-changing market conditions.[308] Political profiler Ryan Lizza notes the same question regarding whether Romney's business skills can be adapted to politics, saying that "while giving customers exactly what they want may be normal in the corporate world, it can be costly in politics".[61] Writer Robert Draper holds a somewhat similar perspective: "The Romney curse was this: His strength lay in his adaptability. In governance, this was a virtue; in a political race, it was an invitation to be called a phony."[65] Writer Benjamin Wallace-Wells sees Romney as a detached problem solver rather than one who approaches political issues from a humanistic or philosophical perspective.[70] Journalist Neil Swidey views Romney as a political and cultural enigma, "the product of two of the most mysterious and least understood subcultures in the country: the Mormon Church and private-equity finance," and believes that has led to the continued interest in a 1983 episode in which Romney kept his family dog on the roof of his car during a long road trip.[nb 24] Political writer Joe Klein views Romney as actually more conservative on social issues than he portrayed himself during his Massachusetts campaigns and less conservative on other issues than his presidential campaigns have represented, and concludes that Romney "has always campaigned as something he probably is not."[328]
Immediately following the March 2010 passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Romney attacked the landmark legislation as "an unconscionable abuse of power" and said the act should be repealed.[329] The antipathy Republicans felt for it created a potential problem for the former governor, since the new federal law was in many ways similar to the Massachusetts health care reform passed during Romney's term; as one Associated Press article stated, "Obamacare ... looks a lot like Romneycare."[329] While acknowledging that his plan was an imperfect work in progress, Romney did not back away from it, and has consistently defended its underpinning state-level health insurance mandate.[329][330] He has focused on its bipartisan support in the state legislature, the absence of Congressional Republican support for Obama's plan,[329] and has contended that it was the right answer to Massachusetts' specific problems at the time.[329][331] While Romney has not explicitly argued for a federally imposed mandate, and as of 2010 explicitly opposes one, during his 1994 Senate campaign he indicated he would vote for an overall health insurance proposal that contained one.[332][333] He suggested during his time as governor and during his 2008 presidential campaign that the Massachusetts plan was a model for the nation and that, over time, mandate plans might be adopted by most or all of the nation.[334][335][336]
Romney's foreign policy views are rooted in a firm belief in American exceptionalism and the need to preserve American supremacy in the world.[257] This parallels the Mormon belief that the United States Constitution is divinely inspired and that the U.S. was selected by God to play a special part in human history.[337] Indeed, Romney's political beliefs regarding a limited role for government, a need for self-reliance, and requirements for welfare recipients, often reflect Mormon tenets adapted for the secular world.[337][338]
Throughout his business, Olympics, and political career, Romney's instinct has been to apply the "Bain way" towards problems.[65][318][339] Romney has said, "There were two key things I learned at Bain. One was a series of concepts for approaching tough problems and a problem-solving methodology; the other was an enormous respect for data, analysis, and debate."[339] He has written, "There are answers in numbers – gold in numbers. Pile the budgets on my desk and let me wallow."[61] Romney believes the Bain approach is not only effective in the business realm but also in running for office and, once there, in solving political conundrums such as proper Pentagon spending levels and the future of Social Security.[318][339] Former Bain and Olympics colleague Fraser Bullock has said of Romney, "He's not an ideologue. He makes decisions based on researching data more deeply than anyone I know."[25] Romney's technocratic instincts have thus always been with him; in his public appearances during the 2002 gubernatorial campaign he sometimes gave PowerPoint presentations rather than conventional speeches.[340] Upon taking office he became, in the words of The Boston Globe, "the state's first self-styled CEO governor".[138] During his 2008 presidential campaign, he constantly asked for data, analysis, and opposing arguments,[318] and has been decribed by Slate magazine as a potential "CEO president".[308]
Awards and honors[link]
Romney has received five honorary doctorates, including one in Business from the University of Utah in 1999,[341] in Law from Bentley College in 2002,[342] in Public Administration from Suffolk University Law School in 2004,[343] in Public Service from Hillsdale College in 2007,[344] and in Humanities from Liberty University in 2012.[345]
People magazine included him in its 50 Most Beautiful People list for 2002,[346] and in 2004, he received the inaugural Truce Ideal Award for his role in the 2002 Winter Olympics.[347] The Cranbrook School gave him their Distinguished Alumni Award in 2005.[19] In 2008 he shared with his wife Ann, the Canterbury Medal from The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, for "refus[ing] to compromise their principles and faith" during the presidential campaign.[348] In 2012 Romney was named to the Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.[349]
Writings[link]
- With Timothy Robinson (2004). Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games. Washington: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-084-0.
- No Apology: The Case for American Greatness. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-312-60980-1.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ He was called "Billy" until kindergarten, when he indicated a preference for "Mitt".[15]
- ^ Mitt's campaigning for his father included working the phone banks and appearing at county fairs where he manned a booth and exclaimed over a loudspeaker, "You should vote for my father for Governor. He's a truly great person. You've got to support him. He's going to make things better."[21]
- ^ Such pranks included sliding down golf courses on large ice cubes, dressing as a police officer and tapping on the car windows of teenage friends who were making out, and staging an elaborate formal dinner on the median of a busy street.[18][20] The golf course escapade apparently got Romney and Ann Davies arrested, or otherwise detained, by the local police.[24][25] Romney was also arrested in 1981 while at a family outing at Lake Cochituate in Massachusetts. According to Romney, a ranger from Cochituate State Park told him his motorboat had an insufficiently visible license number and he would face a $50 fine if he took the boat onto the lake. Disagreeing about the license and wanting to continue the outing, Romney took it out anyway, saying he would pay the fine. The angry officer then arrested him for disorderly conduct. The charges were dropped several days later after Romney threatened to sue the officer and the state for false arrest.[26]
- ^ a b When initially considering colleges after high school, Romney had not wanted to go to BYU.[43] He later recounted that he had planned to attend BYU to convince Ann to marry him, then the couple planned to transfer together back to Stanford, but in the end, they enjoyed BYU and decided to stay.[45]
- ^ Romney's great-grandfather, grandfather, father, and two uncles had been missionaries,[32] as had his older brother.[33] All five of Romney's sons later served as missionaries as well.[34]
- ^ a b On June 16, 1968, Romney was driving fellow missionaries on dangerous roads in southern France.[18][37][40] As they drove through the village of Bernos-Beaulac, a Mercedes that was passing a truck missed a curve and swerved into the opposite lane hitting the Citroën DS Romney was driving in a head-on collision.[18][41] Trapped between the steering wheel and door, the unconscious and seriously injured Romney had to be pried from the car; a French police officer mistakenly wrote Il est mort in his passport.[18][24][40] The wife of the mission president was killed and other passengers were seriously injured as well.[40] George Romney relied on his friend Sargent Shriver, the U.S. Ambassador to France, to go to the local hospital and discover that his son had survived.[24] Romney, who was not at fault in the accident,[33][40] had suffered broken ribs, a fractured arm, a concussion, and facial injuries, but recovered quickly without needing surgery.[37][40] The French police say that they have no records of the incident because such records are routinely destroyed after 10 years.[40]
- ^ Some sources incorrectly report that Romney graduated BYU as valedictorian. Romney himself has corrected this notion, saying that he was not. While he believes he did have the highest grade point average for his BYU years in the College of Humanities, he did not if his Stanford year was factored in, and he did not among the graduating class university-wide.[51][45]
- ^ Romney sat for the bar exam in his home state of Michigan in July 1975, passed it and was admitted to practice law there, but never worked as a lawyer and only considered in case his business career did not work out.[59]
- ^ One study of 68 deals that Bain Capital made during Romney's time there found that the firm lost money or broke even on 33 of them.[67] Another study that looked at the eight-year period following 77 deals during Romney's time found that in 17 cases the company went bankrupt or out of business, and in 6 cases Bain Capital lost all its investment. But 10 deals were very successful and represented 70 percent of the total profits.[72]
- ^ Kennedy spent $10.5 million overall, including a $1.5 million loan to himself.[117] This was the second-most expensive race of the 1994 election cycle, after the Dianne Feinstein–Michael Huffington Senate race in California.[118]
- ^ Official state figures for fiscal year 2005 (July 1, 2004 – June 30, 2005) declared a $594.4 million surplus.[138][156] For fiscal 2006, the surplus was $720.9 million.[156] During fiscal 2007, Romney cut $384 million in spending that the legislature wanted; in January 2007, midway through the fiscal year, incoming Governor Deval Patrick restored that amount,[157] and also declared that the state faced a "looming budget shortfall" of $1 billion for fiscal 2008.[158] Patrick consequently proposed a budget for fiscal 2008 that included $515 million in spending cuts and $295 million in new corporate taxes.[159] As it happened, the state ended fiscal 2007 with a $307.1 million deficit and fiscal 2008 with a $495.2 million deficit.[156]
- ^ Within four years, the Massachusetts law had achieved its primary goal of expanding coverage: in 2010, 98% of state residents had coverage, compared to a national average of 83%. Among children and seniors the 2010 coverage rate was even higher, 99.8% and 99.6% respectively. Approximately two-thirds of residents received coverage through employers; one-sixth each received it through Medicare or public plans.[173]
- ^ American political opinion periodically looked towards industry for business managers who it was thought could straighten out what was held to be wrong in the nation's capital. The track record of such efforts was at best mixed, with Lee Iacocca declining to run, Romney's father George and Steve Forbes failing to get far in the primaries, and Ross Perot staging one of the more successful third-party runs in American history.[197][198]
- ^ Regarding the role of Romney's religion in the 2008 campaign, one academic study, based upon research conducted throughout the 2008 primaries, showed that a negative perception of Mormonism was widespread during the election, and that perception was often resistant to factual information that would correct mistaken notions about the religion or Romney's relationship to it.[214] The authors concluded that, "For Romney ... religion is the central story."[214] Another study, analyzing a survey conducted during January 2008 (when an African American, a woman, and a Mormon all had realistic chances of becoming the first president from that group), found that voters had internally accepted the notion of black equality, paving the way for Barack Obama's election; had partially established but not fully internalized the notion of gender equality, making Hillary Rodham Clinton's task somewhat more difficult; but had only selectively internalized the notion of religious equality, and in particular not extended it to Mormons, thus making Romney's run significantly more difficult.[215] Those authors concluded that, "for a Mormon candidate, the road to the presidency remains very rough ... The bias against a Mormon candidate is substantial."[215]
- ^ Romney proposed a $20 billion "workout, not a bailout" of the U.S. auto industry. It was termed unrealistic or "pandering" by several news reports.[221][222][223][224]
- ^ Previously, Romney had proposed a private timetable for gradually reducing U.S. forces. McCain's statements regarding this were termed dishonest or misleading by several news reports.[226][227][228]
- ^ Following the August 2009 death of his past rival and sometime ally Senator Edward M. Kennedy, Romney declared that he had no interest in running in the special January 2010 election to replace him.[249] Romney was an early supporter of Scott Brown, the successful Republican candidate in that race. Some of Romney's former aides were used by Brown's campaign and Romney raised funds for Brown.[250][251]
- ^ After having attended the 2010 Winter Olympics, Romney and wife were on board an Air Canada plane waiting to take off on a flight from Vancouver to Los Angeles when he got into a physical altercation with Sky Blu, sitting in front of him, over Sky Blu's seat not being in the upright position. Romney said that Sky Blu became physically violent and that he did not retaliate, while Sky Blu said that Romney gave him a "Vulcan grip" first and that he responded physically to that. Sky Blu was escorted off the aircraft by Canadian police but Romney did not press charges and Sky Blu was released.[252][253][254]
- ^ During his 2002 campaign, Romney expressed support for embryonic stem cell research, and said he would lobby President Bush (who had banned most federal funding for such research) to support it. In early 2005, Romney announced his position on therapeutic cloning, saying he was against it – and vetoing a funding bill for stem cell research because it allowed it – but still in favor of research on unused embryos from fertility treatments. In early 2007, he said he was now against expanded federal funding for such excess embryo research (but still thought private funding for such research was ethical, to the dismay of some conservative Republicans).[311]
- ^ As described. While Romney has consistently rejected same-sex marriage throughout his political career, there was a rhetorical shift in emphasis during his time as governor. The shift culminated in Romney avoiding discussions about the protection of gays from bias and instead characterizing himself as a conservative stalwart in the battle against same-sex marriage and in support of heterosexual families. The shift is even greater if compared to Romney's pledges from his 1994 senatorial campaign.[312][313]
- ^ During his 2002 campaign, Romney said he backed age-appropriate, comprehensive sex education in public schools. In 2005, he accepted federal funding to a faith-based organization to teach abstinence-only education in public schools. Romney said such programs would supplement rather than replace existing ones, while opponents feared that funding pressure would lead to schools dropping comprehensive programs for the freely available abstinence-only ones.[314][315][316]
- ^ Romney joined the National Rifle Association as a life member in August 2006. In December 2007, he cited a past endorsement from them, which he later said was unofficial support.[21][206][319][320] In April 2007, he said, "I've been a hunter pretty much all my life," but then said he had only gone hunting twice and did not own guns, and "I'm not a big-game hunter. I've made that very clear. I've always been a rodent and rabbit hunter. Small varmints, if you will. I began when I was 15 or so and I have hunted those kinds of varmints since then. More than two times."[321]
- ^ Biographical parallels between George and Mitt Romney include: Both served as Mormon missionaries in Europe and considered the experiences formative. Both pursued high school sweethearts singlemindedly until the women agreed to marry them several years later, then had families with four or five children. Both had very successful careers in business and became known for turning around failing companies or organizations. Both presided over a stake in the LDS Church. Both achieved their first elected position at age 55, as Republican governor of a Democratic-leaning state. The two bear a close physical resemblance at similar ages and both have been said to "look like a president". Both staged their first presidential run in the year they turned 60. Both were considered suspect by ideological conservatives within the Republican Party.[21][322] There are also obvious differences in their paths, including that George had a hardscrabble upbringing while Mitt's was affluent, and that Mitt far exceeded George's accomplishments in formal education. Another is that Mitt's personality is more reserved, private, and controlled than his father's was, traits he got from his mother Lenore.[323]
- ^ In summer 1983, Romney and his family embarked on a 12-hour drive from Boston to his parents' cottage on the Canadian side of Lake Huron. Seamus, the family Irish setter, was put up on the station wagon's roof rack, inside a dog carrier with its own attached windshield, but after some hours the dog suffered gastrointestinal distress, evidence of which was readily seen on the rear window. With his five children loudly expressing revulsion, Romney calmly stopped off at a service station, hosed off the dog, carrier, and car, put the dog back in the carrier and completed the journey.[46][325] Since becoming public in 2007, the story has been the source of complaints from animal lovers, a point of psychological study regarding Romney's emotion-free crisis management, an obsession to New York Times columnist Gail Collins, and the occasional target of news stories, talk show hosts and political rivals.[325][206][326][327]
References[link]
- ^ Hosenball, Mark (May 29, 2012). "Romney's birth certificate evokes his father's controversy". Chicago Tribune. Reuters. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-29/news/sns-rt-us-usa-campaign-romney-birth-certificatebre84s1gf-20120529_1_george-romney-republican-mitt-romney-citizen.
- ^ Page, Susan (February 20, 2012). "Home sweet home? Michigan primary a challenge for Romney". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/story/2012-02-17/michigan-primary-santorum-romney/53159656/1.
- ^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 59–62, 63–65, 94–96, 104, 113, 159.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (December 18, 2007). "For Romney, a Course Set Long Ago". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/18/us/politics/18romney.html.
- ^ Miroff, Nick (July 21, 2011). "In besieged Mormon colony, Mitt Romney's Mexican roots". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/in-besieged-mormon-colony-mitt-romneys-mexican-roots/2011/07/21/gIQAFGOXVI_story.html.
- ^ Burnett, John (January 22, 2012). "Mexican Cousins Keep Romney's Family Tree Rooted". NPR. http://app1.kuhf.org/articles/npr1327244449-Mexican-Cousins-Keep-Romneys-Family-Tree-Rooted.html.
- ^ Mahoney, The Story of George Romney, pp. 52, 70.
- ^ Roberts, Gary Boyd (1998). Notable Kin: An Anthology of Columns First Published in the NEHGS NEXUS 1986–1995, Volume 2. Boston: Carl Boyer, 3rd. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-936124-20-9.
- ^ Potter, Mitch (January 23, 2012). "Mitt Romney has Canadian roots". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/news/article/1120129--mitt-romney-has-canadian-roots?bn=1.
- ^ "Mitt Romney Pictures". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/2300-500146_162-3482233-4.html. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Factbox: Presidential candidate Mitt Romney". Reuters. January 9, 2012. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/09/us-usa-campaign-romney-fb-idUSTRE8080YL20120109.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kranish, Michael; Paulson, Michael (June 25, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 2: Centered in faith, a family emerges". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/25/centered_in_faith_a_family_emerges/. Also available in HighBeam. Also available as "Mitt's LDS roots run deep", Deseret Morning News, July 2, 2007.
- ^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 14–15.
- ^ a b c d e f Gell, Jeffrey N. (October 21, 1994). "Romney Gains Momentum As He Keeps On Running". The Harvard Crimson. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1994/10/21/romney-gains-momentum-as-he-keeps/.
- ^ a b Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Candee, Marjorie Dent (ed.) (1958). Current Biography Yearbook 1958. New York: H. W. Wilson Company. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-8242-0124-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Swidey, Neil; Paulson, Michael (June 24, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 1: Privilege, tragedy, and a young leader". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/06/24/privilege_tragedy_and_a_young_leader/. Also available from HighBeam. Also available as "Mitt Romney: the beginning", Deseret Morning News, July 1, 2007 (archived from the original on September 18, 2007).
- ^ a b c d e Horowitz, Jason (May 10, 2012). "Mitt Romney’s prep school classmates recall pranks, but also troubling incidents". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mitt-romneys-prep-school-classmates-recall-pranks-but-also-troubling-incidents/2012/05/10/gIQA3WOKFU_story.html?hpid=z2.
- ^ a b c d e Greenberger, Scott S. (June 12, 2005). "From prankster to politician, Romney deemed a class act". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/education/k_12/articles/2005/06/12/from_prankster_to_politician_romney_deemed_a_class_act/.
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- ^ Martelle, Scott (December 25, 2007). "Romney's running mate". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/25/nation/na-romneydadson25.
- ^ a b c d e f Cohn, Jonathan (July 2, 2007). "Parent Trap: How Mitt Romney un-became his father". The New Republic. http://www.tnr.com/article/parent-trap-how-mitt-romney-un-became-his-father.
- ^ a b c d e f LeBlanc, Steve (December 16, 2007). "Fortunate Son: Mitt Romney's life is his father's legacy". Deseret Morning News. Associated Press (Salt Lake City). Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080626075029/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695236445,00.html.
- ^ a b c d Vickers, Marcia (June 27, 2007). "The Republicans' Mr. Fix-it". Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/07/09/100121803/index.htm.
- ^ Phillips, Frank (May 5, 1994). "GOP hopeful arrested in 1981; Charge dismissed in boating case". The Boston Globe: p. 37. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/61957067.html?dids=61957067:61957067&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT.
- ^ Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 27–29.
- ^ Rodeffer, Mark H. (October 2, 2002). "Romney And Wife Open Up". National Journal. http://www3.nationaljournal.com/members/adspotlight/2002/10/1002mrma1.htm.
- ^ "Draft Deferment Exams Today For 250,000 College Students". The Norwalk Hour. Associated Press: p. 1. May 21, 1966. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BAEhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SXYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6249,5063963&dq=stanford+sit-in+administration+building&hl=en.
- ^ a b c Wright, Lawrence (January 21, 2002). "Lives of the Saints". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/01/21/020121fa_FACT1.
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- ^ Burns, Alexander; Bravender, Robin (January 24, 2012). "Florida Republican primary is 'Armageddon'". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0112/71862.html.
- ^ Rutenberg, Jim; Zeleny, Jeff (January 28, 2012). "The Calculations That Led Romney to the Warpath". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/29/us/politics/the-calculations-that-led-romney-to-the-warpath.html?_r=1&hp=&pagewanted=all.
- ^ Cohen, Tom; Steinhauser, Paul (February 1, 2012). "Romney claims victory in Florida, builds new momentum". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/31/politics/florida-primary/index.html.
- ^ "Polls: All tied up between Romney and Santorum". CNN. February 14, 2012. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/14/polls-all-tied-up-between-romney-and-santorum/.
- ^ "Romney wins Michigan and Arizona". CNN. February 28, 2012. http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/28/election/2012/primaries/index.html?hpt=hp_t1.
- ^ "Mitt Romney wins Wyoming caucuses". The Washington Post. February 29, 2012. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/post/mitt-romney-wins-wyoming-caucuses/2012/02/29/gIQAj2yRjR_blog.html.
- ^ "Romney builds delegate lead with Super Tuesday wins". Fox News. March 7, 2012. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/03/07/romney-builds-delegate-lead-with-super-tuesday-wins/.
- ^ "Romney sweeps 3 primary contests, eyes general election battle". Fox News. April 4, 2012. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/04/03/romney-looks-for-big-night-and-beyond-in-wisconsin/.
- ^ Cohen, Tom (April 10, 2012). "Santorum suspends campaign, clearing Romney's path". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/10/politics/campaign-wrap/index.html?hpt=hp_t2.
- ^ "RNC officially names Mitt Romney the party's 'presumptive nominee'". Los Angeles Times. April 25, 2012. http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-rnc-officially-names-mitt-romney-the-partys-presumptive-nominee-20120425,0,790798.story.
- ^ a b Hersh, The Shadow President, p. 139.
- ^ Canellos, The Last Lion, p. 295.
- ^ a b c d e f Gross, Daniel (February 26, 2007). "The CEO Candidate". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2160642/.
- ^ Zeller, Shawn (December 11, 2007). "Romney haunted by liberal past". PolitiFact.com. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2007/dec/11/romney-haunted-liberal-past/.
- ^ Barone and Cohen, Almanac of American Politics 2004, p. 769.
- ^ Helman, Scott (February 11, 2007). "Romney's stem cell view may upset the right". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/diseases/articles/2007/02/11/romneys_stem_cell_view_may_upset_the_right/.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam; Kirkpatrick David D. (December 9, 2006). "Romney's Gay Rights Stance Draws Ire". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/09/us/politics/09romney.html.
- ^ "Run touts success, dodges shifts". USA Today. June 15, 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/mitt-romney.htm.
- ^ Martin, Jonathan (July 19, 2007). "Romney also once backed 'age-appropriate' sex ed". Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0707/Romney_also_once_backed_ageappropriate_sex_ed.html.
- ^ Donald, Brooke (April 21, 2006). "Romney promotes abstinence classes". Bangor Daily News. Associated Press: p. B8. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mAE1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=Mk8KAAAAIBAJ&pg=3578,1309352&dq=romney+abstinence+only+education&hl=en.
- ^ "Romney Announces Abstinence Education Program". WCVB-TV. April 20, 2006. http://www.thebostonchannel.com/r/8858946/detail.html.
- ^ "Profile: Mitt Romney". BBC News. February 15, 2007 (updated February 7, 2008). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6362249.stm.
- ^ a b c d e f Luo, Michael (November 24, 2007). "For Romney & Company, Campaign Is All Business". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/24/us/politics/24manage.html.
- ^ McPike, Erin (December 17, 2007). "Romney's tough day on the trail". msnbc.com. http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2007/12/17/4436604-romneys-tough-day-on-the-trail.
- ^ Shear, Michael D. (December 16, 2007). "Romney Claims NRA Endorsement He Didn't Receive". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2007/12/romney-claims-nra-endorsement.html.
- ^ Udell, Emily (April 5, 2007). "Romney Aims Again to Explain Hunting". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20070405/romney-hunting/.
- ^ Glass, Andrew (January 13, 2008). "Romney plays nostalgia card in Michigan". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0108/7848.html.
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (February 23, 2012). "Political Lessons, From a Mother's Losing Run". The New York Times: p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/24/us/politics/political-lessons-from-a-mothers-losing-run.html?pagewanted=all.
- ^ "Romney: I'll keep campaign promises". Associated Press. msnbc.com. December 16, 2007. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22287061/ns/politics-decision_08/.
- ^ a b Swidey, Neil (January 8, 2012). "What our fascination with Mitt Romney's dog Seamus says about our culture". The Boston Globe. http://articles.boston.com/2012-01-08/news/30605151_1_romney-family-mitt-romney-dog.
- ^ "Mitt Romney and the dog on the car roof: one columnist's obsession". PolitiFact.com. September 8, 2011. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2011/sep/13/gail-collins/mitt-romney-and-dog-car-roof-one-columnists-obsess/.
- ^ Moos, Jeanne (January 13, 2012). "Mitt Romney 'dog-on-the-roof' story appears in Newt Gingrich ad". CNN. KSDK. http://www.ksdk.com/news/article/296683/18/Mitt-Romney-dog-on-the-roof-story-appears-in-Newt-Gingrich-ad.
- ^ Klein, Joe (December 12, 2011). "Where is the Love?". Time: p. 31.
- ^ a b c d e Johnson, Glen (March 26, 2010). "Romneycare may come back to haunt Mitt on health issue". Deseret News. Associated Press (Salt Lake City). http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700019894/Romneycare-may-come-back-to-haunt-Mitt-on-health-issue.html.
- ^ Johnson, Glen (December 15, 2010). "Health Mandate Cases to Loom Over 2012 Romney Run". Associated Press. ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/m/story?id=12405439.
- ^ Issenberg, Sasha (March 30, 2010). "Romney defends Mass. health care law". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/03/30/romney_defends_massachusetts_health_care_law/.
- ^ Smith, Ben (April 19, 2010). "Blogger: Romney wants repeal, but not of mandate". Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0410/Blogger_Romney_wants_repeal_but_not_of_mandate.html.
- ^ Viser, Matt (May 12, 2011). "Romney support for individual mandate complicates health care politics". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2011/05/romney_support.html.
- ^ Appleby, Julie (July 5, 2005). "Mass. Gov. Romney's health care plan says everyone pays". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/2005-07-04-health-insurance-usat_x.htm.
- ^ Romano, Andrew (April 16, 2010). "If the Mitt Fits". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/2010/04/15/if-the-mitt-fits.html.
- ^ Sargent, Greg (May 11, 2011). "Flashback: Mitt Romney hoped for 'a nation that's taken a mandate approach'". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/post/flashback-mitt-romney-hoped-for-a-nation-with-a-mandate-approach/2011/03/03/AFPqVUqG_blog.html.
- ^ a b Kantor, Jodi (May 19, 2012). "Romney’s Faith, Silent but Deep". The New York Times: p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/us/politics/how-the-mormon-church-shaped-mitt-romney.html?_r=1&hp&pagewanted=all.
- ^ Bowman, Matthew (February 8, 2012). "President Romney, Compassionate Conservative? How Mormonism May Shape Mitt's Welfare Policies". The New Republic. http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/100490/mormon-romney-poverty-welfare-poor.
- ^ a b c Hewitt, A Mormon in the White House?, pp. 56–58.
- ^ Barone and Cohen, Almanac of American Politics 2004, p. 772.
- ^ Egan, Dan (April 9, 1999). "SLOC Boss Romney Will Give U. Commencement Address". The Salt Lake Tribune: p. B3.
- ^ "Mitt Romney Calls for Bentley College Graduates to 'Be American Heroes'" (Press release). Bentley College. May 1, 2002. http://newsroom.bentley.edu/press-release/mitt-romney-calls-bentley-college-graduates-be-american-heroes-0.
- ^ "Suffolk University to Award Eight Honorary Degrees" (Press release). Suffolk University. May 24, 2004. http://www.suffolk.edu/16089.html.
- ^ "Commencement 2007". Hillsdale College. http://www.hillsdale.edu/images/userImages/cclawson/Page_4889/PC_News_Summer07.pdf. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ Bible, Mitzi (May 12, 2012). "Commencement 2012: Paying tribute to Liberty’s heritage, God's blessings". Liberty University. http://www.liberty.edu/news/index.cfm?PID=18495&MID=55432.
- ^ "Mitt Romney: Politician". People. May 13, 2002. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20137022,00.html.
- ^ Pane, Lisa Marie (February 13, 2006). "Romney looks ahead, back in Olympics visit". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. http://www.boston.com/sports/other_sports/olympics/articles/2006/02/13/romney_looks_ahead_back_in_olympics_visit/?page=all.
- ^ Roche, Lisa Riley (May 10, 2008). "Romney honored for 'Defense of Religious Liberty'". Deseret News (Salt Lake City). http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,700224763,00.html.
- ^ Mayer, Marissa (April 18, 2012). "The 100 Most Influential People in the World". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112000,00.html.
Bibliography[link]
- Balz, Dan; Johnson, Haynes (2009). The Battle for America, 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election. New York: Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-02111-6.
- Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2004) (paperback). The Almanac of American Politics 2004. Washington: National Journal Group. ISBN 978-0-89234-106-1.
- Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2006). The Almanac of American Politics 2006. Washington: National Journal Group. ISBN 978-0-89234-111-5.
- Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008) (paperback). The Almanac of American Politics 2008. Washington: National Journal Group. ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0.
- Canellos, Peter S. (ed.) and The Team at The Boston Globe (2009). The Last Lion: The Fall and Rise of Ted Kennedy. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-3817-5.
- Clymer, Adam (1999). Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography. New York: Wm. Morrow & Company. ISBN 978-0-688-14285-8.
- Heilemann, John; Halperin, Mark (2010). Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-173363-5.
- Hersh, Burton (1997). The Shadow President: Ted Kennedy in Opposition. South Royalton, Vermont: Steerforth Press. ISBN 978-1-883642-30-3.
- Hewitt, Hugh (2007). A Mormon in the White House?: 10 Things Every American Should Know About Mitt Romney. Washington: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59698-502-5.
- Kranish, Michael; Helman, Scott (2012). The Real Romney. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-212327-5.
- Mahoney, Tom (1960). The Story of George Romney: Builder, Salesman, Crusader. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 236830.
- Thomas, Evan (2009). "A Long Time Coming": The Inspiring, Combative 2008 Campaign and the Historic Election of Barack Obama. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-607-5.
Further reading[link]
- Foster, Craig (2008). A Different God?: Mitt Romney, the Religious Right, and the Mormon Question. Draper, Utah: Greg Kofford Books. ISBN 978-1-58958-117-3.
- Hines, Phillip (2012). Mitt Romney in His Own Words. New York: Threshold Editions. ISBN 978-1-4516-8780-4.
- Scott, Ronald B. (2011). Mitt Romney: An Inside Look at the Man and His Politics. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-7927-7.
- Turner, Lisa Ray; Field, Kimberly (2007). Mitt Romney: The Man, His Values, and His Vision. Silverton, Idaho: Mapletree Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60065-109-0.
External links[link]
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- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
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- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
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- Works by or about Mitt Romney in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
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- Mitt Romney at the Open Directory Project
| Business positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| New office | Chief Executive Officer of Bain Capital 1984–1999 |
Succeeded by Joshua Bekenstein |
| Preceded by Bill Bain |
Chief Executive Officer of Bain & Company Acting 1991–1992 |
Succeeded by Steve Ellis as Worldwide Managing Director |
| Succeeded by Orit Gadiesh as Chairman of the Board |
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| Sporting positions | ||
| Preceded by Makoto Kobayashi |
President of Organizing Committee for Winter Olympic Games 2002 |
Succeeded by Valentino Castellani |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Jane Swift Acting |
Governor of Massachusetts 2003–2007 |
Succeeded by Deval Patrick |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Joe Malone |
Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (Class 3) 1994 |
Succeeded by Jack Robinson |
| Preceded by Paul Cellucci |
Republican nominee for Governor of Massachusetts 2002 |
Succeeded by Kerry Healey |
| Preceded by John McCain |
Republican Party presidential candidate Presumptive 2012 |
Most recent |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Romney, Willard Mitt |
| Alternative names | Romney, Mitt |
| Short description | American politician |
| Date of birth | March 12, 1947 |
| Place of birth | Detroit, Michigan, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Death of Osama bin Laden | |
|---|---|
 Osama bin Laden in 2010 |
|
| Participants | Osama bin Laden Central Intelligence Agency United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) |
| Location | Osama bin Laden's compound in Bilal Town, Abbottabad, Pakistan |
| Date | May 2, 2011 (2011-05-02) |
| Deaths | Osama bin Laden a.k.a. Abu Hamza, 54; Khalid bin Laden, 23; Arshad Khan, a.k.a. Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti, 33; Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti's brother Abrar, 30; Bushra, Abrar's wife, age unknown. |
| Result | Osama bin Laden's body buried in North Arabian Sea |
Osama bin Laden, the former head of the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda known for the September 11 attacks, was killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011, shortly after 1 am local time[1][2] by Navy SEALs of the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group. The operation, code-named Operation Neptune Spear, was ordered by United States President Barack Obama and carried out in a Central Intelligence Agency-led operation. Participating units included the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (also known as DEVGRU or SEAL Team Six), the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), and CIA operatives.[3][4] The raid on bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan was launched from Afghanistan.[5] After the raid, U.S. forces took bin Laden's body to Afghanistan for identification, then buried it at sea within 24 hours of his death.[6]
Al-Qaeda confirmed the death on May 6 with posts made on militant websites, vowing to avenge the killing.[7] Other Pakistani militant groups, including the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, also vowed retaliation against the U.S. and against Pakistan for not preventing the operation.[8] Bin Laden's killing was generally favorably received by U.S. public opinion;[9][10] was welcomed by the United Nations, NATO, the European Union, and a large number of governments;[11] but was condemned by some, including Fidel Castro of Cuba[12] and Ismail Haniyeh, the head of the Hamas administration of the Gaza Strip.[13] Legal and ethical aspects of the killing, such as his not being taken alive despite being unarmed, were questioned by others, including Amnesty International.[14] Also controversial was the decision to not release any photographic or DNA evidence of bin Laden's death to the public.[15]
Contents
|
Locating bin Laden[link]
See also: Location of Osama bin Laden
The U.S. intelligence community effort to determine the current location of Osama bin Laden, which eventually resulted in the Abbottabad operation, began with a fragment of information unearthed in 2002, resulting in years of consequent investigation, followed by intensive multiplatform surveillance on the compound beginning in September 2010.
Identity of his courier[link]
Identification of al-Qaeda couriers was an early priority for interrogators at CIA black sites and Guantanamo Bay detention camp, because bin Laden was believed to communicate through such couriers while concealing his whereabouts from al-Qaeda foot soldiers and top commanders.[16] Bin Laden was known not to use phones, as the U.S. launched missile strikes against his bases in Afghanistan and Sudan in 1998 (Operation Infinite Reach) after tracking an associate's satellite phone.[17]
By 2002, interrogators had heard uncorroborated claims about an al-Qaeda courier with the nom de guerre Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti (sometimes referred to as Sheikh Abu Ahmed from Kuwait).[16] In 2003, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the alleged operational chief of al-Qaeda, revealed under interrogation that he was acquainted with al-Kuwaiti but that he was not active in al-Qaeda.[18]
In 2004, a prisoner named Hassan Ghul told interrogators that al-Kuwaiti was close to bin Laden as well as Khalid Sheik Mohammed and Mohammed's successor Abu Faraj al-Libi. Ghul further revealed that al-Kuwaiti had not been seen in some time, which led U.S. officials to suspect he was traveling with bin Laden. When confronted with Ghul's account, Khalid Sheik Mohammed maintained his original story.[18] Abu Faraj al-Libi was captured in 2005 and transferred to Guantánamo in September 2006.[19] He told CIA interrogators that bin Laden's courier was a man named Maulawi Abd al-Khaliq Jan and denied knowing al-Kuwaiti. Because both Mohammed and al-Libi had minimized al-Kuwaiti's importance, officials speculated that he was part of bin Laden's inner circle.[18]
In 2007, officials learned al-Kuwaiti's real name,[20] though they will not disclose the name nor how they learned it.[18] Since the name Maulawi Abd al-Khaliq Jan appears in the JTF-GTMO detainee assessment for Abu Faraj al-Libi released by WikiLeaks on April 24, 2011,[21] there was speculation that the U.S. assault on the Abbottabad compound was expedited as a precaution.[22] The CIA never found anyone named Maulawi Jan and concluded that the name was an invention of al-Libi.[18]
A 2010 wiretap of another suspect picked up a conversation with al-Kuwaiti. CIA paramilitary operatives located al-Kuwaiti in August 2010 and followed him back to bin Laden's Abbottabad compound.[16] The courier and a relative (who was either a brother or a cousin) were killed in the May 2, 2011 raid.[18] Afterward, some locals identified the men as Pashtuns named Arshad and Tareq Khan.[23] Arshad Khan was carrying an old, noncomputerized Pakistani identification card which said he was from Khat Kuruna, a village near Charsadda in northwestern Pakistan. Pakistani officials have found no record of an Arshad Khan in that area and suspect the men were living under false identities.[24]
In June 2011, Pakistani officials revealed the courier's name as Ibrahim Saeed Ahmed from Pakistan's Swat Valley. He and his brother Abrar and their families were living at bin Laden's compound.[25]
Bin Laden's compound[link]
Main article: Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad
The CIA used surveillance photos and intelligence reports to determine the identities of the inhabitants of the Abbottabad compound to which the courier was traveling. In September 2010, the CIA concluded that the compound was custom-built to hide someone of significance, very likely bin Laden.[26][27] Officials surmised that he was living there with his youngest wife.[27]
Built in 2004, the three-story[28] compound was located at the end of a narrow dirt road.[29] Google Earth maps made from satellite photographs show that the compound was not present in 2001 but did exist on images taken in 2005.[30] It is located 2.5 miles (4.0 km) northeast of the city center of Abbottabad.[26] Abbottabad is about 100 miles (160 km) from the Afghanistan border on the far eastern side of Pakistan (about 20 miles (32 km) from India). The compound is 0.8 miles (1.3 km) southwest of the Pakistan Military Academy (PMA), a prominent military academy that has been compared with West Point in the United States and Sandhurst in Britain.[3] Located on a plot of land eight times larger than those of nearby houses, it was surrounded by a 12-to-18-foot (3.7–5.5 m)[27] concrete wall topped with barbed wire.[26] There were two security gates, and the third-floor balcony had a seven-foot-high (2.1 m) privacy wall, tall enough to hide the 6 ft 4 in (193 cm) bin Laden.
There was no Internet or landline telephone service to the compound, and its residents burned their refuse, unlike their neighbors who set their garbage out for collection.[28] Local residents called the building the Waziristan Haveli, because they believed the owner was from Waziristan.[31] The compound was demolished in February 2012.[32]
Intelligence gathering[link]
The CIA led the effort to surveil and gather intelligence on the compound; other critical roles in the operation were played by other American government agencies, including the National Security Agency, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), and US Defense Department.[33] According to The Washington Post, "The [intelligence-gathering] effort was so extensive and costly that the CIA went to Congress in December [2010] to secure authority to reallocate tens of millions of dollars within assorted agency budgets to fund it," U.S. officials said.[1]
The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency rented a home in Abbottabad from which a team staked out and observed the compound over a number of months. The CIA team used informants and other techniques to gather intelligence on the compound. The safe house was abandoned immediately after bin Laden's death.[1] The U.S. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency helped the Joint Special Operations Command create mission simulators for the pilots and analyzed data from an RQ-170 drone before, during and after the raid on the compound. The NGA created three-dimensional renderings of the house, created schedules describing residential traffic patterns, and assessed the number, height and gender of the residents of the compound.[34]
The design of Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad may have ultimately contributed to his discovery. A former CIA official involved in the manhunt told The Washington Post, "The place was three stories high, and you could watch it from a variety of angles."[1]
The CIA used a process called "red teaming" on the collected intelligence to independently review the circumstantial evidence and available facts of their case that bin Laden was living at the Abbottabad compound.[35] An administration official stated, "We conducted red-team exercises and other forms of alternative analysis to check our work. No other candidate fit the bill as well as bin Laden did."[36] This duplicate analysis was necessary because "Despite what officials described as an extraordinarily concentrated collection effort leading up to the operation, no U.S. spy agency was ever able to capture a photograph of bin Laden at the compound before the raid or a recording of the voice of the mysterious male figure whose family occupied the structure's top two floors."[1]
Operation Neptune Spear[link]
| Operation Neptune Spear | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the War on Terror | |||||||
|
Map of Pakistan. Abbottabad is 34 miles (55 km) from the capital Islamabad, 167 miles (269 km) from Jalalabad Airfield, and 232 miles (373 km) from Bagram Airfield. Bagram is about 850 miles (1,370 km) from the North Arabian Sea. (Straight line distances. Travel distances significantly more.) |
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 United States |
 al-Qaeda |
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Barack Obama
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Osama bin Laden (†)
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| Strength | |||||||
| 79 6 helicopters 1 Belgian Malinois (military working dog) |
22 (number of residents, including children) | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 1 helicopter lost to malfunction | 5 killed 17 captured (3 injured) 1 escaped |
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The official mission code name was Operation Neptune Spear.[3] Neptune's spear is the trident, which appears on Navy Special Warfare insignia, with the three prongs of the trident representing the operational capacity of SEALs on sea, air and land.
Objective[link]
The Associated Press cited two U.S. officials as stating the operation was "a kill-or-capture mission, since the U.S. doesn't kill unarmed people trying to surrender", but that "it was clear from the beginning that whoever was behind those walls had no intention of surrendering".[37] White House counterterrorism advisor John O. Brennan stated after the raid: "If we had the opportunity to take bin Laden alive, if he didn't present any threat, the individuals involved were able and prepared to do that."[38] CIA Director Leon Panetta stated on PBS NewsHour: "The authority here was to kill bin Laden...Obviously under the rules of engagement, if he in fact had thrown up his hands, surrendered and didn't appear to be representing any kind of threat, then they were to capture him. But, they had full authority to kill him."[39]
However, a U.S. national security official, who was not named, told Reuters that "'this was a kill operation', making clear there was no desire to try to capture bin Laden alive in Pakistan".[40] Another source referencing a kill (rather than capture) order states, "Officials described the reaction of the special operators when they were told a number of weeks ago that they had been chosen to train for the mission. 'They were told, "We think we found Osama bin Laden, and your job is to kill him",' an official recalled. The SEALs started to cheer."[41]
Planning[link]
The CIA briefed Vice Admiral William H. McRaven, the commander of the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), about the compound in January 2011. McRaven said a commando raid would be fairly straightforward but he was concerned about the Pakistani response. He assigned a captain from the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU) to work with a CIA team at their campus in Langley, Virginia. The captain, named "Brian", set up an office in the printing plant in the CIA's Langley compound and, with six other JSOC officers, began to plan the raid.[42]
In addition to a helicopter raid, planners considered attacking the compound with B-2 Spirit stealth bombers. They considered a joint operation with Pakistani forces. President Obama, however, decided that the Pakistani government and military could not be trusted to maintain operational security for the operation against bin Laden. "There was a real lack of confidence that the Pakistanis could keep this secret for more than a nanosecond," a senior adviser to the President told The New Yorker.[42]
President Obama met with the National Security Council on March 14 to review the options. The president was concerned that the mission would be exposed and wanted to proceed quickly. For that reason he ruled out involving the Pakistanis. Defense Secretary Robert Gates and other military officials expressed doubts as to whether bin Laden was actually in the compound, and whether a commando raid was worth the risk. At the end of the meeting the president seemed to be leaning toward a bombing mission. Two US Air Force officers were tasked with exploring that option further.[43]
The CIA was unable to rule out the existence of an underground bunker below the compound. Presuming that one existed, 32 2,000-pound (910 kg) bombs fitted with JDAM guidance systems would be required to destroy it.[44] With that amount of ordnance, at least one other house was in the blast radius. Estimates were that up to a dozen civilians would be killed in addition to those in the compound. Furthermore it was unlikely there would be enough evidence remaining to prove that bin Laden was dead. Presented with this information at the next Security Council meeting on March 29, President Obama put the bombing plan on hold. Instead he directed Admiral McRaven to develop the idea of a helicopter raid.
McRaven assembled a team drawing from Red Squadron, one of four that make up DEVGRU. Red Squadron was coming home from Afghanistan and could be redirected without attracting attention. The team had language skills and experience with cross-border operations into Pakistan.[43] Without being told the exact nature of their mission, the team performed two rehearsals in the U.S. on April 10 in North Carolina and April 18 in Nevada.[42][44]
Planners believed the SEALs could get to Abbottabad and back without being challenged by the Pakistani military. The helicopters to be used in the raid had been designed to be quiet and to have low radar visibility. Since the U.S. had helped equip and train the Pakistanis, their defensive capabilities were known. Furthermore the U.S. had supplied F-16 Fighting Falcons to Pakistan on the condition they were kept at a Pakistani military base under 24-hour U.S. surveillance.[45] The U.S. would know immediately if the Pakistanis scrambled their jets.
If bin Laden surrendered he would be held near Bagram Air Base. If the SEALs were discovered by the Pakistanis in the middle of the raid, Joint Chiefs Chairman Adm. Mike Mullen would call Pakistan's army chief Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani and try to negotiate their release.[46]
When the Security Council met again on April 19, President Obama gave provisional approval for the helicopter raid. But he worried that the plan for dealing with the Pakistanis was too uncertain. Obama asked Adm. McRaven to equip the team to fight its way out if necessary.[43]
McRaven and the SEALs left for Afghanistan to practice at a one acre full-scale replica of the compound built on a restricted area of Bagram known as Camp Alpha.[47][48] The team departed the U.S. from Naval Air Station Oceana on April 26 in a C-17 aircraft, refueled on the ground at Ramstein Air Base in Germany, landed at Bagram Air Base, then moved to Jalalabad on April 27.[42]
On April 28 Admiral Mullen explained the final plan to the Security Council. To bolster the "fight your way out" scenario, Chinook helicopters with additional troops would be positioned nearby. Obama said he wanted to speak directly to Admiral McRaven before he gave the order to proceed. The president asked if McRaven had learned anything since arriving in Afghanistan that caused him to lose confidence in the mission. McRaven told him the team was ready and that the next few nights would have little moonlight over Abbottabad, good conditions for a raid.[42]
On April 29 at 8:20 a.m., Obama conferred with his advisers and gave the final go-ahead. The raid would take place the following day. That evening the president was informed that the operation would be delayed one day due to cloudy weather. On April 30 Obama called McRaven one more time to wish the SEALs well and to thank them for their service.[42]
On May 1 at 1:22 p.m., Panetta, acting on the president's orders, directed McRaven to move forward with the operation. Shortly after 3 p.m., the president joined national security officials in the Situation Room to monitor the raid. They watched night-vision images taken from a drone while Panetta, appearing in a corner of the screen from CIA headquarters, narrated what was happening.[46] Video links with Panetta at CIA headquarters and McRaven in Afghanistan were set up in the Situation Room. In an adjoining office was the live drone feed presented on a laptop computer operated by Brigadier General Marshall Webb, assistant commander of JSOC. Two other command centers monitored the raid from the Pentagon and the American embassy in Islamabad.[42]
Execution of the operation[link]
Approach and entry[link]
The raid was carried out by approximately two dozen heliborne United States Navy SEALs from the Red Squadron[43] of the Joint Special Operations Command's United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU). For legal reasons (namely that the U.S. was not at war with Pakistan), the military personnel assigned to the mission were temporarily transferred to the control of the civilian Central Intelligence Agency.[49][50][51] The DEVGRU SEALs operated in two teams[52] and were reportedly equipped with Heckler & Koch 416 carbine[53] military assault rifles (with attached suppressors[54]), night-vision goggles, body armor and handguns.[55]
According to The New York Times, a total of "79 commandos and a dog" were involved in the raid.[29] The military working dog[56] was a Belgian Malinois named Cairo.[57][58] According to one report, the dog was tasked with tracking "anyone who tried to escape and to alert SEALs to any approaching Pakistani security forces".[54] The dog was to be used to help deter any Pakistani ground response to the raid and to help look for any hidden rooms or hidden doors in the compound.[42] Additional personnel on the mission included a language translator,[54] the dog handler, helicopter pilots, "tactical signals, intelligence collectors, and navigators using highly classified hyperspectral imagers".[48]
The SEALs flew into Pakistan from a staging base in the city of Jalalabad in eastern Afghanistan after originating at Bagram Air Base in northeastern Afghanistan.[59] The 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (SOAR), a US Army Special Operations Command unit known as the "Night Stalkers", provided the two modified Black Hawk helicopters[60] that were used for the raid itself, as well as the much larger Chinook heavy-lift helicopters that were employed as backups.[41][48][54]
The Black Hawks appear to have been never-before-publicly-seen "stealth" versions of the helicopter that fly more quietly while being harder to detect on radar than conventional models;[61][62] due to the weight of the extra stealth equipment on the Black Hawks, cargo was "calculated to the ounce, with the weather factored in."[54]
The Chinooks kept on standby were on the ground "in a deserted area roughly two-thirds of the way" between Jalalabad and Abbottabad, with two additional SEAL teams consisting of approximately 24 DEVGRU operators[54] and Army Rangers for a "quick reaction force" (QRF). The Chinooks were equipped with M134 Miniguns and extra fuel for the Black Hawks. Their mission was to interdict any Pakistani military attempts to interfere with the raid. Other Chinooks, holding 25 more SEALs from DEVGRU, were stationed just across the border in Afghanistan in case reinforcements were needed during the raid.[42]
The 160th SOAR helicopters were supported by multiple other aircraft, including fixed-wing fighter jets and drones.[63] According to CNN, "the Air Force had a full team of combat search-and-rescue helicopters available".[63]
The raid was scheduled for a time with little moonlight so the helicopters could enter Pakistan "low to the ground and undetected".[64] The helicopters used hilly terrain and nap-of-the-earth techniques to reach the compound without appearing on radar and alerting the Pakistani military. The flight from Jalalabad to Abbottabad took about 90 minutes.[42]
According to the mission plan, the first helicopter would hover over the compound's yard while its full team of SEALs fast-roped to the ground. At the same time, the second helicopter would fly to the northeast corner of the compound and deploy the translator, the dog, and four SEALs to secure the perimeter. The second helicopter would then hover over the house and the team leader and six SEALs would fast-rope onto the roof. The team in the courtyard was to enter the house from the ground floor.[42][65]
As they hovered above the target, however, the first helicopter experienced a hazardous airflow condition known as a vortex ring state. This was aggravated by higher than expected air temperature ("a so-called 'hot and high' environment"[42][58]) and the high compound walls, which stopped the rotor downwash from diffusing.[58][66][67] The helicopter's tail grazed one of the compound's walls,[52] damaging its tail rotor,[68] and the helicopter rolled onto its side.[16] The pilot quickly buried the aircraft's nose to keep it from tipping over.[54] None of the SEALs, crew and pilots on the helicopter were seriously injured in the soft crash landing, which ended with it pitched at a forty-five-degree angle resting against the wall.[42] The other helicopter then landed outside the compound and the SEALs scaled the walls to get inside.[69] The SEALs advanced into the house, breaching walls and doors with explosives.[54]
Killing[link]
The SEALs encountered the residents in the compound's guest house, in the main building on the first floor where two adult males lived, and on the second and third floors where bin Laden lived with his family. The second and third floors were the last section of the compound to be cleared.[70] There were reportedly "small knots of children...on every level, including the balcony of bin Laden's room".[54]
In addition to Osama bin Laden, three other men and a woman were killed in the operation. The individuals killed were bin Laden's adult son (likely Khalid,[71][72] possibly Hamza[44][73]), bin Laden's courier (Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti), al-Kuwaiti's brother Abrar, and Abrar's wife Bushra.[42]
Al-Kuwaiti opened fire on the first team of SEALs with an AK-47 from behind the guesthouse door, and a firefight took place between him and the SEALs, in which al-Kuwaiti was killed.[3][74] The courier's male relative Abrar was shot and killed, before he could reach a weapon found lying nearby, by the SEALs' second team on the first floor of the main house. A woman near him, later identified as the Abrar's wife Bushra was also shot and killed. Bin Laden's young adult son rushed towards the SEALs on the staircase of the main house, and was shot and killed by the second team.[3][52][72][74][75] An unnamed U.S. senior defense official stated that only one of the five people killed was armed.[76]
The SEALs encountered bin Laden on the second or third floor of the main building.[52][77] Bin Laden was "wearing the local loose-fitting tunic and pants known as a kurta paijama", which were later found to have €500 and two phone numbers sewn into the fabric.[44][68][74]
Bin Laden peered over the third floor ledge at the Americans advancing up the stairs, and then retreated into his room as a SEAL fired a shot at him, but missed.[78] The SEALs quickly followed him into his room.[1]
Inside the bedroom, two of bin Laden's wives stood in front of him, shielding him. One of them, Amal Ahmed Abdul Fatah, screamed at the SEALs in Arabic and motioned as if she were about to charge. One of the SEALs shot her in the leg, then grabbed both women and shoved them aside. A second SEAL entered the room and shot bin Laden in the chest, and then in the head with his H&K 416 with Navy M855, 5.56 mm rounds.[79] The SEAL radioed, "For God and country—Geronimo, Geronimo, Geronimo," and then, "Geronimo E.K.I.A." (enemy killed in action). Watching the operation in the White House Situation Room, President Obama said, "We got him."[3][42]
There were two weapons near bin Laden in his room, including an AKSU rifle and a Russian-made Makarov pistol, but according to his wife Amal, he was shot before he could reach his AKSU.[80][81] According to the Associated Press the guns were on a shelf next to the door and the SEALs did not see them until they were photographing the body.[54]
Bin Laden's 12-year-old daughter Safia was struck in her foot or ankle by a piece of flying debris.[3][82][83]
As the SEALs encountered women and children during the raid, they restrained them with plastic handcuffs or zip ties.[52] After the raid was over, U.S. forces moved the surviving residents outside[38] "for Pakistani forces to discover".[52] The injured Amal Ahmed Abdul Fatah continued to harangue the raiders in Arabic.[42]
While bin Laden's body was taken by U.S. forces, the bodies of the four others killed in the raid were left behind at the compound and later taken into Pakistani custody.[24][84]
Wrap-up[link]
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The raid was intended to take 40 minutes. All told, the time between the team's entry in and exit from the compound was 38 minutes.[41] According to the Associated Press, the military offensive aspect of the raid was completed in the first 15 minutes.[54]
Time in the compound was spent killing defenders;[70] "moving carefully through the compound, room to room, floor to floor" securing the women and children; clearing "weapons stashes and barricades",[52] including a false door;[85] and searching the compound for information.[20] U.S. personnel recovered three AK-47s and two pistols, computer hard drives, documents, DVDs, thumb drives, and "electronic equipment" for later analysis.[41][86]
Since the helicopter that had made the emergency landing was damaged and unable to fly the team out, it was destroyed to safeguard its classified equipment, including an apparent stealth capability.[62] The pilot smashed "the instrument panel, the radio, and the other classified fixtures inside the cockpit," and the SEALs "[packed] the helicopter with explosives and [blew] it up". Since the SEAL team now had only one helicopter, one of the two Chinook held in reserve was dispatched to carry part of the team and bin Laden's body out of Pakistan.[27][42][44][87]
While the official Department of Defense narrative did not mention the airbases used in the operation,[88] later accounts indicated that the helicopters returned to Bagram Airfield.[54] The body of Osama bin Laden was then flown from Bagram to the aircraft carrier Carl Vinson in a V-22 Osprey escorted by two U.S. Navy F/A-18 fighter jets.[89][90]
According to U.S. officials, bin Laden was buried at sea because no country would accept his remains.[91] Before disposing of the body, the U.S. called the Saudi government, who approved of dumping the body in the ocean.[42] Muslim religious rites were performed aboard the Carl Vinson in the North Arabian Sea within 24 hours of bin Laden's death. Preparations began at 10:10 am local time and at-sea burial was completed at 11 am. The body was washed, wrapped in a white sheet and placed in a weighted plastic bag. An officer read prepared religious remarks which were translated into Arabic by a native speaker. Afterward, bin Laden's body was placed onto a flat board. The board was tilted upward on one side and the body slid off into the sea.[92]
Pakistan-U.S. communication[link]
According to Obama administration officials, U.S. officials did not share information about the raid with the government of Pakistan until it was over.[6][93] Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Michael Mullen called Pakistan's army chief Ashfaq Parvez Kayani at about 3 am local time to inform him of the Abbottabad Operation.[94]
According to the Pakistani foreign ministry, the operation was conducted entirely by the U.S. forces.[95] Pakistan Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) officials said they were present at what they called a joint operation;[96] President Asif Ali Zardari flatly denied this.[97] Pakistan's foreign secretary Salman Bashir later confirmed that Pakistani military had scrambled F-16s after they became aware of the attack but that they reached the compound after American helicopters had left.[98]
Identification of the body[link]
U.S. forces used multiple methods to positively identify the body of Osama bin Laden:
- Measurement of the body: Both the corpse and bin Laden were 6 ft 4 in (193 cm); SEALs on the scene did not have a tape measure to measure the corpse, so a SEAL of known height lay down next to the body and the height was approximated by comparison.[68]
- Facial recognition software: A photograph transmitted by the SEALs to CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia, for facial recognition analysis yielded a 90 to 95 percent likely match.[99]
- In-person identification: One or two women from the compound, including one of bin Laden's wives,[100] identified bin Laden's body.[99] A wife of bin Laden called him by name during the raid, inadvertently assisting in his identification by U.S. armed forces on the ground.[101]
- DNA testing: The Associated Press and The New York Times reported that bin Laden's body could be identified by DNA testing[29][102] using tissue and blood samples taken from his sister who had died of brain cancer.[103] ABC News stated, "Two samples were taken from bin Laden: one of these DNA samples was analyzed, and information was sent electronically back to Washington, D.C., from Bagram. Someone else from Afghanistan is physically bringing back a sample."[99] A military medic took bone marrow and swabs (probably buccal swabs) from the body to use for the DNA testing.[42] According to a senior US Defense Department official:
| “ | DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) analysis conducted separately by Department of Defense and CIA labs has positively identified Osama bin Laden. DNA samples collected from his body were compared to a comprehensive DNA profile derived from bin Laden's large extended family. Based on that analysis, the DNA is unquestionably his. The possibility of a mistaken identity on the basis of this analysis is approximately one in 11.8 quadrillion.[104] | ” |
- Inference: Per the same Defense official, from the initial review of the materials removed from the Abbottabad compound the Department "assessed that much of this information, including personal correspondence between Osama bin Laden and others, as well as some of the video footage...would only have been in his possession."[104]
Local accounts[link]
Beginning at 12:58 a.m. local time, Abbottabad resident Sohaib Athar sent a series of tweets describing the noise of helicopters hovering overhead—"a rare occurrence"—and several window-rattling blasts. By 1:44 a.m. all was quiet until a plane flew over the city at 3:39 a.m.[105] Neighbors took to their roofs and watched as American special forces stormed the compound. One neighbor said, "I saw soldiers emerging from the helicopters and advancing towards the house. Some of them instructed us in chaste Pashto to turn off the lights and stay inside."[106] Another man said he heard shooting and screams, then an explosion as a grounded helicopter was destroyed. The blast broke his bedroom window and left charred debris over a nearby field.[107] A local security officer said he entered the compound shortly after the Americans left, before it was sealed off by the army. "There were four dead bodies, three male and one female and one female was injured," he said. "There was a lot of blood on the floor and one could easily see the marks like a dead body had been dragged out of the compound." Numerous witnesses reported that power, and possibly cellphone service,[108] went out around the time of the raid and apparently included the military academy.[109][110] Accounts differed as to the exact time of the blackout. One journalist concluded after interviewing several residents that it was a routine rolling blackout.[111]
ISI reported after questioning survivors of the raid that there were 17 to 18 people in the compound at the time of the attack and that the Americans took away one person still alive, possibly a bin Laden son. The ISI said that survivors included a wife, a daughter and eight to nine other children, not apparently bin Laden's. An unnamed Pakistani security official was quoted as saying one of bin Laden's daughters told Pakistani investigators that bin Laden had been captured alive, then in front of family members was shot dead by American forces and dragged to a helicopter.[112][113][114]
Compound residents[link]
U.S. officials said there were 22 people in the compound. Five were killed, including Osama bin Laden.[48] Pakistani officials gave conflicting reports suggesting between 12 and 17 survivors.[115] The Sunday Times subsequently published excerpts from a pocket guide, presumably dropped by the SEALs during the raid, containing pictures and descriptions of likely compound residents.[116] The guide listed several adult children of bin Laden and their families who were not ultimately found in the compound.[117] Because of a lack of verifiable information, some of what follows is thinly sourced.[115]
- 5 adults dead: Osama bin Laden, 54;[118] Khalid, his son by Siham (identified as Hamza in early accounts), 23;[115][117] Arshad Khan, a.k.a. Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti, the courier, described as the "flabby" one by The Sunday Times, 33;[115][116] Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti's brother Abrar, 30; and Bushra, Abrar's wife, age unknown.[119][120][121]
- 4 surviving women: Khairiah, bin Laden's third, Saudi wife a.k.a. Um Hamza, 62;[115][116] Siham, bin Laden's fourth, Saudi wife a.k.a. Um Khalid, 54;[115][116] Amal, bin Laden's fifth, Yemeni wife, a.k.a. Amal Ahmed Abdul Fatah, 29 (injured);[3][115] and an unidentified woman, either Arshad Khan's second, Pakistani wife,[115] or Khalid's wife and coincidentally the Khan brothers' sister, age unknown (injured).[121]
- 5 minor children of Osama and Amal: Safia, a daughter, 9 (injured); a son, 5; another son, age unknown; and infant twin daughters.[3][116][122][123][124]
- 4 bin Laden grandchildren from an unidentified daughter who had been killed in an airstrike in Waziristan. Two may be the boys, around 10, who spoke to Pakistani investigators.[115][125]
- 4 children of Arshad Khan: Two sons, Abdur Rahman and Khalid, 6 or 7; a daughter, age unknown; and another child, age unknown.[120][126]
Alternate account[link]
A book published in November 2011, Seal Target Geronimo, by Chuck Pfarrer, contradicted the account as given by US Government sources. According to Pfarrer, neither helicopter crashed at the beginning of the raid. Instead, the SEALs jumped into the roof from the hovering Razor 1 helicopter and entered a third floor hallway from the roof terrace. Osama's third wife, Khairah, was in the hallway headed towards the SEALs. She was blinded by a strobe light and pushed to the floor as the SEALs went past her. Osama bin Laden stuck his head out of a bedroom door, saw the SEALs, and slammed the door closed. At the same time, Osama's son Khalid bin Laden ran up the stairs to the third floor and was killed with two shots.[127][128]
Two SEALs broke through the bedroom door. Bin Laden's wife Amal was on the edge of the bed shouting in Arabic at the SEALs and Osama bin Laden dived across the bed, shoving Amal at the same time, for an AKSU machine pistol kept by the headboard. The SEALs fired four shots at bin Laden, the first missed, the second grazed Amal in the calf also missing bin Laden, and the final two hit bin Laden in the chest and head, killing him instantly. In Pfarrer's account, the total time elapsed from jumping on the roof to Osama bin Laden's death was between 30 and 90 seconds.[127][128]
Around the same time, snipers in the hovering Razor 2 helicopter shot and killed Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti when he came to the door of the guesthouse firing an AK-47. One SEAL sniper fired two shots at al-Kuwaiti and the other fired two three-round bursts. Two of the snipers' bullets went through al-Kuwaiti and killed his wife who was standing behind him. The Razor 2 team cleared the guest house and then breached their way into the main house with explosives. As the Razor 2 team entered the main house al-Qaeda courier Arshad Khan pointed his AK-47 gun and was killed with two shots. The SEAL team fired a total a sixteen shots killing Osama bin Laden, Khalid bin Laden, Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti plus al-Kuwaiti's wife, Arshad Khan, and wounding Osama bin Laden's wife Amal al-Sadah.
Twenty minutes into the operation Razor 1 took off from the roof of the main house to reposition to a landing spot outside the compound. As Razor 1 was crossing over the courtyard both "green unit" flight deck control systems went off line. The helicopter settled slowly, bounced off the ground, and then broke apart as it hit the ground a second time. Both failed green units were removed for later examination.[127][128][128]
Media accounts had reported that the plan had been to fast rope to the inner courtyard and to clear the main house from the ground floor up. The helicopter crashed in the outer courtyard with the SEAL team still on board. The SEAL exited and needed to breach two walls and then into the house. As a result Osama bin Laden was killed several minutes into the operation.[42] Pfarrer's account differs in that a SEAL team was inserted onto the roof of the main house, that Osama bin Laden was killed seconds into the operation, and the main house was cleared from the top down. The Pentagon disputed Pfarrer's account of the raid, calling it "incorrect."[129] The US Special Operations Command also disputed Pfarrer's account, saying, "It's just not true. It's not how it happened."[130][131]
Aftermath[link]
Leaks of the news[link]
At around 9:45 p.m. EDT, the White House announced that the president would be addressing the nation later in the evening.[132] At 10:24 p.m., the first public leaks were made simultaneously and separately by Navy Reserve intel officer Keith Urbahn and actor and professional wrestler Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson on Twitter.[133] Anonymous government officials confirmed details to the media, and by 11 p.m. numerous major news sources were reporting that bin Laden was dead.[132][134]
U.S. presidential address[link]
At 11:35 p.m., President Obama appeared on major television networks:[132]
Good evening. Tonight, I can report to the American people and to the world that the United States has conducted an operation that killed Osama bin Laden, the leader of al-Qaeda, and a terrorist who was responsible for the murder of thousands of innocent men, women, and children... (cont'd)
President Obama remembered the victims of the September 11 attacks. He praised the nearly ten-year-old war against al-Qaeda, which he said had disrupted terrorist plots, strengthened homeland defenses, removed the Taliban government, and captured or killed scores of al-Qaeda operatives. Obama said that when he took office he made finding bin Laden the top priority of the war. Bin Laden's death was the most significant blow to al-Qaeda so far but the war would continue. He reaffirmed that the United States was not at war against Islam. He defended his decision to conduct an operation within Pakistan. He said Americans understood the cost of war but would not stand by while their security was threatened. "To those families who have lost loved ones to al-Qaeda's terror," he said, "justice has been done." This remark book-ended President Bush's statement to a joint session of Congress following the September 11 attacks that "justice will be done."
Reactions[link]
Main article: Reactions to the death of Osama bin Laden
Before the official announcement, large crowds spontaneously gathered outside the White House, Ground Zero, the Pentagon and in New York's Times Square to celebrate. In Dearborn, Michigan, where there is a large Muslim and Arab population, a small crowd gathered outside the City Hall in celebration, many of them being of Middle Eastern descent.[135] From the beginning to the end of Obama's speech, 5,000 tweets per second were sent on microblogging platform Twitter.[136] As news of bin Laden's death filtered through the crowd at a nationally-televised Major League Baseball game, "U-S-A!" cheers began.[137][138] In Tampa, Florida, at the conclusion of a professional wrestling event which was occurring at the time, WWE Champion John Cena announced to the audience that bin Laden had been "caught and compromised to a permanent end," prompting chants while he exited the arena to the song Stars and Stripes Forever.[139]
The deputy leader of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood said that, with bin Laden dead, Western forces should now pull out of Iraq and Afghanistan; authorities in Iran made similar comments.[140] Palestinian Authority leaders had contrasting reactions. Mahmoud Abbas welcomed bin Laden's death, while Ismail Haniyeh, the head of the Hamas administration in the Gaza Strip, condemned what he saw as the assassination of an "Arab holy warrior".[13]
The 14th Dalai Lama was quoted by the Los Angeles Times as saying, "Forgiveness doesn't mean forget what happened. ... If something is serious and it is necessary to take counter-measures, you have to take counter-measures." This was widely reported as an endorsement of bin Laden's killing and was criticized in Buddhist circles, but another journalist cited a video of the discussion to argue that the comment was taken out of context and the Dalai Lama only supports killing in self-defense.[141]
A The New York Times/CBS poll taken after bin Laden's death showed that 16% of Americans feel safer as the result of his death while 60% of Americans of those polled believe killing bin Laden likely would increase the threat of terrorism against the United States in the short term.[142]
In India, Minister for Home Affairs P. Chidambaram said that bin Laden hiding "deep inside" Pakistan was a matter of grave concern for India and showed that "many of the perpetrators of the Mumbai terror attacks, including the controllers and the handlers of the terrorists who actually carried out the attack, continue to be sheltered in Pakistan". He also called on Pakistan to arrest them,[143] amidst calls for similar strikes being conducted by India against Hafeez Saeed and Dawood Ibrahim.[144]
Freedom of Information Act requests and denials[link]
Though the Abbottabad raid has been described in great detail by U.S. officials, no physical evidence constituting actual "proof of death" has been offered to the public, neither to journalists nor to independent third parties who have requested this information through the Freedom of Information Act.[145] Numerous organizations filed FOIA requests seeking at least a partial release of photographs, videos, and/or DNA test results, including The Associated Press, Reuters, CBS News, Judicial Watch, Politico, Fox News, Citizens United, and NPR.[146] At the time of filing their FOIA request, the Associated Press said:
This information is important for the historical record. That's our view.—Michael Oreskes, Senior Managing Editor, Associated Press[145]
On April 26, 2012, a US federal judge decided in the case Judicial Watch v. U.S. Department of Defense, et al. that the DoD did not need to release any evidence to the public. Judicial Watch's president responded to the ruling by saying:
The court got it terribly wrong. There is no provision under the Freedom of Information Act that allows documents to be kept secret because their release might offend our terrorist enemies. We will appeal.—Tom Fitton, President, Judicial Watch[147]
Conspiracy theories[link]
Main article: Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories
The reports of bin Laden's death on May 1, 2011 are not universally accepted[148] despite unreleased DNA testing confirming his identity,[29][102] Bin Laden's 12-year-old daughter witnessing his death,[83][149] and a May 6, 2011 al-Qaeda statement confirming his death.[7] The swift burial of bin Laden's body at sea, speed of the DNA results, and the decision not to release pictures of the dead body formed the basis of conspiracy theories that bin Laden had not died in the raid.[150] Some Internet blogs suggested that the U.S. government feigned the raid, and some Internet forums hosted debates over the alleged hoax.[151]
Legality[link]
Under U.S. law[link]
Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. Congress passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists, which authorized the President to use "necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons" he determines were involved in the September 11 attacks."[152] The Obama administration justified its use of force by relying on that resolution, as well as international law set forth in treaties and customary laws of war.[153]
John Bellinger III, who served as the U.S. State Department's senior lawyer during President George W. Bush's second term, said the strike was a legitimate military action and did not run counter to the U.S.' self-imposed prohibition on assassinations:
The killing is not prohibited by the long-standing assassination prohibition in executive order 12333 [signed in 1981], because the action was a military action in the ongoing U.S. armed conflict with al-Qaeda, and it is not prohibited to kill specific leaders of an opposing force. The assassination prohibition does not apply to killings in self-defense.[154]
Similarly, Harold Hongju Koh, Legal Adviser of the U.S. State Department, said in 2010 that "under domestic law, the use of lawful weapons systems—consistent with the applicable laws of war—for precision targeting of specific high-level belligerent leaders when acting in self-defense or during an armed conflict is not unlawful, and hence does not constitute 'assassination'."[154]
David Scheffer, director of the Northwestern University School of Law Center for International Human Rights, said the fact that bin Laden had previously been indicted in 1998 in a US District Court for conspiracy to attack U.S. defense installations was a complicating factor. "Normally when an individual is under indictment the purpose is to capture that person in order to bring him to court to try him... The object is not to literally summarily execute him if he's under indictment."[155] Scheffer and another expert opined that it was important to determine whether the mission was to capture bin Laden or to kill him. If the Navy SEALs were instructed to kill bin Laden without trying first to capture him, it "may have violated American ideals if not international law."[155]
Under international law[link]
In an address to the Pakistani parliament, Pakistan's Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani said, "Our people are rightly incensed on the issue of violation of sovereignty as typified by the covert U.S. air and ground assault on the Osama hideout in Abbottabad. ... The Security Council, while exhorting UN member states to join their efforts against terrorism, has repeatedly emphasized that this be done in accordance with international law, human rights and humanitarian law."[156] Former Pakistani President Gen. Pervez Musharraf denied a report in The Guardian that his government made a secret agreement permitting U.S. forces to conduct unilateral raids in search of the top three al-Qaeda leaders.[157]
In testimony before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, Attorney General Eric Holder said, "The operation against bin Laden was justified as an act of national self-defense. It's lawful to target an enemy commander in the field." He called the killing of bin Laden "a tremendous step forward in attaining justice for the nearly 3,000 innocent Americans who were murdered on September 11, 2001."[158] Commenting on the legality under international law, University of Michigan Law Professor Steven Ratner said, "A lot of it depends on whether you believe Osama bin Laden is a combatant in a war or a suspect in a mass murder." In the latter case, "you would only be able to kill a suspect if they represented an immediate threat".[155]
Holder testified that bin Laden made no attempt to surrender, and "even if he had there would be a good basis on the part of those very brave Navy SEAL team members to do what they did in order to protect themselves and the other people who were in that building."[158] According to Anthony Dworkin, an international law expert at the European Council on Foreign Relations, if bin Laden was hors de combat (as his daughter is said to have alleged)[114] that would have been a violation of Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions.[159]
The UN Security Council released a statement applauding the news of bin Laden's death, and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said he was "very much relieved".[160] Two United Nations Special Rapporteurs issued a joint statement cautioning that, "actions taken by States in combating terrorism, especially in high profile cases, set precedents for the way in which the right to life will be treated in future instances."[161]
Handling of the body[link]
Under Islamic tradition, burial at sea is considered inappropriate when other, preferred forms of burial are available, and several prominent Islamic clerics criticized the decision.[100][162][163] Mohamed Ahmed el-Tayeb, the head of Al-Azhar University, Egypt's seat of Sunni Muslim learning, said the disposal of the body at sea was an affront to religious and human values.[164] Scholars like el-Tayeb hold that sea burials can only be allowed in special cases where the death occurred aboard a ship, and that the regular practice should have occurred in this case—the body buried in the ground with the head pointing to Islam's holy city of Mecca.
A stated advantage of a burial at sea is that the site is not readily identified or accessed, thus preventing it from becoming a focus of attention or "terrorist shrine".[165] The Guardian questioned whether bin Laden's grave would have become a shrine, as this is strongly discouraged in Wahhabism. Addressing the same concern, Egyptian Islamic analyst and lawyer Montasser el-Zayat said that if the Americans wished to avoid making a shrine to bin Laden, an unmarked grave on land would have accomplished the same goal.[162]
The Guardian also quoted a U.S. official explaining the anticipated difficulty of finding a country that would accept the burial of bin Laden in its soil.[166] A professor of Islamic Law at the University of Jordan stated burying at sea was permitted if there was nobody to receive the body and provide a Muslim burial,[167] and that "it's neither true nor correct to claim that there was nobody in the Muslim world ready to receive bin Laden's body".[162] On a similar note, Mohammed al-Qubaisi, Dubai's grand mufti, stated: "They can say they buried him at sea, but they cannot say they did it according to Islam. If the family does not want him, it's really simple in Islam: you dig up a grave anywhere, even on a remote island, you say the prayers and that's it. Sea burials are permissible for Muslims in extraordinary circumstances. This is not one of them."[162] Khalid Latif, an imam who serves as a chaplain and the director of the Islamic Center of New York University, argued that the sea burial was respectful.[168]
Leor Halevi, a professor at Vanderbilt University and the author of Muhammad's Grave: Death Rites and the Making of Islamic Society, explained that Islamic law does not prescribe ordinary funerals for those killed in battle, and pointed to controversy within the Muslim world over whether bin Laden was, as a "mass murderer of Muslims", entitled to the same respect as mainstream Muslims. At the same time, he suggested that the burial could have been handled with more cultural sensitivity.[169]
Omar bin Laden, son of Osama bin Laden, published a complaint on May 10, 2011, that the burial at sea deprived the family of a proper burial.[170]
Bin Laden's will[link]
After bin Laden's death, it was reported he had left a will written a short time after 9/11[171] in which he urged his children not to join al-Qaeda and not to continue the Jihad.[172]
Release of photographs[link]
CNN cited a senior U.S. official as saying three sets of photographs of bin Laden's body exist: Photos taken at a hangar in Afghanistan, described as the most recognizable and gruesome; photos taken from the burial at sea on the USS Carl Vinson before a shroud was placed around his body; and photos from the raid itself, which include shots of the interior of the compound as well as three of the others who died in the raid.[173]
A source told ABC News that the photos taken by the military servicemen on the scene depict the physical damage done by a "high-caliber bullet".[68] CBS Evening News reported that the photo shows that the bullet which hit above bin Laden's left eye blew out his left eyeball and blew away a large portion of his frontal skull, exposing his brain.[174] CNN stated that the pictures from the Afghanistan hangar depict "a massive open head wound across both eyes. It's very bloody and gory."[173] Senator Jim Inhofe, who viewed the photos, stated that the photos taken of the body on the Carl Vinson, which showed bin Laden's face after much of the blood and material had been washed away, should be released to the public.[175]
A debate on whether the military photos should or should not be released to the public has taken place.[176] Those supporting the release argued that the photos should be considered public records,[177][178] that the photos are necessary to complete the journalistic record,[179] and that the photos would prove bin Laden's death and therefore prevent conspiracy theories that bin Laden is still alive. Those in opposition to a release of the photos expressed concern that the photos would inflame anti-American sentiment in the Middle East.[180]
President Obama ultimately decided not to release the photos.[181] In an interview that aired on May 4 on 60 Minutes, Obama stated that "We don't trot out this stuff as trophies. We don't need to spike the football", and that he was concerned with ensuring that "very graphic photos of somebody who was shot in the head are not floating around as an incitement to additional violence, or as a propaganda tool. That's not who we are."[182] Among Republican members of Congress, Senator Lindsey Graham criticized the decision and stated that he wanted to see the photos released, while Senator John McCain and Representative Mike Rogers, the chair of the House Intelligence Committee, supported the decision not to release the photos.[183][184]
On May 11, select members of Congress (the congressional leadership and those who serve in a committee of intelligence, homeland security, judiciary, foreign relations, and military) were shown 15 bin Laden photos. In an interview with Eliot Spitzer, Senator Jim Inhofe said that three of the photos were of bin Laden alive for identification reference. Three other photos were of the sea burial ceremony.[185]
The group Judicial Watch announced that they have filed a Freedom of Information Act request to obtain access to the photos.[186][187] On May 9, the Department of Defense declined to process Judicial Watch's FOIA request, prompting a lawsuit.[188] Federal judge James Boasberg ruled on this lawsuit on April 26, 2012, denying release of the photographs.[189] A FOIA request from the Associated Press was also declined.[190]
Role of Pakistan[link]
Pakistan came under intense international scrutiny after the raid. The Pakistani government denied that it had sheltered bin Laden, and said it had shared information with the CIA and other intelligence agencies about the compound since 2009.[191] After the raid, there was an unconfirmed report that Pakistan allowed Chinese military officials to examine the wreckage of the crashed helicopter.[192]
Connections with Abbottabad[link]
Abbottabad attracted refugees from fighting in the tribal areas and Swat Valley, as well as Afghanistan. "People don't really care now to ask who's there," said Gohar Ayub Khan, a former foreign minister and resident of the city. "That's one of the reasons why, possibly, he came in there."[193]
The city was home to at least one al-Qaeda leader before bin Laden. Operational chief Abu Faraj al-Libi reportedly moved his family to Abbottabad in mid-2003.[194] Pakistan Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) raided the house in December 2003 but did not find him.[195] A courier told interrogators that al-Libi used three houses in Abbottabad. Pakistani officials say they informed their American counterparts at the time that the city could be a hiding place for al-Qaeda leaders.[196] In 2009 officials began providing the U.S. with intelligence about bin Laden's compound without knowing who lived there.[195]
On January 25, 2011,[197] ISI arrested Umar Patek, an Indonesian wanted in connection with the 2002 Bali nightclub bombings, while he was staying with a family in Abbottabad. Tahir Shehzad, a clerk at the post office, was arrested on suspicion of facilitating travel for al-Qaeda militants.[194]
Allegations against Pakistan[link]
Numerous allegations were made that the government of Pakistan had shielded bin Laden.[96][198][199] Critics cited the very close proximity of bin Laden's heavily fortified compound to the Pakistan Military Academy, that the U.S. chose to not notify Pakistani authorities before the operation, and the double standards of Pakistan regarding the perpetrators of the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[199][199][200][201] U.S. government files, leaked by Wikileaks, disclosed that American diplomats had been told that Pakistani security services were tipping off bin Laden every time U.S. forces approached. Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), also helped smuggle al-Qaeda militants into Afghanistan to fight NATO troops. According to the leaked files, in December 2009, the government of Tajikistan had also told U.S. officials that many in Pakistan were aware of bin Laden's whereabouts.[202]
CIA chief Leon Panetta said the CIA had ruled out involving Pakistan in the operation, because it feared that "any effort to work with the Pakistanis could jeopardize the mission. They might alert the targets."[203] However, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton stated that "cooperation with Pakistan helped lead us to bin Laden and the compound in which he was hiding".[204] Obama echoed her sentiments.[205] John O. Brennan, Obama's chief counterterrorism advisor, said that it was inconceivable that bin Laden did not have support from within Pakistan. He further stated: "People have been referring to this as hiding in plain sight. We are looking at how he was able to hide out there for so long."[206]
Indian Minister for Home Affairs P. Chidambaram said that bin Laden hiding "deep inside" Pakistan was a matter of grave concern for India, and showed that "many of the perpetrators of the Mumbai terror attacks, including the controllers and the handlers of the terrorists who actually carried out the attack, continue to be sheltered in Pakistan". He called on Pakistan to arrest them.[207]
Pakistani-born British MP Khalid Mahmood stated that he was "flabbergasted and shocked" after he learned that bin Laden was living in a city with thousands of Pakistani troops, reviving questions about alleged links between al-Qaeda and elements in Pakistan's security forces.[208]
On August 7, 2011, the American spy novelist and security analyst Raelynn Hillhouse published an account on her national security blog "The Spy Who Billed Me"[209] that suggested Pakistan's ISI had been sheltering bin Laden in return for a $25 million bounty, however ISI and government officials have denied the allegations.[210] Former Pakistani Army Chief, General Ziauddin Butt has said that, according to his knowledge, Osama bin Laden was kept in an Intelligence Bureau safe house in Abbottabad by the then Director-General of the Intelligence Bureau of Pakistan (2004–2008), Brigadier Ijaz Shah. This had occurred with the "full knowledge" of former army chief General Pervez Musharraf and possibly that of current Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General Ashfaq Pervez Kayani.[211] Emails from the private US security firm, Stratfor, published by WikiLeaks on February 27, 2012, indicate that up to 12 officials in Pakistan's ISI knew of Osama Bin Laden's Abbottabad safe house. Stratfor had been given access to the papers collected by US forces from Bin Laden's Abbottabad house. The emails reveal that these Pakistani officers included "Mid to senior level ISI and Pak Mil with one retired Pak Mil General".[212]
Pakistani response[link]
According to a Pakistani intelligence official, raw phone-tap data had been transferred to the United States without being analyzed by Pakistan. While the U.S. "was concentrating on this" information since September 2010, information regarding bin Laden and the compound's inhabitants had "slipped from" Pakistan's "radar" over the months. Bin Laden left "an invisible footprint" and he had not been contacting other militant networks. It was noted that much focus had been placed on a courier entering and leaving the compound. The transfer of intelligence to the U.S. was a regular occurrence according to the official, who also stated regarding the raid that "I think they came in undetected and went out the same day", and Pakistan did not believe that U.S. personnel were present in the area before the special operation occurred.[205]
According to the Pakistani high commissioner to the United Kingdom, Wajid Shamsul Hasan, Pakistan had prior knowledge that an operation would happen. Pakistan was "in the know of certain things" and "what happened, happened with our consent. Americans got to know him—where he was first—and that's why they struck it and struck it precisely." Husain Haqqani, Pakistani ambassador to the U.S., had said that Pakistan would have pursued bin Laden had the intelligence of his location existed with them and Pakistan was "very glad that our American partners did. They had superior intelligence, superior technology, and we are grateful to them."[205]
Another Pakistani official stated that Pakistan "assisted only in terms of authorization of the helicopter flights in our airspace" and the operation was conducted by the United States. He also said that "in any event, we did not want anything to do with such an operation in case something went wrong."[205]
In June the ISI arrested the owner of a safe house rented to the CIA to observe Osama bin Laden's compound and five CIA informants.[213]
Code name[link]
See also: Code name Geronimo controversy
Several officials who were present in the Situation Room, including the president,[182] told reporters that the code name for bin Laden was "Geronimo." They had watched Leon Panetta, speaking from CIA headquarters, while he narrated the action in Abbottabad. Panetta said, "We have a visual on Geronimo," and later, "Geronimo EKIA"--enemy killed in action.[44] The actual words of the commander on the ground were, "For God and country, Geronimo, Geronimo, Geronimo."[214] Officials subsequently explained that each step of the mission was labelled alphabetically in an "Execution Checklist," which is used to ensure all participants in a large operation are kept synchronized with a minimum of radio traffic. "Geronimo" indicated the raiders had reached step "G," the capture or killing of bin Laden.[54] Osama bin Laden himself was identified as "Jackpot," the general code name for the target of an operation.[214] ABC News reported that otherwise his regular code name was "Cakebread."[46] The New Yorker reported that bin Laden's codename was "Crankshaft."[42]
Many Native Americans were offended that Geronimo, the legendary 19th century Apache, was irrevocably linked with bin Laden. The chairman of the Fort Sill Apache Tribe, the successor to Geronimo's tribe, wrote a letter to President Obama asking him to "right this wrong."[215] The president of the Navajo Nation requested that the U.S. government change the code name retroactively.[216] Officials from the National Congress of American Indians said the focus should be on honoring the disproportionately high number of Native Americans serving in the military, and they had been assured that "Geronimo" was not a code name for bin Laden.[217] The Senate Committee on Indian Affairs heard testimony on the issue from tribal leaders, while the Defense Department had no comment except to say that no disrespect was intended.[216]
Derivation of intelligence[link]
After the death of bin Laden, some officials from the Bush administration, such as Bush Office of Legal Counsel attorney John Yoo[218][219] and former attorney general under Bush Michael Mukasey,[220][221] wrote op-eds claiming that enhanced interrogation techniques they authorized yielded the intelligence that later led to locating bin Laden's hideout.[222][223] Mukasey specifically stated that the waterboarding of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was what brought out the crucial detail of the nickname of bin Laden's courier.[224]
U.S. officials[225] and legislators including Republican John McCain[226] and Democrat Diane Feinstein, chairwoman of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, countered that those statements were "false," noting a report by CIA Director Leon Panetta stating that the first mention of the courier's nickname did not come from Mohammed, but rather from another government's interrogation of a suspect whom they said they "believe was not tortured." McCain called on Mukasey to retract his claims.[227]
"I have sought further information from the staff of the Senate Intelligence Committee, and they confirm for me that, in fact, the best intelligence gained from a CIA detainee—information describing Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti's real role in Al-Qaeda and his true relationship to Osama bin Laden—was obtained through standard, non-coercive means, not through any 'enhanced interrogation technique.'"[226]—John McCain
CIA director Leon Panetta had written a letter to McCain on the issue, stating, "Some of the detainees who provided useful information about the facilitator/courier's role had been subjected to enhanced interrogation techniques. Whether those techniques were the 'only timely and effective way' to obtain such information is a matter of debate and cannot be established definitively."[227][228] Although some information may have been obtained from detainees who were subjected to enhanced interrogation techniques, Panetta's letter to Senator McCain confirms that enhanced interrogation techniques may have hindered the search for Bin Laden by producing false information during interrogations. In the letter CIA Director Panetta wrote Senator McCain that
- "We first learned about the facilitator/courier's nom de guerre from a detainee not in CIA custody in 2002. It is also important to note that some detainees who were subjected to enhanced interrogation techniques attempted to provide false or misleading information about the facilitator/courier. These attempts to falsify the facilitator/courier's role were alerting. In the end, no detainee in CIA custody revealed the facilitator/courier's full true name or specific whereabouts. This information was discovered through other intelligence means."[229]
In addition, other U.S. officials claim that shortly after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, detainees in CIA secret prisons told interrogators about the courier's pseudonym "al-Kuwaiti" and that when Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was later captured, he only "confirmed" the courier's pseudonym. After Abu Faraj al-Libbi was captured he provided false or misleading information: he denied that he knew al-Kuwaiti and he made up another name instead.[16] Also, a group of interrogators asserted that the courier's nickname, was not divulged "during torture, but rather several months later, when [detainees] were questioned by interrogators who did not use abusive techniques."[230]
Intelligence post mortem[link]
Evidence seized from the compound is said to include ten cell phones, five to ten computers, twelve hard drives, at least 100 computer disks (including thumb drives and DVDs), handwritten notes, documents, weapons and "an assortment of personal items".[231][232] Intelligence analysts will also study call detail records from two phone numbers that were found to be sewn into bin Laden's clothing.[231] They helped over the course of several months to apprehend several al-Qaeda members in several countries and to kill several of bin Laden's closest associates by CIA drone attacks in Pakistan.[232]
The material gathered at the compound is being stored at the FBI Laboratory in Quantico, Virginia, where forensic experts will analyze fingerprints, DNA and other trace evidence left on the material.[231] Copies of the material are being provided to other agencies; officials want to preserve a chain of custody in case any of the information is needed as evidence in a future trial.
A special CIA team has been given the responsibility of combing through the digital material and documents removed from the bin Laden compound.[233] The CIA team is working in collaboration with other U.S. government agencies "to triage, catalog and analyze this intelligence."[104]
Bin Laden's youngest wife told Pakistani investigators that the family lived in the feudal village of Chak Shah Mohammad Khan, in the nearby district of Haripur, for two-and-a-half years prior to moving to Abbottabad in late 2005.[124]
The material seized from the compound contained al-Qaeda's strategy for Afghanistan after America's withdrawal from the country in 2014[234] as well as thousands of electronic memos and missives that captured conversations between bin Laden and his deputies around the world.[235] It showed that bin Laden stayed in touch with al-Qaeda's established affiliates and sought new alliances with groups such as Boko Haram from Nigeria.[234] According to the material, he sought to reassert control over factions of loosely affiliated jihadists from Yemen to Somalia, as well as independent actors whom he believed had sullied al-Qaeda's reputation and muddied its central message.[235] Bin Laden was worried at times about his personal security and was annoyed that his organization had not utilized the Arab spring to improve its image.[235] He acted, according to the Washington Post, on the one hand as "chief executive fully engaged in the group's myriad crises, grappling with financial problems, recruitment, rebellious field managers and sudden staff vacancies resulting from the unrelenting U.S. drone campaign.",[235] and on the other hand as "a hands-on manager who participated in the terrorist group's operational planning and strategic thinking while also giving orders and advice to field operatives scattered worldwide."[235] The material also described Osama bin Laden's relation with Ayman al-Zawahiri and Atiyah Abd al-Rahman.[235]
Seventeen documents seized during the Attabotad raid, consisting of electronic letters or draft letters dating from September 2006 to April 2011, were released by the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point one year and one day after bin Laden's death.[232] and made available at the Washington Post Homepage[236] The documents cover the areas of news media in America, affiliates, targets, America, security, and the Arab Spring.[237] In the documents, bin Laden stated that al-Qaeda's strength is limited and suggested therefore that the best way to attack the United States, which he compared to a tree, "is to concentrate on sawing the trunk".[232] Osama bin Laden refused the promotion of Anwar al-Awlaki when this was requested by Nasir al-Wuhayshi, leader of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. "We here become reassured of the people when they go to the line and get examined there,"[232] bin Laden said. He told al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula to expand operations in the United States in the wake of the 2009 Christmas Day bomb plot by writing "We need to extend and develop our operations in America and not keep it limited to blowing up airplanes."[232] The seized material shed light on al-Qaeda's relationship with Iran, which detained jihadis and their relatives in the wake of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, including members of bin Laden's family. Al-Qaeda's relationship with Iran was, according to the Combating Terrorism Center, an "unpleasant byproduct of necessity, fueled by mutual distrust and antagonism."[232] An explicit reference to any institutional support from Pakistan for al-Qaeda wasn't mentioned in the documents; instead, bin Laden instructed his family members how to avoid detection so that members of Pakistani intelligence couldn't track them to find him.[238] According to the seized material, the former commander of the international forces in Afghanistan, David Petraeus, and US President Barack Obama should be assassinated during any of their visits to Pakistan and Afghanistan, if there was an opportunity to do so. US Vice-President Joe Biden should not be a target according to bin Laden, because "Biden is totally unprepared for that post [of president], which will lead the US into a crisis."[238] Al-Qaeda leader bin Laden was also against one-person suicide attacks and was of the opinion that instead at least two persons should be sent to undertake these attacks.[238] He planned to reform in a way so that al-Qaeda's central leadership has a greater say in the naming of the al-Qaeda branch leaders and their deputies. Osama bin Laden expressed his opinion that killing Muslims has weakened his organization and not helped al-Qaeda. He wrote that the killing of Muslims has "cost the mujahedeen no small amount of sympathy among Muslims. The enemy has exploited the mistakes of the mujahedeen to mar their image among the masses."[239]
Helicopter stealth technology revelations[link]
The tail section of the secret helicopter survived demolition and lay just outside the compound wall.[240] Pakistani security forces put up a cloth barrier at first light to hide the wreckage.[241] Later, a tractor hauled it away hidden under a tarp.[242] Journalists nevertheless managed to obtain photographs which revealed the previously undisclosed stealth technology. Aviation Week said the helicopter appeared to be a significantly modified MH-60 Black Hawk. Serial numbers found at the scene were consistent with an MH-60 built in 2009.[243] Its performance during the operation confirmed that a stealth helicopter could evade detection in a militarily sensitive, densely populated area. Photos showed that Black Hawk's tail had stealth-configured shapes on the boom and the fairings, swept stabilizers and a "hubcap" over the noise-reducing five- or six-blade tail rotor. It appeared to have a silver-loaded infrared suppression finish similar to some V-22 Ospreys.[240] The U.S. requested return of the wreckage and the Chinese government also expressed interest, according to Pakistani officials. Pakistan had custody of the wreckage for over two weeks before its return was secured by US Senator John Kerry.[244] Experts disagreed as to how much information could have been gleaned from the tail fragment. Stealth technology was already operational on several fixed-wing aircraft and the cancelled RAH-66 Comanche helicopter- however, the modified Black Hawk was the first confirmed operational "stealth helicopter". Likely, the most valuable information could come from radar-absorbing paint used on the tail section.[240][245] Local children were seen picking up pieces of the wreckage and selling them as souvenirs.[120] In August 2011, reports surfaced that Pakistan had allowed the People's Republic of China scientists to examine the helicopter's tail section and were especially interested in its radar-absorbing paint.[246] Pakistan and the PRC subsequently denied these claims.[247]
Pakistani informant jailed[link]
Shakil Afridi, a Pakistani doctor who helped the CIA find Bin Laden, was sentenced to 30 years in prison for treason by a Pakistani court.[248] Pakistani officials stated the sentence was appropriate for a Pakistani citizen helping an external intelligence agency without informing Pakistan's security agencies.[249] Senior U.S. politicians have strongly condemned the decision. The BBC reported that the "US Senate panel has cut $33m (£21m) in aid to Pakistan" in reaction to it.[250]
Previous attempts to capture or kill bin Laden[link]
See also: Battle of Tora Bora and Location of Osama bin Laden
- February 1994: A team of Libyans attacked bin Laden's home in the Sudan. The CIA investigated and reported that they had been hired by Saudi Arabia, but Saudi Arabia accused them of lying to make bin Laden more amenable to Sudanese interests.[251][252]
- August 20, 1998: In Operation Infinite Reach, the U.S. Navy launched 66 cruise missiles at a suspected al-Qaeda training camp outside Khost, Afghanistan, where bin Laden was expected to be. Reports said that 30 people may have been killed.[253]
- 2000: Foreign operatives working on behalf of the CIA fired a rocket-propelled grenade at a convoy of vehicles in which bin Laden was traveling through the mountains of Afghanistan, hitting one of the vehicles but not the one in which bin Laden was riding.[254]
- December 2001: During the opening stages of the war in Afghanistan launched following the September 11 attacks, the U.S. and its allies believed that bin Laden was hiding in the rugged mountains at Tora Bora. Despite overrunning the Taliban and al-Qaeda positions, they failed to capture or kill him.[255]
See also[link]
- Coup de main
- FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives
- High-value target
- Special Activities Division
- Shakil Afridi, doctor accused of assisting the US in locating Bin Laden
References[link]
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- ^ Cooper, Helene (May 1, 2011). "Obama Announces Killing of Osama bin Laden". The New York Times. http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/bin-laden-dead-u-s-official-says/. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Philip Sherwell (May 7, 2011). "Osama bin Laden killed: Behind the scenes of the deadly raid". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/8500431/Osama-bin-Laden-killed-Behind-the-scenes-of-the-deadly-raid.html. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
- ^ Dilanian, Ken (May 2, 2011). "CIA led U.S. special forces mission against Osama bin Laden". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-osama-bin-laden-cia-20110502,0,6466214.story. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
- ^ C. Christine Fair (May 4, 2011). "The bin Laden aftermath: The U.S. shouldn't hold Pakistan's military against Pakistan's civilians". Foreign Policy. http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/05/04/the_bin_laden_aftermath_the_us_shouldnt_hold_pakistans_military_against_pakistans_c. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
- ^ a b "Osama Bin Laden, al-Qaeda leader, dead – Barack Obama". BBC News Online. May 2, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13256676. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
- ^ a b Maggie Michael (May 6, 2011). "Al-Qaida Vows Revenge for Osama Bin Laden's Death". Associated Press. ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=13543439. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
- ^ Varun Vira and Anthony Cordesman, "Pakistan: Violence versus Stability," Center for Strategic and International Studies, July 25, 2011.
- ^ "Public 'Relieved' By bin Laden's Death, Obama's Job Approval Rises". Pew Research Center. 2011. http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1978/poll-osama-bin-laden-death-reaction-obama-bush-military-cia-credit-first-heard-news. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
- ^ Newport, Frank (2011). "Americans Back Bin Laden Mission; Credit Military, CIA Most". Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/147395/Americans-Back-Bin-Laden-Mission-Credit-Military-CIA.aspx. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
- ^ UN chief Ban hails bin Laden death as "watershed", Reuters May 2, 2011
- ^ "Reflections of Fidel – The murder of Osama Bin Laden". granma.cu. 2011. http://www.granma.cu/ingles/reflections-i/5mayo-The%20murder.html. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
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- ^ Corera, Gordon (May 3, 2012). "Analysis: Bin Laden papers details". BBC News Online. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17943175. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ a b c "Osama Bin Laden documents released". BBC News Online. May 3, 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17941778. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ Keath, Lee (May 5, 2012). "Al Qaeda Leader Worried About Image". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/04/osama-bin-laden-documents_n_1476878.html. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
- ^ a b c Bill Sweetman; Amy Butler (May 6, 2011). "Bin Laden Raid Crash Helo Reveals Stealth". Aviation Week. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/awst/2011/05/09/AW_05_09_2011_p22-318890.xml&headline=null&prev=10. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ Ron Moreau (May 2, 2011). "Osama bin Laden Was My Neighbor in Abbottabad". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2011-05-02/osama-bin-laden-was-my-neighbor-in-abbottabad/. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ Salman Masood (May 2, 2011). "Big Compound Stood Out, but Not Its Occupants, Neighbors Say". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03compound.html. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ Mark Huber (May 29, 2011). "Bin Laden Raid Copters Effective, But Not New". Aviation International News. http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aviation-international-news/2011-05-29/bin-laden-raid-copters-effective-not-new. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ Karin Brulliard (May 15, 2011). "Pakistan to return U.S. helicopter tail, Kerry says". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/sen-john-kerry-arrives-in-pakistan-for-meetings-that-could-sway-future-us-aid-prospects/2011/05/16/AFJJIZ4G_story.html. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ Greg Lindsay (May 23, 2011). "The Bin Laden Raid Could Transform Asia's 21st Century Arms Race". Fast Company. http://www.fastcompany.com/1753355/how-a-stealth-black-hawk-down-may-trigger-asias-21st-century-arms-race/. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ "Report: Pakistan Granted China Access to U.S.'s Top-Secret Bin Laden Raid Chopper". Fox News. August 15, 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/08/15/report-pakistan-granted-china-access-to-uss-top-secret-bin-laden-raid-chopper.
- ^ "US helicopter wreckage: Pakistan denies giving China access". The Express Tribune. August 14, 2011. http://tribune.com.pk/story/232466/army-denies-providing-china-access-to-bin-laden-raid-chopper/. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
- ^ "US cuts Pakistan aid over jailing of 'Bin Laden doctor'". BBC. May 25, 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18201077.
- ^ "US cuts Pakistan aid over jailing of 'Bin Laden doctor'". BBC. May 25, 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18201077.
- ^ "US cuts Pakistan aid over jailing of 'Bin Laden doctor'". BBC. May 25, 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18201077.
- ^ Riedel, Bruce. "The Search for al-Qaeda", 2008
- ^ Lawrence Wright (2006). The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. Knopf. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-0-375-41486-2.
- ^ Bob Woodward; Thomas E. Ricks (October 3, 2001). "CIA Trained Pakistanis to Nab Terrorist But Military Coup Put an End to 1999 Plot". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/18/AR2007111800629.html.
- ^ "Report: Clinton Targeted Bin Laden", CBS News, September 16, 2001.
- ^ "Lost at Tora Bora", The New York Times Magazine, September 11, 2005.
Further reading[link]
- Bergen, Peter (2012). Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for Bin Laden--from 9/11 to Abbottabad. Crown. pp. 384. ISBN 0307955575.
- Gareth Porter (May 3, 2012). "Exclusive Investigation: The Truth Behind the Official Story of Finding Bin Laden". Truthout. http://truth-out.org/news/item/8866-finding-bin-laden-the-truth-behind-the-official-story. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
- Nicholas Schmindle (August 8, 2011). "Getting Bin Laden". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/08/08/110808fa_fact_schmidle. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
External links[link]
| Find more about Death of Osama bin Laden on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
- Inside the Situation Room: Obama on making OBL raid decision -a documentary behind the raid interviewing the important persons in the Situation Room]
- Death of Bin Laden collected news and commentary at BBC News Online
- Osama bin Laden collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- The Washington Post Graphic: Osama bin Laden killed at compound in Pakistan
- Phillips, Macon. "Osama Bin Laden Dead." The White House Blog. May 2, 2011.
- "Photo Gallery May 1, 2011." The White House
- "Operation Neptune Spear (2011)". ShadowSpear. May 2, 2011.
- Saul Anton. "Bin Laden's Death Mask". Fillip. 2011.
- Garamone, Jim. "Obama Declares 'Justice Has Been Done'." American Forces Press Service, U.S. Department of Defense.
- Garamone, Jim. "Intelligence, Operations Team Up for bin Laden Kill." American Forces Press Service, U.S. Department of Defense.
- "Office of the Spokesperson Press Release Death of Osama bin Ladin." Embassy of Pakistan in Washington. May 2, 2011.
- "Most Wanted Terrorist Dead." Federal Bureau of Investigation. May 2, 2011.
- "Message from the Director: Justice Done." (Archive). Central Intelligence Agency. May 2, 2011.
- "Osama bin Laden killed". The Big Picture. The Boston Globe. May 2, 2011.
- China.org.cn "The Strange Death of Osama Bin Laden." Chinese English-language website opinion column. May 3, 2011.
Coordinates: 34°10′9″N 73°14′33″E / 34.16917°N 73.2425°E / 34.16917; 73.2425
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